UH_[TFTÍ\ “ 75½G

Lrünclg kd K. Mhìh C “ Lgp. QC , kd @drnìh Bhpds

_dsuih kh lgpétubh

 H pgmdi kh Idstrd kd Gvcs orgkg pdbgs rugs, g lgicnah kg lgsg kd Çbvgrh Ugcs, qud igtgi h Idstrd
nhs pgæhs kg rgcnag.


G phpubgæìh ( ‒ gs fdntds’),
f dntds’), gh huvcrdi h pgmdi, sgdi pgrg g rug, `lgi gfctgkgs d lhidægi g pdfgr
di grigs.
 Çbvgrh Ugcs qud mç dstgvg prdpgrgkh, kcrcfd-sd lhi h pgmdi d hutrhs gbcgkhs pgrg hs pgæhs, gpdbgnkh
å phpubgæìh pgrg qud sd muntd d lhrrg di guxébch kh Idstrd.
 Lhidæg g hrigr-sd uig iubkìh ndrvhsg qud glhipgnag Çbvgrh kd Ugcs.
 Ladfgkhs ås phrtgs kh pgæh, qud dstgvgi dlagkgs, gs fdntds ihstrgi-sd gnschsgs d gfctgkgs,
qudrdnkh dntrgr. Frctgi pdbh Idstrd. Huvdi kczdr qud dbd dstgvg vcvh d h Lhnkd Mhìh @drngnkds ( lhnkd
Gnkdcrh) ihrth. Igs, gcnkg gssci,
gssci, kdsdmgi vdr h Idstrd.
Idstrd.
 Glhnsdbagkh pdbhs qud dstgvgi lhnscfh d gtdnkdnkh gh gbvhrhæh kgs pdsshgs, h Idstrd gpgrdld å
mgndbg pgrg qud thkhs vcssdi
vcssdi qud dstgvg vcvh.
 G phpubgæìh igncdstg ui ‒frgi prgzdr’.
 \dnnkh-sd sdfurh, h Idstrd kdcxg hs pgæhs d lgvgbfg pdbgs rugs di kcrdæìh ghs pgæhs kh Gbicrgntd,
hnkd sd dnlhntrgvg h lhnkd K. Mhìh Ghnsh, criìh kg rgcnag.

Udbh lgicnah, h Idstrd lhntgltg lhi g phpubgæìh, qud sd ihstrg gbcvcgkg, gbdfrd d kcsphnévdb.
 Urüxcih khs pgæhs kh Gbicrgntd, h Idstrd ã glhbackh pdbh lhnkd, pdbhs unlchnçrchs kg lckgkd d phr
hutrhs `kgbfhs.
 Mç å idsg, víi kczdr gh Idstrd qud gs fdntds kg lckgkd qudrdi igtgr h ocsph. H Idstrd gz tdnæôds
kd h cr shlhrrdr, igs ã glhnsdbagkh g pdrigndldr gbc (h ocsph ã ihrth pdbg phpubgæìh).

[üpclhs kd gnçbcsd

 Ndstd lgpétubh, @drnìh Bhpds rdbgtg lhih sd kdu g glbgigæìh kh Idstrd, gpüs h gssgsscngth kh
lhnkd Gnkdcrh, gs gæôds kg phpubgæìh qugnkh shuod qud h Idstrd lhrrcg pdrcfh d hs sdus sdnidnths gh
uturh ihngrlg.

G[H_ LHBD[CPH /G[H_D\ CNKCPCKTGC\

G[H_ LHBD[CPH
H phvh rdvdstd-sd kd pgrlubgr ciphrtïnlcg gh fgrgnr g kddsg kh Idstrd, cnudnlcgnkh h lursh kg
Acstürcg kd Uhrtufgb.

G[H_D\ CNKCPCKTGC\

Ugmdi kh Idstrd “ ã g prcidcrg pdrshngfdi rddrckg d ã dbd qudi kdsdnlgkdcg thkg g ihvcidntgæìh
phstdrchr.

Çbvgrh Ugcs “ gvcsgkh pdbh pgmdi, pdfhu nh sdu lgvgbh d lhi hs sdus gbcgkhs hc gtã gh pgæh, dspgbagnkh
cfugbidntd h gbvhrhæh d cnudnlcgnkh h phvh g lhrrdr di guxébch kh Idstrd:

Idstrd kd Gvcs
phpubgæìh: (K.ihstrg-sd
kdphcs, Mhìh) “ gtug sdfunkh
å mgndbg h lhnsdbah
d, sdnnkh-sd khs qud
sdfurh h rhkdcgi:
d rdtrcoucnkh kd cnélch,
h lgrcnah khpgrdld
pýobclh.tdr rdldch kg
 NG__GKH_
Dstgihs pdrgntd ui ngrrgkhr suomdvh, ng idkckg di qud ã vcsévdb g sug scipgg pdbh phvh d g sug
kddsg kh Idstrd, qud lhnsckdrg tdr sckh dslhbackh phr Kdus pgrg cnclcgr uig nhvg kcngsg.

LHNLDN[GÆÌH D\UGLCGB /_C[IH L_D\LDN[D KG\ GÆÔD\

Pdrc`lg-sd uig lhnldntrgæìh dspglcgb (rug “ pgæh “ mgndbg) qud lhcnlckd lhi uig frgkgæìh d ui rctih
lrdsldntd kgs gæôds (gh gpdbh kh pgmdi d kd Çbvgrh Ugcs, sdfud-sd h gbvhrhæh kg phpubgæìh, qud sd kdsbhlg
pgrg h pgæh d qud gé ihstrg h sdu dstgkh kd dspércth “ lhnusìh, ndrvhscsih), qud lubicngi nh lbcigx= h
gpgrdlcidnth kh Idstrd å mgndbg.
Gpüs g vcsìh kh Idstrd, h rctih ngrrgvh kcicnuc d h dstgkh kd dspércth kg phpubgæìh pgssg g sdr h kd
gbdfrcg, sgsgæìh d gbévch (‒huvdrgi frgi prgzdr qugnkh h vcrgi ’).

BCNFTGFDI D D\[CBH=

PC\TGBC\IH D KCNGIC\IH

Gssdidbagnkh-sd g ui rdpürtdr qud gsscsu gh kdsdnrhbgr khs glhntdlcidnths, @drnìh Bhpds trgnsphrtg
h bdcthr pgrg h bhlgb khs glhntdlcidnths, gzdnkh-h ‒vdr’ d ‒huvcr’ h qud sd pgsshu. Ugrg tgb, rdlhrrd g
sdnsgæôds gukcvgs=
- ‒lhidægrhi kd kczdr’ (b. ?;)
- ‒Gbbc drgi huvckhs orggkhs kd kdsvgcrgkgs igndcrgs.’ (b. ?4)
- ‒drg ah grrhckh gtgi frgikd qud ssd nhi ditdikcgi au~ us lhi hs hutrhs’ (bb. <5-<7)
- ‒orggkgvhi kczdikh’ ( bb. 07-0?) , ‒kczdnkh gbtgs vhzds’, (b. 00)
D tgioãi sdnsgæôds vcsugcs=
- ‒G fditd lhidæhu kd ssd muitgr g dbbd, d drg husg kd vddr.’(b. 71)
drg tgntg qud drg dstrgnag llhusg
- ‒ Nô lgocgi pdbgs rugs prcnæcpggds, d gtrdvdssgvhi bhfgrds dslushs ’ ( b. 73)

Hs sdnidnths kg ‒fdntd’ sìh gcnkg rdgbægkhs phr `gbgs trgnslrctgs (kcslursh kcrdth), qud lhndrdi uig
thngbckgkd rdgbcstg d dxprdsscvg g thkh h dpcsükc
dpcsükch=
h= “ ‒ au igtû ah Iddstrd8 Wudi ægrrhu dstgs phrtgs8’
(b.?;) “ d phr rdlurshs dxprdsscvhs lhih g idtç`hrg - ‒thkhs `dcths
`dcths kaui lhrgæhi ’ (b. ??) “ qud dvckdnlcg
h dspércth kd uncìh kg phpubgæìh - d g lhipgrgæìh “ ‒ … gssc lhih vcývg qud rdc nhi nag, d lhih ssd
bad dstd lgrg di bhfh kd igrckh, sd ihvdrgi thkhs lhi igìh grigkg…’ (bb. 7;-74) “ gtrgvãs kg qugb sd
rdgbæg g bcfgæìh kh phvh gh Idstrd, gprhxcignkh-h kd uig `furg gicbcgr idrdldkhrg kd gihr.

à tgioãi gtrgvãs kgs vhzds kh phvh qud pdrldodihs g cigfdi iucth ndfgvg qud h phvh tdi di
rdbgæìh å rgcnag K. Bdhnhr [dbds, g qudi lagig kd ‒gbdcvhsg’ (trgckhrg), ladfgnkh idsih g glusç-bg kd tdr
ihrth K. @drngnkh (bb. 47, 4;).