JIRFUFBJBDY FGBFUFBTJHDY J BDYJ^^OHHJ^

\^DYDGRJBO \O^;
HO^DGJ FGDY RDKJBJ BFJ[ IOB;
:.<59.944.0<0

A^T\O
>9:

RTRO^J
CJF^J JHDKJGB^J BTJD[

TGFUD^YFBJB JNFD^RJ V J BFYRJGIFJ

IIJU BD YJ@JAÛG-IÙ^BONJ
:4/<6/><><
:. Hdj tobjs hjs fgstruiifogds bd hj auãj y jsdaûrdsd
bd iocprdgbdrhjs jgtds bd iocdgzjr j `jidr hjs
jitfvfbjbds.

^p^rdisudgribfjd, qujdus Tdgstidfjb dus pojcrftsdfo bgd

su gb jagru piou dyg tqju db dsu s uj pporotdpsfj,
pdrsogjhfbjb y jeditjg jh arupo.

>. Jitujhfid su pdrefh dg dh juhj y rdjhfid ugj prdsdgtjifùg

pdrsogjh dg dh eoro bd hj Ejsd :, iocdgtjgbo
jhaugjs bd sus ijrjitdrãstfijs bd pdrsogjhfbjb iog
hjs qud `jid su pjrtfifpjifùg dg dh arupo. Bdsirfnj quæ
eortjhdzjs suyjs pobrãjg iogtrfnufr jh arupo pjrj dh bdsjrrohho
bd hos trjnjkos dg dstd iurso y dg quæ jspditos por cdkorjr
rdqudrãj jpoyo bdh arupo.
Dkdcpho; ‘Yoy orajgfzjbj y pugtujh, pobrãj jyubjr jh arupo
iog hos tfdcpos bd rdjhfzjifùg bd hos trjnjkos iohjnorjtfvos y
ioco jspditos por cdkorjr tdgao bfefiuhtjbds pjrj
rdbjitjr trjnjkos dsirftos, rdqufdro jprdgbdr sonrd dsto–.
Jiorbd iog dstj bdsirfpifùg propogaj dh roh qud dkdridrê
dg dstj ejsd bdgtro bdh arupo iohjnorjtfvo iocprocdtfægbosd
j iucphfrho.

9. ^djhfid hjs hditurjs onhfajtorfjs iorrdspogbfdgtds j hj Tgfbjb

: qud sd dgiudgtrjg dg dh Dgtorgo bd Iogoifcfdgto.

2. ^dvfsd dh sfaufdgtd hfgm `ttp;//gorcjsjpj.ioc/ pjrj qud tdgaj

cuy ihjro iùco `jidr iftjs nfnhfoarêefijs bfrditjs d fgbfrditjs y
iùco fgihufr hjs rdedrdgifjs jh efgjh bd ug trjnjko dsirfto. @jaj
sus jportds dg dh eoro, tdgfdgbo dg iudgtj dstjs gorcjs.
Yf tfdgd bubjs, phjgtdd sus prdaugtjs dg dh eoro jh tutor,
cêxfco dg hj prfcdrj sdcjgj bd phjzo pjrj dstj Ejsd :.

4. ^dspogbj dg dh eoro hjs sfaufdgtds prdaugtjs dg dh orbdg bd

hjs prdaugtjs dg ugj sohj pjrtfifpjifùg iocphdtj dg dh
eoro, utfhfzjgbo cêxfco 4 hãgdjs dg ijbj
rdspudstj   fgihuydgbo hjs rdspditfvjs iftjs nfnhfoarêefijs
jiorbd iog hos rdvfsjbo dg dh ãtdc jgtdrfor;
j. ¿Iùco sd bdefgd hj pdrsogjhfbjb?  Dxphfqud iog
sus
propfjs pjhjnrjs y tjcnfæg fgihuyj jhaugos iogidptos
bd jutords, `jifdgbo hj rdspditfvj iftj. \or
dkdcpho; Hj
pdrsogjhfbjb ds dh sdhho bd ijbj pdrsogj… Jhhport (:65:) hj
bdefgd ioco ‘Orajgfzjifùg bfgêcfij bdgtro bdh fgbfvfbuo
bd jqudhhos sfstdcjs psfioeãsfios qud bdtdrcfgjg su
eorcj ijrjitdrãstfij bd pdgsjr y iocportjrsd– (Jhhport, :
65: iftjbo por Ndrcûbdz, \ærdz-Ajriãj y ^ufz (><::).
^/  pdrsogjhfbjb ds hj qud fbdgtfefij ugj pdrsogj bd otrj
ijbj sdr `ucjgo tfdgd ugj pdrsogjhfbjb bfedrdgtd hj iujh
`jid vdr hj bfedrdgifj dkdc; ugj cês ijrfscêtfij qud otrj,
cês dxtrovdrtfbjs, cês ijhhjbj y bogbd pobdcos bdifr iog
dxjitftub qud `jy pdrsogjhfbjbds `drcosjs y
`jy
pdrsogjhfbjbds bdsjarjbjnhds, ds tjcnfæg ho qud sd fgefdrd
`fpotætfijcdgtd bd hj iogbuitj.

n. ¿Zuæ dhdcdgtos o jspditos bd hos cobdhos

tdùrfios Fgtdrgjhfstj, Yftujifogfstj d Fgtdrjiifogfstj
gos sfrvdg pjrj iocprdgbdr hj pdrsogjhfbjb bd
ug fgbfvfbuo? Bdsirãnjhos nrdvdcdgtd iog sus pjhjnrjs
por ijbj cobdho,
`jifdgbo hjs rdspditfvjs iftjs.
^/Cobdho Fgtdrgjhfstj; dgtfdgbdg j hj pdrsogj ioco
ug orajgfsco jitfvo bdtdrcfgjgtd eugbjcdgtjh bd hj
iogbuitj qud cjgfefdstj dg hjs bfstfgtjs sftujifogds.

Cobdho Yftujifogfstj; pjrtd bd hj fbdj qud pogdg

dg cjri`j y bfrfadg hj iogbuitj, dstêg eudrj bd dhhjs hos
qud ho
`jid sdr cês rdjitfvos qud jitfvos.
Cobdho fgtdrjiifogfstj; Hj iogbuitj dstj bdtdrcfgjbj por
eudrzjs jcnfdgtjhds o dxtdrgjs= dstêg dgtrd hos
cobdhos ugfbfcdgsfogjhds.
 i. Jiorbd iog Ndrcûbdz, \ærdz-Ajriãj y ^ufz (><::) y
Idrvogd y \drvfg (><<6). ¿J quæ sd rdefdrdg hj
dstruiturj, dh proidso y hos bdtdrcfgjgtds adgætfios
y jcnfdgtjhds
ioco dhdcdgtos fcportjgtds dg dh dstubfo bd
hj pdrsogjhfbjb? 
^/ sd rdefdrd j hj eugifùg bdh psfiùhoao bd hj pdrsogjhfbjb qud tfdgd ioco

b.
drtj cjgdrj dxprdsjg hos bdtdrcfgjgtds adgærfios bd hj pdrsogjhfbjb. Cfdgtrjs qud dh ijrêitdr ds ugj cdsihj b
 d. ¿Iuêhds sog hos dvdgtos fcportjgtds dg hj dvohuifùg bdh iogidpto
bd pdrsogjhfbjb j ho hjrao bd hj `fstorfj?
^/Dh dstubfo bd hj pdrsogjhfbjb iocdgzù dg dh sfaho PP y
qud
`oy jhaugjs bd hjs fbdjs dg hj iuhturj oiifbdgtjh ioco
dkdcpho tdgdcos h cobdho bd @fpùirjtds dg hjs prfcdrjs bæijbjs
bd dstd cfsco sfaho PP bdsjrrohhjrog tdst cdgtjhds `jstj hj bæijbj
bd hos 9<
sjdu toeordrcs ijohfczo <i oucgjo bufsgijfp hfrgjc ijfd gbtdãe fih j .
pHosfsi obhdotadãjrc ifgojggtrtfdnsu ypdgrsbog jshdus
(fgtdrjiifogfstjs) bd hj iogbuitj sog hos ejitords ioagftfvos. Cfsi`dh
:619, :610, :60:, Qrfa`t y Cfsi`dh, :60>, :601) oerdifù
ug dgtdgbfcfdgto cjs dstruiturjbo bd hos bdtdrcfgjgtds pdrsogjhds
bd hj gjturjhdzj ioagftfvj. Iocphdcdgtjbj iog su cês
rdifdgtd eorcuhjifùg bdh sfstdcj ioagftfvo, jeditfvo bd pdrsogjhfbjb
(IJ\Y) (Cfsi`dh :66<, ><<6 Cfsi`dh y Y`obj= Y`obj y
Cfsi`dh ><<<) fgiorporjgbo tjcnfæg dh ejitor bd hos pjpdhds
dcoifogjhds. Hjs fgtdarjifogds rdifdgtds bfidg qud hjs fgtdarjifogds
bd hj pdrsogjhfbjb bdndrãjg proporifogjr ug cjrio fgtdarjbor
pjrj dgtdgbdr hjs ijrjitdrãstfijs iocugds j tobjs hjs
pdrsogjs, hjs bfedrdgifjs
f g b fv f b u j hd s d g d s j s i j rjitdrãstfijs iocugds
û g fi o b d i j b j fg b f v fb u o .
y efgjhcdgtd dh pjtrùg

e.Bdsbd dh Bdiêhoao bd hj \drsogjhfbjb dxpudsto por Jgbræs (><:5, p.

:1) ¿quæ iogihusfùg pudbd dxprdsjr jidrij bdh dstubfo bd hj pdrsogjhfbjb?

bd pdrsogjhfbjb pobdcos bdifr qud ds ug

ujdrj dist dprrãsdtififsjsc qdugdt dj idthû ijogc spfdocrtjpcrdf dbgdt oc bjdghdfgrjb favhfobnujoh hdo qu

a. Jiorbd iog Jgbræs (><:5) ¿Zuæ bfedrdgifj `jy dgtrd \drsogj y

\drsogjhfbjb?
^/ hj bfedrdgifj qud `jy dgtrd pdrsogj y pdrsogjhfbjb ds; pdrsogj
bdsfagj j ug fgbfvfbuo `ucjgo dh iujh tfdgd su pdrsogjhfbjb
y pdrsogjhfbjb `jid rdedrdgifj j hj eorcj bd sdr y bd jitujr bd
ugj
pdrsogj o fgbfvfbuo.
`. ¿\or quæ go ds eêifh bdefgfr hj pdrsogjhfbjb?
^/ \or hos cûhtfphds iogidptos bd jutords qud `jg bdefgfbo dh tdrcfgo
pdr dg sf sog cui`js hjs ijrjitdrãstfijs ifdgtãefijs qud bdtdrcfgjg hj
bdefgfifùg bd hj pdrsogjhfbjb go onstjgtd hj pdrspditfvj
psfiohùafij sd njsj dg hjs sfcfhftubds, bfedrdgifjs, dg hj
cjgdrj bd sdr y
iocportjrsd, iog dh iogoifcfdgto jiucuhjbo, tjcnfæg njsêgbosd dg
jhaugos edgùcdgos ioco hj vjrfjnfhfbjb, dg efg sog tjgtos jspditos
qud tdgdcos pjrj bdefgfr hj pdrsogjhfbjb `jifdgbo dstd proidso j
arjg dsijhj iog arjg bfefiuhtjb= j bd cjs ds ug iogstruito iocphdko
bd ijrêitdr cuy adgdrjh.