DOXIWIHDH KFJÉXIOD ELCFOVCDR

^RF_FJXDHL ^LR0
HFI_Y EDCCFRCIJ BD_XL OLJXRFRD_ 4744?7>

^RF_FJXDHL D0
CVOIDJL CL^FP

VJIWFR_IHDH GRDJOI_OL HF ^DVCD _DJXDJHFR

GDOVCXDH HF OIFJOID_ HF CD _DCVH
^RLKRDED HF FJGFREFRID
OVOVXD-OLCLEBID
 2>2>
DOXIWIHDH KFJÉXIOD ELCFOVCDR

4. ¼^lr qué fc DHJ eitloljhridc tifjf ujd dctd tdsd hf

eutdoiÿj< RF_^VF_XD0
 Fc etHJD tifjf ujd tdsd dctd hf eutdoiÿj, hf 4> d 4; vfofs
edylr quf cd lbsfrvdhd fj fc HJD juocfdr.
  Dujquf fxistfj sistfeds hf etHJD hf rfpdrdoiÿj, jl
slj sugioifjtfs pdrd oljtrdrrfstdr fc hdôl lxihdtivl sugrihl
plr fc kfjled eitloljhridc.
 Fc etHJD odrfof hf cd prltfooiÿj hf cds mistljds
 Cd tdsd hf eutdoiÿj hfc etHJD sf pufhf duefjtdr
plr gdotlrfs debifjtdcfs l plr eutdoiÿj hf kfjfs
juocfdrfs ijvlcuordhls fj fc edjtfjieifjtl hf etHJD

2. ¼Fc oljtfjihl fj K+O hf uj grdkefjtl hf DHJ olj qué

sf olrrfcdoiljd<

RF_^VF_XD0 fs ujd odrdotfråstiod hfc kfjled hf

uj lrkdjisel l hf oudcquifr pfhdzl hf DHJ l DRJ. K y O
hfjltdj kudjijd y oitlsijd, rfspfotivdefjtf. Fxprfsdhl
kfjfrdcefjtf olel plrofjtd`f, rfprfsfjtd cd odjtihdh hf
pdrfs Kudjijd- Oitlsijd fj cd elcéoucd hf DHJ l kfjled
quf fstä sifjhl

ijvfstikdhl. Cd grdooiÿj rfstdjtf hf oudcquifr elcéoucd hf DHJ

oljtfjhrä bdsfs D (dhfjijd) y X (tieijd), hf glred quf
fc
oljtfjihl KO hd tdebiéj fc oljtfjihl DX (plr f`fepcl, uj KO
hfc 6=% iepciod uj oljtfjihl DX hfc 82%).4 Cls pdrfs KO fj fc
 DHJ fstäj oljfotdhls plr trfs fjcdofs hf mihrÿkfjl fj vfz hf
hls hf cls pdrfs DX. Fstl mdof fc fjcdof KO eäs gufrtf y eäs
rfsistfjtf d cd hfsjdturdcizdoiÿj plr fgfotl hf cd tfepfrdturd
plr cl quf fc oljtfjihl KO tifjhf dså d sfr edylr fj
cls mipfrtfreÿgicls.
?. ¼Tué dpciodoiÿj tifjfj cls kfjfs pdräclkls fj gdredolclkåd<

RF_^VF_XD0 Cls kfjfs pdrdclkls slj dqufccls quf dpdrfofj fj

ujd l eäs olpids fj uj lrkdjisel plr uj prlofsl hf hupciodoiÿj.
Cls kfjfs prlhuofj cds prltfåjds, cds quf sf pufhfj
oljsfrvdr fvlcutivdefjtf.

8. ¼Ouäc fs cd bdsf elcfoucdr hfc såjhrlef hfc ]gräkic<

RF_^VF_XD0 Fc kfj ijvlcuordhl fj fc såjhrlef hf ] gräkic fs

fc GER 4, fc oudc guf ihfjtigiodhl fj 4994 y su hfgfotl guf

dtribuihl d ujd fxpdjsiÿj hfc trijuocfÿtihl rfpftitivl OKK,

clodcizdhl fj fc priefr fxÿj hfc kfj

6. ¼Tué slj kfjfs lrtÿclkls<

RF_^VF_XD0 Cds sfoufjoids l kfjfs lrtÿclkls slj

dqufccds sfoufjoids mleÿclkds quf sf mdj sfpdrdhl plr uj
fvfjtl hf fspfoidoiÿj. Fs hfoir, oudjhl ujd fspfoif
hivfrkf fj hls fspfoifs sfpdrdhds, sf hiof quf cds olpids
hivfrkfjtfs hf uj eisel kfj fj cds fspfoifs rfsuctdjtfs slj
lrtÿclkds. Fj ltrds pdcdbrds, cds sfoufjoids lrtÿclkds slj cds
sfoufjoids quf sf
fjoufjtrdj fj higfrfjtfs fspfoifs y quf slj dctdefjtf
sieicdrfs hfbihl d quf sf mdj lrikijdhl fj uj djtfpdsdhl
oleðj.

Cd fvihfjoid eäs oljocuyfjtf hf quf hls kfjfs sieicdrfs slj

lrtÿclkls fs fc rfsuctdhl hfc djäcisis giclkfjétiol slbrf fc cijd`f
hf fsf kfj. Cls kfjfs quf sf fjoufjtrdj hfjtrl hfc eisel
ocdhl slj lrtÿclkls yd quf hfsoifjhfj hfc eisel djofstrl. Cls
kfjfs lrtÿclkls usudcefjtf, pfrl jl sifeprf, tifjfj cd eised
gujoiÿj. Cds sfoufjoids lrtÿclkds prlvffj ijglredoiÿj ðtic
fj tdxljleåd y fj fstuhils giclkfjétiols. ^ufhf uticizdrsf fc
pdtrÿj hf hivfrkfjoid kfjétiod pdrd ijgfrir cds rfcdoiljfs
fxistfjtfs
fjtrf fspfoifs. Hls fspfoifs quf sf mdccdj fstrfomdefjtf
 rfcdoiljdhds tfjhräj sfoufjoids hf lrtÿclkls
dctdefjtf sieicdrfs. ^lr fc oljtrdril, hls fspfoifs
giclkfjétiodefjtf dcf`dhds prfsfjtdräj ujd krdj hivfrkfjoid
fj cd sfoufjoid hf cls kfjfs l sfoufjoids lrtÿclkds bd`l
fstuhil.

7. ¼Ouäc fs fc lrikfj hfc kfj Fjv hf cls rftrlvirus<

RF_^VF_XD0 Fc kfjled hf cls rftrlvirus oljtifjf hls olpids

hf DRJ eljlodtfjdril hf plcdrihdh plsitivd. Fc fxtrfel 6¸ hfc
 DRJ prfsfjtd odp y fc fxtrfel ?¸ fstd plcidhfjicdhl, hf elhl
quf fc DRJ fs odpdz hf dotudr hirfotdefjtf olel
DRJe, dujquf jl fs usdhl olel tdc. Xlhls cls rftrlvirus
oljtifjfj cls sikuifjtfs kfjfs y fj fc eisel lrhfj0
• kdk0 quf olhigiod prltfåjds fstruoturdcfs ijtfrjds
(djtåkfjl fspfoigiol hf krupl).
• plc0 quf olhigiod cd trdjsoriptdsd ijvfrsd, cd prltfdsd y
cd ijtfkrdsd.
• fjv0 quf olhigiod cds prltfåjds hf cd fjvlcturd.

;. ¼Ouäcfs slj cls tipls hf DRJ jl olhigiodjtf<

RF_^VF_XD0 Cls äoihls ribljuocfiols (DRJ) slj

elcéoucds quf ocäsiodefjtf trdjseitfj cd ijglredoiÿj
olhigiodhd fj fc jðocfl ofcucdr pdrd trdhuoirsf d
prltfåjds olj hivfrsds gujoiljfs. _ij febdrkl, fxistf
ujd krdj vdrifhdh hf DRJ odpdofs hf rfkucdr higfrfjtfs
gujoiljfs y bclqufdr l dotivdr cd trdjsoripoiÿj ofcucdr, pfrl
quf jl tifjfj cd odpdoihdh hf trdhuoirsf d prltfåjds0

- eiorlDRJ0 Fc eiorlDRJ sf trdjsoribf hfshf fc DHJ olel

ujd sfoufjoid cijfdc hf DRJ ccdedhd prieiorlDRJ,
quf ijefhidtdefjtf fs prlofsdhl plr cd DRJdsd Hrlsmd
y su olgdotlr HKOR=, hdjhl cukdr dc prfeiorlDRJ, uj
buocf hf hlbcf odhfjd hf dprlxiedhdefjtf ;>-4>>
juocfltihls. Fstf buocf fs fxplrtdhl hfc juocfl dc
oitlpcdsed plr cd prltfijd fxplrtijd-6 y dcci fs rfoljloihl
plr cd DRJdsd Hiofr, quf fcieijd fc buocf kfjfrdjhl
cls eiDRJ hf hlbcf odhfjd, olepufstls plr 4= d 22
juocfltihls. Debds mfbrds hfc eiDRJ
 sf sfpdrdj y cd mfbrd oljloihd olel edhurd sf ijolrplrd d uj
olepcf`l prltfiol ccdedhl RI_O, quf fstd glredhl plr
cd prltfijd Drkljdutd y cls olgdotlrfs K[4=2/XJRO7.

 -eiDRJ0 Fc eiDRJ fs odpdz hf higiouctdr, hf glred sfcfotivd, cd

trdhuooilj hf su DRJ olepcfefjtdril. Hf fstd edjfrd,
cls
eiDRJ oljtribuyfj d sicfjoidr hftfreijdhls kfjfs fj
ofcucd fspfoigiod fj ujd ftdpd hftfreijdhd hfc hfsdrrlccl y sf
fstied quf fj uj eisel eiDRJ pufhd ijtfrgfrir fj cd
fxprfsilj hf oifjtls hf kfjfs

- CjoDRJ 0 Cls CjoDRJ slj sfoufjoids hf eds hf 2>> pdrfs

hf bdsfs (pb) hf DRJ, ouyds fstruoturds
trihiefjsijdcfs, fspfoigiods hf odhd sfoufjoid hf CjoDRJ, cf
pfreitfj sicfjoidr l dotivdr cd fxprfsilj hf kfjfs, y fstl pufhf
lourrir d jivfc hf

cd orledtijd (DHJ) l tdebifj hurdjtf fc prlofsdeifjtl hfc DRJ

efjsd`frl, ijtfrdotudjhl olj cd edquijdrid hf olrtf y
fepdcef.
_u gujoilj fs elhucdr, yd sfd gdvlrfoifjhl l fvitdjhl
cd doofsibicihdh d cd orledtijd plr pdrtf hf prltfijds, olel
cls gdotlrfs hf trdjsoripoilj l cls olepljfjtfs hf cd
edquijdrid hf trdjsoripoilj fj kfjfrdc, l ijgcuyfjhl fj cd
ijolrplrdoilj hf uj ijtrlj d cd prltfijd d sijtftizdr 

=. ¼Oÿel sf ocdsigiodj cds fjgfrefhdhfs kfjétiods muedjds<

RF_^VF_XD0
4. ELJLKFJIOD_0 odusdhds plr kfjfs eutdjtfs.
  Dutlsleiods hleijdjtfs0 uj slcl dcfcl eutdjtf.
  Dutlseiods rfofsivds0 hls dcfcls eutdjtfs.
  Cikdhds dc orlelsled –]―0 debls sfxls ,sf hdj olj edylr 
grfoufjoid fj cls mlebrfs,pfrl jl sf trdjseitfj mlebrf
d mlebrf y slj rfofsivds.
2. ORLEL_LEIOD_0 fxofsl l hfgioifjoid hf kfjfs hf uj
slcl orlelsled, sfkefjtl orlelsleiod l
krupls hf orlelsleds.


 Dctfrdoiljfs juefriods0
 -Djfupclihãds0 gdctd l fxofsl hf orlelsleds ijhivihudcfs.
-eljlsleids.
-trisleids.
-tftrdsleids.
  Dctfrdoiljfs fstruoturdcfs0
-hfcfooiljfs.
 -Ijvfrsiljfs, ijsfroiljfs,trdjsclodoiljfs.
-djiccls.

?. EVCXIGDOXLRIDCF_0 kfjftiod ‟ debifjtf.

 Rdskls jlreddcfs.


 Dckujds edcglredoiljfs oljkfjitds.



 Fjgfrefhdhfs oleujfs hf cd vihd dhuctd.




 _ij pdtrlj efjhfcidjl ocdsiol.
  ^lcipclihids , mipfrhipclihãds, tripclihãds.
  Fxofsl hf vdrils orlelsleds hf tlhl uj sft olepcftl.

9. ¼Tué fs fc RJDi<

RF_^VF_XD0 Rfoifjtfefjtf, sf md hfsoubifrtl ujd

jufvd tfojlclkåd hfjleijdhd DRJ hf ijtfrgfrfjoid (RJDifj
ijkcés).

Fc RJDi prlhuof fc sicfjoideifjtl hf kfjfs hf

edjfrd f sp o å gi o d e fh id jtf fc fepcfl hf

od hf j d h f DR J .

pfqufôds elcéoucds hf hlbcf

Fxpcioäjhlcl hf ujd edjfrd eäs siepcf, cd

ijglredoiÿj kfjétiod hf uj ijhivihul fstä fsoritd fj su DHJ
y sf lrkdjizd fj kfjfs. Fj fc jðocfl ofcucdr, fstls kfjfs
trdjsoribfj cd ijglredoiÿj kfjétiod oljtfjihd fj su DHJ d
DRJ efjsd`frl (DRJe).

Fstf DRJe dbdjhljd fc jðocfl y sf ujf dc riblsled hf cd

oécucd, quf trdhuof cd sfoufjoid hf DRJe d su
olrrfspljhifjtf prltfåjd/fjzied.
 Fstd trdhuooiÿj y såjtfsis prltfiod sf pufhf bclqufdr dotudjhl
slbrf fc DRJe, tdc y olel mdof fc DRJ hf ijtfrgfrfjoid.

Fc DRJ hf ijtfrgfrfjoid fs uj efodjisel hf

sicfjoideifjtl plst-trdjsoripoiljdc hf kfjfs fspfoågiols,
hf elhl quf pfqufôds elcéoucds hf DRJ olepcfefjtdrids d
uj
 DRJe oljhuofj d cd hfkrdhdoiÿj hf éstf, iepihifjhl dså
su trdhuooiÿj fj prltfåjds

4>.Higfrfjoids y sieicituhfs fjtrf Xdqedj y ^ORGRFX

RF_^VF_XD0
HIGFRFJOID_. _IEICIXVHF_.
XDTEDJ -Cds sljhds XdqEdj -Fstd fsoisiÿj hf cd sljhd pfreitf
Y slj
cdfeisiÿj hf gculrfsofjoid,2 quf,
dc ikudc quf fj ltrls eétlhls hf
^OR-GRFX sljhdshf mihrÿcisis
hisfôdhds pdrd ^OR oudjtitdtivd, pfreitf
ijorfefjtdr 
lbtfjfr ujd efhihd
cd fspfoigioihdh hf cd
oudjtitdtivd hf cd doueucdoiÿj
^OR oudjtitdtivd.
hfc prlhuotl hurdjtf cls oiocls hf
-Cd sljhd XdqEdj sf
Rfdooiÿj fj odhfjd hf cd
bdsd fj cddotivihdh
plciefrdsd (^OR).
fxljuocfdsd 6'-? 'hf cd
Xdq plciefrdsd pdrd - Olel rfsuctdhl, cd
fsoijhir ujd sljhd gculrfsofjoid hf cd elcéoucd
edrodhd yd mibrihdhd d cd hljdjtf sf dpdkd, y cd elcéoucd
sfoufjoid hidjd. dofptlrd sf fxoitd
-Cd krdj vfjtd`d hf cd sljhd -GRFX, cd ijtfjsihdh hf cd
gculrfsofjoid hfc hljdjtf,
XdqEdj fs quf fc tifepl hf vihd y cd
duefjtd sikjigiodtivdefjtf
cd fgioifjoid
fspfoigioihdh hf cd hftfooiÿj. ouäjtiod hiseijuyfj, y
-Fj GRFX sf pifrhf fjfrkåd cd ijtfjsihdh hf cd gculrfsofjoid
dtrdvés hfc odclr l cd feisiÿj hfc dofptlr duefjtd
gculrfsofjtf, -Cd sljhd hljdjtf fstä edrodhd
oljgculrÿglrl fj fc fxtrfel ? 'y cd
ccdedhd feisiÿj sljhd dofptlrd fj fc fxtrfel 6'.
sfjsibicizdhd

44.¼Oÿel fs plsibcf quf fj fc kfjled muedjl fxistdj kfjfs hf

lrikfj bdotfridjl<
 RF_^VF_XD0 Fc kfjled hf lrikfj bdotfridjl oljsistf fj uj
orlelsled oiroucdr y su fstuhil jls sirvf pdrd plhfr
fjtfjhfr ef`lr sus odpdoihdhfs eftdbÿciods, su odpdoihdh
hf odusdr 
fjgfrefhdh y tdebiéj su odpdoihdh hf slbrfvivir fj debifjtfs fxtrfels.

Xlhd cd ijglredoiÿj kfjétiod fsfjoidc pdrd cd vihd hf cd oécucd

bdotfridjd, fstä oljtfjihd fj ujd ðjiod elcéoucd hf DHJ hf
hlbcf odhfjd, oiroucdr y olvdcfjtfefjtf ofrrdhl, d cd
quf plhfels rfgfrirjls olel –orlelsled bdotfridjl―.
Euomds bdotfrids, plsffj dhfeäs DHJ fxtrd orlelsÿeiol,
tdebiéj oiroucdr ofrrdhl, hfjleijdhl DHJ pcdseåhiol,
plr fstdr oljtfjihl fj fstruoturds ccdedhds –pcäseihls―,
quf plrtdj ijglredoiÿj kéjiod pdrd ujd vdrifhdh hf
gujoiljfs jl
fsfjoidcfs pdrd cd oécucd fj oljhioiljfs jlredcfs
hf orfoieifjtl. Fj téreijls bilquåeiols, cd
oleplsioiÿj y
fstruoturd hf cls äoihls juocfiols bdotfridjls, fs cd eised quf
pdrd oudcquifr oécucd. Brfvfefjtf, oljvifjf rfolrhdr quf cls
äoihls juocfiols slj edorlelcéoucds olepufstds
hf juocfÿtihls ujihls fj glred olvdcfjtf plr efhil hf
fjcdofs glsglhifstfr fjtrf cls odrbljls hf cds plsioiljfs ?¸ y
6¸ hf hls rfsihuls hf dzðodrfs dhydofjtfs, quf oljglredj uj
fsqufcftl hf dzðodrfs y glsgdtls quf fs oljstdjtf d cl cdrkl
hf tlhd cd edorlelcéoucd
 
42.¼Tué higfrfjoids fxistfj fjtrf rftrlvirus y pdrdrftrlvirus<

RF_^VF_XD0 Cls rftrlvirus slj ijusudcfs plrquf usdj

DRJ pdrd dcedofjdr ijglredoiÿj kfjétiod fj pdrtåoucds
hf virus ijgfooilsds, pfrl glredj ujd vfrsiÿj hf fsd
ijglredoiÿj fj glred hf DHJ hurdjtf su oiocl hf rfpciodoiÿj.
^lstfrilrefjtf, fj fsf oiocl hf vihd, fsf DHJ sf uticizd pdrd
prlplroiljdr uj elhfcl pdrd cd trdjsoripoiÿj hfc DRJ quf sf
fepdquftd fj cd prÿxied kfjfrdoiÿj hf pdrtåoucds virdcfs.Cls
pdrdrftrlvirus slj virus hf DHJ, fs hfoir, cds pdrtåoucds hf
virus ijgfooilsds hf cls pdräsfrlvirus trdjsplrtdj DHJ, pfrl
su ijglredoiÿj kfjétiod
 trdjsitd d trdvés hf ujd odhfjd hf DRJ olel pdrtf hf su oiocl
hf vihd hf ujd edjfrd quf rfoufrhd cd rfpciodoiÿj hf rftrlvirus.

Cls pdrdrftrlvirus , d higfrfjoid hf cls rftrlvirus, jl rfquifrfj cd

ijtfkrdoiÿj virdc fj fc kfjled hfc muéspfh olj fc gij
hf rfpciodrsf y plr fstd rdzÿj su kfjled jl olhigiod cd
prltfåjd
fjzieätiod

ijtfkrdsd. 4?.¼Tué fs

cd sijtfjid<

RF_^VF_XD0 Fj kfjétiod ocäsiod, syjtfjy hfsoribf cd

ol- clodcizdoiÿj gåsiod hf cloi kfjétiols fj fc eisel
orlelsled hfjtrl hf uj ijhivihul l fspfoif. Mly, sij
febdrkl, cls biÿclkls kfjfrdcefjtf sf rfgifrfj d syjtfjy
olel cd oljsfrvdoiÿj hf bclqufs hf lrhfj hfjtrl hf hls
olj`ujtls hf orlelsleds quf sf olepdrdj fjtrf så.

48.¼Ouäc fs cd bdsf elcfoucdr hfc Olrfd hf Mujtiktlj<

RF_^VF_XD0 Cd eutdoiÿj quf odusd cd fjgfrefhdh

hf Mujtijktlj fs ujd fxpdjsiÿj hf rfpftioiljfs ODK ofrod
hfc fxtrfel 6’ fj fc kfj hf cd mujtijktijd (MH) (8p47.?).
Dhydofjtf sf fjoufjtrd ltrd sfoufjoid quf lsoicd
fjtrf siftf y 42 rfpftioiljfs OOK, cd oudc olhigiod pdrd
prlcijd, y ltrd quf oljsistf hf hls d trfs rfpftihls OOX. Fc
kfj MH fstä glredhl plr 7; fxljfs hfjtrl hf ujd sfoufjoid
kéjiod hf 4;> ab y hd cukdr d ujd prltfåjd hf ?8= aHd
ccdedhd mujtijktijd. Cd sfoufjoid hf rfpftioiljfs ODK
sf trdhuof fj rfkiljfs hf plcikcutdeijd, fj fc rfsihul 4;
ofrod hfc fxtrfel J-tfreijdc. Cd prltfåjd eutdjtf sf trdhuof
y fxprfsd fj glred ubioud fj fc sistfed jfrvilsl ofjtrdc.
Cd sfoufjoid rfpftitivd ODK fs plcieÿrgiod fjtrf cd
plbcdoiÿj jlredc1 vdråd fjtrf 44 y ?6 rfpftioiljfs, pfrl
99% hf cls odsls prfsfjtd efjls hf ?>. Cls dcfcls eutdhls
eufstrdj fjtrf ?7 y 424 rfpftioiljfs ODK.

46. H22_278, fs fc jlebrf hf uj edrodhlr kfjétiol muedjl,

¼qué sikjigiod<
 RF_^VF_XD0
H22_278
- "H" sikjigiod DHJ
-"22" sikjigiod fc orlelsled 22.
-–_― sikjigiod sfoufjoid siepcf
  -–278― sikjigiod cls 278 edrodhlrfs hfplsitdhls,
ijhfpfjhifjtfefjtf hf cd plsioiÿj
-Cls edrodhlrfs pufhfj sfr jl plcieÿrgiols, tdebiéj
oljloihls olel _X_, "sitils ftiquftdhls hf sfoufjoid", l
fxprfsdhls l jl.

47. ¼Tué fs fc eétlhl smltkuj<

RF_^VF_XD0 _foufjoidoiÿj (smltkuj) fs ujd téojiod

hf cdblrdtlril pdrd hftfreijdr cd sfoufjoid hfc DHJ hfc
uj lrkdjisel. Fc eétlhl oljsistf fj rlepfr fc kfjled fj ujd
olcfooiÿj hf pfqufôls grdkefjtls hf DHJ quf sf lrhfjdj hf glred ijhivihudc.

kfjled hf

4;.¼Tué higfrfjoids fxistfj fjtrf cls rftrlplsljfs y

rftrltrdjsplsljfs<

RF_^VF_XD0

4=.¼^drd qué sirvf fc eétlhl sikjdturf-tdkkfh eutdkfjfsis<

RF_^VF_XD0 fs ujd téojiod kfjétiod quf sf uticizd

pdrd fstuhidr cd gujoiÿj hf cls kfjfs . Cls dvdjofs rfoifjtfs
fj cd
sfoufjoidoiÿj hfc kfjled jls mdj pfreitihl odtdclkdr ujd krdj
vdrifhdh hf kfjleds hf lrkdjisels, pfrl cd gujoiÿj hf
cls kfjfs quf oljtifjfj dðj sf hfsoljlof fj krdj
efhihd. Vsdjhl _XE, cd gujoiÿj hfc prlhuotl hf uj kfj fj
pdrtioucdr sf pufhf ijgfrir hfsdotiväjhlcl y lbsfrvdjhl fc
fgfotl fj fc lrkdjisel. Fc usl lrikijdc y eäs oleðj hf _XE
fs hfsoubrir qué kfjfs fj uj pdtÿkfjl fstäj ijvlcuordhls fj
cd virucfjoid fj su muéspfh , pdrd dyuhdr dc hfsdrrlccl hf
jufvds tfrdpids eéhiods / efhiodefjtls.
49.¼Tué fs cd kfjÿeiod gujoiljdc<

RF_^VF_XD0 fs uj odepl hf cd bilclkåd elcfoucdr quf

sf prlpljf uticizdr cd vdstd doueucdoiÿj hf hdtls prlhuoihls
plr 
cls prlyfotls hf kfjÿeiod (olel cls "prlyfotls kfjled" hf cls
histijtls lrkdjisels) pdrd hfsoribir cds gujoiljfs f
ijtfrdooiljfs fjtrf kfjfs (y prltfåjds).

mdof éjgdsis prijoipdcefjtf fj cds gujoiljfs hf cls kfjfs fj

tlhl fc kfjled. Fc éjgdsis dquå fstä fj fc dctl rfjhieifjtl, quf
fs fc djäcisis sieuctäjfl hf tlhls cls kfjfs fj uj kfjled.
Xrdbd`d olj gujoiljfs hf kfjfs, d jivfc hfc kfjled olepcftl,
usdjhl fjglqufs hf dctl rfjhieifjtl (mikm tmrlukmput - djäcisis
sieuctäjfl hf tlhls cls kfjfs hfjtrl hfc kfjled . Dc djäcisis
hf dctl rfjhieifjtl hf cls kfjfs fxprfsdhls sf cf oljlof
olel djäcisis hf trdjsoriptled Gdoicitd fc fjtfjhieifjtl hf
olel uj olj`ujtl hf kfjfs trdbd`dj `ujtls. Fj ltrds
pdcdbrds, pfreitf hftfreijdr cds gujoiljfs hf kfjfs quf
prfvidefjtf jl mdbådj sihl odrdotfrizdhls. Hioml hf ltrd
glred, cd kfjÿeiod gujoiljdc prlvff ujd pfrofpoiÿj hf cds
gujoiljfs bilcÿkiods hfc kfjled olepcftl, d trdvés hfc djäcisis
dutledtizdhl hf fxprfsiljfs hf dctl rfjhieifjtl.

2>.¼Tué higfrfjoids fxistfj fjtrf rftrlvirus y rftrltrdjsplsljfs<

RF_^VF_XD0 Cls rftrltrdjsplsljfs slj fcfefjtls quf

sf trdjspljfj efhidjtf RJD, hljhf pdrtioipd
cd XRDJ_ORI^XD_D IJWFR_D. ^lr dmlrd, jl
plhfels oljsihfrdr d cd rftrltrdjsoripoiÿj olel uj prlofsl
ujivfrsdc, yd quf hf elefjtl, pfrtfjfof d fuodriltds.
Eifjtrds quf cls rftrlvirus slj virus hf
RJD hf odhfjd sfjoiccd quf pufhfj gdbriodr olpids hf HJD
d pdrtir hf su RJD d trdvés hfc fjzied trdjsoriptdsd ijvfrsd.
Fc kfjled hf RJD hf cls rftrlvirus dodbd fj
rfpftioiljfs hirfotds y fc prlofsl hf rftrltrdjsoripoiÿj
cls oljvifrtf fj rfpftioiljfs tfreijdcfs cdrkds (CXR),
pdrfoihds d rfpftioiljfs ijvfrtihds hf cls trdjsplsljfs hf
ocdsf. Fstds CXR pfreitfj quf fc HJD cijfdc y biodtfjdril
 gujoiljf olel uj trdjsplsÿj y sf ijsfrtf fj fc
kfjled muéspfh.

 Cls rftrlvirus slj ujd gufjtf ieplrtdjtåsied hf rflrhfjdoiljfs

orlelsÿeiods, y dckujls olel fc EEXW l fc R_W
slj rfspljsdbcfs hf cd ijhuooiÿj hf tuelrfs odjofråkfjls.
 
24. ^rijoipdcfs ftdpds fj fc hfsoubrieifjtl hf jufvds
hidjds gdredolcÿkiods

RF_^VF_XD0

Fjtrf cds fstrdtfkids uticizdhds mly håd pdrd cd ihfjtigiodoiÿj hf

jufvds hidjds hfstdodj cls kfjlef-wihf dssloidtilj stuhifs, cd
kfjÿeiod olepdrdhd y fc djäcisis higfrfjoidc hf cd fxprfsiÿj
kéjiod. Xlhds fccds uticizdj tfojlclkåds hf rfoifjtf hfsdrrlccl,
olel cd mibrihdoiÿj fj eiorldrrdys hf HJD, l cd sfoufjoidoiÿj
hf dctd hfjsihdh l uctrdsfoufjoidoiÿj (jfxt-
kfjfrdtilj sfqufjoijk), quf pfreitf sfoufjoidr kfjleds
olepcftls fj uj tifepl eåjiel. Dolepdôdjhl fstls dvdjofs
sf mdj tfjihl quf hfsdrrlccdr mfrrdeifjtds bilijglreätiods quf
pfreitdj ijtfrprftdr cd fjlref odjtihdh hf ijglredoiÿj hfrivdhd
hf cd sfoufjoidoiÿj hf kfjleds olepcftls.

Kfjlef-wihf dssloidtilj stuhifs (K[D_)0 Fc djäcisis kfjétiol

ocäsiol fj gdeicids olj eifebrls dgfotdhls plr
oifrtds fjgfrefhdhfs md pfreitihl hftfreijdr cls kfjfs
odusdjtfs hf uj dctl jðefrl hf fjgfrefhdhfs eljlkéjiods
(prlhuoihds plr dctfrdoiljfs fj uj slcl kfj). F`fepcls
ocäsiols sfrådj cd fjgfrefhdh hf Mujktijktlj l cd gibrlsis
quåstiod.

_ij febdrkl, plods fjgfrefhdhfs fstäj odusdhds

plr dctfrdoiljfs fj uj slcl kfj, cd edylråd slj euctigdotlridcfs
f ijocuyfj dsloidoiljfs hf eðctipcfs kfjfs (dhfeäs hf
odebils fpikfjétiols y gdotlrfs debifjtdcfs). Cls fstuhils
hfjleijdhls K[D_ sf bdsdj fj fc rdstrfl kclbdc hfc kfjled
pdrd busodr 

vd r id j t f s k f j é ti od s d l o id h d s o l j h f tf
M d b it u d c e f j t f f s tl s fst u h il s s f r f d ci zd j
r e ij d h d s p d tl c l k å d s .
u tic i z d j h l d j ä ci s i s h f
 _J^s (sijkcf juocfltihf plcyelrpmises) hfc kfjled, efhidjtf
mibrihdoiÿj fj HJD drrdys fj pcdtdglreds dutledtizdhds,
slbrf ujd plbcdoiÿj rfcdtivdefjtf krdjhf hf su`ftls
olj ujd pdtlclkåd, olepdrdhls olj ujd plbcdoiÿj
oljtrlc. Dqufccds
vdridjtfs dcéciods eäs grfoufjtfs d cd plbcdoiÿj olj
cd fjgfrefhdh quf fj cd plbcdoiÿj sdjd pufhfj rfprfsfjtdr
kfjfs
ijvlcuordhls fj fc prlofsl pdtlcÿkiol y plr tdjtl odjhihdtls d
hidjds.

_ij febdrkl, cl mdbitudc fs quf cd sikjigiodjoid fstdhåstiod hf

cds dsloidoiljfs lbsfrvdhds fj fstf tipl hf fstuhils sfd hébic,
y jl sifeprf (l plods vfofs) sf pufhf fstdbcfofr ujd rfcdoiÿj
efodjåstiod fjtrf fc kfj y cd fjgfrefhdh.

Kfjÿeiod olepdrdhd Cd olepdrdoiÿj hf sfoufjoids

hf kfjleds pufhf hdr ijglredoiÿj slbrf hidjds l kfjfs
ðticfs pdrd fc hidkjÿstiol. Cd kfjÿeiod olepdrdhd olel
mfrrdeifjtd pdrd cd ihfjtigiodoiÿj hf hidjds olefjzÿ d
uticizdrsf fj fc äebitl hf cd eiorlbilclkåd d gijdcfs hf cls
dôls 9>, oudjhl fepfzdrlj d doueucdrsf kfjleds hf
fspfoifs bdotfridjds.

Cd olepdrdoiÿj hf fstls kfjleds olj cls hdtls prlofhfjtfs

hf fuodriltds pfreitf sfcfooiljdr kfjfs fxocusivls hf
bdotfrids (l olj uj krdhl hf hivfrkfjoid euy dctl olj
rfspfotl d su lrtÿclkl fj fuodriltds) olel hidjds
pltfjoidcefjtf sfcfotivds. Ikudcefjtf, cd olepdrdoiÿj
hf kfjleds bdotfridjls prlplroiljd ijglredoiÿj
slbrf kfjfs oljsfrvdhls fjtrf lrkdjisels pdtÿkfjls,
cl quf pufhf dyuhdr fj fc hisfôl hf djtibiÿtiols hf depcil
fspfotrl l hf fspfotrl eäs rfhuoihl. Xdebiéj pufhf
prlplroiljdr ijglredoiÿj slbrf kfjfs jfofsdrils pdrd
cd virucfjoid l cd pdtlkfjioihdh, olepdrdjhl ofpds hf cd
eised fspfoif l kéjfrl.

22.¼Ouäc fs cd prijoipdc higfrfjoid oitlkfjétiod

fjtrf Mlel sdpifjs y fc rfstl hf cls priedtfs jl muedjls<

RF_^VF_XD0 Oudjhl cls djofstrls hfc Mlel sdpifjs y

ltrls euomls priedtfs vivådj fj sfcvds oleifjhl grutls,
bdyds y
 ml`ds, dbujhdjtfs fj vitdeijd O, puhifrlj pfrhfr cd odpdoihdh
kfjétiod, quf tifjf cd edylråd hf cls djiedcfs, hf sijtftizdr fj
su prlpil lrkdjisel tdc vitdeijd. Xdcfs pérhihds hurdjtf
cd fvlcuoiÿj mdj iepciodhl suticfs pfrl
ieplrtdjtfs
hftfreijdoiljfs0 oudjhl cds sfcvds lrikijdcfs sf rfhu`frlj
l, plr orfoieifjtl hfelkrägiol, rfsuctdrlj supfrplbcdhds,
cls
prieitivls mleijijls (y cufkl cls muedjls) sf vifrlj glrzdhls d
rfolrrfr ieplrtdjtfs histdjoids, eikrdr, pdrd lbtfjfr
jufvds gufjtfs hf jutrifjtfs (plr f`fepcl hf cd oitdhd vitdeijd
O).

Xlhls cls odebils rfsfôdhls mdj suofhihl fj uj

pfrilhl rfcdtivdefjtf brfvf (dujquf sf eihd fj eiccljfs hf
dôls), fstl fxpciod cd susofptibicihdh hf jufstrd fspfoif d
dgfooiljfs fj cd olcuejd vfrtfbrdc y fj cd oiroucdoiÿj
sdjkuåjfd y cijgätiod.

2?.¼^drd qué sirvf fc hlbcf måbrihl<

RF_^VF_XD0 Cds téojiods hf sfcfooiÿj usdhd pdrd ihfjtigiodr 

cls kfjfs quf olhigiodj cds prltfåjds ijtfrdotivds. _f usdj
vdridjtfs pdrd fvdcudr cd ijtfrdooiÿj olepcf`d fjtrf
cds prltfåjds y ltrds elcéoucds. Fc sistfed hfc hls-måbrihl hf
cd cfvdhurd (Y2M) fs ujd téojiod kfjétiod usdhd pdrd
hftfreijdr dooiljfs rfoåprlods hf cd prltfåjd-prltfåjd. Cd
dprlxiedoiÿj fs räpihd, hf plol olstl, y gäoic hf uticizdr.

28.¼Tué tipls hf DHJ rfpftihl plhfels fjoljtrdr fj fc kfjled

muedjl<

RF_^VF_XD0 ^lhfels fjoljtrdr DHJ rfpftitivl0 olhigiodjtf y jl

olhigiodjtf.

- Olhigiodjtf0 fs quf dqufc tipl hf DHJ quf olhigiod tlhd

su fstruoturd y pufhf sfr dkrupd l hispfrsl.
• Dkrupdhl0 kfjfs rfpftihls fj Xdjhfe y Gdeicids
euctikfjiods dkrupdhds  Hispfrsl0 Gdeicids euctikfjiods
hispfrsds.

- Jl olhigiodjtf0 slj sfoufjoids hf DHJ quf jl

slj olhigiodbcfs, pufhfj sfr dkrupdhls y hispfrsls0
• Dkrupdhl0 fj rfkiljfs mftfrlorledtids y dctdefjtf
rfpftitivl, rfpftioiljfs fj Xdjhfe (HJD sdtécitf)
• Hispfrsl0 plr tlhl fc kfjled y elhfrdhdefjtf rfpftitivl0
- bclqufs hispfrsls hf rfpftioiljfs fj Xdjhfe0 eiji
y eiorl sdtécitfs
- Rfpftioiljfs hispfrsds0 _IJF, sfoufjoids Dcu y
ltrds, CIJF. _foufjoids ape y ltrds

26. ¼Tué slj kfjfs pdräclkls<

RF_^VF_XD0 Kfjfs quf, hfbihl d ujd hupciodoiÿj, yd

jl olepdrtfj fc ðctiel djofstrl. Grfoufjtfefjtf tifjfj
gujoiljfs histijtds. Olpids quf tifjf cd plsibicihdh hf
fvlcuoiljdr. Fstls kfjfs slj tdebiéj mleÿclkls. _ij
febdrkl, su lrikfj vdråd cikfrdefjtf. Fj fstf odsl slj kfjfs
olj uj dctl krdhl hf ihfjtihdh pfrl quf debls sf fjoufjtrdj
hfjtrl hfc kfjled hf ujd fspfoif.
^lr cl tdjtl, ujl hf fccls md dpdrfoihl plr hupciodoiÿj hfc ltrl. Fstl
hiseijuyf cd prfsiÿj fvlcutivd slbrf ujd hf cds
olpids, pfreitiéjhlcf doueucdr eutdoiljfs sij quf fc ijhivihul
pifrhd cd gujoiÿj hf hioml kfj. Fstl pfreitf kfjfrdr prltfåjds
jufvds olj ujd gujoiÿj sieicdr, orfdjhl cd plsibicihdh hf cd
fspfoidcizdoiÿj.

27. ¼Fj qué sf higfrfjoid fc prlyfotl pðbciol hf sfoufjoidoiÿj hfc

kfjled muedjl hfc dpciodhl plr cd feprfsd Ofcfrd<

RF_^VF_XD0 Cd higfrfjoid hf fc prlyfotl pðbciol

hf sfoufjoidoiÿj hfc kfjled muedjl dc dpciodhl plr cd
feprfsd Ofcfrd fs quf uticizdrlj ujd eftlhlclkid
histijtd fj cd sfoufjoidoilj hfc kfjled muedjl. Fj fc
priefrl uticizdrlj odrtlkrdgåd kfjétiod uticizdjhl hls
tfojiods fc cikdeifjtl, quf ijtfjtd dvfrikudr fc lrhfj hf cls
kfjfs1 y cd odrtlkrdgåd gåsiod, quf sf fjodrkd hf fstuhidr cd
histdjoid hf cls kfjfs fj fc ijtfrilr hfc orlelsled.

Cds hls téojiods uticizdj edrodhlrfs kfjétiols, quf

slj odrdotfråstiods elcfoucdrfs l gåsiods quf sf mfrfhdj,
y slj

hftfotdbcfs y histijtds pdrd odhd ijhivihul. Fj fc sfkujhl

uticizdrlj fc eétlhl _mltkuj, bdsdhl fj cd rlturd hfc DHJ
fj eðctipcfs
trlzls, su ocljdoiÿj, y bðsqufhd hf slcdpdeifjtls
olj dpciodoiljfs bilijglreätiods. Fc eétlhl oljsistf fj
rlepfr fc kfjled fj ujd olcfooiÿj hf pfqufôls grdkefjtls hf
DHJ quf sf lrhfjdj hf glred ijhivihudc. Vj prlkrded hf
oleputdhlrd busod
olijoihfjoids fj cds sfoufjoids hf DHJ y cds uticizd pdrd
olclodr cls grdkefjtls ijhivihudcfs fj fc lrhfj olrrfotl pdrd
rfoljstruir fc
kfjled.

2;.Fc kfjltipdhl d krdj fsodcd hf cd feprfsd Dppcifh bilsystfes,

¼pdrd qué sf uticizd<

RF_^VF_XD0 ^cdtdglred pdrd kfjltipdhl d krdj fsodcd

Dxile Kfjltypijk _lcutilj. Fs ujd hivisiÿj fspfoidcizdhd fj
prlvffr ijstruefjtls y rfdotivls pdrd quifjfs fxikfj fgiodoid,
fxdotituh y tfojlclkåd fstäjhdr hf rfgfrfjoid uticizdj cls
sistfeds ijtfkrdhls
 Dppcifh Bilsystfes pdrd cd sfoufjoidoiÿj hf cd oitleftråd hf gcu`l y
cd rfdooiÿj fj odhfjd hf cd plciefrdsd (^OR) fj tifepl

2=.¼Ouäcfs slj cls prlbcfeds quf prfsfjtdj cls rftrlvirus olel

vfotlrfs hf tfrdpid kéjiod<

RF_^VF_XD0 C ls rftrlvirus olel vfotlr fj tfrdpid

kéjiod prfsfjtdj uj ijoljvfjifjtf oljsihfrdbcf, y fs quf
cd fjzied ijtfkrdsd pufhf ijsfrtdr fc edtfridc kfjétiol fj
oudcquifr zljd hfc kfjled hfc muéspfh, puhifjhl odusdr fgfotls
hfcftérfls olel cd
eulthdikgiéodjofisÿisj hffj ufjc kpfdjtr ÿsjicv hfsft rcfd pflxrp irjfssfiÿrojiÿ (jf.gfotl plsioiljdc) l cd

29.¼Tué fs uj rftrlvirus psfuhltipdhl<

 
RF_^VF_XD0 substituoiÿj hf ujd pdrtåoucd hf cd oäpsihf virdc
plr ltrd hf uj virus histijtl)

?>.¼^drd qué sirvf fc pmdkf hispcdy<

 RF_^VF_XD0Cd téojiod hf pmdkf hispcdy fs ujd plhfrlsd

mfrrdeifjtd quf pfreitf cd fxprfsiÿj hf prltfåjds mftfrlclkds fj cd oäpsihf hf uj bdotfriÿgdkl.

?4.¼Fj qué oljsistf fc djäcisis hf pdrsieljid<

d mistÿriod quf pfreitf hfcieitdr ärfds hf fjhfeisel y d su vfz ärfds prilritdrids pdrd cd oljsfrvdoiÿj, gujhdefjtäjhlsf fj cd edxieizdoiÿj h

?2._i mds ihfjtigiodhl uj kfj odjhihdtl dsloidhl d

ujd fjgfrefhdh, ¼qué fstrdtfkids uticizdråds pdrd ihfjtigiodr cd
zljd pltfjoidcefjtf eutdhd fj cls pdoifjtfs<

RF_^VF_XD0 _lj euomds cds fstrdtfkids pdrd fc

hidkjÿstiol kfjétiol, y fj lodsiljfs fs plsibcf lbtfjfr
rfsuctdhls sieicdrfs olj dprlxiedoiljfs higfrfjtfs. Hiomds
fstrdtfkids plhrådj sfr ocdsigiodhds olel hirfotds l ijhirfotds.
Cds fstrdtfkids hirfotds slj dqufccds fj cds quf rfdcizdels fc
hidkjÿstiol ihfjtigiodjhl cds higfrfjtfs eutdoiljfs hfc kfj fj
oufstiÿj. Dujquf d prilri pdrfof ujd fstrdtfkid sfjoiccd, jl cl fs
tdjtl si tfjfels fj oufjtd quf fc jðefrl hf fjgfrefhdhfs
prlhuoihds plr eäs hf uj tipl hf eutdoiÿj fj uj eisel l
higfrfjtfs kfjfs, supfrd d dqufccds quf

sl j o l j s f o uf j o id h f u jd ðj io d
h id k j ÿ s ti o l ij h ir f ot l j l ie p cio d
e u td oiÿ j . C d s f s t rd tf k i d s h f
j f c o lj l o ie if j t l h fc k f j
rfspljsdbcf, y sf gujhdefjtdj fj fc fstuhil hf cd
mfrfjoid olj`ujtd hf edrodhlrfs djÿjiels y fc clous hf cd
fjgfrefhdh fstuhidhd. ^drd fstf gij, fs jfofsdril quf fc
edrodhlr uticizdhl prfsfjtf uj gufrtf cikdefjtl olj fc clous hf
ijtfrés, dhfeäs hf ltrds odrdotfråstiods quf cl mdräj eäs l
efjls dhfoudhl pdrd fc hidkjÿstiol. Fstd fstrdtfkid fs ðtic d cd
mlrd hf ihfjtigiodr rdskls mfrfhdhls fj ujd gdeicid olj
ujd fjgfrefhdh kfjétiod hftfreijdhd.

Fj oudjtl d cds téojiods d rfdcizdr, si sf slspfomd quf

cd fjgfrefhdh fstä dsloidhd d ujd dctfrdoiÿj orlelsÿeiod
oljloihd,
hfbfrfels ijioidr cd ijvfstikdoiÿj olj uj fstuhil oitlkfjétiol. Vj
jðefrl ieplrtdjtf hf pdtlclkåds kfjétiods fstäj odusdhds
plr dctfrdoiljfs orlelsÿeiods, slbrf tlhl dqufccds quf sf
edjigifstdj hf glred sijhrÿeiod. _i jufstrd pdtlclkåd pfrtfjfof
d fstf krupl,
cd fstrdtfkid hidkjÿstiod eäs dhfoudhd sfrä cd
odrdotfrizdoiÿj orlelsÿeiod hfc prlpÿsitus y hf su gdeicid.
Hiomd odrdotfrizdoiÿj
oljsistirä bäsiodefjtf fj cd fcdblrdoiÿj hfc odriltipl pdrd
fc fstuhil hf plsibcfs dctfrdoiljfs fstruoturdcfs l jueériods.
Cd rfdcizdoiÿj hf uj odriltipl hf bdjhfl orlelsÿeiol fstäjhdr (?
>>- 6>> bdjhds) l hf dctd rfslcuoiÿj (eäs hf =>> bdjhds),
vd d hfpfjhfr, rfspfotivdefjtf, hf cd slspfomd hf
djledcåds jueériods l fstruoturdcfs y hfc tdedôl fspfrdhl hf cd
dctfrdoiÿj.
 Djtf uj jiôl olj hfgfotls oljkéjitls, mdy quf rfdcizdr sifeprf uj
odriltipl olj bdjhds hf dctd rfslcuoiÿj.
Ltrd téojiod hf cd quf sf hispljf dotudcefjtf fs cd mibrihdoiÿj ij
situ (GI_M), quf olebijd fc fstuhil oitlkfjétiol olj dpciodoiljfs
hf cd bilclkåd elcfoucdr.
Efhidjtf fstd téojiod ujd sljhd edrodhd olrrfspljhifjtf d uj
grdkefjtl hf HJD fspfoågiol sf måbrihd olj cls
orlelsleds olrrfspljhifjtfs fj eftdgdsf, prlgdsf l ijtfrgdsf.
^lstfrilrefjtf sf pufhf ihfjtigiodr cd sljhd efhidjtf uj
eiorlsolpil pdrd ijeujlgculrfsofjoid. Fstd téojiod hf
oitlkfjétiod elcfoucdr jls pfreitf rfoljlofr eiorlhfcfoiljfs
orlelsÿeiods quf jl sf pufhfj hftfotdr olj cds téojiods hf
bdjhfl hf dctd rfslcuoiÿj.

??. ¼Ouäc fs cd fstrdtfkid kfjÿeiod hf hisfôl hf

gäredols djtivirdcfs<

RF_^VF_XD0 Cls ijvfstikdhlrfs trdbd`djhl fj tdcfs fstrdtfkids

hf "hisfôl hf gäredols" pdrd hfsdrrlccdr djtivirdcfs mdj
ijtfjtdhl dtdodr d cls virus fj tlhds cds ftdpds hf su oiocl hf
vihd. Cls oiocls hf vihd virdcfs pufhfj vdridr hfpfjhifjhl hf cds
fspfoifs hf virus, pfrl tlhls olepdrtfj uj pdtrÿj kfjfrdc0
 Cibfrdoiÿj hf kfjfs virdcfs y plsibcfefjtf fjzieds fj cd
oécucd muéspfh.
 Cd rfpciodoiÿj hf olepljfjtfs virdcfs uticizdjhl edquijdrid

muéspfh-oécucd.
  Fc fjsdebcdhl hf olepljfjtfs virdcfs fj pdrtåoucds virdcfs
olepcftds.
 Cibfrdoiÿj hf pdrtåoucds virdcfs pdrd ijgfotdr jufvds oécucds
muéspfh.

?8.Odrdotfråstiod eäs ieplrtdjtf hf cls pcäseihls BDO

RF_^VF_XD0 Cls BDO slj oiroucdrfs y euy fstdbcfs, olj cl quf

jl sf rlepfj. Xifjfj uj tdedôl hf 4>> ab y pufhfj
trdjsplrtdr ijsfrtls hf fjtrf 4>> y ?>> ab. _lcl pfreitfj
ujd olpid hfc orlelsled plr oécucd.

?6.¼Ouäc fs fc jðefrl dprlxiedhl hf kfjfs hfc kfjled muedjl<

RF_^VF_XD0 Odhd orlelsled oljtifjf oifjtls hf eicfs

hf kfjfs, cls oudcfs tifjfj cds ijstruooiljfs pdrd mdofr
prltfåjds. Odhd ujl hf cls ?>.>>> kfjfs fstiedhls fj fc
kfjled muedjl prlhuof uj prlefhil hf trfs prltfåjds.

?7.Higfrfjoids fjtrf omfqufl kfjétiol y oljsf`l kfjétiol

RF_^VF_XD0

F c o m f q u f l K f j é t io l f s f c o lj
s u p u f s tl u j o d e b il rd h io d c f j f c
l o i e if j l h f c D H J m u e d j l m d
h i d k j ÿ st io l y f c p rl j ÿ s ti ol h f c d s
fjgfrefhdhfs hf bdsf kfjétiod, olel fc oäjofr, cds odrhilpdtåds,
cd lbfsihdh, cds fjgfrefhdhfs mfrfhitdrids, cds
ijtlcfrdjoids dciefjtioids, fc fjvf`foieifjtl prfedturl, fto
eifjtrds quf fc Oljsf`l Kfjétiol sf hfgijf olel fc fstuhil quf
sf rfdcizd d trdvés hf cd vdclrdoiÿj ocåjiod y prufbds
fspfoidcizdhds (bilquåeiods, oitlkfjétiods, rdhilcÿkiods,
elcfoucdrfs...) pdrd sdbfr si fxistf rifskl hf quf fj ujd
gdeicid pufhd rfpftirsf, l bifj dpdrfofr plr priefrd vfz, dckujd
fjgfrefhdh mfrfhitdrid.

?;.¼Ouäc guf cd ocdvf pdrd ihfjtigiodr fc kfj hf cd histrlgid

eusoucdr hf Huomfjjf<
RF_^VF_XD0 Fc oudhrl ocåjiol fs fc hf ujd fjgfrefhdh
olj pérhihd eusoucdr cfjtdefjtf prlkrfsivd odrdotfrizdhd plr
såjtleds quf sf hfsdrrlccdj djtfs hf cls oijol dôls hf fhdh.
Ijioidcefjtf cd
HEH dgfotd cls eðsoucls hf cd oijturd pécviod y oijturd fsodpucdr,
dså olel cls eðsoucls hfc oufccl y cls eðsoucls dbhleijdcfs, cd
hfbicihdh eusoucdr fs prlkrfsivd f iepcdodbcf y fepflrd fj
cd ijgdjoid tdrhåd (7).

 Dujquf fstd fjgfrefhdh rfoibf su jlebrf hfc hlotlr Huomfjjf

hf Bluclkjf, ieplrtdjtf eéhiol y gltÿkrdgl grdjoés, guf
Fhwdrh Efrylj quifj mizl cds priefrds hfsoripoiljfs hf cd HEH
fj 4=62, dc lbsfrvdr cds bilpsids eusoucdrfs rfdcizdhds d oudtrl
mfredjls quf prfsfjtdbdj histrlgid eusoucdr, y rfplrtdr cd
prfsfjoid hf dctfrdoiljfs pdtlcÿkiods tdcfs olel hisrupoiÿj hfc
sdrolcfed. ^drd
odrdotfrizdr fc oursl ocåjiol rfdcizÿ uj ijglref hftdccdhl hf cd vihd
hf uj pdoifjtf, quifj fj su ijgdjoid prfsfjtdbd uj rftrdsl d jivfc
eltlr y jujod puhl sdctdr1 d cd fhdh hf loml dôls tfjåd
higiouctdhfs pdrd subir fsodcfrds, d cls ljof dôls jl plhåd dhlptdr
fc båpfhl y d cls odtlrof dôls sus fxtrfeihdhfs
supfrilrfs sf mdbådj hfbicitdhl olepcftdefjtf eurifjhl d cd
fhdh hf 47 dôls.

Fj 4=74 Huomfjjf hfsoribf uj krupl hf pdoifjtfs olj pdrdpcf`åd

mipfrtrÿgiod hf kdstrlojfeils f ijioidcefjtf pfjsÿ quf cd odusd
frd hf lrikfj ofrfbrdc1 pfrl mdoid 4=7= olj fstuhils
rfpftihls hf eðctipcfs bilpsids eusoucdrfs, oljsihfrd quf cd
fjgfrefhdh fs hf lrikfj eusoucdr (=). Fj 4==7 Klwfrs hfsoribf
fc sikjl ocäsiol quf ccfvd su jlebrf hfspués lbsfrvdr vdrils
jiôls olj HEH. D pdrtir hf 49?> higfrfjtfs krupls hf
ijvfstikdhlrfs rfplrtdj fc duefjtl hf cls jivfcfs hf fjzieds
eusoucdrfs ijocuihd cd orfdtijd aijdsd, tdjtl fj pdoifjtfs olj
hidkjÿstiol hf cd fjgfrefhdh olel fj eu`frfs plrtdhlrds.
Mdoid 49=7, Aujafc dåscd fc kfj HEH quf olhigiod pdrd cd
prltfåjd rfcdoiljdhd olj cd HEH y gijdcefjtf Mlggedj fj
49=;, ihfjtigiod cd prltfåjd prlhuotl hf fstf kfj quf sf ccdedråd
plstfrilrefjtf histrlgijd, elcéoucd fj cd oudc fj cd
dotudcihdh sf ofjtrdj cds ijvfstikdoiljfs y sf fspfrd quf
cls rfsuctdhls hf fsls fstuhils pfreitdj hisfôdr fstrdtfkids
pdrd fc edjf`l hf cd fjgfrefhdh.
 ?=.¼^drd qué sirvf oljlofr fc kfj iepciodhl fj ujd fjgfrefhdh<

F_^VF_XD0 Fc fxdefj kfjétiol pfreitf fc hidkjÿstiol hf cd vucjfrdbicihdh mdoid hftfreijdhds fjgfrefhdhfs mfrfhitdrids

bdsäjhlsf fj cd kfjétiod, y pufhf sfr tdebiéj

uticizdhl pdrd hftfreijdr cd dsofjhfjoid hf ujd pfrsljd.
Jlredcefjtf, odhd sfr muedjl plsff hls olpids hf odhd kfj, ujd mfrfhdhd hf su edhrf y ltrd hf su pdhrf.

?9.¼Tué plrofjtd`f hfc kfjled muedjl tifjf lrikfj

fj trdjsplsljfs<

cfsj rfpciodr f ijsfrtdr olpids hf fccls fj higfrfjtfs clodcizdoiljfs hfc kfjled ("kfjfs sdctdrijfs"), dckujls hf fccls pdrfofj rftrlvirus fjhÿkfj

8>.¼Ouäcfs slj cls hdtls kfjétiols d gdvlr hf cd mipÿtfsis hf cd

Fvd dgriodjd<

• RF_^VF_XD0 Fc eétlhl prijoipdc pdrd hftfreijdr jufstrls

lråkfjfs, md sihl fc djäcisis hfc DHJ eitloljhridc, sf
tledrlj eufstrds hf DHJet hf eicfs hf pfrsljds dcrfhfhlr
hfc eujhl
y sf rfdcizd fc edpfl kfjétiol hfc DHJet. Cufkl, sf
fstdbcfofj cls pdrfjtfsols fjtrf cds histijtds eufstrds, hljhf
d trdvés hfc djäcisis sf md hfsoubifrtl fxdotdefjtf qué
krupl hf kfjfs hfsoifjhf hf oudc, cl quf pfreitf tfjfr uj –
ärblc kfjfdcÿkiol― kfjétiol.

Fstd mipÿtfsis prlpljf quf cls muedjls

elhfrjls fvlcuoiljdrlj slcl ujd vfz fj Dgriod mdofj 4>> d
2>> eic dôls.
_ubsfoufjtfefjtf, cls muedjls elhfrjls olcljizdrlj fc rfstl
hfc eujhl sij efzocdrsf kfjétiodefjtf olj cds glreds
drodiods.
  Dckl quf hd pisl d fstl, fs quf hfshf uj pujtl hf vistd
drquflcÿkiol, cls rfstls hf   mlel sdpifjs sdpifjs eäs djtikuls
fjoljtrdhls, mdj sihl hdtdhls fj dprlxiedhdefjtf 496
eic dôls dträs, cl quf olijoihf olj cls mdccdzkls hf cd
bilclkåd
elcfoucdr, quf hdtd fj 2>> eic dôls fc djofstrl oleðj eäs
cf`djl hf cls sfrfs muedjls elhfrjls.

BIBCILKRDGID

Edylrhlel, F. Xfeds dotudcfs0 kfjétiod eitloljhridc

(2>47) Oljsuctdhl fc håd 9 hf jlvifebrf hfc 2>2>.
Hispljibcf fj0 mttp0//wfbhiis.ujizdr.fs/dsikjdturds/Bil/wp-