4==2 ‑ Food @ujk - 4966

 

"Qlbrf cd jdturdcfzd hfc djious" sf cfyñ fj fc Acub ^sialcñkial hf Puriam

fj jlvifobrf hf 4914 y sf pubciañ plr priofrd vfz, fj elrod cikfrdofjtf
dopcidhd, fj [irgciamgfit hfr Qffcf (Puriam0 Rdsamfr Ufrcdk, 4918).
Cd vfrsiñj cfïhd fj fc Acub euf trdhuaihd dc ijkcés plr cd Qrd. Bdyjfs y
dpdrfaiñ fj cd priodvfrd hf 4984. Cd prfsfjtf vfrsiñj md sihl rfvisdhd pdrd

quf sf alrrfspljhd
Qf iopriof oäshf
alj pfroisl fstrfamdofjtf
cd fhitlridc alj cd Ufrcdk.
fhitlrid c Rdsamfr vfrsiñj dcfodjd pubciadhd.

"Fc Djiod alol uj sfr fcfofjtdc" fj dcfoäj sf titucñ "Hif Djioddcs

Jdturwfsfj" y dpdrfaiñ fj Qtuhifj zur djdcytisamfj ^syamlclkif A. K.
@ujks (Puriam0 Rdsamfr Ufrcdk, 4966), vlc. 2. Qf pubciad dquï alj pfroisl hfc
Aurdtlriuo hfc Ijstitutl A. K. @ujk, Ptiriam. Cls fjsdyls sf rfiopriofj alj
fc pfroisl dhiailjdc hfc Frbfjkfofijsamdtt Food @ujk.
Fstd trdhuaaiñj fj fspdôlc fs tlodhd hf cd alpid hikitdc Djious djh Djiod
‑  Xwl
 Xwl Fssdys
F ssdys by Food @ujk, sf alopdrtf slcl alj eijfs hf hivuckdaiñj y
fstuhil hfc ijtfrfsdhl. Fs pdrd usl pfrsljdc y jl fstä hfstijdhd d sfr
alofraidcizdhd l vfjhihd hf jijkujd odjfrd.
Xlhls cls hfrfamls hf dutlr slj hfc dutlr y fhitlridc lrikijdc.

ALJXFJIHL
Qlbrf cd jdturdcfzd hfc Djious,…………………………….................. ^dk 8
Xrdhuaihl plr Adry E. Bdyjfs

Fc Djiod alol uj sfr fcfofjtdc.

f cfofjtdc. ……………………………............... ^dk 1=
Xrdhuaihl plr Michfkdrh Jdkfc
QLBRF CD JDXVRDCFPD HFC DJIOVQ

Fc äjiod y fc djious slj hls drquftipls hf fspfaidc ioplrtdjaid.

^frtfjfafj plr uj cdhl d cd aljaifjaid ijhivihudc y plr ltrl cdhl fstäj
 

drrdikdhds fj fc ijaljsaifjtf alcfativl, elrodjhl dsï uj vïjaucl l pufjtf

hf aljfxiñj fjtrf cl pfrsljdc y cl iopfrsljdc, cl aljsaifjtf y cl
ijaljsaifjtf. Fs plrquf ujd fs efofjijd y cd ltrd odsaucijd quf A. K. @ujk
cds md ccdodhl äjiod y äjious rfspfativdofjtf. 4  Éc fjtifjhf quf fstds
eikurds slj alopcf`ls hf eujailjfs quf sf aloplrtdj hf odjfrd

alopfjsdtlrid alj cd pfrsljdcihdh

eufrdj pfrsljdcihdhfs fxtfrjd,cds
ijtfrjds y fxmibfj fsadrdatfrïstiads
hfair, sf aloplrtdj alolfj
quf edctdj si
cd pfrsljdcihdh aljsaifjtf fxtfrjd y odjieifstd. Fj uj mlobrf, fstds slj
adrdatfrïstiads efofjijds, fj ujd ou`fr, odsaucijds. Jlrodcofjtf dobls
fstäj sifoprf prfsfjtfs, mdstd aifrtl pujtl, pfrl jl fjaufjtrdj cukdr fj
fc eujailjdoifjtl hirikihl mdaid fc fxtfrilr hf cd pfrsljd plrquf pfrturbdj
su dhdptdaiñj fxtfrilr, su iodkfj ihfdc fstdbcfaihd hf sï oisol.
Qij fobdrkl, fc adräatfr hf fstds eikurds jl fstä hftfroijdhl sñcl plr cds
adrdatfrïstiads sfxudcfs cdtfjtfs quf rfprfsfjtdj, sijl quf fstä
aljhiailjdhl plr cd fxpfrifjaid quf adhd pfrsljd md tfjihl d cl cdrkl hf su
vihd alj cls rfprfsfjtdjtfs hfc ltrl sfxl, y tdobiéj plr cd iodkfj
alcfativd hf cd ou`fr quf ccfvd fj su psiquf fc mlobrf ijhivihudc, y cd
iodkfj alcfativd hfc mlobrf quf ccfvd cd ou`fr. Fstls trfs edatlrfs sf
ujfj pdrd elrodr ujd adjtihdh quf jl fs ji sñcl ujd iodkfj ji sñcl ujd
fxpfrifjaid, sijl ujd fjtihdh quf jl fstä allrhijdhd lrkäjiadofjtf fj su
dativihdh alj cds hfoäs eujailjfs psïquiads. Qf aloplrtd alol si eufrd
ujd cfy fj sï oisod, ijtfreirifjhl fj cd vihd hf cls ijhivihuls alol si eufrd
uj fcfofjtl fxtrdôl7 d vfafs cd ijtfrefrfjaid fs ðtic, d vfafs pfrturbdhlrd,
si jl rfdcofjtf hfstruativd. ^lr cl tdjtl, tfjfols tlhls cls oltivls pdrd

prflaupdrjls
jls ijecuyfj. plr fstds fjtihdhfs psïquiads y ccfkdr d aloprfjhfr añol

Odjiefstdailjfs aljsaifjtfs
aljsaifjtfs y fxtfrjds
fxtfrjd s hfc Djious
 

Cd prfoisd hf cd quf pdrtl fs quf fj fc djious fstdols trdtdjhl alj uj

prijaipil odsaucijl. ¼^frl añol sf adrdatfrizd fstf prijaipil odsaucijl<
Klftmf mdaf quf Edustl, quf fstä laupdhl alj cd trdhuaaiñj hfc Fvdjkfcil
hf @udj, sf prfkujtf si fc pdsd`f, "Fj fc prijaipil frd cd ^dcdbrd", jl sf
cffrïd of`lr si eufrd, "Fj fc prijaipil frd fc ^lhfr" l "Fc Qikjieiadhl", y

eijdcofjtf cf quf
fxprfsiljfs, mdafprftfjhfj
fsaribir, rfprlhuair
"Fj fc prijaipil frdkrifkl,
fc clkls fc datl". Alj fstds audtrl
cd quijtdfsfjaid hfc
prijaipil odsaucijl pdrfaf fefativdofjtf fxprfsdrsf. Dc oisol tifopl,
fjaljtrdols fj fccds ujd sfaufjaid prlkrfsivd, adhd ftdpd tifjf su
rfprfsfjtdaiñj tdjtl fj cd vihd alol fj fc hfsdrrlccl hfc djious. Fc plhfr
alrrfspljhf ouy bifj d cd priofrd ftdpd, fc datl sikuf, cufkl cd pdcdbrd, y
eijdcofjtf, alol ðctiod ftdpd, fc sikjieiadhl. Vjl plhrïd hfair of`lr fj
cukdr hf plhfr, fc plhfr hirikihl7 fs hfair, cd vlcujtdh, plrquf fc ofrl
plhfr jl fs dðj muodjl, ji fs fspiritudc. Fstd auährupcf adrdatfrïstiad hfc
prijaipil hfc Clkls prfsupljf, alol vfols, uj fcfofjtl hf aljaifjaid,
plrquf sij aljaifjaid, ji cd vlcujtdh, ji cd pdcdbrd, ji fc sikjieiadhl slj
aljafbibcfs.
Dsï alol mdy mlobrfs alj uj plhfr eïsial fxafpailjdc, mlobrfs hf
mfamls, mlobrfs hf pdcdbrds y mlobrfs hf sdbihurïd, tdobiéj cd iodkfj
hf djious hieifrf hf daufrhl alj cd ftdpd pdrtiaucdr hf hfsdrrlccl hf cd
ou`fr l sus hljfs jdturdcfs. Fstd iodkfj pufhf sfr trdjsefrihd d uj
mlobrf rfdc quf pdsd plr fc pdpfc hfc djious plr su pdrfaihl alj éc7
dctfrjdtivdofjtf, pufhf dpdrfafr alol uj sufôl l ujd eikurd edjtdsilsd7
pfrl alol rfprfsfjtd ujd rfdcihdh psïquiad vivifjtf, cf hd ujd alclrdaiñj

hfeijihd hfshf fc ijtfrilr hf cd ou`fr d tlhl cl quf mdaf.

^drd cd ou`fr priolrhidc, l cd `lvfj ou`fr, l pdrd cl prioitivl fj adhd
ou`fr, uj mlobrf histijkuihl plr su hfstrfzd eïsiad sf aljvifrtf fj ujd
eikurd hfc djious. F`fopcls tïpials slj cls mérlfs hf cfyfjhd, l cds
afcfbrihdhfs hfplrtivds datudcfs, vdqufrls, tlrfrls, dvidhlrfs, fta.
^drd cds ou`frfs oäs fxikfjtfs, cd eikurd hf djious fs uj mlobrf quf
rfdcizd datls, fj fc sfjtihl hf quf hirikf su plhfr mdaid dckl hf krdj
ioplrtdjaid. Cds trdjsiailjfs dquï jl sufcfj sfr brusads, plrquf fc plhfr y
cd daaiñj sf aljhiailjdj outudofjtf. Fc mlobrf quf klbifrjd slbrf cd
"pdcdbrd" l slbrf fc "Qfjtihl" rfprfsfjtd ujd tfjhfjaid fsfjaidcofjtf
 

ijtfcfatudc, plrquf cd pdcdbrd y fc sfjtihl alrrfspljhfj plr fxafcfjaid d

cds adpdaihdhfs ofjtdcfs. Fc mlobrf f`fopcieiad fc äjious fj fc sfjtihl
oäs fstriatl, fjtfjhihl alol kuïd fspiritudc y alol rfprfsfjtdjtf hf cls
hljfs ijtfcfatudcfs hf cd ou`fr.
Hf vfz fj audjhl lïols hfair quf jl mdy jfafsihdh hf quf cd ou`fr sf
laupf hf dsujtls fspiritudcfs l ijtfcfatudcfs, quf fstl fs sñcl ujd
ioitdaiñj ihiltd hfc mlobrf, l uj iopucsl alopftitivl quf sf aljvifrtf fj
ofkdclodjïd. Dujquf fstl fs sfkurdofjtf aifrtl fj ouamls adsls,
fspfaidcofjtf fj cls efjñofjls hfc aloifjzl hfc olvioifjtl hf cd ou`fr,
sij fobdrkl, alol fxpciadaiñj hfc dsujtl, jl fstä `ustieiadhl. Ji cd
drrlkdjaid ji cd prfsujaiñj jls ccfvdj d cd duhdaid hf qufrfr sfr alol
Hils, fs hfair, alol fc mlobrf7 jl jls adjsdols alol Fvd hf djtdôl,
dtrdïhd plr cd bfccfzd hfc erutl hfc ärblc hfc aljlaioifjtl, ji cd sfrpifjtf
jls djiod d hiserutdrcl. Jl, md ccfkdhl d jlsltrls dckl dsï alol ujd lrhfj7
jls fjerfjtdols d cd jfafsihdh hf olrhfr fstd odjzdjd, yd sfd quf
pfjsfols quf fs bufjl alofr l jl, fjerfjtdhls dc mfaml hf quf fc
pdrdïsl hf cd jdturdcihdh y cd ijaljsaifjaid, fj fc quf ouamls hf jlsltrls
alj ouaml kustl sf irïd pdrd sifoprf. Dsï fs alol fstäj cds alsds
eujhdofjtdcofjtf, dujquf fj cd supfreiaif cds dpdrifjaids d vfafs pufhdj
sfr ltrd alsd. Y alol sf trdtd hf uj pujtl hf ijecfxiñj tdj ioplrtdjtf, jl
hfbfols dslobrdrjls hf cls fseufrzls ijeruatulsls y cds fxdkfrdailjfs
krltfsads, ji hf`drjls ijtioihdr plr fccls.
Qi fc prlbcfod jl sf fjerfjtd, si cd ou`fr jl sdtisedaf dhfaudhdofjtf cd
hfodjhd hf cd aljsaifjaid l cd dativihdh ijtfcfatudc, fc äjious sf vufcvf
dutñjlol y jfkdtivl, y trdbd`d hfstruativdofjtf fj fc prlpil ijhivihul y fj
sus rfcdailjfs alj ltrds pfrsljds. Fstf mfaml pufhf fxpciadrsf hf cd
sikuifjtf odjfrd0 si cd plsibicihdh hf eujailjdoifjtl fspiritudc jl fs
dsuoihd plr cd ofjtf aljsaifjtf, cd fjfrkïd psïquiad hfstijdhd d fccd adf
fj fc ijaljsaifjtf, y dccï sf dativd fc
f c drquftipl hfc äjious.
^lsffhlr hf cd fjfrkïd quf md ecuihl hf vufctd dc ijaljsaifjtf, cd eikurd hfc
äjious sf vufcvf dutñjlod, tdj plhfrlsd, hf mfaml, quf pufhf
slbrfadrkdr fc fkl aljsaifjtf, y dsï eijdcofjtf hloijdr tlhd cd
pfrsljdcihdh. Hfbl dôdhir dquï quf fopifzl alj cd ihfd hf quf fj fc sfr
muodjl mdy ujd aifrtd ihfd bäsiad quf hfbf auopcirsf, dc ikudc quf, plr
 

f`fopcl, fj uj mufvl l ujd sfoiccd hf odïz yd fstä aljtfjihd cd ihfd hf cd

vihd hfstijdhd d vfjir hf fccd. ^lr cl tdjtl, mdbcl hf ujd suod hf fjfrkïd
psïquiad hispljibcf quf fstä hfstijdhd d cds eujailjfs fspiritudcfs, y hfbf
sfr dpciadhd d fccds. Fxprfsdhl fj téroijls faljñoials, cd situdaiñj fs
alol cd quf sf trdtd fj fc prfsupufstl hf ujd adsd, u ltrd foprfsd hf

dckðj tipl hljhf

prlpñsitls. aifrtds
Dhfoäs, suods
hf vfz hf hijfrl
fj audjhl slj prlplrailjdhds
sf hispljhrä pdrddjtfs
hf suods quf aifrtls
sf
uticizdbdj hf ltrds odjfrds, yd sfd plrquf yd jl sf jfafsitdj pdrd fsls
eijfs l plrquf jl sf pufhfj ijvfrtir hf ltrd odjfrd. Fj ouamls dspfatls,
fstf fs fc adsl hf cd ou`fr hf mly. Fj priofr cukdr, rdrd vfz fjaufjtrd
sdtisedaaiñj fj cd rfcikiñj fstdbcfaihd, fspfaidcofjtf si fs prltfstdjtf.
Cd ikcfsid quf ujd vfz ccfjñ fj krdj ofhihd sus jfafsihdhfs fspiritudcfs f
ijtfcfatudcfs yd jl cf lerfaf fstd sdtisedaaiñj. Djtfrilrofjtf, fc äjious,
`ujtl alj sus prlbcfods dslaidhls, plhïd sfr trdjsefrihl dc oäs dccä (pdrd
ouamds ou`frfs fc ^dhrf Bïbcial Hils sikjieiadbd uj dspfatl oftdeïsial y
slbrfmuodjl hf cd iodkfj hfc äjious), y alol cd fspiritudcihdh plhïd
fxprfsdrsf dsï hf odjfrd aljvijafjtf fj cds elrods kfjfrdcofjtf väcihds
hf cd rfcikiñj, jl sf hfsdrrlccñ jijkðj aljeciatl. Qñcl dmlrd, audjhl fstl yd
jl pufhf clkrdrsf, surkf jufstrl prlbcfod.
Ltrd rdzñj pdrd cd fxistfjaid hf uj prlbcfod fj rfcdaiñj alj cd hisplsiaiñj
hf cd fjfrkïd psïquiad fs quf d trdvés hf cd plsibicihdh hf aljtrlc hf cd
jdtdcihdh sf md cibfrdhl ujd aljsihfrdbcf suod hf fjfrkïd. Fs huhlsl quf
cd ou`fr pufhd fstiodr alrrfatdofjtf auäj krdjhf fs fstd suod quf djtfs
sf jfafsitdbd pdrd odjtfjfr uj fstdhl aljstdjtf hf prfpdrdaiñj pdrd su
tdrfd bilcñkiad. Vjd tfrafrd adusd fj cls clkrls hf cd tfajlclkïd quf
sustituyf d cls jufvls ofhils pdrd tdjtds tdrfds d cds quf cd ou`fr
dpciadbd prfvidofjtf su ijvfjtivd y su fspïritu arfdtivl. Hljhf djtfs mdaïd
fstdccdr uj eufkl fj cd amiofjfd, y dsï sfkuïd auopcifjhl fc datl
prloftfial, mly fj hïd fjaifjhf uj fjamuef hf kds l uj ijtfrruptlr
fcéatrial y jl tifjf ji ihfd hf cl quf sdarieiad alj fstds jlvfhdhfs
präatiads, ji hf cds aljsfaufjaids quf iopciad cd pérhihd. ^lrquf tlhl cl
quf jl sf mdaf hf cd odjfrd trdhiailjdc sf mdrä hf ujd jufvd odjfrd, y
fsl jl fs hfc tlhl siopcf. Mdy ouamds ou`frfs quf, dc ccfkdr dc cukdr
hljhf sf fjerfjtdj d cds fxikfjaids ijtfcfatudcfs, hiafj0 "^rfeifrl tfjfr
ltrl mi`l", pdrd fsadpdr l, dc ofjls, pdrd plspljfr cd ijañolhd f
 

ijquiftdjtf hfodjhd. ^frl tdrhf l tfoprdjl cd ou`fr hfbf dalolhdrsf d

fccl, yd quf cds fxikfjaids bilcñkiads hisoijuyfj jdturdcofjtf hf odjfrd
prlkrfsivd hfspués hf cd priofrd oitdh hf cd vihd, hf olhl quf fj
audcquifr adsl fs ijfvitdbcf uj adobil hf datituh, si jl quifrf sfr vïatiod
hf ujd jfurlsis l hf dckujd ltrd elrod hf fjefrofhdh. Dhfoäs, jl fs sñcl

cd fjfrkïd
tdobiéj cd psïquiad cibfrdhd
ofjailjdhd cd olofjtl-tifopl,
cfy hfc quf cd fjerfjtd d fcujd jufvddc tdrfd,
Gdirñs, sijl
quf tlhls
fstdols su`ftls y hfc quf jl plhfols fsadpdr, dujquf sus téroijls jls
pdrfzadj lsaurls. Hf mfaml, jufstrl tifopl pdrfaf rfqufrir, fj kfjfrdc,
ujd dopcidaiñj hf cd aljaifjaid. Dsï, fj psialclkïd, mfols hfsaubifrtl y
fstdols ijvfstikdjhl fc ijaljsaifjtf7 fj eïsiad, mfols tlodhl aljaifjaid
hf cls efjñofjls y prlafsls - rdyls y ljhds, plr f`fopcl - quf mdstd
dmlrd frdj iopfrafptibcfs y jl elrodbdj pdrtf hf jufstrl aljlaioifjtl
aljsaifjtf. Cls jufvls oujhls, alj cds cfyfs quf cls klbifrjdj, sf dbrfj
alol, plr f`fopcl, fc hfc ätlol. Dhfoäs, fc tfcékrdel, fc tfcéeljl, cd rdhil y
cls ijstruofjtls téajiadofjtf pfrefaailjdhls hf tlhl tipl dafradj cds
alsds rfoltds, dopcidjhl fc dcadjaf hf jufstrds pfrafpailjfs sfjslridcfs
fj tlhd cd tifrrd f ijacusl ouaml oäs dccä hf fccd. Fj tlhl fstl, cd
fxtfjsiñj f icuoijdaiñj hf cd aljaifjaid sf fxprfsd. Hisautir oäs d eljhl
cds adusds y cls lb`ftivls hf fstf efjñofjl jls ccfvdrïd d uj adopl cf`djl7
cl ofjailjl sñcl alol uj edatlr alj`ujtl fj fc prlbcfod tdj dkuhl pdrd cd
ou`fr hf mly, fc prlbcfod hfc djious.
Fc duofjtl hf cd aljaifjaid iopciad ujd aljhuaaiñj hf cd fjfrkïd psïquiad
mdaid jufvls adoijls. Xlhd cd aucturd, alol sdbfols, hfpfjhf hf tdc
hfsvidaiñj, y cd adpdaihdh
hf cls djiodcfs. ^frl fstfhf ccfvdrcdiopciad
prlafsl d adblkrdjhfs
fs cl quf histijkuf dc
hieiauctdhfs7 hfmlobrf
mfaml,
jls defatd adsi alol uj pfadhl, ujd efamlrïd, alol sf oufstrd fj oitls
alol cd Adïhd hfc mlobrf, l fc rlbl hfc eufkl plr ^rloftfl, y dsï fs alol
plhfols fxpfriofjtdrcl fj jufstrds prlpids vihds. Xdoplal fs
slrprfjhfjtf, yd quf sf trdtd hf cd ijtfrrupaiñj l cd ijvfrsiñj hfc aursl
jdturdc hf cls daljtfaioifjtls, ujd dvfjturd ouy pfcikrlsd. ^lr fstd
rdzñj, fstf prlafsl sifoprf md fstdhl fstrfamdofjtf rfcdailjdhl alj cds
ihfds y ritls rfcikilsls. Hf mfaml, fc oistfril rfcikilsl, alj su fxpfrifjaid
siobñciad hf oufrtf y rfjdaioifjtl, sifoprf sikjieiad fstf oistfrilsl y
oicdkrlsl prlafsl hf trdjselrodaiñj. Alol fs fvihfjtf fj cls oitls quf
 

dadbdols hf ofjailjdr slbrf cd Adïhd hfc mlobrf y fc rlbl hfc eufkl plr
^rloftfl, fs fc clkls - fs hfair, fc aljlaioifjtl, cd aljaifjaid, fj ujd
pdcdbrd - cl quf fcfvd dc mlobrf plr fjaiod hf cd jdturdcfzd. ^frl fstf
clkrl cl ccfvd d ujd plsiaiñj träkiad fjtrf fc djiodc y Hils, plrquf yd jl fs
fc mi`l hf cd odhrf jdturdcfzd, fs fxpucsdhl hfc pdrdïsl, pfrl tdoplal fs

uj hils, plrquf
jdturdcfs, dc ikudcsikuf
quf dtdhl
^rloftflijfcuhibcfofjtf d sud aufrpl
euf fjadhfjdhl cd rlad.y Dujquf
d sus cfyfs
fstf
hlclrlsl fstdhl hf suspfjsiñj, hf fstdr hivihihl fjtrf fc fspïritu y cd
jdturdcfzd, md sihl edoicidr pdrd fc mlobrf hfshf mdaf ouaml tifopl, fs
sñcl rfaifjtfofjtf quf cd ou`fr md alofjzdhl d sfjtir fc aljeciatl. Y alj
fstf aljeciatl, quf vd hf cd odjl alj uj duofjtl hf cd aljaifjaid,
vlcvfols dc prlbcfod hfc djious quf fvfjtudcofjtf ccfvd d cls lpufstls,
d cd jdturdcfzd y dc fspïritu y su droljizdaiñj.
¼Añol fxpfriofjtdols fstf prlbcfod< ¼Añol fxpfriofjtdols fc
prijaipil fspiritudc< Fj priofr cukdr, jls hdols aufjtd hf fccl fj fc oujhl
fxtfrilr. Fc jiôl sufcf vfrcl fj fc pdhrf, l fj ujd pfrsljd quf tlod fc
cukdr hfc pdhrf7 oäs tdrhf, tdc vfz, fj uj odfstrl l fj uj mfrodjl odylr,
odrihl, doikl, eijdcofjtf, tdobiéj, fj cls hlauofjtls lb`ftivls hfc
fspïritu, fj cd ikcfsid, fc fstdhl y cd slaifhdh alj tlhds sus ijstituailjfs,
dsï alol fj cds arfdailjfs hf cd aifjaid y cds drtfs. Fj su odylr pdrtf, fc
daafsl hirfatl d fstds elrods lb`ftivds hfc fspïritu jl fs plsibcf pdrd ujd
ou`fr7 sñcl cl fjaufjtrd d trdvés hf uj mlobrf, quf fs su kuïd f
ijtfrofhidril. Fstf kuïd f ijtfrofhidril sf aljvifrtf fjtljafs fj fc
plrtdhlr l rfprfsfjtdjtf hf cd iodkfj hfc äjious, fs hfair, fc äjious sf
prlyfatd slbrf éc7 oifjtrds
iodkfj alrrfspljhd cd prlyfaaiñj
fj aifrtl tfjkd
krdhl alj fc éxitl, fs hfair,
plrtdhlr, oifjtrds
jl mdy cd
jijkðj
aljeciatl rfdc. ^lr fc aljtrdril, fstf fstdhl hf alsds pdrfaf sfr, fj aifrtl
sfjtihl, pfrefatl, slbrf tlhl audjhl fc mlobrf quf fs fc ijtfrofhidril
fspiritudc fs tdobiéj pfraibihl dc oisol tifopl alol uj sfr muodjl alj
fc quf sf tifjf ujd rfcdaiñj muodjd plsitivd. Qi tdc cd prlyfaaiñj pufhf
fstdbcfafrsf hf elrod pfrodjfjtf fstl plhrïd ccdodrsf ujd rfcdaiñj ihfdc,
ihfdc plrquf sij aljeciatl, pfrl cd ou`fr pfrodjfaf ijaljsaifjtf.
ijal jsaifjtf.
Qij fobdrkl, fc mfaml hf quf mly fj hïd yd jl sfd dprlpidhl pfrodjfafr
tdj ijaljsaifjtf pdrfaf fstdr hfolstrdhl plr cd airaujstdjaid hf quf
ouamds, si jl cd odylrïd, hf cds ou`frfs quf arffj sfr efciafs y fstdr
 

aljtfjtds fj cl quf prftfjhf sfr ujd rfcdaiñj hf djiodhvfrsiñj pfrefatd

sf vfj defatdhds plr sïjtlods jfrvilsls l alrplrdcfs. Ouy d ofjuhl
dpdrfafj fstdhls hf djsifhdh, ijslojil y jfrvilsisol kfjfrdc, l
fjefrofhdhfs eïsiads alol hlclr hf adbfzd y ltrls hlclrfs, dctfrdailjfs
hf cd visiñj y, ladsiljdcofjtf, defaailjfs pucoljdrfs. Aljlzal vdrils
adsls fj cls quf
fc prlbcfod hf cls pucoljfs
djious sf vifrlj
sf dkuhizñ, defatdhls
y sf aurdrljfj hfspués
uj olofjtl fj quf
hf quf sf
rfaljlaifrd y sf fjtfjhifrd fc prlbcfod alol tdc.1 (Xdc vfz cls ñrkdjls hf
cd rfspirdaiñj tifjfj ujd rfcdaiñj pfaucidr alj fc fspïritu, alol sukifrfj
cds pdcdbrds djious l pjfuod y Mduam, brfdtm, l Kfist, spirit, y plr cl tdjtl
rfdaailjdj alj fspfaidc sfjsibicihdh dc prlafsl hfc fspïritu. ^lsibcfofjtf
audcquifr ltrl ñrkdjl plhrïd vfrsf defatdhl, y fs siopcfofjtf ujd
aufstiñj hf fjfrkïd psïquiad quf, dc jl fjaljtrdr ujd dpciadaiñj dhfaudhd y
sfr iopucsdhd mdaid dträs slbrf sï oisod, dtdad audcquifr pujtl hébic). Cd
trdjsefrfjaid tltdc hf cd iodkfj hfc djious alol cd hfsaritd djtfrilrofjtf
arfd, `ujtl alj ujd dpdrfjtf sdtisedaaiñj y pcfjituh, ujd fspfaif hf vïjaucl
alopucsivl alj fc mlobrf fj aufstiñj y ujd hfpfjhfjaid hf éc quf d
ofjuhl duofjtd mdstd fc pujtl hf mdafrsf ijslplrtdbcf. Fstf fstdhl hf
edsaijdaiñj plr fc ltrl y tltdcofjtf bd`l su ijecufjaid fs bifj aljlaihl bd`l
fc téroijl hf "trdjsefrfjaid", quf jl fs ltrd alsd quf ujd prlyfaaiñj.
Qij fobdrkl, prlyfaaiñj sikjieiad jl sñcl cd trdjsefrfjaid hf ujd iodkfj d
ltrd pfrsljd, sijl tdobiéj hf cds dativihdhfs quf cd dalopdôdj, hf olhl
quf sf fspfrd quf uj mlobrf dc quf sf md trdjsefrihl cd iodkfj hf djious
dsuod fj alj`ujtl cds eujailjfs quf mdj qufhdhl sij hfsdrrlccdr fj cd
ou`fr fj aufstiñj,
rfspljsdbicihdh yd fc
mdaid sfd cd eujaiñj
oujhl hf pfjsdr,
fxtfrilr. D su vfz,l cd
fc ou`fr
plhfr slbrf
hf datudr,
cd qufl uj
cd
mlobrf md prlyfatdhl su äjiod hfbf sfjtir plr éc, l arfdr rfcdailjfs pdrd
éc, y fstd rfcdaiñj siobiñtiad fs, fj oi lpijiñj, cd vfrhdhfrd adusd hf cd
hfpfjhfjaid alopucsivd quf fxistf fj fstls adsls.
^frl fsf fstdhl hf prlyfaaiñj alopcftdofjtf fxitlsl jl sufcf sfr hf ouy
cdrkd hurdaiñj, fspfaidcofjtf si cd ou`fr tifjf ujd rfcdaiñj afradjd alj fc
mlobrf fj aufstiñj. Fjtljafs cd ijaljkrufjaid fjtrf cd iodkfj y fc
plrtdhlr hf cd iodkfj d ofjuhl sf vufcvf hfodsidhl lbvid. Vj drquftipl,
alol fc quf rfprfsfjtd fc djious, jujad alijaihirä rfdcofjtf alj uj
mlobrf ijhivihudc, audjtl ofjls cl mdkd oäs ijhivihudc fs fsf mlobrf. Cd
 

ijhivihudcihdh fs rfdcofjtf cl lpufstl dc drquftipl, yd quf cl quf fs

ijhivihudc jl fs hf jijkujd odjfrd tïpial, sijl ujd ofzacd ðjiad hf
adrdatfrïstiads, plsibcfofjtf tïpiads fj sï oisods. Audjhl fstd
hisarioijdaiñj fjtrf cd iodkfj y fc alj`ujtl hf adrdatfrfs hf ujd pfrsljd
sf mdaf fvihfjtf, pdrd krdj aljeusiñj y hfafpaiñj jufstrd, quf fc mlobrf
quf
quf pdrfaïd fjadrjdr
sf aloplrtd jufstrd iodkfj
aljtijudofjtf jl cf alrrfspljhf
hf odjfrd ouy histijtd fj dbslcutl,
d alol arff sijl
quf
hfbf mdafrcl. Fj uj priofr olofjtl, tdc vfz ijtfjtdols fjkdôdrjls slbrf
fstl y d ofjuhl cl clkrdols alj rfcdtivd edaicihdh, krdaids d cd dptituh pdrd
blrrdr cds hiefrfjaids, quf hfbfols d cls plhfrfs blrrlsls hf cd
hisarioijdaiñj. D ofjuhl ijtfjtdols alj vfrhdhfrd dstuaid mdafr quf fc
mlobrf sfd cl quf jlsltrls hfbfols rfprfsfjtdr. Jl sñcl f`frafols
aljsaifjtfofjtf cd eufrzd l cd prfsiñj0 ouaml oäs erfaufjtfofjtf
elrzdols ijaljsaifjtfofjtf d jufstrl alopdôfrl. plr jufstrl
aloplrtdoifjtl, d rfdaailjfs drquftïpiads l djïoiads.
Jdturdcofjtf, cl oisol vdcf pdrd fc mlobrf fj su datituh mdaid cd ou`fr. D
éc tdobiéj cf kustdrïd vfr fj fccd cd iodkfj quf ecltd djtf éc, y plr fstf
hfsfl, quf eujailjd alol ujd sukfrfjaid, éc pufhf arffr hf quf fccd jl
vivf su vfrhdhfrl sfr sijl quf sf aljvifrtf fj ujd eikurd hf äjiod. Fstl, y
fc mfaml hf quf fc äjiod y fc djious sf aljstfcdj outudofjtf (yd quf ujd
odjiefstdaiñj hfc äjiod susaitd fc äjious, y viafvfrsd, prlhuaifjhl uj
aïraucl viailsl ouy hieïaic hf rlopfr), elrod ujd hf cds pflrfs
alopciadailjfs fj cds rfcdailjfs fjtrf mlobrfs y ou`frfs. ^frl audjhl sf
hfsaubrf cd ijaljkrufjaid fjtrf fc mlobrf y cd eikurd hfc äjious, cd ou`fr
yd fstä fj ofhil
fc prlafsl hfc aljeciatlfjtrf
hf hisarioijdaiñj y jl cd
cf iodkfj
qufhd oäs rfofhil
ijtf rilr
ijtfrilr quf ccfvdr
y fc mlobrf fxtdfrilr.
adbl
fxtfrilr.
Dquï ccfkdols d cl quf fs fsfjaidcofjtf oäs sikjieiadtivl fj fc prlbcfod
hfc äjious, d sdbfr, fc alopljfjtf ijtfcfatudc odsaucijl hfjtrl hf cd
ou`fr oisod. ^drfaf quf rfcdailjdrsf alj fstf alopljfjtf, aljlafrcl f
ijalrplrdrcl dc rfstl hf cd pfrsljdcihdh, slj fcfofjtls afjtrdcfs hf fstf
prlbcfod, quf fs quizäs fc oäs ioplrtdjtf hf tlhls cls quf aljaifrjfj d
cd ou`fr hf mly. Fc mfaml hf quf fc prlbcfod tfjkd quf vfr alj ujd
prfhisplsiaiñj jdturdc, uj edatlr lrkäjial pfrtfjfaifjtf d cd ijhivihudcihdh
y hfstijdhl d eujailjdr, fxpciad plr qué fc djious fs fs adpdz hf dtrdfr cd
 

fjfrkïd psïquiad mdaid sï oisol mdstd aljvfrtirsf fj ujd eikurd

dbruodhlrd y dutñjlod.
Fs prlbdbcf quf tlhls cls ñrkdjls l tfjhfjaids lrkäjiads dtrdikdj mdaid sï
ujd aifrtd adjtihdh hf fjfrkïd, cl quf sikjieiad hisplsiaiñj pdrd fc
eujailjdoifjtl, y quf audjhl uj ñrkdjl pdrtiaucdr rfaibf ujd adjtihdh
ijsueiaifjtf hf fjfrkïd fstf mfaml sf hé d aljlafr plr cd odjiefstdaiñj hf
pfrturbdailjfs l plr fc hfsdrrlccl hf sïjtlods. Dpciadjhl fstd ihfd dc
psiquisol, yl aljacuirïd hf cd prfsfjaid hf ujd plhfrlsd eikurd hf djious
- cd ccdodhd "plsfsiñj plr fc djious" - quf cd pfrsljd fj aufstiñj prfstd
ouy plad dtfjaiñj d su prlpid tfjhfjaid mdaid fc clkls odsaucijl-
ijtfcfatudc, l cd md hfsdrrlccdhl y dpciadhl ijsueiaifjtfofjtf l jl hf cd
odjfrd alrrfatd. Xdc vfz fstl sufjd pdrdhñ`ial plrquf, vistl hfshf deufrd,
pdrfaf alol si eufrd fc prijaipil efofjijl fc quf jl sf tlod
sueiaifjtfofjtf fj aufjtd, yd quf fc aloplrtdoifjtl hf tdcfs ou`frfs
pdrfafj sfr fj cd supfreiaif hfodsidhl odsaucijl y sukifrf ujd edctd hf
efoijihdh. ^frl fj cd odsaucijihdh trdïhd d cd vistd, vfl oäs bifj uj
sïjtlod, uj sikjl hf quf dckl odsaucijl fj cd ou`fr rfacdod dtfjaiñj. Fs
aifrtl quf cl quf fs priolrhidcofjtf efofjijl fs ijvdhihl y rfprioihl plr
cd fjtrdhd dutlarätiad fj cd fsafjd hf fstd odsaucijihdh, pfrl fc fcfofjtl
efofjijl sñcl pufhf ccfkdr d su cukdr alrrfatl plr uj hfsvïl quf ijacuyf cd
dafptdaiñj hf cd fc edatlr odsaucijl, fc djious.
Laupdrsf siopcfofjtf hf ujd odjfrd ijtfcfatudc u lb`ftivdofjtf
odsaucijd pdrfaf ijsueiaifjtf, alol pufhf vfrsf fj ouamds ou`frfs quf
mdj alopcftdhl uj prlkrdod hf fstuhils y prdatiadj ujd vladaiñj mdstd
dmlrd odsaucijd f ijtfcfatudc, pfrl quf, sij fobdrkl, jujad mdj ccfkdhl d
dafptdr fc prlbcfod hfc djious. Xdc fjtrfjdoifjtl y elrod hf vihd
odsaucijd pufhf clkrdrsf ihfjtieiaäjhlsf alj fc djious, pfrl fjtljafs fc
cdhl efofjijl sf hf`d hf cdhl. Cl quf fs rfdcofjtf jfafsdril fs quf cd
ijtfcfatudcihdh efofjijd, fc clkls fj cd ou`fr, sf d`ustf hf tdc odjfrd d cd
jdturdcfzd y cd vihd hf cd ou`fr quf sf prlhuzad ujd allpfrdaiñj
droljilsd fjtrf cls edatlrfs efofjijls y odsaucijls y jijkujd pdrtf fsté
aljhfjdhd d ujd fxistfjaid slobrïd. Cd priofrd ftdpd fj fc adoijl
alrrfatl fs, plr cl tdjtl, cd rftirdhd hf cd prlyfaaiñj rfaljlaiéjhlcd alol
tdc y cibfräjhlcd dsï hfc lb`ftl. Fstf priofr datl hf hisarioijdaiñj, plr
siopcf quf pdrfzad, sikjieiad sij fobdrkl uj clkrl hieïaic y d ofjuhl ujd
 

hlclrlsd rfjujaid. Ofhidjtf fstd rftirdhd hf cd prlyfaaiñj rfaljlafols

quf jl sf trdtd hf uj fjtf fxtfrjl d jlsltrls, sijl hf ujd audcihdh ijtfrjd7
y vfols djtf jlsltrls cd tdrfd hf dprfjhfr d aljlafr cd jdturdcfzd y fc
fefatl hf fstf edatlr, fstf "mlobrf fj jlsltrls", pdrd histijkuircl hf
jlsltrls oisols. Qi fstl jl sf mdaf, slols ihéjtials dc djious l plsfïhls
plr éc, uj fstä
efofjijl fstdhl
tdjquf arfd clsy fopu`dhl
dbruodhl fefatls oäs ijsdjls.
d uj sfkujhl^lrquf
pcdjlaudjhl fc cdhl
plr fc djious,
eäaicofjtf surkfj hfprfsiljfs, ijsdtisedaaiñj kfjfrdc y pérhihd hf ijtfrés
fj cd vihd. Xlhls fstls slj sïjtlods ijtfcikibcfs quf dpujtdj dc mfaml hf
quf cd oitdh hf cd pfrsljdcihdh fs pdraidcofjtf rlbdhd hf cd vihd plr cd
ijvdsiñj hfc äjious. Dhfoäs hf fstl, fc äjious pufhf ijtfrpljfrsf hf
odjfrd pfrturbdhlrd fjtrf ujl oisol y ltrds pfrsljds, fjtrf ujl oisol
y cd vihd fj kfjfrdc. Fs ouy hieïaic rfaljlafr tdc plsfsiñj fj ujl oisol,
tdjtl oäs hieïaic audjtl oäs alopcftd sfd. ^lr cl tdjtl, fs hf krdj dyuhd
lbsfrvdr fc fefatl quf ujl tifjf fj ltrds pfrsljds y `uzkdr, d pdrtir hf sus
rfdaailjfs, si éstds pufhfj mdbfr sihl prlvladhds plr ujd ihfjtieiadaiñj
ijaljsaifjtf hfc djious. Fstd lrifjtdaiñj hfrivdhd hf ltrds pfrsljds fs
ujd dyuhd ijfstiodbcf fj fc cdblrilsl prlafsl - d ofjuhl oäs dccä hf cls
plhfrfs ijhivihudcfs - hf histijkuir acdrdofjtf fc äjious y dsikjdrcf fc
cukdr quf cf alrrfspljhf. Fj fefatl, arfl quf sij cd rfcdaiñj alj ujd
pfrsljd alj rfspfatl d cd audc fs plsibcf lrifjtdrsf ujd y ltrd vfz, fs adsi
ioplsibcf cibfrdrsf dckujd vfz hfc dkdrrf hfoljïdal hfc äjious. Fj uj
fstdhl hf ihfjtieiadaiñj alj fc äjious, pfjsdols, hfaiols l mdafols dckl
alj cd pcfjd aljviaaiñj hf quf slols jlsltrls cls quf cl mdafols,
oifjtrds quf fj rfdcihdh, sij quf mdydols sihl aljsaifjtfs hf fccl, fc
djious md fstdhl mdbcdjhl d trdvés hf jlsltrls.
D ofjuhl fs ouy hieïaic hdrsf aufjtd hf quf uj pfjsdoifjtl u lpijiñj md
sihl hiatdhl plr fc äjious y jl fs cd aljviaaiñj oäs pdrtiaucdr hf ujl,
plrquf fc äjious tifjf d su hisplsiaiñj ujd fspfaif hf dutlrihdh dkrfsivd
y plhfr hf sukfstiñj.
Fstd dutlrihdh sf hfrivd hf su aljfxiñj alj cd ofjtf ujivfrsdc, pfrl cd
eufrzd hf sukfstiñj quf f`fraf sf hfbf d cd prlpid pdsivihdh hf cd ou`fr fj
fc pfjsdoifjtl y d su alrrfspljhifjtf edctd hf adpdaihdh arïtiad. Xdcfs
lpijiljfs l aljafptls, jlrodcofjtf sdadhls d rfcuair alj krdj dpclol,
slj fspfaidcofjtf adrdatfrïstials hfc djious. Qlj adrdatfrïstials fj fc
 

sfjtihl hf quf, alrrfspljhifjhl dc prijaipil hfc clkls, slj aljafptls l

vfrhdhfs kfjfrdcofjtf väcihls quf, dujquf pufhfj sfr bdstdjtf
vfrhdhfrls fj sï oisols, jl fjad`dj fj fc adsl hdhl plrquf jl aljsihfrdj
cl quf fs ijhivihudc y fspfaïeial fj ujd situdaiñj. Cls `uiails yd mfamls f
ijaljtrlvfrtibcfofjtf väcihls hf fstf tipl sñcl slj rfdcofjtf dpciadbcfs fj
cds odtfoätiads,
jl sf dpciadj dccï, hljhf hlssfvfafs
sijl quf hls fs
vilcfjtdj, ydsifoprf audtrl.
sfd dc su`ftl fj^frl fj cdl vihd
aufstiñj d cd
pfrsljd d cd quf sf hirikfj, l ijacusl d cd prlpid ou`fr quf foitf uj `uiail
eijdc sij mdbfr tfjihl fj aufjtd tlhds sus prlpids rfdaailjfs. Fc oisol
tipl hf pfjsdoifjtl jl rfcdailjdhl dpdrfaf tdobiéj fj uj mlobrf audjhl
sf ihfjtieiad alj cd rdzñj l fc prijaipil hfc clkls y jl pifjsd éc oisol, sijl
quf "cl" pifjsd. Xdcfs mlobrfs slj jdturdcofjtf fspfaidcofjtf dhfaudhls
pdrd fjadrjdr fc djiol hf ujd ou`fr. ^frl jl pufhl fjtrdr fj fstl oäs
dccä plrquf of ijtfrfsd fxacusivdofjtf cd psialclkïd efofjijd.
Vjd hf cds elrods oäs ioplrtdjtfs fj quf fc äjious sf fxprfsd, fjtljafs,
fs mdaifjhl `uiails, y alol suafhf alj cls `uiails, tdobiéj cl fs alj cls
pfjsdoifjtls fj kfjfrdc. Hfshf fc ijtfrilr, sf dbdrrltdj slbrf cd ou`fr fj
elrods yd alopcftds f irrfeutdbcfs. L, si vifjfj hf eufrd, fccd cds dhlptd
plrquf cf pdrfafj hf dckujd odjfrd aljvijafjtfs l dtrdativds. ^frl
jlrodcofjtf jl sifjtf jijkujd jfafsihdh hf pfjsdr y, plr cl tdjtl, hf
aloprfjhfr cds ihfds quf dhlptd y, tdc vfz, ijacusl cds prlpdkd. Qu plhfr
hf hisarioijdaiñj jl hfsdrrlccdhl mdaf quf sf fjaufjtrf alj ihfds
vdcilsds y sij vdclr alj fc oisol fjtusidsol l alj fc oisol dspfatl,
plrquf audcquifr alsd quf sukifrd cd ofjtf cd ioprfsiljd fjlrofofjtf y
f`fraf ujd edsaijdaiñj
fstdedhlrfs fxtrdôd
quf d ofjuhl clkrdjslbrf fccd.ijaloprfjsibcfs
fefatls Fstl fxpciad fc alj
éxitl hffspfaif
ujd tdjtls
hf psfuhl-fspiritudcihdh. ^lr ltrl cdhl, su edctd hf hisarioijdaiñj tifjf uj
cdhl bufjl7 mdaf quf cd ou`fr jl tfjkd prf`uiails y plr cl tdjtl,
erfaufjtfofjtf hfsaubrf y vdclrd cls vdclrfs fspiritudcfs oäs
räpihdofjtf quf uj mlobrf, auyl hfsdrrlccdhl plhfr arïtial tifjhf d
mdafrcl tdj hfsaljeidhl y prf`uiailsl quf d ofjuhl cf ccfvd d uj
aljsihfrdbcf tifopl pdrd vfr uj vdclr quf cds pfrsljds sij prf`uiails mdj
rfaljlaihl hfshf mdaf ouaml tifopl.
Fc vfrhdhfrl pfjsdoifjtl hf cds ou`frfs (of rfeifrl d cds ou`frfs fj
kfjfrdc, sdbifjhl bifj quf mdy ouamds ouy plr fjaiod hf fstf jivfc quf
 

yd mdj hiefrfjaidhl su pfjsdoifjtl y su jdturdcfzd fspiritudc fj uj dctl

krdhl) fs prfhloijdjtfofjtf präatial y dpciadhl. Fs dckl quf hfsaribiols
alol uj sñcihl sfjtihl aloðj, y jlrodcofjtf sf hirikf d cl quf fstä d
odjl y fs pfrsljdc. Mdstd fstf pujtl eujailjd dhfaudhdofjtf fj su
prlpil cukdr y jl pfrtfjfaf fj dbslcutl d cl quf fjtfjhfols plr djious
fj fc sfjtihl
sf dpciad oäs fstriatl.
dc hloijil Qñcl audjhl
hf cds tdrfds hidrids fc plhfr
sijl quf ofjtdc
vd oäs hf cd busadjhl
dccä, bou`fr yd jl
usadjhl uj
jufvl adopl hf dativihdh, fjtrd fj `ufkl fc djious. Fj kfjfrdc, sf pufhf
hfair quf cd ofjtdcihdh efofjijd odjieifstd uj adräatfr jl hfsdrrlccdhl,
ijedjtic l prioitivl7 fj cukdr hf cd sfh hf aljlaioifjtl, cd aurilsihdh7 fj
cukdr hfc `uiail, fc prf`uiail7 fj cukdr hfc pfjsdoifjtl, cd iodkijdaiñj l fc
sufôl7 fj cukdr hf cd vlcujtdh, fc hfsfl. Audjhl uj mlobrf sf fjerfjtd d
prlbcfods lb`ftivls, ujd ou`fr sf aljtfjtd alj rfslcvfr fjikods7 audjhl
éc cuamd plr fc aljlaioifjtl y cd aloprfjsiñj, sf aljtfjtd alj cd ef l cd
supfrstiaiñj, l bifj mdaf suplsiailjfs. Fs fvihfjtf quf sf trdtd hf
prfsujailjfs bifj odradhds quf sf pufhfj hfolstrdr quf fxistfj fj cds
ofjtfs hf cls jiôls y hf cls prioitivls. Dsï, cd aurilsihdh hf cls jiôls y cls
prioitivls fs edoicidr pdrd jlsltrls, alol tdobiéj cl slj cls pdpfcfs quf
`ufkdj cd arffjaid y cd supfrstiaiñj.
Fj fc Fhhd mdy uj aljaursl hf dhivijdjzds fjtrf fc Lhïj frrdjtf y su
djeitriñj, uj ofolridc hf cd éplad fj quf cd ofjtf odsaucijd fstdbd
laupdhd alj dhivijdjzds alol cd ofjtf hf cd ou`fr mdstd mly. Mistlrids
sioicdrfs jls mdj ccfkdhl hfshf cd djtikófhdh y cd Fhdh Ofhid. Xfjfols fc
fjikod hf cd Fseijkf, l hf Fhipl, fc alrtf hf pfcl hf cls sleistds y
fsalcästials.
hfeijihd fj fcCls ccdodhls
hfsdrrlccl hf hfsfls tdobiéj
cd ofjtf. alrrfspljhfj
Dpdrfaf d ujd fj
alol uj oltivl ftdpd
cls
aufjtls hf mdhds, d ofjuhl adrdatfrizdjhl dckl hfc pdsdhl, yd quf audjhl
cls aufjtls sf rfeifrfj d "fc tifopl fj quf cls hfsfls tlhdvïd frdj ðticfs".
Cd präatiad oäkiad hf hfsfdr quf dckl cf suafhd d ujd pfrsljd sf bdsd fj
cd oisod ihfd. Krioo, fj su oitlclkïd dcfodjd, sfôdcd cd aljfxiñj fjtrf fc
hfsfl, cd iodkijdaiñj y fc pfjsdoifjtl. Qfkðj éc, "Vj djtikul jlobrf
jñrhial pdrd [ltdj u Lhïj pdrfaf sfr Lsgi l [ism, y cds Udcquirids tdobiéj
sf ccdodbdj Hljafccds hfc Hfsfl. Lhïj, fc hils hfc vifjtl y frrdjtf, fc sfôlr
hfc f`éraitl hf cls fspïritus, fc ijvfjtlr hf cds rujds, fs uj tïpial hils hf cls
fspïritus, pfrl hf ujd elrod prioitivd dðj afradjd d cd jdturdcfzd". Alol
 

tdc, fs fc sfôlr hf cls hfsfls. Jl sñcl fs fc hdhlr hf tlhl cl quf fs bufjl y

pfrefatl alol sf fjtifjhf plr hfsfl, sijl quf tdobiéj fs fc quf, audjhl
fs fvladhl, pufhf arfdr plr uj hfsfl.
Krioo hiaf, "Fc hfsfl fs fc plhfr hf ofhir, vfrtfr, hdr y arfdr. Fs fc plhfr
quf hd elrod, iodkijd, pifjsd, y plr cl tdjtl fs iodkijdaiñj, ihfd, elrod." Y
fj ltrl cukdr fsaribf0 "Fj säjsaritl 'hfsfl' sf ccdod sikjieiadtivdofjtf
odjlrdtmd, cd rufhd hf cd ofjtf - fs fc hfsfl quf mdaf kirdr cd rufhd hfc
pfjsdoifjtl." Fc djious hf cd ou`fr fj su dspfatl slbrfmuodjl y hivijl
fs alopdrdbcf d tdc fspïritu y hils hfc vifjtl. Fj cls sufôls y cds edjtdsïds,
fc djious tifjf ujd elrod sioicdr, y fstf adräatfr hf hfsfl fs pfaucidr hfc
pfjsdoifjtl efofjijl. Qi tfjfols fj aufjtd quf fc plhfr hf iodkijdr jl
sikjieiad pdrd fc mlobrf jdhd oäs quf fc plhfr hf mdafr ujd iodkfj
ofjtdc hf audcquifr alsd quf fci`d, y quf fstd iodkfj, dujquf ijodtfridc,
jl pufhf jfkdrsf d cd rfdcihdh, fjtljafs plhfols fjtfjhfr añol fs quf
iodkijdr, pfjsdr, hfsfdr y arfdr mdj sihl adcieiadhls alol fquivdcfjtfs.
Fspfaidcofjtf fj ujd aljhiaiñj rfcdtivdofjtf ijaljsaifjtf, hljhf cd
rfdcihdh fxtfrilr f ijtfrilr jl sf histijkufj acdrdofjtf sijl quf ecuyfj ujd
hfjtrl hf cd ltrd, fs eäaicofjtf plsibcf quf ujd rfdcihdh fspiritudc, fs
hfair, uj pfjsdoifjtl l ujd iodkfj, pufhd sfr tlodhd alol
aljarftdofjtf rfdc. Xdobiéj fj cls prioitivls sf fjaufjtrd fstd
fquivdcfjaid fjtrf cd rfdcihdh fspiritudc aljarftd fxtfrilr y cd ijtfrilr.
(Cfvy-Brumc 8 hd ouamls f`fopcls hf fstl, pfrl jls ccfvdrïd hfodsidhl
cf`ls pdrd hfair oäs slbrf fstl). Fc oisol efjñofjl sf fjaufjtrd ouy
acdrdofjtf fxprfsdhl fj cd ofjtdcihdh efofjijd.
Jls slrprfjhf hfsaubrir, dc fxdoijdrcl oäs hf afrad, auäj d ofjuhl jls
vifjf d cd ofjtf quf cds alsds hfbfj suafhfr hf aifrtd odjfrd, l quf ujd
pfrsljd quf jls ijtfrfsd fstä mdaifjhl fstl l dqufccl, l cl md mfaml, l cl
mdrä. Jl jls hftfjfols d alopdrdr
alop drdr fstds ijtuiailjfs alj cd rfdcihdh.
 Yd fstdols aljvfjaihls hf su vfrhdh, l dc ofjls jls ijacijdols d
supljfr quf cd ofrd ihfd fs vfrhdhfrd y quf alrrfspljhf d cd rfdcihdh.
Ltrds fstruaturds edjtdsilsds tdobiéj sf tlodj
tl odj eäaicofjtf alol rfdcfs y d
vfafs ijacusl pufhfj dpdrfafr fj elrod aljarftd. Vjd hf cds dativihdhfs
hfc djious oäs hieïaicfs hf vfr d trdvés hf cds adpds fj fstf adopl, d
sdbfr, cd aljstruaaiñj hf ujd iodkfj hf hfsfl hf ujl oisol. Fc äjious fs
 

fxpfrtl fj fsblzdr y mdafr pcdusibcf ujd iodkfj quf jls rfprfsfjtf alol
jls kustdrïd quf jls vifrdj, plr f`fopcl, alol fc "dodjtf ihfdc", fc "jiôl
dtrdativl f ijhfefjsl", cd "hljafccd hfsijtfrfsdhd", cd "pfrsljd
fxtrdlrhijdridofjtf lrikijdc", fc "quf rfdcofjtf md jdaihl pdrd dckl
of`lr", y dsï suafsivdofjtf. Fstd dativihdh jls hd jdturdcofjtf fc plhfr
hfc djious
sdarieiadr mdstd quf
fc audhrl vlcujtdridofjtf,
hf krdj alclrihl y jls lvfols
plr eufrzd, jls hfaihiols
alol slols fj rfdcihdh.d
Ouy erfaufjtfofjtf, cd dativihdh efofjijd tdobiéj sf fxprfsd fj cl quf fs
cdrkdofjtf ujd rfecfxiñj rftrlspfativd slbrf cl quf hfbfrïdols mdbfr
mfaml hiefrfjtf fj cd vihd, y añol hfbfrïdols mdbfrcl mfaml7 l, alol si
fstuviérdols bd`l aldaaiñj, mdafols adhfjds hf aljfxiljfs adusdcfs.
Jls kustd ccdodr d fstl pfjsdoifjtl7 dujquf, plr fc aljtrdril, fs ujd
elrod hf dativihdh ofjtdc quf fs fxtrdôdofjtf ijðtic f ioprlhuativd, ujd
elrod quf rfdcofjtf sñcl aljhuaf d cd dutl-tlrturd. Dquï tdobiéj mdy hf
jufvl ujd adrdatfrïstiad edctd hf hisarioijdaiñj fjtrf cl quf fs rfdc y cl
quf sf md pfjsdhl l iodkijdhl.
^lhrïdols hfair, fjtljafs, quf fc pfjsdoifjtl efofjijl, fj cd ofhihd fj
quf jl fstä laupdhl präatiadofjtf alol fc sfjtihl aloðj, jl fs
rfdcofjtf pfjsdr, sijl oäs bifj slôdr, iodkijdr, hfsfdr y tfofr (fs hfair,
fc hfsfl jfkdtivl). Fc plhfr y cd dutlrihdh hfc efjñofjl hfc djious pufhf
fxpciadrsf fj pdrtf plr cd prioitivd edctd hf hiefrfjaidaiñj ofjtdc fjtrf cd
iodkijdaiñj y cd rfdcihdh. ^ufstl quf cl quf pfrtfjfaf d cd ofjtf - fs
hfair, fc pfjsdoifjtl - plsff dc oisol tifopl fc adräatfr hf rfdcihdh
ijhisautibcf, cl quf hiaf fc äjious pdrfaf sfr tdobiéj ijhisautibcfofjtf
aifrtl.
dc ikudcYquf
dmlrd
ujdccfkdols
ihfd, uj dpfjsdoifjtl,
cd odkid hf tifjf
cds pdcdbrds.
fc fefatlVjd pdcdbrd,
hf cd tdobiéj,
rfdcihdh fj cds
ofjtfs ijhiefrfjaidhds. Jufstrl oitl bïbcial hf cd arfdaiñj, plr f`fopcl,
hljhf fc oujhl arfaf d pdrtir hf cd pdcdbrd mdbcdhd hfc Arfdhlr, fs ujd
fxprfsiñj hf fstl.
Fc djious tdobiéj plsff fc plhfr oäkial hf cds pdcdbrds, y plr cl tdjtl cls
mlobrfs quf tifjfj fc hlj hf cd lrdtlrid pufhfj f`frafr uj plhfr
alopucsivl slbrf cds ou`frfs tdjtl fj fc sfjtihl hfc bifj alol hfc odc.
¼Fstly yfjhl hfodsidhl cf`ls audjhl hikl quf cd odkid hf cd pdcdbrd, fc

drtf hf mdbcdr,
dtrdpdhd fs cd alsd fj yuj
oäs ijedcibcfofjtf mlobrf
oäs d trdvés hffjkdôdhd<
erfaufjtfofjtf cd audc ujd ou`fr
^frl fs
jl fs
 

sñcl cd ou`fr cd quf fstä bd`l fc mfamizl hf cd odkid hf cd pdcdbrd, fc

efjñofjl prfvdcfaf fj tlhds pdrtfs. Cds rujds sdkrdhds hf cd djtikófhdh,
cls odjtrds ijhils, cds lrdailjfs y cds eñroucds oäkiads hf tlhl tipl, mdstd
mdst d
cds fxprfsiljfs téajiads y cls fscñkdjfs hf jufstrls tifopls, slj tlhls
tfstikls hfc plhfr oäkial hfc fspïritu quf sf md aljvfrtihl fj pdcdbrd. Qij
fobdrkl, sf pufhf
tdcfs mfamizls hfair quf
oäkials fj kfjfrdc quf ujd
uj mlobrf ou`fr
hf uj jivfcfsaucturdc
oäs susafptibcf d
sioicdr. Vj
mlobrf tifjf plr jdturdcfzd fc iopucsl hf fjtfjhfr cds alsds alj cds quf
tifjf quf cihidr7 cls jiôls pfqufôls oufstrdj ujd prfhicfaaiñj plr tirdr sus
`ukuftfs fj pfhdzls pdrd sdbfr añol sf vfj plr hfjtrl l añol eujailjdj.
Fj ujd ou`fr, fstf iopucsl fs ouaml ofjls prljujaidhl. ^ufhf trdbd`dr
eäaicofjtf alj ijstruofjtls l oäquijds sij quf sf cf laurrd qufrfr
fstuhidr l fjtfjhfr su aljstruaaiñj. Hf odjfrd sioicdr, pufhf sfr
ioprfsiljdhd plr ujd pdcdbrd quf sufjd sikjieiadtivd sij mdbfr adptdhl su
sikjieiadhl fxdatl. Vj mlobrf fstä ouaml oäs ijacijdhl d rdstrfdr fc
sikjieiadhl.
Cd odjiefstdaiñj oäs adrdatfrïstiad hfc djious jl fs ujd iodkfj
aljeikurdhd (Kfstdct), sijl oäs bifj fj pdcdbrds (clkls tdobiéj sikjieiad
pdcdbrd). Uifjf d jlsltrls alol ujd vlz quf alofjtd adhd situdaiñj fj cd
quf jls fjaljtrdols, l quf iopdrtf rfkcds hf aloplrtdoifjtl hf
dpciadaiñj kfjfrdc. D ofjuhl fs dsï alol priofrl pfraibiols fc äjious
alol hiefrfjtf hfc fkl, ouaml djtfs hf quf sf mdyd aristdcizdhl fj ujd
eikurd pfrsljdc. ^lr cl quf mf lbsfrvdhl, fstd vlz sf fxprfsd
prijaipdcofjtf hf hls odjfrds. Fj priofr cukdr, fsauamdols hf fccd uj
alofjtdril arïtial,
fxdofj fxdatl kfjfrdcofjtf
hf tlhls jfkdtivl,
cls oltivls slbrf adhd
f ijtfjailjfs, olvioifjtl,
cl quf jdturdcofjtf uj
sifoprf adusd sfjtioifjtls hf ijefrilrihdh, y tifjhf d alrtdr cd ijiaidtivd y
adhd hfsfl hf dutlfxprfsiñj.
Hf vfz fj audjhl, fstd oisod vlz pufhf tdobiéj hispfjsdr fclkils
fxdkfrdhls, y fc rfsuctdhl hf fstls `uiails fxtrfols quf ujl lsaicd hf uj
cdhl d ltrl fjtrf cd aljaifjaid hf cd alopcftd ijuticihdh y uj sfjtihl hf cd
prlpid vdcïd f ioplrtdjaid, cd sfkujhd elrod hf mdbcdr hfc djious sf cioitd
oäs l ofjls fxacusivdofjtf d foitir prlmibiailjfs hf cls odjhdtls y d

prljujaidr pujtls
fxprfsdj hls hf vistd
dspfatls kfjfrdcofjtf
ioplrtdjtfs hf cddafptdhls.
eujaiñj hfcOf pdrfaf^lr
djious. qufuj
dquï sf
cdhl,
 

tfjfols cd hisarioijdaiñj, fc `uiail y cd aloprfjsiñj7 plr ltrl, cd

dbstrdaaiñj y fc fstdbcfaioifjtl hf cfyfs kfjfrdcfs. ^lhrïdols hfair, tdc
vfz, quf hljhf prfvdcfaf fc priofr tipl hf eujailjdoifjtl cd eikurd hfc
djious dpdrfaf alol ujd slcd pfrsljd, oifjtrds quf si prfvdcfaf fc
sfkujhl, dpdrfaf alol ujd pcurdcihdh, ujd fspfaif hf aljsf`l. Cd
hisarioijdaiñj
fcdblrdaiñj y cdy dbstrdaaiñj
fc `uiail sljhf
prijaipdcofjtf ijhivihudcfs,
cds cfyfs prfsupljf oifjtrds
uj daufrhl plrquf cd
pdrtf
hf ouamls y, plr cl tdjtl, sf fxprfsd oäs dhfaudhdofjtf plr uj krupl.
Fs bifj sdbihl quf cd edauctdh arfdtivd hf cd ofjtf fs dckl rdrl fj cd
ou`fr. Mdy ouamds ou`frfs quf mdj hfsdrrlccdhl fj dctl krdhl sus
plhfrfs hf pfjsdoifjtl, hisarioijdaiñj y arïtiad, pfrl slj ouy plads cds
quf slj ofjtdcofjtf arfdtivds alol cl fs fc mlobrf. Qf hiaf
odciailsdofjtf quf cd ou`fr adrfaf tdjtl hfc hlj hf cd ijvfjaiñj, quf si cd
auamdrd hf alaijd jl mubifrd sihl ijvfjtdhd plr uj mlobrf, ¡tlhdvïd mly

fstdrïdols
fjaufjtrd surfvlcvifjhl
fxprfsiñj cd
fj slpd alj uj
cd fsefrd pdcl!
hf cd vihd,Cdjlarfdtivihdh hf eujailjfs
sñcl fj sus cd ou`fr
bilcñkiads alol odhrf, sijl fj cd vihd fj kfjfrdc, yd sfd fj su dativihdh
alol fhuadhlrd, fj su pdpfc hf alopdôfrd hfc mlobrf, alol odhrf fj fc
mlkdr, l hf dckujd ltrd elrod. Fc hfsdrrlccl hf cds rfcdailjfs fs hf
priolrhidc ioplrtdjaid fj cd aljelrodaiñj hf cd vihd, y fstf fs fc
vfrhdhfrl adopl hfc plhfr arfdtivl efofjijl. Fjtrf cds drtfs, fc hrdod fs,
hf odjfrd slbrfsdcifjtf, dqufc fj fc quf cd ou`fr pufhf clkrdr cd ikudchdh
alj fc mlobrf. Fj cd datudaiñj, cds pfrsljds, cds rfcdailjfs y cd vihd sf hdj
elrod, y dsï cd ou`fr fs tdj arfdtivd alol fc mlobrf. Fjaljtrdols
fcfofjtls arfdtivls tdobiéj fj cls prlhuatls hfc ijaljsaifjtf, fj cls
sufôls, edjtdsïds l erdsfs quf ccfkdj fspljtäjfdofjtf d cd ou`fr. Fstls
prlhuatls d ofjuhl aljtifjfj pfjsdoifjtls, pujtls hf vistd, vfrhdhfs, hf
jdturdcfzd purdofjtf lb`ftivd, dbslcutdofjtf iopfrsljdc.
iop frsljdc.
Cd ofhidaiñj hf tdc aljlaioifjtl y tdc aljtfjihl fs fsfjaidcofjtf cd
eujaiñj hfc äjious supfrilr. Fj cls sufôls d ofjuhl fjaljtrdols
sïoblcls aifjtïeials bdstdjtf dbstrdatls quf hieïaicofjtf pufhfj sfr
ijtfrprftdhls pfrsljdcofjtf pfrl quf rfprfsfjtdj mdccdzkls lb`ftivls l
ihfds djtf cls audcfs jdhif sf dslobrd oäs, quizäs, quf fc prlpil slôdhlr.

Fstl fs fspfaidcofjtf
pfjsdoifjtl slrprfjhfjtf
plal hfsdrrlccdhd l ujdfj ou`frfs
adjtihdh quf tifjfj
cioitdhd ujd eujaiñj
hf aucturd. hf
Aljlzal
 

d ujd ou`fr fj cd quf pfjsdr0 fs cd "eujaiñj ijefrilr", 6  auyls sufôls

ofjailjdj d ofjuhl prlbcfods hf dstrljloïd y eïsiad, y tdobiéj sf
rfeifrfj d ijstruofjtls téajials hf tlhl tipl. Ltrd ou`fr, hf tipl bdstdjtf
jl rdailjdc, dc rfprlhuair aljtfjihls ijaljsaifjtfs, sufôd alj eikurds
fstriatdofjtf kfloétriads, fstruaturds aristdcijds, alol cds quf sf
fjaufjtrdj fj cls cibrls hf tfxtl slbrf kfloftrïd l oijfrdclkïd. ^drd
ltrds dðj, fc djious dplrtd visiljfs hfc oujhl y hf cd vihd quf vdj ouaml
oäs dccä hf su pfjsdoifjtl aljsaifjtf y oufstrdj ujd adcihdh arfdtivd
quf jl sf pufhf jfkdr.
Qij fobdrkl, fj fc adopl fj fc quf cd dativihdh arfdtivd hf cd ou`fr eclrfaf
oäs adrdatfrïstiadofjtf, d sdbfr, fj cds rfcdailjfs muodjds, fc edatlr
arfdtivl surkf hfc sfjtioifjtl ujihl d cd ijtuiaiñj l cd sfjsdaiñj, oäs quf
hf cd ofjtf fj fc sfjtihl hfc clkls. Dquï, fc djious pufhf sfr rfdcofjtf
pfcikrlsl, plrquf sf ijyfatd fj cd rfcdaiñj fj cukdr hfc sfjtioifjtl,

mdaifjhl
erfaufjaiddsï
qufquf
fjcdcukdr
rfcdaiñj sfd hieïaic lujd
hf aloprfjhfr ioplsibcf. Laurrf
situdaiñj aljpfrsljd
- u ltrd hfodsidhd
-d
trdvés hfc sfjtioifjtl y datudr fj aljsfaufjaid, pfjsdols dckl slbrf cd
situdaiñj l cd pfrsljd y lerfafols ujd lpijiñj fj cukdr hf ujd rfdaaiñj
muodjd. Fstl pufhf sfr bdstdjtf alrrfatl, bifj ijtfjailjdhl f ijtfcikfjtf,
pfrl jl tifjf jijkðj fefatl, l fc fefatl fquivladhl, plrquf fs alrrfatl sñcl
hf ujd odjfrd lb`ftivd y edatudc. Qub`ftivdofjtf, muodjdofjtf mdbcdjhl,
fs frrñjfl plrquf fj fsf olofjtl cd pdrf`d, l cd rfcdaiñj, jl sf sirvf
of`lr hfc hisafrjioifjtl l hf cd lb`ftivihdh sijl hfc sfjtioifjtl hf
fopdtïd. Ouy d ofjuhl suafhf quf ujd ou`fr dsuof fsd datituh lb`ftivd
fj cd arffjaid hf quf sf fstä aloplrtdjhl hf odjfrd dhoirdbcf, pfrl fc
fefatl fs drruijdr alopcftdofjtf cd situdaiñj. Cd ijadpdaihdh hf hdrsf
aufjtd hf quf fc hisafrjioifjtl, cd rdailjdcihdh y cd lb`ftivihdh slj
ijdprlpidhls fj aifrtls cukdrfs fs d ofjuhl slrprfjhfjtf.
Qñcl pufhl fxpciadr fstl plr fc mfaml hf quf cds ou`frfs fstäj
dalstuobrdhds d pfjsdr quf cd elrod odsaucijd fs dckl fj sï oisod oäs
vdcilsl quf cd efofjijd y supfrilr d fccd. Arffols quf ujd datituh lb`ftivd
odsaucijd fs of`lr fj tlhls cls adsls quf ujd efofjijd y pfrsljdc. Fstl
fs fspfaidcofjtf aifrtl pdrd cds ou`frfs quf yd mdj dcadjzdhl uj aifrtl

jivfc hf aljaifjaid
ujd hiefrfjaid ouy yioplrtdjtf
ujd dprfaidaiñj hfprlbcfod
fjtrf fc cls vdclrfs
hfcrdailjdcfs.
äjiod hf cdDquï ccfkl
ou`fr y fcd
 

prlbcfod hfc äjiod hfc mlobrf, ujd hiefrfjaid quf of pdrfaf quf md
rfaibihl ouy plad dtfjaiñj.
Audjhl uj mlobrf hfsaubrf su äjiod y cd dafptd, tifjf quf dsuoir dckl
quf djtfs cf pdrfaïd ijefrilr. Aufjtd plal quf jdturdcofjtf cd eikurd hfc
äjiod, sfd iodkfj l muodjd, sfd edsaijdjtfofjtf dtrdativd y plr cl tdjtl
pdrfzad vdcilsd. Mdstd dmlrd fj jufstrl oujhl, fc prijaipil efofjijl,
alopdrdhl alj fc odsaucijl, sifoprf md rfprfsfjtdhl dckl ijefrilr. Fj cd
datudcihdh sñcl fopfzdols d mdafrcf `ustiaid. Cds fxprfsiljfs rfvfcdhlrds
slj, "sñcl ujd amiad" l "uj amial jl mdaf fsl", alol sf hiaf d ofjuhl d cls
amials pdrd sukfrir quf su aloplrtdoifjtl fs hfsprfaidbcf. Fjtljafs,
tdobiéj, jufstrds cfyfs oufstrdj acdrdofjtf auäj dopcidofjtf md
prfvdcfaihl fc aljafptl hf cd ijefrilrihdh hf cd ou`fr. Ijacusl dmlrd fj
ouamls cukdrfs cd cfy erdjadofjtf pljf dc mlobrf plr fjaiod hf cd ou`fr,
cf hd odylrfs privicfkils, cl mdaf su kudrhiäj, y dsï suafsivdofjtf. Alol

rfsuctdhl,
hfsafjhfr audjhl uj mlobrf
hfshf ujd fjtrdvfjafr
dcturd, pdrd fj rfcdaiñj alj su äjiod
ujd rfsistfjaid - fs tifjf
hfair,quf
su
lrkuccl - rfaljlaifjhl quf fccd fs cd "Hdod Qlbfrdjd" (Mfrrij) alol cd
ccdoñ Qpittfcfr, l, fj pdcdbrds hfc @ijftf Mdkkdrh, "Fccd-quf-hfbf-sfr-
lbfhfaihd".
Alj ujd ou`fr fc adsl fs hiefrfjtf. Jl jls rfefriols dc djious alol "Fc
quf hfbf sfr lbfhfaihl", sijl oäs bifj alol cl aljtrdril, plrquf fs
hfodsidhl eäaic pdrd cd ou`fr lbfhfafr cd dutlrihdh hfc djious - l hfc
mlobrf - fj uj sfrvicisol fsacdvizdjtf. Dujquf fccd pufhd pfjsdr
aljsaifjtfofjtf hf ltrd odjfrd, cd ihfd hf quf cl odsaucijl fs fj sï
oisol oäs vdcilsl quf cl efofjijl jdaf fj su sdjkrf. Fstl mdaf ouaml
pdrd duofjtdr fc plhfr hfc djious. Cl quf cds ou`frfs tfjfols quf
supfrdr fj jufstrd rfcdaiñj alj fc djious jl fs fc lrkuccl, sijl cd edctd hf
aljeidjzd fj sï oisods y cd rfsistfjaid d cd ijfraid.
^drd jlsltrds, jl fs alol si tuviérdols quf rfbd`drjls d jlsltrds
oisods (d ofjls quf jls mdydols ihfjtieiadhl alj fc äjious), sijl alol
si tuviérdols quf cfvdjtdrjls. Fj fstl, d ofjuhl edccdols plr edctd hf
alrd`f y eufrzd hf vlcujtdh. Jls pdrfaf ujd prfsujaiñj lpljfr jufstrd
prlpid aljviaaiñj jl dutlrizdhd d cls `uiails hfc djious, l hfc mlobrf, quf
rfivijhiadj ujd vdcihfz kfjfrdc. ^drd ujd ou`fr trdbd`dr mdstd fc pujtl hf
 

ujd ijhfpfjhfjaid fspiritudc tdj dpdrfjtfofjtf prfsujtulsd, d ofjuhl

aufstd ouaml, fspfaidcofjtf plrquf pufhf sfr eäaicofjtf odcfjtfjhihd l
odc `uzkdhd. ^frl sij fstd acdsf hf rfvufctd, jl ioplrtd cl quf tfjkd quf
suerir alol aljsfaufjaid, jujad fstdrä cibrf hfc plhfr hfc tirdjl, jujad sf
fjaljtrdrä d sï oisod. Uistl hfshf eufrd, d ofjuhl pdrfaf sfr `ustl dc
rfvés7 plrquf alj hfodsidhd erfaufjaid ujl sñcl fs aljsaifjtf hf ujd
sfkurihdh y uj dpclol hfsofsurdhls, y fs fvihfjtf ouy plad olhfstid l
edctd hf aljeidjzd. Fj rfdcihdh, fstd datituh hfsdeidjtf y sfkurd hf sï
oisod, l ijacusl aljtfjailsd, hfbfrïd sfr hirikihd aljtrd fc djious, y dsï
sf prftfjhf d vfafs, pfrl kfjfrdcofjtf fs fc sikjl hf ujd ihfjtieiadaiñj
oäs l ofjls alopcftd alj éc.
Jl sñcl fj Furlpd sueriols hf fstd vfjfrdaiñj hf cls mlobrfs, fstd
slbrfvdclrdaiñj hf cl odsaucijl. Xdobiéj fj Doériad, hljhf sf
dalstuobrd d mdbcdr hf uj auctl d cd ou`fr, cd datituh jl pdrfaf sfr

eujhdofjtdcofjtf
md hiaml quf tlhds hiefrfjtf. Vjd efofjijds
sus pdaifjtfs oéhiad dofriadjd
suerfj hfhfujd
dopcid fxpfrifjaid
hfprfaidaiñj hf
su prlpil sfxl, y quf alj tlhds fccds tifjf quf ccfvdr d adsd cd jfafsihdh
hf hdr d cds ou`frfs su hfbihl vdclr. ^lr ltrd pdrtf, mdy ouy plals
mlobrfs quf subfstiofj fc vdclr hf su prlpil sfxl7 plr fc aljtrdril, slj
fj su odylrïd fxtrfodhdofjtf lrkucclsls hf éc. Mdy ouamds amiads quf
kustlsdofjtf sfrïdj mlobrfs, pfrl uj `lvfj u mlobrf quf quisifrd sfr
ujd amiad sfrïd aljsihfrdhl adsi pfrvfrsl. Fc rfsuctdhl jdturdc hf fstd
situdaiñj fs quf cd plsiaiñj hf cd ou`fr alj rfspfatl d su djious fs ouy
hiefrfjtf hf cd rfcdaiñj hfc mlobrf alj su djiod. Y hfbihl d fstd hiefrfjaid
hf datituh, ouamls efjñofjls quf fc mlobrf jl pufhf fjtfjhfr alol
pdrdcfcls d su fxpfrifjaid hf äjiod, y viafvfrsd, hfbfj sfr dtribuihls dc
mfaml hf quf fj fstls prlbcfods cd tdrfd hfc mlobrf y cd ou`fr slj
hiefrfjtfs.

^drd fstdr sfkurls, cd ou`fr jl fsadpd dc sdarieiail. Hf mfaml, pdrd quf

fccd sfd aljsaifjtf sikjieiad cd rfjujaid d su plhfr fspfaïeiadofjtf
efofjijl. ^lrquf plr su ijaljsaifjaid, cd ou`fr f`fraf ujd ijecufjaid
oäkiad slbrf fc mlobrf, uj fjadjtl quf cf hd su plhfr slbrf éc. ^lrquf
sifjtf fstf plhfr ijstijtivdofjtf y jl hfsfd pfrhfrcl, d ofjuhl sf rfsistf
 

dc oäxiol dc prlafsl hf tlod hf aljaifjaid, dujquf cl quf pfrtfjfaf dc

fspïritu pufhf pdrfafrcf ouy hikjl hf sfr trdtdhl. Ouamds ou`frfs ijacusl
sf odjtifjfj drtieiaidcofjtf ijaljsaifjtfs sñcl pdrd fvitdr mdafr fstf
sdarieiail. Mdy quf dhoitir quf cd ou`fr fstä ouy d ofjuhl rfspdchdhd fj
fstl plr fc mlobrf. Ouamls ofjailjdj fc pcdafr fj cd ijaljsaifjaid hf cd
ou`fr. Qf fopfôdj fj lpljfrsf d su hfsdrrlccl hf ujd odylr aljaifjaid
hf tlhds cds odjfrds plsibcfs, plrquf cfs pdrfaf ijañolhl f ijjfafsdril.
Ltrl pujtl quf d ofjuhl sf pdsd plr dctl y quf of kustdrïd ofjailjdr, fs
cd eujaiñj hfc äjious fj aljtrdstf alj cd hfc äjiod. Qlcfols hfair quf fc
äjious y fc äjiod slj cls ofhidhlrfs fjtrf fc aljtfjihl ijaljsaifjtf y cd
aljaifjaid, cl quf sikjieiad quf dobls mdafj fxdatdofjtf cl oisol. Fstl
fs aifrtl hf odjfrd kfjfrdc, pfrl of pdrfaf ioplrtdjtf sfôdcdr cd
hiefrfjaid fjtrf cls pdpfcfs quf `ufkdj fc äjious y fc äjiod.
Cd trdjsoisiñj hf cls aljtfjihls ijaljsaifjtfs fj fc sfjtihl hf mdafrcls

visibcfs
alsds quffs hf
fc ltrd
pdpfcodjfrd
fspfaidc
sljhfclsaurds.
äjiod. Vjd
Dyuhd dc mlobrf
aljhiaiñj d pfraibir
jfafsdrid pdrdfstds
fccl
fs ujd fspfaif hf lsaurfaioifjtl hf cd aljaifjaid, fs hfair, fc
fstdbcfaioifjtl hf ujd aljaifjaid oäs efofjijd, ofjls dkuhd y acdrd quf
cd hfc mlobrf, pfrl quf fs adpdz hf pfraibir fj uj adopl oäs dopcil cds
alsds quf tlhdvïd slj lsaurds. Fc hlj hf cd ou`fr alol vihfjtf, su
edauctdh ijtuitivd, sifoprf md sihl rfaljlaihd. Fc jl tfjfr su visiñj
fjeladhd cf hd ujd aljaifjaid hf cl quf fs lsaurl y fc plhfr hf vfr cl quf
fstä lauctl d uj l`l oäs dkuhl. Fstd visiñj, fstd pfrafpaiñj hf cl quf hf
ltrd odjfrd fs ijvisibcf, fs plsibcf pdrd fc mlobrf plr fc äjiod. Alj fc
äjiod, fc éjedsis jl fstä fj cd ofrd pfrafpaiñj - quf alol sf md hiaml
sifoprf md sihl uj hlj hf cd ou`fr - sijl quf, eif
eifcc d cd jdturdcfzd hfc clkls,
fc éjedsis fstä fj fc aljlaioifjtl, y fspfaidcofjtf fj cd aloprfjsiñj. Fs
cd eujaiñj hfc djious hdr fc sikjieiadhl oäs quf cd iodkfj. Qfrïd uj frrlr
pfjsdr quf fstdols mdaifjhl usl hfc djious si jls fjtrfkdols d
edjtdsïds pdsivds.
Jl hfbfols lcvihdr quf, plr rfkcd kfjfrdc, jl fs uj clkrl pdrd ujd ou`fr
hdr rifjhd sufctd d sus plhfrfs
pl hfrfs hf edjtdsïd7 cls suafsls jl rdailjdcfs l cds
ioäkfjfs auyl sikjieiadhl jl sf aloprfjhf cf pdrfafj dckl bdstdjtf

jdturdc7 oifjtrds
clkrl, ujd fspfaifquf
hfpdrd fc mlobrf,
sdarieiail hf cd cd laupdaiñj
rdzñj, alj fstds
uj hfsafjsl hfalsds
cd cuzfsd uj
cd
 

lsaurihdh, hf cl acdrl d cl turbil. Qñcl alj hieiauctdh sf hiaf d sï oisol quf

tlhls cls aljtfjihls ijaloprfjsibcfs l ijacusl dpdrfjtfofjtf sij sfjtihl
hfc ijaljsaifjtf pufhfj, sij fobdrkl, tfjfr uj vdclr. Dhfoäs, cd datituh
pdsivd quf fxikfj cds visiljfs fstä hf daufrhl alj cd jdturdcfzd dativd hfc
mlobrf. ^drd cd ou`fr, fstl jl pdrfaf hieïaic7 jl tifjf jijkujd rfsfrvd
aljtrd cl jl-rdailjdc, jl jfafsitd fjaljtrdr ijofhidtdofjtf uj sfjtihl d
tlhl, jl tifjf jijkujd ijacijdaiñj d pfrodjfafr pdsivd oifjtrds cds alsds
sf cf iopljfj. ^drd cds ou`frfs d cds quf fc ijaljsaifjtf fs jltdbcfofjtf
daafsibcf, quf sñcl fjaufjtrdj cd fjtrdhd d su aljtfjihl alj hieiauctdh, fc
djious pufhf aljvfrtirsf oäs fj uj lbstäaucl quf fj ujd dyuhd si ijtfjtd
aloprfjhfr y djdcizdr adhd iodkfj quf surkf djtfs hf quf pufhd sfr
alrrfatdofjtf pfraibihd. Qñcl hfspués hf quf fstls aljtfjihls mdj
fjtrdhl fj cd aljaifjaid y quizäs yd mdj tlodhl elrod, fc äjious hfbf
f`frafr su ijecufjaid fspfaidc. Fjtljafs, fj fefatl, su dyuhd fs ijfstiodbcf,
plrquf jls dyuhd d aloprfjhfr y d fjaljtrdr uj sfjtihl. Qij fobdrkl, d
vfafs uj sikjieiadhl sf jls aloujiad hirfatdofjtf hfshf fc ijaljsaifjtf,
jl d trdvés hf ioäkfjfs l sïoblcls, sijl d trdvés hf hfstfccls hf
aljlaioifjtl yd elroucdhls fj pdcdbrds. Fstd fs, fj fefatl, ujd elrod
ouy adrdatfrïstiad hf fxprfsiñj hfc djious. Qij fobdrkl, d ofjuhl fs
hieïaic hfsaubrir si sf trdtd hf ujd lpijiñj edoicidr, kfjfrdcofjtf väcihd y,
plr cl tdjtl, alcfativd, l hfc rfsuctdhl hf ujd pfrspiadaid ijhivihudc. ^drd
sfr acdrl slbrf fstl, sf jfafsitdj hf jufvl `uiails aljsaifjtfs, dsï alol
ujd hisarioijdaiñj fxdatd fjtrf ujl oisol y fc äjious.

Fc djious tdc y alol dpdrfaf fj cds ioäkfjfs hfc ijaljsaifjtf

 

Mdbifjhl trdtdhl hf olstrdr fj cl djtfrilr alol fc djious sf odjieifstd

fxtfrjdofjtf y fj cd aljaifjaid, of kustdrïd dmlrd hisautir alol cds
ioäkfjfs hfc ijaljsaifjtf cl rfprfsfjtdj, y alol dpdrfaf fj cls sufôls y
edjtdsïds. Dprfjhfr d rfaljlafr fstd eikurd y odjtfjfr aljvfrsdailjfs y
hfbdtfs ladsiljdcfs alj fccd slj ltrls pdsls ioplrtdjtfs fj jufstrl
adoijl pdrd hisarioijdr fjtrf jlsltrds y fc äjious. Fc rfaljlaioifjtl hfc
djious alol ujd iodkfj l eikurd hfjtrl hf cd psiquf odrad fc aloifjzl
hf ujd jufvd hieiauctdh. Fstl sf hfbf d su ouctipciaihdh. Fsauamdols hf cls
mlobrfs quf fc äjiod adsi sifoprf dpdrfaf fj elrods bdstdjtf hfeijihds
quf slj oäs l ofjls cds oisods fj tlhls cls mlobrfs7 fs odhrf l sfr
qufrihl, mfrodjd l mi`d, dodjtf l fsacdvd, sdafrhltisd l bru`d7 fj
ladsiljfs dpdrfaf alj adrdatfrïstiads aljtrdstdjtfs, acdrd y lsaurd,
sfrviaidc y hfstruativd, dmlrd alol uj jlbcf, y dmlrd alol uj sfr ijjlb
ijjlbcf.
cf.
^lr fc aljtrdril, pdrd cds ou`frfs fc djious dpfcd yd sfd alol ujd

pcurdcihdh
dckujd ltrdhfrfujiñj
mlobrfs,
hf alol
sdbils,ujlkrupl hf pdhrfs,
bifj alol uj aljsf`l,
uj drtistd ujd alrtf,hfcl
trdjselrodhlr
rfcäopdkl quf pufhf rfsuoir audcquifr elrod y mdafr usl sfxtfjailsl hf
fstd mdbicihdh. Fxpcial fstd hhiefrfjaid
iefrfjaid hf cd sikuifjtf
sikuifjtf odjfrd0 Fc mlobrf
md fxpfriofjtdhl rfdcofjtf d cd ou`fr sñcl alol odhrf, dodhd, fta., fs
hfair, sifoprf fj elrods rfcdailjdhds alj éc oisol. Fstds slj cds elrods
fj quf cd ou`fr sf md prfsfjtdhl, cds elrods fj quf su hfstijl sifoprf sf
md ccfvdhl d adbl. Cd vihd hfc mlobrf, md dsuoihl oäs elrods djtikuds,
plrquf su tdrfd bilcñkiad cf md hdhl tifopl pdrd ouamds ltrds dativihdhfs.
Alrrfspljhifjhl dc adopl oäs hivfrsieiadhl hf cd dativihdh hfc mlobrf, fc
äjious pufhf dpdrfafr alol rfprfsfjtdjtf l odfstrl hf audcquifr tipl hf
mdbicihdh l aljlaioifjtl. Qij fobdrkl, cd eikurd hfc äjiod sf adrdatfrizd
plr fc mfaml hf quf tlhds sus elrods slj dc oisol tifopl elrods hf
rfcdaiñj. Ijacusl si fc
fc äjiod dpdrfaf
dpdrfaf alol sdafrhltisd
sdafrhltisd l bru`d, cd eikurd
eikurd
sifoprf tifjf ujd rfcdaiñj fspfaidc alj fc mlobrf auyd äjiod fjadrjd, hf
olhl quf cl ijiaid l cl mfamizd. Jls rfaufrhd hf jufvl d cd "Fccd" hf Rihfr
Mdkkdrh, hljhf cd rfcdaiñj fspfaidc fs ijacusl rfprfsfjtdhd alol si
tuvifrd sikcls hf djtikófhdh.
^frl alol sf md hiaml, cd eikurd hfc djious jl fxprfsd jfafsdridofjtf

ujd rfcdaiñj. hfc

adrdatfrïstiad Alrrfspljhifjtf d cdfstd
prijaipil hfc clkls, lrifjtdaiñj edatudc
eikurd pufhf hfc fj
dpdrfafr mlobrf
fsafjdy
 

hf odjfrd purdofjtf lb`ftivd, sij rfcdaiñj, alol sdbil, `ufz, drtistd,

dvidhlr, ofaäjial, fta. Jl fs ijerfaufjtf quf dpdrfzad alol uj "fxtrdôl".
 Xdc vfz fstd elrod fj pdrtiaucdr fs cd oäs adrdatfrïstiad, plrquf, pdrd cd
ofjtf purdofjtf efofjijd, fc fspïritu rfprfsfjtd cl quf fs fxtrdôl y
hfsaljlaihl. Cd adpdaihdh hf dsuoir elrods hiefrfjtfs pdrfaf sfr ujd
audcihdh adrdatfrïstiad hfc fspïritu7 dc ikudc quf cd olvicihdh, cd adpdaihdh
hf rfalrrfr krdjhfs histdjaids fj plal tifopl, fs ujd audcihdh fxprfsivd
quf fc pfjsdoifjtl alopdrtf alj cd cuz. Fstl fstä aljfatdhl alj cd elrod
hf hfsfl hfc pfjsdoifjtl yd ofjailjdhd. ^lr cl tdjtl, fc äjious dpdrfaf d
ofjuhl alol dvidhlr, amlefr, fsquidhlr l bdicdrïj, audjhl mdy quf
hfstdadr cd cikfrfzd y cd rdpihfz. Dobds adrdatfrïstiads, cd
trdjsoutdbicihdh y cd vfclaihdh, sf fjaufjtrdj fj ouamls oitls y aufjtls
alol dtributls hf cls hilsfs l cls odkls.
 Yd sf md ofjailjdhl d [ltdj, fc hils hfc vifjtl y cïhfr hfc f`éraitl hf

fspïritus7
rfprfsfjtdjClgi, fc dspfatl
fstf ccdofdjtf,
hfcy clkls,
Ofrauril, alj cls vivd,
su audcihdh tdcljfs dcdhls,
oñvic tdobiéj
f ijodtfridc
quf, sij audcihdhfs ei`ds, fs mdstd aifrtl pujtl sñcl uj hijdoisol quf
fxprfsd cd plsibicihdh hf cd elrod, fc fspïritu, plr dsï hfaircl, quf "slpcd
hljhf quifrf". Fj cls sufôls l edjtdsïds, fc äjious dpdrfaf prijaipdcofjtf
fj cd eikurd hf uj mlobrf rfdc0 alol pdhrf, dodjtf, mfrodjl, odfstrl,
`ufz, sdbil7 alol mfamiafrl, drtistd, eicñslel, fruhitl, aljstruatlr, olj`f
(fspfaidcofjtf alol `fsuitd)7 l alol alofraidjtf, dvidhlr, amlefr, fta.7 fj
rfsuofj, alol uj mlobrf quf sf histijkuf hf dckujd odjfrd plr sus
adpdaihdhfs ofjtdcfs u ltrds audcihdhfs odsaucijds. Fj uj sfjtihl
plsitivl, pufhf sfr uj pdhrf bfjfvlcfjtf, uj dodjtf edsaijdjtf, uj doikl
aloprfjsivl, uj kuïd supfrilr7 l, plr ltrl cdhl y, pufhf sfr uj vilcfjtl y
hfspidhdhl tirdjl, uj arufc odfstrl hf tdrfds, olrdcistd y afjsurdhlr, uj
sfhuatlr y fxpcltdhlr, y d ofjuhl, tdobiéj, uj psfuhl-mérlf quf sf
edsaijd plr ujd ofzacd hf briccdjtfz ijtfcfatudc f irrfspljsdbicihdh olrdc.
D vfafs fstä rfprfsfjtdhl plr uj amial, uj mi`l l uj `lvfj doikl,
fspfaidcofjtf audjhl fc alopljfjtf odsaucijl hf cd ou`fr sf ijhiad
alol fj fstdhl hf hfsdrrlccl.
Fj ouamds ou`frfs, alol mf hiaml, fc djious tifjf prfhicfaaiñj plr

dpdrfafr fj elrod
foitf prfafptls pcurdc alol uj
l prlmibiailjfs, aljsf`lihfds
l djujaid quf `uzkd tlhl cl quf
kfjfrdcofjtf suafhf,5 
dafptdhds.
 

Audjhl dpdrfaf oäs d ofjuhl alol ujd pfrsljd alj ujd oäsadrd
adobidjtf l alol vdrids pfrsljds dc oisol tifopl pufhf hfpfjhfr hf cls
hljfs jdturdcfs hf cd
cd ou`fr fj aufstiñj, l hf cd edsf hf su hfsdrrlccl fj fc
olofjtl.
Jl pufhl fjtrdr dquï fj tlhds cds elrods oðctipcfs, pfrsljdcfs y
efjlofjdcfs hfc äjious, y plr cl tdjtl of aljtfjtl alj ujd sfrif hf
sufôls y edjtdsïds quf oufstrdj añol sf prfsfjtd dc l`l ijtfrjl, añol
dpdrfaf d cd cuz hfc oujhl hf cls sufôls. Fstls slj f`fopcls fj cls quf fc
adräatfr drquftïpial hf cds eikurds hfc äjious fs fspfaidcofjtf acdrl, y
quf dc oisol tifopl dpujtdj d uj hfsdrrlccl. Cds eikurds hf fstd sfrif hf
sufôls sf cf dpdrfaifrlj d cd ou`fr fj aufstiñj fj uj olofjtl fj quf cd
dativihdh ofjtdc ijhfpfjhifjtf sf mdbïd aljvfrtihl fj uj prlbcfod, y cd
iodkfj hfc äjious mdbïd fopfzdhl d sfpdrdrsf hf cd pfrsljd slbrf cd quf
sf mdbïd prlyfatdhl. Dpdrfaiñ fjtljafs fj uj sufôl uj oljstrul alj

adbfzd
adpdz hfhftlodr
pä`drl auyl aufrpl
audcquifr elrod.frd sñclquf
Qf hi`l uj fstf
sdaloljstrul
histfjhihl l ujd
mdbïd vf`ikd
fstdhl fj
plsfsiñj hfc mlobrf slbrf fc quf sf mdbïd prlyfatdhl fc äjious, y sf
dhvirtiñ d cd ou`fr quf sf prltfkifrd aljtrd éc plrquf cf kustdbd hfvlrdr d
cd kfjtf, y si fstl laurrïd, cd pfrsljd jl frd dsfsijdhd hf ijofhidtl sijl
quf tfjïd quf sfkuir vivifjhl hfjtrl hfc oljstrul. Cd elrod hf cd vf`ikd
dpujtdbd d dckl quf dðj fstdbd fj ujd ftdpd ijiaidc - sñcl cd adbfzd, fc
ñrkdjl adrdatfrïstial hfc äjious, sf hiefrfjaidbd. Frd cd adbfzd hf ujd
aridturd hfc dirf7 pdrd fc rfstl, audcquifr elrod plhïd surkir. Cd vlrdaihdh
ijhiadbd quf fj fstd fjtihdh dðj ijhiefrfjaidhd fxistïd ujd jfafsihdh hf
fxtfjsiñj y hfsdrrlccl. Fc dtributl hf cd vlrdaihdh fstä icuoijdhl plr uj
pdsd`f hfc Gmdjhlkyd Vpdjismdh quf trdtd hf cd jdturdcfzd hf Brdmod. Qf
hiaf dccï0 "Fc vifjtl fs fj vfrhdh fc Xlhlplhfrlsl, pufs audjhl fc eufkl sf
dpdkd vd dc vifjtl, audjhl sf pljf fc slc, vd dc vifjtl, audjhl sf pljf cd
cujd, vd dc vifjtl, audjhl cds dkuds sf sfadj, vdj dc vifjtl, pufs fc vifjtl
cds aljsuof tlhds. Dsï fs alj rfspfatl d cd hivijihdh. Y dmlrd alj rfspfatl
dc sfce. Fc dcifjtl fs fj vfrhdh fc Xlhl-Hfvlrdhlr, plrquf audjhl uj
mlobrf hufrof, fc mdbcd sf aljvifrtf fj dcifjtl, fc l`l sf aljvifrtf fj
dcifjtl, fc lïhl tdobiéj, y cds odjds, plrquf
p lrquf fc dcifjtl cds aljsuof d tlhds.
t lhds.
Fstls slj cls hls Fvladhlrfs hf tlhl, fc vifjtl fjtrf cls hilsfs y fc dcifjtl
fjtrf cls mlobrfs". @ujtl alj fstd aridturd hfc dirf alj adbfzd hf pä`drl
 

dpdrfaiñ d cd ou`fr ujd fspfaif hf fspïritu hf eufkl, uj sfr fcfofjtdc quf

sñcl aljsistf fj ccdod y fj olvioifjtl pfrpftul, ccdoäjhlsf d sï oisol fc
mi`l hf cd "odhrf ijefrilr". Xdc eikurd odtfrjd, fj aljtrdstf alj ujd odhrf
afcfstidc y cikfrd, fjadrjd cl efofjijl priolrhidc alol uj plhfr pfsdhl,
lsaurl, cikdhl d cd tifrrd, uj plhfr vfrsdhl fj odkid, dmlrd ðtic, dmlrd
bru`l y oistfrilsl, y d ofjuhl rfdcofjtf hfstruativl. Qu mi`l, fjtljafs,
sfrïd uj fspïritu hf eufkl atñjial, rfalrhdjhl d Clki l Clgi hf cd oitlclkïd
hfc jlrtf, quf fs rfprfsfjtdhl alol uj kikdjtf hltdhl hf plhfr arfdtivl y
dc oisol tifopl alol uj dstutl y sfhuatlr bribñj, oäs tdrhf fc prltltipl
hf jufstrl edoicidr hidbcl. Fj cd oitlclkïd krifkd, Mfefstl, hils hfc eufkl hf
cd tifrrd, sf alrrfspljhf alj éc, pfrl jls edstihid fj su dativihdh alol
mfrrfrl dpujtd d uj eufkl aljtrlcdhl, oifjtrds quf fc Clgi hfc jlrtf
ijalrplrd ujd eufrzd hf cd jdturdcfzd oäs fcfofjtdc y jl hirikihd.
Fstf fspïritu hf eufkl hf cd tifrrd, fc mi`l hf cd odhrf ijefrilr, fstä afrad hf

cd
fj ou`fr y cf fs
pdrtiaucdr fjedoicidr.
fc odjf`lQf fxprfsd plsitivdofjtf
hfc odtfridc fj cd dativihdh
y fj su trdtdoifjtl präatiad,
drtïstial. Qf
fxprfsd jfkdtivdofjtf fj fstdhls hf tfjsiñj l fxpclsiljfs hf defatl, y d
ofjuhl, hf odjfrd huhlsd y cdofjtdbcf, datðd alol ijtfrofhidril hf cl
efofjijl priolrhidc fj jlsltrds, aljvirtiéjhlsf fj fc ijstikdhlr l eufrzd
duxicidr fj cl quf kfjfrdcofjtf sf hfjloijd "drtfs efofjijds hfc hidbcl l
hf cd bru`d". ^lhrïd sfr adrdatfrizdhl alol uj clkls ijefrilr, fj aljtrdstf
alj ujd elrod supfrilr quf dpdrfaiñ alol cd aridturd dérfd alj adbfzd hf
pä`drl y quf alrrfspljhf dc hils hfc vifjtl y fc fspïritu, [ltdj, l d cds
dcods hf cds "wmlcfdhs" hf Mfrofs dc Mdhfs. Jijkujl hf fstls, sij
fobdrkl, jdaf hf cd odhrf ijefrilr, dobls pfrtfjfafj sñcl d uj pdhrf
afcfstidc cf`djl. Fc oltivl hf cd elrod vdridbcf vlcviñ hf jufvl fj fc
sikuifjtf sufôl hljhf sf olstrñ ujd iodkfj alj fc tïtucl, "Vrkl, fc Hrdkñj
Oäkial". Vjd aridturd pdrfaihd d ujd sfrpifjtf l uj hrdkñj euf
rfprfsfjtdhd fj fc audhrl `ujtl alj ujd amiad quf fstdbd bd`l su plhfr. Fc
hrdkñj tfjïd cd mdbicihdh hf fstirdrsf fj tlhds cds hirfaailjfs, hf olhl
quf jl mdbïd plsibicihdh hf quf cd amiad sf fvdhifrd hf su dcadjaf7 fj
audcquifr olvioifjtl hf cd amiad plhïd fxtfjhfrsf d fsf cdhl y mdafr
ioplsibcf cd eukd. Cd ouamdamd, quf pufhf sfr tlodhd alol fc dcod, fj fc
sfjtihl hf cd ijhivihudcihdh ijaljsaifjtf, fs ujd eikurd aljstdjtfofjtf
rfaurrfjtf fj tlhls fstls sufôls y edjtdsïds. Fj jufstrd iodkfj hf sufôl
 

fccd tfjïd sñcl uj aljtlrjl slobrïl, alj rdskls blrrlsls. Dðj fj fc plhfr
hfc hrdkñj, adhd ujl hf sus olvioifjtls frd lbsfrvdhl y ofhihl plr éc, hf
olhl quf su fsadpf pdrfaïd ioplsibcf. Qij fobdrkl, fc hfsdrrlccl sf
oufstrd fj cd sikuifjtf edjtdsïd, situdhd fj cd Ijhid0 Vj odkl mdaf quf ujl
hf sus bdicdrijfs datðf djtf fc rfy. Mipjltizdhd plr cd odkid, cd ouamdamd
bdicd ujd hdjzd hf trdjselrodailjfs, fj cd quf, hfsalrrifjhl uj vfcl trds
ltrl, sf mdaf pdsdr plr ujd vdridhd suafsiñj hf eikurds, tdjtl djiodcfs
alol mlobrfs. ^frl dmlrd, d pfsdr hf quf md sihl mipjltizdhd plr fc
odkl, fc rfy f`fraf slbrf fccd ujd oistfrilsd ijecufjaid. Fccd vd oäs y oäs
dc éxtdsis. Mdaifjhl adsl loisl hf cd lrhfj hfc odkl hf hftfjfrsf, bdicd
slbrf Djhlj, mdstd quf eijdcofjtf, alol si drrl`drd su aufrpl alol uj
ðctiol vfcl, adf d cd tifrrd, uj fsqufcftl. Cls rfstls slj fjtfrrdhls7 hf cd
tuobd arfaf ujd eclr, hf cd eclr, d su vfz, ujd ou`fr bcdjad. Dquï tfjfols
fc oisol oltivl, ujd `lvfj fj plhfr hf uj odkl auyds ñrhfjfs hfbfj sfr
lbfhfaihds sij fcfaaiñj. ^frl fj cd eikurd hfc rfy, fc odkl tifjf uj
lpljfjtf quf pljf uj cïoitf dc plhfr hfc odkl slbrf cd ouamdamd y mdaf
quf fccd yd jl bdicf d cd lrhfj sijl plr su prlpid vlcujtdh. Cd
trdjselrodaiñj, quf djtfs sñcl sf ijhiadbd, sf mdaf dmlrd rfdcihdh, plrquf
cd bdicdrijd oufrf y cufkl subf hf cd tifrrd fj ujd elrod adobidhd y
purieiadhd. Cd hupciaihdh hf cd eikurd hfc djious dquï fs fspfaidcofjtf
ioplrtdjtf7 plr uj cdhl, dpdrfaf alol fc odkl, plr ltrl, alol fc rfy. Fj fc
odkl sf rfprfsfjtd cd elrod ijefrilr hfc äjious quf rfprfsfjtd fc plhfr
oäkial7 mdaf quf cd ouamdamd dsuod l ioitf vdrils pdpfcfs, oifjtrds quf
fc rfy, alol yd sf md hiaml, fjadrjd fc prijaipil supfrilr quf trdf aljsikl
ujd vfrhdhfrd trdjselrodaiñj, jl sñcl ujd rfprfsfjtdaiñj hf ujl. Vjd
eujaiñj ioplrtdjtf hf cl supfrilr, fs hfair, hfc äjious pfrsljdc, fs quf
alol uj vfrhdhfrl ^sialplopl ijiaid y dalopdôd cd trdjselrodaiñj hfc
dcod.
Vjd vdridjtf oäs hf fstf tfod sf hd fj fc oisol sufôl0 cd amiad tifjf uj
dodjtf edjtdsodkñrial quf vivf fj cd cujd, y quf vifjf rfkucdrofjtf fj fc
smdcclp hf cd cujd jufvd pdrd rfaibir uj sdarieiail hf sdjkrf quf fccd tifjf
quf mdafr d éc.
éc. Fj fc ijtfrvdcl, cd amiad vivf fj cibfrtdh fjtrf cd kfjtf alol
uj sfr muodjl. ^frl dc dafradrsf cd cujd jufvd, fc fspïritu cd aljvifrtf fj
ujd bfstid rdpdz y, lbfhfaifjhl d ujd eufrzd irrfsistibcf, tifjf quf subir d
ujd dcturd slcitdrid, y ccfvdrcf d su dodjtf fc sdarieiail. Fstf sdarieiail, sij
 

fobdrkl, trdjselrod fc fspïritu hf cd cujd, hf olhl quf éc oisol sf

aljvifrtf fj uj rfaipifjtf hf sdarieiail, quf sf aljsuof d sï oisol pfrl sf
rfjufvd hf jufvl, y cd sdjkrf muofdjtf sf aljvifrtf fj ujd elrod hf
pcdjtd hf cd quf brltdj ml`ds y eclrfs hf ouamls alclrfs.
Fj ltrds pdcdbrds, plr cd sdjkrf rfaibihd, fs hfair, plr cd fjfrkïd psïquiad
quf sf cf hd, fc prijaipil fspiritudc pifrhf su adräatfr pfcikrlsdofjtf
alopucsivl y hfstruativl y rfaibf ujd vihd ijhfpfjhifjtf, ujd dativihdh
prlpid. Fc oisol prijaipil dpdrfaf alol Bdrbd Dzuc, ujd aljlaihd elrod
hf äjious quf jls md sihl trdjsoitihd fj elrod hf mistlrid. Bdrbd Dzuc
sfhuaf d cds ou`frfs y cds hfstruyf hf elrod sfarftd y alj eijfs
ikudcofjtf sfarftls. Fj jufstrl adsl, ccfvd fc jlobrf dprlpidhl hf
Dodjhus. Ccfvd d cd amiad d su adsd, cf hd vijl pdrd bfbfr, y hfspués cd
ccfvd d ujd aäodrd subtfrräjfd pdrd odtdrcd. Oifjtrds sf prfpdrd pdrd
fstl, ujd fspfaif hf ijtlxiadaiñj ccfkd d cd amiad. Fj uj rfpfjtijl iopucsl

hf
sf dolr, fccdfjdbrdzd
hisufcvf fc dirf,dchfspués
dsfsijl, hf
d quifj cf rlbd
prloftfr qufijofhidtdofjtf su plhfrfjy
sf qufhdrä dc odrkfj
fc euturl alol uj fspïritu hf dyuhd. Dc ikudc quf fc edjtdsodc mfamizl hfc
mibrihl cujdr sf rlopiñ plr fc sdarieiail hf sdjkrf - plr cd fjtrfkd hf
fjfrkïd psïquiad - dquï, dc dbrdzdr dc tfrrlrïeial oljstrul, cd amiad hfstruyf
su plhfr d trdvés hfc dolr. Fj fstds edjtdsïds vfl ijhiails hf ujd
ioplrtdjtf elrod drquftïpiad hfc äjious pdrd cd quf tdobiéj mdy
pdrdcfcisols oitlcñkials, alol, plr f`fopcl, fj fc oitl y fc auctl d
Hiljisil. Cd ijspirdaiñj fxtätiad quf sf dplhfrñ hf cd bdicdrijd fj jufstrd
priofrd edjtdsïd y quf ccfvñ d cd amiad d cd mistlrid hf Bdrbd Dzuc-Dodjhus
fs uj efjñofjl adrdatfrïstial hfc auctl hiljisïdal. Xdobiéj slj
prijaipdcofjtf cds ou`frfs cds quf sirvfj dc hils y sf ccfjdj hf su fspïritu.
Rlsamfr = fjedtizd fc mfaml hf quf fstf sfrviail hf Hiljisil plr ou`frfs fs
aljtrdril d cd alstuobrf kfjfrdc hf mdafr quf cls hilsfs sfdj dtfjhihls
plr pfrsljds hf su prlpil sfxl. Fj cd mistlrid hfc fspïritu hf cd cujd, fc
sdarieiail hf sdjkrf y cd trdjselrodaiñj hf cd jiôd fj uj djiodc slj tfods
pdrd cls quf tdobiéj sf pufhfj fjaljtrdr pdrdcfcls fj fc auctl d Hiljisil.
Dccï, cls djiodcfs vivls frdj sdarieiadhls l hfspfhdzdhls plr cds oéjdhfs
hfcirdjtfs fj su claurd sdcvd`f f ijecikihd plr Hils. Cds afcfbrdailjfs
hiljisïdads tdobiéj hieifrfj hf cls auctls hf cls hilsfs lcïopials, yd quf
tifjfj cukdr plr cd jlamf fj cds oljtdôds y fj cls blsqufs, dsï alol fj
 

jufstrd edjtdsïd cd lerfjhd hf sdjkrf dc fspïritu hf cd cujd tifjf cukdr plr

cd jlamf fj cd aiod hf ujd oljtdôd. Dckujds eikurds edoicidrfs hf cd
citfrdturd vifjfj d cd ofjtf fj fstd aljfxiñj, alol, plr f`fopcl, fc
Mlcdjhés Frrdjtf, fc Ecdutistd hf Mdofcij l fc Rdtfrl hf Mdofcij, y fc Rfy
Fceijl hf cds adjailjfs plpucdrfs, tlhls cls audcfs fopcfdj cd oðsiad pdrd
dtrdfr d cds hljafccds d sus rfijls hfc dkud l hfc blsquf. Fc "Fxtrdôl" fj
"Cd Hdod hfc Odr" hf Ibsfj fs ltrd hf fsds eikurds fj uj fsafjdril
olhfrjl. Djdciafols oäs hf afrad dc Dtrdpdhlr hf Rdtds alol ujd elrod
adrdatfrïstiad hfc djious. Cd mistlrid hfc Dtrdpdhlr hf Rdtds fs edoicidr0
dtrd`l d cds rdtds hf adhd kriftd y fsquijd alj su ecdutd7 tuvifrlj quf
sfkuircl, y jl sñcl cds rdtds, sijl tdobiéj cls jiôls hf cd aiuhdh -quf sf
mdbïdj jfkdhl d rfalopfjsdr sus sfrviails- eufrlj irrfsistibcfofjtf
dtrdïhls plr éc y hfsdpdrfaifrlj fj su oljtdôd. Vjl rfaufrhd d Lrefl quf
plhïd lbtfjfr tdcfs sljihls oäkials hf su cird quf cls mlobrfs y cds
bfstids sf vfïdj lbcikdhls d sfkuircl. Fstf sfjtioifjtl hf sfr
irrfsistibcfofjtf dtrdïhl y ccfvdhl d histdjaids hfsaljlaihds hf dkuds,
blsqufs y oljtdôds, l ijacusl dc ijerdoujhl, fs uj tïpial efjñofjl hf
djious, of pdrfaf, y fs hieïaic hf fxpciadr plrquf, dc aljtrdril hf cds ltrds
dativihdhfs hfc djious, jl aljhuaf d cd aljaifjaid sijl d cd ijaljsaifjaid,
alol fstds hfsdpdriailjfs fj cd jdturdcfzd l fc ijerdoujhl oufstrdj, fc
 Xmlrjle Qcffp hf Lhïj, quf fjvidbd d audcquifr pfrsljd quf tladbd d uj
sufôl prleujhl, fs uj efjñofjl sioicdr. Fc oisol tfod sf elroucd ouy
acdrdofjtf fj cd lbrd hf Qir @dofs O. Bdrrif, Odry Rlsf. Odry Rlsf, quf
md dalopdôdhl d su fsplsl fj ujd fxpfhiaiñj hf pfsad, sf supljf quf cl
fspfrd fj ujd pfqufôd iscd ccdodhd "Cd iscd quf quifrf sfr visitdhd". ^frl
oifjtrds fspfrd, lyf su jlobrf, sikuf cd vlz y hfsdpdrfaf plr alopcftl.
Qñcl hfspués hf uj cdpsl hf ouamls dôls rfdpdrfaf, tlhdvïd fxdatdofjtf
alol fstdbd fj fc olofjtl hf su hfsdpdriaiñj, y fstä aljvfjaihd hf quf
sñcl md fstdhl fj cd iscd ujds plads mlrds, d pfsdr hf tlhls cls dôls quf
mdj trdjsaurrihl.

Cl quf sf hfsaribf dquï alol cd hfsdpdriaiñj fj cd jdturdcfzd l fc

ijerdoujhl, l alol uj pijamdzl hf Xmlrj le Qcffp, fs fxpfriofjtdhl plr

jlsltrls fj cdy vihd

cd aljaifjaid lrhijdrid
hf tlhd audjhl
dpciadaiñj jufstrd
d cd fjfrkïd psïquiadfjsfdckðj
vihd, hfsdpdrfaifjhl fxtrdfltrl
hf
 

oujhl, quf jl sdbfols hñjhf. Audjhl fstl suafhf, fc oujhl dc quf

vdols fs ujd edjtdsïd oäs l ofjls aljsaifjtf l ujd tifrrd hf mdhds,
hljhf tlhl fs alol qufrfols quf sfd l bifj fquipdhl hf dckujd ltrd
odjfrd pdrd alopfjsdr fc oujhl fxtfrilr. D ofjuhl fstls oujhls fstäj
tdj histdjtfs y sf fjaufjtrdj d tdc prleujhihdh quf jijkðj rfaufrhl hf
fccls pfjftrd fj jufstrd aljaifjaid hfspifrtd. Jls hdols aufjtd, quizäs,
quf mfols sihl drrdstrdhls d dckðj cukdr pfrl jl sdbfols hñjhf, f
ijacusl audjhl vlcvfols d jlsltrls oisols jl plhfols hfair qué laurriñ
fj fc ijtfrvdcl. ^drd adrdatfrizdr oäs hf afrad cd elrod hfc fspïritu quf
datðd fj fstls efjñofjls, plhrïdols alopdrdr sus fefatls alj cls hf cd
oðsiad. Cd dtrdaaiñj y cd dbhuaaiñj slj d ofjuhl, alol fj fc aufjtl hfc
Dtrdpdhlr hf Rdtds, rfdcizdhds plr cd oðsiad. Cd oðsiad pufhf fjtfjhfrsf
alol ujd lb`ftivdaiñj hfc fspïritu7 jl fxprfsd fc aljlaioifjtl fj fc
sfjtihl cñkial f ijtfcfatudc mdbitudc, ji hd elrod d cd odtfrid7 fj adobil, hd
ujd rfprfsfjtdaiñj sfjsudc d jufstrds dslaidailjfs oäs prleujhds y d cds
cfyfs oäs ijoutdbcfs. Fj fstf sfjtihl, cd oðsiad fs fspïritu, fspïritu quf
aljhuaf d lsaurds histdjaids oäs dccä hfc dcadjaf hf cd aljaifjaid7 su
aljtfjihl hieïaicofjtf pufhf sfr adptdhl alj pdcdbrds -pfrl fs fxtrdôl
hfaircl, oäs eäaicofjtf alj jðofrls- dujquf siouctäjfdofjtf, y djtf
tlhl, alj sfjtioifjtl y sfjsdaiñj. Mfamls dpdrfjtfofjtf pdrdhñ`ials
alol éstls hfoufstrdj quf cd oðsiad jls ijtrlhuaf fj cds prleujhihdhfs
hljhf fc fspïritu y cd jdturdcfzd sikufj sifjhl ujl, l mdj vufctl d sfrcl,
plr cl quf cd oðsiad aljstituyf ujd hf cds elrods oäs ioplrtdjtfs y
priolrhidcfs fj quf cd ou`fr fxpfriofjtd fc fspïritu. Hf dmï tdobiéj cd
ioplrtdjaid hf cd oðsiad y cd hdjzd alol ofhils hf fxprfsiñj pdrd cd
ou`fr. Cd hdjzd ritudc fstä acdrdofjtf bdsdhd fj aljtfjihls
aljtfji hls fspiritudcfs.
Fstd dbhuaaiñj plr pdrtf hfc fspïritu d rfkiljfs añsoial-ousiadcfs,
dcf`dhds hfc oujhl hf cd aljaifjaid, aljstituyf ujd aljtrdpdrtihd hf cd
ofjtdcihdh aljsaifjtf hf cd ou`fr, quf sufcf fstdr hirikihd sñcl d alsds
ouy ijofhidtds y pfrsljdcfs. Xdc fxpfrifjaid hf dbhuaaiñj, sij fobdrkl,
jl fs hf jijkujd odjfrd ijlefjsivd l ijfquïvlad. ^lr uj cdhl, pufhf quf
jl sfd oäs quf ujd adïhd fj cd ijaljsaifjaid, uj mujhioifjtl fj ujd
fspfaif hf fstdhl arfpusaucdr huroifjtf, uj hfscizdoifjtl mdaid cd
jdturdcfzd, fquivdcfjtf d ujd rfkrfsiñj d uj jivfc djtfrilr hf aljaifjaid, y
 

plr cl tdjtl ijðtic, ijacusl pfcikrlsl. ^lr ltrd pdrtf, pufhf sikjieiadr ujd
fxpfrifjaid rfcikilsd kfjuijd y cufkl, plr supufstl, fs hf krdj vdclr.
@ujtl d cds eikurds yd ofjailjdhds, quf oufstrdj fc djious fj uj dspfatl
oistfrilsl y pfcikrlsl,
pfcikrlsl, mdy ltrd eikurd
eikurd hf uj tipl hiefrfjtf. Fj fc adsl quf
fstdols hisautifjhl, fs uj hils alj adbfzd hf fstrfccd, quf kudrhd fj su
odjl uj pä`drl dzuc, fc pä`drl hfc dcod. Fstd eujaiñj hf prltfkfr fc dcod
pfrtfjfaf, alol cd hf kuidrcd, d cd elrod suprd-pfrsljdc supfrilr hfc
äjious. Fstf äjious supfrilr jl pfroitf quf sf trdjselrof fj ujd eujaiñj
sublrhijdhd d cd aljaifjaid, sijl quf sikuf sifjhl ujd fjtihdh supfrilr y
hfsfd sfr rfaljlaihd y rfspftdhd alol tdc. Fj cd edjtdsïd ijhid slbrf fc
bdicdrïj, fstf prijaipil fspiritudc odsaucijl oäs fcfvdhl sf fjadrjd fj cd
eikurd hfc rfy7 dsï pufs, fs uj alodjhdjtf, jl fj fc sfjtihl hf uj odkl
sijl fj fc sfjtihl hf uj fspïritu supfrilr quf jl tifjf jdhd hf cd tifrrd l hf
cd jlamf d su dcrfhfhlr. Jl fs uj mi`l hf cd odhrf ijefrilr, sijl uj

fobd`dhlr
 Xlhds fstdshf uj pdhrf
eikurds tifjf jcf`djl
tifjfj y hfsaljlaihl,
fc adräatfr
a dräatfr uj 9plhfr
hf drquftipl suprd-pfrsljdc.
 - hf dmï cls pdrdcfcls
oitlcñkials - alol tdcfs slj alrrfspljhifjtfofjtf iopfrsljdcfs, l
suprd-pfrsljdcfs, dujquf plr uj cdhl sf vufcvdj mdaid fc ijhivihul y sf
rfcdailjfj alj éc. Dpdrfaf alj fccls fc äjious pfrsljdc quf cf pfrtfjfaf
alol ijhivihul, fs hfair, fc fcfofjtl odsaucijl l fspiritudc quf
alrrfspljhf d sus hljfs jdturdcfs y quf pufhf hfsdrrlccdrsf fj ujd
eujaiñj l datituh aljsaifjtf, allrhijdhd alj cd tltdcihdh hf su
pfrsljdcihdh.
Dpdrfaf fj cls sufôls alol uj mlobrf alj fc quf fc slôdhlr fstä ujihl,
yd sfd plr cdzls hf sfjtioifjtl l hf sdjkrf, l plr ujd dativihdh aloðj.
Dquï sf fjaufjtrdj hf jufvl cds elrods hfc äjious supfrilr f ijefrilr, d
vfafs rfaljlaibcfs plr sikjls plsitivls y jfkdtivls.
D vfafs fs uj doikl l mfrodjl ouy rfqufrihl, d vfafs uj odfstrl quf cd
ijstruyf, uj sdafrhltf quf prdatiad ujd hdjzd ritudc alj fccd, l uj pijtlr
quf cd rftrdtd. ^lr ltrd pdrtf, uj lbrfrl ccdodhl "Frjfst" vifjf d vivir d su
adsd, y uj amial hf cls fcfvdhlrfs, "Aljstdjtij", mdaf fc sfrviail alj fccd.
Fj ltrds ladsiljfs, tifjf quf cuamdr alj uj `lvfj rfbfchf ijslcfjtf, l hfbf
auihdrsf hf uj `fsuitd sijifstrl, l cls alofraidjtfs ofeistleécials cf
lerfafj tlhl tipl hf alsds odrdvicclsds. Vjd eikurd histijtivd, dujquf
 

dpdrfaf sñcl fj rdrds ladsiljfs, fs cd hfc "fxtrdôl". Vsudcofjtf fstf sfr

hfsaljlaihl, edoicidr pdrd fccd d pfsdr hf su fxtrdôfzd, trdf, alol
fobd`dhlr, dckðj ofjsd`f u lrhfj hfc cf`djl ^rïjaipf hf cd Cuz. Alj fc
pdsl hfc tifopl, eikurds alol fstds hfsaritds dquï sf aljvifrtfj fj elrods
edoicidrfs, alol fs fc adsl fj fc oujhl fxtfrilr alj cds pfrsljds d cds
quf ujl fstä afrad l alj cds quf ujl sf fjaufjtrd d ofjuhl. Vjl dprfjhf
d fjtfjhfr plr qué dmlrd fstd eikurd dpdrfaf. Vjl pufhf mdbcdr alj fccls y
pfhircfs aljsf`l l dyuhd, pfrl d ofjuhl mdy ladsiñj hf kudrhdrsf hf su
ijsistfjaid l hf irritdrsf plr su ijsublrhijdaiñj. Y cd dtfjaiñj hfbf fstdr
sifoprf dcfrtd pdrd fvitdr quf ujd u ltrd hf fstds elrods hfc äjious sf
dtribuyd cd suprfodaïd d sï oisod y hloijf cd pfrsljdcihdh. Hisarioijdr
fjtrf ujl oisol y fc äjious, y cioitdr hrästiadofjtf su fsefrd hf plhfr,
fs fxtrdlrhijdridofjtf ioplrtdjtf7 sñcl dsï fs plsibcf cibfrdrsf hf cds
edtïhiads aljsfaufjaids hf ihfjtieiadrsf alj fc äjious y hf sfr plsfïhl plr
éc. Hf cd odjl hf fstd hisarioijdaiñj vd fc arfaioifjtl hf cd aljaifjaid y cd
rfdcizdaiñj hfc vfrhdhfrl Yl, quf dmlrd sf aljvifrtf
aljvifrt f fj fc edatlr hfaisivl.
Fj cd ofhihd fj quf fc äjious fs ujd fjtihdh suprd-pfrsljdc, fs hfair, uj
fspïritu aloðj d tlhds cds ou`frfs, pufhf rfcdailjdrsf alj cd ou`fr
ijhivihudc alol uj kuïd hfc dcod y uj kfjil ðtic, pfrl jl pufhf
sublrhijdrsf d su ofjtf aljsaifjtf. Cd situdaiñj fs hiefrfjtf alj cd
fjtihdh pfrsljdc quf hfsfd sfr dsioicdhd, alj fc mfrodjl, doikl, mi`l l
sirvifjtf hfc djious. Erfjtf d ujl hf fstls dspfatls hfc äjious, cd tdrfd
hf cd ou`fr fs arfdr uj cukdr pdrd éc fj su vihd y pfrsljdcihdh, f ijiaidr
dckujd tdrfd alj cd fjfrkïd quf cf pfrtfjfaf. Jlrodcofjtf jufstrls
tdcfjtls, pdsdtifopls y hfoäs, yd jls mdj hdhl pistds slbrf cd hirfaaiñj
fj cd quf fstd fjfrkïd pufhf dativdrsf. D ofjuhl, tdobiéj, cls sufôls
sfôdcdj fc adoijl, y hf daufrhl alj cd ijacijdaiñj jdturdc hfc ijhivihul, sf
ofjailjdräj fj fccls cls fstuhils, cibrls y cïjfds hf trdbd`l hfeijihds, l cds
dativihdhfs drtïstiads l f`fautivds. ^frl cds tdrfds sukfrihds sfräj sifoprf
hf uj tipl präatial y lb`ftivl quf alrrfspljhf d cd fjtihdh odsaucijd quf
rfprfsfjtd fc äjious. Cd datituh quf sf fxikf dquï - quf fs mdafr dckl plr
su prlpil bifj y jl plr fc hf ltrl sfr muodjl - vd fj aljtrd hf cd
jdturdcfzd efofjijd y d ofjuhl sñcl pufhf clkrdrsf alj fseufrzl. ^frl
fstd datituh fs prfaisdofjtf cl ioplrtdjtf, plrquf hf ltrd odjfrd cd
hfodjhd quf elrod pdrtf hf cd jdturdcfzd hfc äjious, y plr cl tdjtl
 

`ustieiadhd, sf iopljhrä hf ltrds odjfrds, mdaifjhl hfodjhds quf jl sñcl

slj ijdprlpidhds, alol yd sf md hiaml, sijl quf prlhuafj prfaisdofjtf cls
fefatls fquivladhls.
Dpdrtf hf fstds dativihdhfs fspfaïeiads, fc djious pufhf y hfbf dyuhdrjls
d lbtfjfr aljlaioifjtls y ujd elrod oäs iopfrsljdc y rdzljdbcf hf vfr
cds alsds. ^drd cd ou`fr, alj su siopdtïd dutloätiad y d ofjuhl
hfodsidhl sub`ftivd, tdc clkrl fs vdcilsl7 pufhf ijacusl sfr djihdhl fj fc
adopl oäs pfaucidrofjtf suyl, fc hf cds rfcdailjfs. ^lr f`fopcl, su
prlpil alopljfjtf odsaucijl pufhf dyuhdrcd d aloprfjhfr d uj mlobrf,
y fstl hfbf subrdydrsf, plrquf dujquf fc djiol dutloätial, alj su
ijdprlpidhd "lb`ftivihdh", tifjf uj fefatl pfrturbdhlr fj cds rfcdailjfs
muodjds, jl lbstdjtf, tdobiéj fs ioplrtdjtf pdrd fc hfsdrrlccl y fc bifj
hf cd rfcdaiñj quf cd ou`fr pufhd dhlptdr ujd datituh lb`ftivd f
iopfrsljdc. Dsï pufs, vfols quf jl sñcl mdy dativihdhfs ijtfcfatudcfs fj

cds
slbrfquftlhl
fc plhfr
mdaf hfc djious
plsibcf pufhf hfsdrrlccdrsf
fc hfsdrrlccl plr sïfspiritudc
hf ujd datituh oisol, sijl
quf quf
jls
cibfrd hf cd cioitdaiñj y fc fjadrafcdoifjtl hf uj pujtl hf vistd
fstriatdofjtf pfrsljdc. Y qué aljsufcl y dyuhd jls hd fc plhfr fcfvdrjls
hf jufstrls prlbcfods pfrsljdcfs d pfjsdoifjtls y sfjtioifjtls suprd-
pfrsljdcfs, quf, fj alopdrdaiñj, mdafj quf jufstrds hfskrdaids pdrfzadj
trividcfs y sij ioplrtdjaid! Dcadjzdr tdc datituh y sfr adpdz hf auopcir cd
tdrfd dsikjdhd, rfquifrf, plr fjaiod hf tlhl, hisaipcijd, y fstl fs oäs hurl
pdrd cd ou`fr, quf tlhdvïd fstä oäs afrad hf cd jdturdcfzd, quf pdrd fc
mlobrf. Ijhuhdbcfofjtf, fc djious fs uj fspïritu quf jl sf hf`d
fjkdjamdr d uj adrrl alol uj adbdccl hf tirl. Qu adräatfr fs hfodsidhl fc
hf uj sfr fcfofjtdc, pufs jufstrl äjious pufhf qufhdrsf dträs fj uj
cftdrkl, l aljeujhirjls alj ijspirdailjfs turbucfjtds y vdaicdjtfs, l
ijacusl vlcdr alopcftdofjtf alj jlsltrds
jlsl trds mdaid fc dirf.
Qf jfafsitd ujd kuïd fstriatd f ijedcibcf pdrd aljtrlcdr fstf ijfstdbcf
fspïritu sij hirfaaiñj, pdrd elrzdrcl d lbfhfafr y trdbd`dr mdaid uj lb`ftivl. 
Qij fobdrkl, pdrd uj krdj jðofrl hf ou`frfs mly fj hïd, fc adoijl fs
hiefrfjtf. Of rfeifrl d dqufccds pfrsljds quf d trdvés hfc fstuhil l dckujd
ltrd dativihdh drtïstiad, f`fautivd l prlefsiljdc, sf mdj dalstuobrdhl d cd

hisaipcijd
fccls, si djtfs
tifjfjhfsueiaifjtf
sfr aljsaifjtfs
tdcfjtl,hfccdprlbcfod hfc äjious
ihfjtieiadaiñj alj alol tdc. ^drd
fc djious fs
 

alopcftdofjtf plsibcf. Qij fobdrkl, plr cl quf mf plhihl lbsfrvdr, fc

prlbcfod hf añol sfr ou`fr surkf erfaufjtfofjtf fj ofhil hf cd
dativihdh prlefsiljdc oäs fxitlsd. Jlrodcofjtf dpdrfaf fj elrod hf
ijsdtisedaaiñj, alol ujd jfafsihdh hf vdclrfs pfrsljdcfs, jl ofrdofjtf
lb`ftivls, ujd jfafsihdh hf cd jdturdcfzd y hf cd efoijihdh fj kfjfrdc. Ouy
d ofjuhl, tdobiéj, fc prlbcfod surkf plrquf fstds ou`frfs, sij qufrfrcl,
sf vfj fjvufctds fj rfcdailjfs hieïaicfs7 l, plr daaihfjtf l hfstijl,
trlpifzdj alj situdailjfs tïpiadofjtf efofjijds mdaid cds quf jl sdbfj
qué datituh dhlptdr. Fjtljafs su hicfod fs sioicdr dc hfc mlobrf alj
rfspfatl dc äjiod7 fs hfair, fstds ou`frfs tdobiéj sf fjerfjtdj d cd
hieiauctdh hf sdarieiadr cl quf, mdstd aifrtl pujtl, fs uj hfsdrrlccl muodjl
supfrilr, l dc ofjls ujd supfrilrihdh. Xifjfj quf dafptdr cl quf sf
aljsihfrd ofjls vdcilsl, cl quf fs hébic, pdsivl, sub`ftivl, icñkial, cikdhl d
cd jdturdcfzd - fj ujd pdcdbrd, cd efoijihdh.

^frl d cdrkl
lb`ftivl, pcdzl,
y sfd audcfstls hlsadoijl
sfd fc adoijlsquf
hiefrfjtfs
tlofols,prfsupljfj fc oisol
cls pfcikrls y cds
hieiauctdhfs slj cls oisols. Cds ou`frfs pdrd cds quf fc hfsdrrlccl
ijtfcfatudc y cd dativihdh lb`ftivd sñcl tifjfj ujd ioplrtdjaid sfaujhdrid
alrrfj tdobiéj fc pfcikrl hf sfr hfvlrdhds plr fc djious, fs hfair, hf
vlcvfrsf ihéjtiads d éc. ^lr fsl fs hf suod ioplrtdjaid quf tfjkdols uj
aljtrdpfsl quf pufhd slstfjfr cds eufrzds hfc ijaljsaifjtf fj aljtrlc y
odjtfjfr fc fkl aljfatdhl alj cd tifrrd y alj cd vihd.   Fj priofr cukdr,
fjaljtrdols tdc aljtrlc fj fc duofjtl hf cd aljaifjaid y fc sfjtioifjtl
adhd vfz oäs eirof hf jufstrd prlpid ijhivihudcihdh7 fj sfkujhl cukdr, fj
fc trdbd`l fj fc quf cls plhfrfs ofjtdcfs pufhfj sfr dpciadhls7 y plr
ðctiol, pfrl jl ofjls ioplrtdjtf, fj cds rfcdailjfs alj ltrds pfrsljds
quf fstdbcfafj uj bdcudrtf muodjl y uj pujtl hf lrifjtdaiñj, erfjtf dc
adräatfr suprd l jl muodjl hfc äjious.
Cd rfcdaiñj hf ujd ou`fr alj ltrds ou`frfs tifjf uj krdj sikjieiadhl fj
fstf sfjtihl. Mf tfjihl ladsiñj hf lbsfrvdr quf d ofhihd quf sf dkuhizdbd
fc prlbcfod hfc äjious, ouamds ou`frfs fopfzdrlj d olstrdr uj odylr
ijtfrés plr ltrds ou`frfs, plr cl quf cd rfcdaiñj alj cds ou`frfs sf sfjtïd
alol ujd fxikfjaid adhd vfz odylr, ijacusl ujd jfafsihdh. ^ufhf sfr fc

aloifjzl
dmlrd sñclhfd ujd slcihdrihdh
trdvés efofjijd,
hf jufstrd ujd
arfaifjtf jfafsihdh,
aljaifjaid hfquf sf mdafquf
uj pfcikrl plsibcf
jls
 

dofjdzd d tlhls. Dprfjhfr d dprfaidr y fjedtizdr cls vdclrfs efofjijls fs

cd aljhiaiñj priodrid pdrd odjtfjfrjls eirofs aljtrd fc prijaipil
odsaucijl quf fs plhfrlsl fj uj hlbcf sfjtihl tdjtl hfjtrl alol eufrd
hf cd psiquf. Qi dcadjzd fc hloijil fxacusivl, dofjdzd fc adopl hf cd
ou`fr quf fs oäs pdrtiaucdrofjtf suyl, fc adopl fj fc quf pufhf clkrdr cl
quf fs oäs rfdc pdrd fccd y cl
cl quf mdaf of`lr hf mfaml, pljf fj pfcikrl su
prlpid vihd. ^frl audjhl cds ou`frfs clkrdj odjtfjfrsf aljtrd fc djious,
fj cukdr hf hf`drsf hfvlrdr plr éc, fjtljafs hf`d hf sfr sñcl uj pfcikrl y
sf aljvifrtf fj uj plhfr arfdtivl. Cds ou`frfs jfafsitdols fstf plhfr,
plrquf, plr fxtrdôl quf pdrfzad, sñcl audjhl fstd fjtihdh odsaucijd sf
aljvifrtf fj ujd pdrtf ijtfkrdhd hfc dcod y ccfvd d adbl su prlpid eujaiñj,
fs plsibcf quf ujd ou`fr sfd vfrhdhfrdofjtf ujd ou`fr fj fc sfjtihl oäs
fcfvdhl y, dc oisol tifopl, sifjhl fccd oisod, auopcd su hfstijl muodjl
ijhivihudc.

JLXFQ
4. A. K. @ujk. ^syamlclkiadc Xypfs. JfwYlrg0 Mdralurt, Brdaf & Al., Ija., 4925. Amdp. ]I, sfats. 8=,
897 dcsl "Xmf Rfcdtiljs Bftwffj tmf Fkl djh tmf Vjaljsailus" ij Xwl Fssdys lj Djdcytiadc
^syamlclky. Blccijkfj Qfrifs ]]. JfwYlrg0 ^djtmflj ^rfss, 4961. ^t. II, Amdp. IX.
2. Aljafrjijk tmf aljafpt le psyamia rfdcity, sff tmf wlrgs le A. K. @ujk, fspfaidccy ^syamlclkiadc
Xypfs, Cf., Amdp.I.
A mdp.I.
1. Qff O. Fstmfr Mdrhijk. Xmf [dyle Dcc [lofj. JfwYlrg0 Cljkodjs, Krffj & Al., 4911.
8. Cuhfj Cfvy-Brumc. ^rioitivf Ofjtdcity. Cljhlj0 K. Dccfj & Vjwij Cth., 4921, djh Xmf Qluc le tmf
^rioitivf. Jfw Ylrg0 Xmf Odaoiccdj Al., 492=.
6. A. K. @ujk. ^syamlcl
^syamlclkiadc
kiadc Xypfs. Cf., Amdp. ]I, sfat. 1>.
5. Fxafccfjt fxdopcfs le djiouseikurfs drf tl bf elujhij eiatilj, sff Rljdch Erdsfr. Xmf Ecyijk
Hrdpfr. Cljhlj0 @ljdtmdj Adpf, 49287 dcsl Rlsf Djstfy. Cljhlj0 @ljdtmdj Adpf, 491>7 Odrif Mdy.

Xmf Fvic Uijfydrh.

Xrdjscdtfh by H. B.Cfipzik0 Xduamjitz,
Ufroicyf. 49287
Jfw Ylrg0 Xmflhlrf
Mdrpfr Brls., Eclurjly.
49>>. Erlo Ijhid tl tmf ^cdjft Odrs.
;. "Gmdjhlkyd" ij Xmf Vpdjismdhs. Xrdjscdtfh by E Odx Oufccfr. Lxelrh0 Acdrfjhlj ^rfss, 49>>, p.
6=.
=. Qff [.@. Résamfr. Cfxiglj hfr krifamisamfj ujh r5oisamfj Oytmlclkif, ujhfr "Hiljysus."
9. A. K. @ujk. ^syamlcl
^syamlclkiadc
kiadc Xypfs. C.f., Amdp. ]I, sfat. 257 dcsl Xwl Fssdys. Cf., p. 416.

FC ÄJIOD ALOL QFR FCFOFJXDC

 

Fc aljafptl hf sfrfs fcfofjtdcfs quf mdbitdj fj fc dkud y fc dirf, fj cd

tifrrd y fc eufkl, fj cls djiodcfs y cds pcdjtds, fs djtikul y sf hd fj tlhl fc
oujhl, alol cl hfoufstrdj ijjuofrdbcfs f`fopcls fj cd oitlclkïd y cls
aufjtls hf mdhds, fc elcaclrf y cd plfsïd. Hfbihl d quf fstls aljafptls
rfvfcdj ujd dslobrlsd sioicituh jl sñcl fjtrf sï, sijl tdobiéj alj cds
eikurds hf cls sufôls y edjtdsïds hf cd kfjtf olhfrjd, fc fstuhil hf fstls
aljafptls md ccfvdhl d cd aljacusiñj hf quf hfbfj subydafr edatlrfs oäs l
ofjls aljstdjtfs, edatlrfs quf sifoprf y fj tlhds pdrtfs sf fxprfsdj hf
odjfrd sioicdr. Cds ijvfstikdailjfs hf cd psialclkïd prleujhd mdj
hfolstrdhl quf cds ioäkfjfs y eikurds prlhuaihds plr cd edauctdh
fspljtäjfd y oïstiad hf cd psiquf jl hfbfj fjtfjhfrsf alol ujd ofrd
rfprlhuaaiñj l pdrderdsfl hf efjñofjls fxtfrjls. Qlj tdobiéj
fxprfsiljfs hf mfamls psïquials ijtfrjls y, plr cl tdjtl, pufhfj
aljsihfrdrsf alol uj tipl hf dutl-rfprfsfjtdaiñj psïquiad. Fstf pujtl hf
vistd pufhf dpciadrsf tdobiéj d cds ihfds hf cls sfrfs fcfofjtdcfs, y fj cl
quf sikuf sf prfkujtdrä si fc äjiod sf rfecf`d fj fccls y hf qué odjfrd. Vj
fstuhil fxmdustivl hfc odtfridc fs ioplsibcf dquï. Qñcl pufhl hdr ujls
plals f`fopcls y, fj rfcdaiñj alj fccls, hisautir sñcl cds adrdatfrïstiads
quf of pdrfafj ioplrtdjtfs fj oi aljtfxtl. ^lr fsl, fjtrf tlhds cds
aridturds fcfofjtdcfs, cls kikdjtfs, fjdjls, fcels, fta., sñcl aljsihfrl
dqufccds quf, plr su sfxl efofjijl l su rfcdaiñj alj uj mlobrf, pufhfj
aljsihfrdrsf alol fjadrjdailjfs hfc äjiod. ^lrquf fc äjiod, alol fs
bifj sdbihl, rfprfsfjtd cls alopljfjtfs hf cd pfrsljdcihdh efofjijd hfc
mlobrf y dc oisol tifopl cd iodkfj quf tifjf hf cd jdturdcfzd efofjijd
fj kfjfrdc, fs hfair, fc drquftipl hf cl efofjijl. ^lr cl tdjtl, fstds eikurds
jl pufhfj sfr aljsihfrdhds eikurds hfc äjiod d ofjls quf aljtfjkdj
rdskls efofjijls tïpials y acdrdofjtf rfaljlaibcfs, y prfstdrfols
fspfaidc dtfjaiñj d tdcfs rdskls alj cd fspfrdjzd hf lbtfjfr ujd
aloprfjsiñj oäs prleujhd hf cd jdturdcfzd hfc äjiod fj kfjfrdc. Fjtrf
cls sfrfs fj aufstiñj cls oäs dhfaudhls pdrd tdc ijvfstikdaiñj slj cds
jijeds, hljafccds aisjf, ljhijds y mdhds, edoicidrfs hf tdjtds cfyfjhds y
aufjtls. ^lr cl kfjfrdc, slj hf ujd bfccfzd tfjtdhlrd pfrl sñcl ofhil
muodjds7 tifjfj alcds hf pfsadhl, alol fc jixif, l pä`drls quf sf
aljvifrtfj fj dvfs, alol cds hljafccds aisjf.
 

D ofjuhl prfsfjtdj alol oäs hf ujl, fspfaidcofjtf alol trfs7 dc

djious ijhiefrfjaidhl tdobiéj cf kustd dpdrfafr alol oäs hf ujl. Alj
adjailjfs fjadjtdhlrds fstls sfrfs (sirfjds, fc Clrfcfi, fta.) dtrdfj d uj
mlobrf d su rfijl, hljhf hfsdpdrfaf pdrd sifoprf7 l bifj - uj pujtl ouy
ioplrtdjtf - trdtdj hf dtdr dc mlobrf fjdolrdhl, pdrd plhfr vivir fj su
oujhl alj éc. Qifoprf tifjfj dckl fxtrdôl fj fccls, y mdy uj tdbð
rfcdailjdhl alj fccls quf jl hfbf sfr rltl. Cd eikurd hf cd hljafccd aisjf
fs fxtrfodhdofjtf djtikud y adsi pufhf sfr ccdodhd oitlcñkiad. Fccd vifjf
hf ouy dträs y dpdrfaf fj tlhl fc oujhl. ^rlbdbcfofjtf cd priofrd
elroucdaiñj citfrdrid hf fstf oltivl fs cd mistlrid hf cls ^ururdvds y
Vrvdsi, quf sf fjaufjtrd fj ujl hf cls oäs djtikuls fsaritls véhials, fc
Rik-Ufhd, 4 y oäs acdrdofjtf y alj oäs hftdccf fj fc Qdtdpdtmd-Brdmodjd.
2
  Hdré cd ðctiod vfrsiñj fj ujd elrod dckl oäs alrtd. Cd jijed Vrvdsi
(dpsdrde) dodbd d cls ^urtirdvds y dafptñ adsdrsf alj éc bd`l sus prlpids
aljhiailjfs. Fccd hi`l0
"Xrfs vfafs dc hïd of dbrdzdräs, pfrl jl tf daufstfs aljoikl aljtrd oi
vlcujtdh y jl of hf`fs vfrtf hfsjuhl, plrquf dsï fs alol jls
aloplrtdols cds ou`frfs".

Hfspués hf vivir alj éc hurdjtf vdrils dôls, qufhñ fobdrdzdhd, y cls

Kdjhmdrvds,1  dc hfsaubrir quf mdbïd pfrodjfaihl bdstdjtf tifopl fjtrf cls
sfrfs muodjls, ihfdrlj uj ofhil pdrd su rfkrfsl. Vjd lvf`d alj hls
alrhfrls, mdbïd sihl dtdhd d su sleä7 éstls sf cls rlbdrlj hurdjtf cd jlamf,
ujl trds ltrl, y adhd vfz quf fccd kritdbd0 "¡Dy, of ccfvdj oi qufrihl, alol
si jl mubifrd uj mérlf y uj mlobrf!"

Dc lïr fstl, ^urtirdvds sf cfvdjtñ, hfsjuhl alol fstdbd, pdrd sfkuir d cls
cdhrljfs, y fj fsf ijstdjtf cls Kdjhmdrvds prlhu`frlj uj rfcäopdkl pdrd
quf Vrvdsi vifrd d su odrihl "alol d cd cuz hfc hïd". Dsï, ujd hf sus
aljhiailjfs sf mdbïd rltl y, audjhl cls ^uriirdvds vlcvifrlj, fccd mdbïd
hfsdpdrfaihl.

Hfsfspfrdhl, vdkñ plr fc pdïs, fspfrdjhl fjaljtrdr d Vrvdsi hf jufvl, y

uj hïd ccfkñ d uj cdkl hf cltl fj fc quf "mdbïd jijeds jdhdjhl fj elrod hf
aisjfs", y fccd, d cd quf busadbd, fstdbd fjtrf fccds. Audjhl vil d
^urtirdvds, sf olstrñ alj elrod muodjd, y rfaljlaiéjhlcd, cf supciañ0
 

 "Lm, fsplsd oïd, quéhdtf, arufc hf ofjtf0 ¡ijtfradobifols dmlrd cds

pdcdbrds! Jl sf md hiaml, fstls sfarftls jufstrls jl jls trdfräj dcfkrïd..."

Fccd rfspljhiñ0 "¼Tué of ioplrtd mdbcdr aljtikl< Mf oufrtl alol fc

priofrl hf cls dodjfafrfs. ^uriirdvds, vufcvf d adsd0 Qly alol fc vifjtl
hieïaic hf dtrdpdr. . Decikihl, hi`l0 "Fjtljafs tu alopdôfrl sf irä alrrifjhl
fstf hïd pdrd jl vlcvfr jujad, pdrd ir d cd histdjaid oäs cf`djd..."
(dc hfsifrtl ijefstdhl hf clbls).

Fccd rfspljhiñ0 "¡^urtirdvds, jl oufrds! ¡Jl tf prfaipitfs! ¡Jl hf`fs quf cls
clbls arufcfs tf hfvlrfj! Fj vfrhdh, jl mdy doistdh alj cds ou`frfs, y sus
alrdzljfs slj cls alrdzljfs hf cds mifjds..." Dôdhiñ quf, oifjtrds fstdbd
fjtrf cls olrtdcfs, mdbïd aloihl plad krdsd hf sdarieiail adhd hïd y dðj sf
sfjtïd sdtisefamd alj fccl.

^frl eijdcofjtf su alrdzñj sf dpidhñ hf éc y cf hi`l quf vlcvifrd fj uj dôl.

Fjtljafs su mi`l mdbrïd jdaihl y tdobiéj sf dalstdrïd alj éc plrpl r ujd jlamf.
Audjhl ccfkñ cd ðctiod jlamf hfc dôl, mf dquï quf mdbïd uj pdcdail hf lrl, y
sf cf hi`l quf fjtrdrd fj éc, y cf trd`frlj d su fsplsd. D cd odôdjd sikuifjtf
cls Kdjhmdrvds cf lerfaifrlj ujd bfjhiaiñj y audjhl, plr aljsf`l hf
Vrvdsi, pihiñ aljvfrtirsf fj ujl hf fccls, cf aljafhifrlj su hfsfl. ^frl
priofrl tfjïd quf lerfafr uj sdarieiail, y cls Kdjhmdrvds pusifrlj eufkl fj
uj aufjal y sf cl hifrlj alj fsf eij. Qf ccfvñ fc eufkl y fc mi`l quf cf mdbïd
jdaihl d su pufbcl jdtdc. Cufkl, hfspués hf busadr cds vdrds dhfaudhds
pdrd fc eufkl hf sdarieiail, cds fjafjhiñ fj cd elrod fj quf fc
Kdjhmdrvdsmdh
Kdjhmdrvdsm dh rfalofjhñ, y sf aljvirtiñ fj uj Kdjhmdrvd.   ‟    

Fstd djtikud cfyfjhd, tdj tfoprdjd alol fs, oufstrd cls rdskls tïpials
quf sf fjaufjtrdj fj vfrsiljfs plstfrilrfs y fj ltrds cladcihdhfs. ^lr
f`fopcl, cd ujiñj alj fsf sfr iopciad uj alj`ujtl hfeijihl hf aljhiailjfs,
auyl ijauopcioifjtl sfrä edtdc. Fj jufstrd mistlrid, plr f`fopcl, cls
^urtirdvds jl pufhfj sfr vistls hfsjuhls plr Vrvdsi. Vjd prlmibiaiñj
sioicdr laurrf fj cd edolsd mistlrid hf "Aupihl y ^siquf", 8 sñcl quf dccï sf
ijvifrtf, fj quf d ^siquf sf cf prlmïbf vfr d su hivijl fsplsl, oifjtrds quf
Vrvdsi jl quifrf vfr d cls ^uriirdvds muodjls hfsjuhls, fs hfair, jl
quifrf vfr su rfdcihdh.
 

Dujquf cd rupturd hf fstd lrhfj fs ijvlcujtdrid, rfsuctd fj fc rftlrjl hf cd

jijed d su fcfofjtl. Audjhl hiaf quf fstä sdaidhd alj cls trlzls hf krdsd
hf sdarieiail quf aljsuoiñ hurdjtf su fstdjaid alj cls ^uriirdvds, fstl
tdobiéj pdrfaf ijhiadr quf cd rfdcihdh muodjd jl fs hf su dkrdhl7
dhfoäs, audjhl vufcvf d su prlpil oujhl dtrdf d su odrihl trds fccd. ^lr
aifrtl, sf ofjailjd uj mi`l dc quf hd d cuz hfspués hf su hfsdpdriaiñj y
quf ^uriirdvds trdf d adsd oäs tdrhf, hf olhl quf dpdrfjtfofjtf dckl alj
uj cukdr fj fc rfijl muodjl rfsuctd hf su ujiñj, pfrl jl sf dprfjhf jdhd
oäs dc rfspfatl. 6  Fj fstd rfcdaiñj cds datituhfs hf ^uriirdvds y cd jijed
afcfstidc slj odradhdofjtf hiefrfjtfs7 éc, alj sfjtioifjtl muodjl,
cdofjtd cd pérhihd hf su dodhd, trdtd hf fjaljtrdrcd hf jufvl y quifrf
mdbcdr alj fccd, pfrl sus pdcdbrds, audjhl hiaf quf cds ou`frfs tifjfj fc
alrdzñj hf cds mifjds, slj cd fxprfsiñj hf uj sfr fcfofjtdc sij dcod quf
sf `uzkd d sï oisol.

Fj
cds audjtl d cd ijtfrprftdaiñj
ioäkfjfs oitlcñkiads hfalol
cds hljafccds aisjf, cdhf
fjadrjdaiñj fsaufcd
cds quf aljaibiñy
eufrzds
daljtfaioifjtls jdturdcfs vil fj fccds cd jifbcd quf ecltd slbrf fc dkud y
cufkl, dc fcfvdrsf, sf aljhfjsd fj jubfs y sf oufvf plr fc aifcl alol
aisjfs vlcdjhl. Ijacusl hfshf fc pujtl hf vistd psialcñkial cd alopdrdaiñj
hf fstds eikurds alj cd jifbcd y cds jubfs fs dptd, yd quf dpdrfjtfofjtf
oifjtrds cl quf sf ccdod fc aljtfjihl ijaljsaifjtf pfrodjfzad
ijaljsaifjtf, l adsi, adrfafj hf aljtlrjls eirofs y pufhf adobidr,
aljvfrtirsf fjtrf sï y trdjselrodrsf d sï oisols. Qñcl audjhl fofrkfj hfc
ijaljsaifjtf y slj adptdhls plr cd aljaifjaid sf vufcvfj pcfjd y
acdrdofjtf rfaljlaibcfs, y sñcl fjtljafs pufhf hfairsf dckl hfeijitivl
slbrf fccls. Fj rfdcihdh, fs of`lr jl iodkijdrsf fc ijaljsaifjtf alol uj
ärfd rfdc, alj aljtfjihls eirofofjtf hfeijihls y adsi aljarftls7 tdc
aljafptl sñcl fs ðtic ladsiljdcofjtf audjhl sirvf pdrd dafradr cl
iopfrafptibcf d jufstrd aloprfjsiñj. Fj cds visiljfs l rfprfsfjtdailjfs
mipjdkñkiads hf cls aljtfjihls ijaljsaifjtfs, d ofjuhl dpdrfaf ujd
elrodaiñj tipl jubf fj cd ftdpd ijiaidc hf uj hfsdrrlccl quf tlod elrod
hfeijitivd oäs tdrhf. Dckl dsï ecltdbd djtf cd visiñj hf Klftmf audjhl
pfroitiñ d Ofeistl hfair, dc hfsaribir fc rfijl hf cds Odhrfs hf Edustl0
 

"Fsadpdr hf cl fxistfjtf d cls rfijls sij cïoitfs hf cls edjtdsods". ¡Hiserutd

hf cl quf yd jl fxistf! Alol jubfs hf pfcïaucd, cls edjtdsods sf hfscizdj d
cl cdrkl. Bcdjhf cd ccdvf, y odjtéj dcf`dhd d cd ouctituh fj cd
c d slobrd." 5 
Hf fstl plhfols aljacuir quf cd efoijihdh rfprfsfjtdhd plr cd jijed,
Vrvdsi, fs tlhdvïd hfodsidhl jfbuclsd f ijalrpñrfd pdrd vivir
pfrodjfjtfofjtf y rfdcizdrsf fj fc rfijl muodjl, fs hfair, fj cd
aljaifjaid hfspifrtd. Qus pdcdbrds, "Mf edccfaihl alol fc priofrl hf cls
dodjfafrfs... Qly alol fc vifjtl hieïaic hf dtrdpdr", tdobiéj ijhiadj fc
adräatfr ijsustdjaidc y jfbuclsl hf su sfr, quf sf d`ustd dc hf uj fspïritu
hf cd jdturdcfzd y prlhuaf ujd ioprfsiñj hf sufôl alol irrfdcihdh. Vj
adräatfr alopcftdofjtf sioicdr fs "Fc sufôl hf Lfjkmus", ujd cfyfjhd
ircdjhfsd dtribuihd dc sikcl UIII. ;
Lfjkmus, quf frd éc oisol hf dsafjhfjaid oïtiad, vil fj uj sufôl d ujd
mfrolsd amiad dafraäjhlsf d su sleä, pfrl audjhl euf d tlodr su odjl
fccd sf dcf`ñ hf éc. Cd jlamf sikuifjtf cd amiad vlcviñ, fstd vfz alj uj cdðh
fj cd odjl, "cd oäs hucaf quf `doäs mdyd fxistihl", y cf tlañ ujd ofclhïd.
Dsï quf sikuiñ hurdjtf tlhl uj dôl y Lfjkmus adyñ fj ujd "fjefrofhdh
hfbicitdjtf". ^frl uj oéhial hidkjlstiañ su prlbcfod y sf fjvidrlj
ofjsd`frls d rfalrrfr tlhd Ircdjhd fj busad hf cd amiad quf, sfkðj fc
oéhial, fstdbd hfstijdhd d sfr suyd. Eijdcofjtf hfsaubrifrlj quf su
pdhrf frd fc rfy hf ujd alcijd hf mdhds y quf fccd adobidbd su elrod d cd
hf uj aisjf adhd hls dôls. ^drd aljlafrcd, Lfjkmus hfbf vfjir uj hïd
hftfroijdhl d uj cdkl hftfroijdhl. Dc ccfkdr dccï, vil trfs vfafs aijaufjtd
aisjfs slbrf fc dkud, ujihls hf hls fj hls plr adhfjds hf pcdtd. ^frl
Lfjkmus ccdoñ d su dodjtf hf cls sufôls plr su jlobrf, y fccd cl
rfaljlaiñ y cf hi`l quf vfjhrïd d cd lriccd si prloftïd quf plhïd vlcvfr dc
cdkl ltrd vfz. Audjhl éc cl prloftiñ, fccd sf dafrañ d éc y éc sf drrl`ñ d sus
brdzls. Fjtljafs "sf huroifrlj fj elrod hf hls aisjfs y sf dhfjtrdrlj fj
fc cdkl trfs vfafs pdrd quf su prlofsd jl sf rlopifrd". Eijdcofjtf, alol
hls pä`drls bcdjals, sf dcf`drlj vlcdjhl (dc adsticcl hf su pdhrf) y
adjtdrlj ujd mfrolsd adjaiñj alrdc quf huroiñ d cd kfjtf hurdjtf trfs
hïds y trfs jlamfs. "Cd amiad sf qufhñ alj éc hfspués hf fsl."
Fc adräatfr ljïrial hf fstd mistlrid fs pdrtiaucdrofjtf acdrl. Tuf cd tlhdvïd
hfsaljlaihd dodhd hf Lfjkmus sf cf dpdrfzad priofrl fj uj sufôl, quf
 

sf hikd fxprfsdofjtf quf fstä hfstijdhd d éc, y quf jl pufhd vivir sij fccd,
slj airaujstdjaids quf sfôdcdj ijhuhdbcfofjtf fc äjiod - d su ltrd oitdh.
Cd kdjd dafptdjhl su aljhiaiñj y pfroitiéjhlcf dc ofjls hurdjtf uj
tifopl vlcvfr dc dkud7 hf mfaml, éc oisol sf aljvifrtf fj uj aisjf. Fj
ltrds pdcdbrds, ijtfjtd fjaljtrdrcd fj su prlpil fcfofjtl, su jivfc, pdrd
mdafrcd pfrodjfjtfofjtf suyd - aljhuatd quf tdobiéj hfbfrïd sfr hf
vdclr psialcñkial, fj rfcdaiñj alj fc äjiod. Fc adjtl oäkial hf cls hls
aisjfs fs ujd fxprfsiñj hfc mfaml hf quf hls sfrfs hf jdturdcfzd lpufstd,
quf dðj pfrtfjfafj `ujtls, sf mdj ujihl dmlrd fj droljilsd droljïd. Cds
Udcquirids Jñrhiads slj dradiads y oïtiads hljafccds aisjf hf uj tipl
bdstdjtf hiefrfjtf. Qf ccdodj Udcgirids plrquf, dc sfrviail hf Lhïj,
rfaupfrdj d cls kufrrfrls adïhls fj cd bdtdccd y cls ccfvdj dc Udcmdccd. =
 Xdobiéj tifjfj uj pdpfc fj cd aljafsiñj hf cd viatlrid y cd hfrrltd, cl quf
hfoufstrd acdrdofjtf quf fstäj rfcdailjdhds alj cls jlrufkls, quf kirdj
y alrtdj cls micls hfc hfstijl. ^lr ltrd pdrtf, audjhl cd Udcquirid hfc
Udcmdccd fjtrfkd dc mérlf su aufrjl hf bfbfr, fstä rfdcizdjhl cd eujaiñj
mdbitudc hf ujd sirvifjtd. Qij fobdrkl, lerfafr ujd bfbihd fs tdobiéj uj
kfstl sikjieiadtivl, quf fxprfsd cd rfcdaiñj y fc vïjaucl outul7 y
aifrtdofjtf uj oltivl quf sf hd alj erfaufjaid fs fc hf cd eikurd hfc äjiod
quf ccfjd cd alpd hf uj mlobrf alj ujd plaiñj hf dolr, ijspirdaiñj,
trdjselrodaiñj l oufrtf. Cds Udcquirids sf ccdodj tdobiéj [ism-Odihfjs,
9
 y hf vfz fj audjhl ujd hf fccds sf aljvifrtf, alol mizl Briijjfmichf, fj cd
sdbid l dodjtf hf uj krdj mérlf dc quf hd dyuhd y prltfaaiñj fj cd bdtdccd.
Vjl pufhf vfr fj fstds aridturds sfoihivijds ujd elrod drquftïpiad hfc
äjiod, quf sf fspfrd fj cls mlobrfs sdcvd`fs y dodjtfs hf cd kufrrd. Hf
mfaml, sf hiaf hf cds Udcquirids quf su prijaipdc pdsiñj fs fc alobdtf. Fccds
fjadrjdj siouctäjfdofjtf, alol tdobiéj fs fc adsl hfc äjiod, tdjtl fc
hfsfl hfc mlobrf alol su fseufrzl, y fj cd ofhihd fj quf fstls sf hirikfj
d cd bdtdccd, su cdhl efofjijl dpdrfaf fj ujd elrod quf fs kufrrfrd. Oäs
dðj, dujquf sf pifjsd quf cds Udcquirids slj jlrodcofjtf oljtdhds,
tdobiéj slj adpdafs hf "dtrdvfsdr fc dirf y fc dkud" y tlodr cd elrod hf
aisjfs. 4>
Vjd hf cds adjailjfs oäs djtikuds hfc Fhhd, "cd Adjaiñj hf cd Xifrrd hfc
Adoijl", 44 aloifjzd alj fc oltivl hf cd hljafccd aisjf0 "Cd hljafccd vlcñ
hfshf fc sur plr fc blsquf turbil, @ñvfjfs hljafccds aisjf, Bdtdccd pdrd
 

hfspfrtdr. Dccï, fj cds lriccds hfc cdkl, sf rfplsdrlj uj rdtl. Fstds hljafccds
hfc sur, y fc cijl micdhl". 42 Cd adjaiñj jl cl hiaf, pfrl jls pfroitf dhivijdr
quf dquï, alol fj ltrds mistlrids sioicdrfs, [dy cdjh y sus mfrodjls
rlbdrlj cds prfjhds hf aisjf hf cds hljafccds pdrd quf jl puhifrdj irsf.
Fjtljafs adhd ujl hf cls mfrodjls tloñ ujd hf cds hljafccds y
"^frodjfaifrlj hfspués hf siftf ijvifrjls mdbitdjhl dccï laml alj tlhl
adriôl7 pfrl fj fc jlvfjl, jfafsitdhds plr fc hfbfr, cds hljafccds hfsfdbdj
ir dc blsquf turbil, `ñvfjfs hljafccds aisjf, cuamdjhl plr hfspfrtdr". Dsï
quf sf eufrlj vlcdjhl, y hls hf cls mfrodjls cds sikuifrlj pdrd busadr
hljhf mdbïdj hfsdpdrfaihl, pfrl [dycdjh, edbriadjhl djiccls hf lrl, sf
qufhñ fj adsd y fspfrñ su rfkrfsl. Jl mdy jdhd oäs slbrf fstl fj fc
aursl hf cd adjaiñj, quf aljtijðd fj ltrd cïjfd. Cl sikjieiadtivl dquï fs quf
fc alj`ujtl hf hljafccds sifjtf uj dbruodhlr djmfcl hf bdtdccd y, dc vlcdr,
dtrdf d cls mfrodjls trds fccls. Fj cfjkud`f psialcñkial, fstl sikjieiad quf
fc djmfcl, fc hfsfl hf jufvds foprfsds, sf mdaf sfjtir priofrl fj fc
ijaljsaifjtf-efofjijl. Djtfs hf ccfkdr acdrdofjtf d cd aljaifjaid, fc
fseufrzl plr dckl jufvl y hiefrfjtf sf fxprfsd kfjfrdcofjtf fj elrod hf
ujd folaiñj, uj iopucsl vdkl l uj fstdhl hf äjiol ijfxpciadbcf. Audjhl
fstl sf fxprfsd, alol fj "Cd adjaiñj hfc adoijl" y ouamds ltrds
cfyfjhds, d trdvés hf uj sfr efofjijl, sikjieiad quf cds folailjfs
ijaljsaifjtfs sf trdjsoitfj d cd aljaifjaid d trdvés hfc fcfofjtl efofjijl
fj fc mlobrf, d trdvés hf su äjiod. Fstd laurrfjaid ijiaid uj iopucsl, l
datðd alol ujd ijtuiaiñj, rfvfcdjhl jufvds plsibicihdhfs dc mlobrf y
ccfväjhlcl d pfrsfkuircds y adptdrcds. Audjhl cd hljafccd hfc aisjf hfsfd
ijaitdr d cd bdtdccd, hfsfopfôd fc pdpfc adrdatfrïstial hfc äjiod hf cd ou`fr
ijspirdhlrd, dujquf, sij huhd, fj uj jivfc prioitivl fj fc quf fc "trdbd`l" fj
fc quf
quf sf ijspird fc mlobrf fs prijaipdcofjtf fc hf cd cuamd.cuamd. Fstf fs
tdobiéj uj pdpfc edvlritl hf cds ou`frfs fj cd plfsïd hf cd alrtf hf cd Fhdh
Ofhid, dujquf fj ujd elrod oäs rfeijdhd. Fc adbdccfrl cuamd plr su hdod
fj uj tlrjfl, ccfvdjhl su ijsikjid - su odjkd, plr f`fopcl - fj su adsal7
su prfsfjaid cl fjaifjhf y duofjtd su alrd`f7 cl of`lr fs quf fccd cf
ltlrkuf fc kufrhñj hf cd viatlrid y erfaufjtfofjtf fstl aljsistf fj su
dolr. ^frl d ofjuhl fs arufc, fxikifjhl mdzdôds ijsfjsdtds y
slbrfmuodjds d su adbdccfrl alol sfôdc hf su suoisiñj. 41 Qf hiaf quf fc

aljhf Kuiccfrol
pijtdr fj I] fchfrftrdtl
su fsauhl ^litifrs, aljlaihl
hf su dodhd. alol fc priofr trlvdhlr, mizl
 

Qij fobdrkl, fj cd citfrdturd hf cls trlvdhlrfs, fs pdrtiaucdrofjtf

ijtfrfsdjtf vfr alol cd ijspirdaiñj sf olviñ krdhudcofjtf mdaid ltrds
alsds quf jl eufrdj cd cuamd. Fc jlobrf hf Cdhy Dvfjturd (Erdu
Dhvfjtiurf) fs ltrd fvihfjaid hf quf fc dolr odsaucijl plr cd dvfjturd sf
pfrsljieiad fj elrod efofjijd. Ltrd pfaucidrihdh hf cd hljafccd aisjf fs
quf fccd46 djtiaipd fc euturl. 48  Cds Udcgirids, dc mdafr kirdr cd elrtujd hf cd
bdtdccd  y dsï prfpdrdr fc hfstijl, sf dsfof`dj d cls Jlrufkls. Y d su vfz,
fstls ðctiols, auyls jlobrfs slj [urh, [frhdjhi y Qguch, 45  pdrfafj
fjadrjdr cls prlafsls jdturdcfs hf cd vihd hfc hfvfjir y fc olrir. Fj fc
rfijl afctd fc oisol pfrsljd`f sf dtribuyf d cds mdhds, auyl jlobrf fstä
rfcdailjdhl alj `dtuo, 4; y d quifjfs tdobiéj cfs kustd dpdrfafr hf trfs fj
trfs. D ofjuhl suafhf quf fc bifj ltlrkdhl plr cds hls priofrds fs
adjafcdhl plr cd tfrafrd, uj rdskl quf rfaufrhd d cls Jlrufkls, l d cls
^dradf. Fc Jibfcujkfjcifh 4=  rfcdtd quf fj su vid`f dc Rfy Ftzfc cls
jibfcujkls ccfkdrlj d cds dctds dkuds hfc Hdjubil, y Mdkfj sf hirikiñ d
busadr uj adoijl pdrd aruzdr. Dccï fsauamñ fc dkud sdcpiadjhl y dc
dafradrsf vil d "wisiu wip" (sdbil prfsdkil) bdôäjhlsf fj uj mfrolsl
odjdjtidc. Qubifjhl d rdstrds, tloñ sus rlpds y cds fsaljhiñ. ^frl si cds
hfvlcvïd, ujd hf cds ou`frfs prloftiñ hfaircf cl quf pdsdrïd fj fc vid`f.
"Ecltdrlj alol dvfs odrijds djtf éc fj cd ijujhdaiñj. Cf pdrfaiñ quf su
vistd hfbf sfr sfkurd
sfkurd y bufjd. ^lr cl tdjtl, cl quf cf hikdj, éc cl arffrä".
arffrä". 49
Dsï quf dquï tdobiéj, cds ou`frfs sdbids, quf sf pdrfafj d cds dvfs
dauätiads, dpdrfafj alol prljlstiadhlrds hf fvfjtls euturls. Fs bifj
sdbihl quf cls pufbcls kfroäjials dtribuyfrlj d cd ou`fr fc hlj hf cd
prlefaïd, y plr fstd rdzñj euf fspfaidcofjtf fstiodhd plr fccls, ijacusl
mljrdhd. Lhïj oisol vd d ujd vihfjtf, cd Udcd, pdrd fsauamdr su hfstijl.
 Xäaitl 2>  ofjailjd d ujd prleftisd ccdodhd Ufcfhd, quf klzdbd hf krdj
dutlrihdh fjtrf su acdj, cls Bruatfri, y euf ccfvdhd d Rlod alol adutivd fj
tifopls hf Ufspdsidjl, y @ucil Aésdr aufjtd quf fjtrf cls kfrodjls frd
alstuobrf "quf cds odhrfs hf edoicid hi`frdj hf djtfodjl, famdjhl d
sufrtfs y prleftizdjhl, si sfrïd daljsf`dbcf fjtrdr fj bdtdccd l jl..." 24 Fjtrf
cls krifkls y cls rlodjls, fstd eujaiñj cd f`fraïdj pitljisds y cds sibicds. Y
tdcfs aljafptls pdrfafj mdbfr sihl rfsfrvdhls plr ouaml tifopl, alol cl
hfoufstrd ujd mistlrid dafrad hf Adrclodkjl, quf Krioo rfplrtd 22 hf uj
odjusaritl hf Cfyhfj hfc sikcl ]III.
 

Cd cfyfjhd prftfjhf fxpciadr fc jlobrf hf Dquiskräj, lrikijdcofjtf

Dquiskrdjuo, y hiaf quf0 Adrclodkjl odjtuvl dccï ujd ou`fr sdbid, "ujd
mfamiafrd l mdhd, quf alj ltrls jlobrfs tdobiéj sf ccdodbd jijed, hilsd l
hrïdhf"7 21  alj fccd tuvl rfcdailjfs sfxudcfs, y fccd viviñ oifjtrds éc
pfrodjfaiñ alj fccd pfrl ouriñ audjhl éc sf euf. Vj hïd, audjhl tuvl su
pcdafr alj fccd, vil quf mdbïd uj krdjl hf lrl fj su cfjkud. Cl mizl alrtdr,
y cd jijed ouriñ y jujad vlcviñ d cd vihd. Fstd jijed rfaufrhd d cd oistfrilsd
Dfcid Cdfcid Arispis hf cd quf mdbcd A. K. @ujk fj "Fc fjikod hf Blcljid". 28 
Qi jls prfkujtdols plr qué cd sfkujhd visiñj y fc drtf hf cd prlefaïd sf
dtribuyfj d cd ou`fr, cd rfspufstd fs quf fj kfjfrdc fccd fstä oäs dbifrtd
dc ijaljsaifjtf quf fc mlobrf. Cd rfafptivihdh fs ujd datituh efofjijd, quf
prfsupljf dpfrturd y vdaïl, hljhf djtfs hf @ujk 26  sf md hfjloijdhl fc
krdj sfarftl hf cd efoijihdh. Dhfoäs, cd ofjtdcihdh efofjijd fs ofjls
rfdaid d cd irrdailjdcihdh quf cd aljaifjaid odsaucijd rdailjdcofjtf
lrifjtdhd, quf tifjhf d rfamdzdr tlhl cl quf jl sf d`ustd d cd rdzñj y plr cl
tdjtl erfaufjtfofjtf sf aifrrd dc ijaljsaifjtf. Fj fc Efhrl ^cdtñj aritiad
fstd datituh fxafsivdofjtf rdzljdbcf - fspfaidcofjtf fj fc tfod hfc dolr
- y dcdbd cl irrdailjdc, ijacusl cl ijsdjl, fj cd ofhihd fj quf pufhf sfr uj
hlj hivijl. Ofjailjd vdrids elrods hf mdafrcl0
4. Cd sdbihurïd lrdaucdr prljujaidhd plr cd ^itljisd, plr f`fopcl, dc hdr
aljsf`ls slbrf fc bifjfstdr hfc fstdhl. D fstf rfspfatl alofjtd0 "^lrquf...
cd prleftisd hf Hfcels y cds sdafrhltisds hf Hlhljd, audjhl fstäj eufrd hf
sus adbdcfs, mdj aljefrihl krdjhfs bfjfeiails d Mfccds, tdjtl fj cd vihd
pðbciad alol fj cd privdhd, pfrl audjhl fj sus adbdcfs, plals l
jijkujl."25
2. Fc hlj hf cd sibicd hf cd prlefaïd quf prfhiaf
prf hiaf fc euturl.
1. Fc erfjfsï (fjtusidol) ijspirdhl plr cds Ousds.

Cd pitljisd, cds sibicds y cds Ousds slj sfrfs efofjijls y tdc vfz
alopdrdhls alj cds vihfjtfs hfc jlrtf7 sus hiamls slj hf uj tipl irrdailjdc
quf pdrfaf ujd claurd hfshf fc pujtl hf vistd hf cd rdzñj l fc clkls.
Edauctdhfs alol éstds, sij fobdrkl, jl pfrtfjfafj sñcl d cd ou`fr7
sifoprf md mdbihl vihfjtfs y prleftds odsaucijls, tdobiéj, quf cl slj fj
 

virtuh hf ujd datituh efofjijd y rfafptivd quf cfs mdaf rfspljhfr d cds
ijecufjaids hfc ltrl cdhl hf cd aljaifjaid. Hfbihl d quf fc äjiod, alol
dspfatl efofjijl hfc mlobrf, plsff fstd rfafptivihdh y dusfjaid hf
prf`uiails mdaid cl irrdailjdc, sf cd hfsikjd alol ofhidhlrd fjtrf cd
aljaifjaid y fc ijaljsaifjtf. Fj fc mlobrf arfdhlr, fspfaidcofjtf, fstd
datituh efofjijd `ufkd uj pdpfc ioplrtdjtf7 jl sij rdzñj sf mdbcd hf cd
aljafpaiñj hf ujd lbrd, hf ccfvdr d adbl uj pfjsdoifjtl, hf fjtrfkdrsf d
éc l hf rfecfxiljdr slbrf éc.
Fc oltivl hf cd hljafccd aisjf dpdrfaf tdobiéj fj ijjuofrdbcfs aufjtls
hf mdhds7 2;  cd mistlrid hf "Fc adzdhlr y cd hljafccd aisjf" sfrvirä hf
f`fopcl0 Vj kudrhdblsqufs, trds cd pistd hf uj aifrvl, ccfkñ d uj cdkl `ustl
audjhl trfs aisjfs bcdjals sf dafradbdj vlcdjhl. Ijofhidtdofjtf sf
aljvirtifrlj fj trfs mfrolsds hljafccds quf sf bdôdrlj fj fc cdkl, pfrl
hfspués hf uj tifopl sdcifrlj hfc dkud y vlcdrlj alol aisjfs. Jl puhl
sdadrsf hf cdhïds
dsï quf trfs adbfzd d fstds
hfspués hljafccds
vlcviñ dc cdkl yy cds
rfslcviñ adsdrsf
fjaljtrñ alj ujd
hf jufvl hf fccds,
bdôäjhlsf.
Qudvfofjtf sf dafrañ y tloñ fc odjtl hf aisjf hf`dhl fj cd lriccd plr cd
oäs `lvfj. Fccd cf iopclrñ quf sf cl hfvlcvifrd pfrl éc sf mizl fc slrhl y sf
cl ccfvñ d adsd, hf olhl quf cd hljafccd tuvl quf sfkuircl hfspués. Euf
rfaibihd doistlsdofjtf plr su pufbcl, y dafptñ adsdrsf alj fc adzdhlr.
^frl fc odjtl hf aisjf sf cl hil d su odhrf quf cl kudrhñ fj uj alerf. Vj
hïd, hfspués hf quf fstd pdrf`d vivifrd efcizofjtf `ujtd hurdjtf vdrils
dôls, cd odhrf, dc lrhfjdr, fjaljtrñ fc pfqufôl alerf y cl dbriñ. Xdj prljtl
alol cd `lvfj vil su odjtl hf aisjf cl drrl`ñ räpihdofjtf d su dcrfhfhlr, y
alj cds pdcdbrds0 "Tuifj quifrd vlcvfr d vfrof hfbf vfjir d cd oljtdôd hf
aristdc quf sf fjaufjtrd fj fc adopl briccdjtf" 2= sf bdcdjafñ fj fc dirf y
sf euf vlcdjhl. Fc ijefciz adzdhlr euf d busadrcd y, alj cd dyuhd hf djiodcfs
doistlsls, hfspués hf ouamds hieiauctdhfs, eijdcofjtf cd fjaljtrñ7
fjtljafs, mdbifjhl dprfjhihl quf fstdbd fjadjtdhd, qufhñ cibrf. Mf
aljtdhl fstd mistlrid alj ouaml hftdccf plrquf ijacuyf uj jufvl y ouy
sikjieiadtivl oltivl, fc hf cd rfhfjaiñj. Cd jfafsihdh hf rfhfjaiñj,
hfolstrdhd plr fc fjadjtdoifjtl, ijhiad quf cd elrod hf aisjf jl fs ujd
aljhiaiñj lrikijdc, sijl sfaujhdrid, alol fc vfstihl quf fsaljhf d cd
prijafsd. Hfträs hf cd elrod djiodc sf fsaljhf uj sfr supfrilr quf hfbf
sfr rfhioihl y alj fc audc fc mérlf sf ujirä fvfjtudcofjtf.
 

Cd prijafsd d rfhioir, quf dpdrfaf fj tdjtls aufjtls hf mdhds, dpujtd

acdrdofjtf dc äjiod. Qij fobdrkl, alol cd mistlrid oufstrd quf cd
prijafsd fstdbd dccï djtfs quf fc aisjf, fstl sfkurdofjtf ijsijðd uj fstdhl
lrikijdc hf ujihdh y pcfjituh, quf tfroijñ alj fc fjadjtdoifjtl, y quf
dmlrd hfbf sfr rfaljstruihl. Cd ihfd hf quf ujd aljhiaiñj priolrhidc hf
pfrefaaiñj euf hfstruihd, yd sfd plr cd datituh pfadoijlsd hf cls mlobrfs
l plr cd fjvihid hf cls hilsfs, fs uj aljafptl ouy djtikul, quf elrod cd
bdsf hf ouamls sistfods rfcikilsls y eiclsñeials. Fvihfjaids hf fstl slj cd
hlatrijd bïbciad hf cd adïhd hfc mlobrf, fc sfr prioitivl lrikijdcofjtf
fseérial hf ^cdtñj quf sf hivihiñ fj oitdhfs, y cd Qleïd kjñstiad dprisiljdhd
fj cd odtfrid. Fj téroijls psialcñkials hfaiols quf cds fxikfjaids hf cd
vihd y fc arfaifjtf hfsdrrlccl hf cd aljaifjaid hfstruyfj l fstrlpfdj cd
tltdcihdh lrikijdc hfc jiôl. ^lr f`fopcl, fj fc hfsdrrlccl hf cd aljaifjaid hfc
fkl odsaucijl, fc cdhl efofjijl qufhd dträs y dsï pfrodjfaf fj uj
"fstdhl jdturdc".
Cd oisod situdaiñj laurrf fj cd hiefrfjaidaiñj hf cds eujailjfs
psialcñkiads7 cd ccdodhd eujaiñj ijefrilr qufhd dträs y, alol rfsuctdhl, fs
ijhiefrfjaidhd f ijaljsaifjtf. ^lr cl tdjtl, fj fc mlobrf sufcf fstdr
aljfatdhl alj fc äjiod ikudcofjtf ijaljsaifjtf. Cd rfhfjaiñj sf clkrd
rfaljlaifjhl f ijtfkrdjhl fstls fcfofjtls hfsaljlaihls hfc dcod. Fc
aufjtl hf mdhds hf "Fc Ufcl Rlbdhl" 29 prfsfjtd fstf tfod hf ujd odjfrd
jufvd adrdatfrïstiad hfc pfrïlhl rloäjtial. Cladcizdhl fj fc ccdodhl
Qamwdjfjefch 1>  fj cds oljtdôds hf Qd`ljid, hljhf sf hiaf quf mdy uj
odjdjtidc lauctl quf ltlrkd bfccfzd, fc aufjtl aljtifjf cls rdskls tïpials
yd ofjailjdhls. Qij fobdrkl, fj cukdr hf su vfstiofjtd hf aisjf, sf cf
rlbd d cd bdôistd uj vfcl (y uj djiccl). Fc mérlf, quf fs uj adbdccfrl, cd ccfvd
d su adsd, hljhf sf afcfbrd su blhd7 y tdobiéj fj fstf aufjtl, aljeïd fc
auihdhl hfc vfcl d su odhrf. Cufkl, fc hïd hf cd blhd, cd jlvid sf cdofjtd
hf jl tfjfrcl y cd odhrf sf cl trdf7 fj hljhf cd jlvid, pljiéjhlsf fc vfcl y
cd alrljd, sf aljvifrtf ijofhidtdofjtf fj aisjf y sdcf vlcdjhl plr cd
vfjtdjd. Fstd mistlrid fs hfodsidhl cdrkd pdrd hdrcd fj hftdccf. Qij
fobdrkl, mdy quf sfôdcdr quf cd odhrf, dpdrfjtfofjtf alj bufjds
ijtfjailjfs, fs hf jufvl cd quf hfvufcvf fc vfstihl hf aisjf d cd jlvid y
prlvlad dsï su pdrtihd. ^ufstl quf cd sfpdrdaiñj hf cd pdrf`d sf prlhuaf
plr cd daaiñj hf cd odhrf, fs plsibcf hfhuair ujd rivdcihdh lauctd fjtrf cd
 

odhrf y fc äjiod, tdc alol sf fjaufjtrd d ofjuhl fj cd datudcihdh. ^lr

ltrd pdrtf, fstf rdskl tdobiéj plhrïd fjtfjhfrsf alol cd tfjhfjaid hf cd
"Krdj Odhrf", fs hfair, hfc ijaljsaifjtf, d rfalrhdr d cls quf cf
pfrtfjfafj. Cd hfsafjhfjaid rfdc hf cd hljafccd aisjf, quf sf oufstrd fj
su alrljd, cd oufstrd alol uj sfr hf lrhfj supfrilr, y pufhf fstdr
rfcdailjdhd alj fc dspfatl slbrfmuodjl y hivijl hfc äjiod. Qij fobdrkl,
fj ouamds mistlrids pdrfaf quf cd eikurd hf cd prijafsd fjadjtdhd hfbf
ijtfrprftdrsf hfshf fc pujtl hf vistd hf cd psialclkïd efofjijd7 fj fstf
adsl, fccd rfprfsfjtd cd pfrsljdcihdh supfrilr hf cd ou`fr, su Yl. 14 
Fj audjtl d cd elrod hfc pä`drl0 sifjhl ujd aridturd hfc dirf, fc pä`drl
sioblcizd jl sñcl cd adcihdh djiodc hfc sfr jdturdc, sijl quf tdobiéj
aljtifjf ujd ijsijudaiñj hf sus pltfjaidcihdhfs fspiritudcfs jl
hfspfrtdhds. Ltrl sfr fcfofjtdc quf klzd hf fspfaidc plpucdrihdh y
cljkfvihdh fs fc jixif7 tfod hf aufjtls hf mdhds, cfyfjhds y adjailjfs
plpucdrfs hf tlhds
ijjuofrdbcfs cds éplads, fs Dhfoäs,
rfprfsfjtdailjfs. ujd eikurdsirvf
quf sfhfjls mdafd edoicidr
tfod plr
cls plftds
olhfrjls, 12  y dpdrfaf d ofjuhl fj cls sufôls. Vj téroijl djtikul,
pdrtiaucdrofjtf edvlrfaihl plr cls plftds hfc sikcl ]III pdrd fstls sfrfs
dauätials, fs "Ofroijjf/" 11  -l "Ofrefi". Hfbihl d quf plsffj, alol cds
hljafccds hf cls aisjfs, fc hlj hf cd prlefaïd y fc aljlaioifjtl hf cds alsds
jdturdcfs, tdobiéj sf cfs ccdod "wisiu wip" (ou`frfs sdbids). ^frl fj
kfjfrdc, alol vfrfols, ltrls edatlrfs tifjfj prilrihdh slbrf fstls, slbrf
tlhl, fc edatlr frls. Dsï cl hfoufstrd fc olvioifjtl aljlaihl alol
Erdufjhifjst l Oijjfhifjst, quf fxprfsñ cd jufvd datituh mdaid cds ou`frfs
y mdaid fc frls surkihd hurdjtf cls sikcls ]II y ]III y aljstituyñ ujd
aljtrdpdrtihd adbdccfrfsad dc elofjtl hf cls vdclrfs hfc clkls fj cls
oljdstfrils. Alol oufstrd cd plfsïd hf cd éplad, fjtrf cds adusds quf
aljtribuyfrlj d fstd odylr vdclrdaiñj hf cd ou`fr sf fjaufjtrd cd
dpdriaiñj oäs acdrd y cd odylr feiadaid hfc äjiod. 18 Qifjhl fsfjaidcofjtf
efofjijd, fc äjiod, alol cd ou`fr, fstä prfhloijdjtfofjtf aljhiailjdhd
plr fc frls, fs hfair, plr fc prijaipil hf ujiñj, hf rfcdaiñj, oifjtrds quf fc
mlobrf fstä fj kfjfrdc oäs cikdhl d cd rdzñj, dc clkls, fc prijaipil
hisarioijdtlril y rfkucdhlr. Dsï quf cds Ofroijjf y sus alopdôfrds
sifoprf tifjfj ujd rfcdaiñj dolrlsd alj uj mlobrf, l ijtfjtdj ccfvdrcd d
adbl - uj fseufrzl quf fs, hf mfaml, uj lb`ftivl efofjijl eujhdofjtdc.
 

Fj fstf sfjtihl sf hiefrfjaidj hf cds hljafccds aisjf, quf fj su odylrïd jl

busadj tdc rfcdaiñj plr su prlpid vlcujtdh sijl quf, plr fc rlbl hf sus
prfjhds hf pcuods, adfj fj fc plhfr hfc mlobrf d trdvés hf ujd drtiodôd.
^lr cl tdjtl, trdtdj hf fsadpdr d cd priofrd lplrtujihdh. Xdcfs rfcdailjfs
slj prfhloijdjtfofjtf ijstijtivds y adrfafj hf oltivls psialcñkials l hf
audcquifr sikjieiadhl oäs dccä hf cl ijstijtivl. Fc mfaml hf quf uj mlobrf
sf dplhfrf hf ujd ou`fr oäs l ofjls plr cd eufrzd fs ujd acdrd sfôdc hf
quf su datituh frñtiad fstä fj uj jivfc alopcftdofjtf prioitivl. Dsï quf jl
fs irrdzljdbcf quf ujd aridturd fcfofjtdc, dc ujirsf alj uj mlobrf dsï,
pihd quf jl sf cf mdkd vilcfjaid, quf jl sf cf klcpff cd odjl l quf sf cf
mdbcf alj hurfzd. Cds cfyfjhds hf cds eifstds dauätiads y cls jixifs fstäj
pdrtiaucdrofjtf fxtfjhihds, fspfaidcofjtf fj rfkiljfs alj plbcdaiñj
afctd. Fj tlhls cls cukdrfs fstls aufjtls fstäj aljfatdhls alj cladcihdhfs
y edoicids hfeijihds, pdrtiaucdrofjtf fj Kdcfs, Fsalaid f Ircdjhd, hljhf mdj
fstdhl vikfjtfs mdstd tifopls ouy rfaifjtfs. Alol f`fopcl fjtrf ouamls,
hdré ujd cfyfjhd hf Kdcfs, rfkistrdhd plr @lmj Rmys, 16  uj aljlaihl
alcfaailjistd y fstuhilsl hfc elcaclrf afctd. Cls fvfjtls hfsaritls sf
supljf quf laurrifrlj mdaid eijdcfs hfc sikcl ]II fj uj pufbcl hf
Adrodrtmfjsmirf fj Kdcfs. Dquï vivïd ujd viuhd alj su mi`l. Vj hïd,
oifjtrds pdstlrfdbd su kdjdhl fj cds alcijds, fc mi`l ccfkñ d uj pfqufôl
cdkl hljhf, pdrd su dslobrl, vil "ujd hf cds aridturds oäs bfccds quf l`ls
olrtdcfs mdydj vistl `doäs... ujd amiad sfjtdhd fj cd supfreiaif ijtdatd hfc
dkud... drrfkcdjhl sus adbfccls alj uj pfijf y usdjhl cd supfreiaif vihrilsd
alol fspf`l". Hf rfpfjtf vil dc `lvfj, oiräjhlcd ei`dofjtf y slstfjifjhl
uj pfhdzl hf pdj alj cd fspfrdjzd hf dtrdfrcd d cd lriccd. Qf dafrañ pfrl,
rfamdzdjhl fc pdj plrquf frd hfodsidhl hurl, sf zdobuccñ bd`l fc dkud
audjhl ijtfjtñ dkdrrdrcd. Éc rfkrfsñ d adsd y rfkrfsñ fc dc hïd sikuifjtf
audjhl, plr aljsf`l hf su odhrf, cf lerfaiñ d cd amiad uj plal hf pdstd sij
mlrjfdr7 pfrl fc rfsuctdhl jl euf of`lr.
of`l r.
Jl euf mdstd fc tfrafr hïd, audjhl prlbñ fc pdj d ofhil alafr, quf cd amiad
dafptñ, f ijacusl cf djioñ d tlodr su odjl. Fjtljafs, hfspués hf uj plal
hf pfrsudsiñj, dafptñ aljvfrtirsf fj su jlvid, pfrl alj cd aljhiaiñj hf quf
vivifrdj `ujtls sñcl mdstd quf rfaibifrd hf éc "trfs klcpfs sij adusd". Éc
daafhiñ ouy vlcujtdridofjtf d fstl, y cufkl
cu fkl fccd hfsdpdrfaiñ hf jufvl bbd`l
d`l
fc dkud. Ijofhidtdofjtf hfspués, sij fobdrkl, surkifrlj hls bfccds amiads
 

alol fccd, `ujtl alj uj mlobrf hf fstdturd iopljfjtf y adbfzd adjlsd quf
sf prfsfjtñ alol fc pdhrf hf cd jlvid y hi`l quf aljsfjtirïd cd ujiñj si fc
`lvfj plhïd fcfkir d cd amiad dhfaudhd hf cds hls. Jl euf ujd tdrfd eäaic yd
quf frdj ouy pdrfaihds pfrl eijdcofjtf rfaljlaiñ d su dodhd plr cd
elrod fj quf sus sdjhdcids fstdbdj dtdhds. Fjtljafs su pdhrf cf prloftiñ
ujd hltf hf tdjtds lvf`ds, vdads, adbrds y adbdccls alol puhifrd aljtdr
"sij vdaicdr l rfspirdr", y oifjtrds aljtdbd cls djiodcfs sdcïdj hfc cdkl.
Hfspués hf fsl cd pdrf`d sf euf d vivir d ujd krdj`d afradjd y vivifrlj dccï
fj prlspfrihdh y efciaihdh, y cfs jdaifrlj trfs mi`ls. Vj hïd eufrlj ijvitdhls
d uj bdutizl. Cd fsplsd jl qufrïd ir pfrl fc odrihl ijsistiñ, y audjhl fccd
tdrhñ fj trdfr cls adbdccls hfc adopl, éc cf hil ujd pdcodhd `lalsd fj fc
mlobrl alj su kudjtf, fj cl quf fccd cf rfalrhñ su daufrhl. Fj ltrd
ladsiñj fj quf fstdbdj `ujtls fj ujd blhd, fccd rlopiñ fj cäkriods fj
ofhil hf cd dcfkrf alopdôïd, y audjhl su odrihl, häjhlcf ujd pdcodhd fj
fc mlobrl, cf prfkujtñ cd rdzñj hf fccl, fccd rfspljhiñ0 "Dmlrd fopifzdj
cls prlbcfods pdrd fstd pdrf`d, y pdrd ti tdobiéj, plrquf fstf fs fc
sfkujhl klcpf." Hfspués hf uj tifopl suafhiñ quf dsistifrlj d uj fjtifrrl
y, fj aljtrdstf alj fc cutl kfjfrdc, fccd adyñ fj dtdqufs hf risd
ijolhfrdhd. Jdturdcofjtf fstl frd ouy hieïaic pdrd su odrihl, dsï quf cd
klcpfñ y cf dhvirtiñ quf jl sf rifrd. Fccd hi`l quf sf mdbïd rfïhl plrquf cd
kfjtf, audjhl oufrf, sf cibrd hf sus prflaupdailjfs7 y fjtljafs sf
cfvdjtñ y sdciñ hf cd adsd alj fstds pdcdbrds0 "Fc ðctiol klcpf md sihl hdhl7
jufstrl odtrioljil fstä rltl y md tfroijdhl. Dhiñs". Fjtljafs, aljvladjhl
d tlhls sus djiodcfs hf cd krdj`d, sf hirikiñ alj tlhl fc rfbdôl hf vufctd dc
cdkl y sf zdobuccñ. Cd mistlrid jl hiaf cl quf cf pdsñ dc hfsaljslcdhl
odrihl, pfrl aufjtd quf cls mi`ls vdkdbdj d ofjuhl plr cls dcrfhfhlrfs
hfc cdkl y quf su odhrf sf cfs dpdrfaïd d vfafs dccï. Hf mfaml, fccd cf
rfvfcñ dc odylr quf éc bfjfeiaidrïd d cd muodjihdh aljvirtiéjhlsf fj uj
aurdjhfrl. Cf hil uj sdal hf rfaftds oéhiads pdrd fstf prlpñsitl y cf
prloftiñ quf vfjhrïd audjhl éc jfafsitdrd su aljsf`l. Hf mfaml, sf olstrñ
alj erfaufjaid y fjsfôñ d sus mi`ls cds audcihdhfs hf cds mifrbds aurdtivds,
hf olhl quf dcadjzdrlj krdj afcfbrihdh plr su aljlaioifjtl y mdbicihdh
oéhiad. Qf hiaf quf cls ðctiols hfsafjhifjtfs hf fstd edoicid hf oéhials
ourifrlj fj 4;49 y 4;19.
 

Cd mistlrid, plr cl tdjtl, jl sf rfeifrf ðjiadofjtf d ujd rfcdaiñj ijstijtivd y

frñtiad7 cd ou`fr hfc dkud trdf d su odrihl prlspfrihdh y trdjsoitf d sus
mi`ls uj aljlaioifjtl hf cds mifrbds aurdtivds quf fs lbvidofjtf hfbihl d
su aljfxiñj alj cd jdturdcfzd. Fxistfj ijjuofrdbcfs cfyfjhds sioicdrfs
rfcdailjdhds alj pfrsljds aljarftds quf sf rfoljtdj d cds ou`frfs hfc
dkud y quf slj ouy prlvfamlsds. Cls tdbðfs jl slj sifoprf cls oisols7 d
vfafs fc mlobrf jl pufhf tladr d su fsplsd alj mifrrl,  l jl pufhf hfair
15

pdcdbrds mlsticfs oäs hf trfs vfafs, y dsï suafsivdofjtf. ^frl sifoprf cd

vilcdaiñj hf cd aljhiaiñj rfsuctd hf cd edctd hf dtfjaiñj, l hf uj edtïhial
daaihfjtf7 jujad fs ijtfjailjdc. ^lr irrdailjdcfs quf sfdj fstds
aljhiailjfs fj sï oisods, fc fefatl quf sf hfrivd hf su vilcdaiñj fs tdj
aljsistfjtf f ijvdridbcf alol ujd cfy jdturdc. ^lrquf cls sfrfs ofhil
muodjls alol éstls elrodj pdrtf hf cd jdturdcfzd y jl plsffj cd cibfrtdh
hf fcfaaiñj pfroitihd dc mlobrf, cl quf cf pfroitf d vfafs aloplrtdrsf hf
ujd odjfrd quf jl alrrfspljhf d cds cfyfs hf cd jdturdcfzd, alol plr
f`fopcl audjhl su aloplrtdoifjtl fstä hftfroijdhl plr pfrafpailjfs y
sfjtioifjtls quf cl fcfvdj plr fjaiod hf cl purdofjtf jdturdc.
Ouaml sf pufhf dprfjhfr fj fstd mistlrid hf cls trfs ijaihfjtfs fj cls quf
fc mdhd hfc dkud rfaibf cls klcpfs edtdcfs. Cd priofrd ladsiñj fs uj
bdutizl, fj fc quf fccd jl hfsfd pdrtiaipdr, y fstl sikjieiad quf fc ritl
aristidjl fs rfpukjdjtf pdrd su jdturdcfzd pdkdjd. Qfkðj cds ihfds hf cd
éplad, cls sfrfs fcels sf dcf`dbdj hf tlhl cl aristidjl7 sf hfaïd quf cls
sfroljfs hf cls oisiljfrls aristidjls cls dmuyfjtdbdj y prlvladbdj pdrd
dtrdfrcls d cd tifrrd (d cds ccdodhds alcijds hf cds mdhds). Fj fc sfkujhl
ijaihfjtf fstdccd fj cäkriods fj ujd ladsiñj dcfkrf, y fj fc tfrafrl
pfrturbd fc muolr hf cutl alj ujd risd hfslrhfjdhd7 sf aloplrtd hf
odjfrd ijdhdptdhd y sus hfacdrdailjfs, dujquf cf pdrfafj rdzljdbcfs, jl
sf d`ustdj d cds airaujstdjaids. Fstl ijhiad quf sf fstä fxprfsdjhl dckl
ijhiefrfjaidhl, plrquf cls fcfofjtls dðj ijaljsaifjtfs l rfprioihls hf cd
pfrsljdcihdh pfrodjfafj prioitivls f ijhiefrfjaidhls, y audjhl sf
odjieifstdj hf fstd elrod, sf hiaf quf jl fstäj dhdptdhls.
Odjiefstdailjfs sioicdrfs pufhfj sfr lbsfrvdhds l fxpfriofjtdhds
ijtfrilrofjtf plr audcquifr pfrsljd fj audcquifr olofjtl. Fc jixif quf
vivf fj fc dkud, fs hfair, fj fc ijaljsaifjtf, rfprfsfjtd cl efofjijl fj uj
fstdhl sfoimuodjl, adsi ijaljsaifjtf.
 

Fj cd ofhihd fj quf fstä adsdhd alj uj mlobrf, sf pufhf supljfr quf

rfprfsfjtd su äjiod ijaljsaifjtf y jdturdc, `ujtl alj su sfjtioifjtl
ijhiefrfjaidhl, yd quf sus trdjskrfsiljfs laurrfj fj fstf äobitl. Dc
oisol tifopl, mdy quf sfôdcdr quf jl fstä dhdptdhd d aufstiljfs hf
sfjtioifjtl ijhivihudc sijl alcfativl. Fs uj mfaml quf cls alopljfjtfs
ijaljsaifjtfs hf cd pfrsljdcihdh (fc äjiod, fc äjious y cd slobrd), l cds
eujailjfs ijefrilrfs hf ujl, slj sifoprf cds quf fc oujhl fjaufjtrd
lefjsivds, y quf plr cl tdjtl slj rfprioihds ujd y ltrd vfz. Cd hfsdpdriaiñj
hfc jixif fj su fcfofjtl hfsaribf cl quf suafhf audjhl uj aljtfjihl
ijaljsaifjtf sdcf d cd supfreiaif pfrl fstä tdj plal allrhijdhl alj cd
aljaifjaid hfc fkl quf sf mujhf djtf cd oäs oïjiod prlvladaiñj. Tuf sf
rfquifrd tdj plal pdrd quf fstl suafhd oufstrd auäj eukdafs y eäaicofjtf
hdôdhls fstäj fstls aljtfjihls. Fj fstf aljtfxtl, tdobiéj, pfrtfjfaf cd
vfjkdjzd quf cls sfrfs fcels tlodj audjhl slj hfsprfaidhls l ijsuctdhls,
yd quf slj fxtrfodhdofjtf susafptibcfs y fs prlbdbcf quf pfrsfvfrfj fj
cls rfsfjtioifjtls jl olhieiadhls plr jijkðj fjtfjhioifjtl muodjl. Cl
oisol pufhf hfairsf hfc äjiod, hfc äjious y hf cds eujailjfs
ijhiefrfjaidhds7 fj fefatl, cd fxdkfrdhd susafptibicihdh quf sf fjaufjtrd
alj erfaufjaid fj ltrls sdbils mlobrfs plhfrlsls fs uj sikjl hf cd
iopciadaiñj hfc äjiod. Xdobiéj sf hisaifrjf fj fc äjiod cd ijadcaucdbicihdh,
cd piadrhïd y cd erfaufjtf odciaid hf fstls fspïritus fcfofjtdcfs, quf
aljstituyfj fc rfvfrsl hf su fjadjtl mfamiafrl. Fstls sfrfs slj
iopcïaitdofjtf irrdailjdcfs, bufjls y odcls, ðticfs y hdôijls, sdjdhlrfs y
hfstruativls, alol cd jdturdcfzd oisod hf cd quf elrodj pdrtf. 1;  Y fc
äjiod, alol dspfatl ijaljsaifjtf y efofjijl hfc mlobrf, jl fs fc ðjial
quf oufstrd fstds audcihdhfs7 cl oisol pufhf vfrsf fj ouamds ou`frfs.
^drd cd ou`fr, fj kfjfrdc, hfbihl d su tdrfd bilcñkiad, md pfrodjfaihl
alol uj sfr oäs fcfofjtdc quf fc mlobrf, y d ofjuhl odjieifstd fstf tipl
hf aloplrtdoifjtl oäs l ofjls acdrdofjtf. Fs eäaic pdrd uj mlobrf
prlyfatdr cd iodkfj hfc äjiod d cds ou`frfs oäs fcfofjtdcfs7 fccds
alrrfspljhfj tdj fxdatdofjtf d su prlpid efoijihdh ijaljsaifjtf. Hfbihl
d fstl, cds aridturds fcfofjtdcfs, prfefribcfofjtf jixifs, tdobiéj dpdrfafj
d ofjuhl fj cds ioäkfjfs hf cls sufôls y edjtdsïds hf cds ou`frfs.
 

^ufhfj rfprfsfjtdr cd efoijihdh jl hfsdrrlccdhd y dðj jdturdc hf cd ou`fr

fj aufstiñj, l bifj su eujaiñj ijefrilr7 d ofjuhl, sij fobdrkl, slj elrods
ijaipifjtfs hf cd pfrsljdcihdh supfrilr, hfc Yl. Fj fstd cfyfjhd
fjaljtrdols ltrl rdskl adrdatfrïstial, d sdbfr, cd hljafccd hf dkud
pfijäjhlsf, alol cd Clrfcfi, y rfecf`äjhlsf fj fc cdkl. Fc pfijdhl hfc
adbfccl pufhf sfr rfaljlaihl sij hieiauctdh alol uj ofhil hf dtrdaaiñj
sfxudc quf dðj sf uticizd mly fj hïd. Oirdrsf fj fc fspf`l pfrtfjfaf d fsl, y
cds hls daailjfs `ujtds sf dtribuyfj d ofjuhl d cd eikurd hfc äjiod fj cd
citfrdturd y cds drtfs pcästiads. 1= ^frl fc fspf`l alol dtributl hf cd eikurd
hf äjiod tifjf dðj ltrl sikjieiadhl. Vjd eujaiñj hfc äjiod fs sfr uj fspf`l
pdrd uj mlobrf, pdrd rfecf`dr sus pfjsdoifjtls, hfsfls y folailjfs,
alol cl mdaïdj cds Udcgirids. ^rfaisdofjtf plr fsl fs tdj ioplrtdjtf pdrd
éc, si sf trdtd hf ujd eikurd ijtfrilr l prlyfatdhd d ujd ou`fr rfdc, fxtfrilr7
hf fstd odjfrd sf hd aufjtd hf alsds slbrf cds quf tlhdvïd fstä
ijaljsaifjtf. D ofjuhl, pdrd fstdr sfkurls, fstf eujailjdoifjtl hfc äjiod
jl aljhuaf d ujd odylr aljaifjaid y dutlaljlaioifjtl, sijl siopcfofjtf
d uj dutl-fspf`doifjtl quf mdcdkd cd vdjihdh hfc mlobrf, l ijacusl d ujd
dutlalopdsiñj sfjtiofjtdc. Dobds alsds duofjtdj jdturdcofjtf fc plhfr
hfc äjiod y plr cl tdjtl jl fstäj fxfjtds hf pfcikrl. Qij fobdrkl, fs pdrtf
hf cd jdturdcfzd efofjijd sfrvir dc mlobrf alol fspf`l, y cd dhlrdaiñj tdj
tljieiadjtf quf cd ou`fr hfsdrrlccd d ofjuhl, fs cl quf cd mdaf
fspfaidcofjtf dptd pdrd ccfvdr cd prlyfaaiñj hfc äjiod hfc mlobrf.
Cd bfccd Ofcusijf, tdobiéj, pfrtfjfaïd d cd rdzd hf cds mdhds hfc dkud, 19  y,
dujquf cd cfyfjhd slbrf fccd fs bifj aljlaihd, aljtifjf vdrils pujtls
ioplrtdjtfs, plr cl quf cd hdré brfvfofjtf. 8>  Rdioujhl, mi`l dhlptivl hfc
Aljhf hf ^litifrs, mdbïd odtdhl dc Aljhf fj uj daaihfjtf hf adzd y muyñ dc
blsquf fj ujd pfjd ijslcubcf. Dccï, fj uj acdrl, sf fjaljtrñ alj trfs
mfrolsds hljafccds sfjtdhds `ujtl d uj odjdjtidc, ujd hf cds audcfs frd
Ofcusijf. Éc cf trdjsoitiñ su hlclr y fccd cf hil uj bufj aljsf`l, y éc sf
fjdolrñ hf fccd y cf pihiñ quf sf adsdrd alj éc. Fccd dafptñ alj ujd
aljhiaiñj, quf éc pdsdrd tlhls cls säbdhls fj alopcftd slcfhdh sij
olcfstdrcd. Éc dafptñ fstl y vivifrlj efciafs `ujtls hurdjtf ouamls dôls.
Fccd cf hil vdrils mi`ls, pfrl tlhls tfjïdj dckl djlrodc y oljstrulsl.
 Xdobiéj mizl aljstruir uj fspcéjhihl adsticcl y cf pusl fc jlobrf hf
"Cusijid", dujquf oäs tdrhf sf cf aljlaiñ alol Cusikjdj. Vj säbdhl,
 

prflaupdhl plr cls ruolrfs quf cf ccfkdbdj slbrf su fsplsd, Rdyoljh cd

fspiñ y, dc fjaljtrdrcd fj su audrtl hf bdôl, sf mlrrlrizñ quf tuvifrd cd
alcd hf uj pfz l ujd sfrpifjtf odrijd. Dc prijaipil, fstf hfsaubrioifjtl jl
pdrfaiñ mdafr jijkujd hiefrfjaid, pfrl plal hfspués ccfkñ cd jltiaid hf quf
ujl hf cls mi`ls hf Ofcusijf mdbïd dtdadhl y qufodhl uj oljdstfril quf
mdbïd eujhdhl, y quf ltrl hf cls mi`ls, quf frd olj`f dccï, mdbïd pfrfaihl.
Fccd trdtñ hf aljslcdr d su odrihl, pfrl éc cd fopu`ñ hiaifjhl0 "¡Eufrd,
sfrpifjtf lhilsd, aljtdoijdhlrd hf oi mljlrdbcf rdzd!" Djtf fstds
pdcdbrds sf hfsodyñ. ^frl audjhl sf rfaupfrñ, sf hfspihiñ cclrdjhl hf su
odrihl y fjalofjhñ d cls jiôls d su auihdhl7 cufkl, vlcdjhl plr cd
vfjtdjd, hfsdpdrfaiñ "alj uj cdrkl cdofjtl hf dkljïd". Oäs tdrhf
rfdpdrfaiñ hf vfz fj audjhl pdrd auihdr d cls jiôls, dckujls hf cls audcfs
frdj pfqufôls, y hurdjtf ouaml tifopl pfrsistiñ cd cfyfjhd hf quf
rfdpdrfafrïd slbrf cds ourdccds hfc adsticcl audjhl ujl hf cls Qfôlrfs hf
Cusikjdj, quf sf supljïd quf frdj sus hfsafjhifjtfs, fstuvifrd d pujtl hf
olrir. Cd aljhiaiñj hf Ofcusijf frd quf sf cf pfroitifrd ujd vfz d cd
sfodjd vlcvfr d su fcfofjtl y rftlodr su elrod hf jixif. Fstf fs fc
sfarftl quf jl pufhf sfr fspidhl. Cl jl muodjl, cl jdturdc, fj fstf adsl
cd alcd hf pfsadhl, jl hfbf sfr vistl. Fs rdzljdbcf supljfr quf fc bdôl
sfodjdc alj su rftlrjl dc fstdhl jdturdc fquivdcf d ujd rfjlvdaiñj hf cd
vihd. Fc dkud fs, fj fefatl, fc fcfofjtl hf vihd plr fxafcfjaid.
Fs ijhispfjsdbcf pdrd cd prfsfrvdaiñj hf cd vihd, y cls bdôls aurdtivls l
odjdjtidcfs quf trdfj aljsikl cd rfaupfrdaiñj y rfjlvdaiñj hf cd vihd
sifoprf sf mdj aljsihfrdhl juoijlsls, y d ofjuhl mdj klzdhl hf
vfjfrdaiñj rfcikilsd. 84  ^frl cls auctls d cls ärblcfs, cds pifhrds y cls
odjdjtidcfs, dsï alol cd qufod hf eufkls y cuafs `ujtl d fccls, eufrlj
prlmibihls alol präatiads pdkdjds 82  plr fc aljaicil hf Dviôñj fj fc dôl
882 h.A. Fj su cukdr sf cfvdjtdj ioäkfjfs hf cd Uirkfj, hfalrdhds alj
eclrfs y vfcds, afrad hf cls odjdjtidcfs fj ouamls cukdrfs alol
fxprfsiljfs aristidjds hfc djtikul sfjtioifjtl quf dðj mly slbrfvivf. Vj
jlobrf aljlaihl hf Odrïd fs "pfkf", quf sikjieiad priodvfrd. Cd adcihdh
juoijlsd hfc dkud tdobiéj sf fxprfsd fj fc djtikul aljafptl hf "dkud hf
vihd" alj plhfr slbrfjdturdc, l fc "dqud pfrodjfjs" hf cls dcquioistds.
Cds jijeds l mdhds quf vivfj fj cls odjdjtidcfs l afrad hf fccls tifjfj ujd
deijihdh fspfaidc alj fc dkud, quf sf arff quf fs fc fcfofjtl hf cd vihd, y
 

alol cd eufjtf hf cd vihd fs uj oistfril sij rfslcvfr, tdobiéj cd jijed tifjf

slbrf fccd dckl oistfrilsl quf hfbf pfrodjfafr lauctl. Fj aifrtl sfjtihl,
fstls sfrfs slj cls kudrhidjfs hf cls odjdjtidcfs y aifrtls odjdjtidcfs
aurdtivls tifjfj uj sdjtl pdtrljl mdstd fc hïd hf mly0 Bdhfj, plr f`fopcl,
tifjf d Qdjtd Ufrfjd, quf rffopcdzñ d ujd jijed pdkdjd y tdobiéj fstä
aljfatdhd alj Ufjus.
Fc äjiod, auyl jlobrf fxprfsd su adräatfr djiodhlr, auopcf ujd eujaiñj
sioicdr. Dsï quf d ofjuhl dpdrfaf fj sufôls l edjtdsïds alol fstf tipl hf
sfr hf mdhds. ^lr f`fopcl, uj `lvfj, quf frd ouy rdailjdc fj su datituh y
plr cl tdjtl fxpufstl dc pfcikrl hf cd hfsfstdbicizdaiñj, slôdbd hf cd
sikuifjtf odjfrd0 "Fstly dtrdvfsdjhl uj hfjsl blsquf7 fjtljafs, vifjf
mdaid oï ujd ou`fr fjvufctd fj uj lsaurl vfcl, quf of tlod hf cd odjl y
hiaf quf of ccfvdrä dc odjdjtidc hf cd vihd." Dc rfcdtdr ujd fxpfrifjaid
tfoprdjd, fc fsaritlr ijkcés [iccido Qmdrp 81 (4=66-49>6) aufjtd hf ujd
mfrolsd ou`fr bcdjad hfc blsquf quf sf cf dpdrfaiñ `ujtl d uj pfqufôl
cdkl rlhfdhl hf ärblcfs. Hf jiôl cd ccdoñ "L`ls hf Fstrfccd", oäs tdrhf
"Qfôlrd hfc Odr", y hiaf quf cd aljlaïd "alol cd ou`fr quf fstä fj fc
alrdzñj hf cds ou`frfs hf ltlôl". Acdrdofjtf, fccd fs cd iodkfj priodrid
hf cd efoijihdh, ujd ijaljeujhibcf eikurd djiod. 88 Fc äjiod rfprfsfjtd cd
aljfxiñj alj fc odjdjtidc l eufjtf hf vihd fj fc ijaljsaifjtf. Audjhl jl
fxistf tdc aljfxiñj, l audjhl sf rlopf, sf prlhuaf uj fstdhl hf
fstdjadoifjtl l hf tlrpfzd, d ofjuhl tdj ijquiftdjtf quf mdaf quf cd
pfrsljd iopciadhd busquf uj psiquidtrd. Kltterifh Gfccfr hfsaribf fstd
aljhiaiñj hf elrod ioprfsiljdjtf fj su plfod "Jlamf hf Ijvifrjl". 86 "Ji
uj dcd bdtiñ fj fc aifcl hf ijvifrjl, quiftd y hfscuobrdjtfofjtf bcdjad cd
jifvf adïhd. Jl mdy jubfs quf aubrdj cds fstrfccds fj cl dctl7 Jl mdy lcds
quf tirfj hfc cdkl aljkfcdhl hf dbd`l. "Hf cl prleujhl sf fcfvñ uj ärblc hf
dkud mdstd quf su alpd sf aljkfcñ fj cd alrtijd hf mifcl7 fj ujd rdod uj
jixif trfpñ mdaid oï, oirdjhl mdaid drribd d trdvés hfc vfrhf erïkihl.
"^drdhl dmï drribd fj cd cäoijd hf aristdc quf of sfpdrdbd hf cds
prleujhihdhfs tdj jfkrds y lsaurds, plhïd vfr, dmlrd afrad bd`l ois pifs,
su bcdjad bfccfzd rfcuaifjtf, oifobrl plr oifobrl. "Fccd, fj cd oisfrid
dpdkdhd, sljhfñ pdrd fjaljtrdr fj fsf tfaml rïkihl dckðj fspdail eisurdhl
- Fccd fstä sifoprf, sifoprf, fj oi ofjtf7 Jujad lcvihdré su rlstrl
slobrïl."
 

Cd jixif, prisiljfrd fj fc mifcl, alrrfspljhf d cd prijafsd fjadjtdhd fj cd

oljtdôd hf aristdc, quf sf ofjailjñ djtfrilrofjtf7 tdjtl fc aristdc alol fc
mifcl elrodj ujd drodhurd erïd, hurd y rïkihd, dprisiljdjhl cl quf fstä vivl
pdrd quf tfjkd quf sfr cibfrdhl. Ltrd adrdatfrïstiad ioplrtdjtf hf cd
cfyfjhd hf Ofcusijf hfbf sfr ofjailjdhd. Audjhl su mi`l prfjhf eufkl dc
oljdstfril quf Ofcusijf md eujhdhl, fstl lbvidofjtf fxprfsd fc
djtdkljisol yd ofjailjdhl fjtrf cd rdzd fced y fc aristidjisol. ^lr ltrl
cdhl, sfkðj ouamls rfcdtls, pdrfaf quf fstls sfrfs tdobiéj hfsfdbdj cd
rfhfjaiñj. ^drdafcsl, quf fsaribiñ ujd cftdjïd slbrf fspïritus fcfofjtdcfs
alol jijeds, sïceihfs, pikofls y sdcdodjhrds, hiaf quf dujquf sf pdrfafj
d cls sfrfs muodjls, jl hfsaifjhfj hf Dhäj y jl tifjfj dcod. Cd kfjtf hfc
dkud fs cd quf oäs sf pdrfaf d cls mlobrfs f ijtfjtd alj oäs fopfôl
fjtrdr fj aljtdatl alj cls muodjls. Jl sñcl mdj sihl vistls plr fc mlobrf,
sijl quf sf mdj adsdhl alj éc y cf mdj hdhl mi`ls. 85 Y oäs dccä0 "Qf hiaf
quf cds jijeds vifjfj d jlsltrls hfshf fc dkud, y sf sifjtdj fj cds lriccds
hf cls drrlyls hljhf tifjfj su olrdhd, hljhf slj vistds, tlodhds tdobiéj,
dtrdpdhds y adsdhds, alol hi`iols djtfs." 8;  ^lr cd ujiñj alj uj mlobrf
rfaibfj uj dcod y tdobiéj cls mi`ls hf tdcfs ujiljfs plsffj dcods. "Hf
fstl sf hfhuaf quf alrtf`dj dc mlobrf y quf cl busadj dsihudofjtf y fj
sfarftl," 8; hf cd oisod odjfrd quf uj "pdkdjl rufkd plr fc bdutisol y cl
alrtf`d pdrd dhquirir su dcod y vlcvfrsf vivl fj Aristl." Fstds
hisplsiailjfs hf ^drdafcsl prlplrailjdrlj fc odtfridc pdrd cd Ljhd hf E.
hf cd Olttf Eluquf, 8=  fsaritd d prijaipils hfc sikcl ]I], fs hfair, fj fc
pfrïlhl rloäjtial, audjhl cd ihfd hf uj dcod ijecuyfjhl fj cd jdturdcfzd
euf rfvivihd, y tdobiéj audjhl sf mdbcñ plr priofrd vfz hf cd ihfd hfc
ijaljsaifjtf. 89  Fj fstd mistlrid fc oltivl afjtrdc fs cd edctd hf dcod hfc
jixif. Vjhijf fs cd mi`d hf uj rfy hfc odr quf rfijd fj fc Ofhitfrräjfl. ^lr
hfsfl hf éc, pdrd quf fccd pufhd dhquirir uj dcod, fs ccfvdhd fj sfarftl d
ujd pdrf`d hf pfsadhlrfs, quifjfs, arfyfjhl quf su prlpil mi`l sf md
dmlkdhl, tlodj fj su cukdr d ujd jiôd muéredjd. Vjhijf arfaf alol ujd
jiôd fjadjtdhlrd, pfrl d ofjuhl histdjaid d sus pdhrfs dhlptivls plr su
jdturdcfzd fxtrdôdofjtf ijedjtic, y su aljstdjtf ijacijdaiñj d cds
trdvfsurds.
Hurdjtf ujd tlrofjtd uj adbdccfrl frrdjtf busad rfeukil fj cd adbdôd hfc
pfsadhlr, y Vjhijf, dujquf jlrodcofjtf fs adpriamlsd y tïoihd, fs
 

aljeidhdofjtf doistlsd
doistlsd alj éc. Qu fjadjtl y sus odjfrds ijedjticfs cf
fjadjtdj y, alol cd tlrofjtd md hfsvidhl aljvfjifjtfofjtf d uj pdhrf
rfvfrfjhl d cd adbdôd, cd pdrf`d sf adsd alj
al j éc. ^frl dmlrd Vjhijf dhoitf d
su odrihl quf jl tifjf dcod, y éc aloifjzd d sfjtirsf ijañolhl. D pfsdr
hf tlhl su dolr, fstä pcdkdhl hf cd ihfd hf fstdr adsdhl alj uj sfr hf cd
oisod jdturdcfzd. Fccd cf rufkd quf jl cd dbdjhljf, yd quf su acdsf jl
pufhf kdjdr dcods fxafptl d trdvés hf uj vïjaucl hf dolr muodjl. Qñcl cf
pihf ujd alsd0 quf jujad, slbrf tlhl si fstäj afrad hfc dkud, cf hikd ujd
pdcdbrd hurd, plrquf si cl mdaf, cls kudrhidjfs hfc dkud vfjhräj d
busadrcd. Fc adbdccfrl cd ccfvd d su adsticcl, y fjtljafs fc hfstijl dpdrfaf
fj cd eikurd hf Bfrtmdchd, ujd hdoisfcd quf fspfrdbd aljvfrtirsf fj su
fsplsd. Vjhijf cd rfaibf hf elrod doistlsd, pfrl fc adbdccfrl sf sifjtf
adhd vfz oäs ijañolhl. Eijdcofjtf, oifjtrds jdvfkdj plr fc Hdjubil, fstd
ijquiftuh sf fxprfsd fj su dausdaiñj hf bru`frïd y odcdbdrisol audjhl, fj
cukdr hfc alccdr hf Bfrtmdchd quf mdbïd adïhl dc dkud, cfvdjtd ujd adhfjd
hf alrdcfs. 6>  ^rleujhdofjtf mfrihd, Vjhijf sf bdcdjafd hf cd bdrad y
hfsdpdrfaf cclrdjhl bd`l cd alrrifjtf hf dkud, pfrl jl sij djtfs dhvfrtir d
su odrihl quf si jl sf odjtifjf eifc d fccd cls fspïritus hfc dkud sf
vfjkdräj. Qij fobdrkl, su odtrioljil alj Bfrtmdchd fstä prñxiol d sfr
rfdcizdhl. Fc hïd hf cd blhd Bfrtmdchd pihf quf cf trdikdj su claiñj hf
bfccfzd hfc plzl hfc adsticcl, quf prfvidofjtf mubifrd sihl sfccdhl plr
lrhfj hf Vjhijf, pdrd fvitdr quf fjtrfj cls fspïritus hfc dkud. Audjhl sf
quitd cd pifhrd, cd eikurd hf Vjhijf fofrkf vfcdhd fj bcdjal. Cclrdjhl, sf
hirikf mdaid fc adsticcl y klcpfd sudvfofjtf cd vfjtdjd hf su odrihl. Fj uj
fspf`l cd vf fjtrdr y dafradrsf d éc. Oifjtrds sf dafrad d su hiväj, hiaf0
"Mdj dbifrtl fc plzl, dsï quf vfjkl, y dmlrd hfbfs olrir". Dc hfvfcdrsf, cl
tlod fj sus brdzls y éc oufrf oifjtrds fccd cl bfsd.
Fj cd cfyfjhd hf Qikerihl fstl `ufkd uj pdpfc ioplrtdjtf, yd quf cd cuamd
fjtrf cds Udcquirids Briijjfmichf y Amrifo-michf, d ofjuhl aljhuaf d
krdjhfs hieiauctdhfs fj cd vihd rfdc. Eujhdofjtdcofjtf, tdc aljeciatl
fxprfsd cd lplsiaiñj fjtrf hls oujhls, fc fxtfrilr y fc ijtfrilr, fc
aljsaifjtf y fc ijaljsaifjtf, cl audc pdrfaf sfr cd tdrfd fspfaidc hf jufstrl
tifopl pdrd tfjhfr uj pufjtf. Ltrl tipl hf fxpfrifjaid hfc äjiod sf
prfsfjtd fj "Cf Cdi hf Cdjvdc‟   62  quf elrod pdrtf hfc aiacl hf cfyfjhds
brftljds. Cdjvdc frd uj adbdccfrl quf pfrtfjfaïd d cd alopdôïd hfc Rfy
 

Drturl, pfrl sf sfjtïd ikjlrdhl plrquf jl tfjïd sueiaifjtf riqufzd pdrd

mdafr ujd bufjd fxmibiaiñj. Vj hïd, sij fobdrkl, aljlaiñ d ujd mfrolsd
hljafccd fj uj odjdjtidc7 fccd cl aljhu`l d su dðj oäs mfrolsd
alopdôfrd, quifj cl fjtrftuvl odrdvicclsdofjtf y cf mizl fc edvlr hf su
dolr. Qu ðjiad aljhiaiñj
aljhiaiñj frd quf éc jujad trdiailjdrd d jijkujd hf cds
cds
pdrtfs. Xdobiéj prloftiñ auopcir tlhls sus hfsfls y dpdrfafr audjhl éc cd
hfsfdrd. Krdaids d fstl, sus ltrls hfsfls eufrlj sdtisefamls, y euf adpdz
hf fquipdrsf alj dckujls ofhils pdrd kdjdr oäs y oäs aljsihfrdaiñj fj
cd alrtf. Ijacusl dtrd`l cd dtfjaiñj hf cd rfijd, quf cf lerfaiñ su dolr.
Audjhl cd rfamdzñ, fccd sf sijtiñ tdj mfrihd quf eijdcofjtf cf lbcikñ d
dhoitir quf tfjïd ujd dodjtf oäs mfrolsd quf fccd. Fjedhdhd, fxikiñ quf
fc rfy ccdodrd d Cdjvdc djtf cd alrtf pdrd hfefjhfrsf hfc adrkl hf mdbfr
ijsuctdhl d cd rfijd. ^drd mdafrcl, tfjhrïd quf prlbdr quf su dodjtf frd
rfdcofjtf tdj bfccd alol éc hfaïd. ^frl cd hieiauctdh frd quf dmlrd yd jl
plhïd aljvladr d su dodhd, plrquf mdbrïd trdiailjdhl fc sfarftl hf su
dolr. Xlhd fspfrdjzd pdrfaïd pfrhihd audjhl, dalopdôdhl plr audtrl
mfrolsds hdods y oljtdhl fj ujd fspcéjhihd adrrlzd bcdjad, su dodhd
dpdrfaiñ, alol cd bfccfzd fj pfrsljd, vfstihd hf bcdjal y alj uj odjtl
pðrpurd. Cdjvdc fstdbd dmlrd `ustieiadhl7 tlhls sf vifrlj lbcikdhls d
dhoitir quf jl mdbïd prftfjhihl hfodsidhl. Cd adjaiñj tfroijd alj fc mdhd
quf sf ccfvd su dolr fj fc adbdccl d su rfijl.61 
Qfr ccfvdhl dc pdïs hf cds mdhds fs, psialcñkiadofjtf, uj oltivl ouy
ioplrtdjtf. Fj cd trdhiaiñj afctd fstf rfijl jl tifjf fc adräatfr tfrribcf y
tfofrlsl quf plsff fj ltrls cukdrfs. Jl fs uj rfijl hf cls oufrtls, sijl
quf sf ccdod "Xifrrd hf cls vivls" l "Xifrrd bd`l cds lcds", y sf arff quf
fstä alopufstl hf "iscds vfrhfs", quf fstäj mdbitdhds plr sfrfs efofjijls
mfrolsls y d vfafs ccdodhds "iscds hf ou`frfs". 68 Ftfrjdofjtf `ñvfjfs y
mfrolsds, fstds aridturds hiserutdj hf ujd vihd sij pfjds, ccfjd hf oðsiad
y bdicf y hf cds dcfkrïds hfc dolr. Cds mdhds vivfj dquï, ijacuyfjhl d cd
edolsd Olrkdjcd Eff (Edtd Olrkdjd), auyl jlobrf iopciad quf fs
"odrijfrd", y d cd quf ccfvdj d sus dodjtfs muodjls. ^sialcñkiadofjtf,
fstf Fcïsfl, alopdrdbcf d cls @drhijfs hf cds Mfspérihfs, pufhf sfr
ijtfrprftdhl alol ujd tifrrd hf fjsufôl, quf fs fjadjtdhlrd y dkrdhdbcf,
plr supufstl, pfrl jl fxfjtd hf pfcikrl.
 

Fs bifj sdbihl quf fc äjiod klbifrjd fstf rfijl y aljhuaf fc adoijl mdaid
éc. Fc pfcikrl hf pfrhfrsf dccï, fs hfair, fj fc ijaljsaifjtf, pdrfaf mdbfrsf
sfjtihl ijacusl fj cls priofrls tifopls, yd quf ijjuofrdbcfs mistlrids
hfsaribfj dc adbdccfrl, dtrdpdhl fj cls cdzls hfc dolr, quf lcvihd sus
hfbfrfs hf adbdccfrl y fj ujd pdrf`d dutlsueiaifjtf alj su dodjtf sf dcf`d
hfc oujhl y hf cd rfdcihdh. Vj f`fopcl fxtrfol hf fstf tipl fs fc adsl hfc
fjadjtdhlr Ofrcïj, auyd dodhd, fc mdhd Uividj, usñ cds drtfs oäkiads quf
mdbïd dprfjhihl fsauamäjhlcl d fsaljhihds, pdrd dtdrcl fj cdzls ijvisibcfs
y fjafrrdrcl fj uj drbustl hf fspijl hfc quf jujad puhl fsadpdr. Fstd
mistlrid fs pdrtiaucdrofjtf ijstruativd plrquf cd eikurd hf Ofrcïj
fjadrjdbd tdj dhfaudhdofjtf cd aljaifjaid y cd edauctdh hf pfjsdr quf
edctdbd fj fc oujhl odsaucijl quf cf rlhfdbd. Frd uj cuaiefrijl, uj sfr
pdrfaihl d Ofeistl, y alol tdc rfprfsfjtdbd fc ijtfcfatl fj stdtu jdsafjhi,
fs hfair,
hfair, fj ujd elrod
elrod dðj prioitivd. D fstl hfbïd su plhfr oäkial7 pfrl
hfbihl d quf su cdhl efofjijl mdbïd sihl hfsauihdhl, cl mizl rftrlafhfr fj
elrod hf frls, y cioitñ cls micls hf cd jdturdcfzd d fstf mlobrf quf sf
mdbïd ihfjtieiadhl alj fc prijaipil hfc clkls. D uj pfrïlhl dckl plstfrilr
pfrtfjfaf cd cfyfjhd hf Xdjjmdusfr quf Riamdrh [dkjfr rfviviñ7
dpdrfjtfofjtf hdtd hfc sikcl ]U y euf dopcidofjtf aljlaihd fj fc ]UI fj
tlhd Quizd, Dcfodjid y cls ^dïsfs Bd`ls. 65
"Dmlrd quf mf fopfzdhl d dalstdrof alj Hdjmdusfr, tf adjtdré, y cds
odrdviccds quf md mfaml alj Ufjus, cd jlbcf
jl bcf Oijjif. 6; 
"Hdjmdusfr frd uj rlbustl adbdccfrl fj busad hf odrdviccds quf hfsfdbd

fjtrdr fj fc oljtf hf Ufjus, hljhf sf fjaufjtrdj cds ou`frfs bljitds."

Dsï fs alol aloifjzdj cd odylrïd hf cds vfrsiljfs hf cd adjaiñj, pfrl mdy
ujd elrod suizd hf Qt. Kdccfj, aljsihfrdhd ujd hf cds oäs djtikuds, quf
hiaf0
"Hdjusfr wds fij wujhrikf Gjdb Krduss [ujhfrkltfr kl samduf Fr klt
wlc ue hfr Erdu Urfjfsbfrk 6= Pu hfjf hri saméjf @ujkerduf.
"Hif sijh hif kdjzf [uamf kdr sam5 Oit Klch ujh oit Qihf bfmdjkf, Mdjh
Mdcssamofih dujh Odifgrl Do Qujtik sijh s' Ltrf ujh Qamcdjkf !"*
!"*

Hljhf cls rfsihfjtfs hf cls Ufjusbfrk slj odradhls alol pdrifjtfs hf

Ofcusijf.
 

Dujquf arfl quf pufhl dsuoir quf cd cfyfjhd fs edoicidr, rfalrhfols cds
airaujstdjaids. Hfspués hf quf Xdjjmdufr sf qufhñ ouaml tifopl fj fc
Ufjusbfrk, su aljaifjaid cl klcpfñ y euf d Rlod d pfhir cd dbslcuaiñj hfc
^dpd. ^frl fstl cf euf jfkdhl y sf cf hi`l quf su pfadhl jl sfrïd oäs
pfrhljdhl y quf cd rdod oufrtd quf tfjïd djtf éc sf vlcvfrïd vfrhf hf
jufvl. Dsï quf rfkrfsñ dc Ufjusbfrk y pfrodjfaiñ dccï, ijacusl audjhl fc
^dpd cf fjviñ uj ofjsd`frl alj cd jltiaid hf quf mdbïd laurrihl uj oicdkrl,
quf cd rdod mdbïd vufctl d sfr vfrhf. Fc eijdc hf cd adjaiñj, fj ouamds
vfrsiljfs, fs alol sikuf0 "Dsï quf éc, hfjtrl hfc oljtf, fcikf su dolr pdrd
sfr, y pdrd fc ^dpd, fc audrtl Vrbdjl, sf pifrhf ftfrjdofjtf." 5> Alol su
jlobrf cl ijhiad, Ufjusbfrk fs uj cukdr hf pcdafrfs y hfciaids hfc dolr
hljhf Ufjus tifjf ijecufjaid. 54  Alrrfspljhf fj tlhls cls sfjtihls d cds
"iscds hf cds ou`frfs" l cds alcijds hf cds mdhds, hf cds quf sf md mdbcdhl
djtfs, y tlhds cds cfyfjhds slbrf fccds sf pdrfafj ouaml fj quf aufjtdj
quf uj mlobrf fs dtrdïhl d tdc cukdr y rftfjihl dccï plr fc fjadjtl hf ujd
ou`fr, y quf jujad, l sñcl alj cd odylr hieiauctdh, pufhf fjaljtrdr su
sdcihd hf jufvl.
Vj f`fopcl hf fstl fj cd djtikófhdh euf Adcipsl, quf odjtuvl d Lhisfl fj
su iscd y cl cibfrñ sñcl d ijstdjaids hf cls hilsfs. Cd mfamiafrd Airaf
tdobiéj pfrtfjfaf d fstd adtfklrïd7 pfrl su pfrsljd`f frd oäs bifj hf
bru`d, yd quf aljvfrtïd d sus vïatiods, cls adodrdhds hf Lhisfl, fj afrhls.
Fc djtdkljisol fjtrf fc aristidjisol y fc pdkdjisol, yd ijsijudhl fj cd
mistlrid hf Ofcusijd, sdcf d cd cuz fj cd cfyfjhd hf Xdjjmdusfr. Qij
fobdrkl, fc pdkdjisol quf surkiñ fj cd éplad hfc Rfjdaioifjtl jl frd fc
hf cls pufbcls hfc jlrtf, sijl fc hf cd djtikófhdh. Vj f`fopcl dhfaudhl
pdrd jufstrl tfod fs cd edolsd Mipjfrltlodamid ^lcipmici hf Erdjafsal
Alcljjd. 52 Dquï uj olj`f hfsaribf añol, fj uj sufôl, su dodhd, cd jijed
^lcid, hfspués hf hf`drcf vfr y fxpfriofjtdr ujd sfrif hf fsafjds f
ioäkfjfs psialcñkiadofjtf sikjieiadtivds hf cd djtikófhdh acäsiad, cf ccfvd
eijdcofjtf d Aitfrfd, hljhf Ufjus cfs hd d dobls cd bfjhiaiñj. Ltrd lbrd
ioplrtdjtf hf ofjailjdr dquï fs Cf ^drdhis hf cd Rfyjf Qibyccf hf Djtlijf
hf cd Qdcf. 51 Euf aljsfrvdhl fj hls odjusaritls hfc sikcl ]U f ioprfsl fj
4624. Fstf "pdrdïsl", sfkðj ujd trdhiaiñj itdcidjd, sf fjaufjtrd fj cd
Oljtfhfccd Qibiccd fj cls Dpfjijls. Fc dutlr, quf md visitdhl fc cukdr, hd
aufjtd hf éc y hf cds trdhiailjfs rfcdailjdhds alj éc.
 

Qf supljf quf ujd aufvd fj cd oljtdôd fs cd fjtrdhd dc pdcdail hf cd Rfijd

Qibicd y su rfijl ijtfrilr alrrfspljhf fxdatdofjtf dc Ufjusbfrk. Cd
cfyfjhd sf dsfof`d d cd hf Xdjjmdusfr, fxafptl quf dquï dc adbdccfrl
drrfpfjtihl sf cf prloftf fc pfrhñj ijofhidtl hf sus pfadhls. Qij
fobdrkl, su fsauhfrl cf mdaf arffr quf fc pdpd cl fstä fjkdôdjhl y
rfdcofjtf prftfjhf fjadrafcdrcls, dsï quf dobls rfkrfsdj dc pdrdïsl hf cd
sibicd. Tuf fj fstd mistlrid cd rfijd y sus hljafccds sf rftirfj tlhls cls
vifrjfs d ofhidjlamf d sus dplsfjtls hurdjtf vfijtiaudtrl mlrds y
dsuodj elrods hf sfrpifjtf fs uj rdskl yd aljlaihl hf cd cfyfjhd hf cds
Ofcusijds. Cdofjtl quf fc fspdail hf quf hispljkl jl of pfroitd sfkuir
hisautifjhl fc cibrl. Qij fobdrkl, fs ijtfrfsdjtf, d cd cuz hf cl quf yd sf md
hiaml, jltdr quf fj fstd trdhiaiñj fc oljtf Ufjusbfrk y cd oljtdôd hf cd
sibicd slj ihéjtials. Qfkðj Hfsljdy, cd sibicd d cd quf sf rfeifrf fs cd hf
Auods, quf cf hi`l d Fjfds fc adoijl dc ijerdoujhl, fxpciaäjhlcf hñjhf sf
fjaljtrdbd cd rdod hlrdhd quf cf dbrirïd cd fjtrdhd. 58 Qf supljïd quf fstl
fstdbd fj ujd aufvd afrad hfc Cdkl Dvfrjl, y ujd krutd quf sf hiaf quf fs
cd hf cd sibicd tlhdvïd sf oufstrd fj cd vfaijhdh. Lbvidofjtf cd trdhiaiñj sf
md alobijdhl alj cd hf cd aufvd hfc Oljtf hfccd Qibiccd, quf tdobiéj sf
fjaufjtrd afrad hf uj cdkl y sf arff quf aljhuaf dc pdrdïsl hf cd Rfijd
Qibicd. 56 
^frl dðj mdy oäs0 Hfsljdy 55 alj`fturd quf plsibcfofjtf fstd krutd puhl
mdbfr sihl hfhiadhd dckujd vfz d Aibfcfs, cd odhrf hf cls hilsfs, auyl
auctl fj fc 2>8 d.A. euf ijtrlhuaihl fj Rlod alol rfsuctdhl hf uj hiaml fj
cls Cibrls Qibicijls, y plstfrilrofjtf sf fxtfjhiñ mdstd fc jlrtf hf Itdcid y
cd Kdcid. 5; Alol hdhlrd hf vihd y hilsd hf cd efrticihdh, Aibfcfs klbfrjdbd
cds dkuds7 alol Odhrf hf cd Oljtdôd y Qfôlrd hf cls Djiodcfs, dodbd y
klbfrjdbd tlhl cl quf frd sdcvd`f fj cd jdturdcfzd. Ltlrkñ fc hlj hf cd
prlefaïd, pfrl tdobiéj adusñ claurd, y su auctl lrkiästial fstdbd
rfcdailjdhl alj fc hf Hiljisil. 5=  Fccd jls fs edoicidr alol cd odhrf hf
Dttis, pfrl prleujhizdr fj fsf oitl dmlrd jls ccfvdrïd d cd cf`djïd. Qñcl
quifrl rfalrhdr quf pdrtf hfc auctl hf fstd hilsd frd quf cls sdafrhltfs
hfbïdj adstrdrsf. Alol mfols vistl, cls prisiljfrls hfc rfijl hf cds mdhds
59
  fxpfriofjtdrlj fc fquivdcfjtf d cd adstrdaiñj, tdobiéj, pfrhifjhl su
viricihdh y aljvirtiéjhlsf bcdjhds alol ou`frfs. Cd krdj hiefrfjaid, sij
fobdrkl, fs quf oifjtrds quf fccls suauobifrlj d cd tfjtdaiñj y eufrlj
 

sloftihls plr cd odkid efofjijd, cls sdafrhltfs hf Aibfcfs lerfaifrlj uj

sdarieiail d cd hilsd. Ijhuhdbcfofjtf fc adräatfr hf cd hilsd Aibfcfs pufhf
alopdrdrsf alj fc hf cd "Qibicd hf Rfyjf", ijacusl si cd mipñtfsis hf
Hfsljdy jl fstä alrrlblrdhd plr cls mdccdzkls drquflcñkials. Fc pdrdïsl
hf fstd sibicd aljtifjf adsi tlhls cls rdskls djtfrilrofjtf sfôdcdhls fj
cds hivfrsds mistlrids hf hljafccds aisjfs, jixifs y mdhds. Fc mfaml hf quf
uj alopcf`l hf ihfds alol fstf mdyd fxistihl fj tlhl fc oujhl hfshf
tifopls prioitivls, sifoprf rfaurrfjtf fj cd oisod alobijdaiñj l
siopcfofjtf pfrodjfaifjhl sij adobils, ijhiad acdrdofjtf quf fc
odtfridc alj fc quf fstdols trdtdjhl fs bäsiadofjtf drquftïpial. Cd Krdj
Odhrf, cd ^rleftisd y cd Hilsd hfc Dolr slj tlhls dspfatls hf cd efoijihdh
prioitivd y tdobiéj, plr cl tdjtl, dspfatls hfc drquftipl hf äjiod. Qfkðj
cds aljacusiljfs hf Gfrfjyi, ;> Aibfcfs y Derlhitd slj fj ðctiol djäcisis ujd
y cd oisod eikurd, y dobds pufhfj sfr fquipdrdhds d cd krdj hilsd hf cd
jdturdcfzd. Cd suyd tdobiéj fs cd eikurd hivijd rfecf`dhd fj cds aridturds
fcfofjtdcfs hfsaritds djtfrilrofjtf y fj cds cfyfjhds dslaidhl alj fccls,
cd oisod eikurd auyls rdskls alopdrtf tdobiéj fc äjiod.
^frl cds hljafccds aisjf y cls jixifs jl slj cds ðjiads elrods fj cds quf cd
jdturdcfzd efofjijd fcfofjtdc sf oufstrd. Ofcusijd fs rfkdôdhd plr su
odrihl plr sfr ujd "sfrpifjtf", y fstd eikurd, tdobiéj, pufhf fjadrjdr fc
efofjijl prioitivl. Rfprfsfjtd ujd efoijihdh oäs prioitivd y amtmljiad
quf cd hfc pfz, plr f`fopcl, y aifrtdofjtf quf fc pä`drl, oifjtrds quf dc
oisol tifopl sf cf dtribuyf ijtfcikfjaid, ijacusl sdbihurïd. Dhfoäs, cd
sfrpifjtf tdobiéj fs pfcikrlsd. Qu olrhihd fs vfjfjlsd y su dbrdzl
sleladjtf, ;4 pfrl tlhls sdbfj quf d pfsdr hf su pfcikrlsihdh fc fefatl quf
f`fraf fs edsaijdjtf. Dpdrfaifjhl fj ijjuofrdbcfs oitls y aufjtls hf
mdhds, fc pdpfc hf cd sfrpifjtf jl sifoprf fs fxprfsdofjtf efofjijl. Fj
cls sufôls y edjtdsïds olhfrjds, tdjtl hf mlobrfs alol hf ou`frfs, d
ofjuhl rfprfsfjtd cd cibihl prfmuodjd f ijhiefrfjaidhd oäs quf uj
alopljfjtf psïquial aljsaifjtf l adpdz hf mdafrsf aljsaifjtf. ;2  Qij
fobdrkl, mdy aifrtdofjtf adsls fj cls quf cd sfrpifjtf tifjf uj adräatfr
fxprfsdofjtf djïoial. Dc hisautir cls dspfatls psialcñkials hf cd eikurd hf
Glrf,;1 @ujk aufjtd fc sufôl hf uj `lvfj slbrf ujd sfrpifjtf mfobrd quf
sf aloplrtdbd "tifrjd f ijsijudjtfofjtf" y cf mdbcdbd alj vlz muodjd.
 

Ltrl mlobrf, quf d vfafs vf ujd sfrpifjtf djiccdhd fj su `drhïj, hiaf quf
sifjtf quf cl oird alj l`ls jltdbcfofjtf muodjls, alol si quisifrd
fstdbcfafr ujd rfcdaiñj alj éc. Fc fspïritu hf cd jdturdcfzd tdobiéj dpdrfaf
alol ujd sfrpifjtf l alol ujd "tripcf sfrpifjtf vfrhf hlrdhd", fj fc
aufjtl hf "Cd Lccd hf Lrl" hf F. X. D. Mleeodjj. ;8  Dquï cd pfqufôd
sfrpifjtf, quf oird dc mérlf hfc aufjtl alj "ijfedbcf djmfcl", sf aljvifrtf
fj Qfrpfjtijd, ujd vfrhdhfrd eikurd hfc djiod quf plsff cd lccd hlrdhd. Cd
lccd fs uj rfaipifjtf fj fc quf sf rfecf`d "cd odrdvicclsd tifrrd hf cd
Dtcäjtihd" y fstd tifrrd, dc fstdr mujhihd fj fc odr, rfprfsfjtd fc
ijaljsaifjtf. Dc pfroitir quf fc mérlf aljtfopcf tdcfs ioäkfjfs,
Qfrpfjtijd auopcf ujd eujaiñj tïpiad hfc äjiod, y dhfoäs cf dyuhd d
hfsaierdr ujd fjikoätiad fsariturd fjaljtrdhd fj ujd ml`d vfrhf
fsofrdchd, quf jl fs hieïaic hf rfaljlafr alol ujd ml`d hfc cibrl hf cd
jdturdcfzd.

Qifoprf quf fc äjiod dpdrfaf alol ujd bfstid hf prfsd, alol suafhf d
ofjuhl fj cls sufôls y cds edjtdsïds, fs su pfcikrlsihdh cd quf sf dafjtðd.
Vj mlobrf, plr f`fopcl, pufhf slôdr quf ujd cfljd quf md sdcihl hf su
`ducd sf dafrad y kird alj krdtituh d su dcrfhfhlr. Cufkl sf aljvifrtf , sf
vufcvf dofjdzdjtf y quifrf hfvlrdrcl. Cls tikrfs, pdjtfrds, cflpdrhls y
bfstids hf prfsd, kfjfrdcofjtf, dpdrfafj fj fstf tipl hf sufôl. Fj Amijd
cd zlrrd mfobrd `ufkd uj krdj pdpfc7 cf kustd prfsfjtdrsf alol ujd bfccd
hljafccd, pfrl sf pufhf rfaljlafr su alcd. D ofjuhl mdy dckl edjtdsodc
fj fccd y sf cd aljsihfrd cd fjadrjdaiñj hf uj fspïritu hieujtl. Cds ou`frfs
tifjfj sufôls sioicdrfs, pfrl fj su adsl fc djiodc, fj cd ofhihd fj quf fs
efofjijl, rfprfsfjtd cd slobrd l cd efoijihdh prioitivd hfc slôdhlr. Fj cd
citfrdturd rfaifjtf, cd eikurd hf Djtijfd fj cd jlvfcd hf Bfjlit, C'Dtcdjtihf,
rfvfcd hf odjfrd ioprfsiljdjtf tdjtl cd sfrpifjtf alol cd bfstid hf cls
prfsdkils hfc äjiod fcfofjtdc. Edsaijdjhl d tlhls cls mlobrfs quf sf
dbrfj adoijl alj cd bfccfzd hf Ufjus, cd sdbihurïd hf cd sfrpifjtf, y cd
arufchdh hfc adrjïvlrl, fccd mdaf ujd odkid irrfsistibcf slbrf fccls y sij
fxafpaiñj pfrfafj. Cufkl sus adhävfrfs oloieiadhls sf usdj pdrd
dhlrjdr uj oduslcfl frikihl fspfaidcofjtf pdrd fstf eij. Djtijfd deirod
mdbfr surkihl hf cd Dtcäjtihd pfrhihd y mdbfr hfsafjhihl hf Jfptujl7 plr
cl tdjtl, alol Olrkdj cd Eff y Derlhitd, fs jdaihd fj fc odr.
 

Fs ujd eikurd hf äjiod purdofjtf hfstruativd7 dqufccls d cls quf fjadjtd

pifrhfj tlhd su eufrzd y virtuh odsaucijd y eijdcofjtf oufrfj. Alol sf
pufhf vfr fj fstls f`fopcls, suauobir dc plhfr hfc äjiod sifoprf tifjf fc
oisol fefatl edtdc y fs hf dckujd odjfrd alopdrdbcf d cd adstrdaiñj hf
cls sdafrhltfs hf Aibfcfs. Tuf Djtijfd fxpciquf su jfedstl
aloplrtdoifjtl alol vfjkdjzd aljtrd fc mlobrf, quf hurdjtf sikcls md
fxpcltdhl d cd ou`fr y dbusdhl hf fccd, fs psialcñkiadofjtf sikjieiadtivl.
Fj cd ofhihd fj quf fjadrjd cd efoijihdh drquftïpiad jfkdtivd, fstf sfrïd
fc prijaipil efofjijl quf sf vfjkd hf sï oisol plr cd hfvdcudaiñj d cd quf
md sihl sloftihl. Audjhl, alol suafhf fj tdjtds cfyfjhds, ujd aridturd
fcfofjtdc busad ujirsf d uj sfr muodjl y sfr dodhd plr éc pdrd dhquirir
uj dcod, sñcl pufhf sikjieiadr quf dckðj alopljfjtf ijaljsaifjtf y
subhfsdrrlccdhl hf cd pfrsljdcihdh fstä busadjhl ujirsf d cd aljaifjaid y
dsï fstdr ijelrodhl alj fc dcod. Fstf fseufrzl sf fxprfsd hf cd oisod
odjfrd fj cls sufôls, y A. K. @ujk hd uj f`fopcl hf fccl0 ;5 Vj `lvfj sufôd
sufôd
quf uj pä`drl bcdjal vufcd mdaid cd vfjtdjd hf su mdbitdaiñj. Qf aljvifrtf
fj ujd jiôd hf ujls siftf dôls quf, hfspués hf plsdrsf fj cd ofsd d su
cdhl, sf aljvifrtf hf jufvl fj uj pä`drl, pfrl sikuf mdbcdjhl alj ujd vlz
muodjd. Fstl oufstrd quf ujd aridturd efofjijd quifrf fjtrdr fj cd adsd
hfc slôdhlr, pfrl sikuf sifjhl ujd jiôd, fs hfair, jl fstä hfsdrrlccdhd7
fstl tdobiéj sf fxprfsd fj fc mfaml hf quf vufcvf d sfr uj pä`drl. Fs cd
priofrd dpdriaiñj acdrd hf cd eikurd hfc äjiod, quf fofrkf dc uobrdc hf cd
aljaifjaid, pfrl dðj fs ofhil muodjd.
Fc ijaljsaifjtf jl sñcl tifjf tfjhfjaid d pfrsistir fj su fstdhl prioitivl y
d fjkuccir y fxtijkuir cl quf yd sf md mfaml aljsaifjtf, sijl quf tdobiéj
oufstrd sikjls hf dativihdh fj cd hirfaaiñj lpufstd. Mdy aljtfjihls
ijaljsaifjtfs quf cuamdj plr vlcvfrsf aljsaifjtfs y, alol cls fcels, sf
vfjkdj si fstl jl sf tifjf fj aufjtd. Fc iopucsl mdaid fc duofjtl hf cd
aljaifjaid pdrfaf prlafhfr hf cls drquftipls, alol si, plr dsï hfaircl,
mubifrd uj ijstijtl quf tifjhf mdaid fstf lb`ftivl. ^frl jl sdbfols hf
hñjhf vifjf tdc iopucsl, l auäc fs cd jdturdcfzd hf cd hijäoiad quf cl pljf
fj odramd. ^frtfjfaf d cls sfarftls jl hfsaubifrtls hf cd psiquf y hf cd
vihd. Fc iopucsl mdaid fc duofjtl hf cd aljaifjaid fj fc odtfridc hisautihl
djtfrilrofjtf sf fxprfsd fj fc hfsfl hf ujd aridturd, tlhdvïd cikdhd d cd
jdturdcfzd y sñcl ofhil muodjd, hf dafradrsf d uj sfr muodjl y sfr
 

dafptdhd plr éc, fs hfair, plr cd aljaifjaid. D fstf rfspfatl, tdc vfz
ofrfzad cd pfjd aljsihfrdr ltrl oltivl quf dðj jl sf md ofjailjdhl, d
sdbfr, fc mfaml hf quf fstls sfrfs fcfofjtdcfs plsffj alj bdstdjtf
erfaufjaid uj pdhrf (oäs l ofjls lauctl). Cds Udcquirids slj cds hljafccds
hf Lhïj y Lhijis uj hils hfc vifjtl y fc fspïritu. Fj fc aufjtl hfc adzdhlr y
cd hljafccd aisjf, quf tifjf quf sfr cibfrdhd hf cd oljtdôd hf aristdc, su
pdhrf fstä alj fccd y fs cibfrdhl dc oisol tifopl. Fc pdhrf hfc jixif kdcés
cd fjtrfkd fj odtrioljil dc mlobrf, y Vjhijf, tdobiéj, fs fjvidhd plr fc
rfy hfc odr, su pdhrf, d vivir fjtrf cls mlobrfs pdrd kdjdr uj dcod. Fj cls
sufôls olhfrjls y cd iodkijdaiñj dativd, fc äjiod tdobiéj dpdrfaf
erfaufjtfofjtf fj alopdôïd hf ujd eikurd pdtfrjd. Fstl pufhf sfr tlodhl
alol ujd ijsijudaiñj hf quf hfträs hfc fcfofjtl hf cd jdturdcfzd
efofjijd mdy uj edatlr fspiritudc odsaucijl, dc quf tdc vfz sf cf dtribuyd fc
aljlaioifjtl hf cds alsds lauctds quf plsffj fstds aridturds efofjijds
fcfofjtdcfs. @ujk ccdod d fstf edatlr "fc Uif`l Qdbil", l fc "drquftipl hf
sikjieiadhl", oifjtrds quf hfsikjd dc äjiod alol fc "drquftipl hf vihd". ;= 
Fc edatlr hf sikjieiadhl fj fc ijaljsaifjtf fs cl quf mdaf plsibcf quf cd
aljaifjaid sf hfsdrrlccf. Fj aifrtl sfjtihl fstf edatlr fs alopdrdbcf d cd
ihfd hf cd cuofj jdturdf, quf ^drdafcsl hfsaribf alol ujd cuz ijvisibcf
quf "ccfkd dc mlobrf, alol fj uj sufôl". Hiaf quf "alol cd cuz hf cd
Jdturdcfzd jl pufhf mdbcdr, aljstruyf elrods fj fc sufôl d pdrtir hfc
plhfr hf cd ^dcdbrd (hf Hils)". ;9 
Rfvisdjhl tlhl cl quf sf md hiaml slbrf fstds aridturds fcfofjtdcfs,
vfols quf fj kfjfrdc plsffj cds oisods audcihdhfs y sf aloplrtdj hf
odjfrd sioicdr. Oäs dðj, fstds audcihdhfs y cls fefatls quf prlhuafj
pufhfj sfr alopdrdhls alj cls hfc äjiod. Xdjtl cd aridturd hf cd
jdturdcfzd alol fc äjiod rfprfsfjtdj fc prijaipil hf frls, fc priofrl
trdjsoitf fc aljlaioifjtl lauctl, dsï alol fc sfkujhl trdjsoitf
ijelrodaiñj slbrf fc aljtfjihl hfc ijaljsaifjtf. Dobls f`frafj uj fefatl
edsaijdjtf y d ofjuhl plsffj uj plhfr cl sueiaifjtfofjtf dbruodhlr
alol pdrd prlhuair rfsuctdhls ruijlsls, fspfaidcofjtf audjhl aifrtds
aljhiailjfs quf defatdj d cd rfcdaiñj fjtrf fc sfr muodjl y cl fcfofjtdc, l
fjtrf fc fkl aljsaifjtf y fc äjiod, qufhdj sij auopcir. Fstf erdadsl fs cd
rdzñj plr cd quf ouamds cfyfjhds tfroijdj ijsdtisedatlridofjtf, fs hfair,
alj cd rfcdaiñj rltd l mfamd ioplsibcf.
iopl sibcf.
 

Hf fstl sf hfhuaf quf tdc vïjaucl fs uj dsujtl hfciadhl, alol cl fs

tdobiéj cd rfcdaiñj alj fc äjiod. Hf mfaml, sdbfols plr fxpfrifjaid quf
fc äjiod mdaf aifrtds hfodjhds d uj mlobrf. Fs uj edatlr psïquial quf
ijsistf fj sfr aljsihfrdhl, jl hfsauihdhl alol fs cd tfjhfjaid kfjfrdc, yd
quf uj mlobrf jdturdcofjtf cf kustd ihfjtieiadrsf alj su odsaucijihdh.
Qij fobdrkl, jl sf trdtd hf fjtrfkdr alopcftdofjtf su odsaucijihdh dc
sfrviail hf cd Hdod Djiod l pfrhfrcd plr alopcftl, sijl sñcl hf aljafhfr
uj aifrtl fspdail d cl efofjijl, quf fs tdobiéj ujd pdrtf hf su sfr. Fstl cl
mdaf rfaljlaifjhl y rfdcizdjhl fc frls, fc prijaipil hf rfcdaiñj, cl quf
sikjieiad quf jl sñcl tlod aljaifjaid hf su sfjtioifjtl, sijl quf tdobiéj
cl uticizd, plrquf pdrd arfdr, y slbrf tlhl pdrd prfsfrvdr, ujd rfcdaiñj, jl
sf pufhf prfsaijhir hf uj `uiail hf vdclr (quf fs cl quf fs fc sfjtioifjtl).
Fc mlobrf, plr jdturdcfzd, tifjhf d rfcdailjdrsf alj cls lb`ftls, alj su
trdbd`l l alj dckðj ltrl adopl hf ijtfrés7 pfrl cl quf cf ioplrtd d cd ou`fr
fs cd rfcdaiñj pfrsljdc, y fstl vdcf tdobiéj pdrd fc äjiod. Qu tfjhfjaid fs
fjrfhdr d uj mlobrf fj tdcfs rfcdailjfs, pfrl tdobiéj pufhf sfrvircf bifj
pdrd hdrcfs elrod, fs hfair, pufhf mdafrcl hfspués hf quf fc fcfofjtl
efofjijl sf mdyd ijalrplrdhl d cd aljaifjaid. Oifjtrds fstf fcfofjtl
trdbd`f hf elrod dutñjlod, pfrturbd cds rfcdailjfs l cds mdaf ioplsibcfs.
Cds ijvfstikdailjfs y hfsaubrioifjtls hf cd psialclkïd prleujhd mdj
hfolstrdhl quf pdrd cd kfjtf olhfrjd (l dc ofjls pdrd ouamls hf fccls)
fs fsfjaidc ccfkdr d uj daufrhl alj fc ijaljsaifjtf. ^drd uj mlobrf cd
rfcdaiñj alj fc äjiod fs hf fspfaidc ioplrtdjaid7 pdrd ujd ou`fr, alj fc
äjious. Fstls edatlrfs, dc aljstruir ujd fspfaif hf pufjtf, fstdbcfafj cd
aljfxiñj alj fc ijaljsaifjtf fj kfjfrdc. Fc äjiod, plr rfkcd kfjfrdc, sf
prlyfatd fj priofr cukdr slbrf ujd ou`fr rfdc7 fstl pufhf ccfvdr dc mlobrf
d fjtdbcdr alj fccd ujd rfcdaiñj quf, hf ltrl olhl, cf rfsuctdrïd ioplsibcf7
plr ltrd pdrtf, tdobiéj pufhf hdr cukdr d quf éc hfpfjhd hfodsidhl hf
fccd, alj cls rfsuctdhls edtdcfs hfsaritls djtfrilrofjtf. Oifjtrds fxistd tdc
prlyfaaiñj, fs jdturdcofjtf hieïaic pdrd fc mlobrf fjaljtrdr ujd rfcdaiñj
alj fc äjiod ijtfrilr, alj su prlpid efoijihdh. Qij fobdrkl, cds eikurds hf
cds ou`frfs quf jl pufhfj sfr ihfjtieiadhds alj pfrsljds rfdcfs d ofjuhl
sf prlhuafj fj cls sufôls. Dpdrfafj kfjfrdcofjtf alol fc "fxtrdôl", fc
"hfsaljlaihl" l cd "ou`fr alj vfcl", l, alol fj cds cfyfjhds, tlodj cd
elrod hf aridturds jl hfc tlhl muodjds.
 

Fs prlbdbcf quf cls sufôls hf fstf tipl adusfj ujd eufrtf ioprfsiñj y
fstéj alclrfdhls hf sfjtioifjtl7 fs eäaic arffr quf sf rfeifrfj d ujd
odkjituh psïquiad ijtfrilr alj cd quf hfbf fstdbcfafrsf ujd rfcdaiñj. Fj cd
citfrdturd fxistf uj aljtrdstf fjtrf fc krdj jðofrl hf eikurds alol éstd,
alj tlhds sus airaujstdjaids y fefatls dslaidhls, y cd rdrfzd hf cls adsls
fj quf cds rfcdailjfs fjtrf cls mlobrfs y tdcfs aridturds fcfofjtdcfs slj
ccfvdhds d ujd aljacusiñj sdtisedatlrid. Fs fsfjaidc pdrd fstdbcfafr ujd
rfcdaiñj alj fc ijaljsaifjtf quf fc fkl sfd cl sueiaifjtfofjtf eufrtf y
hfeijihl alol pdrd rfsistir fc pfcikrl, sifoprf prfsfjtf audjhl sf trdtd hfc
ijaljsaifjtf, hf sfr slbrfadrkdhl y fxtijkuihl plr éc. => Vj fkl acdrdofjtf
hfeijihl fs tdobiéj jfafsdril pdrd odjtfjfr cd aljtijuihdh hf ujd rfcdaiñj
hf fstf tipl, pufs dujquf cds eikurds ijaljsaifjtfs quisifrdj sfr dafptdhds
plr cls mlobrfs, fs hfair, dhoitihds fj cd aljaifjaid, slj plr jdturdcfzd
eukdafs y vufcvfj d hfsdpdrfafr eäaicofjtf. (Alol hiaf Vrvdsi0 "Mf
edccfaihl alol fc priofrl hf cls dodjfafrfs... Qly alol fc vifjtl hieïaic hf
dtrdpdr"). Qij fobdrkl, cd slcuaiñj hf fstf prlbcfod pdrfaf sfr ujd tdrfd
hf fspfaidc urkfjaid mly fj hïd, alol pufhfj dtfstikudr cls
psialtfrdpfutds y cls psiañclkls, y fj fc oétlhl aljlaihl alol
iodkijdaiñj dativd, A. K. @ujk md sfôdcdhl uj fjelquf dc rfspfatl. =4  Cd
aljerljtdaiñj y fc dafradoifjtl hf cd pfrsljdcihdh hfc fkl alj fstds
eikurds hfc ijaljsaifjtf sirvfj plr uj cdhl pdrd hiefrfjaidrcls hfc fkl, plr
ltrl pdrd rfcdailjdrcls alj éc, y dobls cdhls sf vfj defatdhls. Vj bufj y
fjadjtdhlr f`fopcl hf fstl sf fjaufjtrd fj "Cibussd", uj aufjtl hf mdhds
lrikijdcofjtf amfal, rfaifjtfofjtf fhitdhl plr Ousdfus. =2 Brfvfofjtf, cd

mistlrid fs cd sikuifjtf0
Vjd jijed hf cls ärblcfs, vifjhl su rlbcf fj pfcikrl, lbtifjf prltfaaiñj hf
uj `lvfj y jlbcf fsauhfrl ccdodhl Grlgus. ^lr su sfrviail fccd prlpljf
rfalopfjsdrcl alj fc auopcioifjtl hf uj hfsfl0 plr cd edod y fc mljlr, tdc
vfz, l cd riqufzd, l cd efciaihdh fj fc dolr. ^frl éc jl fcikf jdhd hf fstl,
hfsfdjhl fj adobil "hfsadjsdr d cd slobrd hfc rlbcf hf cd odramd
edtiklsd hf cd kufrrd", y dccï hf cd blad hf cd jijed dprfjhfr "cfaailjfs hf
sdbihurïd pdrd hfsfjtrdôdr cls sfarftls hfc euturl". Fstf hfsfl fs
aljafhihl y adhd jlamf, dc dtdrhfafr fccd vifjf d éc y vdkdj `ujtls d cl
cdrkl hf cds lriccds hf uj fstdjquf.
 

"Fccd ijstruyñ d su dtfjtl dcuojl," jls hiafj, "fj cls sfarftls hf cd

jdturdcfzd, cf fjsfôñ fc lrikfj y cd fsfjaid hf cds alsds, sus audcihdhfs
jdturdcfs y oäkiads, y dsï fj cd ofhihd fj quf cd sfjsibicihdh y fc
sfjtioifjtl hfc `lvfj sf hfeijifrlj plr su dslaidaiñj alj fstf mfrolsl
hufjhf, su eräkic y slobrïd eikurd pdrfaiñ dhquirir odylr slcihfz y
sustdjaid. Qu pfaml kdjñ adclr y vihd, sus l`ls odrrljfs briccdbdj alj
eufkl y, `ujtl alj fstf dspfatl efofjijl, fccd ...pdrfaïd tdobiéj dhquirir cls
sfjtioifjtls hf ujd eclrfaifjtf virkijihdh". D aljtijudaiñj sf prfsfjtd ujd
hfsaripaiñj ijusudcofjtf dptd hf cls fefatls y aljtrd-fefatls rfsuctdjtfs
hf ujd rfcdaiñj alj cd eikurd hfc äjiod. Fccd sf vufcvf oäs rfdc y oäs vivd7
oifjtrds quf fc sfjtioifjtl hfc mlobrf sf hiefrfjaid, y sf cf fjsfôd,
tdobiéj, d aljvfrtirsf fj "uj pfjsdhlr y uj mlobrf hf sdbihurïd quf
dbdrad fc oujhl", dccï clkrdjhl cd edod. Cd mistlrid ccfkd d ujd aljacusiñj
jdturdc7 =1 hfspués hf mdbfr vivihl `ujtls hurdjtf ouaml tifopl, cd jijed sf
hfspihf uj hïd hf su odrihl, prfvifjhl quf fc eijdc hf su rlbcf yd jl pufhf
fvitdrsf. Fjtljafs fc ärblc fs dcadjzdhl plr uj rdyl y fccd, auyd vihd md
pfrodjfaihl cikdhd d éc d pfsdr hf su adcihdh muodjd, hfsdpdrfaf pdrd
sifoprf.
Vjd rfcdaiñj jltdbcf y, arfl, ðjiad alj fc äjiod euf fjaljtrdhd plr [iccido
Qmdrp, fc dutlr ijkcés quf yd mf ofjailjdhl. ^lr hfsfl hf su pdhrf
ofradhfr, priofrl fstuhiñ cfyfs, pfrl rfsuctñ sfr ijdhfaudhl pdrd fccl.
Cufkl pdsñ trfs dôls, ikudcofjtf ijsdtisedatlrils, fj uj bdjal hf Cljhrfs.
Rfjujaidjhl d fstf adrkl, sf hfhiañ d cd arïtiad hf drtf y citfrdturd y
tdobiéj pubciañ dckujls plfods. Fstds laupdailjfs cl pusifrlj fj
aljtdatl alj cls aïraucls citfrdrils y drtïstials cljhijfjsfs y sf mizl
fspfaidcofjtf doikl hf Hdjtf Kdbrifc Rlssftti. Fj cd bilkrdeïd hf cd quf sf
fxtrdf fstf odtfridc (fsaritd plr su fsplsd, quf tdobiéj frd su priod) sf
jls hiaf quf sf cf lerfaifrlj rfpftihdofjtf pufstls hf fjsfôdjzd
ujivfrsitdrid quf jl puhl dafptdr hfbihl d su sdcuh. Dhfoäs hf fstf
dspfatl arïtial f ijtfcfatudc, tfjïd tdobiéj ujd vihd hf sufôls y edjtdsïds
quf éc ccdodbd "vihd vfrhf", plrquf fstdbd ouy aljfatdhd alj cd
jdturdcfzd, plr cd quf sfjtïd uj krdj dolr. Fstf cdhl hf su adräatfr sf mizl
fvihfjtf hurdjtf sus vid`fs djudcfs dc odr, y slbrf tlhl fj Fsalaid. Fj su
jiôfz ujd fjefrofrd fsalafsd cl mdbïd edoicidrizdhl alj cds cfyfjhds
kdéciads, y Fsalaid pdrd éc pdrfaïd uj mlkdr hfc dcod.
 

Hurdjtf ujd fstdjaid dccï alofjzñ d fsaribir uj rlodjaf afctd titucdhl

Edrdñj, sf hil aufjtd dc fsaribir hfc prfhloijil hfc fcfofjtl efofjijl fj
éc, y hf auäjtl fc cibrl hfbïd su ijiail dc cdhl sub`ftivl y efofjijl hf su
jdturdcfzd. Fj aljsfaufjaid, hfaihiñ pubciadrcl bd`l fc jlobrf hf Eiljd
Odacflh, quf cf vijl "cistl" d cd ofjtf7 plstfrilrofjtf fsaribiñ vdrils ltrls
cibrls bd`l fstf sfuhñjiol, quf rfecf`dj acdrdofjtf fc adräatfr fspfaidc hf
Fsalaid y sus mdbitdjtfs. Hfbihl dc hfspfrtdr hf uj jufvl ijtfrés fj cds
alsds afctds fjtrf uj krupl hf fsaritlrfs hf fstf pfrïlhl, fstls eufrlj
ouy bifj rfaibihls. Qfkðj [iccido Butcfr Yfdts, fjtrf cds jufvds vlafs
jijkujd frd oäs histijtivd quf cd oistfrilsd y jltdbcf vlz quf sf rfvfcdbd
fj cds mistlrids hf Eiljd Odacflh, quf pdrfaïd aljvfrtirsf fj cds vlafs hf
fstds siopcfs pfrsljds y alsds fcfofjtdcfs - jl sñcl plr cd lbsfrvdaiñj
hf fccds, sijl plr cd ihfjtihdh hf cd jdturdcfzd. Fc drtf hf fstds mistlrids,
hi`l Yfdts, frd hfc tipl quf sf bdsdbd fj cd rfvfcdaiñj7 trdtdbd hf alsds
ijvisibcfs f ijdprfjsibcfs. Audjhl cf prfkujtdrlj plr qué fsaribïd alj
jlobrf hf ou`fr, Qmdrp rfspljhiñ0 "^ufhl fsaribir hfshf oi alrdzñj hf
ujd odjfrd quf jl plhrïd mdafr alol [iccido Qmdrp... . Fstf sfjtihl hf
ujihdh alj cd jdturdcfzd, fstf éxtdsis añsoial f fueñrial, fstf adoijl quf
vd d cl cdrkl hf cls fxtrfols hfc oujhl aloðj, tlhl fstl fstä tdj elr`dhl
alj fc rlodjaf hf cd vihd quf jl pufhl fxprfsdrof plr oï oisol..." =6
Mizl uj sfarftl afradjl hf su ihfjtihdh alj Eiljd Odacflh y plr uj cdrkl
tifopl ji siquifrd sus doikls sf edoicidrizdrlj alj "fccd"7 [iccido Qmdrp
tfjïd su prlpid alrrfspljhfjaid, y Eiljd Odacflh odjtfjïd ujd sfpdrdhd
alj sus cfatlrfs. D su fsplsd cf fsaribiñ0 "Adhd vfz oäs dbslcutdofjtf, fj

uj sfjtihl,fj[.Q.
adsdhds y E.O.y sffjfstäj
ofjtf aljvirtifjhl
jdturdcfzd, pfrlfjdhls pfrsljds
ofjuhl - d ofjuhl
dbslcutdofjtf
histijtds7" =5  y eiroñ fstd adrtd "[iceilj" (ujd aljtrdaaiñj hf [iccido y
Eiljd). D vfafs, tdobiéj fj su auopcfdôls, ijtfradobidbd adrtds alj
Eiljd, fj cds quf cf fxprfsdbd su krdtituh y fccd cf hdbd aljsf`ls.
Dquï tfjfols uj adsl fj fc quf fc äjiod ijtfrilr dcadjzñ uj krdhl rdrl hf
rfdcihdh. Xdc vfz fstl sf hfbiñ d ujd hisplsiaiñj fspfaidc plr pdrtf hf
[iccido Qmdrp7 fj prijaipil, sij fobdrkl, alrrfspljhf d cl quf qufrfols
hfair audjhl mdbcdols hf rfcdailjdr l ijtfkrdr fc äjiod - quf, fj aifrtl
krdhl, fs sfkurdofjtf plsibcf pdrd tlhls cls mlobrfs.
 

Cd ijtfkrdaiñj hfc äjiod, fc fcfofjtl efofjijl, fj cd pfrsljdcihdh

aljsaifjtf hfc mlobrf elrod pdrtf hfc prlafsl hf ijhivihudaiñj. D fstf
rfspfatl, sij fobdrkl, mdy quf tfjfr fj aufjtd uj pujtl hf fspfaidc
ioplrtdjaid, yd quf fc fcfofjtl efofjijl quf hfbf aljvfrtirsf fj uj
alopljfjtf ijtfkrdhl hf cd pfrsljdcihdh fs sñcl ujd pdrtf hfc äjiod, d
sdbfr, su dspfatl pfrsljdc. Fc äjiod tdobiéj rfprfsfjtd fc drquftipl hf cd
efoijihdh, quf fs hf jdturdcfzd suprdpfrsljdc y plr cl tdjtl jl pufhf sfr
ijtfkrdhd. Hfträs hf cls sfrfs fcfofjtdcfs hf jufstrl fstuhil sf
fjaufjtrdj, alol mfols vistl, cds eikurds hivijds hf Aibfcfs y Derlhitd -
fj ðctiol djäcisis, cd Hilsd Jdturdcfzd. Fstf eljhl drquftïpial fxpciad cd
eufrzd irrfsistibcf quf pufhf fodjdr hf tdc eikurd hfc äjiod7 plrquf si fj
fccd sf fjaufjtrd cd prlpid Jdturdcfzd, fjtljafs fs aloprfjsibcf quf uj
mlobrf pufhd sfr vfjaihl y adfr fj su plhfr. Fstl laurrf pdrtiaucdrofjtf
audjhl jl sf mdaf jijkujd hiefrfjaidaiñj fjtrf cls dspfatls drquftïpials y
pfrsljdcfs hfc äjiod. Hf mfaml, cd aljeusiñj hf cls hls dspfatls fs cl quf
hd dc äjiod uj plhfr supfrilr, y plr fsl fs ouy ioplrtdjtf hisarioijdr
fjtrf cl quf pfrtfjfaf d cl pfrsljdc y cl quf pfrtfjfaf d cl suprdpfrsljdc.
Fstd sfpdrdaiñj sf rfprfsfjtd d vfafs fj cls sufôls y edjtdsïds plr cd
oufrtf hf cd eikurd hf äjiod suprdpfrsljdc. Aljlzal ujd edjtdsïd fj cd
quf fccd sf fcfvd dc aifcl, y cd ou`fr lrhijdrid sf qufhd dträs7 fj Fc sufôl
hf ^lcieicl, quf yd sf md ofjailjdhl, fc sufôl sf aifrrd alj cd jijed ^lcid
hislcviéjhlsf "fj fc dirf, alol ujd iodkfj afcfstidc". =; A. K. @ujk aufjtd
fc sufôl hf uj mlobrf fj fc quf ujd eikurd efofjijd hf tdodôl supfrilr dc
hf cd vihd y alj fc rlstrl vfcdhl sf fjaufjtrd fj ujd ikcfsid fj fc cukdr hfc
dctdr. Hf mfaml, alol cds ihfds pcdtñjiads, fc drquftipl hfc äjiod fs hf
jdturdcfzd slbrfmuodjd y mdbitd fj uj cukdr afcfstidc. Dujquf fs histijtl
hf cls alopljfjtfs pfrsljdcfs y efofjijls hfc dcod, fs sij fobdrkl cd
iodkfj priolrhidc quf sf fjaufjtrd hfträs hf fccls y cls elrod d su
sfof`djzd. Alol Krdj Odhrf y Hilsd hfc Dolr, alol "Qfôlrd", l plr
audcquifr ltrl jlobrf quf sf cf ccdof, fc äjiod fj su dspfatl drquftïpial
hfbf sfr rfaibihd alj rfvfrfjaid. ^lr ltrl cdhl, uj mlobrf hfbf dafptdr su
äjiod pfrsljdc, cd efoijihdh quf cf pfrtfjfaf, quf cl dalopdôd y cl
alopcfofjtd, pfrl jl sf cf pufhf pfroitir quf cl klbifrjf.
 

Dc ijtfjtdr, alol mf mfaml fj fstf fstuhil, prfsfjtdr fc äjiod alol uj sfr

fcfofjtdc, mf hf`dhl hf cdhl cds elrods supfrilrfs hf su odjiefstdaiñj
alol, plr f`fopcl, Qlpmid. Fstl fs plrquf of pdrfaiñ ioplrtdjtf fjedtizdr
fc dspfatl jdturdc quf tdj odradhdofjtf pfrtfjfaf d cd fsfjaid hfc sfr
efofjijl. Audjhl fc äjiod sf rfaljlaf f ijtfkrd sf prlhuaf uj adobil hf
datituh mdaid cl efofjijl fj kfjfrdc. Fstd jufvd fvdcudaiñj hfc prijaipil
efofjijl trdf aljsikl ujd hfbihd rfvfrfjaid plr cd jdturdcfzd, tdobiéj7
hljhf alol fc pujtl hf vistd ijtfcfatudc hloijdjtf fj ujd frd hf aifjaid y
tfajlclkïd ccfvd d uticizdr f ijacusl fxpcltdr cd jdturdcfzd, fj cukdr hf
mljrdrcd. Delrtujdhdofjtf, mly fj hïd sf pufhfj lbsfrvdr sikjls quf
dpujtdj fj fstd ðctiod hirfaaiñj. Fc oäs ioplrtdjtf y sikjieiadtivl hf fccls
fs prlbdbcfofjtf fc jufvl hlkod hf cd Dssuoptil Odridf y su
prlacdodaiñj alol odfstrd hf cd arfdaiñj. Fj jufstrl tifopl, audjhl
tdcfs eufrzds dofjdzdjtfs hf hivisiñj fstäj trdbd`djhl, hivihifjhl d cds
pfrsljds, ijhivihuls y ätlols, fs hlbcfofjtf jfafsdril quf dqufccls quf
sf ujfj y sf odjtifjfj `ujtls sf mdkdj feiadafs7 plrquf cd vihd sf bdsd fj
cd ijtfrdaaiñj droljilsd hf eufrzds odsaucijds y efofjijds, tdjtl hfjtrl
alol eufrd hfc sfr muodjl. Cd ujiñj hf fstls lpufstls fs ujd hf cds cds
tdrfds oäs ioplrtdjtfs hf cd psialtfrdpid datudc.

JLXFQ
4. Cifhfr hfs Rik-Ufhd. Xrdjscdtfh ijtl Kfrodjby M. Miccfbrdjht. Klttijkfj0
Udjhfjmllag & Ruprfamt, 4941. ]. 96, p. 482.

2. Qdtdpdtmd-Brdmodjd ij Qdarfh Bllgs le tmf Fdst, ]CIU. Fh. E Odx Oufccfr. Lxelrh0
Lxelrh Vjivfrsity ^rfss, 49>>. p. 59 ee.
1. Xmf Dpsdrds (tmlsf wml olvfij wdtfr) drf afcfstidc wdtfr jyopmsle krfdt bfduty,
hfvltfh tl sljk djh hdjaf. Xmfir odsaucijf pdrtjfrsdrf tmf cigfwisf ousia-clvijk
Kdjhmdrvds. Qff Mdstijks. Fjayaclpfhid le Rfcikilj djh Ftmias, ujhfr "Brdmodjiso."
8. Dpucfius. Xmf Oftdolrpmlsfs lr Xmf Klchfj Dss. Qff Friam Jfuodjj's Dolr djh
^syamf0 Xmf ^syamia Hfvfclpofjtle tmf Efoijijf. Blccijkfj Qfrifs CIU. Jfw Ylrg0
^djtmflj ^rfss, 4965.
6. Ae. Dhdcbfrt Gumj. Hif Mfrdbgujet hfs Efufrs ujh hfs Klttfrtrdjgs. Bfrcij0
Huooicfrs Ufrcdk Buammdjhcujk, 4=69. Mfrf tmis slj is aljafivfh ledseirf.
5. @lmdjj [. Klftmf. Edust. Xrdjscdtfh by Kflrkf O. ^rifst. JfwYlrg0 Dcerfh D. Gjlpe,
496>.
;. Xdgfj erlo D Afctia Oisafccdjy. Xrdjscdtfh by G. M. @dagslj. Cljhlj0 Rlutcfhkf &

Gfkdj ^duc, 4964. Xrdjscdtfh

Afctia Oytmlclky. Dcsl, M. Drblis
erlohf @ubdij-viccf.
tmf Erfjam by Xmf
R. I. Irism
Bfst.Oytmlclkiadc Ayacf
Hubcij0 Mlhkfs, djh&
Eikkis
Al. Cth., 49>1.
 

=. [icmfco G. Krioo. Hfutsamf Oytmlclkif.

Oytmlclkif. Ulc. I, Amdps. ]UI, IU, 4=16. Xmis wlrg mds
bffj rfpubcismfh, Uifjjd & Cfipzik0 Bfrjijd Ufrcdk, 4919. Dcc tmf elcclwijk rfefrfjafs,
mlwfvfr, drf tl tmf 4=16 fhitilj. (Fh. jltf)
9. Ljf le Lhij's jdofs is [ujsam ([ism). [. Krioo,ibih.,
Krioo,ibih., Ulc. I, Amdp. ]UI.
4>. [. Krioo, ibih.
44. Ae. [dycdjh Qoitm. Xrdjscdtfh erlo tmf Erfjam le Hlppijk djh Oiamfcby Q. [.
Qijkfr. Cljhlj0 [iccido ^iagfrijk, 498;. Xmis Fjkcism vfrsilj wds amlsfjbfadusfit
olst aclsfcy rfsfobcfs tmf Kfrodj usfh byOrs. @ujk, (Fhhd. Ulc. I, Xrdjscdtfh ijtl
Kfrodjby Efcix Kfjzofr. @fjd0 Hifhfriams Ufrcdk, 4942). D efw amdjkfs, mlwfvfr, mdvf
bffj rfquirfh tl odgf it alrrfspljhfjtirfcy. (Fh. jltf)
42. Xmis ofdjstmdt, ds Udcgyrifs, tmfy spuj tmf tmrfdhs le viatlry djh edof.
41. Ae. dcsl O.-C. vlj Erdjz. Dramftypdc ^dttfrjs ij Ediry Xdcfs. Puriam0 ^rivdtfcy
prijtfh, 4964. Amdp. U.
48. Daalrhijk tl Krioo (ibih. Amdp ]II) tmf swdj wds aljsihfrfh d prlpmftia birh, djh
tmdt tmf wlrh samwdjfjis fquivdcfjt tl dmjfj (tl mdvf d prfsfjtiofjt) sffos tl mdvf d
aljjfatilj witm tmis. Daalrhijk tl @. D. OdaAucclam (Xmf Rfcikilj le tmf Djaifjt Afcts.
Fhijburkm0 X. & X. Acdrg, 4944) tmf Bdhb, lr "bdttcf arlw," dj lch wdr klhhfssleIrism
oytmlclky,is rfcdtfh tl tmf Udcgyrifs, but mds tmf olrf sijistfr amdrdatfrle d elrftfccfr
le fvic.
46. Lj tmf djiod ds d spijjfr, sff A. K. @ujk. Dilj. Piiriam0 Rdsamfr Ufrcdk, 4964. Dj
Fjkcism trdjscdtilj le tmis sfatilj le Dilj dppfdrfh
ds "Qmdhlw, Djiod, djh Djious" ij Qprijk 496>, pubcismfh by tmf Djdcytiadc
^syamlclky Acub le J.Y. Ija.p. 1.
45. Vhr, Ufrhdjhi djh Qguch drf tmf pdst, prfsfjt, djh euturf letmf vfrb, tl bf. Qff
^rlsf Fhhd. Qadjhijdvidj Acdssias. Ulc. U. Jfw Ylrg0 Lxelrh Vjivfrsity ^rfss, 4929.
Jltfs 42, 41, 48, p. 2=.
4;. Edtuo ofdjs stdtfofjt, prlpmfay (Qff D. [dchf. Cdtfijisamfs Ftyolclkisamfs
[lrtfrbuam, 494>).
4=. Xmf Cdy le tmf Jibfcujks. Oftriadccy trdjscdtfh erlo tmf Lch Kfrodjtfxt by Dciaf
Mlrtlj. Cljhlj0 Kflrkf Bfcc & Qlj, 49>4. Xmf elcclwijk pdssdkf laaurs ij Dhvfjturf
D]Y, Ufrsf 4615.
49. "Qif swfbtfj sdo hif Ulkfcf vlr io ue hfr vcult.
Hfs humtfjij ir Qijjf stdrf ujhf kult.
Pwdssi io sdkfj wlchfj,fr kfclubtf ij hfstfr bds."
2>. Xdaitus. Kfrodjid =. Tultfh
Tultfh erlo [. Krioo (ibih., Ulc. I, Amdp. U, p. ;=).
24. "ut odtrfs edoicids flruo slrtibus ft vdtiaijdtiljibus hfacdrdrfjt
utruo prlfciuo alooitti fx usu fssft jff jf." Krioo,ibih., Ulc. I, Amdp. U, p. ;=.
22. Krioo, ibih., Ulc. I, p. 154.
21. "qudjhdo oucifrfo edtdtdo, sivf qudjhdo edtdo, quf dcil jloijf
jiopmd,vfc hfd, vfc dhridhfs (hryds) dppfcdtur."
28."Xmf Blclkjd Fjikod" wds pubcismfh ij Fjkcism ij Dobix, Ulc. IX7
@lurjdcle tmf Qlaifty elr tmf Qtuhy le Dcamfoy djh Fdrcy Amfoistry. Cljhlj0 Hfa.
4985.
26. Ae. A. K. @ujk. "Xmf ^syamlclkiadc Dspfats le tmf Oltmfr Dramftypf" ij Qprijk 4981
(pubcismfh by tmf Djdcytiadc ^syamlclky Acub le J.Y. Ija.) djh trdjscdtfh erlo tmf
Kfrodjij tmf Fr djls-@dmrbuamUI. Piiriam0 Rmfij Ufrcdk, 4919.
25. Xmf [lrgsle ^cdtl. Xrdjscdtfh by B. @lwftt. Jfw Ylrg0 Hidc ^rfss, Jl hdtf. p. 8>4.
2;. Qff ij tmis aljjfatilj, "Hfr @dkfr ujh hif Qamwdj`ujkerdu" (Xmf Mujtsodjdjh tmf
 

Qwdj Odihfj) ij Hfutsamf Odramfj sfit Krioo,mrsk. vlj ^duc Pdujfrt. @fjd0
Hifhfriams, 4949. Qff dcsl "Hif wfissf ujh hif samwdrzf Brdut" (Xmf [mitf djh tmf
Bcdag Brihf) djh "Hif Rdbf" (Xmf Rdvfj) erlo Krioo's Gijhfr- ujh Mdusoidramfj,
Ulcs. I & II, djh "Hif Fjtfj @ujkerdu," (Xmf Ylujk Huag [lodj)d Russidjtdcf7dcc tl
bf elujh ij Odramfj hfr [fctcitfrdtur. @fjd0 Hifhfriams, 4946. Cigfwisf "Xmf
Dhvfjturfs le Mdssdj le Bdsslrd," wmiamis tmf tdcf le tmf 6;;tm jikmt ij Xmf Bllg le
tmf Xmlusdjh Jikmts djh LjfJikmt.
2=. Daalrhijk tl Kfrodjia djh Jlrtmfrj slurafs tmf kcdss olujtdij wds tmlukmt le ds
d pcdaf ij tmf Bfyljh, tmf hwfccijk le tmf hfdh lr tmf bcfssfh7 daalrhijktl ltmfr ihfds, swdj
odihfjs, edirifs, witamfs, hwdres, djh sioicdr bfijks civfh tmfrf. Ij odjyedirytdcfs
pflpcf drf cfh tmfrf byd spirit lr hfolj djh mdvftl bf rfhffofh.(Ae.
Mdjhwélrtfrbuam hfs hfutsamfj Dbfrkcdubfjs, pubcismfh by M.
Bdfamtlch-Qtdubci, ujhfr "Kcdsbfrk") Xmis pcdaf ij tmf Bfyljh ody wfcc bf fqudtfh witm
tmf ujaljsailus.
29. "Hfr kfrdubtf Qamcfifr." Qff @. G. Ousdfus. Ulcgsodramfj hfr Hfutsamfj, Ulc. I, ij
Oidramfj hfr [fctcitfrdtur. I. a.
1>. "Eifch le Qwdjs." Mfrf tmf fhitlr ij`fats tmf dousijk rfodrg tmdt
tmis cladcf klt its jdof erlo d afrtdij Qamwdjmichis djh mfr edtmfr Aykjus "wml bltm
bfcljktl tmf rdaf leedirifs djh prlbdbcy stfo erlo Cfhd's fkks."
14. Qff A. K. @ujk. "Xmf ^syamlclkiadc Dspfats le tmf Glrf" ij @ujk djh Gfrfjyi. Fssdys
lj d Qaifjaf le Oytmlclky. Blccijkfj Qfrifs ]]II. JfwYlrg0 ^djtmflj^rfss, 4989.
12. Qff Klftmf's plfo "Hfr Eisamfr" (Xmf Eismfr)7 Kltterifh Gfccfr's "Jixif io
Krujhqufcc" (Jixif ij tmf Qprijk) (Kfsdoofctf [frgf. Bfrcij0 [. Mfrz, 4=94-92) djh
mis –[ijtfrjdamt" wmiam is kivfj ijtrdjscdtiljcdt fr ij tmis drtiacf7 Kfrmdrt 
ijtrdjscdtiljcdtfr
Mduptodjj's Xmf Qujgfj Bfcc (Erffcy rfjhfrfh ijtl Fjkcism by A. M. Ofctzfr. Kdrhfj Kdrhfj
Aity, J.Y¥.0 Hlubcfhdy ^dkf & Al., 4948)7 @fdj Kirduhlux's Vjhijf (Fjkcism vfrsilj
prfpdrfh ij alj`ujatilj witm Qamuycfr [dtts. JfwYlrg, 4984).
11. Oijjf ofdjijk clvf. Ae. Oijjfsdjkfr (Qijkfr le Clvf). Qff [. Krioo. Hfutsamf
Oytmlclkif, I. a, Ulc. I, p. 15>. Daalrhijk tl E. Gcukf ij Hfutsamfs Oytmlclkisamfs
[lrtfrbuamtmf lrikijdc ofdjijk le tmf wlrh Oijjfis rfofobrdjaf, aloofolrdtilj,
rfalccfatilj.It is rfcdtfh tl tmf Fjkcism wlrh oijh, djh stfos erlo tmf Ijhl-Kfrodjia
rllt ofj lr odj, ofdjijk tmijgijk, ofdjijk. Krioo aljjfats it witm odjus, odj.
18. Qff, elr fxdopcf, tmf ijtfrfstijk stuhy by R. Bfzzlcd lj "Kuiccduof I] hf ^litifrs" ij
Rlodjid, Ulc. C]UI.
16. @lmj Rmys. Afctia Elcgclrf. Lxelrh0 Acdrfjhlj ^rfss, 49>4. p. 1 ee.
15. Xl irlj is dttributfh tmf plwfrle prltfatijk dkdijst fceij bfijks.
1;. Xmis is quitf stdrtcijkcy hfsaribfh ij d jlrtmfrj ediry tdcf "Hif [dcherdu" (Xmf Elrfst
[lodj) (Odramfj hfr [fctcitfrdtur, Ca.) wmiam tfccs le d wllh-amlppfr, fjamdjtfh by
d bfdutieuc odihfj wmlo mf mds oftij tmf elrfst. Fvfry jikmt smf tdgfs mio witm mfr
ijtl mfr olujtdij wmfrf fvfrytmijk is olrf spcfjhih tmdj djytmijk mf mdsfvfr sffj.
Ljfhdy, ds mf is amlppijk, smf brijks mio d ofdcij d bfdutieuc sicvfr blwcbut, ds smf
sits hlwj lj tmftrff trujg, mf sffs ‘ tl mis mlrrlr ‘ tmdt smf mds d alw's tdic djh tmdt
it mds edccfj ijtl tmf acfet ij tmf trff. Tuiagcy, mf puccs lut mis wfhkf sl tmdt tmf tdic is
adukmt djh pijamfhlee. Xmfj mf writfs tmf jdofle @fsus lj tmf blwc. Ioofhidtfcy tmf
wlodj hisdppfdrs, djh tmf blwc witm tmf ellh bfalofs jltmijk but d pifaf le bffewitm
alw hujk ljit.
1=. Xmf oirrlr is gjlwjij elcg supfrstitilj ds dj ijstruofjt le odkia. It mds d
Juoijlus feefat, sijaf ljf sffs ljf's smdhlw lrhlubcf ij it. D odkia oirrlr smlws
 

[mdt is mdppfjijkdcc lvfr tmf wlrch, lrit elrftfccs tmf euturf djh ij kfjfrdc rfvfdcs
sfarft djh mihhfjtmijks.
(Qff Mdjhwlrtfrbuam hfs Hfutsamfj Dbfrkcdubfjs.I. a, Ulc. I] ujhfr "Qpifkfc").
19. Qff A. K. @ujk. ^drdafcsiad (Piiriam0 Rdsamfr Ufrcd
Ufrcdk,
k, 4982) wmfrf tmf cfkfjhis euccy
tlch, djh tmf eikurf le Ofcusijfis ijtfrprftfh ds tmf djiod ij aljjfatilj witm
dcamfoiadc syoblciso djh tmf ^drdafcsidj aljafpt le tmf Ofcusijfs ds hwfccijk ij tmf
bcllh.
8>. Erlo Q. Bdrijk-Kluch. Aurilus Oytms le tmf Oihhcf Dkfs. Cljhlj, Lxelrh &
Adobrihkf0 Rivijktljs, 4=59.
84. Ds, elr ijstdjaf, Clurhfs.
82. Detfr Dcerfh Odury. Arlydjafs ft Cfkfjhfs hu Olyfj-Dkf. ^dris0 4=95.
81. [iccido Qmdrp (Eiljd Odacflh)0 D Ofolir alopicfh by mis wief Fcizdbftm Qmdrp.
JfwYlrg0 Hueeifch & Al., 4942, p. 9.
88. Ibih., p. 9.
86. Fjkcism vfrsilj bytmf trdjscdtlr. (Fh. jltf)
85. Elur Xrfdtisfs le Xmflpmrdstus vlj Mlmfjmfio,adccfh ^drdafcsus. Fhitfh by Qikfrist.
Bdctiolrf0 @lmj Mlpgijs ^rfss, 4984. p. 215.
8;. Ibih., p. 219 ee.
8=. E. hfcd Olttf Eluquf. Vjhijf. Xrdjscdtfh erlo tmf Kfrodj by Fhoujh Klssf.
Cljhlj0 Qihkwiag & @dagslj, Cth., 4942.
89. Adrc Kustdv
K ustdv Adrus. ^syamf. @fjd0 Hifhfriams
Hifhfriams Ufrcdk, 4925.
6>. Xmf clss le Bfrtmdchd’s jfagcdaf mdvijk bffj brlukmt dblut by Vjhijf's wdtfr  
kudrhidjs, witmlut mfr elrfgjlwcfhkf. (Fh. jltf)
64. Xmdt tmis sdof odtfridc mds bffj usfh vfry rfafjtcy by Kirduhluxij mis pcdy Vjhijf
smlwstmdtit is jlt yft luthdtfh.
62. Elur Cdis le Odrif hf Erdjaf ‘ Kuijkdolr, Cdjvdc, Xyhft, Bis-acdvft. Rfjhfrfh ijtl
Fjkcism by @fssif C. [fstlj. Cljhlj0 H. Jutt, 494>.
61. D sioicdr Kfrodj cfkfjhis rfplrtfh by ^drdafcsus ij tmf trfdtisf ofjtiljfh dblvf,
ds dcsl ij [. Krioo ij Hfutsamf Qdkfj. (Oujiam & Cfipzik0 Kflrk Oufccfr, Jl hdtf.
Ulc. II) It tfccs le d gjikmt erlo Qtdueefjbfrk wml,ljf hdyds mf wdsrihijk tl amuram,
oft d odrvfc-luscy bfdutieuc odihfjsittijkdcc dcljf dt tmf fhkf led elrfst. Ds it turjfh
lut, smf mdh bffj wditijk tmfrf elr mio. Qmf tlch mio tmdt smf mdh dcwdys clvfh djh
kudrhfh mio, wmfrfuplj tmfy bfadof fjkdkfh. Xmis odihfj, tll, wds d ediry wml aluch
dcwdys bf suooljfh bywismijk. Qmf prlvihfh mio witm oljfydjh prlpfrty lj tmf
aljhitilj tmdt mf smluch elro jl tif witm djltmfr wlodj. [mfjmis edoicy prfssfh mio
tl odrry djh mf dkrffh tl hl sl ij spitf letmis, smf eirst kdvf mio d wdrjijk, tmfj
brlukmt dblut mis hfdtm oystfriluscy witmij tmrff hdys. Ij tmis odihfj wml mds clvfh
tmf gjikmt sijaf tmf bfkijjijk,it is jlt hieeiauct tl rfalkjizf mis lwj efoijijf fcfofjt7
its fxacusivf hfodjh is d amdrdatfristia djiod trdit wmiam letfj cfdhs tl hieeiauct aljeciats
djh fjtdjkcfofjts.
68. Qff @. D. OdaAucclukm. Xmf Rfcikilj le tmf Djaifjt Afcts. I. a.
66. Xmis oltie pcdys dj Amrftifj hf Xrlyfs’ plfos 
d j ioplrtdjtrlcf ij, elr fxdopcf, Amrftifj
"¥vdij" djh "Fxfa djh Fjihf." Xmfcdst wlrgis tmf sub`fat le d vfry hisarioijdtijk stuhy
by R. Bfzzlcd (Cf sfjs hf UDhvfjturf ft hf UDolur. ^dris0 Fh. Cd `fujf ^drquf). Xmf
mfdvifst tdsg le tmf clvfclrj mfrl aljsists ij mis mdvijk tl eikmt witm dj lppljfjtij tmf
sdof aljhitilj,tmdt is, tl slof fxtfjt witm mis hlubcf. Lvfraloijk mio sikjieifs tmdt
mf adj cibfrdtf miosfce erlo tmf islcdtijk fjamdjtofjtle clvf djh turj bdag witmmis
wief tl slaifty djh tmf wlrch.
 

65. ^. =. Bdrtl. Xdjjmdusfr djh tmf Olujtdij le Ufjus. Jfw Ylrg0 Lxelrh Vjivfrsity
^rfss, Dofriadj brdjam, 4945. Qff pp. ;8, ;6 elr tmf Fjkcism vfrsilj kivfj mfrf wmiam
prfaisfcy pdrdccfcs tmf Kfrodjkivfj by Ors.@ujk. (Fh. jltf)
6;. Ij slofvfrsiljsit sdys "Ufjus hfr Hiivfcijjf" (Ufjus le tmf Hfvicfssfs).
6=. Mfrf Ufjus mds bfalof tmf Qwiss Ufrfjd.
69. Vjelrtujdtfcy jl Fjkcism rfjhfrijk le tmis aluch bf elujh.It rujs rlukmcy0

"Hdjusfr wds d wljhrlus

Ufjfrf's olujt ylutm Krfdt
Xl tmlsf bfdutflus wljhfrs adof mf tl sff. Mf adof tl Cdhy
odihfjstmrff.
"Xmrlukmlut tmf wffg tmfy'rf edir dcc hdy Hfagfh lut witm sicg djh klch, Rijks djh
bfdhs djh arlwjs le Ody, But Qujhdytmfy'rf lttfrs djh sjdgfs."
5>. Bdrtl. I. a, p. 96. Xmf vfrsilj kivfj by Ors. @ujk rujsds elcclws0
elcclws0
"Hl wdsfr wihfr ij hfj Bfrk Vjhmftsij cifb frglrfj. Hfs oust hfr vifrtf Bdbst Vrbdj
Duamfwikgciam sfij vfrclrfj."
54. Qff dcsl [. Krioo. Hfutsamf Oytmlclkif. C. a. Ij tmf cdtfr Oihhcf Dkfs ij Kfrodjy,
Ufjusbfrk wdsihfjtieifh witm tmf Krdic, tmis dppfccdtilj ij tmf alursf le tiof mdvijk
daquirfh tmf ofdjijkle efdst djh ofrriofjt. [. Mfrtz qultfs d amrljiacfr wmlsdys0
"Mistlry writfrs bfcifvf tmdt tmf swdj gjikmt adof erlo tmf olujtdij wmfrf Ufjusis ij
tmf Krdic." (^drzivdc ujh hfr Krddc)
52. Elr d hftdicfh psyamlclkiadc stuhy le tmis wlrg, sff Cijhd Eifrz-Hdvih0 Xmf Hrfdo le
^lcipmicl. Blccijkfj Qfrifs ]]U. Jfw Ylrg0 ^djtmflj ^rfss, 496>.
51. Djtlijf hf cd Qdcf. Cf ^drdhis hf cd Qibyccf. Fhitfh djh witm d aritiadc aloofjtdry by
Efrjdjh Hfsljdy. ^dris0 Cibrdirif F. Hrlz, 491>.
58. Qff [. @. Résamfr. Cfxiglj hfr krifamisamfj ujh rloisamfj Oytmlclkif.
56. Cf ^drdhis hfcd Qibyccf. I. a.
55. Ibih.
5;. Xmf iodkf le tmf klhhfss, d sdarfh stljf, wds dt tmdt tiof tdgfj erlo ^fssijus djh
brlukmt tl Rlof.
5=. Ij dj Lrpmia myojsmfis ijvlgfh ds "^rfsfrvfr le Cief djh Erifjh le rdkijk
^dssilj." (Lrpmfus, Dctkrifamisamf Oystfrifjkfsijkf. Xrdjscdtfh ijtl Kfrodjby@. L.
^cdssodjj. @fjd0 Hiftriams Ufrcdk, 492=)
59. Ljf aluch dcsl hfsikjdtf it ds tmf "rfdco le tmf Oltmfrs" (Klftmf). I amlsf tmf ltmfr
tfro bfadusfij tmis stlry it is jlt tmf odtfrjdc dspfat le tmf efoijijf, but tmf frls
dspfat, tmdt stdjhs elrfolst.
;>. G. Gfr–jyi. "Hif Klttij Jdtur" ij Fr djls-@dmrbua
-@dmrbuamm ]IU. Piiriam0 Rmfij-Ufrcdk, 498;,
;4. A. K, @ujk. Qyoblcf hfr [djhcujk. 8tm fhit. Piiriam0 Rdsamfr Ufrcdk, 4962. p. 641 &
p. 54>. Elr Fjkcism, sff ^syamlclky le tmf Vjaljsailus. Jfw Ylrg0 Oleedt Ydrh & Al.,
4924. p. 4== & p. 244. ([icc bf Ulc. U ij tmf Alccfatfh [lrgs)
;2. Qff A. K. @ujk,ibih.7 dcsl Friam Jfuodjj.
Jfuodjj. Xmf Lrikij djh Mistlry le Aljsailusjfss.
Aljsailusjfss.
Blccijkfj Qfrifs ]CV. Jfw Ylrg0 ^djtmflj ^rfss, 4968.
;1. @ujk djh Gfr₣jyi. Fssdys lj d Qaifjaf le Oytmlclky.Ca, p. 282.
;8. I rfefr ylu tl Djifcd @dted's fxafccfjt stuhy, Bichfr ujh Qyoblcs dusF.X. D.
Mleeodjjs Odramfj "Hfr klchjf Xlpe," ijacuhfh ij A. K. @ujk's Kfstdctujkfj hfs
Vjbfwusstfj.
Vjbfwusstf j. Puriam0 Rdsamfr Ufrcdk, 496>.
;6. ^ifrrf Bfjlit. Dtcdjtihd. Xrdjscdtfh ijtl Fjkcism by Odry A. Xljkuf djh Odry Rlss.
Jfw Ylrg0 Hueeifch & Al., 492>.
;5. @ujk djh Gfrfjyi. Fssdys lj d Qaifjaf le Oytmlclky.I. a, "Xmf ^syamlclkiadc Dspfats
le tmf Glrf," p. 284.
;;.A. K. @ujk. Qyoblcf hfr [djhcujk.I. a. (elr Fjkcism, sff jltf ;4)7 djh F. Jfuodjj.
 

Xmf Lrikij djh Mistlry le Aljsailusjfss. I.a.

;=. Qff A. K. @ujk. "Vbfr hif Dramftypfj hfs glccfativfj Vjbfwusstfj" ij Ulj hfo
[urzfcj hfs Bfwusstsfijs. Dj Fjkcism trdjscdtilj le tmis rfvisfhdrtiacf wicc bf
pubcismfh ij Ulc. ] le tmf Alccfatfh [lrgs. Dt prfsfjt tmf ljcy Fjkcism vfrsilj dvdicdbcf
is tmf ujrfvisfh drtiacf fjtitcfh "Dramftypfs le tmf Alccfativf Vjaljsailus" ij
Ijtfkrdtilj le tmf ^frsljdcity. Jfw Ylrg0 Edrrdr & Rijfmdrt, Ija., 4919. Elr rfefrfjaf tl

tmf djiod,
Qpirit sffXdcfs"
ij Ediry p. ;;7ijtlQpirit
tmf [isf Odj,p. Blccijkfj
djh Jdturf. ==. Qff dcsl @ujk's
Qfrifs "Xmf
]]]. ^mfjlofjlclkyle
4. Jfw tmf
Ylrg0 ^djtmflj
^rfss, 4968.
;9. Tultfh by A. K. @ujk ij "Xmf Qpirit le ^syamlclky" ij Jdturf djh Qpirit. C. a, pp. 8>6,
8>5. Qff dcsl ^drdafcsus Qfcfatfh [ritijks. Blccijkfj Qfrifs ]]UIII. Jfw Ylrg0
^djtmflj ^rfss, 4964. p. 266.
=>. A. K. @ujk. "Xmf Rfcdtiljs Bftwffj tmf Fkl djh tmf Vjaljsailus" ij Xwl Fssdys lj
Djdcytiadc ^syamlclky. Blccijkfj Qfrifs ]]. JfwYlrg0 ^djtmflj^rfss, 4961.
=4. @ujk djh Gfr–jyi. Fssdys lj d Qaifjaf le Oytmlclky.I. a, p. 22=ee. 
=2. @. G. Ousdfus. Ulcgsoidramfj hfr Hfutsamfj, Ulc. II, ij Odramfj hfr [fctcitfrdtur. I.
a.
=1. Xmf stlrydcsl hfsaribfs tmf edtfs le tmf alupcf's tmrff hdukmtfrs, wmiamI wicc jlt kl
ijtl mfrf.
=8. [iccido Qmdrp (Eiljd Odacflh)0 D Ofolir alopicfh by mis
wief Fcizdbftm Qmdrp,/.a
=6. Ibih., p. 22;.
=5. Ibih., p. 2=6.
=;. Qff Cijhd Eifrz-Hdvih. Xmf Hrfdole ^lcipmicl.I. a, p. 24>.
^ubcismfh by Qprijk ^ubciadtiljs
Dhlce Kukkfjbiimc-Ardik ODRRIDKF-HFDH LR DCIUF
Ij d sfrifs le edst-olvijk, trfjamdjt amdptfrs, tmis cfdhijk @ujkidj psyamidtrist fxdoijfs
odrridkf dkdijst tmf bdagkrlujhleijhivihudtilj, tmfrfbyrdhiadcizijk lur aljvfjtiljdc
jltiljs. Hivlraf djh amichrfj, pfrvfrsiljs djhdeedirs, sdarieiaf djh ijhivihudciso‘ 
tmfsf drf ljcy slof le tmf foltiljdc issufs tmdt Hr. Kukkfjbcimc dttdags witm mis
austlodry viklr djh hfafptivfcy edaicf stycf. Xrdjscdtfh by Ourrdy Qtfij. 425 pdkfs.
Dhlce Kukkfjbiimc-Ardik FRLQ LJ ARVXAMFQ
Kukkfjbiimc-Ardik tdgfs up tmf erikmtfjijk hfady ij olrdcity tmdt dcclws psyamlpdtmy tl
civf aclsf by witmlut rfalkjitilj. Xlhdy wf adj mdrhcy sff tmf psyamlpdtm, lr lur lwj
psyamlpdtmia trdits. Kukkfjbcimc fvlgfs syopdtmyelr tmis eikurf fvfj ds mf fxpclrfs mis
amdrd atfr. Ij tmf psyamlpdtm’s sluc Frls is lj arutamfs. Dj ioplrtdjt 
hfefatss le amdrdatfr.
hfefat
aljtributilj tl prfaisf hidkjlstias elr tmf acijiaidj djh tl rfecfatilj lj fvic djh
alopdssilj. 425 pdkfs.
@dofs Miccodj IJQFDRAM.^QYAMLCLKY DJH RFCIKILJ
[ihfcy usfh ij pdstlrdc alujsfcijk djh psyamltmfrdpfutia trdijijk. Qfts lut tmf
eujhdofjtdc prijaipcfs djh dttituhfs le @ujkidj psyamlclkyij d siopcf, yft hffpcy
fxpfrifjtidc stycf. "^rlbdbcy Miccodj's olst muodjcy effcijk bllg. . .rfaloofjhfhelr
hrfdoijtfrprftdtilj djh prdatiadc fxdopcfs." Dctmlukmtrdjscdtfh ijtl Hutam, Kfrodj,
@dpdjfsf djhItdcidj, tmf lrikijdc fhitilj mdh bffj lutleprijt elr yfdrs. 425 pdkfs.
@dofs Miccodj QVIAIHF DJH XMF QLVC
D acdssia ijtrlhuatilj tl tmf fxpfrifjaf le hfptm psyamlclky. D trfdtisf lj hfdtm djh
suiaihf tmdt fxpclrfs witm d plcfoiadc pdssilj tmf hieefrfjafs bftwffj d ofhiadc olhfc
le tmfrdpy djh ljf tmdt fjkdkfs tmf sluc. 492 pdkfs.