Z\FUF@HKØ@ DF OTO_VFX

Zrfsf`toda par=
Borf` O`drfo @uipoquf \adrégufz
HH.?:?5:;4:<;
O`drfs Dovkd [o`bf` \ao Hh=?:?
4<586;5

Eu`dohkø` V`kvfrsktorko dfc Ïrfo O`dk`o.

K`gf`kfréo df skstfios.

Hklfrsfgurkdod y hklfrdfef`so FMF <

Ogasta <:<:

Dahf`tf

\OVC LO\FßA GVTKF\\F]

 Tolco df Ha`tf`kda

Almftkva df oprf`dkzomf..................................................................................................................... 8
Dfshrkphkø` dfc toccfr.......................................................................................................................... 8
\fquksktas poro fc toccfr...................................................................................................................... 8
K@T\ADVHHKA@................................................................................................................................. 8
Ohtkvkdod........................................................................................................................................................4
Iadfca df Zrfvf`hkø` df Otoqufs.............................................................................................................4
Oif`ozos K`eariïtkhos=...........................................................................................................................4
Fmfipca df prfvf`hkø`.............................................................................................................................6
Lf`fekhkas df Ko kipcfif`tohkø`...................................................................................................................6
Zacétkhos df `kvfc Eéskha y cøgkha........................................................................................................ 6
HA@HCVXKØ@................................................................................................................................... 7
LKLCKAG\OEÉO.................................................................................................................................... >
 Almftkva df oprf`dkzomf

Opckhor cas ha`ahkikf`tas odqukrkdas f` rfcohkø` ha` co prfvf`hkø` df otoqufs

k`eariïtkhas.

Dfshrkphkø` dfc toccfr

Zrapa`fr u` iadfca df prfvf`hkø` df otoqufs k`eariïtkhas quf k`hcuyo hk`ha pacétkhos o
`kvfc eéskha y hk`ha pacétkhos o `kvfc cøgkha, hodo u`o df cos pacétkhos dflf otf`dfr o co
iktkgohkø` df u` pasklcf rkfsga kdf`tkekhoda.

\fquksktas poro fc toccfr

• Cffr cas rfefrf`tfs df pf`soikf`ta u`a y das.

• Ha`earior fqukpa df troloma df trfs fstudko`tfs.

• Xf sugkfrf rfockzor cos cfhturos haipcfif`torkos y alsfrvor cos vkdfa hïpsucos.

• Opckhor cas ha`hfptas oprapkodas.

K@T\ADVHHKA@
Nay f` Dko, fc `fgahka prfsf`to iuhnos apartu`kdodfs f` cos `ufvos tfh`acagéos, y ha`
fcca prfsf`to iuhnas rkfsgas skg`kekhotkvas f` fc io`fma df co k`eariohkø` par ca to`ta
quf su odik`kstrohkø` fs kiparto`tf, dflf tf`fr u`o odfhuodo kdf`tkekhohkø` df cas
rkfsgas y hcoskekhorcas y cufga tf`fr fstrotfgkos y ha`tracfs oprapkodas df prfvf`hkø` y osé
taior dfhkska`fs. F` df dkspasktkvas `fhfsorkas, fc huoc dflfrï tf`fr prfsf`tf fc prahfsa df
su tfio k`eariïtkha. Zoro goro`tkzor co pfrio`f`hko y co haipftktkvkdod dfc `fgahka f` fc
ifrhoda, fs `fhfsorka pratfgfr co k`erofstruhturo tfh`acøgkho. Toilkë` fs haiý` quf sf
dkspa`go df pahas rfhursas poro cos ïrfos tfh`acøgkhos, pfra fsta `a dflf mustkekhor dfmor df
kipcfif`torf k`vfrtkr f` sfgurkdod.
Ohtkvkdod

➬ Zrapa`fr y hrfor u` iadfca df prfvf`hkø` df otoqufs k`eariïtkhas, tf`kf`da haia

losf co cfhturo dfc rfefrf`tf y cos cfhturos rfockzodos.

Iadfca df Zrfvf`hkø` df
Otoqufs

Co prfvf`hkø` fs iuy kiparto`tf poro co haipoÿéo yo quf u` otoquf hklfr`ëtkha fs iuy

pfckgrasa to`ta poro co doto haia poro fc prfsupufsta df co fiprfso, ha` fcca u`o df cos
ifmarfs fstrotfgkos fs co prfvf`hkø`, yo quf ha` u`o vorkfdod df oif`ozos hklfr`ëtkho
fstor prfporodas y rfsguordo`da co k`eariohkø`.

Doda o fsta fc iëtada df rfockzor sf dflfrï vosor f` vorkas ospfhtas, to`ta `kvfc eéskha
haia cøgkha tf`kf`da pacétkhos hcoros f` co haipoÿéo to`ta o cas k`gf`kfras f`horgoda df
co sfgurkdod k`eariïtkho, haia oc usuorka ek`oc yo quf cas otoho`tfs par ca gf`froc ccfgo` o
fstf usuorka par sk eocto df hopohktohkø` salrf co sfgurkdod.

Oif`ozos K`eariïtkhos=

kCiophcafipf`oÿtoéro idfuhvnfar
stoi`tëotavdoarksfdfodk`dhfrfiiffm`atroortsou`t`afcgøaghkkhao
chaa hiuaoce, é os kc hrof,odc koz`oroc va osc k `dfu`o pfrsa`o quf lrk`df fc opaya df
sfgurkdod, do rkfsga df doÿor dfmor pufrtas a vorkas ohhfsas da`df pufdf` rfockzor u`
otoquf hklfr`ëtkha, haia fstf pufdf nolfr vorkfdodfs df oif`ozos cos huocfs sf padrï`
hotocagor haia oif`ozos k`tfr`os a fxtfr`os. R?Y

Oif`ozos k`tfr`os= Xf prfsf`to par usuorkas ha` ha`ahkikf`ta a sk` ëc, a k`dkrfhtoif`tf,
ca huoc oc tf`fr ohhfsa o co fiprfso a o co k`eariohkø` padrï vuc`frolkckdod huocqukfr
dota a fqukpa, df kguoc io`fro oc `a tf`fr ha`ahkikf`ta, padrï k`grfsor o pogk`os a
harrfas fc huoc dfshorguf k`tfr`oif`tf saetworf iockhkasa. R?Y

Oif`ozo Fxtfr`o= Xf prfsf`to ha` pfrsa`os erouducf`tos k`tf`to`da ccfgor o co

k`eariohkø` a oc doÿa df dkspasktkvas, ha` vkrus haia ca sa`= Guso`as, Holoccas df
trayo,
Iocworfs, Xpyworf, ro`saiworf, bfycaggfr, fth. Fc huoc pufdf doÿor k`eariohkø` a
sfhufstrorco poro ek`fs df fxtarhkø`. R?Y
Fmfipca df prfvf`hkø`
Zar ca to`ta, fs kiparto`tf tf`fr u`o orquktfhturo df sfgurkdod to`ta eéskho haia cøgkho,
poro co prfvf`hkø`, to`ta harta haia o corga pcoza, ha` fcca dkspasktkvas, hopohktohka`fs,
ha`ahkikf`ta.R<Y

?. Kdf`tkekhor O`ockzor cas rkfsgas= Fs iuy kiparto`tf tf`fr prfsf`tf quf sf vo o

pratfgfr ha` fcca padfr kdf`tkekhor fc rkfsga, y osé tf`fr haia dksik`ukr fc kipohta
dfc otoquf. R<Y
<. Dfek`kr cos Zacétkhos df Xfgurkdod= co dfek`khkø` df pacétkho fs iuy kiparto`tf
yo quf ha` fcca voias o kdf`tkekhor ca quf sf pufdf a `a sf pufdf rfockzor f` co
fiprfso, to`ta eéskho haia cøgkhoif`tf, poro hodo ïrfo rfqufrkdo. R<Y
8. Dksfÿa df orquktfhturo= Ha` fcca padfias kdf`tkekhor dkspasktkvas df rfd,
dkspasktkvas df sfgurkdod, dkspasktkvas df lohbup, f kipcfif`tohkø` df co sfgurkdod
y rfvkskø` df vuc`frolkckdod. R<Y

Lf`fekhkas df Ko kipcfif`tohkø`
Fs `fhfsorka rfockzor u`o kipcfif`tohkø` quf ha`hufrdf ha` co `fhfskdod df co fiprfso,
poro `a gf`fror hastas k``fhfsorka, ha` fcca dkspasktkvas df hockdod y df oyudo poro
pratfgfr ohhfsa k`odfhuodas o cas sfrvkdarfs a atras dkspasktkvas, a o pogk`os
erouducf`tos, sf dflf ohcoro quf fs `fhfsorka kdf`tkekhor a tf`fr harrfhtoif`tf u` iopo
df rfd a solfr fc rkfsga quf sf pufdo prfsf`tor ha` fcca tf`fr cos ifmarfs a `fhfsorkos
nfrroikf`tos poro co kipcfif`tohkø` df co sfgurkdod, y tf`fr u` fqukcklrka mu`ta o co
portf ek`o`hkfro y co portf df tfh`acagéo. R<Y

Doda fc tfio df co hopohktohkø` fs iuy kiparto`tf mu`ta o cas usuorkas ccfgor o praiavfr
y iufstros co eocf`hko quf pufdf rfockzor loma fc ohhfsa o pogk`os k``fhfsorkos a pogk`os
erouducf`tos quf ha`ccfvo` o cas doÿas k`eariotkvas, toilkë` iastror cas harrfas
erouducf`tas poro prfvf`kr huocqukfr otoquf par eocto df ha`ahkikf`ta df fstas. R<Y

➬ Co prapufsto dflf k`hcukr par ca if`as hk`ha pacétkhos o `kvfc eéskha y

hk`ha pacétkhos o `kvfc cøgkha.

Zacétkhos df `kvfc Eéskha y

cøgkha
Zacétkhos o `kvfc eéskha

Co pacétkho df sfgurkdod eéskha `as oyudo o prfvfr eoccos to`ta cas usuorkas ek`ocfs haia
dfc iksia k`gf`kfra df sfgurkdod, fs u`o df cos eocf`hkos quf sf tkf`f f` cos fiprfsos, ca
huoc fs kiparto`tf tf`fr prahfdkikf`tas df ha`trac, ifdkdos df prfvf`hkø` y
ha`troifdkdos, o`tf oif`ozos o cas rfhursas f k`eariohka`fs ha`ekdf`hkocfs. R8Y
Zacétkhos o `kvfc cøgkha.

Co sfgurkdod cøgkho pratfgf co k`eariohkø` df`tra df su prapka ifdka ifdko`tf fc usa df

nfrroikf`tos df sfgurkdod. Xf pufdf dfek`kr haia ha`mu`ta df apfrohka`fs y tëh`khos
arkf`todos o co pratfhhkø` df co k`eariohkø` ha`tro co dfstruhhkø` R4Y

Zacétkho Dfek`khkø`
Tf`fr Zratfgkda fqukpas
Dfsostrfs @oturocfs k`eariotkvas df co vorkfdod
df dfsostrfs `oturocfs ha`
su rfspfhtkva rfgcoif`ta.
Torfos df osfa Ckipkfzos, Io`tf`kikf`tas
prfvf`tkvas y harrfhtkvas,
rfvkskø` y ia`ktarfa df
orhnkvas losuro.
Zruflos df fqukpas. Zrfvf`hkø` y rfvkskø`
rfockzo`da pruflos o`tk eocco
a pruflos df nohbk`g ftkha
Eéskha \fsguorda df hapkos Zratahaca df sfgurkdod
df sfgurkdod to`ta o co hapko haia co
k`eariohkø` tf`fr prfsf`tf
iftadacagéo y prfvf`hkø`
yo quf sfrï co ý`kho
eario df tf`fr co
k`eariohkø` o socva.
Olo`da`a df fqukpas Tf`fr prfvf`hkø` oc dfmor
fqukpas sk` lcaqufa yo quf
huocqukfr ohhfsa k`dflkda
o co k`eariohkø` pufdf
prfsf`tor eocco k`eariïtkho.
\fstrk`gkr fc ohhfsa o cos Lcaqufa par portf dfc
pogk`os, pragroios a Ekrfworf o pogk`os
orhnkvas erouducf`tos y pragroios
k``fhfsorkas.
Osfguror quf cas usuorkas Zacétkho df sfgurkdod ha`
Cøgkha pufdo` trolomor sk` orhnkvas y pragroios sfgý`
supfrvkskø` y `a pufdo` cas grupas df troloma ca huoc
iadkekhor cas pragroios `k pratfgf cos ïrfos df usuorka
cas orhnkvas quf `a quf `a `fhfskto` ohhfsa o
harrfspa`do` R6Y atro k`eariohkø`.
 F`hrkphkø` y hkeroda df
dotas
Vsa df ha`trosfÿos eufrtfs
Hopohktohkø` y
ha`hkf`tkzohkø` df usuorkas
y hacolarodarfs
Fs kiparto`tf co
f`hrkptohkø` df co
k`eariohkø` yo quf nay f`
déo tado co k`eariohkø`
vkomo f` co rfd y ha` fcca
pufdf sfr vuc`frodo, oc
tf`fr pratfgkdo ha` u`o
hkero a f`hrkptodo sfrï
if`as fc rkfsga df fc rala
df cas dotas.
Cos possward eufrtfs sa`
hruhkocfs f` co sfgurkdod,
tf`fr pacétkho df hoilka
if`suoc y ha`trosfÿos df
ioyar df > horohtfrfs ha`
`ýifras, séilacas y
ioyýshucos, prfvkf`f
k`grfsas o pfrsa`os `a
outarkzodos.
[o quf `a tadas tkf`f fc
iksia ha`ahkikf`ta df
sfgurkdod quf nay f` déo sf
io`fmo fs `fhfsorka
hopohktor f k`earior cas
`ufvas vkrus haia ccfgo` o
`ufstro haipoÿéo o cas
usuorkas, poro
prfvf`kr huocqukfr
eocf`hko

HA@HCVXKØ@
Doda fc ha`ahkikf`ta kipcfif`toda f` co ohtkvkdod, padfias kdf`tkekhor co kiparto`hko
df co iftadacagéo y pacétkhos quf sf dflfrï tf`fr f` u`o haipoÿéo co `fhfskdod df co
sfgurkdod odfhuodo poro hodo fiprfso y sus rkfsgas df doÿa, ha` fcca fs iuy
kiparto`tf solfr cas dkspasktkvas `fhfsorkas sk` tf`fr quf gostor f` dkspasktkvas iuy hastasas
quf `a sfrko` odfhuodas, df kguoc io`fro fs kiparto`tf solfr fc sfgukikf`ta fc ia`ktarfa y
co rfvkskø` ha`sto`tf df cas dkspasktkvas df sfgurkdod yo quf co rfd y cas vkrus hodo
déo ouif`to ca
huoc fs `fhfsorka tf`fr prfsf`tf y ohtuockzoda cas dotas, co prfvf`hkø` fs fc ifmar rfqukskta
poro `a tf`fr quf pfrdfr k`eariohkø` a tf`fr k`ha`vf`kf`tfs ha` cas dkspasktkvas.

R?Y H. O. Zorro & N. Zarros D." LCoKsLoiCfK`AozoGs k\`eaOriEïtÉkhOos=Zfckgracotf`tfporo

argo`kzohka`fsohtuocfs ". Gfrf`hko tfh`acøgkho K`eariotkho ,Uac. 5,@a. ?5,p.>6-
;7,<::7.

R<Y La`kcco, X. I., & Ga`zïcfz, M. O. (<:?<). Iadfca df sfgurkdod df co

k`eariohkø`. K`gf`kfréos VXLIfd, 8(?), 5-?4.

R8Y nttps
ttps==//g
//gsktkh.wardpr
dprfss.hai/<:?>/:?/?;/lkk?8-sfgurkdod-ekskho-y-cagkho-df-u`-skstfio-df-
k`eariohka`-rkfsgas-oif`ozos-y-vuc`frolkckdodfs-ifdkdos-df-pratfhhka`-y-osfguroikf`ta-
oudktarko-df-sfgurkdod-ekskho/
R4Y nttps=//www.hfcsko.hai/Zartocs/:/ha`tf`kdas-hfcsko/`ufstro-fiprfso/packtkhos-y-

odnfska`fs/packtkhos/packtkho-sfgurkdod-df-co-k`eariohka`.pde
R6Y nttp=//f-
duhotkvo.hotfdu.fs/447::?56/ouco/orhnkvas/rfpasktarka/?:::/?:58/ntic/??
QsfgurkdodQeskhoQyQs