HFTF ]@AGFATF^

]uoi syuhur p`aueis pfaofthfa h`bfdirft Tubfa Yfag Kfbf @sf, hfr`af ftfs eikpfbfa
hfruaif-Ayf, p`aueis dfpft k`ay`e`sfihfa tugfs d`agfa oudue Hlas`p Zist`k ]`aglrgfaisfsifa
Fsubfa H`p`rfwftfa d`agfa K`tld` ]rik`r d`agfa t`pft wfhtu tfapf bfefagfa fpfpua.
]`knuftfa kfhfefb iai n`rtuoufa uatuh k`k`aubi sfefb sftu tugfs kftf hueifb
Kfafg`k`at H`p`rfwftfa.D`agfa ditueishfaayf kfhfefb iai dibfrfphfa kfbfsiswf kfupua t`afgf
h`s`bftfa dfpft k`kfbfki Kfhfefb Hlas`p Zist`k ]`aglrgfaisfsifa Fsubfa H`p`rfwftfa d`agfa
K`tld` ]rik`r. Kfhfefb iai tidfh fhfa s`e`sfi tfapf fdfayf nfatufa dfri n`rnfgfi pibfh, uatuh itu
dfefk h`s`kpftfa iai p`aueis k`agujfphfa t`rikf hfsib h`pfdf ?

6. Nu Duwi Nfsuhi, K.H`p Z`efhu Dls`a Kftf Hueifb Kfafg`k`at H`p`rfwftfa yfag t`efb
k`knikniag p`aueis.
>. Pjfpfa t`rikf hfsib yfag tfh t`rbiaggf h`pfdf Nfpfh, Inu s`rtf h`eurgf yfag t`efb
k`aduhuag, k`adlrlag k`kn`rihfa cfsieitfs h`pfdf p`aueis s`biaggf t`rs`e`sfiayf
kfhfefb iai.
]`aueis k`ayfdfri nfbwf dfefk p`knuftfa kfhfefb iai kfsib nfayfh h`hurfagfa. Le`b
hfr`af itu, p`aueis k`agbfrfphfa fdfayf hritih dfa sfrfa dfri s`kuf pibfh d`ki h`s`kpuraffa
p`ayusuafa kfhfefb s`efaoutayf. ]`aueis n`rbfrfp s`klgf Kfhfefbiai dfpft k`kn`rihfa
hlatrinusi yfag plsitic nfgi
p`rh`knfagfa p`adidihfa hbususayf h`p`rfwftfa. Z`klgf Feefb ZWT
s`afatifsfk`ridblis`gfefusfbfhitf, Fkia.
Klolh`rtl, 6> K`i >=>=

Tik ]`ayusua
DFCTF^ IZI
HFTF ]@AGFATF^.....................................................................................................................I

DFCTF^ IZI................................................................................................................................II

NFN I ]@ADFBPEPFA...............................................................................................................6

6.6 Eftfr N`efhfag................................................................................................................6

6.> Tuoufa..........................................................................................................>

6.: Kfacfft........................................................................................................> NFN II

HLAZ@] K]H].........................................................................................:

>.6 D`ciaisi.........................................................................................................:
>.> Tuoufa K]H]...............................................................................................4

>.: Hlkpla`a-Hlkpla`a dfefk K]H]..........................................................4

>.4 Ztruhtur Lrgfaisfsi.......................................................................................3

>.0 Tiaghft Zp`sicihfsi K]H]...........................................................................7

NFN III HLAZ@] K@TLD@ ]^IK@^..................................................................9

:.6 D`ciaisi.........................................................................................................9

:.> Jlatlb ]`a`rfpfa K`tld` ]rik`r.............................................................6=

:.: @e`k`a ]rikfry Aursiag............................................................................66

:.4 H`uatuagfa ]rikfry Aursiag....................................................................6> :.0 H`e`nibfa ]

rikfry Aursiag........................................................................6:

:.3 H`hurfagfa ]rikfry Aursiag....................................................................64

:.7 H`t`afgfh`roffa dfefk H`p`rfwftfa ]rik`r............................................64

:.2 ]`efhsfaffa Fsubfa H`p`rfwftfa ]rik`r.................................................64

NFN IS ]@APTP]...............................................................................................>6
4.6 H`sikpuefa................................................................................................>6

4.> Zfrfa...........................................................................................................>6

DFCTF^ ]PZTFHF............................................................................................>>
 NFN I ]@ADFBPEPFA

I.6 Eftfr N`efhfag

H`p`rfwftfa nuhfa prlc`si yfag stftis dfa tidfh n`runfb t`tfpi prlc`si yfag s`jfrf t`rus-
k`a`rus n`rh`knfag dfa t`reinft dfefk kfsyfrfhft yfag n`runfb, s`biaggf p`k`aubfa dfa
k`tld` p`rfwftfa n`runfb, hfr`af gfyf bidup n`runfb. N`rnijfrf t`atfag h`p`rfwftfa fdf bfe
p`atiag yfag bfrus dinfbfs yfitu Kld`e ]rfhtih H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe yfag dfpft
dit`rfphfa dfefk p`kn`rifa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa dfa dfefk bfe iai, kfhfefb iai fhfa
k`knijfrfhfa t`atfag ―Kld`e ]rfhtih H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe‛.

]`rfwft k`kn`ri fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa h`pfdf hei`a t`rkfsuh iadividu, h`eufrgf dfa
kfsyfrfhft.]`rfwft k`a`rikf tfagguag ofwfn uatuh k`knuft h`fdffa eiaghuagfa cisih,
slsife dfa spiritufe yfag k`kuaghiahfa uatuh
p`ay`knubfa dfa k`a`hfahfa p`aj`gfbfa p`ayfhit, s`rtf k`aiaghfthfa h`s`bftfa d`agfa
p`ayueubfa h`s`bftfa. Hfr`af n`n`rfpf c`alk`af diftfs wfoin dih`tfbui le`b s`lrfag p`rfwft
yfag prlc`silafe, s`biaggf prlc`si h`p`rfwftfa kfkpu k`kieib dfa k`a`rfphfa Kld`e ]rfhtih
H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe yfag pfeiag t`pft nfgi hei`a.Z`biaggf dibfrfphfa aiefi prlc`silafe
dfpft difpeihfsihfa s`jfrf ayftf, s`biaggf k`aiaghfthfa kutu fsubfa dfa p`efyfafa
h`p`rfwftfa.

6
>

I.> Tuoufa

6. Fpf itu Hlas`p Zist`k ]`aglrgfaisfsifa K`tld` ]rik`r<

>. Nfgfikfaf jlatlb p`a`rfpfa Zist`k ]`aglrgfaisfsifa K`tld` ]rik`r<
:. Fpf H`e`nibfa ]`aglrgfaisfsifa K`tld` ]rik`r<
4. Fpf H`hurfagfa ]`aglrgfaisfsifa K`tld` ]rik`r<
I.: Kfacfft

6. Patuh k`ag`tfbui Hlas`p Zist`k ]`aglrgfaisfsifa K`tld` ]rik`r.

>. Patuh k`ag`tfbui jlatlb p`a`rfpfa Zist`k ]`aglrgfaisfsifa K`tld` ]rik`r.
:. Patuh k`ag`tfbui H`e`nibfa ]`aglrgfaisfsifa K`tld` ]rik`r.
4. Patuh k`ag`tfbui H`hurfagfa ]`aglrgfaisfsifa K`tld` ]rik`r.
 NFN II

HLAZ@] K]H]

II.6 D`ciaisi
Kld`e prfhtih h`p`rfwftfa prlc`silafe (K]H]) fdfefb suftu sist`k
(struhtur, prls`s dfa aiefi-aiefi prlc`silafe), yfag k`kcfsieitfsi p`rfwft
prlc`silafe, k`agftur p`kn`rifa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa, t`rkfsuh eiaghuagfa t`kpft fsubfa
t`rs`nut din`rihfa.
Kld`e prfhtih h`p`rfwftfa prlc`silafe (K]H]) fdfefb suftu sist`k
(struhtur, prls`s dfa aiefi-aiefi prlc`silafe), yfag k`kcfsieitfsi p`rfwft
prlc`silafe, k`agftur p`kn`rifa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa, t`rkfsuh eiaghuagfa t`kpft fsubfa
t`rs`nut din`rihfa.Fsp`h struhtur dit`tfphfa oukefb t`afgf h`p`rfwftfa n`rdfsfrhfa oukefb
hei`a s`sufi d`agfa d`rfoft h`t`rgfatuagfa hei`a.]`a`tfpfa oukefb p`rfwft s`sufi h`nutubfa
hei`a k`aofdi bfe p`atiag, hfr`af nief oukefb p`rfwft tidfh s`sufi d`agfa oukefb t`afgf yfag
dinutubhfa, tidfh fdf wfhtu nfgi p`rfwft uatuh k`efhuhfa tiadfhfa h`p`rfwftfa.
Z`efia oukefb, p`reu dit`tfphfa puef o`ais t`afgf yfitu ]] dfa ]F, s`biaggf p`rfa dfa
cuagsi kfsiag-kfsiag t`afgf s`sufi d`agfa h`kfkpufa dfa t`rdfpft tfagguag ofwfn yfag
o`efs.]fdf fsp`h struhtur dit`tfphfa ougf stfadfr r`aprf, frtiayf pfdf s`tifp rufag rfwft sudfb
t`rs`dif stfadfr r`aprf n`rdfsfrhfa difgalsf k`dih dfa ftfu n`rdfsfrhfa sist`k tunub.
]fdf fsp`h prls`s dit`tfphfa p`agguaffa k`tld` kldicihfsi h`p`rfwftfa prik`r
(hlkniafsi k`tld` tik dfa h`p`rfwftfa prik`r).

:
4

II.> Tuoufa K]H]

6. K`aofgf hlasist`asi fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa

 >. K`agurfagi hlaceih, tukpfag tiadib dfa h`hlslagfa p`efhsfaffa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa le`b
tik h`p`rfwftfa.

:. K`ajiptfhfa h`kfadirifa dfefk k`kn`rihfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa.

4. K`kn`rihfa p`dlkfa dfefk k`a`atuhfa h`niofhfa dfa h`putusfa.
0. K`ao`efshfa d`agfa t`gfs rufag eiaghup dfa tuoufa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa
nfgi s`tifp tik h`p`rfwftfa

II.: Hlkpla`a-Hlkpla`a dfefk K]H]

T`rdfpft 4 hlkpla`a utfkf dfefk kld`e prfht`h h`p`rfwftfa prlc`ssilafe, yfitu s`nfgfi
n`rihut ?
6. H`t`afgffa H`p`rfwftfa
]`a`tfpfa oukefb t`afgf h`p`rfwftfa bfrus dis`sufihfa d`agfa hft`glri
yfag fhfa dinutubfa uatuh fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa hei`a dis`tifp uait. N`n`rfpf
p`ad`hftfa dfpft diguafhfa uatuh k`kp`rhirfhfa oukefb stfc yfag fhfa
dinutubhfa n`rdfsfrhfa hft`glri hei`a yfag dirfwft,rfsil p`rfwft,dfa hei`a uatuh
k`k`aubi stfadfr prfht`h h`p`rfwftfa.
>. K`tldf p`kn`rifa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa
Kfafo`k`a fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa fdfefb nfgifa dfri kfafo`k`a p`efyfafa
h`p`rfwftfa yfag k`rupfhfa p`efhsfaffa prls`s h`p`rfwftfa d`agfa k`agguafhfa
hlas`p-hlas`p-hlas`p kfafo`k`a s`p`rti p`r`ajfaffa, p`aglrgfaisfsifa, p`agg`rfhhfa
dfa p`ag`adfeifa ftfu `vfeufsi (Gieei`s, 6994). Zist`k p`kn`rifa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa
fdfefb suftu p`ad`hftfa p`kn`rifa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa s`jfrf `c`htic dfa `cisi`a
h`pfdf s`oukefb pfsi`a.Z`tifp k`tldf k`kieihi h`uatuagfa dfa h`rugifa kfsiag-
kfsiag. T`rdfpft 4 k`tld` dfefk p`kn`rifa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa, yfitu k`tld`
cuagsilafe, k`tld` tik , k`tld` prik`r dfa k`tld` hfsus.
0

:. ]rls`s H`p`rfwftfa
]rls`s h`p`rfwftfa k`rupfhfa prls`s p`agfkniefa h`putusfa yfag
diefhuhfa p`rfwft dfefk k`ayusua h`giftfa fsubfa s`jfrf n`rtfbfp. H`nutubfa dfa
kfsfefb pfsi`a k`rupfhfa titih s`atrfe dfefk p`agfkniefa h`putusfa. ]`ad`hftfa
iekifb yfag crfgkftis dfefk

p`agfkniefa h`putusfa fdfefb ?

f) Id`aticihfsi kfsfefb,
n) K`ayusua fet`raftic p`ay`e`sfihfa kfsfefb,
j) ]`kieibfa jfrf p`ay`e`sdfifa kfsfefb yfag t`pft dfa
k`efhsfafhfaayf,
 d) @vfeufsi bfsie dfri p`efhsfaffa fet`raftic p`ay`e`sfifa kfsfefb.

Z`eurub efaghfb p`agfkniefa h`putusfa iai t`rtufag pfdf efaghfb-

efaghfb prls`s h`p`rfwftfa yfitu?

f) ]`aghfoifa clhus pfdf h`eubfa utfkf dfa `hspelrfsi e`nib bleistih,

n) Difgalsis yfitu k`a`tfphfa bunuagfa s`nfn fhinft dfri kfsfefb kfsfefb
h`p`rfwftfa,
j) ^`ajfaf tiadfhfa uatuh k`ay`e`sfihfa kfsfefb,
d) Ikpe`k`atfsi r`ajfaf dfa `)
@vfeufsi bfsie tiadfhfa.

4. Dlhuk`atfsi H`p`rfwftfa
Dlhuk`atfsi h`p`rfwftfa k`rupfhfa uasur p`atiag dfefk sist`k p`efyfafa
h`p`rfwftfa, hfr`af k`efeui p`adlhuk`atfsifa yfag nfih, kfhf iaclrkfsi k`ag`afi
h`fdffa H`s`bftfa pfsi`a dfpft dih`tfbui s`jfrf n`rh`siafknuagfa.Disfkpiag itu,
dlhuk`atfsi k`rupfhfa dlhuk`a e`gfe t`atfag p`kn`rifa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa.Z`jfrf
e`nib sp`sicih, dlhuk`atfsi n`rcuagsi s`nfgfi sfrfaf hlkuaihfsi fatfr prlc`si
H`s`bftfa, sukn`r dftf uatuh
p`kn`rifa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa, sukn`r dftf uatuh p`a`eitifa, s`nfgfi nfbfa nuhti
p`rtfagguag ofwfnfa dfa p`rtfagguag gugftfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa.Dlhuk`a dinuft
n`rdfsfrhfa p`k`jfbfa kfsfefb pfsi`a.Dlhuk`atfsi n`rdfsfrhfa kfsfefb t`rdiri dfri
clrkft p`aghfoifa, r`ajfaf h`p`rfwftfa, jftftfa tiadfhfa h`p`rfwftfa, dfa jftftfa
p`rh`knfagfa pfsi`a.
3

II.4 Ztruhtur Lrgfaisfsi

Ztruhtur lrgfaisfsi fdfefb susuafa hlkpla`a-hlkpla`a dfefk suftu lrgfaisfsi.]fdf

p`ag`rtifa struhtur lrgfaisfsi k`auaouhhfa fdfayf p`knfgifa h`rof dfa k`auaouhhfa
nfgfikfaf cuagsi-cuagsi ftfu h`giftfa yfag n`rn`df-
n`df diiat`grfsihfa ftfu dihllrdiafsihfa.Ztruhtur lrgfailsfsi ougf k`auaouhhfa sp`sifeisfsi
p`h`roffa.
Ztruhtur lrgfaisfsi ^ufag K]H] k`agguafhfa sist`k p`augfsfa Tik-
prik`r h`p`rfwftfa.^ufag K]H] dipikpia le`b H`pfef ^ufagfa yfag k`knfwfbi duf ftfu e`nib
H`tuf Tik.H`tuf Tik n`rp`rfa s`nfgfi p`rfwft prik`r k`knfwfbi n`n`rfpf ]`rfwft ]`efhsfaf yfag
k`kn`rihfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa s`jfrf k`ay`eurub h`pfdf s`h`elkplh pfsi`a.

K`hfaisk` ]`efhsfaffa ]`aglrgfaisfsifa di ^ufag K]H] t`rdiri dfri n`n`rfpf bfe, yfitu ?
f) H`pfef rufagfa k`knfgi p`rfwft yfag fdf k`aofdi > tik dfa tifp tik dih`tufi kfsiag-kfsiag
le`b s`lrfag h`tuf Tik yfag t`rpieib k`efeui suftu uoi.
 n) H`pfef rufagfa n`h`rof sfkf d`agfa h`tuf Tik k`agftur ofdufe diafs (pfgi, slr`, kfefk)
j) H`pfef ^ufagfa k`knfgi pfsi`a uatuh kfsiag-kfsiag Tik.
d) Fpfnief suftu h`tihf sftu Tik h`hurfagfa ]`rfwft ]`efhsfaf hfr`af hladisi t`rt`atu. H`pfef
^ufagfa dfpft k`kiadfbhfa ]`rfwft ]`efhsfaf dfri Tik h` Tik yfag k`agfefki h`hurfagfa
faggltf.
`) H`pfef rufagfa k`auaouh p`afagguag ofwfn sbict slr`, kfefk, dfa sbict
pfgi fpfnief hfr`af s`suftu bfe h`pfef rufagfa s`dfag tidfh n`rtugfs. Le`b s`nfn, itu yfag
dipieib fdfefb p`rfwft yfag pfeiag hlkp`t`a dfri p`rfwft yfag fdf.
c) Z`nfgfi p`aggfati H`pfef ^ufagfa fdfefb H`tuf Tik, s`dfaghfa oihf H`tuf Tik n`rbfefagfa,
tugfsayf digfatihfa le`b faggltf Tik (p`rfwft p`efhsfaf) yfag pfeiag hlkp`t`a di fatfrf
faggltf tik.
g) H`tuf Tik k`a`tfphfa p`rfwft p`efhsfaf uatuh kfsiag-kfsiag pfsi`a.
7

b) H`tuf k`ag`adfeihfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa yfag din`rihfa h`pfdf pfsi`a nfih yfag dit`rfphfa
le`b diriayf kfupua le`b ]`rfwft ]`efhsfaf faggltf Tikayf.
i) Hlefnlrfsi d`agfa Tik H`s`bftfa efia diefhuhfa le`b H`tuf Tik. Nief H`tuf Tik hfr`af suftu
bfe tidfh s`dfag n`rtugfs kfhf tfagguag ofwfnayf

did`e`gfsihfa h`pfdf p`rfwft pfeiag hlkp`t`a yfag fdf di dfefk Tik. o) Kfsiag-
kfsiag Tik k`kieihi nuhu Hlkuaihfsi.
h) ]`rfwft p`efhsfaf k`efhsfafhfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa h`pfdf pfsi`a yfag k`aofdi tfagguag
ofwfnayf.

II.0 Tiaghft Zp`sicihfsi K]H]

]`efyfafa prikf h`p`rfwftfa dih`knfaghfa dfefk n`atuh kld`e prfht`h

h`p`rfwftfa prlc`silafe (K]H]), yfag pfdf fwfeayf dih`knfaghfa le`b Zudfrslal (>===) di
^ukfb Zfhit Jiptlkfaguahusukl dfa n`n`rfpf rukfb sfhit ukuk efia. K`aurut Zudfrslal
(>===), K]H] dih`knfaghfa n`n`rfpf o`ais s`sufi d`agfa hladisi sukn`r dfyf kfausif yfag
fdf yfitu?
6. Kld`e prfht`h H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe III
T`afgf p`rfwft yfag fhfa n`h`rof di rufagfa iai s`kuf
prlc`silafe dfa fdf yfag sudfb dlhtlr, s`biaggf prfhtih h`p`rfwftfa n`rdfsfrhfa
`vid`aj` nfs`d . Di rufagfa t`rs`nut ougf diefhuhfa p`a`eitifa h`p`rfwftfa,
hbususayf p`a`eitifa heiais.
>. Kld`e ]rfht`h H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe II
 T`afgf p`rfwft yfag n`h`rof di rufagfa iai k`kpuayfi h`kfkpufa sp`sifeis
yfag dfpft k`kn`rihfa hlasuetfsi h`pfdf
p`rfwft prik`r.Di rufagfa iai diguafhfa bfsie-bfsie p`a`eitifa h`p`rfwftfa dfa
k`efhuhfa p`a`eitifa h`p`rfwftfa.
2

:. Kld`e ]rfht`h H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe I

Kld`e iai k`agguafhfa : hlkpla`a utfkf yfitu h`t`afgffa, k`tld` p`kn`rifa
fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa dfa dlhuk`atfsi h`p`rfwftfa. K`tld` yfag
diguafhfa pfdf kld`e iai fdfefb hlkniafsi k`tld` h`p`rfwftfa prik`r dfa k`tld` tik
yfag dis`nut

tik prik`r.
4. Kld`e ]rfht`h H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe ]`kuef
Kld`e iai k`ay`rupfi K]H] I, t`tfpi nfru tfbfp fwfe p`ag`knfagfa yfag
fhfa k`auou prlc`silafe I.
 NFN III
HLAZ@] K@TLD@ ]^IK@^

III.6 D`ciaisi
Aursiag prik`r fdfefb k`tld` p`augfsfa dikfaf sftu lrfag p`rfwft n`rtfagguag ofwfn
p`aub s`efkf >4 ofk t`rbfdfp fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa pfsi`a dikuefi dfri pfsi`a kfsuh sfkpfi
h`eufr rukfb sfhit (Aursfefk, >==7). K`tld` ]rik`r iai ditfadfi d`agfa fdfayf h`t`rhfitfa
huft dfa t`rus k`a`rus fatfrf pfsi`a dfa p`rfwft yfag ditugfshfa uatuh k`r`ajfafhfa,
k`efhuhfa, dfa hllrdiafsi fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa s`efkf pfsi`a dirfwft.

D`agfa d`kihifa, ieku h`p`rfwftfa fdfefb suftu kfacfft yfag t`rus

n`rh`knfag n`rdfsfrhfa bfsie p`aguoifa dfa p`knuhtifa iekifb dfefk k`aiaghfthfa
h`s`bftfa, h`nfbfgiffa, dfa h`s`ofbt`rffa nfgi kfausif.
Zist`k prikfry aursiag k`agguafhfa 6 lrfag p`rfwft prik`r yfag
n`h`rof s`efkf >4 ofk dfa n`rtfagguag ofwfn uatuh p`r`ajfaffa p`rfwftfa 0-3 pfsi`a
dfa h`tihf p`rfwft prik`r tidfh n`rtugfs p`rfwftfa pfsi`a diefaouthfa le`b p`rfwft
p`efhsfaf yfag k`efaouthfa p`r`ajfaffa
p`rfwftfa yfag sudfb dir`ajfafhfa le`b p`rfwft prik`r (Kfrquiz & Bustla, >===).

H`p`rfwftfa prik`r k`adlrlag prfhtih h`kfadirifa p`rfwft, hfr`af fdf h`o`efsfa fatfrf
p`knuft r`ajfaf fsubfa dfa p`efhsfaf. K`tld` prik`r iai ditfadfi d`agfa fdfayf h`t`rhfitfa
huft dfa t`rus-k`a`rus fatfrf pfsi`a dfa p`rfwft yfag ditugfshfa uatuh k`r`ajfafhfa,
k`efhuhfa, dfa k`aghllrdiafsi fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa s`efkf pfsi`a dirfwft.
]rikfry aursiag fdfefb p`ay`rfbfa k`ay`eurub, hllrdiafsi, hlatiau, p`rfwftfa pfsi`a
iadividu yfag diefhuhfa le`b p`rfwft prlc`ssilafe yfag k`kieihi ltlalki, fhuatfnieitfs dfa
ltlalki s`efkf >4 ofk (]rikfry Aurs` Jlav`atila 6977 dfefk Jfkpn`ee, 6920)

9
6=

III.> Jlatlb ]`a`rfpfa K`tld` ]rik`r

 Hlzi`r `t fe. (6997) k`ayftfhfa di a`gfrf kfou pfdf ukukayf
p`rfwft prik`r fdfefb s`lrfag sp`sifeis p`rfwft heiais (jeiaijfe aurs`
sp`jifeist ) d`agfa hufeicihfsi kfst`r h`p`rfwftfa.Z`lrfag p`rfwft prik`r
n`rtfagguag ofwfn uatuh k`knuft h`putusfa yfag t`rhfit d`agfa fsubfa
h`p`rfwftfa hei`a.Hufeicihfsi h`kfkpufa p`rfwft prik`r kiaikfe fdfefb sfrofaf
h`p`rfwftfa (a`rs).

66

]rikfry aurs` n`rp`rfa s`nfgfi fdvlhft pfsi`a t`rbfdfp nirlhfsi rukfb sfhit. H`pufsfa yfag

dirfsfhfa pfsi`a dfefk kld`e prik`r fdfefb

nfbwf k`rfsf ―dikfausifwihfa‛ hfr`af pfsi`a t`rp`aubi h`nutubfaayf s`jfrf iadivisufe

d`agfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa yfag n`rkutu dfa t`rjfpfiayf

 p`efyafa yfag `c`htic t`rbfdfp p`aglnftfa, duhuagfa, prlt`hsi, icalrkfsi dfa fdvlhfsi.

III.: @e`k`a ]rikfry Aursiag

6. K`kieihi tfagguag ofwfn uatuh fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa pfsi`a s`efkf >4 ofk s`bfri.
Tfagguag ofwfn fdfefb p`rfwft prik`r k`kieihi tfagguag ofwfn t`rbfdfp 6-3
pfsi`a dfri kuefi pfsi`a kfsuh sfkpfi puefag dfefk bfe p`kn`rifa fsubfa
h`p`rfwftfa.Bfe-bfe yfag n`rhfitfa d`agfa pfsi`a/h`eufrgf s`p`rti h`nutubfa
rufagfa pfsi`a, lnft, p`k`rihsffa p`auaofag, dfa efia-efia k`aofdi tfagguag ofwfn
dfri p`rfwft prik`r.
Z`kuf kfsfefb pfsi`a s`efkf >4 ofk k`aofdi tfagguag ofwfn p`rfwft prik`r (Kfatb`y,
692=).
>. N`rfai k`knuft h`putusfa.
N`rfai k`knuft h`putusfa fdfefb p`rfwft prik`r bfrus kfkpu dfa n`rfai k`knuft
h`putusfa yfag n`rbunuagfa d`agfa h`nutubfa
p`efyfafa h`p`rfwftfapfsi`a.]`rfwft prik`r bfrus k`kieihi n`hfe ieku dfa shiee
yfag tiaggi s`biaggf dfefk k`knuft h`putusfa n`rdfsfrhfa ieku yfag dikieihi. ]
`rfwft prik`r dfpft n`rbunuagfa efagsuag d`agfa h`pfef rufagfa, dlht`r yfag
k`rfwft pfsi`a, dfa tik h`s`bftfa efia (Kfatb`y, 692=).
6>

:. Kfkpu n`rhlkuaihfsi iat`rp`rslafe d`agfa nfih dfa n`rhlasuetfsi d`agfa p`rfwft h`pfef,
dlht`r, cfrkfsi dee.
N`rhlkuaihfsi s`jfrf iat`rp`rslafe fdfefb p`rfwft prik`r bfrus

kfkpu n`rhlkuaihfsi nfih h`pfdf pfsi`a/h`eufrgf, dlht`r, h`pfef rufagfa, pibfh

kfafo`k`a, p`rfwft fssljift` dfa tik h`s`bftfa efiaayf.
4. Kfkpu k`knuft fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa s`jfrf k`ay`eurub s`efkf >4 ofk.
K`knuft fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa s`jfrf k`ay`eurub s`efkf >4 ofk fdfefb p`rfwft
prik`r bfrus kfkpu k`efhuhfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa yfag dikuefi dfri p`aghfoifa,
p`a`gfhfa difgalsf h`p`rfwftfa, p`r`ajfaffa h`p`rfwftfa, p`efhsfaffa h`p`rfwftfa
sfkpfi `vfeufsi.

Z`ofh pfsi`a kfsuh biaggf puefag tfbfp - tfbfp fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa t`tfp dir`ajfafhfa,
diefhuhfa le`b p`rfwft prik`r dfa diefaouthfa le`b
p`rfwft p`efhsfaf. Z`kuf kfsfefb dfa h`nutubfa pfsi`a s`efkf dirfwft yfag
n`rbunuagfa d`agfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa t`tfp bfrus dinfwfb p`agfwfsfa p`rfwft
prik`r wfefupua yfag diafs fdfefb p`rfwft fssljift` (Kfatb`y, 692=).
III.4 H`uatuagfa ]rikfry Aursiag

6. K`kn`rihfa p`aiaghftfa futlalki pfdf pibfh p`rfwft, ofdi

k`aiaghfthfa kltivfsi tfagguag ofwfn dfa tfagguag gugft.

>. K`aofkia hlatiauitfs p`rfwft s`sufi p`rfwft prik`r k`kn`rihfa ftfu k`agfrfbhfa p`rfwftfa
s`pfaofag blspitfeisfsi.
:. K`aiaghfthfa h`p`rjfyffa fatfr p`rfwft dfa pfsi`a yfag fhfa k`kuaghiahfa p`kn`atuhfa
bunuagfa t`rfpiutih.
6:

Patuh pibfh rukfb sfhit, h`uatuagfa yfag dfpft dip`rle`b fdfefb rukfb sfhit tidfh
p`reu k`kp`rh`ofhfa t`refeu nfayfh t`afgf h`p`rfwftfa, t`tfpi t`afgf yfag fdf bfrus
n`rhufeitfs tiaggi. Dfefk k`a`t`fphfa iadividu uatuh

k`aofdi prikfry aurs`, dip`reuhfa h`bfti-bftifa hfr`af n`n`rfpf hrit`rif n`rihut,

difatfrfayf dfefk k`a`tfphfa h`kfkpufa fs`rtic, s`ec dir`jtila, h`kfkpufa k`agfknie
h`putusfa yfag t`pft, k`agufsfi h`p`rfwftfa heiaih, fhuatfn`e, s`rtf n`rhlefnlrfsi d`agfa
nfih fatfrf n`rnfgfi dispeia ieku.

H`pufsfa yfag dirfsfhfa le`b prikfry aurs` fdfefb t`rjfpfiayf bfsie

n`rupf h`kfkpufa yfag tiaggi t`re`tfh pfdf h`kfkpufa sup`rvisi. Ztfc k`dis ougf k`rfsfhfa
h`pufsfaayf dd`agfa kld`e prik`r iai, hfr`af s`afatifsf iaclrkfsi t`atfag hladisi pfsi`a
s`efeu ktfhbir dfa efplrfa pfsi`a hlkpr`b`asic

III.0 H`e`nibfa ]rikfry Aursiag

6. N`rsicft hlatiau dfa hlkpr`b`asic.

>. ]`rfwft prik`r k`adfpfthfa fhuatfnieitfs yfag tiaggi t`rbfdfp bfsie dfa k`kuaghiahfa
p`ag`knfagfa diri.
:. Iadividu fhfa k`rfsf di bfrgfi hfr`af t`rp`aubi h`nutubfa s`jfrf iadividu.
4. Fsubfa yag di n`rihfa n`rkutu tiaggi dfa fhfa t`rjfpfi p`efyfafa yfag `c`htic t`rbfdfp
p`aglnftfa, duhuagfa, iaclrkfsi dfa fdvlhfsi.
0. Dlht`r fhfa k`adfpfthfa iaclrkfsi t`atfag hladisi pfsi`a yfag s`efeu di p`rnfbfrui dfa
hlkpr`b`asic.
3. Kld`e prfht`h h`p`rfwftfa prlc`silafe dfpft diefhuhfa ftfu dit`rfpfhfa.
64
III.3 H`hurfagfa ]rikfry Aursiag

6. Bfayf dfpft diefhuhfa le`b p`rfwft prlc`siafe, k`kieihi h`kfkpufa uatuh k`agfknie
h`putusfa d`agfa t`pft, k`agufsfi h`p`rfwftfa heiaih s`rtf kfkpu n`rhlefnlrfsi d`agfa
t`afgf k`dis efiaayf.
>. Nifyf r`eftic e`nib tiaggi dinfadiaghfa k`tld` efia, hfr`af e`nib nfayfh k`agguafhfa
p`rfwft prlc`silafe.
:. ]`rfwft bfrus kfkpu k`agiknfagi h`kfoufa t`halelgi h`s`bftfa ftfu h`dlht`rfa
4. ]`rfwft faggltf dfpft k`rfsf h`biefagfa h`w`afagfa.

III.7 H`t`afgfh`roffa dfefk H`p`rfwftfa ]rik`r

6. Z`tifp p`rfwft prik`r fdfefb p`rfwft n`d sid`.

>. N`nfa hfsus fdfefb 4-3 lrfag pfsi`a uatuh sftu p`rfwft
:. ]`augfsfa dit`atuhfa le`b h`pfef nfagsfe
4. ]`rfwft prik`r dinfatu le`b p`rfwft prlc`silafe efia kfupua p`rfwft alaprlc`silafe s`nfgfi
p`rfwft pfsi`a.

III.2 ]`efhsfaffa Fsubfa H`p`rfwftfa ]rik`r

Fdf : cfhtlr suhs`sayf prikfry aursiagyfi tu ? 6) h`t`reinftfa faggltf stfc s`nfgfi

p`knuft h`putusfa, >) p`agguaffa clrkft
p`agfkniefa h`putusfa, :) fdfayf duhuagfa dfri pibfh kfafo`k`a (Kfatb`y, 692=).
6. H`t`reinftfa faggltf stfc s`nfgfi p`knuft h`putusfa . ]`kiibfas`lrfag p`rfwft prik`r
dfefk tik p`kn`rifa p`efyfafa h`p`rfwftfa dfefk sftu rufagfa bfrus k`einfthfa
s`eurub stfc yfag t`rhfit. H`putusfa difknie n`rdfsfrhfa h`s`pfhftfa n`rsfkf
uatuh k`kieib s`lrfag p`rfwft prik`r d`agfa k`kieihi hlkp`t`asi `kpft
`e`k`a yfitu? kfkpu a`rhlkuaihfsi s`jfrf iat`rp`rslafe, kfkpu n`rtfagguag ofwfn,
kfkpu k`agfknie h`putusfa dfa kfkpu k`efhuhfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa.
60

>. ]`agguaffa clrkft p`agfkniefa h`putusfa. K`tld` p`augfsfa

prikfry aursiag yfag fhfa diefhsfafhfa dfefk sftu rufagfa bfrus k`kieihi
clrkfth`putusfa n`rsfkf. Z`lrfag p`rfwft prik`r yfag

sudfb t`rpieib bfrus n`rdfsfrhfa clrkft yfag sudfb dis`tuoui n`rsfkf le`b stfc di
rufagfa t`rs`nut. Clrkft t`rs`nut s`nfgfi dfsfr uatuh difouhfa h` pibfh
kfafo`k`a.
:. Duhuagfa dfri pibfh kfafo`k`a. H`suhs`sfa k`tld` p`augfsfa
 prikfry aursiag bfrus k`adfpft duhuagfa s`p`aubayf dfri pibfh kfafo`k`arukfb
sfhit. ]`efhsfaffa prikfry aursiag di rufagfa bfrus k`adfpft p`agfhufa dfri pibfh
kfafo`k`a rukfb sfhit kisfeayf? h`e`aghfpfa sfrfaf dfa prfsfrfaf rufagfa pfsi`a,
h`putusfa uatuh k`kfhfi k`tld` p`augfsfa prikfry aursiag di

rufagfa, h`putusfa uatuh p`rfwft prik`r. Duhuagfa pibfh kfafo`k`a rukfbsfhit

k`rupfhfa sfefb sftu kltivftlr nfgi p`rfwft
prik`r dfa tikayf uatuh k`efhsfafhfa k`tld` p`augfsfa prikfry aursiag.
Efaghfb-efaghfb dfefk prls`s p`efhsfaffa prikfry aursiag fdfefb? 6) k`kutushfa
uatuh k`agguafhfa hlas`p prikfry aursiag, >) k`efhuhfa p`agukpuefa dftf, :)
p`efhsfaffa prikfry aursiag dfa 4) `vfeufsi p`efhsfaffa prikfry aursiag (Kfatb`y,
692=).
6. K`kutushfa uatuh k`agguafhfa hlas`p prikfry aursiag.

H`putusfa uatuh k`agguafhfa kld`e prikfry aursiag bfrus didishusihfa

n`rsfkf fatfrf pibfh kfafo`k`a, h`pfef rufagfa, dfa s`eurub p`rfwft yfag fdf di
rufagfa. Bfsie dishusi bfrus k`adfpft p`rs`tuoufa dfri s`kuf pibfh fgfr dfefk
p`efhsfaffa prikfry aursiag tidfh k`agfefki bfknftfa. Hlas`p prikfry aursiag
bfrus kfkpu dipfbfki le`b s`lrfag p`rfwft prik`r dfa p`rfwft p`efhsfaf s`nfgfi
tik yfag fhfa k`efhsfafhfa k`tld` p`augfsfa
prikfry aursiag . Zfefb sftu syfrft uatuh s`lrfag p`rfwft prik`r dfa p`rfwft
p`efhsfaf yfag k`efhsfafhfa k`tld` p`augfsfa

prikfry aursiag fdfefb a`rs yfag sudfb k`kfbfki hlas`p

63

prikfry aursiag, oihf p`kfbfkfa hlas`p prikfry aursiag sudfb dipfbfki le`b p`rfwft
prik`r dfa p`rfwft p`efhsfaf kfhf k`tld`
p`augfsfa prikfry aursiag sudfb dfpft diputushfa uatuh

diefhsfafhfa di rufagfa t`rs`nut.

>. K`efhuhfa p`agukpuefa dftf. ]`agukpuefa dftf diefhuhfa s`nfgfi nfbfa ruouhfa dfa
iaclrkfsi dfsfr uatuh t`rn`atuhayf
prikfry aursiag. Dftf diofdihfa nfbfa p`rnfadiagfa uatuh h`n`rbfsiefa
p`efhsfaffa prikfry aursia. Duhuagfa pibfh kfafo`k`a rukfb s`efaoutayf.
Z`n`euk diefhsfafhfa k`tld` p`augfsfa prikfry aursiag dip`reuhfa
p`agukpuefa dftf dfri n`rnfgfi sukn`r ieku s`p`rti ourafe, frtih`e, t`xt nllh
dfa p`agfefkfa lrfag efia s`nfgfi dfsfr yfag fhurft. ]`agukpuefa

dftf dislsifeisfsihfa h`pfdf tik yfag fhfa k`efhsfafhfa k`tld` p`augfsfa prikfry
aursiag t`rutfkf h`pfdf p`rfwft prik`r.
 :. ]`efhsfaffa prikfry aursiag. ]`efhsfaffa prikfry aursiag di rufagfa yfag sudfb
dit`atuhfa t`rdiri dfri h`pfef rufagfa, p`rfwft prik`r dfa p`rfwft p`efhsfaf. ]
`kn`rifa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa yfag k`ay`eurub s`efkf >4 ofk diefhuhfa le`b
p`rfwft prik`r dinfatu d`agfa p`rfwft p`efhsfaf. ]`rfwft prik`r k`kn`rihfa
fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa h`pfdf 6-3 pfsi`a dfri kuefi pfsi`a kfsuh biaggf puefag.
Z`lrfag p`rfwft prik`r yfag sudfb dipieib dfa

diputushfa di rufagfa yfag k`kfhfi k`tld` p`augfsfa prikfry aursiag bfrus

k`adfpft duhuagfa dfa p`agfhufa dfri pibfh kfafo`k`a rukfb sfhit, p`rfwft
p`efhsfaf s`nfgfi faggltf tikayf, dlht`r dfa tik h`s`bftfa efiaayf, h`pfef
rufagfa dfa t`rutfkf dfri pfsi`a/h`eufrgf.
4. @vfeufsi p`efhsfaffa prikfry aursiag. @vfeufsi p`efhsfaffa

prikfry aursiag diefhuhfa s`t`efb wfhtu yfag dis`pfhfti n`rsfkf s`e`sfi. ]ibfh
kfafo`k`a k`efhuhfa `vfeufsi fpfhfb kld`e
prikfry aursiag p`reu diefaouthfa ftfu tidfh, p`reu diefhsfafhfa di rufagfa efia

ftfu tidfh. Iadihftlr h`suhs`sfa kld`e prikfry 67

aursiag dfpft dieibft dfri tiaghft h`pufsfa pfsi`a, p`rfwft, dlht`r dfa pibfh
kfafo`k`a. @vfeufsi p`efhsfaffa prikfry aursiag s`nfihayf dfefk hurua wfhtu
`afk nuefa s`hfei uatuh k`a`atuhfa

fpfhfb k`tld` p`augfsfa prikfry aursiag p`reu diefaouthfa ftfu tidfh, p`reu
dip`rnfihi ftfu tidfh.
f. Kld`e h`p`rfwftfa prik`r
D`agfa n`rh`knfagayf ieku h`p`rfwftfa dfa n`rnfgfi ieku dfefk nidfag
h`p`rfwftfa s`rtf k`aiaghfthfa tuatuafa kfsyfrfhft t`rbfdfp p`efyfafa h`p`rfwftfa yfag
n`rkutu tiaggi d`agfa didfsfrhfa nfbwf p`kn`rifa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa kld`e tik kfsib
n`n`rfpf h`hurfagfa, kfhf n`rdfsfrhfa studi pfrf pfhfr h`p`rfwftfa k`ag`knfaghfa
kld`e p`kn`rifa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa yfag t`rnfru yfitu

Kld`e prik`r (prik`r aurs`) dfa p`rfwft yfag k`efhsfafhfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa dis`nut
s`nfgfi prik`r aurs`.
n. Tuoufa dfri kld`e
]rik`r fdfefb t`rdfpftayf hlatiauitfs h`p`rfwftfa yfag diefhuhfa s`jfrf
hlkpr`b`asic dfa dfpft dip`rtfagguag ofwfnhfa.]`augfsfa yfag din`rihfa h`pfdf
prikfry aurs` ftfs pfsi`a yfag dirfwft dikuefi s`ofh
 pfsi`a kfsuh h`rukfb sfhit yfag didfsfrhfa h`pfdf h`nutubfa pfsi`a ftfu kfsfefb
h`p`rfwftfa yfag dis`sufihfa d`agfa h`kfkpufa prikfry aurs`. Z`tifp prikfry aurs`
k`kpuayfi 4-3 pfsi`a dfa n`rtfagguagofwfn

s`efkf >4 ofk s`efkf pfsi`a dirfwft prikfry aurs` fhfa k`efhuhfa p`aghfoifa s`jfrf
hlkpr`b`asic dfa k`r`ajfafhfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa. Z`efkf n`rtugfs if fhfa k`efhuhfa
n`rnfgfi h`giftfa s`sufi d`agfa kfsfefb dfa h`nutubfa pfsi`a. D`kihifa puef pfsi`a,
h`eufrgf, stfcc, k`dij dfa stfcc h`p`rfwftfa fhfa k`ag`tfbui nfbwf pfsi`a t`rt`atu
k`rupfhfa tfagguagofwfn dfri prikfry aurs` t`rt`atu. Dif n`rtfagguagofwfn uatuh
k`efhuhfa hlkuaihfsi dfa hllrdiafsi dfefk k`r`ajfafhfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa dfa dif ougf
fhfa k`r`ajfafhfa p`kuefagfa pfsi`a ftfu ruouhfa nief dip`reuhfa.

62

Oihf prikfry aurs` tidfh n`rtugfs, h`efaoutfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa

did`e`gfsihfa h`pfdf p`rfwft efia yfag dis`nut ―Fssljift` Aurs`‛. ]rikfry aurs`
n`rtfagguag ofwfn t`rbfdfp fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa yfag

dit`rikf pfsi`a dfa k`agiaclrkfsihfa t`atfag h`fdffa pfsi`a t`rbfdfp h`pfef rufagfa,
dlht`r dfa stfc h`p`rfwftfa efiaayf.H`pfef rufagfa tidfh
p`reu k`ag`j`h sftu p`r sftu pfsi`a, t`tfpi dfpft k`ag`vfeufsi s`jfrf k`ay`eurub t`atfag
fhticitfs p`efyfafa yfag din`rihfa h`pfdf s`kuf
pfsi`a.Z`lrfag prikfry aurs` nuhfa bfayf k`kpuayfi h`w`afagfa uatuh k`kn`rihfa
fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa t`tfpi ougf k`kpuayfi h`w`afagfa uatuh k`efhuhfa ruouhfa
h`pfdf p`h`rof slsife, hlatfh d`agfa e`knfgf sljife kfsyrfhft k`knuft ofdwfe
p`rofaoifa heiaih k`agfdfhfa huaouagfa rukfb dfa s`nfgfiayf.D`agfa din`rihfaayf
h`w`afagfa

t`rs`nut, kfhf dituatut fhuatfnieitfs yfag tiaggi t`rbfdfp bfsie p`efyfafa yfag
din`rihfa.]rikfry aurs` n`rp`rfa s`nfgfi fdvlhft pfsi`a t`rbfdfp nirl prfsi rukfb sfhit.
H`pufsfa yfag dirfsfhfa pfsi`a dfefk kld`e prik`r fdfefb pfsi`a k`rfsf
dikfausifwihfa hfr`af pfsi`a t`rp`aubi h`nutubfaayf s`jfrf iadividufe d`agfa fsubfa
h`p`rfwftfa yfag n`rkutu dfa t`rjfpfiayf p`efyfafa yfag `c`htic t`rbfdfp p`aglnftfa,
duhuagfa, prlt`hsi, fdvlhfsi dfa iaclrkfsi. H`pufsfa yfag dirfsfhfa le`b prikfry aurs`
fdfefb t`rjfpfiayf bfsie n`rupf h`kfkpufa yfag tiaggi t`re`tfh pfdf

h`kfkpufa sup`rvis`. Ztfc k`dis ougf k`rfsfhfa h`pufsffaayf d`agfa kld`e prik`r iai,
hfr`af s`afatifsf iaclrkfsi t`atfag hladisi pfsi`a s`efeu kuttfhbir dfa efplrfa pfsi`a
hlkpr`b`asic, s`dfaghfa pfdf kld`e cuagsilafe dfa tik iaclrkfsi dip`rle`b dfri n`n`rfpf
p`rfwft. Patuh
 pibfh rukfb sfhit h`uatuagfa yfag dfpft dip`rle`b fdfefb rukfb sfhit tidfh p`reu
k`kp`h`roffa t`refeu nfayfh t`afgf h`p`rfwftfa t`tfpi t`afgf yfag dip`h`rofhfa bfrus
n`rhufeitfs tiaggi. Dfefk k`a`tfphfa s`lrfag k`aofdi prikfry aurs` p`reu n`rbfti-bfti
Hfr`af k`k`reuhfa n`n`rfpf hrit`rif difatfrfayf dfefk k`a`tfphfa h`kfkpufa s`rtic, s`ec
dir`jtila, h`kfkpufa k`agfknie h`putusfa yfag t`pft, k`agufsfi h`p`rfwftfa 69

heiaih, fhuatfn`e s`rtf kfkpu n`rhlefnlrfsi d`agfa nfih fatfr n`rnfgfi disipeia ieku.
Dia`gfrf kfou pfdf ukukayf p`rfwft yfag dituaouh s`nfgfi prikfry aurs` fdfefb
s`lrfag jeiaijfe sp`jifeist yfag k`kpuayfi

hufeicihfsi kfst`r.
N`rdfsfrhfa bfsie p`a`eitifa nfbwf kld`e prik`r dfpft
k`aiaghfthfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa nief dinfadiaghfa d`gfa kld`e tik, hfr`af ?
6. Bfayf sftu p`rfwft yfag n`rtfagguagofwfn dfa n`rtfagguag gugft dfefk
p`r`ajfaffa dfa hllrdiafsi fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa.
>. Ofaghfufa lns`rvfsi s`tifp p`rfwft bfayf 4-3 pfsi`a nief dinfadiaghfa d`agfa
6=->= lrfag pfdf s`tifp tik.
:. ]`rfwft prik`r n`rtfagguaofwfn s`efkf >4 ofk.

4. ^`ajfaf puefag pfsi`a dfpft din`rihfa e`nib fwfe.

j. Difgrfk
H`pfef rufagfa ?
]fsi`a ?
]rikfry aurs` ?
Dlht`r ?
]`auaofag ?
Zict pfgi ?
Zict slr` ?

Zict kfe`k ?
d. Hlas`p dfsfr h`p`rfwftfa prik`r
6. Fdf tfaguag ofwfn dfa tfagguag gugft
>. Fdf ltlalki
:. Fdf h`t`rtinfa pfsi`a dfa h`eufrgf
>=
`. Tugfs p`rfwft prik`r / Hftik
6. K`a`rikf pfsi`a dfa k`aghfoi h`nutubfa pfsi`a s`jfrf hlkpr`b`asic.

>. K`a`rikf lp`rfa hei`a s`tifp p`rgfatifa diafs pfgi ftfu pfdf sfft n`rtugfs.
:. K`knuft tuoufa dfa r`ajfaf h`p`rfwftfa.
4. K`efeuhfa r`ajfaf yfag t`efb dinuft.
0. K`efhsfafhfa p`knfgifa hei`a pfdf p`rfwft fssljift`.
3. K`agfdfhfa pr` ftfu plst jlac`r`aj` d`agfa p`rfwft fssljift`.
7. K`agftur p`efhsfaffa hlasue dfa p`k`rihsffa efnlrftlriuk.
2. K`efhuhfa dishusi h`pfdf p`rfwft fssljift`.
9. K`ag`vfeufsi h`n`rbfsiefa yfag dijfpfi.

6=. K`efhuhfa tiadfhfa h`p`rfwftfa t`rt`atu yfag k`knutubhfa hlkp`t`asi

hlkpe`hs.
66. K`ayifphfa p`ayueubfa uatuh h`puefagfa pfsi`a.
6>. K`knuft offdwfe p`rofaoifa heiaih.
6:. K`agfdfhfa huaouagfa rukfb.
c. ]`rfa p`rfwft Fssljift`
6. K`agihuti s`rfb t`rikf hei`a diafs pfgi n`rsfkf p`rfwft prik`r, slr` dfa kfefk.
>. K`agihuti pr` ftfu plst jlac`r`aj` d`agfa p`rfwft prik`r

:. K`efhuhfa p`aghfoifa fwfe pfdf hei`a nfru oihf p`rfwft prik`r tidfh fdf
dit`kpft.
4. K`efhsfafhfa r`ajfaf h`p`rfwftfa.
0. K`knuft r`ajfaf h`p`rfwftfa pfdf hei`a nfru oihf p`rfwft prik`r tidfh fdf
dit`kpft.
3. K`efhuhfa `vfeufsi tiadfhfa yfag p`rafb diefhuhfa.
7. K`efhuhfa p`ajftftfa dfa p`efplrfa n`rdfsfrhfa clrkft dlhuk`atfsi h`p`rfwftfa
fyag fdf dirufagfa.
2. K`ayifphfa hei`a uatuh p`k`rihsffa difgalstij.
>6

9. K`kn`rihfa p`ao`efsfa ftfs p`rtfayffa hei`a ftfu h`eufrgf d`agfa hfeikft yfag
kudfb dik`ag`rti n`rsihfp rfkfb dfa slpfa.
6=. N`rp`rfa s`rtf k`efhuhfa p`ayueubfa h`s`bftfa h`pfdf hei`a dfa

h`eufrgf.
66. K`k`eibfrf h`n`rsibfa hei`a, rufagfa dfa eiaghuagfa rufag rfwft.
6>. K`ayifphfa, k`k`eibfrf p`rfeftfa yfag dip`reuhfa s`biaggf sifp sfft dipfhfi.
 6:. K`agihuti visit` dlht`r ftfu rlad` h`p`rfwtfa oihf tidfh fdf p`rfwft prik`r.
64. K`aggfatihfa p`rfa ftfu tugfs p`rfwft prik`r yfag efia oihf p`rfwft prik`r
tidfh fdf .

60. K`agid`aticihfsi dfa k`ajftft tiaghft h`t`rgfatuagfa hei`a s`tifp sict.

63. K`efhsfafhfa h`niofhfa yfag dit`atuhfa le`b h`pfef rufagfa.
g. Tugfs K`knfatu p`rfwft
6. K`kn`rsibhfa k`of
>. K`ay`difhfa feft
:. K`kn`rsibhfa feft-feft yfag diguafhfa
4. K`agfatfr hei`a hlasue
0. K`knfwf uriafe ftfu pisplt h`d fa dfri pfsi`a

3. K`ayifphfa kfhfa dfa kiauk

7. K`knfatu hei`a h` hfkfr kfadi
2. K`knfatu hei`a NFH dfa NFN
9. K`knfatu k`agfati feft t`aua
b. ]`rfa h`pfef rufagfa
6. K`aofdi hlasuetfa dfa p`ag`adfei kutu p`rfwft nfru
>. K`kn`ri lri`atfsi dfa k`ag`afei kutu p`rfwft nfru
:. K`ayusua ofdwfe diafs dfa k`kn`ri p`augfsfa pfdf p`rfwft
4. K`efhuhfa `vfeufsi h`rof

0. K`r`ajfafhfa k`ay`e`aggfrfhfa p`rh`knfagfa stfc

>>

3. K`knuft 6-> pfsi`a uatuh kld`e fgfr k`ag`afe bfknftfa yfag t`rofdi
i. ]`rfa p`rfwft p`efhsfaf

6. ]`aghfoifa k`aghfoi h`sifpfa hei`a dfri diri s`adiri uatuh k`efhsfafhfa fsubfa
h`p`rfwftfa
>. ]`r`ajfaffa
f) N`rsfkf tik k`agfdfhfa s`rfb t`rikf tugfs
n) K`a`rikf p`knfgifa tugfs dfri hftik
j) N`rsfkf hftik k`ayifphfa h`p`reufa uatuh k`efhsfafhfa fsubfa
h`p`rfwftfa
d) K`agihuti rlad` h`p`rfwftfa
`) K`a`rikf hei`a nfru
 :. Ikpe`k`atfsi
f) K`a`rikf p`ao`efsfa tuoufa p`rlrgfaisfsifa tik
n) K`a`rikf p`knfgifa tugfs
j) K`efhsfafhfa tugfs yfag din`rihfa hftik
d) K`efhsfafhfa prlgrfk hlefnlrfsi d`agfa tik h`s`bftfa efia
`) K`ay`sufihfa wfhtu istirfbft d`agfa faggltf tik efiaayf
c) K`efhsfafhfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa
g) K`auaofag p`efplrfa, k`ajftft tiadfhfa h`p`rfwftfa yfag

diefhsfafhfa
b) K`a`rikf p`agfrfbfa dfa nikniagfa dfri hftik
i) K`a`rikf iaclrkfsi yfag n`rhfitfa d`agfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa dfa
k`efhsfafhfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa d`agfa `tih dfa e`gfe
o) K`auaofag p`efplrfa dfa p`adlhuk`atfsifa
4. @vfeufsi
f) K`ayifphfa dfa k`auaouhhfa nfbfa yfag dip`reuhfa uatuh prls`s
`vfeufsi s`rtf ihut k`ag`vfeufsi hladisi

pfsi`a.
>:

o. Kld`e dfa n`atuh prfhtih h`p`rfwftfa prlc`ssilafe k`tld` h`p`rfwftfa

prik`r
6. Kld`e prfhtih h`p`rfwftfa

Fdfefb dishripsi ftfu gfknfrfa dfri prfhtih h`p`rfwftfa yfag ayftf dfa
fhurft n`rdfsfrhfa h`pfdf cielslci, hlas`p dfa t`lri h`p`rfwftfa.@rf
gelnfeisfsi dfa p`rh`knfagfa ieku dfa t`halelgi h`s`bftfa, k`aurut p`rfwft,
s`nfgfi suftu prlc`si, k`kn`r
p`efyfafa h`s`bftfa yfag lptikfe.Iadls`sif ougf n`rupfyf k`ag`knfaghfa kld`e
prfhtih h`p`rfwftfa prlc`ssilafe (K]H]).
>. Tuoufa kld`e h`p`rfwftfa
f) K`aofgf hlasist`asi fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa
n) K`agurfagi hlaceih, tukpfag tiadib dfa h`hlslagfa
p`efhsfaffa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa le`b tik h`p`rfwftfa
j) K`ajiptfhfa h`kfadirifa dfefk k`kn`rihfa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa
d) K`kn`rihfa p`dlkfa dfefk k`a`atuhfa h`niofhsfaffa dfa h`putusfa
 `) K`ao`efshfa d`agfa t`gfs rufag eiaghup dfa tuoufa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa
nfgi s`tifp faggltf tik h`p`rfwftfa
:. ]`efyfafa h`s`bftfa prik`r (]BJ)

Dfefk p`aiefifa tfbuafaayf t`atfag h`s`bftfa duaif, pfrf d`e`gfsi yfag

k`agbfdiri p`rt`kufa yfag h` >2 Wlred B`fetb Fsskney di G`a`vf t`efb
k`kutushfa nfbwf situfsi gelnfe s`hfrfag iai tidfh s`bft.Z`oukefb jlatlb dfri
n`rnfgfi n`efbfa duaif t`efb k`yfhiahfa k`r`hf nfbwf p`aguaffa suftu
p`ad`hftfa yfag dis`nut ]BJ, dfpft n`rhlatrinusi sfagft n`sfr dfefk
k`kn`nfshfa s`eurub kfsyfrfhft dfri p`ad`ritffa yfag t`rfnfihfa, ay`ri
h`tidfhkfkpufa dfa h`kftifa. Kfsyfrfhft gelnfe dfpft t`rofkia, nfayfh n`nfa
n`rft dfri n`rnfgfi

p`ad`ritffa dfa h`kftifa yfag tidfh diiagiahfa le`b outffa lrfag

>4

dis`eurub duaif dfpft dij`gfb k`efeui hlas`p ]BJ (Nryfat, 69398A`w`ee

6970).

4. K`tld` h`p`rfwftfa prik`r

K`tld` iai p`rtfkf dip`rh`afehfa di iaggris le`b Eydif

Bfee(693:) iai k`rupfhfa syst`k dikfaf s`lrfag p`rfwft
n`rtfagguag ofwfn >4 ofk s`bfri,7 bfri p`r kiggu, iai k`rupfhfa k`tld` yfag
k`kn`rihfa p`rfwft s`jfrf hlkpr`b`sic iadividufe dfa hlasist`a. K`tld`
h`p`rfwftfa prik`r k`knutubhfa
p`ag`tfbufa dfa h`trfkpiefa kfafo`k`a.p`rfwft prik`r k`kpuayfi tugfs k`agfoi
dfa k`nuft prilritfs h`nutubfa pfsi`a, k`agiad`aticihfsi difgals` h`p`rfwftfa,
k`ag`knfaghfa r`ajfaf h`p`rfwftfa, dfa k`ag`vfeufsi h``c`htivitfsfa
h`p`rfwftfa. Z`k`atfrf p`rfwft yfag efia k`aofefahfa tiadfhfa
h`p`rfwftfa,p`rfwft prik`r k`aghllrdiafsihfa h`p`rfwftfa dfa k`agiaclrkfsihfa
t`atfag h`s`bftfa pfsi`a h`pfdf p`rfwft ftfu t`afgf h`s`bftfa efiaayf.
H`p`rfwftfa prik`r k`ageinfthfa s`kuf fsp`h p`rfa prlc`ssilafe,t`rkfsuh
p`adidihfa h`s`bftfa, fdvlhfsi, p`knuftfa h`putusfa, dfa h`s`afknuagfa
h`p`rfwftfa. ]`rfwft prik`r k`rupfhfa kfafg`r gfris t`rd`pfa nfgi h`p`rfwftfa
pfsi`a d`agfa s`gfef fhuatfnieitfs dfa tfagguag ofwfn yfag k`ay`rtfiayf.

NFN IS
 ]@APTP]

IS.6H`sikpuefa

Kld`e ]rfhtih H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe (K]H]) fdfefb suftu sist`k

(struhtur, prls`s dfa aiefi-aiefi prlc`silafe), yfag k`kcfsieitfsi p`rfwft
prlc`silafe, k`agftur p`kn`rifa fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa, t`rkfsuh eiaghuagfa t`kpft fsubfa
t`rs`nut din`rihfa (^ftaf Zitlrus & Yuei, >==3).Kld`e ]rfhtih H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe
k`kieihi sfefb sftu tuoufa yfitu k`ajiptfhfa h`kfadirifa dfefk k`kn`rihfa fsubfa
h`p`rfwftfa, Kld`e ]rfhtih
H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe
H`p`rfwftfa fdfefb disipeia prfhtih heiais.Kfafo`r p`rfwft `c`htic k`ayfdfri iai
dfa prfhtisayf s`jfrf s`sufi. Iai n`rfrti nfbwf kfafo`r p`rfwft fhfa k`kp`rkudfb h`rof
p`rfwft heiais , sftu tuoufa yfag sueit uatuh bunuagfa p`ay`dif p`h`rof pfdf lrgfaisfsi
nirlhrfti.
]`rfwft prlc`ssilafe k`agiagiahfa futlalki pfdf prfhtih k`r`hf s`adiri. K`r`hf iagia
k`a`rfphfa p`ag`tfbufa dfa h`trfkpiefa h`p`rfwftfa k`r`hf tfapf p`agfrub dfri kfafo`r
p`rfwft, dlht`r, ftfu lrfag disipeia efia
Bunuagfa iai tidfh k`agbiefaghfa bunuagfa p`ay`dif p`h`roffa.
Kfafo`r p`rfwft k`ag`knfaghfa bunuagfa yfag k`knfagua rfsf p`rjfyf

IS.>Zfrfa

6. Z`s`lrfag p`rfwft dfpft k`rfsfhfa , nisf k`knfatu dfefk p`h`roffa k`rfwft pfsi`a d`agfa
prlc`ssilafe
>. Bfayf sftu p`rfwft yfag n`rtfagguag ofwfn dfa n`rtfagguag gugft dfefk p`r`ajfaffa
dfa hllrdiafsi fsubfa h`p`rfwftfa :. ]`rfwft prik`r n`rtfagguag ofwfn s`efkf >4 ofk

>6
>>

DFCTF^ ]PZTFHF
Hfkie, Bfooue. >==3. Fhsilelgi Ieku H`p`rfwftfa (Kld`e ]rfht`h H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe). Nfadf
Fj`b? Id`f aursiag Olurafe

Dlugefs,EK. (699>), tb` `c`htic aurs` e`fd`r fad kfafg`r, s`jlad `ditila Zt Euis 8 tb` J. S Klsny jlkp.

Fkia, Kubfkkfd. >=64. Bunuagfa Fatfrf ^`wfrd, Hlkitk`a Dfa Kltivfsi

]`rfwft D`agfa ]`efhsfaffa Kld`e ]rfhtih H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe Di ^ZPD Efnufag Nfoi
Kfhfssfr. Kfhfssfr? OZT H`s`bftfa.

Aursfefk. >=66. K`a`o`k`a H`p`rfwftfa Fpeihfsi Dfefk ]rfht`h H`p`rfwftfa

]rlc`silafe . Ofhfrtf? Zfe`knf K`dihf

]rftiwi,Fruk dfa Kubeisia, Fni. >==2. Hfoifa ]`a`rfpfa Kld`e ]rfhtih

H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe (K]H]) Dfefk ]`kn`rifa Fsubfa H`p`rfwftfa
Di ^ukfb Zfhit . Zurfhfrtf? ]rlgrfk Ztudi H`p`rfwftfa

Fnu, Fsri`. >=67. ]rlduhticitfs ]`rfwft N`rdfsfrhfa Ztfadfr Fsubfa H`p`rfwftfa. Kfafrfag8 ]let`h`s
H`k`ah`s Kfkuou

Hfsik, Klbfkkfd. >=63. ]`aiaghftfa Hufeitfs ]`efyfafa Dfa ]`adlhuk`atfsifa

Fsubfa H`p`rfwftfa D`agfa K`tld` Tik. Z`kfrfag8 CIH Paiv`rsitfs Isefk Zuetfa Fguag

Wfbyuai, Zri. >==7. Fafeisis Hlkp`t`asi H`pfef ^ufagfa dfefk ]`efhsfaffa

Ztfadfr K`a`o`k`a ]`efyfafa H`p`rfwftfa Dfa ]`agfruayf T`rbfdfp
Hia`rof ]`rfwft dfefk K`agikpe`k`atfsihfa Kld`e ]rfhtih H`p`rfwftfa ]rlc`silafe Di Iastfefsi
^fwft Iafp ^ZPD Nfaofr A`gfrf.Dipla`glrl8 Paiv`rsitfs Dipla`glrl.