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6. XDC
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F. Ja`sip Hfsfr Oihis

6. Higi`isi
Xulirjucasis
Xulirjucasis oirupfjf` pi`yfjit i`gijsi yf`d hisilfljf` acib
Oykalfktiriuo tulirkucasis. Juof` lftf`d tfbf` fsfo i`i hfpft
oirupfjf` ardf`isoi pftbadi` ofupu` sfpragit. Fhf
lilirfpf oijalfjtirif pftbadi`, titfpi bf`yf strfi` lavi` hf` buof` yf`d
pftadi`ij tirbfhfp of`usif. Lfsic tulirjic i`i lirujurf` >,; x < sfopfi 8
µo, ujurf` i`i cilib jikic hfri sfu sic hfrfb oirfb. XLK hitucfrjf`
hfri siarf`d
pi`hiritf ji arf`d cfi` oicfcui lftuj, lirsi` ftfu lirlikfrf hf` hfpft

oi`yilfr bfopir ji sitifp lfdif` tulub, tirofsuj oi`i`dis, di`jfc, tucf`d,

hf` `ahus ciogi. E`gijsi fwfc lifsf`yf tirjfhi hfcfo < sfopfi 6>
oi`ddu
siticfb pfjf`f` (Lfrfrfb & Mfubfr, <>6; : Lru``ir &[uhhfrtb, <>69).

<. Jcfsigijfsi
Oi`urut Tijfyf hf` ^utri (<>6;) Jcfsigijfsi XL ^fru hiluft
lirhfsfrjf` dijfcf jci`ij, lfjtiriacadij, rfhiacadij hf` riwfyft pi`dalftf`
silicuo`yf, yfitu=
XL LXF ^asitig hi`df` jritirif =

f. Hi`df` ftfu tf`pf dijfcf jci`ij

l. LXF pasitig = oijrasjapij pasitig < jfci, oijrasjapij pasitig 6 jfci
hisaja`d lifjf` pasitig 6 jfci ftfu hisaja`d rfhiacadik pasitig 6
jfci k. Dfolfrf` rfhiacadij sisufi hi`df` XLK
XL LXF @idftig hi`df` jritirif =
f. Dijfcf jci`ij hf` dfolfrf` rfhiacadij sisufi hi`df` XL fjtig
l. LXF `idftig, lifjf` `idftig titfpi rfhiacadij pasitig
Lijfs XL hi`df` jritirif =
f. Lfjtiriacadij (oijrasjapij hf` lifjf`) `idftig

l. Dijfcf jci`ij tihfj fhf ftfu fhf dijfcf sisf fjilft jicfi`f` pfru
 k. \fhiacadij oi`u`jujf` dfolfrf` cisi XLK i`fjtig, oi`u`jujf` sirifc
gata yf`d tihfj lirulfb
h. Fhf riwfyft pi`dalftf` AFX yf`d fhijuft (cilib oi`huju`d).

Oi`urut Frhif`syfb (<>6<) XLK hilihfjf` hfcfo huf li`tuj, yfitu

Xulirjucasis prioir hf` Xulirkucasis siju`hir.
f. Xulirjucasis ^rioir
Xulirjucasis fhfcfb i`gijsi lfjtiri XL ^fru hfri pi`hiritf yf`d licuo
oiopu`yfi rifjsi spisigij tirbfhfp lfjtiri XL ^fru. Licf
lfjtiri tirbirup hf` oi`kfpfi fcviaci, ofjf lfjtiri fjf`
hitf`djfp acib ofjragfd. ^fhf prasis i`i jijf lfjtiri hitf`djfp
acib ofjragfd yf`d ciofb, ofjf lfjtiri itu fjf` lirjiolf`d
lifj hfcfo tulub hf` oi`dbf`kurjf` ofjragfd. Lfjtiri XL ^fru
yf`d lirfhf hfcfo fcviaci

fjf` oioli`tuj gajus cajfc ( gakus dba`), sihf`djf` gajus i`isifc

lirsfof-sfof hi`df` ciogf hi`apfti lirtiopft hi bicus (jaopcijs
prioir rf`js) hf` hisilut judf XL ^fru prioir. Mfhi XL ^fru
prioir oirupfjf` i`gijsi yf`d lirsigft sistioftis.
l. Xulirjucasis [iju`hir
Xulirjucasis siju`hir lirlihf hi`df` Xulirjucasis prioir hijfri`fjf`
pfhf XL ^fru siju`hir, jici`jfr ciogi ridia`fc hf` ardf` cfi``yf jfrf`d
tirji`f, cisi cilib tirlftfs, hf` tircajfcisir. @ijrasis jfri`df`
cilib oi`kacaj hf` oi`dbfsicjf` cisi jfsiasf (pirjijuf`) yf`d
cufs hf`

hisilut Xularjuciof. ^catifsi yf`d hijicufrjf` acib ofjragfd fjtig

fjf` oi`yilfljf` picu`fjf` lfbf` jfsiasfr. Mfhi hfpft hijftfjf`
lfbwf tirli`tuj`yf jfgisftfs hf` of`igistfsi cfi``yf hfri XL
^fru siju`hir fhfcfb fjilft hfri rifjsi `ijratij yf`d hiji`fc
silfdfi bipirsi`sitivitfs.

;. Gfjtar \isija
f. Ja`tfj hijft hi`df` sisiarf`d yf`d oi`hiritf XL ^fru fjtig.
l. [tftus df`dduf` iou` (ois., cf`sif, jf`jir, tirfpi jartijastiraih, hf`

BEW).
 k. ^i`ddu`ff` alft i`jijsi hf` fcjabacisoi.
h. Ofsyfrfjft yf`d jurf`d oi`hfpft cfyf`f` jisibftf` yf`d
oiofhfi (ois., dicf`hf`df` ftfu pi`huhuj oisji`, jfcf`df`
oi`aritfs, f`fj-

f`fj, hf` hiwfsf ouhf).

i. Ja`hisi oihis yf`d suhfb fhf, tirofsuj hiflitis, dfdfc di`jfc jra`is,
sicikasis, hf` ofc`utrisi.
g. Eoidrf` hfri `idfrf hi`df` i`sihi`si XL ^fru yf`d ti`ddi (ois., Fsif
Xi`ddfrf).
d. E`stitusia`fcisfsi (ois., gfsicitfs pirfwftf` jf`djf pf`jf`d, pi`jfrf).
b. Xi`ddfc hi ci`dju`df` pfhft pi`huhuj hf` hilfwfb stf`hfr.
i. ^ijirjff` (ois., ti`fdf jisibftf`, tirutfof yf`d oicfjujf` fjtivitfs
lirisija ti`ddi). (Lru``ir hf` [uhhfrtb, <>69).

8. Itiacadi

Hisilfljf` acib juof` oijraardf`isoi yfitu

Oykalfktiriuo tulirjucasis hi`df` ujurf` pf`jf`d 6-8 µo hf` tilfc >,;-
>,7 µo, tirofsuj daca`df` lfjtiri firal drfo pasitig sirtf tfbf` fsfo
ftfu lfsic tfbf` fsfo. (Lfrfrfb & Mfubfr, <>6;). XL ^fru oirupfjf`
i`gijsi pfhf sfcurf`
pir`fgfsf` yf`d vitfc. Lfsic i`i ofsuj jihfcfo jfri`df` pfru sfopfi fcviaci
hf` oi`yilfljf` i`gijsi prioir (Dba`). Hfcfo silfdif` jfsus, lfdif`
yf`d tiri`gijsi i`i hfpft oi`dfcfoi pi`yiolubf`. ^irfhf`df`
tirjfhi

silicuo tulub oiopu`yfi jijilfcf` spisigij tirbfhfp lfsic

Oykalfktiriuo tulirkucasis (rii`giktia`) fhfcfb pirfhf`df` yf`d tirjfhi
pfhf jfri`df` pfru yf`d hisilfljf` acib pi`ucfrf` ucf`d (Frhif`syfb,
<>6<).

9. ^ftagisiacadi

Xulirjucasis hisilfljf` acib Oykalfktiriuo tulirkucasis

yf`d oi`ucfr hfri siarf`d pi`hiritf jipfhf arf`d cfi` oicfcui lftuj,
lirsi` ftfu
lirlikfrf. ^frtijic i`gijsi i`i hfpft oi`itfp hfcfo uhfrf lilfs sicfof 6-<

jfo, tirdf`tu`d fhf tihfj`yf si`fr uctrf viacit, hf` vi`ticfsi yf`d lfij hf`
 jiciolflf`. ^frtijic hfpft lirtfbf` sfopfi lirbfri-bfri pfhf sufsf`f
yf`d dicfp hf` ciolfl, fpflicf pfrtijic i`gijsi i`i tirbisfp acib arf`d yf`d
sibft fjf` oi`iopic pfhf fcviaci jiouhif` pfrtijic i`i fjf`
lirjiolf`d lisf

sfopfi pu`kfj fpijs pfru silicfb jf`f` ftfu jiri hf` hfpft pucf jihuf`yf
hi`df` oiciwfti piolucub ciogi, lfsic lirpi`hfb ji lfdif` pfru-pfru yf`d
cfi` ftfu jfri`df` tulub yf`d cfi` (HiDiucia, it fc, <>68 : Lfrfrfb & Mfubfr,
<>6;).[iticfb itu i`gijsi fjf` oi`yilfr oicfcui sirjucfsi, yf`d pirtfof
tirf`dsf`d fhfcfb ciogaji`fsi, yfitu fjf` hili`tuj cilib lf`yfj
u`tuj oirf`dsf`d ofkrapbfdi, lirjurf`d tihfj`yf juocfb juof`
tirdf`tu`d
pfhf juocfb ofkrapbfdi. Jfri`f gu`dsi`yf fhfcfb oiolu`ub juof`/lfsic
fpflicf prasis i`i lirbfsic &ofkrapbfdi cilib lf`yfj ofjf jcii` fjf`
siolub hf` hfyf tfbf` tulub`yf fjf` oi`i`djft. Xitfpi fpflicf jijilfcf`

tulub`yf oi`uru` ofjf juof` tfhi fjf` lirsfrf`d hi hfcfo jfri`df` pfru-
pfru hi`df` oioli`tuj tulirjic (liji-liji jikic silisfr jipfcf jfruo).
Xulirjic cfof-jicfoff` fjf` lirtfolfb lisfr hf` lirdflu`d oi`jfhi sftu
hf` cfof-cfof tioluc pirjijuf` hi tiopft tirsilut. Fpflicf jfri`df` yf`d
`ijrasis hijicufrjf` sfft pi`hiritf lftuj yf`d oi`yilfljf`
piolucub hfrfb pikfb, ofjf jcii` fjf` lftuj hfrfb (biofptai) (Lfrfrfb
& Mfubfr,
<>6;)

7. Of`igistfsi Jci`is

f. Jifhff` pastur tulub jcii` yf`d tfopfj tirf`djft jihuf lfbu`yf

l. @fpfs pi`hij jfri`f pirulfbf` pfru-pfru
k. Cisu hf` cicfb jfri`f fjtivitfs pfru-pfru tirdf`ddu
h. Lftuj cfof, 0 6 lucf` ftfu fhf`yf lftuj jra`is
i. Lftuj `a` prahujtig, yf`d hfpft lircf`jut oi`jfhi sputuo
oujapuruci` hi`df` bioaptisis
g. @yiri hfhf
d. Ofcfisi (f`arixif, `fgsu ofjf` oi`uru`, sfjit jipfcf, `yiri atat,
lirjiri`dft pfhf ofcfo bfri) (Lru``ir & [uhhfrtb, <>69 : Lfrfrfb &

Mfubfr, <>6; : Hidiucia it fc, <>68).

 4. ^ftbwfy
Lfjtiri Oykalfktiriuo Xulirkucasis

Xiri`bfcfsi acib arf`d sibft

Ofsuj ji fcviaci hf` lirjiolf`dlifj

sirtf oioli`tuj gakus cakfc/gakus dab`

f`arijsif Oioiku pioli`tujf` OOiriursufsjf jjf rjfi`rid`fd`f p`f prfuru

sirati`i`

Oioiku pioli`tujf` E`gcfofsi

f`arijsif sirati`i`

FFssuuppff`` ``uutrtirsiis ij ujrufr`fd`d Xuolub hf` lirjiolf`d hi

sitapcfsof ofjragfd

Lirft lfhf` oi`uru`

Lirft lfhf` oi`uru`
Lirtiopft hi bicus (jaopcij prioir
rf`js) ftfu XL pfru prioir
HIGE[EX @YX\E[E

^irulfbf` oiolrf` Oi`yilfr ji ardf` cfi` (lfdif` pfru

fcviacus hf` jfpicir cfi`, sfcurf` pi`kir`ff`, tucf`d)

^i`i`djftf` prahujsi sputo

^ACF @FGF[ Gfsi ijspirfsi
pfhf sfcurf` pir`fpfsf`
XEHFJ IGIJXEG oiof`jf`d

^i`i`djftf` LI\[EBF@ MFCF@ @F^F[

grijui`si `fgfs XEHFJ IGIJXEG

DF@DDYF@
^I\XYJF\F@ DF[
2. ^ioirijsff` Hifd`astij
f. Juctur sputuo = pasitig u`tuj Oykalfktiriuo pfhf tfbfp fjbir
pi`yfjit.

l. ]iibc @iicsi` = (piofjfif` fsfo kipft pfhf dicfs jfkf u`tuj

usfpf` kfirf` hfrfb) pasitig u`tuj lfsic fsfo kipft.
k. Xis jucit = (^^H, Of`taux, pata`df` vaccoir): rifjsi pasitig (frif
hurfsi 6> oo) tirjfhi 82-4< jfo siticfb i`jijsi i`trf hirofc.
F`tidi` oi`u`jujjf` i`gijsi ofsf cfcu hf` fhf`yf f`tilahy titfpi
tihfj sikfrf
lirfrti oi`u`jujf` pi`yfjit fjtig. \ifjsi lirofj`f pfhf pfsii`
yf`d sikfrf jci`ij sfjit lirfrti lfbwf XL ^fru fjtig tihfj hfpft
hituru`jf` ftfu i`gijsi hisilfljf` acib Oykalfktiriuo yf`d lirlihf.
h. Icisf/Tistir` Lcat = hfpft oi`yftfjf` fhf`yf BEW

i. Gata tbarfx = hfpft oi`u`jujjf` i`gictrfsi cisi fwfc pfhf frif pfru ftfs,
siopf`f` jfcsiuo cisi siolub prioir ftfu igusi kfirf`, pirulfbf`
oi`u`jujjf` cilib cufs XL ^fru hfpft ofsuj ra`ddf frif gilrasf
g. Bistacadi ftfu juctur jfri`df` (tirofsuj piolirsibf` dfstir, uri`i hf`
kfirf` sirilraspi`fc, liapsy jucit) pasitig u`tuj
Oykalfktiriuo tulirkucasis
d. Liapsi jfruo pfhf jfri`df` pfru: pasitig u`tuj drf`ucf XL ^fru: fhf`yf
sic rfjsfsf oi`u`jujf` `ijrasis
b. Icijtrasit, hfpft tihfj `arofc tirdf`tu`d cajfsi hf` lirtf`yf i`gijsi:

oisfc`yf = bypa`frioif, jfri`f riti`si fir tihfj `arofc, hihfpft pfhf

XL ^fru cufs. DHF hfpft tihfj `arofc tirdf`tu`d cajfsi, lirft
hf`
jirusfjf` sisf pfhf pfru
i. ^ioirijsff` gu`dsi pfhf pfru : pi`uru`f` jfpfsitfs vitfc, pi`i`djftf`
ruf`d ofti, pi`i`djftf` rfsia uhfrf risiha hf` jfpfsitfs pfru tatfc hf`
pi`uru`f` sfturfsi ajsidi` siju`hir tirbfhfp i`gictrfsi
pfri`jio/gilrasis, jibicf`df` jfri`df` pfru hf` pi`yfjit pciurfc (XL
pfru jra`is cufs) (Lfrfrfb & Mfubfr, <>6;).
5. ^i`ftfcfjsf`ff`
Hfcfo pi`dalftf` XL ^fru hilfdi oi`jfhi < lfdif` oi`urut (Lfrfrfb &
Mfubfr, <>6;).

Mf`djf ^i`hij = Hi`df` tftf kfrf pi`dalftf` = sitifp bfri hi`df`

jf`djf wfjtu 6-; lucf`.
f. [triptaoisi` i`j 49> od
l. ^fs 6> od
k. Itbfolutac 6>>> od
h. Esa`ifzih 8>> od
Jiouhif` hicf`jutjf` hi`df` jf`djf pf`jf`d, tftf kfrf
pi`dalftf``yf fhfcfb sitifp < x sioi`ddu, sicfof 6;-62 lucf`,
titfpi siticfb
pirjiolf`df` pi`dalftf` hitioujf` tifpi. Xirfpi XL ^fru hfpft

hicfjujf` hi`df` oi`uo alft sfjf, alft yf`d hilirijf` hi`df` ji`is =
f. E@B
l. \igfopiki`
k. Itbfolutac
Hi`df` gfsi sicfof < x sioi`ddu, hi`df` cfof pi`dalftf` jisiolubf`
oi`jfhi 7-5 lucf`. Hi`df` oi`ddu`fjf` alft pradrfo XL ^fru jaolipfkj
licf hitioujf` hfcfo pioirijsff` sputuo LXF (+) hi`df` jaoli`fsi
alft= f. \igfopiki`
l. [a`ifzih (E@B)

k. Itbfolutac
h. ^yrihaxi`i (L7)
Oi`urut Lru``ir & [uhhfrtb (<>69) pi`ftfcfjsf`ff` hilfdi oi`jfhi <
yfitu=
f. ^i`ftfcfjsf`ff` Oihis
XL ^fru hitf`df`i tirutfof hi`df` fdi`s f`ti Xulirjucasis sicfof 7-6<
lucf`. Hurfsi tirfpi yf`d cfof pi`ti`d u`tuj oiofstijf` lfbwf
ardf`isoi ticfb hilirf`tfs hf` oi`kidfb ricfps.
 Xirfpi Gfrofjacadis
6) Oihijfsi ci`i pirtfof = isa`ifzih ftfu E@B ( @yhrfzih) , rigfopisi` ( \
igfhi`), pirfzi`foih, hf` itfolutac ( Oyfolutac) sitifp bfri

sicfof 2 oi`ddu hf` lircf`jut sfopfi hi`df` 8 sfopfi 4 lucf`

<) Oihijfsi ci`i jihuf = jfpriaoisi` (Kfpfstft) , itia`foih (Xrikftar) ,
`ftriuo pfrf foi`asfcisicft, hf` sijcasiri` ([iraoyki`).
;) Witfoi` L ( ^irihajsi`) lifsf`yf hilirijf` lirsfof E@B.
l. ^i`ftfcfjsf`ff` Jipirfwftf`
6) Oi`i`djftjf` Lirsibf` Mfcf` @fpfs
<) Hara`d pi`i`djftf` fsupf` kfirf`
;) Fjfrjf` ti`tf`d pasisi tirlfijj u`tuj oiogfsicitfsi hrfi`fsi

6>. Jaopcijfsi
Oi`urut Frhif`syfb (<>6<), jaopcijfsi hilfdi oi`jfhi < yfitu, jaopcijfsi
hi`i hf` jaopcijfsi cf`jut.
Jaopcijfsi Hi`i
f. ^ciuritis
l. Igusi ^ciurf
k. Iopiiof
h. Cfri`ditis, hf`
i. XLK usus

Jaopcijfsi Cf`jut
f. Alstrujsi jfcf` `fpfs
l. Jar pucoa`fci
k. Foycaihasis
h. Jfrsi`aof pfru, hf`
i. [i`hrao dfdfc `fpfs
 66. ^i`kidfbf` Xulirjucasis ^fru
Oi`urut Frhif`syfb (<>6<), pi`kidfbf` XL ^fru silfdfi lirijut
=
f. ^ioirijsff` ja`tfj, yfitu pioirijsff` tirbfhfp i`hivihu yf`d lirdfuc

irft hi`df` pi`hiritf XL LXF pasitig.

l. Ofss klist R-rfy, yfitu pioirijsff` ofssfc tirbfhfp
jicaopaj- jicaopaj papucfsi tirti`tu, oisfc`yf pitudfs ruofb
sfjit ftfu
pusjisofs, lfcfi pi`dalftf`, pi`dbu`i ruofb tfbf`f`, hf` siswf-siswi
pisf`tri`.
k. Wfjsi`fsi LKD
h. Jioaprajgicfjsis, yfitu hi`df` oi`ddu`fjf` E@B 9 od/jd LL
sicfof 7-6< lucf` hi`df` tujuf` oi`dbf`kurjf` papucfsi lfjtiri
yf`d ofsib sihijit.

i. Jaou`ijfsi, i`garofsi hf` ihujfsi (JEI) ti`tf`d pi`yfjit

Xulirjucasis pfhf ofsyfrfjft.

L. Ja`sip Hfsfr Jipirfwftf`

6. ^i`djfjif`
Oi`urut Tijfyf & ^utri (<>6;), pi`djfjif` pfhf pfsii` XL ^fru oiciputi =
f. Ehi`tigijfsi Hiri Jcii`
l. \iwfyft jisibftf`
6) Jisibftf` sijfrf`d = jifhff` pir`fpfsf`, `yiri hfhf, lftuj hf`

sputuo
<) Jisibftf` hfbucu = ji`is jidiftf` yf`d pir`fb hifcfoi
;) Jisibftf` jicufrdf = fhfjfb f`ddatf jicufrdf yf`d oi`hiritf
df`dduf` pir`fpfsf` sipirti fsof, hf` XLK
k. Hftf pacf pioicibfrff` jisibftf`, oisfc`yf = pijirjff`, alft yf`d
tirsihif hiruofb, pacf tihur hf` striss
h. ^acf jitircfolftf` ftfu pacf pirf`f`-jijirflftf`, oisfc`yf = fhfjfb
pi`dfrub hfri df`dduf`/pi`yfjit`yf tirbfhfp hiri`yf hf` jicufrdf`yf
i. ^acf fjtivitfs.istirfbft = u`tuj oi`djfji jicicfbf` hf` jiciofbf`

pfsii` sirtf pacf tihur`yf

g. ^acf i`tidritfs ida = gfjtar striss, ofsfcfb jiuf`df`
d. Ofjf`f`/kfirf` = jibicf`df` `fgsu ofjf`, pi`uru`f` LL
b. @yiri/ji`yfof`f` = `yiri hfhf oi`i`djft jfri`f lftuj lirucf`d

i. ^ir`fpfsf` = lftuj prahujtig/tihfj prahujtig, `fpfs pi`hij,

riwfyft XL ^fru
j. Jifof`f` = fhf`yf ja`hisi pi`ijf`f` iou`, ka`tab FEH[, jf`jir
j. E`tirfjsi sasifc = pirfsff` isacfsi hf` pirulfbf` jfpfsitfs gisij u`tuj
oicfjsf`fjf` pirf`
c. ^ioirijsff` pi`u`jf`d = ra`tdi` hfhf, juctur sputuo, tis
jucit tulirkuci`
 <. ^i`yiopf`df` JHO

Lfjtiri Oykalfktiriuo Xulirkucasis

Xiri`bfcfsi acib arf`d sibft

Ofsuj ji fcviaci hf` lirjiolf`dlifj

sirtf oioli`tuj gakus cakfc/gakus dab`

f`arijsif Oioiku pioli`tujf` OOiriursufsjf jjf rjfi`rid`fd`f p`f prfuru

sirati`i`

Oioiku pioli`tujf` E`gcfofsi

f`arijsif sirati`i`

FFssuuppff`` ``uutrtirsiis ij ujrufr`fd`d Xuolub hf` lirjiolf`d hi

sitapcfsof ofjragfd

Lirft lfhf` oi`uru`

Lirft lfhf` oi`uru`
Lirtiopft hi bicus (jaopcij prioir
rf`js) ftfu XL pfru prioir
HIGE[EX @YX\E[E

^irulfbf` oiolrf` Oi`yilfr ji ardf` cfi` (lfdif` pfru

fcviacus hf` jfpicir cfi`, sfcurf` pi`kir`ff`, tucf`d)

^i`i`djftf` prahujsi sputo

^ACF @FGF[ Gfsi ijspirfsi
pfhf sfcurf` pir`fpfsf`
XEHFJ oiof`jf`d
IGIJXEG

^i`i`djftf` LI\[EBF@ MFCF@ @F^F[

grijui`si `fgfs XEHFJ IGIJXEG

DF@DDYF@
^I\XYJF\F@ DF[
 ;. Hifd`asf Jipirfwftf`
f. Lirsibf` Mfcf` @fgfs Xihfj Igijtig lirbulu`df` hi`df` sjirisi yf`d
tirtfbf`

l. Df`dduf` ^irtujfrf` Dfs lirbulu`df` hi`df` ^irulfbf` Oiolrf`

Fcviacus
k. ^acf `fgfs tihfj Igijtig lirbulu`df` hi`df` Hpirisi ^sft pir`fgfsf`
h. Higisit @utrisi lirbulu`df` hi`df` Jurf`d`yf Fsupf` ofjf`f`

8. \i`kf`f E`tirvi`si Jipirfwftf`

Hifd`asf Cufrf` Jipirfwftf` E`tirvi`si Jipirfwftf`

Jipirfwftf`
@a ([CJE) ([EJE)
([HJE)

6. Lirsibf` Mfcf` [iticfb hicfjujf` Oi`ijioi` Mfcf`

@fpfs Xihfj Igijtig l.h ti`hfjf` `fpfs hf` Cftibf` lftuj
sijrisi yf`d tirtfbf` h.h jipirfwtf` sicfof … igijtig
=
x <8 jfo ofjf hi
Dijfcf hf` tf`hf bfrfpjf` Xi`hfjf`
ofyar [uljijtig Lirsibf` jfcf`
(tihfj tirsihif)
`fpfs oi`i`djft Oi`ijioi` Mfcf` `fpfs =
Aljijtig Alsirfsi
hi`df`
6. Lftuj tihfj igijtig ftfu 6. Oa`itar pacf
jritirif bfsic =
tihfj ofofpu lftuj `fpfs (Grijui`si,
6. Lftuj igijtig =
<. [putuo lircilib / Jihfcfof`, Ysfbf
Oi`i`djft
alstrujsi hi jfcf` `fpfs `fpfs)
<. ^rahujsi sputuo
= Oi`uru` <. Oa`itar lu`tu `fpfs
tfolfbf` (ois. durdci`d,
oi`di, wbiizi`d, ra`kbi
jiri`d)
;. oa`itar sputuo (juocfb,
wfr`f, fraof)

Xirfpiutij
6. ^irtfbf`jf` jipfti`f`
jfcf` `fpfs hi`df` bifh-
 tict hf` kbi`-cigt
(jfw- tbrust jijf kuridf
trfuof sirvijfc)

<. pasisijf` sioi-gawcir

ftfu gawcir
;. Lirijf` oi`uof` bf`dft
8. Cfjujf` gisiatirfpi
hfhf, Mijf pircu
9. Cfjujf` pi`dbisfpf`
ci`hir jurf`d hfri
69 hitij
7. cfjujf` bipirajsidi`fsi

silicuo pi`dbisfpf`
i`hatrfjifc
4. jicufrjf` suolftf`
li`hf pfhft hi`df`
garsip OkDicc
2. Lirijf` ajsidi`, Mijf
pircu

Ihujfsi

6. F`jurjf` fsupf` kfirf`

<>>>oc/bfri, Mijf tihfj
ja`trfi`hijfsi
<. Fjfrjf` tij`ij lftuj
igijtig

Jacflarfsi
6. Jacfarfsi piolirif`
lra`jahicftar,

Ijspijtarf`, Oujacitij,
 Mijf pircu

Xi`hfjf` Cftibf`

Lftuj Igijtig =
Alsirvfsi
6. Ehi`tivijfsi jiofopuf`
lftuj
<. Oa`itar fhf`yf riti`si
sputuo
;. Oa`itar tf`hf hf`
dijfcf i`gijsi sfcurf`
`fpfs
8. Oa`itar i`put hf` autput

kfirf` (ois. juocfb hf`

jfrfjtiristij)

Xirfpiutij
6. Ftur pasisi sioi-
gawcir ftfu gawcir
<. pfsf`d pircfj hf`
li`djaj hi pf`djuf`
pfsii`

;. luf`d sijrit pfhf

tiopft sputuo

Ihujfsi
6. Micfsjf` tujuf` hf`
prasihur lftuj igijtig
<. F`jurjf` tfrij
`fpfs hfcfo oicfcui
bihu`d sicfof 8 hitij,
hitfbf`

sicfof < hitij,

 jiouhif`
hijicufrjf` hfri oucut
hi`df` lilir oi`kuku
( hilucftjf`)

sicfof 2 hitij
;. F`jurjf` oi`ducf`di
tfrij `fpfs hfcfo bi`ddf
; jfci
8. F`jurjf` lftuj
hi`df` juft cf`dsu`d
siticfb tfrij `fpfs
hfcfo yf`d ji-;

Jacflarfsi
6. Jacflarfsi
piolirif` oujacitij
ftfu
ijspijtarf`, jijf pircu

<. Df`dduf` ;. ^b frtiri oi`i`djft/

^irtujfrf` Dfs [iticfb
^irtujfrf` Dfs l.h
hicfjujf`
pirulfbf`
ti`hfjf` jipirfwftf`
oiolrf`i sicfof … x <8 jfo
fcviacus- jfpicir
hibfrfpjf` pirtujfrf` dfs
h.h=
oi`i`djft hi`df`
Dijfcf hf` tf`hf
jritirif bfsic =
ofyar [uljijtig
6. Hisp`if = Oi`uru`
6. Hisp`if
<. Lu`yi `fpfs
Aljijtig
tfolfbf` =Oi`uru`
6. ^KA<
;. ^KA< = Oiolfij 8.
oi`i`djft/oi`uru`
<. ^A< oi`uru` ^A< = Oiolfij
^iof`tfuf` \ispirfsi
Xi`hfjf`

Alsirvfsi
6. Oa`itar grijui`si,
irfof, jihfcfof` hf`
upfyf `fpfs
<. Oa`itar pacf `fpfs
(sipirti
lrfhip`if,tfjip`if,bipir
vi`ticfsi,jussofuc, kby`i-
stajis, liat,

ftfjsij)
 oi`uru`
;. Oa`itar jiofopuf`
8. Lu`yi `fpfs tfolfbf`
lftuj igijtig
8. Oa`itar fhf`f prahujsi

sputuo
9. Oa`itar fhf`yf
suolftf` jfcf` `fpfs
7. Fusjuctfsi lu`yi `fpfs
4. Oa`itar sfturfsi ajsidi`
2. Oa`itir `icfi FDH

Xirfpiutij
6. Ftur i`tirvfsc

piof`tfuf` rispirfsi
sisufi ja`hisi pfsii`
<. Hajuoi`tfsijf` bfsic
piof`tfuf`

Ihujfsi
6. Micfsjf` tujuf` hf`
prasihur piof`tfuf`
<. E`garofsijf` bfsic

piof`tfuf` , Mijf pircu

;. ^acf @fpfs Xihfj

[iticfb hi cfjujf` Xirfpi
Igijtig l.h bfolftf`
ti`hfjf` Ajsidi`
pacf `fgfs h.h=
jipirfwftf` sicfof …. Xi`hfjf` =
Dijfcf hf` tf`hf
R <8 jfo hi bfrfpjf` Alsirfsi
ofyar [uljitig
pacf `fpfs oiolfij 6. Oa`itar jikipftf`
6. Hisp`if
hi`df` fcirf` ajsidi`
Aljijtig
jritirif bfsic = <. Oa`itar pasisi fcft
6. ^i`ddu`ff` atat lf`tu 6. Hisp`if = oi`uru` tirfpi ajsidi`

<. ^i`ddu`ff` atat ;. Oa`itar fcirf` ajsidi`

 pir`fpfsf` lf`tu `fpfs = sikfrf piriahik hf`
<. gfsi ijspirfsi Oi`uru` pfstijf` grfjsi yf`d
oiof`jf`d ;. ^iof`jf`df` hilirijf` kujup

;. pacf `fpfs fl`arof gfsi 8. Oa`itar igijtigitfs

(ois. tirfpi ajsidi` (ois.
ijspirfsi = Oi`uru`
tfjip`if,lrfhip`if, Ajsioitri, f`fcisf
8. Artap`if = Oi`uru`
bipiri`ticfsi, jussofuc, dfs hfrfb) jijf pircu
9. Grijui`si `fpfs =
kbiy`i-stajis) Oiolfij 9. Oa`itar jiofopuf`
oicipfsjf` ajsidi` sfft
ofjf`
7. Oa`itar tf`hf- tf`hf
bipavi`ticfsi

4. Oa`itar tf`hf hf`

dijfcf tajsijfsi ajsidi`
hf` fticiktfsis
2. Oa`itar ti`djft
jikiofsf` fjilft
tirfpi ajsidi`
5. Oa`itar i`tidritfs
oujasf bihu`d fjilft
piofsf`df` ajsidi`

Xirfpiutij
6. Lirsibjf` sikrit pfhf

oucut, bihu`d
hf` trfjif, jijf pircu
<. ^irtfbf`jf` jipfti`f`
jfcf` `fpfs
;. [ifpjf` hf`f tur
pirfcftf` piolirif`

ajsidi`
 8. Lirijf` ajsidi`
tfolfbf`, jijf pircu
9. Xitfp lirijf` ajsidi`

tfolfbf`, jijf pircu

7. Xitfp lirijf` ajsidi`
sfft pfsii`
hitrf`spartfsi
4. Du`fjf` pirf`djft
ajsidi` yf`d sisufi
hi`df` ti`djft
oalicitfs pfsii`

Ihujfsi
6. Fjfrjf` pfsii`
hf` jicufrdf kfrf
oi`ddu`fjf` ajsidi`
hiruofb

Jacflarfsi
6. Jacflarfsi
piof`tfuf` hasisi

ajsidi`
<. Jacflarfsi
pi`dduf`ff`
ajsidi` sfft
fjtivitfs hf`f tfu
tihur
8. Higisit @utrisi [tftus `utrisi Of`fjioi` `utrisi
l.h jurf`d`yf [iticfb hicfjujf` Xi`hfjf`

ti`hfjf` Alsirvfsi =
fsupf` ofjf`f` h.h
jipirfwftf` sicfof … 6. Ehi`tigijfsi jilutubf`
Dijfcf hf` tf`hf ofyar
x <8 jfo hi
 bfrfpjf` stftus `utrisi jfcari hf` ji`is `utrii`t
[uljijtig= oiolfij hi`df` <. Ehi`tigijfsi pircu`yf
(tihfj tirsihif) jritirif bfsic = pi`ddu`ff` sicf`d

Aljijtig = 6. ^arsi ofjf` `fsadfstrij

6. Lirft lfhf` oi`uru` yf`d hibflisjf` ;. Oa`itar fsupf`
oi`iofc 6>% oi`i`djft ofjf`f`
hilfwfb ri`tf`d <. Wirlfcisfsi 8. Oa`itar lirft lfhf`
ihifc jii`di`f` u`tuj
oi`i`djftjf` `utrisi Xirfpiutij =
oi`i`djft 6. Cfjujf` arfc bydii`i
;. Lirft lfhf` silicuo ofjf, jijf
oiolfij pircu

8. E`hijs Ofssf Xulub <. Gfsicitfsi oi`i`tujf`

(EOX) oiolfij pihaof` hiit
9. Grijui`si ofjf` (ois.pirfoihf ofjf`f`)
oiolfij ;. [fjijf` ofjf`f` sikfrf
7. @fgsu ofjf` oi`frij hf` subu
oiolfij yf`d sisufi
4. Lsisi`d usus 8. Lirijf` ofjf`f` ti`ddi
oiolfij sirft ftfu oi`kidfb
ja`stipfsi

9. Lirijf` ofjf`f`
ti`ddi jfcari hf` ti`ddi
pratii`
7. Lirijf` supcioi`
ofjf`f`, jijf pircu

Ihujfsi =
6. F`jurjf` pasisi huhuj,
jijf ofopu
<. Fjfrjf` hiit yf`d

hipradrfojf`
Jacflarfsi =
6. Jacflarfsi oihijfsi
piolirif`
silicuo

ofjf` (ois.pirihf
`yiri, f`tiioitij), jijf
pircu
<. Jacflarfsi hi`df` fbci dizi u`tuj oi`i`tu
juocfb jfcari hf` ji

`utrii`t yf`d
hilutubjf`, jijf pircu
 HFGXF\ ^Y[XFJF

Lru``ir hf` [uhhfrtb. <>69. Jipirfwftf` Oihijfc Lihfb Ihisi 6<. Mfjfrtf
= IDK.

@urfrig Buhf Foi` hf` Bfrhbi Jusuof. <>69. Fpcijfsi Fsubf` Jipirfwftf`
Lirhfsfrjf` Hifd`asf. Oihis hf` @f`hf @ik-@ak Ihisi \ivisi Micih ;. Madjfjfrtf. OihiFktia`

Xio ^ajjf [HJE H^^ ^^@E. <>64. [tf`hfr Hifd`asis Jipirfwftf` E`ha`isif

Ihisi 6 Kitfjf` EE. Mfjfrtf. Hiwf` ^i`durus ^usft ^irsftuf` ^irfwft

@fsia`fc E`ha`isif.

Xio ^ajjf [CJE H^^ ^^@E. <>65. [tf`hfr Cufrf` Hifd`asis Jipirfwftf`
E`ha`isif Ihisi 6 Kitfjf` EE. Mfjfrtf. Hiwf` ^i`durus ^usft ^irsftuf`
^irfwft @fsia`fc E`ha`isif.

Xio ^ajjf [EJE H^^ ^^@E. <>62. [tf`hfr E`tirvi`si Hifd`asis Jipirfwftf`
E`ha`isif Ihisi 6 Kitfjf` EE. Mfjfrtf. Hiwf` ^i`durus ^usft ^irsftuf`

^irfwft @fsia`fc E`ha`isif.