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DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

J]VUH 15=
^FQHDHJÌO
AVLOCO
Gr. Fusfmih ]umih Ourihdfs
Gro. Pfrþcino Gfdjogh


J]VUH 15=
ÌCGINF
- Ictrhgunniþc…………………………………………………………………………
Ictrhgunniþc……………………… ………………………………………………………………...> ……………...>
- Ocothlìo, @isihdhjìo sfxuod y prhpfgéutino
h ]fspufsto ^fxuod @flfcic
@flfcico…………………………………………………
o…………………………………………………………...0 ………...0
h ]fspufsto ^fxuod Losnudi
Losnudico…………………………………………
co…………………………………………………………?=
………………?=
- Urhpfgéutino Ndìcino gf dhs prhmdflos sfxuodfs…………………………………………?:
- Gfsorrhddh gf do Igfctigog y do hrifctoniþc sfxuod………………………………………..==
- Gisùcnihcfs sfxuodfs
h Lukfr………………………………………………………………………………………=:
h Ahlmrf………………
Ahlmrf……………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………...>: ……………...>:
- ^ìcgrhlf Lftomþdinh y ]fspufsto ^fxuod………………………………………………….65
- ôdug ^fxuod y ]fprhgunti
]fprhguntivo……………………………………………
vo…………………………………………………………………..66
……………………..66
- Uoroìdios………………………………………
Uoroìdios…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………0= …0=
- Pihdfcnio
Pihdfc nio ^fxuod……
^fxuod…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………….0: ……………………….0:
- Gis`hrio gf jécfrh…………………
jécfrh……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………..:> …………..:>


J]VUH 15=
^FQVODIGOG AVLOCO
h ICW]HGVNNIÞC; NHCNFUWH^ JFCF]ODF^
! ¸ _ué fs do ^fxhdhjìo8
Fstugih gf do sfxuodigog y gf dos nufstihcfs o fddo rf`frigos. ]OF
•
! Iwoc Mdhna
?1:= „ ?9==
•
•
• @ucgoghr gf do ^fxhdhjìo
Gfrlotþdhjh
• Fstugihsh gf do aisthrio y octrhphdhjìo
• Uumdinþ do prilfro rfvisto gfginogo o do sfxhdhjìo nhlh nifcnio ( ?951)
• Hmro rfdfvoctf — Do vigo sfxuod nhctflphrïcfo“ (?95:)
• Wérlich — ^fxhdhjìo“, oporfnf `hrlodlfctf fc ?9?=
h ^fxuodigog
! Ospfnth nfctrod gfd afnah gf sfr Auloch
! Conf nhc nogo pfrshco
! Ufrlocfnf nhlh portf fsfcniod fc do vigo
! —Vco omstronniþc“, icvfcniþc quf pfrlitf uciìnor nritfrihs
nritfrihs
! Omorno;
^fxh
•
Igfctigog gf jécfrh
•
Uopfd gf jfcfrh
•
Hrifctoniþc sfxuod
•
Frhtislh
•
Udonfr
•
Ictiligog
•
]fprhgunniþc
•
! ]fsudtogh gf do ictfronniþc gf givfrshs ònthrfs;

Mihdþjinh
•
Usinhdþjinh
•
Fnhcþlinh
•
Nudturod
•
Étinh
•
Dfjod
•
Aistþrinh
•
]fdijihsh
•
•
Fspirituod
• --3 ¡Fsths ospfnths ùcgolfctodfs nolmioc o trovés gfd tiflph!
! ^f fxpfrilfcto y sf fxprfso o trovés gf;
• @octosìos
• Gfsfhs
• Urïntinos
• ]fdonihcfs
• ]hdfs
• Ontivigogfs
• Nrffcnios
• Ontitugfs
• Podhrfs
• Ufcsolifcths
• --3 Uufgfc icnduir thgos fstos gilfcsihcfs, ch thgos fddos sf vivfc h
h ôdug sfxuod fxprfsoc siflprf


J]VUH 15=
! Do sodug sfxuod fs uc fstogh gf mifcfstor `ìsinh, flhnihcod, lfctod y shniod
rfdonihcogo nhc do sfxuodigog
sfxuodigog
• Ch fs shdolfctf do ousfcnio gf fc`frlfgog, gisùcniþc h icnoponigog
• ]fquifrf gf uc fc`hquf phsitivh y rfspftoghs gf do sfxuodigog y dos
rfdonihcfs sfxuodfs
• Do phsimidigog gf tfcfr rfdonihcfs sfxuodfs pdonfctfro y sfjuros, dimrfs
gf nhfrniþc, gisnriliconiþc y vihdfcnio
! Uoro quf do sodug sfxuod sf dhjrf y sf loctfcjo, dhs gfrfnahs sfxuodfs
sfxuodfs gf
gf
thgos dos pfrshcos gfmfc sfr rfspftoghs, prhtfjighs y fkfrninihs o pdfcitug
! Wrfs nhcnfpths fkf; MIFCF^WO], ^FQVODIGOG Y GF]FNAH^ ^FQVODF^
• Mifcfstor; ch sf pufgf gfìcir sic somfr quf fs fd mifc
Fs ilphrtoctf igfctiìnor fd kuinih gf vodhrfs poro vfr quf sf
h
nhcsigfro quf fsto mifc; fkflpdh; losturmoniþc fs lodo

• Dh quf sf uso gf rf`frfcnio gf mufch h lodh shc dhs gfrfnahs sfxuodfs
Gfndoroniþc gf dhs gfrfnahs aulochs gfspués gf do ^fjucgo
h
Jufrro Lucgiod
h Lhgfdhs gf Fstugih; ^fxhdhjìo
! Gi`frfctfs lhgfdhs gfsgf ghcgf sf ao fstugiogh do ^fxuodigog Auloco
• Usinhocodìtinh --3 @rfug
Ilpudsh mïsinh quf trogunf quf sfxuodigog sf vo
h
gfsorrhddocgh fc`rfctocgh o do shnifgog

• Octrhphdþjinh
h
Fxpdino dos nhsos o trovés gf do nhc`hrloniþc gf do nudturo
• ^hnihdþjinh
h Jruphs shniodfs nrfoc dos —rfjdos“
• îstélinh
h Wfhrìo gfd
îstflo
h Fs fd utidizolhs

h ^f gfrivo gf do Wfhrìo gfd sistflo --3 nhlh ic`hrloniþc sf poso
y sf rftrhodilfcto
h Gfìciniþc îstélino gf do sfxuodigog auloco (Urhpufsto
sistélino);
! ^fxuodigog fs rfsudtogh gf do ictfjroniþc gf 7
phtfcniodigogfs aulocos quf goc hrijfc o 7 ahdhcfs
sfxuodfs;
?. ]fprhguntivigog
=. Jécfrh
>. Picnudoniþc o`fntivo ictfrpfrshcod
7. Frhtislh
" Iciniodlfctf fstïc sfporoghs y nhc`hrlf vo fd gfsorrhddh sf voc ictfjrocgh fc uc
shdh o trovés gfd sijciìnogh , y fd sijciìnogh fs fd quf df go ucigog od sistflo
" Ahdhc; aoy uc sistflo supfrihr y uc ic`frihr


J]VUH 15=
h Wfhrìo gf dhs ahdhcfs ^fxuodfs;
! Ahdþc;
Uortf gfd sistflo quf o su
•
vfz fs uc thgh
Fstrunturos mihdþjinhs quf
•
hrijicoc nhcstrunnihcfs
lfctodfs
! Fd lhgfdh tifcf uco
rfprfsfctoniþc, psinhdþjino,
mihdþjinh y shniod
Fd gfsorrhddh gf do sfxuodigog gfsgf do tfhrìo gf

dhs ahdhcfs sfxuodfs fc dos gi`frfctfs ftopos
vigo
gf do vigo
F ]umih. ?997
h Fkflpdh Ndìcinh gf do Wfhrìo gf dhs Ahdhcfs;

! Uonifctf nhc Gisùcniþc Fréntid y Uonifctf nhc Gisùcniþc Fréntid y
sìcgrhlf lftomþdinh sìcgrhlf lftomþdinh
Mihdþjinhs; f`fnth fc fd
• Fstugih gfsgf fd lhgfdh gf
dhs Ahdhcfs ^fxuodfs
gisùcnihcolifcth sfxuod
Usinh; ilponth fc fd frhtislh
•
^hniod; ilponth fc nhlh dh

•
vfc shniodlfctf
! Civfdfs gf ictfrvfcniþc --3
ictfrvfcniþc ictfjrod
Nhctrhd gf nhlhrmidigogfs
•
Oglicistror IUGF6 ( Piojro)

•
Wfropio psinhsfxuod
•
Wfropio gf porfko
•
Usinh- fgunoniþc
•


J]VUH 15=
@isihdhjìo gf do rfspufsto sfxuod `flfcico
! F]HWI^LH
! Fxpfrifcnio pdonfctfro;
• Fc do rfdoniþc sfxuod
• Outhfrhtislh
• _uf ddfvo rfspufsto sfxuod auloco (ìsihdþjino, sfcsitivo y lhthro) --3
tolmiéc psinhdþjinhs, cfurhdþjinhs, ahrlhcodfs 3 do rfspufsto sfxuod fs uc

prhnfsh gicïlinh
! Nuodquifr nhso quf chs gf uco sfcsoniþc
! Dh quf dh aonf frþtinh shc dhs nhcstrunths quf aonflhs shmrf fshs fstìludhs
! Ch sþdh fs fd pdonfr shc dhs nhcstrunths lfctodfs quf aonflhs
! WFH]ÌO GF DH^ AHDHCF^ ^FQVODF^
! Do rfspufsto sfxuod auloco sf rfdonihco nhc fd ahdhc gfd frhtislh
• Frhtislh
• Jécfrh; nhcstrunniþc gf do igfctigog
• Picnudoniþc; nhlh chs ucilhs o dos gflïs pfrshcos
• ]fprhguntivigog
! LHGFDH GF DO ]FÛVF^WO ^FQVOD
! Afdfc ^. Bopoc ( ?9:1) ; Usiquiotro y
psinhocodisto quf gih fstrunturo o do tfropio
psinhsfxuod
• @osf
Gfsfh
h
Fxnitoniþc
h
Hrjoslh
h
• Ch fs osì siflprf
! Do rfspufsto sfxuod `flfcico fs gi`frfctf o do
losnudico
! Fs cfnfsorih nhchnfr dhs prhnfshs psinhdþjinhs y mihdþjinhs quf ictfrvifcfc
! Do lukfr ch tifcf pfrihgh gf dotfcnio jfcfrodlfctf
! Dhs hrjoslhs guroc lïs
! Jfcfrodlfctf dos lukfrfs tifcfc o vfnfs nhlphcfctfs sfctilfctodfs
! Nindh gf rfspufsto
! Fstìludh sfxuod nhc oprhpiogh nhctfxth
]hsfloy Mosshc =55?; Nindh gf rfspufsto quf lufstro vorios
lhtivonihcfs poro do fxpfrifcnio sfxuod, gfsfh fsphctïcfh y
gfsfh fc rfspufsto, onrfnfctoghs guroctf do fxpfrifcnio
fxpfrifcnio
Vco h lïs rozhcfs poro

c`dufcnio phsitivo
fc do lhtivoniþc do ontivigog sfxuod;
îc ogvfrtir gfsfh sfxuod
ôtisònniþc
`ìsino y
Fstìludh sfxuod
flhnihcod
nhc oprhpiogh
nhctfxth
Mihdþjinh
Fxnitoniþc y
gfsfh fc
rfspufsto lïs
ictfcshs
Fxnitoniþc

sumkftivo
Usinhdþjinh
-


J]VUH 15=
-
! JFCIWODF^ FQWF]CH^ @FLFCICH^ --3 Cfnfsorih nhchnfr dos fstrunturos ocotþlinos
quf ictfrvifcfc


J]VUH 15=

‗ Domihs loyhrfs; sirvfc gf prhtfnniþc

‗ Domihs lfchrfs; fc òsf gf fxnitoniþc sf icjurjitoc ( ddfcoc gf socjrf)

‗ Ndìthris; sf —frfnto“ aoy sicushigfs y sf ddfco gf socjrf, shc sicushigfs y fd ndit sf phcf
lïs gurh, nopo fxtfrco gf nhdïjfch
• Ligf = nl , sf vo ucifcgh o dhs aufshs gf do pfdvis
• Nopunaþc gfd ndìthris; prhtfnniþc od ndìthris y si ch fstuvifro siflprf fstorìo
fstiludogh
• @rfciddh

‗ Ictrhith; vojico fc dos portfs fxtfrcos

‗ Vrftro

‗ Ailfc

‗ Och

‗ Lhctf gf vfcus

‗ Jdïcgudos gf ^bfcfc; jdïcguditos od dogh gf urftro < rflocfctf gf do prþstoto
• Fs dh quf ddoloc fc dos lukfrfs < —fyonudoniþc `flfcico“

‗ Jdïcgudos gf Morthdici; tfrnih fxtfrch; sirvfc poro dumrinor, fc fd ictrhith, ch dumrino phr
gfctrh

‗ Jdïcgudos ophnricos; fc thgo do vojico

‗ Dumrinoniþc gf do vojico; fs uc trosugogh gf dos ortfrihdos quf fstïc fc nopo dolicor
gf do vojico , oaì posoc thghs dhs voshs nuocgh oulfcto do prfsiþc aigrhstïtino fd
diquigh sf ùjo
omshrmifcgh y sodf
pfrh shgih
nhlh y phr
sodf hslhsis
tocth sodf
diquigh lïs
pfrh sfdiquigh, chrlodlfctf fsto
fsto rfomshrmifcgh, sf fsto
lïs
dumrinogh

‗ Þrjochs ictfrchs;
• Dijolfcth utfrh „ sonrh
• Pojico fs uco novigog virtuod, pufgf tfcfr toloÿh gfd hmkfth quf sf
ictrhguzno

‗ Uish pédvinh
• Dh quf go fd shstéc gf do pfdvis
• Ufrh tolmiéc sf fcnorjo gf aonfr fs`ìctfrfs
• Fc fd hrjoslh dos nhctronnihcfs tifcfc quf vfr nhc dos nhctronniþc rìtlinos
gf fshs lûsnudhs
! Lhgfdhs guodfs gf do rfspufsto sfxuod
! Do rfspufsto sfxuod gfpfcgf gfd modocnf gicïlinh fctrf dhs ònthrfs gf

fxnitoniþc f icaimithrihs
Fcgþnrichs
•


J]VUH 15=
• Cfurhdþjinhs

• Usinhshniod

! @onthrfs gf fxnitoniþc
• Ghpolico **
• Chrfpicf`rico**
• ** < pricnipodfs ònthrfs fxnitothrihs
• Fstrþjfchs
• Urhjfstfrhco
• Wfsthstfrhco
• Lfdochnhrtico
• Hxithnico --3 sf fdfvo fc fd hrjoslh pfrh tolmiéc fs do ahrlhco gfd
o`fnth
! @onthrfs icaimighrfs
• ^frhthcico
• Urhdontico (nuocgh sf fdfvo < icaimf ---3 jodonthrrfo, jicfnhlostio)
! @osfs
# @O^F GF GF^FH
• Gfsfh- opftith
Wrfs gilfcsihcfs mïsinos; Mihdþjino, Lhtivonihcod „ Nhjcitivo -
h
^fcsitivo
! Mihdþjino h —Grivf“ --3
—Grivf“ --3 pricnipodlfctf chrfpicf`rico y
ghpolico
•

@ufrzo
• Opftithictfrco -3 Nindh gf rfnhlpfcso

• Fcfrjìo
• Ilpudsh poro rfodizor uco onniþc
• ]fspufsto fsphctïcfo gfd gfsfh --3 pufgf sfr quf ch
fstés pfcsocgh fc sfxh y nhc uco ilojfc pifcsos fc
fsh
! Nhlphcfctf nhjcitivh h Lhtivoniþc
• Lïs nhlpdfkh
• ^f oprfcgf
• Oshnio nhc fxpfrifcnios pdonfctfros
• ^f rfdonihco nhc do ictiligog
• Fd gfsfh gfd pdonfr pfrshcod „ nhlportigh
! Nhlphcfctf gf ]fspufsto sfcsitivh
•
• Aomidigog
Fxnitoniþc,poro icguniryuco
nhcgunto rfspufsto gf gfsfh
pdonfr
• Ilpdino uc nhlphcfctf lixth ìsihdþjinh y nhjcitivh
• Uotrþc gf rfnhlpfcso phsitivh
• Fstrunturos
h Gfsfh
! Olìjgodo fxtfcgigo
! Cûndfh prfhptinh lfgiod gfd aiphtïdolh octfrihr (LUHO)
! Do ontivigog aiphtodïlino ddfjo aosto do olìjgodo fxtfcgigo
! Do pricnipod; vìo gf do rfnhlpfcso
• Nirnuith gf do mûsqufgo
• Conf gf ïrfo vfctrod gf lfsfcnéòdh „ sodfc vìo
ghpolicfrjinos --3 lfshdilminos (cûndfh onulmfcs)
• Lfshnhrtinodfs --3 Fd prf`rhctod --3 gfnigilhs quf chs
justo
! Do ontivigog gf vìos gf ghpolico (GO) fstiludo htros ïrfos
gfd nfrfmrh nhlh fd sistflo dìlminh


J]VUH 15=
• ¸Nþlh icvfstijor do òsf gf gfsfh sfxuod8

@rfnufcnio gf — octhkh „ gfsfh“
h
! Urfjuctor quf df justo, si fddo tifcf jocos octfs gf aonfrdh

@rfnufcnio gf òctosìos h pfcsolifcths
h
@rfnufcnios gf musnor- prhnuror fcnufctrhs

h
! _ué tocth musno o su porfko, quifc flpifzo

]fspufstos octf do fstiludoniþc phr portf gf do porfko
h
! Nuocgh su fsphsh quifrf tfcfr rfdonihcfs sfxuodfs , quf

pifcso
# FQNIWONIÞC
Dos vìos chrogrfcérjinos quf sf hrijicoc fc fd Dhnus Nhfrudfus sf ontivo
•
Pìo gf gfsfh sijuf fcnfcgigo

•
Gfd dhnus Nhrfrudfus sf ontivoc vìos fxnitothrios

•
^fÿodfs fspicodfs
•
Fd icnrflfcth fc do ontivigog chrogrfcfrjino rfsudto fc ontivoniþc

h
pfri`érino; oulfcth gf `rfnufcnio norgiono, sughr, nolmihs

pupidorfs, sf frfntoc dhs pfzhcfs, gf dhs domihs lfchrfs, oulfcto
`rfnufcnio rfspirothrio, rumhr
Fxnitoniþc jfcitod
•
Ontivoniþc silpïtino
h
! Icnrflfcths fc WO, @],

Wulfsnfcnio pédvino
h
! Lfgioniþc
! GislicuniþcgfgfPIU,
COCH< PO^HGIDOWONIHC
! Lfgioniþc gf CUY (vfchnhcstrinniþc)
h Poshnhcjfstiþc;
! @hrloniþc gf `duigh cfurhjécinh - icnrflfcth fc do
dumrinoniþc vojicod
h Dhs fstoghs aflhgicïlinhs gf tulfsnfcnio fstïc rfjudoghs phr fd
thch gf fd tfkigh fréntid ndithrigfh y fd lûsnudh dish vojicod
h Aoy fxprfsiþc ùcnihcod gf rfnfpthrfs ogrfcérjinhs odò ? y =, osì
nhlh lfnocislhs quf icvhdunroc od nJLU nOLU fc do vojico y fd
ndìthris
! @h`hgifstfroso --3 rhlpf JLpn < moko do fxnitoniþc
! Piojro < icaimf `hs`hgifstfroso 6
• Htrhs nolmihs jfcitodfs gf do fxnitoniþc
h
Dumrinoniþc
F`fnth
h gf domihs
gf nûpudo lfchrfs
vojicod --3 vojico nuocgh aoy fxnitoniþc sf
flpifzo o omhlmor y fsh fs chrlod
¸Nþlh icvfstijor do òsf gf fxnitoniþc sfxuod8
•
Fstor nhcnfctrogo h nhcfntogo nhc do fxpfrifcnio pdonfctfrh

h
! Urfjuctor si fsto pfcsocgh fc htrh nhso

! @hnodizoniþc sfcshriod gf Lostfrs y Khacshc
Urfsfcnio gf dumrinoniþc vojicod
h
# H]JO^LH
Do ontivigog chrogrfcérjino nhcticûo aosto fd hrjoslh
•
Fyonudoniþc `élico, nhctronnihcfs gfd pish pédvinh, sf pifrgf do chniþc

•
gfd tiflph, oulfcto ulmrod gfd ghdhr, pufgf mokor dhs nþdinhs lfcstruodfs
Fs uco nhctronniþc ndþcino gf lusnudoturo fstriogo gfd tfrnih fxtfrch
•
vojicod
Fd hrjoslh sf nhctrof nhlh ?.= phr sfjucgh
h
Nhctronniþc utfrico
•
_uiftug phsthrjïslino rfdotivo gf do nhctrontidigog utfrico y gf trhlpos

•


J]VUH 15=
• ]fomshrniþc phr þslhsis gfd trosugogh vojicod
• Fc fstugihs gf ]L < prf`rhctod sf opojo
• ¸Nþlh icvfstijor do òsf gfd hrjoslh sfxuod8
h ôtisònniþc od tfrlicor fd fcnufctrh
h ^fcsoniþc gf pdfcitug y/h mifcfstor
•
# @O^F GF ]F^HDVNIÞC
(ônifgog)
•
Oshnio nhc do ontivigog sfrhthcicfrjino oulfctogo y uco gislicuniþc gf

•
do ontivigog gf ghpolico y chrfpicf`rico

^fÿod sfrhthcicérjino gf sonifgog
•
Do sfrhthcico sf dimfro fc do nhrtfzo prf`rhctod y fstiludo dos vìos quf

h
icaimfc GO y CF
Do icaiminiþc sfrhthcicérjino icnduyf vìos nhrtinodfs gf jdutoloth y
h
gf ictfrcfurhcos JOMO
Mïsinolfctf sfrhthcico ---3 I^]^ < pufgfc oulfctor do dotfcnio gfd
h
hrjoslh (nhlh quf ch ddfjoc)

Oquì sf prfcgf prf`rhctod
•
" FD NF]FM]H F^ VC Þ]JOCH @VCGOLFCWOD FC DO @VCNIÞC ^FQVOD


J]VUH 15=
@isihdhjìo gf do ]fspufsto ^fxuod Losnudico
" Lhgfdh gf do rfspufsto sfxuod !

Afdfc ^. Bopoc ?9:1
h
Usiquiotro y psinhocodisto quf gih fstrunturo

h
o do tfropio psinhsfxuod
]fspufsto ^fxuod Auloco ( ìsihdþjino,
h
sfcsitivo y lhthro)
" Lhgfdhs guodfs gf do nhcgunto sfxuod

h
h

Wocth dos nhsos quf fxnitoc nhlh dos quf icaimfc shc gf coturodfzo
hrjïcino y gf coturodfzo psinhdþjino
" F`fnths ìsihdþjinhs gf dhs CW y cfurhahrlhcos rfdonihcos nhc do rfspufsto sfxuod
fc ^CN
Gisùcniþc ^fxuod
Wfsthstfrhco CW F@FNWH
Urhjfstfrhco Ghpolico
Fstrhjfch
GF^FH +
+ X Wfsthstfrhco
Urhjfstfrhco
Urhdontico X FQNIWONIHC
6 - AW Fstrhjfch
Nhrtishd ChrogrfcodicoG
X hpolico
H]JO^LH
Hxithnico
Hxithnico Chrogrfcodico ^frhthcico
+ + Urhdontico
Nhrtishd
Lfsthc,N. Waf Cfurhmihdhjy h` ^fxuod @ucntihc. Orna Jfc Usynaiotry.=555, :
Ghpolico fs ilphrtoctf fc thghs dh civfdfs

h
^frhthcico aonf quf rf`dfkhs frþtinhs sfoc lïs gi`ìnidfs
h
Gfsfh; prhjfstfrhco, fstrþjfch, tfthstfrhco

h
Fxnitoniþc --3 Urhdontico y nhrtishd shc icaimighrfs

h
Hrjoslh
h
! Hxithnico
! Chrogrfcodico
" Fd Nfrfmrh fs fd þrjoch pricnipod fc do ùcniþc sfxuod
Þrjoch frþtinh lïs ilphrtoctf fs do pifd
h


J]VUH 15=
" Cfurhocothlìo ùcnihcod gf do rfspufsto sfxuod auloco
h Dhs fstugihs gf cfurhilojfc ùcnihcod pfrlitfc nhchnfr dhs pricnipodfs
nfctrhs y cûndfhs rfsphcsomdfs gfd nindh gf do rfspufsto sfxuod auloco
h Dhs vigfhs frþtinhs prhvhnoc loyhr fxnitoniþc quf dos `hthjro`ìos
h Do fstiludoniþc jfcitod fs lïs f`fntivo poro odnoczor do lfsfto (prfvih od
hrjoslh)
h Odjucos rfjihcfs tifcfc lûdtipdfs rhdfs fc gi`frfctfs pucths fc fd nindh gf
do rfspufsto sfxuod
! Lufstro quf vorihs

fstiludhs; fstiludh visuod
mrfvf (P^^)
! Ch somfr ïrfos gfd
nfrfmrh
! Ufrh somfr quf dos ïrfos
shc gi`frfctfs fc nogo
ftopo gf do rfspufsto
sfxuod
!
!
!
!
! Lufstro dos ïrfos y dh quf sunfgf fc nogo uco dos òsfs

! Nhc fstiludh visuod y pfcfoch
! Vco gf dos nhsos poro quf aoyo hrjoslh gfmf fxistir ontivigog gfd
nfrfmrh --3 nuocgh aoy lunao ontivigog `rhctod ( kuinihs,
pfrnfpnihcfs, nhctrhdos) y nuocgh sf tifcf ontivigog sfxuod ch sf
cfnfsito ontivigog ocodìtino ilphrtoctf
ilphrtoctf si dos nhsos fstïc sfjuros <
fvhdutivolfctf aoy sistflo quf si aoy pfdijrh icaimf rfspufsto sfxuod


J]VUH 15=
" Ocothlìo jfcitodfs
" @osfs
# GF^FH- OUFWIWH
! Wrfs gilfcsihcfs mïsinos; Mihdþjino, O`fntivo- lhtivonihcod, Nhjcitivo
! Nhchnilifcth fsnosh gf do gilfcsiþc mihdþjino
• Ocgrþjfchs y fstrþjfchs --3 uco gf dos nousos gf do òdto gf
gfsfh sfxuod
• Uortiniponiþc gf cfutrhtroslishrfs nfctrodfs;
h Ghpolico
h ^frhthcico
h Jomo
h
Hxnithnico
Ahrlhco fstiludoctf gf tirhigfs.
h
! Ïrfos rfdfvogos
Olìjgodo fxtfcgigo
•
Cûndfh prfþptinh
•
Do ontivigog aiphtodïlino
• aiphtodïlino ddfjo aosto do olìjgodo fxtfcgigo
Do ontivoniþc gf vìos gf ghpolico (GO) fstiludo htros ïrfos gfd
•
nfrfmrh nhlh fd sistflo dìlminh

! ¸Nþlh icvfstijor do òsf gf gfsfh sfxuod8
@rfnufcnio gf "octhkh-gfsfh"
•
@rfnufcnio gf òctosìos h pfcsolifcths

•
@rfnufcnio gf musnor-prhnuror fcnufctrhs

•
]fspufsto octf do fstiludoniþc phr portf gf do porfko

•
# @O^F GF FQNIWONIÞ
FQNIWONIÞCC
! Dos vìos chrogrfcfrjinos quf sf hrijicoc fc fd Dhnus Nhfrudfus sf
ontivoc


J]VUH 15=
! Fd icnrflfcth fc do ontivigog chrogrfcérjino rfsudto fc ontivoniþc
pfri`érino; oulfcth gf `rfnufcnio norgiono, sughr, nolmihs pupidorfs
! Aiphtïdolh
Nfctrh gf frfnniþc silpïtinh psinhjécinh
•
Nfctrh gf frfnniþc porosilpïtinh rf`dfxþjfcinh

•
! Ocothlìo gf dhs sicushigfs
Pfco ghrsod prhùcgo

Ortfrios afdinicos
Wûcino
odmujìcfo
Ortfrio novfrchso
flisorio s
Pfcos flisorios
Pfco nirnuc`d fko
h Fstrunturos ilphrtoctfs poro do frfnniþc ;

! ^fchs novfrchshs
! Luy cfnfsorio poro quf aoyo poro nhctfcfr icnrflfcth gf prfsiþc
sf nufrphs novfrchsh < Wûcino odmujìcfo --3 fs uco nhctfcniþc < sic
fddo ch ogquifrf do prfsiþc nhrrfnto
Dh quf df go do prfsiþc fs do socjrf y do tûcino odmujìcfo
•
Nhctronniþc y rfdokoniþc gf dos nédudos

gf lûsnudh dish
dish Lfnocislh gf frfnniþc pfcfoco gf HC/JLUn
HC/JLUn

‗ @fcþlfch ìsihdþjino gf do frfnniþc
h Dh quf hnurrf fc porfgfs tisudorfs < porfnf uc `fcþlfch gf
voshgidotoniþc < nhlpdfkigog phr coturodfzo gfd tfkigh --3 lûsnudh dish gf
locfro ilphrtoctf
h Modocnf fctrf tfkigh nhcfntivh dish y nhcfntivh < sodug gfd pfcf
h Loci`fstoniþc gf uco o`fntoniþc o fstf civfd < fs uc sijch gf prflhciniþc
gf òddos o htrhs civfdfs
h Fc dhs ûdtilhs oÿhs dh gf do ìmro lusnudor sf fstugio <


J]VUH 15=
! Nhsos nhc trosnfcgfcnio ndìcino girfnto;
Hxigh Cìtrinh --3 fc fd fcghtfdih y ìmros citrfrjinos ( sufdtoc HC)
•
<fstogh gf rfdokoniþc gf dos nédudos < gistfcsiþc < ddfcogh gf

sicushigfs nhctfcighs fc tûcino, poro quf aoyo frfnniþc gfmf
aomfr rfdokoniþc
Uoro pérgigo gf frfnniþc gfmf aomfr nhctronniþc
h
Dimfroniþc gf CF < nhctronniþc

h
Fcghtfdico y Wrhlmhxoch
•
@onthrfs gf rfporoniþc tisudor < prhgunfc nhctronniþc

h
! Fd Piojro
Fc pfcf aoy lunao `hs`hgifstfroso 6
•
Î CH AOY FQNIWONIÞC CH AOY F@FNWH GFD @Ï]LONH

•
" Nogfco jocjdihcor porovfrtfmrod <

• Pìo fc ponifctfs poropdékinhs
h W??- W?= --3 vifcfc vìos ictrolfgudorfs quf nhcfntoc fcnéòdh nhc
jfcitodfs pfrh aoy uco sfrif gf vìos quf sodfc phr lfgudo y sodfc phr
nogfco jocjdihcor silpïtino < prhgunf rfspufsto sfxuod phr oùfro
! Wrosnfcgfcnio fc; Dfsiþc lfgudor y îlpotfnthlìo
! Nþlh icvfstijor do òsf gf fxnitoniþc sfxuod

• Fstor nhcnfctrogh h nhcfntogh nhc do fxpfrifcnio frþtino
•
Urfsfcnio gf frfnniþc guroctf fd fcnufctrh frþtinh
•
# H]JO^LH
! Do ontivigog chrogrfcérjino nhcticûo aosto fd hrjoslh
! Fyonudoniþc Losnudico
• @osf gf flisiþc; Gfpþsith
flisiþc; Gfpþsith gf dìquigh sflicod fc do portf phstfrihr
gf do urftro
h Nhctronturo gfd lûsnudh dish (nhcgunths gf`frfctfs,
vfsìnudos sflicodfs, prþstoto)
h Flisiþc; sfcsoniþc gf icfvitomidigog fyonudothrio.
• @osf gf fyonudoniþc;
h Fxpudsiþc gfd sflfc od rfdokorsf fd fs`ìctfr vfsinod fxtfrch
h Nhctronturo gfd lûsnudh fstriogh(isquihnovfrchsh,
pumhnhnnìjfh)
h
Nhctronniþc
Nhctronnihcfs
h
ocod
urftrodfs
Fyonudoniþc
h
_uiftug phsthrjïlino
h
! ¸Nhlh icvfstijor do òsf gfd hrjoslh sfxuod8

sfxuod8
^fcsoniþc iclicfctf gf do fyonudoniþc
•
Wiflph oprhxilogh dotfcnio fyonudothrio

•
ôdigo gf dìquigh sflicod

•
ôtisònniþc od tfrlicor fd fcnufctrh

•
^fcsoniþc gf pdfcitug y/h mifcfstor

•
# @O^F GF ]F^HDVNIÞC
! Oshnio nhc do ontivigog sfrhthcicfrjino oulfctogo y uco
gislicuniþc gf do ontivigog gf ghpolico y chrfpicf`rico
! Do sfrhthcico sf dimfro fc do nhrtfzo prf`rhctod y fstiludo dos vìos quf
icaimfc GO y CF
! Do icaiminiþc sfrhthcicérjino icnduyf vìos nhrtinodfs gf jdutoloth y gf
ictfrcfurhcos JOMO


J]VUH 15=
- ]fspufsto ^fxuod Auloco

# Nhckucth gf nolmihs psinhìsihdþjinhs rfdonihcoghs nhc fd fcnufctrh
sfxuod

!! Nhjcitivhs
^fcshpfrnfptuodfs
! Ocothlh-ìsihdþjinhs
! Nolmihs lïs fvigfctfs fc jfcitodfs
# Icgispfcsomdf do ictfjrigog y mifcfstor fc dos gi`frfctfs ïrfos quf
ictfrvifcfc


J]VUH 15=
Urhpfgéutino Nìcino gf dhs prhmdflos sfxuodfs
" Dh quf aonf gi`frfctfs fsto prhpfgéutino, fs quf o vfnfs aoy nifrths fstijlos fc
do shnifgog quf fd ndìcinh gfmf tfcfr prfsfctf poro gfsorrhddor fstrotfjios poro
tfcfr uco mufco nodigog gf ic`hrloniþc
$ Ictrhgunniþc
Do nodigog gf do ic`hrloniþc fs ùcgolfctod poro
h
! Fd giojcþstinh
! Udoc gf trotolifcth
Nodigog gf do ic`hrloniþc;
h
! Wéncinos gf fctrfvisto ogfnuogos

Aoy fstrotfjios quf chs nhcgunfc o ic`hrloniþc nhcìomdf,
•
osì nhlh locfros quf chs oyugoroc

$ Gftfrlicoctfs gf do nodigog gf do ic`hrloniþc fc do fctrfvisto ndìcino sfxuod
O. Civfd gf nhchnilifcth shmrf sfxuodigog gfd fctrfvistoghr
! Uoro icvfstijor do prfsfcnio gf prhmdflos sf rfquifrf nhchnfrdhs
! ^f cfnfsito nhchnilifcth shmrf;
Do vigo sfxuod sodugomdf
•
Do chshdhjìo gf dhs prhmdflos sfxuodfs --3 shmrf dos nhsos

•
quf nhlh sf prfsfctoc fc do ndìcino

• Dhs trotolifcths gisphcimdfs

M. Ontitug gfd fctrfvistoghr octf do sfxuodigog
Ontitugfs phsitivos Ontitugfs cfjotivos

• Flpotìo • Nhcgfcothrios - Do ontitug fs ilphrtoctf
• Fstfrfhtipogos phrquf si tifcf uco ontitug phsitivo
• ]fspfth òvhrfnf o do hmtfcniþc gf do
Onfptoniþc
• Onfptoniþc • ]ìjigos
ic`hrloniþc
• @þminos - Odjh quf sf aonf nhc
• Irrfspftuhsos lunao `rfnufcnio fs usor fd aulhr
poro omhrgor tflïtinos sfxuodfs --3
@ovhrfnfc vintilizoniþc
nhlucinoniþc CH
Ontitugfs mrhlistos Loci`fstoniþc gf ocjustio
! Cucno ilphcfr dhs prhpihs kuinihs lhrodfs octf dos nhcguntos

sfxuodfs gfd ponifctf
! Fvitor nodi﬏nor dos
dos nhcguntos sfxuodfs nhlh chrlodfs h coturodfs (h
ochrlodfs h ch coturodfs) --3 ch sijciìno onfptor thgh, sf rfìfrf o
ch ilphcfr cufstros prhpios hpicihcfs
! î oporfnfc nhcguntos gisùcnihcodfs h prhmdflïtinos fs prf`frimdf
chlmrordhs
N. Vsh gf téncinos fspfnì﬏nos gf fctrfvisto

?) Hptilizor fd olmifctf gf do fctrfvisto
Do vigo sfxuod fs privogo
•
Fs cfnfsorih lhstror sfcsimidigog

•
Lirocgh gf `rfctf
•


J]VUH 15=
•]fgunir dhs ònthrfs quf jfcfroc gistocnio;

Lunao gistocnio fctrf fctrfvistoghr h fctrfvistogh h
h
phno gistocnio quf ilpdiquf icvosiþc

icvosiþc gfd fsponih
pfrshcod
Vsh gf tfcinisilhs léginhs
h
Joroctizor privonigog guroctf do nhcsudto

•
=) Osulir quf thgh lucgh aonf gf thgh

]fjdo jfcfrod luy ûtid poro tfcfrdo fc lfctf guroctf do
•
fctrfvisto
Udoctfor prfjuctos pfcsocgh quf do rfspufsto vo o
h
sfr sì
@onidito quf fd fctrfvistogh ic`hrlf gf sus nhcguntos ouc si
•
éstos shc phnh nhlucfs
!"#$ &'( )*+,'+$,-. /+$+ !1. 6+$-9# '76+9

@rfnufcnio !"#$%&'( *+,'-./%+(
• • !0#?/ *+,'-./%+( @oddos gf •
•
5*#?=+>.7 ,#$ =.
5*#?=+>.7 5.*. -$-,-.* #
gf (+5#',+( &#?/ +% +, =+( (+5#',+( +, =+( >'('7/6 frfnniþc +*+,,-0$:
>.$6+$+* =. +*+,,-0$:
rfdonihcfs >'('7/6
sfxuodfs
]fdonihcfs Lunaos pfrshcos tifcfc ¸Ao tfcigh

fxtro- ictfrés sfxuod fc htros ontivigog sfxuod
loritodfs pfrshcos gistictos o sus nhc odjuifc
Losturmoniþc
¸Nuïctos vfnfs sf ¸^f losturmþ ustfg porfkos. ¸Ao tfcigh ustfg gisticth o su
losturmþ fc fd lfs fc fd lfs posogh8
ictfrés fc odjuifc lïs, porfko8
osogh8
gisticth gf su porfko8
>) Gor rftrhodilfctoniþc phsitivo od fctrfvistogh gfspués gf quf ao

gogh nogo rfspufsto
Gfnir podomros phsitivos nhlh —luy mifc“ u htros
•
Vsor dfcjuokf prfvfrmod quf trocslito onfptoniþc --3 sf

•
ojrogfnf
onfptoniþcquf gf do
dh ic`hrloniþc sf fsto gogh
quf fsto aonifcgh ch fs
cfnfsoriolfctf
Do onfptoniþc gf nhlportir do ic`hrloniþc shmrf su
•
sfxuodigog, ch gf do nhcgunto ic`hrlogo

7) Fvitor fd ush gf fu`flislhs
Dhs fu`flislhs gislicuyfc ndorigog fc do nhlucinoniþc
•
Uodomros quf sf utidizoc phr sfr lfchs ictiligoctf

•
Fd ush gf térlichs ndorhs y prfnishs fs lfkhr

•
6) Vsh gf térlichs phpudorfs

Fs cfnfsorih osfjurorsf gf quf dos nhsos quf sf prfjuctoc
•
shc fctfcgigos phr quifc rfsphcgf

Dhs térlichs téncinhs pufgfc nhcùcgir od fctrfvistogh
•
î fd fctrfvistogh nhchnf dhs térlichs phpudorfs y ch dhs

•
térlichs téncinhs fs prf`frimdf usordhs o hnupor fd tiflph

fc —fgunordh
" Hmkftivh< quf px fctifcgo dh quf sf df fsto prfjuctocgh y quf aoyo
nhlucinoniþc


J]VUH 15=
0) Fvitor fd ush gf prfjuctos lûdtipdfs

Dos lfkhrfs prfjuctos shc dos mrfvfs, nhcnisos, girfntos y
•
nhc uc shdh tflo

Dos prfjuctos lûdtipdfs prhvhno rfspufstos poro odjuch gf
•
dhs tflos prfjuctoghs

Uhr fkflpdh;
•
¸Nþlh sf rfdonihco nhc dhs ahlmrfs y dos lukfrfs8

h
< mifc --3 òdto gf ndorigog

N
Hptilizor fd
"#$%&'() *+ olmifctf
(%,&*-.*gf
/*do+(fctrfvisto
fctrfvisto
*-.)*5&?.(
Osulir quf thgh lucgh aonf gf thgh
Gor rftrhodilfctoniþc phsitivo od fctrfvistogh

gfspués gf quf ao gogh nogo rfspufsto
Fvitor fd ush gf fu`flislhs
Vsh gf térlichs phpudorfs
Fvitor fd ush gf prfjuctos lûdtipdfs
Uhlfrhy, Z.M., @dox, N.N & Zaffdfr, N.N. Wobicj o ^fx Aisthry; Ictfrvifwicj ocg rfnhrgicj, Waf @rff Urfss, Cfw Yhrb ?91=
" Fkflpdhs gf tflïtinos `rfnufctfs;

h Urfsfcnio gf losturmoniþc fc do nhcgunto ontuod
! ¸^f losturmo fc do ontuodigog8 ** --3 fs do lïs ogfnuogo
! ¸Nhc qué `rfnufcnio utidizo do losturmoniþc fc do ontuodigog8
! ¸ Wifcf ustfg do prïntino gf do losturmoniþc fc do ontuodigog8 --3
yo tifcf nhcchtoniþc cfjotivo
h @rfnufcnio gf dos rfdonihcfs sfxuodfs
! ¸_ué toc sfjuigh tifcf rfdonihcfs nhc su porfko8
! ¸Nuïctos vfnfs o do sfloco tifcf rfdonihcfs nhc su porfko8 --3
chs go do ic`hrloniþc phrquf osulilhs quf thghs dhs px aonfc gf
thgh
! ¸Wifcf ustfg rfdonihcfs sfxuodfs nhc `rfnufcnio8

! ¸_ué toc sfjuigh
aonf quf ustfg
do prfjucto sfoy su porfko
luy fstïc kucths8 --3 fd fu`flislh
olmijuo
h ¸Aoy h ch gisùcniþc fréntid8
! Vstfg ch ao tfcigh prhmdflos nhc su frfnniþc , ¸vfrgog8 --3 luy
lod dh pufgfs aonfr sfctir lod
! ¸Nþlh nodiìnorìo ustfg su jrogh gf frfnniþc nuocgh tifcf
rfdonihcfs sfxuodfs8 --3 dh ictfrprfto nhlh éd quifrf
! ¸Wifcf ustfg gisùcniþc fréntid8
! ¸_ué toc `rfnufctflfctf tifcf giìnudtog poro hmtfcfr h loctfcfr
do frfnniþc nuocgh quifrf tfcfr uco rfdoniþc sfxuod8 --3 fs do lfkhr
$ Aisthrio Ndìcino ^fxhdþjino

h @inao gf igfctiìnoniþc
h ^flihdhjìo gfd lhtivh gf nhcsudto;
! Icinih
! Nursh
! Fvhduniþc


J]VUH 15=
! @onthrfs prfgisphcfctfs
! îtuonihcodigog
h @ucnihcodigog frþtino gfd ponifctf y gf su porfko
! Gfsfh
! Fxnitoniþc
! Hrjoslh
! Urfsfcnio gf ghdhr
h Fxolfc gfd fstotus sfxuod
! Gfsnripniþc `fchlfchdþjino gfd fvfcth rfprfsfctotivh,
prf`frfctflfctf fd ûdtilh fc fd quf sf prfsfcto fd prhmdflo
h Fvoduoniþc gf do rfdoniþc gf porfko
! Aisthrio gf do rfdoniþc gf porfko ontuod
! Urfsfcnio y rfshduniþc gf nhc﬍inths
! Gfnisihcfs fc nhlûc
! Nhlucinoniþc
! Fgunoniþc gf aikhs
h Aisthrio gfd gfsorrhddh sfxuod;
! Gfsorrhddh frþtinh
! Gfsorrhddh gf do igfctigog
! Gfsorrhddh gf dhs vìcnudhs
! Gfsorrhddh gf do rfprhguntivigog
h Fvoduoniþc gf do òlidio gf hrijfc
! Ufrshcodigog gf pogrfs, afrlochs y htrhs sijci﬏notivhs
! Olmifctf òlidior
! Ictfronniþc nhc nogo ictfjroctf gf do òlidio
h Giojcþstinh
h ûjfrfcnio gf trotolifcth
h Urhcþstinh
$ Nhcndusihcfs
h Hmtfcfr ic`hrloniþc sfxuod fc do fctrfvisto ndìcino fs ilphrtoctf poro
phgfr fvoduor nhrrfntolfctf do prfsfcnio gf prhmdflos h gisùcnihcfs
sfxuodfs
h Do nodigog gf do ic`hrloniþc hmtfcigo gfpfcgfrï gf do `hrlo fc quf dos
prfjuctos sfoc rfodizogos, gf do ontitug prh`fsihcod y gf do vhductog gfd
fctrfvistogh


J]VUH 15=
Mosfs Mihdþjinos gf do Hrifctoniþc ^fxuod
" Civfdfs gf hrifctoniþc sfxuod

h Otronniþc h vivfcnio pfrshcod
h Nhcgunto --3 fs lïs
lïs `rfnufctf
`rfnufctf
! Fkflpdh; ch fs uc potrþc nhcstoctf
h Igfctigog
! Urhmdflos < ch aoy igfctigog sfxuod (joy. Dfsmi, aftfrh)
h Fd tflo gf ahy fs gf otronniþc cogo los
! AHLH^FQVODIGOG
Gfd jrifjh octijuh !¶"#, ijuod y fd dotìc sfxus, ‑sfxh’
h
Otronniþc rhlïctino, otronniþc sfxuod h nhlphrtolifcth sfxuod fctrf

h
liflmrhs gfd lislh sfxh h jécfrh

CH cfnfsoriolfctf cfnfsitos aomfr tfcigh fxpfrifcnios sfxuodfs gf fstf
h
tiph poro nhcsigfrortf ahlhsfxuod

Fs —uc potrþc gurogfrh gf otronniþc flhnihcod, rhlïctino y/ h sfxuodfs“
h
o pfrshcos gfd lislh sfxh

Wolmiéc sf rfìfrf od sfctigh gf igfctigog mosogh fc fsos otronnihcfs, dhs
h
nhlphrtolifcth rfdonihcogh, y do pfrtfcfcnio o uco nhlucigog quf

nhlportfc fsos otronnihcfs
¸ _ué prhphcfc dos tfhrìos psinhdþjinos8
h
! Ahlhsfxuodigog nhlh rfsudtogh gfd troulo icòctid

! Ahlhsfxuodigog nhlh rfsudtogh gfd oprfcgizokf
! Ahlhsfxuodigog nhlh rfsudtogh gf dhs prhmdflos gf igfctiìnoniþc
nhc odjuco gf dos ìjuros porfctodfs
Fd prilfr dimrh quf lhstrþ quf fstos igfos ch sf pufgf sustfctor
h
! ^fxuod Urf`frfcnf
Mfdd, Zficmfrj y Aollfrslita (?91?)
•
Nhrrfdonihcfs
•
Ligf voriomdfs y su rfdoniþc

h
Fnuoniþc gf rfjrfsiþc ludtivoriod

h
Fctrfvistos nhc 9:9 pfrshcos ahlhsfxuodfs ( =9> lukfrfs y

•
01: ahlmrfs) nhlporogos nhc 7:: nhctrhdfs aftfrhsfxuodfs

Dhs icvfstijoghrfs ch fcnhctrorhc cicjuco fxpfrifcnio
•
guroctf fd gfsorrhddh icgiviguod h òlidior quf oporfnifro

nhlh ònthr gftfrlicoctf
ahlhsfxuodigog fc fd gfsorrhddh gf do
h aftfrhsfxuodigog
! Poriomdfs quf ùfrhc gistictos
• Fc thgos fstos voriomdfs aoy gi`frfcnios
• Cûlfrhs shc dhs culfrh gf E8>)5">)7*
!"#$%
nhfìnifctf lûdtipdf ./%$5%
<'('3%8/",
%* ," *);%2
?$)(%$"
%8>)5">)7*
Do ontivigog ahlhsfxuod
<'('3%8/", %*
• HUC ," "#',%3>%*>)"
!"#$%
Fs uc ocïdisis gf ruto
>%$>"*" 4>0:)#"#
• !"#$% <'('3%8/",
#'()*"+" 4>0:)#"#
Do voriomdfs quf fsto
%* ," *);%2
• ", -"#$% <'('3%8/", %*
," "#',%3>%*>)"
nhcfntogo nhc nosi thgos; H9_D

H9_D
1'9
>'*.'$()#"#
Ch „ nhc`hrligog gf =%,">)7*
#% )#%*0#"# #%
6%*%$' %* ,"
HD_
!"#"$%&'()*+(+
(+')-(
igfctigog gf jfcfrh fc od *%6"0:" >'*

-"#$%
*);%2
ciÿfz
^f rfìfrf o quf si tifcf
9HU^
9HU^ E(-%27 "
•
H]^ 9HDD
9HDD 3%*0$3%
E8>)5">)7*
<%5%$'3%8/", 3%8/",(%*5%
odjh gf fsth fd rifsjh gf %* ," *);%2 #).%$%*5% %* ,"
"#',%3>%*>)"
sfr joy oulfcto pfrh ch ?"#$% .$)'
9HDW
9HDW
N#%*5).)>">)7*
>'* %, -"#$%
O%*0$3% O%*0$3%
quf thghs tfcjoc G%,,F @%)*+%$6 J A"((%$3()5<
#).%$%*5%
3%8/",(%*5%
#).%$%*5% -'$
$"2'*%3 #%
!"#$%& ()"*")"+,"- ./5 ?"="&>76"+/ 0+ :"+ %+1 9>6"+; %* ," *);%2 6M*%$'
G,''()*65'*I N*#)"*" K*):%$3)5B ?$%33F DLCD


J]VUH 15=
h Fstugih jfcétinhs
! Fs ndorh quf do hrifctoniþc sfxuod tifcf uc nhlphcfctf jfcétinh
! Do jfcétino ch fxpdino thgh, pfhr fs uc ònthr quf nhctrimuyf
oucquf ch gftfrlico
! Jfcfs; Fstugihs fc do òlidios
Urhmomidigog gf sfr ahlhsfxuod ]f`frfcnio
î sf tifcf uc î ch aoy afrloch

afrloch (o) ahlhsfxuod
ahlhsfxuod
Ahlmrf (Uiddorg & Zficrina,
Zficrina,
?910).
== % 7 %
Lukfr Loyhr quf fc sus Ijuod o phmdoniþc (Moidfy & Mfcisaoy,

nhctroportfs sic jfcfrod ?99>).
afrloco
ahlhsfxuod
• Fd f`fnth fs fpfniình poro nogo sfxh

• Fsths goths opuctoc, pfrh ch pufgfc sfr nhcnduyfctfs o uc ònthr afrfgomdf
jflfdhs
Jfcfs; Fstugihs fc jflfdhs
Fstugih
Fstugih Nhcnhrgocnio fc Nhcnhrgocnio fc
Jflfdhs Jflfdhs ginijþtinhs
ginijþtinhs
lhchnijhtinhs
lhchnijhtinhs
Boddlocc, ?96= Nosi ?55 % C]
Moidfy & Uiddorg, ?996; fc 6= % == %

ahlmrfs
Moidfy, ft ot ?99>; fc 71 % ?0 %
lukfrfs
!
! Fstugihs gf Dijocghs
•
Gfoc Aolfr pumdinþ fc ?99> fd prilfr fstugih usocgh do
téncino gf dijocghs
• Fcnhctrþ uco zhco fc fd nrhlhshlo Q (Qq=1) quf
(Qq=1) quf nhctfcìo
sfnufcnios jfcétinos prhmomdflfctf rfdonihcogos nhc do
afrfgomidigog gf do ahlhsfxuodigog losnudico
• Fc fd jruph gf Mrioc Lustocsbi (quf icnduiyþ o Gfoc
Aolfr) rfphrtþ uc —morrigh“ gf thgh fd jfchlo
h Ch sf nhcìrlþ do dijo gfd Qq=1
h ^f fcnhctrþ fvigfcnio poro htros trfs ïrfos
! G:^:91 fc :q>0
! G1^656 fc 1p?=
! G?5^=?: fc ?5q=0
‗ Wéncino gf dijocghs
h ^f pufgf sfnufcnior dhs sfjlfcths gf GCO phrquf
oucquf sfndorh
ch qufgo nhchnf do sfnufcnio
fs gf o jfcþlino,
ghcgf o ghcgf dh quf
shc dhs jfcfs


J]VUH 15=
Fcthcnfs sf lornoc pfgozhs gf GCO nhc
h
rogihisþthphs y dhs nhlmicoc nhc nédudos gf do
phmdoniþc
Nuocgh sf igfctiìno sfnufcnio prfsfctf h ousfctf
h
fso sfnufcnio sf df ddolo dijocgh

Musnorhc fc fd nrhlhshlo QU=1
h
• Uhrquf afrfgomidigog sfjuìo rfjdos gf norontfrìstinos

dijogos od sfxh --3 phr fsh musnor fc Q
• Fcnhctrorhc nrhlhshlos quf hnurrfc nhc los `rfnufcnio
fc od phmdoniþc ahlhsfxuod
• Nhcndusiþc < Î tifcf uco jfc oshniogh pfrh fs ludtiònthriod
• Ufrh cicjuch gf dhs jfcfs quf fcnhctrorhc fs od ?55%
h Civfdfs gf ahrlhcos
! Ch sirvf
! Do loyhrìo gf dhs fstugihs ch aoc lhstrogh gi`frfcnios fc dhs
civfdfs gf ahrlhcos sfxuodfs nirnudoctfs
h Ahrlhcos prfcotodfs
! Fc do loyhrìo gf dhs fstugihs fxpfrilfctodfs gf ocilodfs sf ao
fstomdfnigh quf dos gi`frfcnios sfxuodfs gfd nufrph y fd nfrfmrh
shc rfsudtogh gf do ic`dufcnio ahrlhcod prfcotod
! Dhs odths civfdfs gf tfsthstfrhco prfcotod hrjocizoc fd nfrfmrh gf
uco locfro losnudicizogo
! Dhs civfdfs mokhs gf tfsthstfrhco `flicizoc fd sistflo cfrvihsh
! Fc do fxphsiniþc gf ahrlhcos guroctf fd gfsorrhddh prfcotod
• Fc nfrfmrh si prfsfcnio gf tfsthstfrhco < fs uc nfrfmrh
losnudicizoghs, si aoy ousfcnio gf tfsthstfrhco < fd nfrfmrh
sf `flicizo
! Fd icnrflfcth pumfrod gf dos ahrlhcos ch odtfro do hrjocizoniþc
prfcotod
! Dos ahrlhcos prfcotodfs ch fxpdinoc thgh
• Fs phsimdf quf fd nfrfmrh ogudth nolmif phr ic`dufcnio gf
dos ahrlhcos ogudtos
• Odjuchs gf dos norontfrisitinos gilþrìnos gfd nfrfmrh ch
gfpfcgfc gf dos ahrlhcos, porfnfc gfpfcgfr gfd sfxh
nrhlhsþlinh gfd nfrfmrh
! Aipfrpdosio ogrfcod nhcjécito
•
Do aipfrpdosio
gf`fnth fc dosogrfcod
fczilosnhcjécito (AON)
quf sictftizoc dosrfsudto gf uc
ahrlhcos
nhrtinhfstfrhigfs.. ]fsudto fstf gf`fnth fc do prfsfcnio gf
nhrtinhfstfrhigfs
odths civfdfs ocgrhjécinhs prfcotodfs.
• Lunahs fstugihs aoc rfphrtogh quf dos ciÿos nhc AON
tifcfc rosjhs
ro sjhs gf jécfrh otìpinh, Nuocgh shc ogudtos,
fstos ciÿos tifcfc lunah loyhr prhmomidigog gf aomfr
tfcigh h gfsfor uco rfdoniþc ahlhsfxuod quf dhs jruphs gf
nhlporoniþc nhlh dos afrlocos ch o`fntogos
" ^GC; cûndfh sfxuodlfctf gilhrình
h ^CN
! Wfrnfr cûndfh ictfrstiniod gfd aiphtïdolh ( ICOA>)
• Icvhdunrogh fc do lhgudoniþc gf do nhcgunto sfxuod
losnudico


J]VUH 15=
• Fstugih fc outhpsios rfphrtorhc fd ICOA> fc prhlfgih
lfchr fc ahlmrfs ahlhsfxuodfs fc nhlporoniþc nhc
ahlmrfs aftfrhsfxuodfs
• Fc uc fstugih lïs rfnifctf fstf aoddozjh ùf nhcìrlogh
oucquf do gi`frfcnio ùf lfchr, fstf fstugih tolmiéc
rfphrtþ quf do gfcsigog nfdudor fro loyhr fc ahlmrfs
ahlhsfxuodfs (lfchr cûlfrh gf sicopsis)
•
h Ocothlìo ^CN
! Do nhlisuro octfrihr
octfrihr fs lïs jrocgf fc lukfrfs quf fc dhs ahlmrfs,
y lïs jrocgf fc dhs ahlmrfs ahlhsfxuodfs quf fc dhs
aftfrhsfxuodfs
! Fstf rfphrtf pufgf oyugor o fxpdinor dos gi`frfcnios nhjcitivos
rfphrtogos
h @ucnihcfs hdòtivos
! Gi`frfcnios fc do ontivigog nfrfmrod fc ahlmrfs y lukfrfs
aftfrhsfxuodfs fc rfspufsto o hdfr `frhlhcos aulocos OCG
(fcnhctrogh fc do oxido gf dhs ahlmrfs) y F^W (fcnhctrogh fc do
hrico)
! Do gi`frfcnio fs fc fd
aiphtïdolh octfrihr y fs
nhrrfsphcgifctf o do
hrifctoniþc sfxuod fc ahlmrfs
aftfrhsfxuodfs, lukfrfs
aftfrhsfxuodfs y ahlmrfs
aftfrhsfxuodfs
! î do pfrshco sf fxphcf o
gfrivoghs ahrlhcodfs nhlh
tfsthstfrhco fd nfrfmrh
rfonnihco o do fxphsiniþc pfrh
rfonniþco gf onufrgh o
hrifctoniþc sfxuod
! Ahlmrfs rfsphcgfc nhc
`frhlhcos gf onufrgh o tu
hrifctoniþc sfxuod
! H]IFCWONIHC WIFCF VCO MO^F MIHDHJINO UF]H CICJVC @ONWH] F^
h
?55%fc
Dfjisdoniþc GFWF]LICOCWF
fd lucgh
! Uoìsfs ghcgf do ahlhsfxuodigog fs dfjod;
• Dhs jhmifrchs tromokoc nhc fd hmkftivh gf rfgunir do
ahlh`hmio gf do shnifgog
• Hthrjor cufvhs gfrfnahs, sifcgh fd loyhr gf fddhs fd
lotrilhcih ahlhsfxuod y do phsimidigog gf quf dos porfkos
ahlhsfxuodfs oghptfc lfchrfs
! Uoìsfs ghcgf do ahlhsfxuodigog fs idfjod;
• ^f nostijo nhc pfcos quf pufgfc ddfjor o do pfco gf
• H phr dh lfchs nhc socnihcfs fnhcþlinos h do nïrnfd
! Ijuodgog gf gfrfnahs
• ^hnifgogfs gf nhcvivfcnio
• Lotrilhcih
• Oghpniþc
• Fgunonihc nhc mosf o do thdfrocnio y rfspfth


J]VUH 15=
! AHLH@HMIO
Ovfrsiþc, fd hgih irronihcod, fd lifgh, fd prfkuinih h ddo
h o gisnriliconiþc nhctro
ahlmrfs h lukfrfs ahlhsfxuodfs
ûfdf icnduirsf o dos gflïs pfrshcos quf ictfjroc o do givfrsigog sfxuod,
h
nhlh fs fd nosh gf dos pfrshcos misfxuodfs h trocsfxuodfs
" Cûndfh gf do nolo fstriogo ; quf sf nhcfnto nhc gfsorrhddh gf do igfctigog

h Fc fstoghs ictfrsfxuodfs < fd nfrfmrh loguro y sf aonf yo sfo `flfcich h
losnudich octfs gfd oÿh gf fgog fsh jfcfro lunah gfmotf


J]VUH 15=
GI^@VCNIHCF^ ^FQVODF^ GF DO LVKF]
# ]fspufsto sfxuod auloco
h Fs uco sfrif gf fvfcths ìsihdþjinhs gfsnriths phr Lostfrs y Khacshc
! ^f ndosiìno fc; gfsfh, fxnitoniþc, hrjoslh y rfshduniþc

h ]hsflory Mosshc;
! Gfsfh kufjo uc ònthr ]hsfloy Mosshc ; Nindh gf rfspufsto quf lufstro vorios
=55?
lhtivonihcfs poro do fxpfrifcnio sfxuod, gfsfhdo

fsphctïcfh y
ùcgolfctod poro do rfspufsto gfsfh fc rfspufsto, onrfnfctoghs guroctf fx pfrifcnio
pfrifcnio
sfxuod
! Uoro do lukfr fs luy ilphrtoctf c`dufcnio phsitivo
fc do lhtivoniþc
Vco h lïs rozhcfs poro
do ontivigog sfxuod;
îc ogvfrtir gfsfh sfxuod
yo quf thghs dhs fstìludhs fc uc
nhctfxth oprhpiogo shc
ôtisònniþc
suìnifctfs poro jfcfror uco `ìsino y
flhnihcod
Fstìludhsfxuod
nhc oprhpiogh
fxnitoniþc nhctfxth
! î aoy rfspufsto sodugomdf Mihdþjinh
Fxnitoniþc y
òvhrfnf uco rfspufsto gfsfh fc
rfspufsto lïs
pdonfctfro ictfcshs
Fxnitoniþc
sumkftivo
! Oquì sf suloc ònthrfs Usinhdþjinh
psinhdþjinhs, mihdþjinhs, vivfcnio,

ftn < poro quf aoyo rfspufsto sotisònthrio
# Gisùcniþc sfxuod
h
^hc uco sfrif
fxnitoniþc, gf sìcgrhlfs
hrjoslh) fc dhs qufsfxuod
gf do rfspufsto dhs prhnfshs
rfsudtocfrþtinhs (gfsfh,poro fd
ch gfsfomdfs
icgiviguh h poro fd jruph shniod y quf sf rfprfsfctoc fc `hrlo rfnurrfctf
h pfrsistfctf
# Norontfrìstinos gf dos gisùcnihcfs sfxuodfs
h ^ìcgrhlfs --3 vorifgog gf phsimdfs nousos
h Coturodfzo frþtino ; phrquf sf prfsfctoc fxndusivolfctf fc rfspufsto
sfxuod auloco
h ]fnurrfctfs pfrsistfctfs --3 phr dh lfchs uco `hrlo gf lfgirdh fs
prfjuctordf si fc dhs ûdtilhs ?5 fcnufctrhs sfxuodfs fsto prfsfctf fsto
nhcginiþc --3 rfspufsto sfxuod ch fs uc rfspufsto quf siflprf sfo ijuod, fs
voriomdf < sf rfìfrf o odjh quf lhdfsto uc roth ( >- 0 lfsfs jfcfrodlfctf
< uco òddo ch aonf gx)
h Icgfsfomdfs -3 dh quf vufdvf gisùcnihcod fs quf aoy fxpfntotivo shniod, gf
porfko h pfrshcod gf quf ch sfo osì ( gf dh quf fs gfsfomdf)
# Ndosiìnonihcfs
h G^@
! Gfd gfsfh/ ictfrés sfxuod
@odto gf gfsfh h ictfrés sfxuod
•
! Gf do fxnitoniþc sfxuod
Gf do fxnitoniþc jfcitod `flfcico --3 prhmdflo gf dumrinoniþc
• dumrinoniþc
Gf do fxnitoniþc sfxuod sumkftivo --3 fd afnah gf sfctirsf
•
icvhdunrogo fc fxpfrifcnio frþtino

Nhlmicogos gf fxnitoniþc sfxuod jfcitod y sumkftivo
•
Gisùcniþc gf fxnitoniþc sfxuod pfrsistfctf

•
! Gfd hrjoslh
Gisùcniþc hrjïslino
•
! Htros
Gisporfucio
•
•
Pojicislh
• Wrosthrch gf ovfrsiþc sfxuod


J]VUH 15=
h G^L P
! ^f lhgiìnorhc dhs nritfrihs gf jrovfgog y guroniþc poro lfkhror do
prfnisiþc y gislicuir fd rifsjh gf uc shmrfgiojcþstinh;
! Whgos dos gisùcnihcfs sfxuodfs rfquifrf uco guroniþc lìcilo gf
oprhxilogolfctf 0 lfsfs ( fxnfpth do gisùcniþc sfxuod icgunigh
phr sustocnios h lfginolfcths)
! Nritfrihs gf jrovfgog lïs prfnishs;
• Dfvf- Lhgfrogo- ^fvfro
! Fsths nolmihs òniditoc fd gx y gi`frfcnior dos gisùcnihcfs trocsithrios
gf do pfrsistfctf
! Fc fd G^L P sf aoc nhctflpdogh dos gisùcnihcfs sfxuodfs phr
jécfrh
! Lhgiìnoniþc fc sumtiphs;
sumtiphs; Uoro icginor do prfsfcnio y fd jrogh gf
nhrrfdoniþc léginhs y htrhs ch léginhs sf gfsnrimfc;
• @onthrfs gf porfko
• @onthrfs gf do rfdoniþc
• @onthrfs icgiviguodfs gf vudcfromidigog
• @onthrfs nudturodfs h rfdijihshs
• @onthrfs léginhs
! WIUH^
# Wrosthrchs gfd hrjoslh `flfcich
# Wrosthrch gfd ictfrés/fxnitoniþc sfxuod `flfcico
# Wrosthrch gfd ghdhr jfcith- pédvinh/ Wrosthrch gf do
pfcftroniþc
! FKF^
FKF^ --3 Gfmflhs gf nhlpdftor gx gf onufrgh nhc fkfs gf
tflphrodigog y jdhmodigog/situonihcodigog
! Wflphrodigog; ¸Gfsgf nuïcgh fsto prfsfctf8
h Urilorio; gfsgf siflprf
h ^fnucgorio; O portir gf uc lhlfcth gftfrlicogh,
gfspués gf uc ùcnihcolifcth chrlod
! Jdhmodigog/ îtuonihcodigog
h Jdhmod; Fc thgos dos nirnucstocnios
h Uorniod; Fc dos rfdonihcfs sfxuodfs. îc nhc`dinth fc fd
outhfrhtislh
h ^fdfntivo; ^þdh octf gftfrlicogo nirnucstocnio, do
lïs `rfnufctf fs do vorioniþc gf porfko, --3
# Gisùcnihcfs jfcfrodlfctf shc nufstihcfs gf tiph psinhdþjinh

h Gfsfh sfxuod
! —Grivf“; nhlphcfctf mihdþjinh --3 opftith mihdþjinh
! Lhtivoniþc; nhlphcfctf nhjcitivh
! ]fspufsto od fstìludh sfxuod; nhlphcfctf gf do rfspufsto
" Whgos dos gisùcnihcfs rfquifrfc uc lodfstor nhc do gisùcniþc
! Gisùcniþc gfd gfsfh/ ictfrés sfxuod
! Gislicuniþc h ousfcnio gf ictfrés sfxuod h gfsfh --3 fkflpdh fc dos
udtilos ghs sflocos nuoctos vfnfs sf df octhkh h tuvh gfsfh
! Ousfcnio gf pfcsolifcth h òctosìos sfxuodfs
! @odto gf rfspufsto gf gfsfh
! Dos lhtivonihcfs (rozhcfs h icnfctivhs) poro ictfctor ddfjor o do
fxnitoniþc sfxuod shc luy roro h fstïc ousfctfs
! Gisùcniþc gf do Fxnitoniþc
! Gislicuniþc h ousfcnio gf dumrinoniþc


J]VUH 15=
! Gislicuniþc h ousfcnio gf do sfcsoniþc sumkftivo gf sfctirsf
fxnitogo --3 fs o uc civfd lïs flhnihcod h psinhdþjinh
! ^fcsoniþc nhcticuo gf fxnitoniþc o civfd jfcitod

‗ FQNIWONIÞC;
h Fxnitoniþc sfxuod pfrsistfctf;
pfrsistfctf; Fxnitoniþc jfcitod fsphctïcfo, ictrusivo y ch
gfsfogo ( ahrlijufh, podpitonihcfs y pudsonihcfs) fc ousfcnio gf gfsfh
h ictfrés sfxuod. Nuodquifr ogvfrtfcnio gf fxnitoniþc sfxuod sumkftivo fs
tìpinolfctf, oucquf ch icvoriomdflfctf gispdonfctfro. Do fxnitoniþc ch
gfsoporfnf phr do prfsfctoniþc gf uch h lïs hrjoslhs y dos sfcsonihcfs
gf fxnitoniþc pfrsistfc phr ahros h gìos.
! ^f ao oshniogh nhc prhmdflos cfurhìsihdþjinhs

‗
! Gisùcniþc gfd hrjoslh

! @odto gf hrjoslh
! Gislicuniþc gf do ictfcsigog gf dos sfcsonihcfs hrjïslinos
! ]ftorgh gfd hrjoslh octf nuodquifr tiph gf fstiludoniþc
# Urfvodfcnio
h Urfvodfcnio
! Wrosthrchs gfd gfsfh ?0 „ :6%
! Giìnudtogfs hrjïslinos ?0 „ 71%
! Wrosthrchs gf do fxnitoniþc ?=- 07%
! Wrosthrchs gfd ghdhr : „ 61%
h ---3 Lïs gf do litog gf dos lukfrfs loyhrfs gf ?1 oÿhs aoc tfcigh odjuco
gisùcniþc sfxuod
h Urfvodfcnio jdhmod gf gisùcniþc sfxuod !"#$%&#'()% +&,-%& .# .)/5?'()=' /#>?%&
%2,/
%?7,"#6,"7%.% #' 0?:#"#/ .# 19 % ; 9 %2,/
outhrfphrtogo
! Fstugih fc =9 poìsfs fc jruph gf fgog Dumrinotihc ^hutafost Osio
gf 75 „ 15 oÿhs gi`ìnudtifs
^fx cht Fost Osio

! Fs luy nhlûc pdfosuromdf
Liggdf Fost
! Oprhx fc htrh fstugih fc kþvfcfs gf ?1 Uoic
Nfctrod/^huta
--3 7=% gf lukfrfs tfcìo odjuco
Hrjosl thh
quinbdy Olfrino
Chc Furhpfoc Zfst
prhmdflïtino Icomidity th ]fona
Hrjosl
^hutafrc Furhpf
! Dos gisùcnihcfs lïs `rfnufctfs shc gf Donb h` ^fxuod
Ictfrfst
Chrtafc Furhpf
gfsfh y dos gf hrjoslh 5 ?5 =5 >5 75 65
Doulocc, ft od, =556 C<9,555


J]VUH 15=
# @isihdhjìo
h @ucniþc sfxuod < modocnf fctrf sfÿodfs
icaimighros (6AW, Hpihgfs, FNMs) y
fxnitothrios ( GO, CF, Hxithnico,)
h Nuocgh aoy lhgiìnoniþc gf
cfurhahrlhcos h CW < odtfroniþc
h î aoy gfsmodocnf < lunao onniþc gf
ònthrfs icaimithrihs aipfrontivhs h quf
ònthrfs fxnitothrihs fs aiphontivhs
! Uhno fxnitoniþc pufgf gfmfrsf o
`ïrlonhs;
Usinhtrþpinhs
•
h Octipsinþtinhs
h Mormitûrinhs
h Mfczhgionfpicos
Norgihvosnudorfs y octiaipfrtfcsivhs
•
Ahrlhcodfs
•
Htrhs
•
# @onthrfs quf o`fntoc do rfspufsto sfxuod `flfcico

h Usinhshniodfs
! Nodigog gf do rfdoniþc/nhc`dinth
! ôdug sfxuod gf do porfko
! Omush sfxuod h `ìsinh prfvih
! Fstrés
! Omush gf odnhahd/sustocnios
! Ic`dufcnios nudturodfs/rfdijihsos
h Nhcginihcfs Léginos
! Nuodquifr nhcginiþc légino pufgf jfcfrordh
Nhcginiþc F`fnth fc do @ucniþc sfxuod
Gfprfsiþc Gislicuniþc gfd gfsfh
Giomftfs Gftfrihrh gf do fxnitoniþc u hrjoslh
Uogfnilifcth tirhigfh Gislicuniþc gfd gfsfh
Uogfnilifcth Gftfrihrh gf do fxnitoniþc
norgihvosnudor
Fc`frlfgogfs cfurhdþjinos Gftfrihrh gf do fxnitoniþc u hrjoslh
Icsuìnifcnio Ocgrhjécino Gislicuniþc gfd gfsfh
Icsuìnifcnio Fstrhjécino Gftfrihrh gf do fxnitoniþc
h @orlonhtfropios
! ^hc lfginolfcths quf sf utidizoc nhc lunao `rfnufcnio
!


J]VUH 15=

‗ Fc`frlfgog y ush gf grhjos
! Aipfrtirhigislh ---3 ocsifgog
! Giomftfs -3 Cfurhpotìo, ortfrihpotìo
• O`fntoniþc gf porfg vojicod phr gisùcnihcfs
• Gfsmodocnf lftomþdinh
! Fc`frlfgog nhrhcorio- -3 odtfroniþc gf rfsistfcnio < gisùcniþc
fcghtfdiod
! Ortritis --3 ghdhr gf dos ortinudonihcfs
! Dfsihcfs gf lfgudo fspico
• Ictfjrigog gfd rf`dfkh sf pifrgf < rfspufsto jfcitod
gfsnhcfntogo
! Gflfcnio --3 phrquf aoy ilponth fc ictfrprftoniþc gf dos
rfodigogfs y do ictfronniþc shniod
! Fsquizh`rfcio

‗ Usinhdþjinos
! Olmifctf cfjotivh
! Omush sfxuod
! Urfhnuponihcfs gf ocsifgog phr gfsflpfÿh
! Fxpfntotivos cfjotivos gf do fxpfrifcnio
! Gisùcniþc sfxuod gfd nhlpoÿfrh
# Fvoduoniþc Giojcþstino
! Fvoduoniþc ^fxuod Olpdio
Coturodfzo gfd prhmdflo
h
Guroniþc gfd prhmdflo

h
Urilorih h sfnucgorih
h
îtuonihcod h jfcfrodizogh
h
Urhmdflos gf rfdoniþc
h
Fstrfshrfs
h
Urhmdflos sfxuodfs gf do porfko

h
Aisthrio gf omush `ìsinh, flhnihcod h sfxuod

h
! Aisthrio sfxuod gftoddogo

Urilfro fxpfrifcnio sfxuod
h
Cûlfrh oprhpiogh gf porfkos

h
Jécfrh y hrifctoniþc gfsorrhddh

h
(gfsnumrilifcth)
h

Ic`fnnihcfs
h Flmorozh trocslitigos sfxuodlfctf

h Aisthrio gf prhmdflos sfxuodfs prfvihs
h Aisthrio ontuod h posogo gf prhmdflos gf omush `ìsinh h sfxuod, vihdfcnio
ghléstino
! Fvoduoniþc Légino ruticorio
h Aisthrio légino octfrihr
h Fxolfc `ìsinh
! Fxolfc jfcfrod
! Icspfnniþc gf jfcitodfs fxtfrchs
h Fxïlfcfs gf domhrothrih
! Fxolfc gf do ùcniþc tirhigfo
! Ufrìd ahrlhcod
! Fxolfc rïpigh gf jdunhso
! _^, MA
! Octfnfgfctfs fc do aisthrio rfprhguntivo gf do lukfr quf pufgf icnrflfctor fd
rifsjh gf gisùcniþc sfxuod `flfcico


J]VUH 15=
h Ic`frtidigog

h Uérgigo gf prhgunth guroctf fd flmorozh
h Lfchpousio
h Hh`hrfnthlìo
! @onthrfs o nhcsigfror
Fvoduoniþc psinhsfxuod ictfjrod
h
¸Fstiludoniþc icogfnuogo8
h
Gx odtfrcotivhs
h
! Wrosthrch gfd ictfrés /fxnitoniþc sfxuod `flfcich

! Wrosthrch o`fntivhs h gf ocsifgog
# Odjhritlh poro fstomdfnfr uc gx poro gisùcniþc sfxuod fc do lukfr
# Odtfrcotivos gf Wx
Wrosthrch gf gfsfh y gf do fxnitoniþc sfxuod
h
! Locfkh psinhdþjinh
Wéncinos nhjcitivh-nhcguntuodfs --3 Dh quf lfkhr ùcnihco
•
Wfropio sfxuod nhc `hnodizoniþc sfcshriod --3

•
Htros téncinos psinhtfropéutinos

•
! Wx ch ahrlhcod nhc muprhpiþc --3 octigfprfsivh nhc f`fnth shmrf

ghpolico, ghpolico ònidito rfspufsto sfxuod.
! Wfropio fstrhjécino
! Wfropio ocgrhjécino
! @dimocsfrico;
Onniþc ojhcisto shmrf dhs rfnfpthrfs 6 AW ?O
•
Onniþc octojhcisto gf dhs rfnfpthrfs 6AW=O

•
! Dumrinoctfs shdumdfs fc ojuo

! Nhctrhd gf fc`frlfgogfs sistélinos nhchnigo
h
Wrosthrch gf Hrjoslh
! Urhjrolo gf outhfstiludoniþc, girijigh


J]VUH 15=
! Wéncinos gf rfgunniþc gf do ocsifgog
" Piÿfto ndìcino

h Uonifctf `flfcico, >5 oÿhs gf fgog, onugf o nhcsudto phr fd
h sijuifctf lhtivh;
! —Ch tfcjh jocos gf tfcfr rfdonihcfs nhc li fsphsh, ch fs
ojrogomdf poro li… nuocgh tfcflhs sfxh ci sifcth cogo y o
vfnfs lf gufdf2 lf prfhnupo phrquf yo chs fstï o`fntocgh,
gfnigilhs onugir o trotolifcth nhlh ûdtilo odtfrcotivo, si ch chs
sfporolhs…“
h Iciniþ su pogfnilifcth aonf 7 oÿhs od nhlifczh gf su vigo sfxuod nhc
quifc fs oahro su fsphsh2 gfsgf fd chviozjh gfnigifrhc ch tfcfr
rfdonihcfs aosto quf sf nosoroc. Fvhduniþc jroguod, aonio fd
flpfhrolifcth —nuocgh chs nosolhs, pufs tfcìo nhlh nurihsigog quf
sf sfctìo, phr dh quf lf gfnìoc dos olijos, pfrh do prilfro vfz quf
tuvilhs rfdonihcfs o li ch lf justþ, ch sfctì cogo…“
h O portir gf fcthcnfs do `rfnufcnio gf rfdonihcfs sf ùf fsponiocgh,
ontuodlfctf tifcf uc fcnufctrh nogo lfs, cfnfsitoc utidizor dumrinoctf
dumrinoctf gf
dh nhctrorih sifctf ghdhr quf ilpigf nhcticuor nhc su fcnufctrh sfxuod.
h ]fìfrf do ponifctf siflprf sictiþ lifgh nuocgh ddfjoro fstf lhlfcth, fc
noso cucno rfnimiþ fgunoniþc ci hrifctoniþc sfxuod y nhlh octfnfgfctf
ilphrtoctf nhlfcto quf su logrf fro ahstid y vihdfcto nhc fddo.
h Gfnigfc onugir o nhcsudto yo quf fddo gfsfo rfshdvfr su prhmdflo, df
justorìo flmorozorsf y nhlpdonfr o su lorigh.
h Fkfrninih Ndìcinh
! ^ìcthlos pricnipodfs --3 Urhmdflo odrfgfghr gf do fxnitoniþc
! Uhsimdf ònthr gfsfcnogfcoctf
--3 tfcìo igfo prfnhcnfmigo gf quf imo o sfr prhmdflïtinh
•
@odto gf fxpfrifcnio < prilfro fxpfrifcnio cfjotivo

•
! Fstugihs gf domhrothrih y jomicftf rfnhlfcgomdfs

! Giojcþstinh/giojcþstinhs --3 W]O^WH]CH GF FQNIWONIÞC/GF^FH
! Wrotolifcth --3 Wfropio Usinhdþjino
U]HMDFLO^ GFD GHDH] JFCIWOD FC DO LVKF]

" Gisporfucio
Ghdhr sfxuod jfcitod
h
! Ghdhr rfnurrfctf h pfrsistfctf

• Fc fd ictfcth gf pfcftroniþc
• Nhc do pfcftroniþc

Guroctf fd fcnufctrh sfxuod
•
h Icnigfcnio y prfvodfcnio
! Do icnigfcnio fstilogo lïs odto;
== phr nogo ?.555 poro dos lukfrfs gf =5 o =9 oÿhs gf fgog
•
! Po gislicuyfcgh gf 9, 6, y 1/ ?, 555 fc do nuorto, quicto y sfxto

génogos gf do vigo
h Uothjécfsis
!"#$%&'()*) ,( -" ./-5$,*'*"
./-5$,*'*"
?$="-*>","!7$5$=","
!7$5$=","
"#$%&'().)5$&7?65$&)
.('$(/$5?= >( >&7&' "#$%&'()*&+,-$&)
0 *(:&7?65$&)
*(:&7?65$&)
1=)5(>#> N=O($$5&=()
*(=)5E575<#$5?
?== $(=%'#7
9(/'()5?= 3'#2+# 8)5$&
& /('5O4'5$#
;()/2()%# #7 ()%'4) .5)& /47G5$&
17&>5=5#/('5O4'5$#
*&+#-<#$5?= ;()/2()%# 5=M#+#%&'5#
;()/2()%#
3'#2+# 8)5$& & F5G(7()@&'+&=#7()
5=M#+#%&'5#
/)5$&7?65$& "#$%&'()6(=4-$&)
.'&E7(+#) )(:2#7()


J]VUH 15=
h @onthrfs îstélinhs nhlh nouso gf Ghdhr

! Fcghlftrihsis
! Fc`frlfgog pédvino ic`dolothrio
! Gfìnifcnio fstrþjécino
! Nistitis
! Lutidoniþc jfcitod `flfcico
! Wfropio poro nïcnfr jicfnhdþjinh
! _uilihtfropio
! ]ogioniþc pédvino
! ]fonniþc octf ickfrths
! Lod`hrlonihcfs jfcith-
! uricorios
! Aigrogfcitis supurotivo
! @imrhsis utfrico
! ^ìcgrhlf gf ictfstich irritomdf
" Pojicislh
h Gfìciniþc
! Nhctronniþc gf dhs lûsnudhs gfd pish pédvinh octf fd ictfcth gf
pfcftroniþc guroctf uc fcnufctrh sfxuod
! Nhctronniþc icvhductorio nhc lifgh octinipothrih y fvitoniþc
(`þmino) octf do fxpfrifcnio gf ghdhr
! ^f oshnio nhc mokh gfsfh sfxuod, prhmdflos fc do fxnitoniþc y
ochrjoslio
h Icnigfcnio y Urfvodfcnio
! Giìnudtogfs lfthghdþjinos poro su fstugih
! Dhs rfsudtoghs hmtfcighs rf`dfkoc uco prfvodfcnio lfchr od 6%
! Nhhlhrmidigog nhc htros gisùcnihcfs sfxuodfs; mokh gfsfh,
prhmdflos fc do fxnitoniþc y fc fd hrjoslh
! Dos porfkos losnudicos sufdfc tfcfr gisùcniþc fréntid h fyonudothrio
h Ftihdhjìo
! Fd vojicislh, fc nhctrostf nhc do vudvhgicio supfrìniod
Lfkhr gfsnrith nhlh uc lfnocislh gf gf`fcso `þminh
•
Nhc `rfnufcnio oshniogh nhc fxpfrifcnios psinhsfxuodfs

•
cfjotivos
- Omhrgokf gf dhs ^ìcgrhlfs Ghdhrhshs
h Gx
! Aisthrio ndìcino légino

sfxhdþjino
! Aisthrio ndìcino
! Fxpdhroniþc `ìsino
! Fstugihs gf domhrothrih y jomicftf
h Wx poro Pojicislh
! Wfropio sfxuod;
! Fkfrninihs gf rfdokoniþc
! Fkfrnini
Fkfrninihs
hs gf Bfjfd
! Gidotoghrfs


J]VUH 15=
Ghdhr ^fxuod Jfcitod @flfcich Fc`hquf Ludtigisnipdicorih

Fstrotfjios poro fd Giojcþstinh
Giojcþstinh
Podhroniþc
Podhroniþc @ìsino y Jicfnhdþjino Podhroniþc
Podhroniþc ^fxhdþjino y Usinhshniod
Fxïlfcfs gf domhrothrih y jomicftf; Fxïlfcfs sfxhdþjinhs y psinhshniodfs;

Nudtivhs, prufmo fc `rfsnh, mihpsio, Gfprfsiþc, ocsifgog, troulo sfxuod,
doporhsnhpio, udtroshcigh, ]LC, ft. prhmdflos gf porfko, shlotizoniþc, ftn
Gfdimfroniþc Ludtigisnipdicorio
Gfnisiþc gf dos fstrotfjios gf ictfrvfcniþc
Lhgodigogfs gf trotolifcth (siflprf nhlmicogos)
Léginh _uirûrjinh ; Uish Uédvinh; Hrifctoniþc ^fxhdþjino; @isihtfropio; Usinhtfropio;

Wrotolifcth poro Fkfrninihs poro Ic`hrloniþc, nhctrhd gfd ]fdokoniþc, Icgiviguod,
ghdhr2 trotolifcth poro gisùcniþc gf ghdhr guroctf do nhctrhd porfko,
virus, montfrios, pish pédvinh ontivigog sfxuod, Gfd ghdhr, jruph, NN,
ahcjhs, ahrlhcods, FLJ, nhcsfkh, shphrtf WC^ ftn.
quirûrjinh mih`ffgmonb
Gisnusiþc „ ûpfrvisiþc Ludtigisnipdicorio
^fjuilifcth od térlich gfd trotolifcth
M.'&%)#:& 7(%( $+#(3.$>$% -" /)('";+6>& 7(%( 2)+N-">);" G$,-(. $" .( F-@$%
F-@$%
!"#$%%&'(#&%)& +$,-(. /$#(..(/&

!"#$%%&'(#&%)&
5?(.#( /$ )"#$%=+ 5!">(7(>)/(/ 5?(.#(9 %$#(%/& & 52&.&% 52)4>-.#(/ 7(%(

+$,-(. & 7$%+)+#$"#$ /)+:)"->);" /$ %$>-%%$"#$ .( 7$"$#%(>);"
)">(7(>)/(/7(%( 7(%( .( )"#$"+)/(/ /$. 7&% )"#$"#& <(')"(.9 :)$/&
+$"6% /$+$& $" $,>)#(%+$1 &%'(+:& /$ >&)#& & <(%)(3.$9
>-(.0-)$% 7$%+)+#$"#$+ ( >&)#&1 $<)#(>);"9
:&:$"#& /$ .( 7$+(% /$ >&"#%(>>);"
$,7$%)$">)( $,>)#(>);" (.#(1 :-+>-.(%1
+$,-(. G) 8&
7$%+)+#$"#$+1 G) 8&
8& G) 8&

G)
8& O%(+#&%"& /$
G)
$,>)#(>);" 2)+7(%$-")(
O%(+#&%"& E(')")+:&
/$. &%'(+:&
O%(+#&%"& /$. /$+$& J
)"#$%=+ +$,-(.
Mosshc ], ft od. ^fx. Lfg2 ^fxuod Gisùcntihcs ic Lfc ocg Zhlfc. Uoris, @rocnf. Afodta Uumdinotihcs2
=557, 917
" Piÿfto Ndìcino

h @flfcico gf >> oÿhs gf fgog, Oglicistroghro gf flprfsos, nosogo.
h Nocodizogo phr su jicfnþdhjh yo quf ch ùf phsimdf rfodizor uco
fxpdhroniþc jicfnhdþjino nhlpdfto, ch pugh ictrhgunir fd fspfkh vojicod
h Iciniþ su pogfnilifcth aonf nuotrh oÿhs, od icinior vigo sfxuod nhc do
giìnudtog poro rfodizor fd nhith gfmigh o do prfsfcnio gf fsposlhs
vojicodfs gf tod ictfcsigog quf ch fro phsimdf ictrhgunir ci su gfgh
lfÿiquf.
h Nhlfcto quf siflprf ao sfctigh ocsifgog od pfcsor fc dhs fcnufctrhs
sfxuodfs , fc hnosihcfs ao phgigh sfctir uc hrjoslh o pfsor gf fddh ch sf
df octhkomo.
h
û gfsfh gf ontitugfs
tfcfr fcnufctrhs sfxuodfs gislicuyþ o tod
prfsfctorhc poro fvogir dos "icsicuonihcfs" gfpucth quf sf
su fsphsh.


J]VUH 15=
h Onugfc o nhcsudto phrquf olmhs gfsfoc uc flmorozh y fddo sf sifctf
nudpomdf gf ch aomfrdh dhjrogh.
h Do ponifctf rfìfrf quf fc su òlidio gf hrijfc aomìo giìnudtog poro
aomdor shmrf do lfcstruoniþc, gf dhs nolmihs `ìsinhs fc do pumfrtog y
lunah lfchs gf chviozjh h gf sfxh. Fro ndorh fd lfcsokf quf uco lukfr
sf nosomo poro `hrlor uco òlidio nhc aikhs y ch poro gis`rutor. Dh
rfdonihcogh od pdonfr sfxuod fro pfnolichsh.
h Cucno aomìo fxpdhrogh su nufrphy tolphnh losturmogh,sfctìo
gfsojrogh od pfcsordh siquifro, gfspués gf nosogo df fro gi`ìnid vfr fd
nufrph gf su lorigh gfscugh osì nhlh thnordh..
h Dos hnosihcfs quf ictfctþ tfcfr rfdonihcfs sfxuodfs ùf shdh phr fd gfsfh gf
flmorozorsf f ictfctomo ch pfcsor fc cogo lïs.
h Fkfrninih Ndìcinh
! Nhlh sf fcnufctro fd civfd gf gfsorrhddh gf dhs ahdhcfs fc do
ponifctf8
! Fxistf nhc`dinth fc odjuch gf fddhs8
! Nþlh sf fcnufctro thgh fd sistflo8
! _ué trotolifcth sf rfnhlifcgo poro fstf nosh8


J]VUH 15=
Gisùcnihcfs ^fxuodfs Fc Fd Ahlmrf

% Norontfrìstinos gf dos Gisùcnihcfs ^fxuodfs
h ^ìcgrhlfs
h Coturodfzo Frþtino
h ]fnurrfctf Ufrsistfctf
h
Icgfsfomdfs
% Fkfs
h Wflphrodigog; ¸Gfsgf nuïcgh fsto prfsfctf8
! Urilorio; gfsgf siflprf
! ^fnucgorio; O portir gf uc lhlfcth gftfrlicogh, gfspués gf uc
ùcnihcolifcth chrlod
h Jdhmodigog/ îtuonihcodigog
! Jdhmod; Fc thgos dos nirnucstocnios
! Uorniod; Fc dos rfdonihcfs sfxuodfs. îc nhc`dinth fc fd outhfrhtislh
! ^fdfntivo; ^þdh octf gftfrlicogo nirnucstocnio, do lïs `rfnufctf fs
do vorioniþc gf porfko, --3 jfcfrodlfctf shc nufstihcfs gf tiph
psinhdþjinh
% G^L P
h Gfd gfsfh/ ictfrés sfxuod

h ! fxnitoniþc
Gf do @oddo gf gfsfh
sfxuodh ictfrés sfxuod
! Gisùcniþc fréntid
h Gfd hrjoslh

! Fyonudoniþc tflproco
! Fyonudoniþc rftorgogo
! Gisùcniþc hrjïslino
! Ocfyonudoniþc
% Odtfronihcfs
Gfsfh / ictfrés sfxuod mokh
h
! Ousfcnio h gislicuniþc gf dhs sfctilifcths gf ictfrés h gfsfh

sfxuod
! Ousfcnio gf pfcsolifcths h òctosìos sfxuodfs
! Ousfcnio gf —gfsfh fc rfspufsto“
! Dos lhtivonihcfs poro ictfctor fxnitorsf sfxuodlfctf fstïc fsnosos
h ousfctfs
! Gislicuniþc h ousfcnio gf fcnufctrhs sfxuodfs
! ¸Nuïdfs shc dos nousos gfd gfsfh mokh8
Gfìnifcnio ocgrhjécino
•
Aipfrprhdonticflio
•
Fchkh y ocsifgog
•
Gfprfsiþc
•
Nhc`dinth fc do rfdoniþc
•
Onnigfctf vosnudor nfrfmrod

•
Wfropio octigfprfsivo
•
Fpidfpsio
•
Outhilojfc gfvoduogo
•
Wrosthrch gf fstrés
•
phstroulïtinh
•
•
Icsuìnifcnio rfcod
• Icsuìnifcnio nhrhcorio y norgiono


J]VUH 15=
Fcvfkfnilifcth
•
AIP
•
Wrosthrchs gf do odilfctoniþc
•
Vsh gf ocomþdinhs
•
! Ftihdhjìo
H*'#" &' ;"#$ &'('$ , -./'5'( (')*"+
!"#$ &'('$ (')*"+,-./'5?( .$ =$.>57"&$ !"#$ &'('$ (')*"+,-./'5?( =$.>57"&$
6.0'(:1"5 $/5$( 95$;+'7"( (')*"+'( $

=$.&-=-$.'( 9(-=$+21-="( 6.0'(:1"5 M"=/$5'( ':$+21-=$(
4- <$
N$.&-=-2. N$.]-=/$ '. E5$;+'7" @5"(/$5.$
9(-G*"/5-=" +" 5'+"=-2. '.&2=5-.$ &' &'('$
3"5 E5$9$5=-$."5 F&-(:./" "+ (')*"+
/5"/"7-'./$ '&*="=-2. O @34JA
'(9'=8>=$ =$.('#'58" ($;5' '+ 3"5 /5"/"7-'./$ ^-9$"=:0$
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frþtino sf dhjrf hmtfcfr pfrsistfctf
y loctfcfrhuco
rfnurrfctf poro qufsuìnifctf
rijigfz pfcioco octf do fstiludoniþc poro tfcfr
uco ontivigog sfxuod sotisònthrio.
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h lfsfs fs suìnifctf poro fstomdfnfr fd giojcþstinh
! Nhc fxnfpniþc gf fctigogfs ndìcinos h quirûrjinos (troulo
lfgudor h nirujìo roginod gf prþstoto) prhvhnoc GF octfs gf
nulpdirsf fstf pfrìhgh gf tiflph
• Urfvodfcnio gf GF
- Fstugihs quf sf aoc afnah gf do GF Nhlporotivh gf do prfvodfcnio gf GF phr do fgog y gistrimuniþc gfpfcgifcgh gfd jrogh gf sfvfrigog
- Fc ahlmrfs fctrf 75 „ :5 ohs do litog tifcf F^WVGIH/

UOÌ^(F^)
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gisùcniþc frfntid y gf fddhs do loyhrìo fs dfvf h 6= % LLO^. FF VV (@fdgloc ft od.). 75-:5 ?: % =6 % ?5 %
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ft od.).
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3 65 o
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J]VUH 15=
- Fd fstugih lfxinoch quf aizh lhstrh quf Léxinh lhstrh ni`ros nhlporomdfs nhc
dhs htrhs poìsfs
• @onthrfs gf rifsjh;
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h Do frfnniþc pfcioco fs uc `fcþlfch
cfurhvosnudor quf rfquifrf gf uco ùcniþc
fcghtfdiod ictonto.
h Do fstiludoniþc sfxuod dimfro þxigh cìtrinh
cìtrinh
(HC) gfsgf dos cfurhcos y gf dos nédudos
fcghtfdiodfs gf do vosnudoturo gfd nufrph
novfrchsh.
h
Fd HC fctro gfd
troménudos o doslûsnudh
nédudos dish
divosnudorfs y do
sh y fstiludo
juocigidnindoso shdumdf (JNs), do nuod notodizo
do prhgunniþc gf lhch`hsòth nìndinh gf
juochsico (JLUn).
" Vc nhcginiþc poro quf frfnniþc sfo nhlpdfto < ictfjrigog gf do tûcino odmujìcfo
" Octf do òddo gf do prhgunniþc gf fstìludh icnitoghr quf fs fd HC jfcfro
odtfronihcfs fc do fìnifcnio gf do rfdokoniþc
" Linrhnirnudoniþc pfcfoco < fs uc ònthr ilphrtoctf
" Do frfnnihc gfpfcgf gf do fìnifcnio vosnudor gf dhs sicushigfs y fstf prhnfsh
gfpfcgf gf sodug gfd fcghtfdih gf dhs sicushigfs --3 fsh fxpdino jroc portf gf do
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" Frfnniþc fs uc `fchlfch quf rfquifrf uco onniþc fcghtfdiod ictonto.
" Nhc pfrshcos nhc prhmdflos nhc frfnnihc fs tfcflhs quf pfcsor fd tiph gf
prhmdflos quf fstï tfcifcgh < lfnocislhs ìsihpothdþjinh
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frfnniþc
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h Fstrunturod; goÿocgh do nodigog gfd tfkigh <
fstogh gf otfrhfsndfrhsis --3 ch ddfjo
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ìmrhsis y prh otrhìo quf aonf quf sfoc
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J]VUH 15=
gf do ddfjogo gf socjrf, aoy rfdokoniþc o`fntogo
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Lfnocislhs vosnudorfs - Gisùcniþc fcghtfdiod
h
Lfnocislhs gfd îstflo Cfrvihsh Nfctrod

h
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h
h
h Odtfroniþc gf do
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vìos cfurhcodfs
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h Gisùcniþc fréntid prhvhnogo phr `ïrlonhs y grhjos
h Odtfroniþc gf do ictfjrigog ocotþlino gfd pfcf
- Gftfntor quf prhmdflo fxistf

h Otfcniþc gf prilfr civfd <
sf musnoc ònthrfs lïs `rfnufctfs --3
nhcgunto o sfjuir < nhctrhdor.
h ^fjucgh civfd
<icvfstijoniþc gf nousos mihdþjinos nhc
prufmos vosnudorfs
h Uoro dh quf ch rfsphcgfc o
vfnfs sf utidizoc icyfnnihcfs

ictronovfrchsos
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fc`frlfgog
" Fstrogihd fdfvogh fc px kþvfcfs pfcsor fc afpothpotio
•
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h Uoro vfriìnor prfsfcnio gf ònthrfs gf rifsjh
! Jdunhso fc oyucos
! Wfsthstfrhco thtod
! Urhdontico
! Ufrìd dìpigh
h Urufmos hpnihcodfs
! Ahrlhcos tirhigfos
! Octìjfch prhstïtinh fspfnìình
• Fxolfc jfcfrod
h Urfsiþc ortfriod y `rfnufcnio norgìono
h Norontfrìstinos sfxuodfs sfnucgorios
h Jicfnhlostio8
h Uudshs pfri`érinhs
h
h Gfsnortor losos
^fcsimidigog omghlicodfs hmvios (p.f. ocfurislo oþrtinh)
o do vimroniþc
h Nirnuc`frfcnio omghlicod


J]VUH 15=
h Ninotrinfs gf troulotislhs h nirujìo prfvio
• Fstugihs fspfniodfs
h V^ Ghppdfr
! Uinh sistþdinh 3 >5 nl/s, y vfdhnigog giostþdino 4 > nl/s y ìcginf
rfsistfcnio 3 5.1 shc nhcsigfroghs chrlodfs
h Urufmo gf icyfnniþc ictronovfrchso
! Urufmo gf tulfnfcnio chnturco --3 lfgir dos frfnnihcfs chnturcos
•
! C» / guroniþc
Wfst Uhsitivh; rfspufstofpishgihs
fréntid rìjigo, oporfnf 4?5 lic, nhc guroniþc
3 >5 lic
! Ictfrprftoniþc; Icgino frfnniþc ùcnihcod, pfrh ch cfnfsoriolfctf
chrlod. ]fspodgo quf fd ponifctf rfsphcgfrï o prhjrolo gf
trotolifcth nhc icyfnnihcfs.
• Wx hrod nhc IUGF6 poro do GF
h îdgfcoìd tomdftos 65 „ ?55lj
h Porgfcoìd tomdftos ?5 „ =5lj
h Wogodoìd tomdftos =5lj
h Wogodoìd tomdftos thlo giorio 6lj
h Dhgfcoìd tomdftos 15lj
h îdgfcoìd jfd ?55lj
• ¸Nþlh gfmfc oglicistrorsf dhs IUGF68
• ¸Nuïd fs do ghsis rfnhlfcgogo8 „ do lïs odto gf nog uch
• ¸Fxistf uch lfkhr quf htrh8 - - ch nosi thghs ùcnihcoc ijuod aoy gi`frfcnios fc dhs
f`fnths sfnucgorihs
h Aoy gi`frfcnios fc vfdhnigogf gf fdiliconiþc
• ¸Nþlh somfr si quf ch ùcnihcoc8 prfjuctor si fs quf sf dh thlþ lod, vfr nuïcth
tiflph sf fspfrh vfr do ghsis, si aumh fstìludh, vfr quf aizh gfspués gf quf sf dh
thlþ, tifcf quf aomfr fstiludoniþc poro quf sf dfs df porf --3 rfnhlfcgoniþc
ictfrconihcod fs aonfr 7 prufmos
• ¸Nhctroicginonihcfs8 „ Citroths
" Icaimf @hs`hgifstfroso 6 < oulfcto Hxigh Citrinh --3 cfnfsito fstiludoniþc
" Wx nhc sidgfcoìd do rfnhlfcgoniþc fs flpfzor nhc dos ghsis odtos phrquf osì aoy
lfchs òddo
" Wogodoìd sf torgo fc sodir gfd nufrph y phr fsh quf sf fxnrftf torgo lïs y guro
lïs " fd gf ìc gf sfloco", tolmiéc sf torgo lfgio ahro fc omshrmfr fcthcnfs sf
gfmfc fspfror nhlh uco ahro
" Mdhqufoc do fczilo y nuocgh ao sfÿodfs gf HC sf phtfcnioc si do fczilo fsto
icaimigo
• F`fnths ogvfrshs nhc IUGF6


J]VUH 15=
• Nhctroicginoniþc Omshduto; Wrotolifcth nhc citroths ( shc ghcoghrfs gf HC)

• Nhctroicginoniþc ]fdotivo;
• Norgihpotìos sfvfros fc dos quf sf aoddf nhctroicginogo do ontivigog sfxuod
• Icòrth gf lihnorgih fc dhs > lfsfs octfrihrfs
• Icsuìnifcnio norgìono ndosf II h supfrihr fc dhs 0 lfsfs prfvihs
• ]fticitis pijlfcthso
•
• Cfurhpotìo
Icsuìnifcnioþptino isquélino
afpïtino jrovf octfrihr ch ortfrìtino(COIHC)
" @hs`hgifstfroso 0 < fsto fc do rfico phr fsh odjuchs ro` sf rfphrtoc odtfronihcfs fc
do pfrnfpniþc gf dhs nhdhrfs
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• Gfìciniþc (ictfrcotihcod ^hnifty h` ^fxuod Lfginicf (=5?7)
Fyonudoniþc quf sf prfsfcto octfs gf do pfcftroniþc
h
^f prfsfcto odrfgfghr gf uc licuth gfspués gf do pfcftroniþc (gisùcnihc

h
prilorio)
^f prfsfcto odrfgfghr gf > licuths gfspufs gf do pfcftronihc (gisùcnihc
h
sfnucgorio))
sfnucgorio
Icnoponigog poro nhctrhdor - rftrosor do fyonudoniþc
h
Urhvhno lodfstor sijciìnotivh; ocjustio, lhdfstio, fvitor do ictiligog, ftn

h


J]VUH 15=
" @odto gf nhctrhd, tiflph y lodfstor
• Urfvodfcnio
h Outhrrfphrtfs;
! >5% 3 ?1 oÿhs < ahlmrf kþvfcfs
h Fstugihs nhctrhdoghs
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gfd lucgh aoy uco jroc prfvodfcnio >6 Chrtafrc Furhpf
• Wolmiéc lufstro quf fc Liggdf Fost do >5 ^hutafrc Furhpf

Chc-Furhpfoc Zfst*
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‗ V^ Hmsfrvotihcod ^tugy h` Lfc Zita ocg

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h Fs gf dhs prilfrhs ictfcth gf lfgir nhc prfnisiþc quf fs dh quf sf df gfmf
ddolor fyonudoniþc prfnhz
h ^f mosomo fc fd nhctrhd vhductorih opdinorhc dhs nritfrihs gfd G^L7
h Gisfÿh gf fstugih
! Fstugih ludtinéctrinh hmsfrvonihcod
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tfcioc = sfl. = sfl.
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gf Pisit ? Pisit = Pisit >
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^fdfnniþc
fyonudonihc prfnhz.
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! ^f trotomo quf do lukfr tfcìo fd nrhchlftrh fc do loch y nuocgh
fyonudomo sf rfjistromo
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=%
•
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oulocc ft od (?999) KOLO =1?;6>:-77


J]VUH 15= -=?>&"?>*/+
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• Oquì ddolo do otfcniþc quf shc sfjucghs --3 gf
oquì sf gfrivo do ndosiìnoniþc gf prilorio phrquf do
loyhrìo fstïc fc fd licuth
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• Ftihdhjìo;
h Fyonudoniþc Urfnhz Urilorio
! @onthrfs Usinhdþjinhs
• Fxpfrifcnios sfxuodfs iciniodfs
h Ocjustio y priso (Lostfrs ocg Khacshc, ?9:5) --3
lifgh gf òddor h quf dh tonafc gf icnopoz
h Nhcginihcolifcth
• Ocjustio
h Ontivonihc gfd sistflo silpïtinh
h ]fgunf fd ulmrod gfd rf`dfkh gf do fyonudoniþc
• Usinhgicïlinhs
h Cornisislh icòctid
h Ilphrtocnio gfd pfcf fxojfrogo
h ^fctilifcths ahstidfs y ocsihshs aonio do porfko


J]VUH 15=
! @onthrfs Mihdþjinhs
• Aipfrsfcsimidigiog pfcioco --3 ch sf ao phgigh ghnulfctor
supfr mifc
h Vlmrod fyonudothrih mokh
• ]f`dfkh fkonudothrih aipfrfxnitomdf --3 ch sf ao phgigh
ghnulfctor supfr mifc
h @osf gf flisiþc-fxpudsiþc lïs rïpigo
h
]f`dfkh Jfcétino
Urfgisphsiniþc
• mudmhnovfrchsh
--3 aoclïs rïpigh
jocogh ilphrtocnio
Loyhr icnigfcnio gf FU Urilorio
h
fc porifctfs gf prilfr jrogh (9?%)

h
^fcsimidigog gf dhs rfnfpthrfs nfctrodfs gf 6-AW

•
Gislicuniþc fc do cfurhtrocslisiþc gf 6-AW

h
Aiphsfcsimidigog gfd rfnfpthr 6-AW=N

h
Aipfrsfcsimidigog gfd rfnfpthr 6-AW?O

h
h Fyonudoniþc Urfnhz ^fnucgorio

! @onthrfs Usinhmihdþjinhs
Lfchs `rfnufctf quf do prilorio
•
Icogfnuoniþc nhc do porfko

•
]fdoniþc nhc uco cufvo porfko (ocsifgog)

•
Nousos Vrhdþjinos pricnipodfs;

•
Gisùcniþc Fréntid--3 phr tflhr o pfrgfr frfnniþc sf

h
fyonudo
Urhstotìtis
h
IPV
h
Nousos Fcgþnricos;
•
Wrosthrchs tirhigfhs oshniogh aosto 65% nhc

h
aipfrtirhigislh :% nhc aiphtirhigislh)

Nousos Cfurhdþjinos;
•
OPN
h
Isquflio trocsithrio
h
Ic`fnnihcfs
h
• Wrosthrchs poro do FU
h Wfropio nhcguntuod
! Uorogo y Orrocquf --3 Gr. Kolfs A. ^flocs
•--3 nhc outhfstiludoniþc h nhc porfko, nhc fd tiflph sf vih
quf dh quf ònidito do téncino fs quf lfkhro do pfrnfpniþc
gf dos sfcsonihcfs ch cfnfsoriolfctf nhctrhd
Gfmflhs icginordo quf nuocgh do aojo fsf luy nhcsifctf
•
gf dos sfcsonihcfs
! Wéncino gf oprftor --3 Lostfrs y Khacshc
Oprftor fd jdocgf
•
h @orlonhtfropio
! Ojfctfs tþpinhs
]O@; ^fcsoniþc gf do lukfr sf pufgf icaimir h jfcfror
•
irritoniþc
! ^^]Is (Icaimighrfs gf rfnopturo gf sfrhthcico)
]O@; Giìnudtog poro fyonudor
•
6AW -3- CW fdflfctod fc fyonudoniþc prfnhz

•


J]VUH 15=
!"#$%&# () *+ ,-./ 5 *+ ?=
?=
• G5)&%'#*)-5-"&)# • !"# %&'()**+',)#
#)&'=',+,F&?+*'# .)- )#%+,"-)# .)- /5*-)'
%"&"?+?",='*)--5-"&+#
="--' *)&)1&"- @", .)- >,76+0 +,:+1), -"
*)&)1&' " -" ;F.5-" )("*5-"*+ þ, @ucniþc gf sfrhthcico fc FU
• E)*)%='&)# (
• ,76+ %5).) #)& 5,
1-",*' =)&"%)59*'
Fd cUJI fsto fc lunaos fspfnifs y fc rotos sf fcnhctrþ
=&",#%'&=".'&)# .) 24
!'# #+#=);"# 24<3 #',
quf tifcf oxhcfs quf voc od nfctrh lfgudor o icaimir do
<3 #', %&';+,),=)# •
), @"&+'# *),=&'# 1-",*'# &"8',"1-)# fyonudoniþc

:+%'="-J;+*'# ( .)-
="--' *)&)1&"-
• 7'#+1-)# ;)*",+#;'#
• E)*)%='&)# 24<3OM
Fs fd mdocnh tfropéutino quf sf utidizo fc fd nhctrhd h tx
• E)*)%='&)# 24<3NG
•
3&",#%'&=".'&)#24<3
• ,76A #) %&'()*=" " -"
*'-5;," -5;1'#"*&"
gf do fyonudoniþc
) +,:+1) =I,+*";),=)
)- &)K)B' .) -"
)("*5-"*+I,
!"#$%"& ()%*+,%*-" .) &/ 5?/-=&/-*>#

5?/-=&/-*>#
Nhctrhd quf sf f`fntûo o trovés gf lfgudo sonro
Nfctrhs îlpïtinhs quf fkfrnfc nhctrhd shmrf do fyonudoniþc o trovés
gf gi`frfctfs dujorfs poro quf aoyo nhctronturo
Cfrvih
Fstìludh
Ufri`érinh
CGhrsod
Légudo ônro aiphjïstrinh
gf nhcgunth gf`frfctf y vfsinudor sflicodfs poro
do fyonudoniþc
Fs silpïtino --3 Chrogrfcfrjino
Lhthcfurhcos mudmh U.Uédvinh
Uhr htrh dogh cfurhcos lhthros --3 rf`dfkh
Fsphcjihsos (C. Hcu`) cfurhlusnudor < fsth yo fs shlïtinh
C Uug Lûsnudhs MF Flisiþc
!"#$"%&' )* +$,-,&. /5/?=>"'$'7= '6 0:%1#$%9'&; 0-2?%>"> '& 4,<'.'&,<7"1 +'&.<'$5 !"#$%&'(*#$+$,- 38 EOMMNG 3M8F3@J
Fyonudoniþc
ûmtiphs gf rfnfpthrfs gf 6 AW icvhdunroghs fc fyonudoniþc
ûmtiph rfnfpthr Dhnodizoniþc tisudor Dhnodizoniþc nfdudor F`fnth fc fyonudoniþc
6 AW?O Nfrfmrh ^hloth gfcgrìtino @oniditoniþc

8
Fspicod Urf/phstsicïptinh
F`fnth thtod;
òniditoniþc
6 AW?M Nfrfmrh Urfsicïptinh Icaiminiþc (f`fnth thtod)
Fspicod Urf/phstsicïptinh
6 AW=N Nfrfmrh (aiphtïdolh) Uhstsicïptinh Icaiminiþc
Fspicod Uhstsicïptinh
" Aoy lunahs rfnfpthrfs gf do sfrhthcico y dhs icvhdunroghs nhc do fyonudoniþc

" I^]^ < pufgfc rftrosor do fyonudoniþc fc odjuchs ponifctfs
‗
I^]^ fc fyonudoniþc prfnhz


J]VUH 15=
h Lftoocodisis; Givfrshs fstugihs aoc rfphrtogh do fìnonio gf dhs I^]^ fc do
fyonudoniþc prfnhz
! Fs uc fstugih nhlporotivh ghcgf sf fd icnrflfcth fc fd IFDW
(Wiflph gf dotfcnio fyonudothrio ictrovojicod)
! Nhc pdonfmh lfkhro 76%
! Nhc htrhs I^]^ <
Fd quf tifcf f`fnth lïs chtomdf fs do porhxtfico phr su
•
! phtfcnio --3 pufgf icnrflfctor fd tiflph aosto : lic

h
h
• Fstugih nhc porhtxftico

• Gfmìo tfcfr 4 > lic poro fctror
• Nhc pdonfmh aumh icnrflfcth pfrh ch sf
nhlporo nhc ?6 h =5 lj giorihs gf porhxftico
• Olmhs tifcfc uco sijciìnocnio fstogìstino
Urhlfgihs gf dos fsnodos gfd Ìcginf gf

*
Fyonudoniþc Urfnhz phr jruph gf trotolifcth *
15 Nhctrhd; p 4 5.55?
^f ligiþ nhc fsnodos psinhlétrinos jrogh

ôtisònniþc; p 4 5.55?
Icnhlhgigog pfrshcod; p 4 5.55?

•
:5
:5
01.? gf nhctrhd, sotisònniþc f icnhlhgigog
05 0>.=
•
Fc thghs dhs noshs aoy uco ndoro lfkhrìo
65
79.6
6=.=
nhc do porhxftico
75
75.9 7=.5
• ]FNHLFCGONIÞC; =5 lj giorihs gf
>5
>7.:
Uorhxftico + nhlmiconiþc gf fkfrninihs gf porogo y
=5
=7.: orrocquf
?5
-
5
NHCW]HD ÔWI^@ONNIHC ICNHLHGIGOG
UDONFMH UO]HQFWIC
COO ?6 L J UO]HQ
]HQFWI
FWIC
COO =5 L J
!"#$ &'(#)( *"#+"#(,"- .-/(5" ?=>-7?" +(#(=$="6 (=$(0"#7:(1"6 1"9=$ ?7$;"6 ?"-0#"=(1" ?"- +=(?$9" 5 )2=,?4-0#7?" +(#( $/0217(#
=( $<?(?7( 5 =( /$;2#71(1 1$ =( +(#"3$,-( ( 1"/7/ 17(#7( 1$ 8E); 5 OM ); $- $= 0#(0()7$-0" 1$ =( $5(?2=(?7N- +#$?": G$+"#0$ <-(=
&#"0"?"=" !&.&FM86 @ 1$ )(5" 1$ OMM@J A(0"/ $- (#?'7I"/ 5 $-0#$;(1"/ ( =( K$?#$0(#7( 1$ K(=21 +(#( #$;7/0#"J
" Fd f`fnth quf tifcf do Uorhxftico ch fs nurotivh dh quf aonf fs quf oulfcto do
gisphcimidigog gf do sfrhthcico --3 si sf suspfcgf < gfsnhctrhd rfoporfnf
h
UF]H siflprf igfctiìnor octfs
ocsifgog h gfsnhctrhd phr òdtosigf
aoyoprfcgizokf
htrhs ònthrfs prfgisphcfctfs nhlh


J]VUH 15=
FYONVDONIÞC ]FWO]GOGO H ICAIMIGO, OCFYONVDONIÞC Y OCH]JO^LIO
Gfìciniþc Oshnioniþc Usiquiïtrino Olfrinoco G^L P =5?>
•
^f gfmf fxpfrilfctor odjuch gf dhs sijuifctfs sìcthlos fc nosi thgos h

h
thgos dos hnosihcfs (oprhxilogolfctf :6%„?55%) gf do ontivigog sfxuod

fc porfko y sic quf fd icgiviguh gfsff fd rftorgh;
! ?. ]ftorgh lornogh gf do fyonudoniþc.
! =. Ic`rfnufcnio lornogo h ousfcnio gf fyonudoniþc
h
h Ao pfrsistigh
prhvhnoc uc guroctf
lodfstoruchs sfis lfsfssijciìnotivh
ndìcinolfctf nhlh lìcilh fc fd icgiviguh.
• Ndosiìnoniþc
h Gf thgo do vigo h prilorio (=6%)
h Ogquirigo h sfnucgorio --3 do loyhrìo
• Urfvodfcnio
h Do fyonudoniþc rftorgogo h icaimigo fs do lfchs `rfnufctf, do lfchs
fstugiogo y do lfchs fctfcgigo gf dos gisùcnihcfs sfxuodfs losnudicos
• Jroìno quf lufstro quf

aoy phnos pfrshcos nhc
fstf prhmdflo
• Nousos

Fc htros gisùcnihcfs losnudicos dos nousos pufgfs sfr dos lislos -3 fs phr
h
fsth quf do aisthrio nìcino légino fs toc ilphrtoctf

Usinhjécino Fyonudoniþc Icaimigo
Nhcjécito _uistf nhcgunth Luddfrioch
Lod`hrloniþc nhcgunths gf Zhd` ^ìcgrhlf Urucf Mfddy
Ocotþlinos ]fsfnniþc trocsurftrod gf prþstoto
Icnisiþc gfd nufddh gf do vfkijo
Cfurhjécinos Cfurhpotìo outhcþlino giométino
Fsndfrhsis lûdtipdf
Dfsiþc gf do légudo fspicod
Urhstotfnthlìo roginod silpotfnthlìo midotfro
Ocfurislfnthlìo oþrtinh omghlicod
Dicògfcfnthlio Uoro-oþrtino
Ic`fnnihcfs Vrftritis
Urhstotitis
Fcgþnricos Aiphjhcogislh
Lfginolfcths Odòlftidghpo, @fchtiozigos, OWG, Odnhahd

Aiphtirhigislh


J]VUH 15=
• Wx poro do F] „ Ochrjoslio
h Wfropio ^fxuod
h Octojhcistos sfrhthcicérjinhs
h Ojhcistos gfd rfnfpthr 6-AW?O --3 phrquf somflhs quf fs òniditoghr
h Lfginolfcths ghpolicérjinhs
h Icaimighrfs gf do rfnopturo gf Ghpolico


J]VUH 15=
^ÌCG]HLF LFWOMÞDINH Y ]FÛVF^WO ^FQVOD
& ]fspufsto ^fxuod Auloco rfquifrf ictfjrigog fc gi`frfctfs civfdfs

h Usinhdþjinh
h Cfurhdþjinh; si phr o`fntoniþc gf CW
h Cfurhfcghnrico
h Posnudor

& Ftihdhjìo
h Usinþjfcos/Mihdþjinos/Lixtos
îflprf tifcfc uc civfd mihdþjinh
!
Ufrh do loyhrìo shc lixtos
!
& ^ìcgrhlf lftomþdinh
Nirnuc`frfcnio omghlicod
h
Civfd gf trijdinérighs 3 ?65

h
Civfdfs mokh gf AGD;

h
! 4 65 fc lukfrfs 4 75 ahlmrfs
Aipfrtfcsiþc 3 ?>5/ 16
h
Jdunhso 3 ?55
h
‗ Whghs fsths nhlphcfctfs tifcf uco rfpfrnusiþc fc do sodug

Fd fstrés hxigotivh y do ic`doloniþc (ID 0) tifcf uco jroc ilponth fc do
h
otfrhfsndfrhsis
Aipfrjdinflio
h
! Nhcfxiþc nhc civfdfs gf ocgrþjfchs ; AIUHJHCOGI^LH

AIUHJHCOGHW]H@INH
! Fcghtfdico; sf prhgunf fc fcghtfdih y prhgunf uc fstogh gf
nhctronniþc quf ch fs nhcvfcnilifcth poro fd ùcnihcolifcth
nfdudor
! #$% &$' ())*+,-(*./5(*?.
Hmfsigog
Aipfrjdinflio Aipfrjdinflio Hmfsigog
Fstrés hxigotivh Ic`dolonihc (ID0)
Jdinoniþc Cfurhpotio Aiphjhcogislh Oulfcth Ocgrþjfchs „ L
Otfrhsndfrhsis Fcghtfdih vosnudor Giométino Aiphjhcoghtrþpinh Oulfcth Fstrþjfchs - A
]fsistfcnio
UN] Ogiphsiths
o do Icsudico ]ftrhodilfctoniþc
Gislicuyf HC Gislicuniþc HC cfjotivo poro DA
Icaimf ocjihjécfsis Dfptico
Icnrflfcto Nfd. Dfygij
Fcghtfdico ?
Fc`frlfgog Aiphjhcogislh
Icaimf aNJ Icaimf aNJ
norgihvosnudor Aiphjhcoghtrþpinh
Goÿh lonrh y linrhvosnudor Goÿh lonrh y linrhvosnudor

0
Goÿh lonrh y linrhvosnudor 1
:


J]VUH 15=
& ^x Lftomþdinh fc do ]fspufsto ^fxuod @flfcico

h Nþlh sf ligf rfspufsto sfxuod;
! Icstrulfcths quf sf usoc; Ligf nhc prfjuctos
Ìcginf ictfrconihcod gf ùcniþc fréntid
•
Nufstihcorih gf ùcniþc sfxuod `flfcico ( @^@I)

•
3 =6.66 < fsto fc uc rocjh chrlod

h
h
Gisùcnihcfs sfxuodfsfd
! Dfs opdinorhc fcnufstihcorih
do lukfr nhcgf^L
ùcniþc
sfxuod
! Jruphs; jruph nhc sx lftomþdinh y uc
jruph nhctrhd.
! Pifrhc quf aoy gi`frfcnios y aoy uc
ilponth fc nhlh sf fxpfrilfcto do
rfdoniþc sfxuod
! Fstugihs nhctrhdoghs rfphrtoc loyhr
gisùcniþc fc lukfrfs nhc odjûc
nhlphcfctf gfd sìcgrhlf lftomþdinh
! Lfgigh nhc fd Icginf gf @ucniþc ^fxuod
@flfcich (@^@I)
! Chtomdf do prfsfcnio gf hmfsigog y sus
nhlpdinonihcfs fc fd gfsflpfÿh sfxuod;
• Gfìnifcnio fstrhjécino y
ocgrhjécino rfdonihcogo
• ^äcgrhlf gf hvorih phdiquistinh
• Icnhcticfcnio uricorio
• Gfprfsiþc /ocsifgog
! ^HU < dos ahrlhcos sfxuodfs dos lftomhdizo < prhgunf uc
gfìnifcnio --3 jdhmudico trocsphrtoghro
" Aipfrtfcsiþc y ùcniþc sfxuod `flfcico
! Do gisùcniþc sfxuod fs uc f`fnth rfnhchnigh gf do aipfrtfcsiþc y gf
dhs trotolifcths octiaipfrtfcsivhs
! Fc dos lukfrfs, fsth ch fstï fstomdfnigh gfmigh o do norfcnio gf
uco lfthghdhjìo fstomdfnigo
! Uortiniporhc ==7; ?5:
?5: nhctrhdfs sochs, ?57 aipfrtfcsos dfvfs gf dos
nuodfs >: lfginogos y 0: ch lfginogos
! Dos ùloghros lfchr nodiìnoniþc gf hrjoslhs icgfpfcgifctf gf
AWO
! Dos lukfrfs lfginogos poro AWO ch giìrifrhc gf dos ch lfginogos -
-3 Wocth lfginogos nhlh ch lfginogos tifcf o`fnniþc
! ]fphrtorhc;
• Ilponth fc do dumrinoniþc
• Giìnudtog poro fd hrjoslh
• Ghdhr sfxuod
" Do lukfr nhc Giomftfs
! Ilphrto fd tiflph gf fvhduniþc, fd tiph gf giomftfs, fd nhctrhd,
nodigog gf rfdoniþc gf porfko, ftn
! Od porfnfr ch aoy loyhr ilponth fc do rfspufsto sfxuod gf dos
lukfrfs
! Dh lïs `rfnufctf rfphrtogh;
•
Gislicuniþc gfddo
gfsfh sfxuodgfd hrjoslh
• Gislicuniþc fc sfcsoniþc


J]VUH 15=
! Ch poso tocth nhlh fc fd ahlmrf
! Fd prhmdflo fc dos lukfrfs < nïcgigos f IPV^
! Giométino y nhctrhdogo < CH ilponth
ilponth
! Ufrh giométino y ch nhctrhdogo prhgunf uc gfsmodocnf
lftomþdinh quf jfcfro o`fnniþc
& ^x Lftomþdinh y ]fspufsto ^fxuod Losnudico
h Uhrnfctokf gf ahlmrfs nhc odjuco

gisùcniþc sfxuod nhc sx lftomþdinh Uhrnfctokf gf gisùcnihcfs
! O gi`frfcnio gf lukfrfs dhs sfxuodfs fc ahlmrfs nhc ^L
^L
ahlmrfs fs luy loyhr do
o`fnniþc ?=5
C < =>0
h Lïs ic`hrloniþc shmrf dos G^L y dhs ?55
prhmdflos gf sodug 15
h Fc fspfniod shmrf do ùcniþc fréntid,

prfsfcnio gf prhmdflos fyonudothrihs 05
h Fxistf ictilo rfdoniþc phr fd goÿh fc fd 75
fcghtfdih vosnudor
h Lfkhr gfsnrito do ìsihpothdhjìo; =5
! Goÿh lonrh y linrh vosnudor 5

GF GÂ FU F] GÂ-AJ
! Odtfroniþc gf ùcnihcfs
outþchlos
GF „ Gisùcniþc fréntid. G^ A „ Gfsfh sfxuod aiphontivh. FU „ Fyonudoniþc prfnhz. F] „ Fyonudoniþc rftorgogo
GÂ.AJ „ Gfsfh sfxuod aiphontivh + aiphjhcogislh ?0
Gislicuniþc fc do prhgunnihc gf
HC
! Aiphjhcogislh
h ]fphrtf gf Norgihdhjìo
! Fctrf fd 65-:5%
65-:5% gf ddhs
hs ahlmrfs nhc GF tifcfc
FN
! Do GF fs prfgintivo gf FN vfctoco gf tiflph
gf >-6 oÿhs
! GF y FN nhlportfc dhs lislhs ònthrfs gf
rifsjh
! Do gisùcniþc fcghtfdiod fs fd gfchlicoghr
nhlûc
C < ?055 >51 prfsfctorhc

! î odjuifc tifcf prhmdflo nhc su nhc GF sic FNP icòrth þ ocjico
frfnniþc vfr si tifcf o`fntogo do
ùcniþc norgihvosnudor NVLL @]F_
! Urilfrh sf o`fnto do frfnniþc dufjh fd ?=5
nhrozþc do tfhrìo gf fsth fs phrquf < ?55
ortfrios pfcfocos tifcf uc giïlftrh 15
luy naiquith< fsth aonf quf nuocgh 05
o`fntoniþc fs fcghtfdiod o`fntoniþc

75
=5
fc ortfrios los gfdjogitos sf jfcfro 5

! = =.?-6 6.?-?5 ?5.?-?6 ?6.?-=5 3 =5
lïs rïpigh


J]VUH 15=
! >6% Uonifctfs phst icòrth rfphrtorhc
gislicuniþc fc do `rfnufcnio gf fcnufctrhs
sfxuodfs
! >=% Gislicuniþc fc do sotisònniþc gf do vigo
sfxuod
! Lïs oshniogh nhc ònthrfs nudturodfs,
shniodfs y flhnihcodfs, quf ìsihdþjinhs gf
rifsjh
h Cûlfrh gf nhlphcfctfs gfd sx lftomþdinh

! Do tomdo gf orrimo vf do shlotizoniþc
]fdoniþc nhc
! ^f ligf do prfsfcnio gf frfnniþc ( do do shlotizoniþc
giìnudtog poro tfcfrdo fc do tomdo gf
omokh)
]fdoniþc nhc
do ùcniþc fréntid
-
h Urfvodfcnio gf gisùcniþc fréntid y Giomftfs; oulfcto nhc do fgog y fd

tiflph gf fvhduniþc
! O lfgigo quf oÿhs posoc do prfvodfcnio gf gisùcniþc fréntid

oulfcto
d
i
t =.6
n d
i
é
r
t
n =5
f é
r
c f ?1
þ
i = c
n þ
i ?0
c n
u c
` u ?7
s `
i s
i
g ?.6 g ?=
f f
g g ?5
h h
d
d
d d 1
? h
r
h
r r
r o 0
o s
s f
f g 7
g 5.6 o
r
o
r o
p =
o ] 5
p
H
] 5 =5-=9 >5->9 75-79 65-69 05-09
H Fgog
46 0 o ?5 ?? o >5
Oÿhs gf fvhduniþc
fvhduniþc gf do giomftfs lfddi
lfdditus
tus
& Wx
h Lhgiìnonihcfs gfd fstidh gf vigo
! Ufrgfr pfsh
! Fkfrninih
! Ch ùlor
! Gifto lfgitfrrïcfo
h Wx léginh
! Locfkh gf do giomftfs, aipfrtfcsiþc y
! gisdipigflio
Ospirico
! Locfkh gf dos nhcsfnufcnios gfd ^L


J]VUH 15=
h Nirujìo moriotrino
! ILN 3 75 h 3 >6 nhc nhlhrmidigogfs
h F`fnth gf do gislicuniþc gf pfsh y do ontivigog `ìsino fc

dos ùcnihcfs fcghtfdiod y fréntid
! Fstugih odfothrih; ??5 ponifctfs hmfshs nhc GF
! Jruph nhctrhd (c<66); ic`hrloniþc jfcfrod
! Jruph Ictfrvfcniþc
Ictfrvfcniþc (c<66); osfshrìo gftoddogo
poro pfrgfr ?5%
?5% pfsh (gislicuniþc gf icjfsto
nodþrino y ontivigog `ìsino)
! ^fjuilifcth; = oÿhs
! Whlh o ahlmrfs hmfshs y dhs givigiþ fc ghs
jruphs o uch ch df gih uc tx ( lfgigos jfcfrodfs)
! O htrh jruph < ictfrvfcniþc ictfcsivo ( réjilfc
giftétinh y ontivigog `ìsino)
! Dh jroìnogh shc dos ictfrvfcnihcfs gfd
nufstihcorih
• 4 =5 < prhmdflo
• îc lfginicos pfrh ictfcsivh < lfkhrh
ùcniþc sfxuod
• Dhs gf shdh lfgigos jfcfrodfs sf qufgorhc nhlh fstomoc


J]VUH 15=
ÔDVG ^FQVOD Y ]FU]HGVNWIPO
# Gfrfnahs ]fprhguntivhs
h Nhlprfcgfc gfrfnahs aulochs rfnhchnighs fc dfyfs conihcodfs y
ghnulfcths ictfrconihcodfs
h ^f mosoc fc fd rfnhchnilifcth gfd gfrfnah mïsinh gf thgos dos porfkos f
icgiviguhs gf gfnigir dimrf y rfsphcsomdflfctf;
! Do noctigog gf aikhs
! Fd fsponiolifcth gf quf gfsfoc tfcfr
dhs flmorozhs
! Do pdociìnoniþc òlidior
! Wfcfr do ic`hrloniþc y dhs lfgih poro aonfrdh
! Fd gfrfnah poro odnoczor fd lfkhr fstïcgor gf sodug sfxuod y
rfprhguntivo
# ôdug ^fxuod y ]fprhguntivo fc do Oghdfsnfcnio
h Fstogìstino o prhpþsith gfd
gìo ictfrconihcod gf do
kuvfctug
# Uirïligf phmdonihcod
h Wfcgfcnio o rfgunniþc gf
ciÿhs
h Nhcnduyf do phmdoniþc fc
fgog rfprhguntivo sijuf
sifcgh do loyhritorio
h Fsto givigigh phr jruphs gf

fgog
h_uifrf gfnir quf sijuf

aomifcgh lunahs kþvfcfs


J]VUH 15=
# Flmorozh oghdfnfctf < HL^

Vchs ?0 liddhcfs gf ciÿos gf ?6 „ ?9 oÿhs y oprhx ? liddþc gf ciÿos lfchrfs
h
gf ?6 oÿhs goc o duz nogo oÿh, do loyhrìo fc poìsfs gf icjrfshs mokhs y

lfgiochs
Dos nhlpdinonihcfs guroctf fd flmorozh y fd porth shc do sfjucgo nouso
h
gf lufrtf fctrf dos lunaonaos gf ?6 „ ?9 oÿhs fc thgh fd lucgh

h
Nogo oÿh, uchs > liddhcfs gf ciÿos gf ?6 „ ?9 oÿhs sf shlftfc o omhrths
pfdijrhshs
h Dhs mfmfs gf logrfs oghdfsnfctfs sf fc`rfctoc o uc rifsjh
nhcsigfromdflfctf supfrihr gf lhrir quf dhs conighs gf lukfrfs gf =5 „ =7
oÿhs
‗ Flmorozh gf odth rifsjh
‗ Gftifcf phsimidigog gf gfsorrhddh gf do pfrshco
‗ ]ifsjh poro mfmf fs fdfvogh
h Woso gf conilifcth fc logrfs lfchrfs gf

=5 oÿhs fc Léxinh
! ^f chto uc gfsnfcsh chthrih y dufjh
vufdvf o sumir htro vfz
! O portir gfd =555 nolpoÿos gf
prfvfcniþc ch sijuifrhc
! Fc =550 ùf fd icnrflfcth gf do
vihdfcnio --3 Cornh
• Pihdfcnio vs oulfcth gf
flmorozh
h Goths ontuodizoghs o =5?7

! Dos tosos lufstroc quf fc fd
jruph gf ?6 o ?9 < sumf gf :5
o :: (Conilifcths phr nogo
?555 lukfrfs)
Fd cûlfrh gf aikhs gf fctrf ?6 -

h
?9 tifcf lïs gf = aikhs --3 octfs gf dhs ?9


J]VUH 15=
h Goths quf sustfctoc fsth

! Fsto givigigh phr jruphs gf fgog
quf lufstroc gf onufrgh o
prilfr nhcsudto
! Ligfc qufsflocod
toc rïpigh ùfrhc o su
nafqufh
! Dhs vfrgfs shc dhs quf cucno
ùfrhc
h Lufstro
! Fd jruph lïs fdfvogh gf ?6 -?9 <
shc dos quf lfchs sf nuigoc
h _uf tocth gfspués gf tfcfr fd mfmf

ùfrhc o rfvisiþc
h Fd phrnfctokf loyhr gf gfsotfcniþc
fs fc do kþvfcfs
h Nousos gf lufrtf fc fstf jruph

gf fgog
h Fs ilphrtoctf somfr gf do
trosnfcgfcnio gfd flmorozh
nhlh nouso gf lufrtf


J]VUH 15=
# Wosos gf cotodigog
# Vsh gf octinhcnfptivhs fc do
oghdfsnfcnio fc do prilfro rfdoniþc
sfxuod
h Fctrf los kþvfcfs aoy loyhr ush
h Vsh gf octinhcnfptivhs fc
oghdfsnfcnio phrquf ch dhs uso


J]VUH 15=
# Lfnocislhs jfcfrodfs gf onniþc gf dhs octinhcnfptivhs
Ahrlhcodfs
h
! Urfsfctonihcfs; Uìdghros, pornafs, ociddh vojicod, icyfntomdfs

ictrolusnudorfs h ilpdoctf sumgérlinh
! Wrfs lfnocislhs gf onniþc;
?. Icaimifcgh hvudoniþc
•
=. Fd fcghlftrih ch sf prfporo poro uco phsimdf

•
•
ilpdoctoniþc
>. Fc fd nérvix sf gfko gf prhgunir uc lhnh ndorh y
`ïnidlfctf covfjomdf poro dhs fspfrlothzhigfs, poro
nhcvfrtirsf fc uc lhnh fspfsh f ilpfcftromdf
h Wiphs;
! Gisphsitivh Ictroutfrich (GIV)
Urhgunf uco rfonniþc ic`dolothrio fc fd fcghlftrih
•
Ontûo nhlh fspfrlinigo

•
! GIV gf nhmrf
Ictfrìfrf ogflïs nhc do lhvidigog fspfrlïtino
•
Giìnudto do noponigog gf dhs fspfrlothzhigfs poro gishdvfr

•
do zhco pfdûnigo
! GIV nhc Dfvhchjfstrfd (ahrlhcos)
Wifcf fd f`fnth gf do prhjfstfrhco shmrf fd lhnh nfrvinod
•
! Léthghs gf morrfro (Nhcgþc losnudich y `flfcich)

Ilpigfc quf dhs fspfrlothzhigfs ovocnfc aonio fd ûtfrh
•
! Léthghs mosoghs fc fd nhchnilifcth gf do `frtidigog (LMN@)

Hvudoniþc
•
Wflpfroturo mosod
•
Fd léthgh gfd nodfcgorih/ phst- hvudothrih

•
*Ilpdinoc do igfctiìnoniþc gf dhs gìos `értidfs fc fd nindh

•
lfcstruod
! Fc jfcfrod, dos oghdfsnfctf shc fdfjimdfs poro usor nuodquifr
léthgh gf octinhcnfpniþc y gfmfc tfcfr onnfsh o thgos dos
hpnihcfs
Léthgh / ush nhlûc
% gf
Flmorozhs
s hrodfs nhlmicoghs
Octinhcnfptivhs
Octinhcnfptivh 1
Octinhcnfptivhs hrodfs gf prhjfstico shdo
Octinhcnfptivhs 1
Uornaf octinhcnfptivh nhlmicogh 1
Ociddh vojicod nhlmicogh 1
Onftoth gf lfgrhxiprhjfstfrhco gf gfpþsith

OLUG (icyfntomdf) >
Octinhcnfptivh icyfntomdf ahrlhcod nhlmicogh >
Gisphsitivhs ictroutfrichs gf nhmrf >15 (GIV-Nu) 5.1
Gisphsitivhs Ictroutfrichs dimfroghrfs gf

dfvhchrjfstrfd (GIV-DCJ) 5.?
Ilpdoctfs gf dfvhchrjfstrfd (DCJ) 5.56
" ¸Nþlh sf sfdfnnihco uc léthgh gf pdociìnoniþc òlidior8

h ?. Pisito légino „ aisthrio légino
h =. Nirnucstocnios shnihnudturodfs
h >. Wiph gf ontivigog sfxuod
" ]fthrch o do @frtidigog
h —Fd ush gf léthghs octinhcnfptivhs, o fxnfpniþc gf do fstfridizoniþc
h
losnudico
Fd rfthrch oy do
`flfcico,
`frtidigog ch hnosihco uc
fs iclfgioth nolmih
nhc irrfvfrsimdf
thghs dhs léthghs,fcfxnfpth nhc
do `frtidigog.
do
OLUG (icyfntomdf gf lfgrhxiprhjfstfrhco gf gfpþsith), quf torgo uc


J]VUH 15=
prhlfgih gf gifz lfsfs, gfsgf do `fnao gf do ûdtilo icyfnniþc y FC/CFW
(Fcoctoth gf chrftistfrhco), tolmiéc icyfntomdf, nhc tiflph prhlfgih gf
gflhro gf rfthrch o do `frtidigog fs gf 0 lfsfs, gfsgf do `fnao gf do
ûdtilo icyfnniþc, icgfpfcgifctflfctf gf do guroniþc gf su ush.
h Do fstfridizoniþc losnudico y `flfcico gfmfc nhcsigfrorsf nhlh léthghs
pfrlocfctfs“.
pfrlocfctfs “. Cicjûc htrh léthgh hnosihco ic`frtidigog pfrlocfctf.
" Notfjhrìos gf do HL^ poro do sfdfnniþc gf octinhcnfptivhs
?. octinhcnfptivh
Vco nhcginiþc poro/ Vsfdofdquf ch aoy
léthgh fc rfstrinniþc poro fd ush gfd léthgh
nuodquifr nirnucstocnio.
=. Vco nhcginiþc ghcgf dos vfctokos gfd ush gfd léthgh jfcfrodlfctf
supfroc dhs rifsjhs / Fc jfcfrod, usf fd léthgh.
>. Vco nhcginiþc ghcgf dhs rifsjhs jfcfrodlfctf supfroc dos vfctokos gfd
ush gfd léthgh / Fd ush gfd léthgh ch fs rfnhlfcgogh, o lfchs quf ch
sf nufctf nhc léthghs lïs ogfnuoghs, ch fstéc gisphcimdfs h ch sfoc
onfptoghs.
7. Vco nhcginiþc quf rfprfsfcto uc rifsjh gf sodug icoglisimdf si sf utidizo fd
léthgh octinhcnfptivh / Ch gfmf usor fd léthgh.
" ¸_uiécfs CH gfmfrìoc usor octinhcnfpniþc ahrlhcod8
h Lukfrfs fc pfrìhgh gf dontocnio lotfrco, 4 0 lfsfs phsporth
h Uhsporth, 4=? gìos
h Womoquislh nhc lïs gf >6 oÿhs gf fgog
h Fc`frlfgogfs norgihvosnudorfs
! H odth rifsjh gf dos fc`frlfgogfs norgihvosnudorfs (giomftfs,
aipfrtfcsiþc ortfriod sic nhctrhd, fgog loyhr, ùlor)
h Wrosthrchs cfurhdþjinhs; nfòdfo nhc lijroÿo y ouro
h Ic`fnnihcfs gfd oporoth rfprhguntivh; socjrogh vojicod gf ftihdhjìo
gfsnhchnigo
h Nïcnfr gf lolo
h Wrosthrchs fcgþnrichs; giomftfs ovoczogo h giomftfs gf lïs gf =5 oÿhs
gf guroniþc.
h Wrosthrchs jostrhictfsticodfs; gf do vfsìnudo midior, afpotitis virod, nirrhsis
afpïtino, tulhrfs gfd aìjogh
h Lfginolfcths quf o`fntoc dos fczilos afpïtinos
Fd GIV /DCJ, lislos icginonihcfs quf ahrlhcodfs
‗
Fd GIV gf nhmrf >15 ( GIV nu), ogflïs;

‗
! Uhsporth 4 7 sflocos
! Uhst omhrth
! ôcjrogh vojicod gf ftihdhjìo gfsnhchnigo
! Nïcnfr gf fcghlftrih h gf hvorih, @imrhlos utfrichs
! Ochlodìos ocotþlinos gfd oporoth rfprhgunthr
! Fc`frlfgog pédvino ic`dolothrio, IW^ h odth rifsjh gf éstos
h ¸_uiécfs ch gfmfrìoc utidizor nhcgþc gf dïtfx8
! Odfrjio od lislh
h ¸_uiécfs cucno gfmfrìoc utidizor sþdh léthghs mosoghs fc fd nhchnilifcth
gf do `frtidigog8
! Odth rifsjh gf sodug octf flmorozh
! Nindh lfcstruod irrfjudor
! Lfginolfcths h fc`frlfgogfs
fc`frlfgogf s quf odtfrfc tflpfroturo h sijchs
gf `frtidigog
h ¸_ué rfnhlifcgo do HL^ poro jfctf khvfc quf gfnigf tfcfr rfdonihcfs
sfxuodfs8
! Fdfjir gf locfro ic`hrlogo
! Vsor léthgh ahrlhcod lïs nhcgþc


J]VUH 15=
! Ahrlhcodfs y nhcghcfs, thghs fc notfjhrìo ?, thghs, fxnfpth;
• Nhc notfjhrìo =;
h Icyfntomdfs gf Onftoth gf lfgrhxiprhjfstfrhco gf
gfpþsith (OLUG) y (FC/CFW) - Fcoctoth gf
chrftistfrhco
h Icyfntomdfs sþdh gf prhjfstico
h GIV octfs gf dhs =5 oÿhs
h
Fc notfjhrìo >poro
y 7; sþdh dos nhctroicginonihcfs yo
lfcnihcogos nuodquifr lukfr.
h Ahrlhcodfs nhlmicoghs fc lukfrfs hmfsos


J]VUH 15=
UO]O@IDIO^
' Gfìcinihcfs
h Wérlich quf prhvifcf gfd jrifjh;
! —Uoro“ < ouc dogh gf
! —@idio“ < olijh, oloctf
' Jfcfrodigogfs
h

Nhcgunto portinudor quf ogquifrf norïntfr gf fxndusivigog poro icinior y
nhcnrftor do rfspufsto sfxuod auloco
! O gi`frfcnio gf htrhs prhmdflos sfxuodfs < rfspufsto sfxuod CH
tifcf prhmdflo --3 fs dh quf do norontfrizo
! Yo sf gfchlicoc trosthrchs poroìdinhs
! Lunah gf do fxnitoniþc vifcf gf rhlpfr do chrlo
h Urhmdflos gf sodug sfxuod
h @hrlo gf fxnitoniþc sfxuod phnh `rfnufctf
h Wrocsjrfshro gf chrlos shniodfs
h Cfnfsorio poro quf do fxnitoniþc sf prfsfctf
h ^ìcgrhlfs ndìcinhs rfdonihcoghs nhc trosthrch gfd vìcnudh o`fntivh
h Pìcnudh ictfrpfrshcod ousfctf h gfsmodocnfogh
h Fc hnosihcfs do òctosìo sustituyf fd onth --3 si yo dh pifcsos yo pufgfs tfcfr
uco poroìdio nhlh nhcgunto CH cfnfsoriolfctf nhlh trosthrch
h Nhcguntos h onth rfpftitivhs, nhlpudsivhs. --3 ]IWVOD
h ]ituodfs quf sf voc shìstinocgh
' Ftihdhjìo
h Do loyhr portf gf fstos pfrshcos si ch sf lftfc fc prhmdflos do jfctf CH
ginf.
h Do ic`hrloniþc shmrf ftihdhjìo fs shdolfctf rftrhspfntivo
h Do loyhrìo gf outhrfs nhicnigfc fc suphcfr quf fd hrijfc sf rflhcto od
gfsorrhddh tflproch y quf fxistfc ònthrfs tocth oprfcgighs nhlh
prfgisphcfctfs --3 Fxpfrifcnios troulïtinos auliddoctfs < poroìdio fs uco
`hrlo gf rfporor fd troulo
h Fstugihs rfnifctfs gf cfurhilojfc porfnfc opuctor o ònthrfs
cfurhmihdþjinhs
h Ch sf somf nhc fxontitug qué nouso dos poroìdios
h Dos aipþtfsis icnduyfc o dos fxpfrifcnios troulïtinos fc do icòcnio nhlh fd
omush sfxuod y htros `hrlos gf auliddoniþc
h ]fnifctflfctf sf aoc ghnulfctogh gi`frfcnios fc fd ùcnihcolifcth
cfurhcod gf jrocgfs ïrfos gf lotfrio mdocno fc fd fcnéòdh fc pfrshcos
nhc poighìdio*
! Aoy uc géìnit fc lotfrio mdocno < lfchs tfkigh gf nhcfxiþc fc
vorios ïrfos gfd nfrfmrh < aipþtfsis < prhnfsh gf oprfcgizokf y
nhlprfsiþc hnurrf gi`frfctf
' Fxprfsihcfs gfd nhlphrtolifcth sfxuod
h Whghs dhs sfrfs aulochs tfcflhs do phtfcniodigog gf fxprfsor gf
gi`frfctfs locfros fd frhtislh;
! Fxprfsiþc gf do pfrshcodigog
! Fxprfsiþc gf do òctosìo
! Fxprfsiþc gf do nhcgunto
' ^hspfnao Cfurhùcnihcod
h Fctrf dos nousos mihdþjinhs sf omhrgoc dhs ònthrfs nhcstitunihcodfs;
! Urfgisphsiniþc òlidior
! Géìnit ^frhthcicfrjinh


J]VUH 15=
! ]fdoniþc nhc fd trosthrch hmsfsivh „ nhlpudsivh (WHN) y dhs
trosthrchs gfd nhctrhd gf ilpudshs
h Fc nhcndusiþc, dhs ònthrfs mihdþjinhs gftfrlicorìoc do PVDCF]OMIDIGOG y dhs
fvfcths psinhshniodfs shc dhs ònthrfs GF^FCNOGFCOCWF^
h Urhnfshs Ahrlhcodfs;
! Wfsthstfrhco - Ghpolico
! OUL y Nhrtfzo Urf-`rhctod --3 rfjudo kuinihs
h

Urhnfshs Cfurhìsihdþjinhs;
Cfurhìsihdþjinhs
! Urhnfshs fdéntrinhs; icaimithrihs - fxnitothrihs. --3 Aoy cûndfhs quf sf
fcnorjoc gf icaimir nhcgunto y htrhs quf do fxnitoc
Urhnfshs Nhcguntuodfs;
h
! ^frhthcico fc cûndfh nougogh. @idtrh gf do nhcgunto lhthro

lfgiogh phr ghpolico
! @ikor otfcniþc y `hnodizoniþc fc fd hmkfth poro`ìdinh lfgiogh phr
dhnus nhfrudfhs y nhrtfzo poriftod
! Uhr dh tocth shspfnao h octfnfgfctf gf WGO fc fsths ponifctfs
' Cfurhilojfc y Uoighìdio
Dos poroìdios y fspfnììnolfctf do poighìdio shc trosthrchs nhlpdfkhs quf
h
o`fntoc o civfd;
! Flhnihcod
! ^fxuod
! Lhtivonihcod
! Pfjftotivh
]fshcocnio lojcétino ùcnihcod;
h
! Do poighìdio fsto oshniogo o uco odtfroniþc fc do ontivigog

cfurhcod portinudorlfctf fc do rfjiþc `rhctod y fc fd dþmudh tflphrod
--3 Aoy lfchr

sustocnio
mdocno fc dhs
pfgþìdhs


J]VUH 15=
' Fpigflihdhjìo
h Lïs `rfnufctf fc vorhcfs
h Fgog gf icinih ?>/ ?6 - =0 oÿhs
h Ch prhvhno lodfstor o quifc df pogfnf
h Uhnos vfnfs onugfc o nhcsudto vhductoriolfctf
h Onugfc nuocgh shc nocodizoghs phr outhrigogfs h o pftiniþc gf
òlidiorfs
h

Urhcþstinh rfsfrvogh
h Wifcgfc
o gislicuir nhc`hrlf ovoczo do do fgog2 fc ahlmrfs loyhrfs gf 65
oÿhs dos nhcguntos poroìdinos shc fxnfpnihcodfs
' Ndosiìnoniþc
G^L P; Nolmihs fc nritfrihs gx
h
! Gi`frfcnio fctrf fc`frlfgog y nhcguntos < Gisticniþc fctrf

poroìdios y trosthrchs poroìdinhs
Uothdþjinh< nuocgh norontfrìstino lfrfnfr sfr prfvfcigo,
•
fvitogo, trotogo, fdilicogo h rfporogo

î ch olfrito fsh oucquf sfo gi`frfctf < fs sþdh nhcgunto
•
! Do poroìdio phr si lislo ch kustiìno fd gx ci do ictfrvfcniþc ndìcino

! Dos poroìdios quf nousoc lodfstor h goÿh pfrshcod h rifsjh gf
goÿh pfrshcod o htrhs
! Icnduyf dhs fspfniìnoghrfs;
Fc uc lfgih nhctrhdogh
•
Fc rflisiþc
•
! Urf`frfcnios phr ontivigogfs ocþlodos

# Wrosthrchs gf nhrtfkh
nhrtfkh --3 fs trosthrch phr òdto gf
nhcsfctilifcth
Wrosthrch vhyfuristo
h
W. Fxaiminihcisto
h
W. @rhtfuristo
h
# Wrosthrchs odjhdojcinhs --3
odjhdojcinhs --3 oquì si aoy nhcsfctilifcth, fs
prhmomdf quf gfspués sf quitfc
W. Gf loshquislh sfxuod
h
W. Gf sogislh sfxuod
h
! Ochlodìos fc fd hmkfth gf prf`frfcnio

W. Uoighìdinh --3 ch rfquifrf ci gf nhcsfctilifcth
•
W. @ftinaisto
•
W. Wrovfstisto
•
Ndosiìnoniþc G^L P
h
! Wrosthrch vhyfuristo
! Wrosthrch fxaiminihcisto
! Wrosthrch `rhtfuristo
! Wrosthrch gf loshquislh sfxuod
! Wrosthrch gf sogislh sfxuod
! Wrosthrch poigh`ìdinh
! Wrosthrch `ftinaisto
! Wrosthrch trosvfstisto
! Htrh trosthrch poro`ìdinh fspfniìnogh
! Htrh trosthrch poro`ìdinh ch fspfniìnogh
' Locfkh Ndìcinh

h
Lhtivoniþc
! Do olmivodfcnio fs nhlûc
h Do loyhr portf gf px ch vfc fd goÿh quf nousoc


J]VUH 15=
Do lhtivoniþc fs fd lfkhr prfginthr gf fd éxith tfropéutinh
h
Fd rfnaozh phr portf gf dhs tfropfutos fs `rfnufctf;
h
! î sf locfkoc fsths noshs;

?. Osfjuror quf df shc silidorfs òlidiorfs od tfropfuto
•
=. Fxistfc tx f`fntivhs
•
>. Dos nhcguntos oucquf roros hnurrfc nhc `rfnufcnio

•
' Fvoduoniþc ndìcino

h

Goths gflhjrïìnhs
hGftoddogo
gfsnripniþc gf do nhcgunto otìpino
Aisthrio psinhsfxuod
h
Fvoduoniþc gf do sodug lfctod

h
Fvoduoniþc légino
h
' Giorih gfd px !"#$"% '( $()"*+$%

]fjistrh giorih y gftoddogh gf dos
h
Chlmrf;
loci`fstonihcfs gf do nhcgunto otìpino @fnao;
^f rfnhlifcgo icinior fc nuocth do

h Gfsnripniþc gf do òctosìo h pfcsolifcth;
fvoduoniþc fsté tfrlicogo Gfsnripniþc gf do nhcgunto rfodizogo;
Go oûc lïs ic`hrloniþc y pufgf sfr

h
,-(.+% /5#.+#* /5#.+% 7.+(.*"'#' 1??"9. /%=>;"?#?"9.
-(?(* +"(=>% 6 0 : +%=#'#
usogo fc fd sfjuilifcth
Ictfrrulpf fd prhnfsh outhlïtinh gfd
h 2(.*#="(.+%
% 4#.+#*<#
pfcsolifcth
/%.'5?+#
' Wx
h ]fgunir pfdijrhsigog
! ]ifsjh suinigo
• Wx psinhtfropéutinh
?. ]fgunir pfdijrhsigog • @orlonhdþjinh
=. ûprfsiþc gf do nhcgunto
>. Loctfcilifcth y nhctrhd • Ahspitodizoniþc
7. Wx nhlhrmidigog
6. Jruphs gf outhoyugo ! Goÿh o vìntilos
• Oisdolifcth gf situonihcfs gf rifsjh nhc dos vìntilos
• Icinih tx òrlonhdþjinh poro fd nhctrhd gf nhcgunto
h ûprfsiþc gf do nhcgunto
! Fdiliconiþc gfd lotfriod prhvhnotivh; vigfhs,
vigfhs, rfvistos, vfstilfcto.
! Urhnfgilifcths nhjcitivhs
• Ictfcths fspfnììnhs gf suprfsiþc gf nhcgunto
• Igfctiìnoniþc gf nhjcinihcfs frrþcfos
! Icnrflfctor do noponigog gf flpotìo
! Wfropio Jrupod
h Loctfcilifcth y Nhctrhd
! Urhjrolo gf prfvfcniþc gf rfnoìgos
• Igfctiìnoniþc gf rifsjhs
• Igfctiìnoniþc gf ophyhs
• Vsh gf jruph gf shphrtf
! Gfsorrhddh gf ontivigogfs ch sfxuodfs poro hnupor fd tiflph dimrf
h Wx gf nhlhrmidigog
! Ocsifgog
! Gfprfsiþc
! Aomidigogfs shniodfs
! Wfropio loritod
h Jruphs gf outhoyugo h


J]VUH 15=
' Fsquflo gf tx
h ^^]]I < poro
noshs dfvfs
h î ch fs
suìnifctf <
h
Octiocgrhjfchs
î ch <
Icaimighrfs gf
DA < mdhqufo
tfsthstfrhco
h î ch DA] +
Octiocgrhjfch
' Urhcþstinh
h Nuocgh fd ponifctf fctro fc uc prhjrolo ictfjrod, fd prhchstinh sf
rfphrto nhlh hptilisto
h Fd trotolifcth ictfcsivh gfmf prhdhcjorsf nuocgh lfchs > o 6 oÿhs
h ^f rfquifrf sfjuilifcth o dorjh pdozh;
! „ dhs pfcsolifcths f ilpudshs ch gfsoporfnfc
gfso porfnfc


J]VUH 15=
PIHDFCNIO ^FQVOD
! Onth u hlisiþc ictfcnihcod quf hnosihco uc goÿh, trocsjrfgf uc gfrfnah nhc fd
quf sf musno fd shlftilifcth y nhctrhd gf do vìntilo
! ]fsudtogh
h Dfsiþc
h Lufrtf
h Goÿh psinhdþjinhs
h Wrosthrchs gfd gfsorrhddh (^hniod, @ìsinh h lfctod)
! Pihdfcnio tifcf lunaos `hrlos gf fxprfsiþc y fd civfd gf ilponth fs o thghs dhs
civfdfs
! Gfìciniþc
h Nuodquifr onth quf goÿo h gfjrogo fd nufprh y/h sfxuodigog gf do
vìntilo quf, phr tocth, otfcto nhctro su dimfrtogh gijcigog f ictfjrigog
`ìsino
! Omush gf phgfr
! ûpfrlonìo
! Ahlmrf vs Lukfr
! Ogudth vs lfchr
! Wiphs gf Ojrfsiþc ^fxuod
" PIHDONIÞC
! Nuodquifr afnah nhc fd nuod aoy pfcftroniþc vojicod, ocod y hrod

nhc fd pfcf h nuodquifr hmkfth sic nhcsfctilifcth gf do vìntilo
! Vco gf nogo : lukfrfs sfrï vintilo gf vihdoniþc nhc pfcftroniþc
! Lhtivhs pricnipodfs
• Uhgfr, iro h olmhs
h 79.:% gf dhs noshs fd ojrfshr fro nhchnigh
! Poriomdfs îtuonihcodfs
• Nirnucstocnios privogos y fc dos quf dos phsimidigogfs gf quf
do vintilo sf gf nufcto y pufgo fsnopor sfoc lìcilos
• Fd ahjor uch gf dhs lïs `rfnufctfs
• Htrhs sitihs `rfnufctfs shc do noso h fd nhnaf gfd ojrfshr h
dujorfs oportoghs
• Noshs `rfnufctfs fc ìfstos
• Fd odnhahd y dos grhjos fstïc prfsfctfs fc lunahs noshs
!
Norontfrìstinos
• Ahlmrfsgfd ojrfshr
ilpudsivhs
• Norontfrìstinos gf pfrshcodigog octishniod
• Odto fxnitomidigog sfxuod --3 nhc lìcilh fstiludh tifcfc
fxnitoniþc
• Moko flpotìo y géìnit gf aomidigogfs shniodfs
• Ontitugfs y nrffcnios troginihcodfs rfspfnth o dhs rhdfs gf
jécfrh
• îfctfc ahstidigog aonio do lukfr
! Urhthnhdh gf Otfcniþc légino o vìntilos gf vihdoniþc
• Aonf uchs oÿhs sf aizh uc prhthnhdh gf otfcniþc poro
pfrshcos quf aoc su`righ fd gfdith gf vihdoniþc
• Fvfcth ojugh;
?. Guroctf dos prilfros =7 ars fc sfrvinih gf urjfcnios
=. Ictfrrhjothrih léginh girijigh o fvfcth troulïtinh
`ìsinh
>. Fxpdhroniþc `ìsino nhlpdfto


J]VUH 15=
7. Fxpdhroniþc jicfnhdþjino
6. Fxpdhroniþc cfurhdþjino
0. Domhrothrihs; gfsnortor icthxinonihcfs,
phstfrihrlfctf IW^
:. Lfginolfcths
! Octinhcnfpniþc gf flfrjfcnio
! Ocsihdìtinhs
! Octimiþtinhs, ocodjésinhs
! Octiic`dolothrihs
! Fsquflo prhìdïntinh nhc octirftrhvirodfs
1. Urhnfgilifcths quirûrjinhs fc nosh cfnfsorih
• Ilponth Usinhdþjinh
• Nolmihs fc fstidh gf vigo
• Lifgh phr do phsimidigog gf ùturhs omushs
• ]fstricjf do vigo gf do lukfr
• ^ìcthlos nrþcinhs `rfnufctfs;
! Lifgh, ocsifgog, gfprfsiþc, `hmios,
outhfstilo moko, prhmdflos gf okustf sfxuod,
gisùcnihcfs sfxuodfs y trosthrchs gf fstrés
phstroulïtinhs, sìcthlos psinhshlïtinhs
h Otfcniþc psinhdþjino sf givigf fc > òsfs -

ii.i. @osf gf ilponth h rfonniþc iclfgioto
phstroulïtino
?. Nuocgh ch rfnimiþ otfcniþc iclfgioto
iii. @osf gf rfshduniþc
• ]fnupfroniþc gfd troulo psinhdþjinh
! --3 Uufgfc sfr oÿhs gf tx < aoy odtfroniþc
psinhshlïtino
• Ilponth gf do vihdoniþc
h Fd phrnfctokf gf lukfrfs quf aoc tfcigh igfos
suinigos h quf aoc ictfctogh gfrivogh gf do
vihdfcnio suinigo
h Hnurrf lïs nucogh vihdfcnio `ìsino flhnihcod h
fnhchlino
" AH^WIJOLIFCWH H ONH^H

AH^WIJOLIFCWH
! Nhcguntos ictiligoctfs fc fd ïlmith gf uco rfdoniþc domhrod h
fsnhdor
! ]fdonihcfs gf phgfr
! ^f fcnufctroc lirogos, podomros, mrhlos, shdinitos òvhrfs sfxuodfs,
osì nhlh thnolifcth ch prhvhnoghs ci gfsfoghs
! Fsth omorno uc fspfntrh quf vo gf dh sutid aosto do fxijfcnio o
trovés gf do ilphsiniþc
! :1% gf lukfrfs aomìoc su`righ ahstijolifcth nhc nhcsfnufcnios
`ìsino h flhnihcodfs nhlh prhgunth gf do fxpfrifcnio vivigo
! Pudcfromidigog fnhcþlino
! ^ìcthlos lïs `rfnufctfs; Ocsifgog, gfprfsiþc, ghdhr gf nomfzo,
trosthrchs gfd sufÿh, prhmdflos jostrhictfsticodfs, nolmihs gf pfsh,
cousfos y gisùcniþc sfxuod
! Wrosthrch phr fstrés phstroulïtinh
!
Wrosthrch gf ocjustio
Oulfcto nhcsulh gf odnhahd
!
! Nhlpdinonihcfs gf do ojrfsiþc sfxuod


J]VUH 15=
h ôdug `ìsino
h ôdug rfprhguntivo y sfxuod
h ôdug lfctod
h Dftodfs (lhrtodfs)
" Nirnucstocnio ilphrtoctf

h Fxistfcnio gf ìsnodìo nfctrod poro gfdiths sfxuodfs fc do Nhdhcio gfd Poddf
! Omush sfxuod icòctid (OÎ)

h Gfìciniþc
! Nhctonth `ìsinh h visuod, nhlftigh phr uc icgiviguh fc fd nhctfxth
sfxuod, nhc vihdfcnio, fcjoÿh, h sfgunniþc, octf do icnoponigog
gfd ciÿh poro nhcsfctir, fc virtug gf su fgog y gi`frfcnio gf phgfr
h Wiphs gf OÎ (Nhc nhctonth `ìsinh y sic nhctonth `ìsinh)
! Gfscugfz
! Fxphsiniþc o lotfriod sfxuodlfctf fxpdìnith
! Whnolifcth nhrphrod
! Losturmoniþc
! ^fxh hrod, ocod y/h jfcitod
! Fxaiminihcislh

!! Icsicuonihcfs
Urfsfcnior nhlhsfxuodfs
omusoc sfxuodlfctf gf htrh icòctf
! Fxphsiniþc o onths sfxuodfs fctrf ogudths
! Urhstituniþc phrchjrïìno icòctid
h Gicïlino gfd OÎ
! Do nhfrniþc
• Fd ojrfshr utidizo su situoniþc gf phgfr h ùfrzo poro
ictfrontuor sfxuodlfctf nhc fd ciÿh2 icnduyf dos olfcozos,
fd fcjoÿh, do sfgunniþc, do ùfrzo `ìsino h olmos
! Do gi`frfcnio gf fgog y gfd civfd gf gfsorrhddh nhjcitivh
• Ch aoy dimfrtog gf gfnisiþc h nhcsfctilifcth olmhs phsffc
fxpfrifcnios, jrogh gf loguroniþc mihdþjino y
fxpfntotivos gi`frfctfs
! Wiph gf nhcgunto sfxuod
• Fs cfnfsorih gi`frfcnior dos prïntinos chrlodfs h kufjhs
sfxuodfs, quf sf goc fctrf ciÿhs nhc fgog silidor ( 7 o 0

oÿhs) y dos nhcguntos omusivos
h HL^ ( =55=)
! Fstilh quf;
• ?65 liddhcfs gf ciÿos y
• :> liddhcfs gf ciÿhs lfchrfs gf ?1 oÿhs fxpfrilfctorìoc
rfdonihcfs sfxuodfs `hrzogos u htros `hrlos gf vihdfcnio
sfxuod nhc nhctonth `ìsinh
• Hnurrf fc thghs dhs poìsfs, fc thghs dhs civfdfs shniodfs
• 95.9% gf dhs noshs hnurrf gfctrh gf do noso gf dhs lfchrfs
h @onthrfs lfgioghrfs gfd omush sfxuod icòctid
icòctid
! Fd ilponth flhnihcod gf uco ojrfsiþc sfxuod fsto lhgudogh phr 7
voriomdfs
• Fd pfrìd icgiviguod gf do vìntilo; Fstomidigog psinhdþjino,
fgog, sfxh y nhctfxth òlidior

• Dos norontfrìstinos gfd omush; `rfnufcnio, sfvfrigog,
vihdfcnio h olfcozos2 nrhcinigog


J]VUH 15=
• Do rfdoniþc fxistfctf nhc fd omusoghr

• Dos nhcsfnufcnios oshniogos od gfsnumrilifcth gfd omush;
ophyh òlidior, gfsictfjroniþc òlidior, gfcucnio
h Norontfrìstinos gfd vintilorih
! Fstugih ?55 ciÿhs y ciÿos
! Pintilorih;
• 96% gfd jécfrh losnudich --3 do loyhrìo shc aftfrhsfxuodfs,
aftfrhsfxuo dfs,
•
pfrshcos

nhchnigos
?55% nhchnigh phr do vìntilo
• Afrloch loyhr ?9%
• Uogrf mihdþjinh ?6%
• Uogrostrh 7%
• Urilhs ?1%
• Wìhs ?0%
! Pintilo
• Fgog prhlfgih 6.: oÿhs
• Ciÿos ::%
• Olfcozos :5%
• Lodtroth `ìsinh nhc rfdoniþc od omush :5%
• Whnoghs fc jfcitodfs 75%
• Ufcftroniþc phr novigog =6%
•
• Fc noso
Noso gfdgf do vìntilo
vintilorih 76%
?=%
• =6% portiniph lïs gf uc vintilorih
! ¸Omush sfxuod Hc Dicf h Jrhhlicj8

h Jrhhlicj
! Nuodquifr pfrshco quf ictfctf nhctontor nhc uc(o) lfchr nhc
ictfcnihcfs sfxuodfs, oucquf dh aojo omifrtolfctf. Fstos
ictfcnihcfs sf nfctroc fc uc nhctonth sfxuod hcdicf, jfcfrodlfctf
vìo wfmnol, y quf jfcfro lotfriod quf lïs torgf fs nhlportigh
nhc htrhs, y quf sþdh fc odjucos hnosihcfs ddfvo h prftfcgf ddfvor o
uc fcnufctrh sfxuod `ìsinh
h Uricnipodfs rifsjhs quf olfcozoc o dhs lïs pfqufÿhs fc do ]fg
! Ilïjfcfs gf omush sfxuod icòctid
! Jrhhlicj gf lfchrfs
! ^fxticj
! Nimfrmuddycj/nimfronhsh
h Jrhhlfr prhlfgih
! Uufgf tfcfr aosto =55 lfchrfs fc sus distos gf olijhs
! Fc gi`frfctfs òsfs gfd prhnfsh gf jrhhlicj nogo uco
! Uufgf guror gfsgf uchs licuths o lfsfs
! Dos vìntilos lïs `rfnufctf gfd jrhhlicj shc dos nainos
oghdfsnfctfs
h Ftopos gfd Jrhhlicj
! Fd omush sfxuod phr Ictfrcft dh aonfc phr dh jfcfrod ahlmrfs ogudths,
fc fspfniod nhctro ciÿos gf cufvf o ?7 oÿhs
?. Fcjocnaf;
Fd jrhhlfr icjrfso o Ictfrcft y nhctonto o do lfchr
h
fc nuodquifro gf sus rfgfs, sf joco su nhcìoczo, sf

igfctiìno nhlh uc ciÿh, ciÿo h oghdfsnfctf, h nhlh
uco pfrshco ogudto olijomdf y nhcìomdf
=. Ic`hrloniþc


J]VUH 15=
h Fd jrhhlfr pigf ic`hrloniþc, ndovf y cfnfsorio gf do

vintilo
>. ^fgunniþc
Fd jrhhlfr kufsjo nhc dhs gfsfhs gf rhlocnf y
h
ovfcturo gf dos ciÿos

Dfs aonf nrffr quf fsto fcolhrogh gf fddos
h
Nhcsijuf quf do lfchr sf gfsvisto, sf thquf, sf

h
losturmf
`rfctf o dohnïloro
rfodinf htrh tiph gf ontivigog sfxuod,
gfd nhlputoghr
h Gistrimuyf y nhlfrniodizo fstos ilïjfcfs phr do rfg
nhlh phrchjro`ìo
h Hmtifcf ic`hrloniþc poro nhctontor o htros ciÿos
h Aonf nrffr o dhs lfchrfs quf fs chrlod aomdor gf
sfxh, vfr phrchjro`ìo y tfcfr rfdonihcfs o nhrto fgog
7. Onhsh
Fd omusoghr olfcozo o do vintilo nhc fxphcfr sus
h
`hths y vigfhs fc dos rfgfs si rfnaozo sus prhpufstos
H do nhcvfcnf gf vfrsf nhc éd poro nhcnrftor fd
h
omush sfxuod h poro vicnudordo o do troto gf pfrshcos

! ^fxticj; htro tfcgfcnio fc odto
Uodomro nhlpufsto, gfìcf do onniþc gf fcvìh gf ilïjfcfs nhc nhctfcigh
h
h sfxuod,
îc —sfx“, o trovés
nhcsfctilficth gf lfcsokfs gf tfxth, `hthjro`ìos h vigfh, —tfxticj“
< omush
! Nhcsfnufcnios gfd OÎ

Dos nhcsfnufcnios gfd OÎ
h
! O gi`frfctfs civfdfs;
Nhcguntuod
•
Flhnihcod
•
@ìsinh
•
^hniod
•
^fxuod
•
! Uricnipodfs sìcthlos fc vìntilos gf omush sfxuod

Gf dh lïs ilphrtoctfs fs fd nolmih fc fd potrþc gfd nhlphrtolifcth gfd
h
pfqufÿh
! Gx
h Fctrfvisto nhc fd nuigoghr y fd hx
h Fxpdhroniþc `ìsino


J]VUH 15=
h Fxïlfcfs gf domhrothrih y prhìdoxis ocitlinrhmioco
h Fvoduoniþc psinhdþjino y psiquiïtrino
h Ictfjroniþc gfd gx
! Wx
h Ictfjrod
! Ufrshcod; @ìsinh, psiquiïtrinh „ psinhdþjinh
! @olidior; tfropio òlidior
! Léginh; gf onufrgh nhc dhs sìcthlos h dfsihcfs prfsfctfs
! Wx od ojrfshr
! U]FPFCNIÞC


J]VUH 15=
GI^@H]IO GF JÉCF]H
# Nhcnfpths
h Igfctigog gf Jécfrh
! Fs nhlh tifcf su lornh ictfrch gf rf`frfcnio (outhpfrnfpniþc)
! Nhcstrunniþc gf pfrtfcfcnio
! ^fctigh gf do prhpio icgiviguodigog nhlh vorþc, lukfr h olmivodfctf
!
^f fxpfrilfcto fc do prhpio nhcnifcnio y nhcgunto
Fxpfrifcnio privogo gfd rhd gf jécfrh
!
h ]hd gf jécfrh
! Whgh oqufddh quf uco pfrshco ginf h aonf, poro icginor o dhs gflïs
h sì lislh fd jrogh fc fd quf fs ahlmrf, lukfr h olmivodfctf
! Icnduyf, pfrh ch sf rfstricjf o do fstiludoniþc y rfspufsto sfxuod
! Fxprfsiþc pumdino gf do igfctigog gf jécfrh
# Gfsorrhddh gf do Igfctigog gf Jécfrh
h Nhc`hrloniþc gf igfctigog sf aonf nhc
dos fxpfrifcnio y nhcstrunniþc gf do
nhcìjuroniþc ictropsiquiod
h Fsth ch nuogro o vfnfs phrquf dh quf
fsto fc rhkith fs prfcotod
h Nuogrith ozud < uco vfz quf conf
h
O dhs = oÿhs gfgf
nhchnilifcth fgog, dhs ciÿhs yogftifcfc
dos notfjhrìos
jécfrh, o
jécfrh, o do por gf thlor nhcnifcnio gf
su igfctigog
h dhs : oÿhs
Aosto dhs : oÿhs do igfctigog gf jécfrh sf
nhcshdigo
h Gf = „ 6.0 oÿhs < dhs ciÿhs flpifzoc o
gfnir quf shc htro nhso
h î gfspués gf dhs : oÿhs sijuf fstocgh
ginifcgh quf gf htrh jfcfrh < fs fvigfcnio gf gis`hrio gf jécfrh
# ¸ _ué fs Wrocs8
h jécfrh; jrogh fc do quf do igfctigog gf jécfrh gf uco
Icnhc`hrligog gf jécfrh; jrogh
pfrshco, giìfrf gf dos chrlos nudturodfs prffsnriths poro dos pfrshcos gf uc
gftfrlicogh sfxh
h trocsfxuodislh ;
Wrocsfxuodigog h trocsfxuodislh ; situoniþc fxtrflo gf do gisnhrgocnio
fctrf do igfctigog gf jécfrh y fd sfxh mihdþjinh
h Gis`hrio sfxh/ jécfrino
jécfrino;; icnhlhgigog h lodfstor nousogh phr uco
gisnrfpocnio fctrf do igfctigog gf jécfrh gf uco pfrshco y fd sfxh gf do
pfrshco osijcogh od confr (fd rhd gf jécfrh h dhs norontfrfs sfxuodfs
prilorih y sfnucgorihs)
h Wrocsfxuod ahlmrf o lukfr ; LVKF] W]OC^FQVOD, sf igfctiìno nhlh lukfr,
oucquf sf somf ocotþlinolfctf vorþc.
h Wrocsfxuod lukfr o ahlmrf
ahlmrf;; AHLM]F W]OC^FQVOD, sf igfctiìno nhlh
ahlmrf, oucquf sf somf ocotþlinolfctf lukfr
# Gisnusiþc
h ¡Lf sifcth otropogE fc uc nufrph quf ch lf nhrrfsphcgf!
! ¸Do trocsfxuodigog fs uc prhmdflo gf sodug lfctod y cfnfsito
otfcniþc psiquiïtrino8
! ¸Do trocsfxuodigog fs uco fxprfsiþc gi`frfctf gf do sfxuodigog
auloco8
! Fs gfnir --3 î fs uc prhmdflo gf sodug lfctod h fs uco vorioniþc gfd
fspfntrh sfxuod


J]VUH 15=
# G^L P
h ¸Gis`hrio gf Jécfrh8

! ^f gfko gf aomdor gf trosthrchs gf igfctigog gf jécfrh
! Fd térlich Gis`hrio gf Jécfrh poro ochtor fd nolmih fc do
nhcnfptuodizoniþc
! î sf aonf do rfosijconiþc fspfniìnor phst trocsiniþc
# ¸Nhc quf htrhs prhmdflos gi`frfcnior8
h Gx gi`frfcniod
! W@ <
Wrosthrch
`ftinaisto
# ¸ @rfnufcnio8
h ? gf nogo ??,955 ahlmrfs y fc(Lt@)
h ? gf nogo >5,755 lukfrfs (@tL)
h Aoy los lukfrfs trocs quf ahlmrfs trocs < lïs ahlmrf o lukfr
# ¸Uhr qué sf prfsfcto8
h Fstrìo tfrlicod
! îrvf nhlh do loyhr vìo f`frfctf gf do olijgodo nfrfmrod
! Gisnurrf gfsgf su givisiþc nhrtinhlfgiod od cûndfh vfctrhlfgiod gfd
aiphtïdolh
! Uortinipo fc dos rfspufstos od fstrés y do ocsifgog
! Mosf mihdþjino gf do igfctigog sfxuod
! Fc tfhrìo gf do "fsfcnio `flfcico" gf do trocsfxuodigog
h Aipþtfsis
! ^f lufstro quf fd cûndfh gf do
nolo gf do fstrìo tfrlicod fs los
jrocgf fc ahlmrfs quf fc lukfrfs
! Fd cûndfh gf do nolo gf do fstrìo !" $%&'() *)+)(%,)-./5
tfrlicod sf fcnhctrþ gfd toloÿh ?" =.>)( *)+)(%,)-./5
`flfcich fc trocsfxuodfs ahlmrf- 7" $%&'() *%&%,)-./5
=0+0:
6" =0+0:
lukfr, do gi`frfcnio ch fstuvh
ic`dufcniogo phr dos ahrlhcos gfd
ogudth y fro icgfpfcgifctf gf do
hrifctoniþc sfxuod


J]VUH 15=
h Ontivigog nfrfmrod y L@ W
!"#$%&'
!"#$%&'
! Zf rfvfodfg o nfrfmrod ontivotihc
pottfrc ic LW@ trocssfxuods
nhlporfg wita lodf nhctrhds silidor
th `flodf nhctrhds nhlporfg wita )*+&%&'
lodf nhctrhds guricj vifwicj h`

frhtin stiludi, icginoticj o tfcgfcny
h` `flodf-dibf nfrfmrod prhnfssicj ic ),-,.
trocssfxuodisl
• ]fonniþc gf fstiludh sfxuod <
tfcìo lïs potrþc `flfcich quf
losnudich
• Lt` < Lodf th @flodf
h Afrfgomidigog < Waf afritomidity h` jfcgfr igfctity gishrgfr ic o naidg ocg

oghdfsnfct twic solpdf.
! Nhlphcfctf jfcétinh
! Dhs pogrfs gf >?7 jflfdhs
! Fgogfs 7-?: oÿhs
! 90 porfs gf jflfdhs lhchnijþtinhs
! 0? ginijþtinhs

! Icvfctorihuco
nhctifcf gf Ufrshcodigog Nhhdigjf
gf sfis pucths y Cfurhpsinhdþjino
G^L-IP nhc (I]FN), quf
sfgf fc fsnodo JIG
! Dhs rfsudtoghs ophyoc do aipþtfsis gf quf fxistf uc ùfrtf
nhlphcfctf afrfgitorih gf JIG
! Dhs aoddozjhs tolmiéc ilpdinoc
ilpdinoc quf do igfctigog gf jécfrh pufgf sfr
lunah lfchs uco nufstiþc gf fdfnniþc y lunah lïs uco nufstiþc
gf mihdhjìo.
# Wrocsfxuodigog y pfrshcodigog
h Od utidizor fd LLUI fcnufctroc quf;
! Dimrfs gf psinhpothdhjìo, do ûcino fsnodo quf lhstrþ gi`frfcnios ùf do
sumfsnodo gf losnudicigog „ `flicigog
! ^f gftfntþ do prfsfcnio gf uc trosthrch gf pfrshcodigog fc fd >-7%
gf do lufstro (mhrgfrdicf h fsquizhigf)
! Dhs rfsudtoghs rfsudtorhc lïs pothdþjinhs fc fd jruph quf ch sf aomìo
rfodizogh do nirujìo gf rfosijconiþc sfxuod
! ?6% gf dhs quf shdinitoc nolmih o lukfr
! :% gf dhs quf shdinitoc nolmih o ahlmrf
Gfsnriths nhlh; pfrshcodigog icfstomdf, iclogurfz lfctod,
•
phno thdfrocnio o do `rustroniþc, icfstomidigog flhnihcod,

giìnudtog fc fd nhctrhd gf dhs ilpudshs y nhcgunto ojrfsivo ----3
GI^@H]IO
! --3 Fctrf lfchs onfptoniþc tfcjoc su pfrshcodigog fs lïs icfstomdfs,
ftn
# Nuigoghs poro dos pfrshcos trocsfxuodfs
h Urfginthrfs gf Gistrés y Gftfrihrh ùcnihcod
! Gistrfs
]fnaozh òlidior H] 6.5
•
! Gftfrihrh ^hniod
•

]fnaozh nhlpoÿfrhs H] =.?
• Pihdfcnio @ìsino H] =.=

! Gftfrihrh @olidior


J]VUH 15=
• ]fnaozh òlidior H] 1.?

Pihdfcnio ^fxuod H] >.9
•
! Gftfrihrh Fsnhdor
]fnaozh nhlpoÿfrhs H] >.>
•
Pihdfcnio Usinhdþjino H] =.5

•
Ufgir sfr ddologh nhlh fd jécfrh gfsfogh H] ?.:

•
h ^tocgorgs h` Norf
! Fsquflo gf Wx
• Fxpfrifcnio gf do vigo rfod
rfod < sf oghpto do fxprfsiþc gfsfogo
Mokh supfrvisiþc psinhtfropéutino
h
Oghptor fd rhd gfd sfxh gfsfogh

h
Ictfctor rfodizor dos ontivigogfs fc gi`frfctfs ïrfos;

h
! @olidior
! ^hniod
! Domhrod
! Ufrshcod
Uopfd gfd psiquiotro fc fd tx
h
! Podhror do gis`hrio gf jécfrh y civfd gf okustf

psinhshniod
! Hrifctor shmrf do `hrlos poro do fxprfsiþc gfd rhd gf
jécfrh y dos phsimdfs ictfrvfcnihcfs léginos

! Fvoduor, giojchstinor
trotolifcth y gisnutir dos hpnihcfs
poro do nhfxistfcnio gf gf
gf prhmdflos
sodug lfctod
! Podhror do cfnfsigog, prfporor y rf`frir poro icinior
tfropio ahrlhcod
! Podhror do cfnfsigog, prfporo y rf`frir poro nirujìo
! Usinhtfropio siflprf y nuocgh sfo rfqufrigo (poro
prhnfshs gf ogoptoniþc)
• ]fosijconiþc ahrlhcod
• ]fosijconiþc quirûrjino
• Usinhtfropio ( hpnihcod)
h Wx gfmf sfr icgiviguodizogh
! Odjuchs cfnfsitoc ahrlhcos, nolmihs fc rhdfs gf jécfrh pfrh ch
nirujìo
! Htrhs rfquifrfc nolmihs fc rhdfs gf jécfrh, shdh nhc nirujìo sic
tfropio ahrlhcod
! Fd trotolifcth poro gis`hrio gf jécfrh gfmf sfr icgiviguodizogh
! Gfnigir dos hpnihcfs gf trotolifcth poro odivior do gis`hrio gf jécfrh
h Hpnihcfs poro fd shphrtf shniod y do fxprfsiþc gf jécfrh
! Oginihcod od trotolifcth psinhdþjinh y léginh sf rfnhlifcgo;
• ^fcsimidizor o jruphs shniodfs quf mricgfc ophyh
• ^fcsimidizor jruph òlidior cundfor y fxtfcsh
• Gfsorrhddor aomidigogfs gf nhlucinoniþc poro ictfrontuor nhc
do igfctigog y rhd gf jécfrh
• Nolmihs fstétinhs fxtfrchs quf òniditfc ictfronniþc shniod
• Nolmih gf chlmrf fc ghnulfcths
hìniodfs
h Nirujìo
! ]fquifrf; Hpiciþc gf = prh`fsihcodfs gf
sodug lfctod
! Uoshs
?. Lostfnthlìo


J]VUH 15=
=. Aistfrfnthlìo
>. Hh`hrfnthlìo
7. Ufcfpdostìo
# @onthrfs oshnioghs nhc uc lfkhr px

h Fd nhctonth nhcticuh gfd ponifctf nhc uc nfctrh gf trotolifcth.
h Do fxpfrifcnio gf vigo rfod
h

Aomfr rfnimigh trotolifcth gf rfosijconiþc ahrlhcod,
h Usinhtfropäo y nhcsfkfrìo.

h Nirujìo
h Nodigog gf do nirujìo.
h ]fnhchnilifcth dfjod gfd nolmih gf sfxh.
# Lornh dfjod dhnod
h Fc Léxinh, CH fxistfc dfyfs quf nrilicodinfc do hrifctoniþc sfxuod h do
igfctigog gf jécfrh
h Fd onnfsh o sfrvinihs gf sodug ch tifcfc cicjûc ilpfgilfcth dfjod poro su
ush
h Fxistf do hpniþc gf nolmior do igfctigog dfjod gf conilifcth (NGLQ)
h Fc =559, do NGLQ lhgiìnþ su chrlotivigog poro otfcgfr o phmdoniþc trocs
h Fc fd ortìnudh =7, sfnniþc QQI fstipudo
! Gfsorrhddor uc prhjrolo gf sodug fspfniodizogh poro pfrshcos
trocsjécfrh y trocsfxuodfs
psinhtfropéutinh o trovés gf
f ilpdflfctoniþc gftxlfgigos
ahrlhcod, ophyh
prfvfctivos
oprhpiogos y tx léginh poro dos IW^ y fd PIA
h Hmkftivh ; ]f`hrlo poro;
! Joroctizor gfrfnah od lotrilhcih o pfrshcos lislh sfxh
! Ijuodgog gf nhcginihcfs poro oghpniþc
! Joroctizor igfctigog gf jécfrh
! Givhrnih sic fxprfsiþc gf nouso
! Htros vorios; lotrilhcih loyhrfs ?1 oÿhs

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DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

! ]fsudtogh gf do ictfronniþc gf givfrshs `onthrfs;

h ^odug sfxuod fxprfsoc siflprf

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

nhcsigfro quf fsto mifc; fkflpdh; losturmoniþc fs lodo

gfsorrhddocgh fc`rfctocgh o do shnifgog

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

Fd gfsorrhddh gf do sfxuodigog gfsgf do tfhrìo gf

h Fkflpdh Ndìcinh gf do Wfhrìo gf dhs Ahdhcfs;

^hniod; ilponth fc nhlh dh

Oglicistror IUGF6 ( Piojro)

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

tolmiéc psinhdþjinhs, cfurhdþjinhs, ahrlhcodfs 3 do rfspufsto sfxuod fs uc

Vco h lïs rozhcfs poro

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

! Lhgfdhs guodfs gf do rfspufsto sfxuod

! Do rfspufsto sfxuod gfpfcgf gfd modocnf gicïlinh fctrf dhs `onthrfs gf

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

! Urfjuctor quf df justo, si fddo tifcf jocos octfs gf aonfrdh

@rfnufcnios gf musnor- prhnuror fcnufctrhs

! _ué tocth musno o su porfko, quifc flpifzo

! Nuocgh su fsphsh quifrf tfcfr rfdonihcfs sfxuodfs , quf

Pìo gf gfsfh sijuf fcnfcgigo

Gfd dhnus Nhrfrudfus sf ontivoc vìos fxnitothrios

Fd icnrflfcth fc do ontivigog chrogrfcfrjino rfsudto fc ontivoniþc

pfri`érino; oulfcth gf `rfnufcnio norgiono, sughr, nolmihs

! Icnrflfcths fc WO, @],

Fstor nhcnfctrogo h nhcfntogo nhc do fxpfrifcnio pdonfctfrh

! Urfjuctor si fsto pfcsocgh fc htrh nhso

Fyonudoniþc `élico, nhctronnihcfs gfd pish pédvinh, sf pifrgf do chniþc

_uiftug phsthrjïslino rfdotivo gf do nhctrontidigog utfrico y gf trhlpos

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

Oshnio nhc do ontivigog sfrhthcicfrjino oulfctogo y uco gislicuniþc gf

do ontivigog gf ghpolico y chrfpicf`rico

Do sfrhthcico sf dimfro fc do nhrtfzo prf`rhctod y fstiludo dos vìos quf

hrjoslh (nhlh quf ch ddfjoc)

" FD NF]FM]H F^ VC Þ]JOCH @VCGOLFCWOD FC DO @VCNIÞC ^FQVOD

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

" Lhgfdh gf do rfspufsto sfxuod !

Usiquiotro y psinhocodisto quf gih fstrunturo

" Lhgfdhs guodfs gf do nhcgunto sfxuod

Lfsthc,N. Waf Cfurhmihdhjy h` ^fxuod @ucntihc. Orna Jfc Usynaiotry.=555, :

Ghpolico fs ilphrtoctf fc thghs dh civfdfs

Gfsfh; prhjfstfrhco, fstrþjfch, tfthstfrhco

Fxnitoniþc --3 Urhdontico y nhrtishd shc icaimighrfs

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

! Lufstro quf vorihs

! Lufstro dos ïrfos y dh quf sunfgf fc nogo uco dos `osfs

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

nfrfmrh nhlh fd sistflo dìlminh

@rfnufcnio gf `octosìos h pfcsolifcths

@rfnufcnio gf musnor-prhnuror fcnufctrhs

]fspufsto octf do fstiludoniþc phr portf gf do porfko

DOV]O LO]ÌO ]FYF^ H]WFJO

Nfctrh gf frfnniþc porosilpïtinh rf`dfxþjfcinh

! Ocothlìo gf dhs sicushigfs

Pfco ghrsod prh`ucgo

h Fstrunturos ilphrtoctfs poro do frfnniþc ;

Nhctronniþc y rfdokoniþc gf dos nédudos