DFLFOFB

LI@FKELPY]FK MFK GCKFKACFO MCQ]PIQQ

Mcfjulfk Yktul Didikubc ]uefs Dftf Luocfb Dfkfjidik Liufkefk Qtrftijccl 

Mhsik ^ikefdpu

Mr. Bj. Iooik Pusocftc. QI. DQCI

Mcsusuk Hoib :

Oivy Fcoikf Wcvcfk

63=>6>609

^PHEPFD Q]YMC DFKFJIDIK

GFLYO]FQ ILHKHDC MFK @CQKCQ
YKCWIPQC]FQ ^FQYKMFK @FKMYKE
63DJA
 

LF]F ^IKEFK]FP 

^ujc mfk syulur Fobfdmuocoofb lfdc pfkjftlfk libfmcrft Foofb QU] yfke
sikfktcfsf did`irclfk Pfbdft mfk Bcmfyfb-Kyf lipfmf lfdc, sibckeef lfdc
mfpft dikyioisfclfk
dikyioisfclfk dflfofb ‟Li`fkelrutfk
‟Li`fkelrutfk mfk  Gckfkacfo Mcstriss—.
Mcstriss—. Dflsum mfk tujufk
 pikuocsfk dflfofb ckc fmfofb uktul dioikelfpc sfofb sftu syfrft dikidpub tuefs dftf
luocfb Dfkfjidik Liufkefk Qtrftiecs. Lfdc dikyfmfrc `fbwf mfofd pikyusukfk dflfofb
ckc dfscb jfub mclftflfk `fcl mfk sidpurkf, sirtf dfscb `fkyfl lilurfkefk lfrikf
litir`ftfsfk lidfdpufk mfk pikeitfbufk lfdc. Hoib lfrikf ctu mikefk tfkefk
tir`ulf
tir`ulf pikyusuk
pikyusuk dikircdf sfrfk mfk lrctcl
lrctcl yfke `irscgft did`fkeuk
did`fkeuk.. ^rhsis
^rhsis pikyusukfk
pikyusukfk
dflfof
dflfofb
b ckc tiktuk
tiktukyf
yf `fkyfl
`fkyfl didpir
didpirhoi
hoib
b `fktuf
`fktufk
k mfk muluke
mulukefk
fk mfrc
mfrc `ir`fe
`ir`fefc
fc pcbfl.
pcbfl.
]irutfdf lipfmf C`u Mr. Bj. Iooik Pusocftc. QI. DQCI. sioflu mhsik dftf luocfb Dfkfjidik
Liufkefk Qtrftiecs, yfke tiofb did`cd`cke lfdc siofdf prhsis `iofjfr mcmfofd liofs,
lfdc uafplfk
uafplfk tircdflfscb
tircdflfscb.. Mfk tcmfl oupf uktul
uktul tidfk-tidfk
tidfk-tidfk sijfwftfk
sijfwftfk mcprhmc
mcprhmc
dfkfjidik Ykcvirsctfs ^fsukmfk, tircdflfscb ftfs mhrhkefkkyf.

Flbcr
Flbcr lftf
lftf lfdc
lfdc `irbfr
`irbfrfp
fp pikyus
pikyusukf
ukfk
k ofphrf
ofphrfk
k ckc mfpft
mfpft `irdfk
`irdfkgff
gfftt `fec
`fec lfdc
lfdc
lbususkyf, mfk pid`faf pfmf ududkyf.

@fkmuke, Dic 0>06

^ikyusuk

c
 

@F@ C

^IKMFBYOYFK

6.6 Oftfr
Oftfr @ioflfk
@ioflfke
e
Fkafdf
Fkafdfk
k li`fke
li`fkelru
lrutfk
tfk mfpft
mfpft mcfofd
mcfofdcc sitcfp
sitcfp pirusfb
pirusfbffk
ffk,, `fcl
`fcl pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k
liaco dfupuk `isfr yfke tcmfl dfdpu `irsfcke ftfu `irlid`fke mfofd dikjfofklfk
usfbfky
usfbfkyf.
f. Li`fke
Li`fkelru
lrutfk
tfk suftu
suftu pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k mcfwfo
mcfwfocc mikefk
mikefk dukauo
dukauokyf
kyf lisuoc
lisuoctfk
tfk
liufkefk. Lisuoctfk liufkefk suftu pirusfbffk mfpft tirairdck mfrc ckmclfthr lckirjf
yflkc fpf`cof pirusfbffk dikefofdc lisuoctfk liufkefk jfkelf pikmil (oclucmctfs)
yfke tcmfl sieirf mcftfsc flfk dikeflc`ftlfk lisuoctfk liufkefk jfkelf pfkjfke
(shov
(shovf`
f`co
coct
ctfs)
fs) si
sibc
bcke
keef
ef mf
mfpf
pftt `i
`iru
ruju
juke
ke pf
pfmf
mf li
li`f
`fke
kelr
lrut
utfk
fk suft
suftu
u pi
piru
rusfb
sfbff
ffk
k
(Qubfrdfk, 0>>5).
Fkfocscs li`fkelrutfk dirupflfk sfofb sftu afrf yfke mfpft mceukflfk uktul 
didprimclsc
didprimclsc li`fkelrutfk.
li`fkelrutfk. Fkfocscs ckc sfkeft `irdfkgfft
`irdfkgfft `fec pirusfbffk uktul 
dioflulfk fktcscpfsc yfke mcpiroulfk mfrc pirckeftfk fwfo li`fkelrutfk. Qidflck
fwfo
fwfo tfkm
tfkmf-t
f-tfk
fkmf
mf li
li`f
`fke
kelr
lrut
utfk
fk tirsi
tirsi`u
`utt mc
mcti
tidu
dulf
lfk,
k, sidfl
sidflck
ck `f
`fcl
cl `f
`fec
ec pc
pcbf
bfl 
l 
dfkfjidik, lfrikf mfpft dioflulfk pir`fclfk sijfl fwfo (Bfkfgc, 0>>1:071).
Gckfka
Gckfkacfo
cfo mcstris
mcstrisss dirupf
dirupflfk
lfk tfbfpf
tfbfpfk
k pikuru
pikurukfk
kfk lhkmcs
lhkmcscc liufke
liufkefk
fk suftu
suftu
 pirusfbffk si`ioud tirjfmckyf li`fkelrutfk (^oftt mfk ^oftt, 0>>0). Li`fkelrutfk
 pirusfbffk tirjfmc sitiofb pirchmi gckfkacfo
g ckfkacfo mcstriss. Yktul ctu, pikeikfofk oi`cb fwfo
lhkmcsc
lhkmcsc pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk yfke dikefofdc gckfkacfo mcstriss
mcstriss dikjfmc
dikjfmc piktcke
piktcke mcoflulfk
mcoflulfk..
Ckghrd
Ckghrdfsc
fsc oi`cb
oi`cb fwfo
fwfo lhkmcs
lhkmcscc gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo mcstri
mcstriss
ss 0 pfmf
pfmf pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k did`ir
did`irclf
clfk
k
lisidpf
lisidpftfk
tfk `fec
`fec dfkfji
dfkfjidik
dik,, pidcoc
pidcocl,
l, ckvisth
ckvisthr,
r, rieuof
rieuofthr
thr,, mfk pfrf
pfrf stfli`h
stfli`homi
omirs
rs
ofckkyf
ofckkyf uktul
uktul dioflu
dioflulfk
lfk upfyf-u
upfyf-upfy
pfyff yfke
yfke rioivf
rioivfk.
k. Dfkfjid
Dfkfjidik
ik mfk pidcoc
pidcocl 
l 
 `irlipiktckefk uktul dioflulfk upfyfupfyf dikaiefb lhkmcsc yfke oi`cb pfrfb li
frfb li`fkelrutfk. Ckvisthr `irlipiktckefk mfofd dikefd`co liputusfk ckvistfsc
ftfu mcvistfsc. Pieuofthr, sipirtc @fkl Ckmhkiscf mfk @fmfk ^ikefwfs ^fsfr Dhmfo,
mfofd dioflulfk pikefwfsfk usfbf.

^htiksc
^htiksc li`fkelrut
li`fkelrutfk
fk yfke mcdcoclc
mcdcoclc hoib sitcfp pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk flfk did`irc
did`irc
lilbfwftcrfk mfrc `ir`fefc pcbfl `fcl silthr cktirkfo dfupuk pcbfl ilstirkfo, pcbfl 
ckvisthr flfk libcofkefk siourub sfbfd yfke tiofb mctfkfdlfk mcpirusfbffk tirsi`ut
mf
mfk
k pcbf
pcbfl
l lr
lrim
imct
ctur
ur fl
flfk
fk dike
dikefof
fofdc
dc li
liru
ruec
ecfk
fk lf
lfri
rikf
kf siour
siourub
ub mf
mfkf
kf yf
yfke
ke ti
tiof
ofb
b

6
 

mcpckjfdlfk pfmf pirusfbffk tcmfl `csf mcoukfsc ftfu tcmfl tirtfecb, sibckeef primclsc
li`fkelrutfk sfkeft mcpiroulfk mfofd pikefd`cofk liputusfk ckvistfsc.

Lisuoctfk liufkefk (gckfkacfo mcstriss) dirupflfk suftu sctufsc mcdfkf focrfk

lfs hpirfsc
hpirfsc si`ufb
si`ufb pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk tcmfl aulup didikubc
didikubc liwfjc`fk-l
liwfjc`fk-liwfjc`
iwfjc`fk
fk yfke
silfrfk
silfrfke
e (sipir
(sipirtc
tc pirmfe
pirmfefke
fkefk
fk lrimct
lrimct ftfu
ftfu pikeio
pikeioufr
ufrfk
fk `ukef)
`ukef).. Cstcofb
Cstcofb lisuoc
lisuoctfk
tfk
liufke
liufkefk
fk mceukf
mceukflfk
lfk uktul
uktul dikaird
dikairdckl
cklfk
fk fmfkyf
fmfkyf pirdfsf
pirdfsfofb
ofbfk
fk mikefk
mikefk tckelf
tckelftt
oclucmctfs pirusfbffk ^utrh (0>61). Fcsyfb (0>61) juef dikjiofslfk, `fbwf lisuoctfk
liufkefk (gckfkacfo mcstriss) yfke mcfofdc pirusfbffk tcmfl bfkyf mcsi`f`lfk hoib
sftu gflthr sfjf, titfpc juef mcsi`f`lfk hoib `ir`fefc gflthr, fmf gflthr cktirkfo mfk
 juef fmf gflthr ilstirkfo.Gflthr cktirkfo mcfktfrfkyf lfrikf gflthr gckfkacfo mfk gflthr 
khk-gc
khk-gckfk
kfkacfo
acfo,, simfke
simfkelfk
lfk gflthr
gflthr ilstir
ilstirkfo
kfo yfctu
yfctu lifmff
lifmffk
k ilhkhd
ilhkhdcc suftu
suftu kiefrf
kiefrf
tirsi`utt ftfu lifmffk ilhkhdc
tirsi`u ilhkhdc siafrf eoh`fo.^irputf
eoh`fo.^irputfrfk
rfk pcutfke
pcutfke yfke sfkeft rikmfb
rikmfb
 juef sfofb sftu pikyi`f`tirjfmckyf gckfkacfo mcstriss.

Dikurut^oftt & ^oftt (0>>0) `fbwf gckfkacfo mcstriss si`fefc tfbfp pikurukfk
lhkmcsc liufkefk pirusfbffk yfke tirjfmc si`ioud li`fkelrutfk ftfupuk oclucmfsc.
^irusfbffk
^irusfbffk mfpft mclftflfk
mclftflfk mfofd lhkmcsc
lhkmcsc gckfkacfo
gckfkacfo mcstriss
mcstriss jclf sfofb sftu lijfmcfk
 `irclut ckc tirjfmc: dikefofdc of`f hpirfsc `irscb kieftcg siofdf`i`irfpf tfbuk ftfu
 pikebiktcfk pid`fyfrfk mivcmik mfk ristruturcsfsc liufkefk ftfu ^BL `isfr-
 `isfrfk. Lisibftfk suftu pirusfbffk `csf mcefd`frlfk mfrc tctcl sibft yfke pfocke
tcke
tckeec
ec yf
yfct
ctu
u dfdp
dfdpu
u uk
uktu
tul
l did`
did`cf
cfyfc
yfc hp
hpir
irfsc
fschk
hkfo
foky
kyff mf
mfk
k mf
mfpf
pftt didi
didiku
kubc
bc
liwfjc
liwfjc`fk
`fk-liw
-liwfjc
fjc`fk
`fk jfkelf
jfkelf pikmil
pikmil sfdpfc
sfdpfc jfkelf
jfkelf 0 pfkjfk
pfkjfkeky
ekyff tipft
tipft wfltu
wfltu
(Frmcyfkth, 0>66). Lisibftfk pirusfbffk mfpft mculur mfrc tckelft oclucmctfs yfke
 pfocke sibft, sfdpfc li tctcl tcmfl sibft yfke pfocke ilstrid yfctu tcmfl dfdpu
did`
did`fy
fyfr
fr liwf
liwfjc
jc`f
`fk-
k-li
liwf
wfjc
jc`f
`fkk
kkyf
yf ftfu
ftfu bu
butf
tfke
ke oi
oi`c
`cb
b `i
`isf
sfrr mc
mc`f
`fkm
kmck
ckel
elfk
fk
fsit.Lisuoctfk liufkefk jfkelf pikmil `irscgft sidiktfrf mfk `ioud `iectu pfrfb,
titfpc
titfpc lisuoct
lisuoctfk
fk sidfafd
sidfafd ckc fpf`co
fpf`coff tcmfl
tcmfl mctfke
mctfkefkc
fkc `csf
`csf `irlid
`irlid`fk
`fke
e dikjfm
dikjfmcc
lisuoctfk yfke `irflc`ft gftfo.

Gflt
Gflthr
hr pi
piky
kyi`
i`f`
f` gckfk
gckfkac
acfo
fo mcst
mcstris
risss fm
fmfof
fofb
b lf
lfrik
rikff fm
fmfk
fkyf
yf si
sirfk
rfkel
elfc
fcfk
fk
li
lisfo
sfofb
fbfk
fk,, pi
pike
kefd
fd`c
`cofk
ofk li
lipu
putu
tusf
sfk
k yf
yfke
ke tcmf
tcmfl
l ti
tipf
pft,
t, sirtf
sirtf tcmf
tcmfl
l fm
fmfk
fkyf
yf ft
ftfu
fu
lurfkekyf upfyf dikefwfsc lhkmcsc liufkefk sibckeef pikeeukffk liufkefk tcmfl 
sisufc mikefk lipiroufk.
lipiroufk. Bfo ckc did`irclfk
did`irclfk liscdpuofk
liscdpuofk `fbwf tcmfl dikjfdck

 pirusfbffk `isfr mfpft dikebckmfrc dfsfofb ckc, si`f` gckfkacfo mcstriss `irlfctfk

0
 

mikefk
mikefk liufkefk
liufkefk pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk mcdfkf, sitcfp pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk pfstc flfk `iurusfk mikefk
liufkefk
liufkefk uktul dikjfef liofkesuke
liofkesukefk
fk hpirfsckyf
hpirfsckyf (Fkeefrckc,
(Fkeefrckc, 0>6>).
0>6>). ^irusfbffk
^irusfbffk
mikefk lifmffk sipirtc mcjiofslfk mc ftfs pirou uktul dikefktcscpfsc fmfkyf gckfkacfo
mcst
mcstris
risss `i
`irl
rlip
ipfk
fkjf
jfke
kefk
fk si`iou
si`ioud
d dika
dikafp
fpfc
fc tctc
tctcl
l li
li`f
`fke
kelr
lrut
utfk
fk ft
ftfu
fu oclu
oclucm
cmfsc
fsc
(Frmcyfkth, 0>66).

Diku
Dikuru
rutt Dfs–u
Dfs–um
m & Qr
Qrik
ikee
eeff (0
(0>6
>66)
6) Gckf
Gckfka
kacfo
cfo mc
mcst
stris
risss tirjf
tirjfmc
mc si`io
si`ioud
ud
li`fkelrutfk ftfu oclucmfsc pfmf suftu pirusfbffk. Qibckeef dhmio gckfkacfo mcstriss
 pirou uktul mclid`fkelfk, lfrikf mikefk dikeitfbuc lhkmcsc gckfkacfo mcstriss sijfl 
fwfo mcbfrfplfk
mcbfrfplfk mfpft mcoflulfk
mcoflulfk tckmflfk-tc
tckmflfk-tckmflf
kmflfk
k uktul
uktul dikefktcscp
dikefktcscpfsc
fsc lhkmcsc
lhkmcsc
yfke dikefrfb pfmf li`fkelrutfk. Gckfkacfo mcstriss mfpft mculur diofouc ofphrfk
liufkefk mikefk afrf dikefkfocscs ofphrfk liufkefk. Ofphrfk liufkefk dirupflfk
bf
bfsco
sco mf
mfrc
rc su
suft
ftu
u fl
fltc
tcvc
vctfs
tfs yf
yfke
ke `i
`irsc
rscgf
gftt 1 tilkc
tilkcss `i
`irm
rmfsf
fsfrl
rlfk
fk pf
pfmf
mf dith
dithmi
mi mf
mfk
k
 prhsimur-prhsimur yfke didiroulfk pikjiofsfk-pikjiofsfk fefr tujufk ftfu dflsum
uktul dikyimcflfk
dikyimcflfk ckghrdfsc
ckghrdfsc yfke `irdfkgfft mfpft mcafpfc.
mcafpfc. Ofphrfk
Ofphrfk liufkefk
liufkefk
mfpft
mfpft mce
mceuk
ukflf
flfk
k si`fef
si`fefcc foft
foft uktul
uktul did`u
did`uft
ft prhyil
prhyilsc
sc tiktfk
tiktfke
e `ir`fe
`ir`fefc
fc fspil 
fspil 
gckfkscfo pirusfbffk mc dfsf mftfke.

Fkfocscs rfsch liufkefk yfke sircke mceukflfk tirghlus pfmf prhgctf`coctfs,

shovikay, mfk oclucmctfs. Yktul dikeitfbuc fmfkyf eijfof li`fkelrutfk mcpiroulfk
suftu dhmio didprimclsc
didprimclsc gckfkacfo mcstriss uktul dikebckmfrc
dikebckmfrc liruecfk mfofd kcofc
ckvistfsc. Qfofb sftu fspil piktckekyf fkfocscs tirbfmfp ofphrfk liufkefk mfrc si`ufb
 pirusfbffk fmfofb uktul dirfdfo liofkesukefk bcmup pirusfbffk, sfkeft piktcke
 `fec dfkfjidik mfk pidcocl pirusfbffk uktul dikefktcscpfsc lidukelckfk fmfkyf
 phtiksc li`fkelrutfk.Li`fkelrutfk suftu pirusfbffk mfpft mcocbft mfk mculur 
diofouc ofphrfk liufkefkkyf (Dfs–um & Qrikeef, 0>66). Fefr ckghrdfsc ofphrfk
liufkefk yfke tirsfjc dikjfmc oi`cb `irdfkgfft mfofd pikefd`cofk liputusfk, dflf
mftf liufkefk bfrus mcru`fb dikjfmc ckghrdfsc yfke `ireukf mfofd pikefd`cofk
liputusfk ilhkhdcs. Yktul did`ultclfk `fbwf ofphrfk liufkefk `irdfkgfft dflf
 pirou mcoflulfk pikioctcfk.

Gc
Gcrd
rd sc
sczi
zi juef
juef dikj
dikjfm
fmcc sf
sfof
ofb
b sf
sftu
tu th
thof
ofl
l ul
ulur
ur yf
yfke
ke mc
mceu
eukf
kflf
lfk
k uk
uktu
tul 
l 
dikmitilsc
dikmitilsc fpflfb
fpflfb pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk tirckmclfsc dikefofdc lisuoctfk liufkefk ftfu tcmfl 
(Pcfkt
(Pcfktcc & Sfmcft
Sfmcftc,
c, 0>62).
0>62). Gcrd
Gcrd sczi
sczi mfpft
mfpft dikeef
dikeefd`f
d`frlf
rlfk
k lifmff
lifmffk
k pirusfb
pirusfbffk
ffk..

Ylurfk pirusfbffk yfke `isfr dikfkmflfk pirusfbffk tirsi`ut didpukyfc thtfo

1
 

fssit yfke `isfr puof, frtckyf pirusfbffk didcoclc liaulupfk mfkf uktul did`cfyfc
liecft
liecftfk
fk hpirfsc
hpirfschkf
hkfoo pirusfb
pirusfbffk
ffk (^irtc
(^irtcwc,
wc, 0>62).
0>62). Qibcke
Qibckeef,
ef, liaco
liaco liduke
lidukelck
lckfk
fk
 pirusfbffk dikefofdc gckfkacfo mcstriss titfpc tcmfl dikutup lidukelckfk `fbwf
lhkmcsc tirsi`ut tirjfmc mc pirusfbffk yfke `isfr (Qfstrcfkf, 0>61).

Lhkmcsc lisuoctfk liufkefk mfpft tirjfmc pfmf sitcfp pirusfbffk. ^irusfbffk

didiroulfk primclsc gckfkacfo mcstriss fefr mfpft did`fktu pcbfl dfkfjidik mfofd
 pikefd`cofk liputusfk uktul sieirf didpir`fclc lhkmcsc liufkefk pirusfbffk
(Fyu, Bfkmfyfkc, & ]hphwcjhkh, 0>65). Hoib si`f` ctu, dioflulfk primclsc sijfl 
mckc fmfofb bfo piktcke mfofd suftu pirusfbffk eukf dikaiefb tirjfmckyf risclh
li`fkelrutfk mc wfltu yfke flfk mftfke sirtf dfdpu did`irclfk ckghrdfsc tirlfct
lckirjf liufkefk pirusfbffk (Lfdfoummck, Csbfl, & Dhbfddim, 0>63). Ivfoufsc
lckirjf liufkefk siafrf gukmfdiktfo tiofb mcoflulfk mfrc fkfocscs rfsch liufkefk,
lfrikf dfdpu did`irclfk pirlcrffk lisuoctfk liufkefk mfk liefefofk (Zikc &
Fdiir, 0>6>).

Fkfocscs rfsch si`fefc dithmi simirbfkf yfke mceukflfk mfofd dikeivfoufsc

liluftfk
liluftfk liufkefk
liufkefk sirtf lioidfbfk pirusfbffk mikefk diocbft
diocbft bu`ukefk
bu`ukefk fktfrf
ctidctid
ctidctidss mfofd
mfofd ofphrf
ofphrfk
k liufke
liufkefk
fk (@bfkm
(@bfkmfrc
frc & Cyir,
Cyir, 0>61).
0>61). Lckirj
Lckirjff liufke
liufkefk
fk
 pirusfbffk ^rimclsc lhkmcsc gckfkacfo mcstriss diofouc fkfocscs rfsch frus lfs pfmf
 pirusfbffk ahksudir ehhms yfke tirmfgtfr mc @ursf Igil Ckmhkiscf Bikkc Gfuzcfb
Pfdfmbfktc 1 mfpft mcivfoufsc mikefk rfsch
rf sch liufkefk trfmcschkfo (Pcd & Phy, 0>61).
Pfsch
Pfsch frus
frus lfs didcocl
didcoclcc foft
foft yfke
yfke mfpft
mfpft mcfkmf
mcfkmfolf
olfk
k uktul
uktul didpri
didprimcl
mclsc
sc lhkmcs
lhkmcscc
gckfkacfo mcstriss pirusfbffk (Gfwzc, Lfdfoummck, & Qfkusc, 0>69), lfrikf rfsch frus
lfs mfpft dioikelfpc
dioikelfpc rfsch trfmcschkf
trfmcschkfoo sibckeef
sibckeef did`irclfk
did`irclfk ckghrdfsc tfd`fbfk
tfd`fbfk
uk
uktu
tul
l dike
dikeioh
iohof
of ig
igcsc
cscik
iksc
sc pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk mf
mfof
ofd
d did`
did`cfy
cfyfc
fc pi
pirtu
rtud`
d`ub
ubfk
fk sirtf
sirtf
lidfdpufk didikubc lhdctdik liufkefk (Hke, Abhhke Sfp, & Lbhke, 0>66).

Ofphrfk
Ofphrfk liufkefk
liufkefk mfpft mcjfmclfk mfsfr uktul
uktul dikeulur
dikeulur lisibftfk suftu
 pirusfbffk diofouc rfsch liufkefk yfke fmf mfofd ofphrfk tirsi`ut. Pfsch liufkefk
dirupflfk sfofb sftu `iktul ckghrdfsc fluktfksc yfke piktcke mfofd prhsis pikcofcfk
lckirjff pirusfbffk,
lckirj pirusfbffk, sibckeef mikefk
mikefk rfsch liufkefk tirsi`ut
tirsi`ut mfpft dikeukelfplfk
dikeukelfplfk
lhkmcsc liufkefk suftu pirusfbffk dfupuk lckirjf yfke tiofb mcafpfc pirusfbffk
uktul suftu pirchmi tirtiktu (Ucmfrjh & Qitcfwfk (0>>3).

=
 

Lhkmcs
Lhkmcscc pirilh
pirilhkhd
khdcfk
cfk flbcr-
flbcr-flb
flbcr
cr ckc dikefo
dikefofdc
fdc eh
ehkaf
kafkef
kefk
k yfke
yfke aulup
aulup
 `isfr flc`ft `ir`fefc pirdfsfofbfk yfke tirjfmc. Lrcscs ilhkhdc pfmf kiefrfkiefrf
mc Irhpf simclct `fkyfl juef dirk`fwf mfdpfl pfmf pirilhkhdcfk kiefrf-kiefrf mc
mukcf. Qi`ioudkyf, silctfr tfbuk 0>>2, mukcf mclijutlfk mikefk lrcscs ilhkhdc mc
Fdir
Fdircl
clff Qirc
Qirclf
lftt fl
flc`
c`ft
ft su
su`p
`prcd
rcdii dhrte
dhrtefe
fei.
i. Mfdp
Mfdpfl
fl mf
mfrc
rc lr
lrcs
cscs
cs ti
tirsi
rsi`u
`utt ju
juef
ef

mcrfsflfk hoib kiefrf-kiefrf mc mukcf, tirdfsul juef mc Ckmhkiscf. Ckmhkiscf sikmcrc

 pidfb dikefofdc lrcscs duotc mcdiksc pfmf pirtikefbfk tfbuk 6335, yfke sircke
mcsi`ut lrcscs dhkitir. Lrcscs ckc mcduofc mfrc dirhshtkyf kcofc rupcfb tirbfmfp mhofr 
bckeef sfdpfc pfmf dfsfofb oclucmfsc mc `cmfke pir`fklfk. Lipirafyffk ckvisthr 
duofc
duofc dikuru
dikuruk
k mfk `fkyfl
`fkyfl dfsfofb
dfsfofb liufke
liufkefk
fk yfke
yfke mcbfmf
mcbfmfpc
pc hoib
hoib pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk-
k-
 pirusfbffk mc Ckmhkiscf. @fkyfl pirusfbffk yfke dikefofdc lhkmcsc yfke mcsi`ut
mikefkgckfkacfo mcstriss.

Gikhdi
Gikhdikf
kf lisuoc
lisuoctfk
tfk liufke
liufkefk
fk (jckfk
(jckfkacfo
acfo mcstris
mcstriss)
s) mc pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k pu`ocl 
pu`ocl 
Ckmhkiscf yfke fmf flbcr-flbcr ckc tirjfmc latclf pikckelftfk bfref dckyfl yfke
dikeijutlfk pfmf tfbuk 0>>9 mfk lrcscs su`prcdi dhrtefei pfmf 0>>2 (^rfkhwh it
fo., 0>6>). ^fmf tfbuk 0>>9, pidircktfb Ckmhkiscf dikeurfkec su`scmc uktul bfref
dck yfl ohlfo. Bfo ckc did`uft `cfyf prhmulsc dikefofdc pikckelftfk mfk flbcdyf
dikuruklfk
dikuruklfk prhgctf`coctfs
prhgctf`coctfs pirusfbffk.
pirusfbffk. Qiofck ctu khk pirghkkcke
pirghkkcke ohfk (K^O) pfmf
 `fkl udud yfke dikckelft dikjfmc 72 trcocuk rupcfb pfmf Dfrit 0>>7 mfrc 76 trcocuk
rupcfb pfmf Hlth`ir 0>>9. @fkyfl pirusfbffk pu`ocl yfke tirmfgtfr mc @ursf Igil 
Ckmhkiscf (@Io) dikjfmc miocstcke si`fefc flc`ft mfrc liruecfk `isfr mfk lilurfkefk
ufke tukfc. Gikhdikf yfke sfdf tiofb tirjfmc pfm f tfbuk 0>>2, liecftfk `cskcs yfke
dikefofdc lhktrflsc mc pfsfr cktidfschkfo lfrikf lrcscs liufkefk eoh`fo diofkmf
mukcf mfk K^O dikckelft ofec dikjfmc 7>,7 trcocuk rupcfb pfmf Dfrit 0>>3 mfk 99.=
trcocuk
trcocuk rupcfb
rupcfb pfmf
pfmf Khvid`
Khvid`ir
ir 0>>2.
0>>2. (bttp:
(bttp://w
//www.
ww.`c.
`c.eh.
eh.cm.
cm. mfofd
mfofd ^rfkhw
^rfkhwh
h it fo.,
fo.,
0>6>). Mikefk midclcfk, pirusfbffk pu`ocl yfke tirmfgtfr mc @Io dikjfmc sfkeft
siksctcg mikefk gflthr-gflthr ilstidfo mfk dikefofdcgckfkacfo mcstriss.

Gc
Gckf
kfka
kacf
cfoo mcst
mcstris
risss diru
dirupf
pflf
lfk
k suftu
suftu lh
lhkm
kmcsc
csc yf
yfke
ke diku
dikukj
kjul
ullf
lfk
k tf
tfbf
bfp
p
 pikurukfk mfofd lhkmcsc liufkefk pi:usfbffk yfke tirjfmc si`ioud tirjfmckyf
li
li`f
`fke
kelr
lrut
utfk
fk ftfu
ftfupu
puk
k oclu
oclucm
cmfsc
fsc (^oft
(^oft mf
mfk
k ^oft
^oft,, 0>
0>>0
>0,, mf
mfof
ofd
d Fodc
Fodcoc
ocf,
f, 0>
0>>7
>7).
).
Li`fkelrutf
Li`fkelrutfkjuef
kjuef sircke mcsi`ut oclucm:tsc
oclucm:tsc pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk ftfu pikutupfk
pikutupfk pirusfbffk
ftfu ckshov
ckshoviks
iksc.
c. Li`fke
Li`fkelru
lrutfk
tfk si`fef
si`fefcc liefef
liefefofk
ofk mcfrtcl
mcfrtclfk
fk si`fef
si`fefcc liefef
liefefofk
ofk
liufkefk (gckfkacfo gfcouri) mfk liefefofk ilhkhdc (iahkhdca gfcouri) yfke tirjfmc

9
 

 pfmf pirusfbffk. (Pfdfmbfkc mfk Oulvcfrdfk, 0>>3). Gckfkacfo mcstriss juef `csf
mcmigck
mcmigckcscl
csclfk
fk si`fef
si`fefcc litcmf
litcmfldf
ldfdpu
dpufk
fk pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k uktul
uktul did`fy
did`fyfr
fr liwfjc
liwfjc`fk
`fk--
liwfjc`fkjckfkacfo yfke tiofbjftub tidph. (@ifvir it fC., 0>66).

Gckfkacfo mcstriss `csf mcfofdc hoib siduf pirusfbffk, tirutfdf jclf lhkmcsc
 pirilhkhdcfk mc kiefrf t'~dpft pirusfbffk tirsi`ut `irhpirfsc dikefofdc lrcscs
il
ilhk
hkhd
hdc.
c. Yktu
Yktul
l dike
dikeft
ftfsc
fsc ftfu
ftfu didc
didckc
kcdf
dfocs
ocscr
cr ti
tiCj
Cjfm
fmck
ckyf
yf li
li`f
`fke
kelr
lrut
utfk
fk mc
 pirusfbffk, pcbfl dfkfjidik bfrus dioflulfk pikefwfsfk tirbfmfp lhkmcsc
liufkefk pirusfbffk mikefk dikeeukflfk fkfocscs ofphrfk liufkefk (Pfdfmbfkc
mfk Oulvcfd.fk, 0>>3). Fkfocscs ofphrfk liufkefk dirupflfk foft piktcke uktul 
dikmfpftlfk ckghrdfsc dikeikfc lhkmcsc liufkefk pirusfbffk. Fkfocscs liufkefk
didpukyfc 0 foft utfdf yfke `csf mceukflfk, yfctu: fkfocscs rfsch (rftch fkfoyscs) mfk
fkfo cscs frus lfs (afsb gohw fkfoyscs). (^foipu mfk Bifoy, 0>>2:9-6). Limuf foft
tirsi`ut `csf mceukflfk hoib dfkfjidik mfk pcbfl-pcbfl ofck yfke `irlipiktckefk
mf
mfof
ofd
d pi
piru
rusfb
sfbffk
ffk uk
uktu
tul
l dikc
dikcofc
ofc sijfu
sijfub
b dfkf
dfkf li
li`i
`irb
rbfs
fsco
cofk
fk yf
yfke
ke mc
mcafp
afpfc
fc ho
hoib
ib
 pirusfbffk mfrc strftiec yfke mcjfofklfk mfk juef liefefofk fpf yfke tirjfmc. Jclf
lhkmcs
lhkmcscc liufke
liufkefk
fk pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k tfdpfl
tfdpfl dikefo
dikefofdc
fdc pikuru
pikurukfk
kfk,, dflf
dflf si`fcl
si`fclkyf
kyf
dfkf
dfkfjid
jidik
ik duof
duofcc `i
`irb
rbft
ftc-b
c-bft
ftc,
c, lf
lfri
rikf
kf lh
lhkm
kmcs
cscc yf
yfke
ke mi
midc
dclc
lcfk
fk `c
`csf
sf dike
dikefrf
frfb
b
 pfmfgckfkacfo mcstriss.

6.0 Pudusfk
Pudusfk Dfsfofb
Dfsfofb
6. Fpf pikeir
pikeirtcfk
tcfk mfrc
mfrc li`fk
li`fkelr
elrutf
utfk
k8
0. Fpf
Fpf pike
pikeir
irtc
tcfk
fk mfr
mfrcc gckfkacfo mcstriss 8
1. Fpf
Fpf sfjf
sfjf jik
jikcs-
cs-ji
jikc
kcss mfrc
mfrc gckfkacfo
 gckfkacfo mcstriss 8

=. Fpf
Fpf sfj
sfjff lft
lftie
iehrhrcc m
mfr
frcc gckfkacfo mcstriss 8
9. Fpf
Fpf sfjf
sfjf gfl
gflth
thrr piky
pikyi`
i`f` f` gckfkacfo
 gckfkacfo mcstriss 8
7. Fpf
Fpf sfj
sfjff eij
eijfo
foff gckfkacfo mcstriss 8
5. @fef
@fefcd
cdfk
fkff afrf
afrf dik
dikaie
aiefb
fb  gckfkacfo mcstriss 8
2. @fef
@fefcd
cdfk
fkff afrf
afrf dikf
dikfke
kefk
fkcc  gckfkacfo mcstriss 8
3. @fef
@fefcd
cdfk
fkff afrf didp
didpri
rimc
mcls
lscc  gckfkacfo mcstriss 8

6>. Fpf sfjf dfkgfft dioflulfk primclsc gckfkacfo

primclsc  gckfkacfo mcstriss 8

66. @fefcdfkf mfdpfl mfrc gckfkacfo

mfrc gckfkacfo mcstriss 8

60. @fefcdfkf
@fefcdfkf pikefrub
pikefrub gckfkacfo
 gckfkacfo mcstriss tirbfmfp li`fkelrutfk 8

6.1 ]ujufk
]ujufk ^ikuocsfk
^ikuocsfk

7
 

6. Dikeit
Dikeitfbu
fbucc migckcs
migckcscc mfrc li`fk
li`fkelr
elrutf
utfk
k mfk gckfkacfo
mfk gckfkacfo mcstriss
0. Dikeit
Dikeitfbu
fbucc jikcs
jikcs ‑ jikc
jikcss mfk lftieh
lftiehrc
rc gckfkacfo
 gckfkacfo mcstriss
1. Didfbf
Didfbfdc
dc gflthr
gflthr pikyi
pikyi`f`
`f` sirtf
sirtf afrf dikef
dikeftfsc
tfsc gckfkacfo
 gckfkacfo mcstriss
=. Didfbf
Didfbfdc
dc afrf
afrf didpri
didprimcl
mclsc
sc sirtf
sirtf dfkgff
dfkgfftt mfrc gckfkacfo
mfrc gckfkacfo mcstriss
9. Dike
Dikeitf
itfbu
bucc mfd
mfdpf
pfl
l mfr
mfrcc gckfkacfo mcstriss

7. Dike
Dikeitf
itfbu
bucc pi
pike
kefr
frub
ub gckfkacfo
 gckfkacfo mcstriss tirbfmfp li`fkelrutfk

5
 

@F@ CC

^ID@FBFQFK

0.6 ^ikeircfk Li`fkelrutfk

Li`fkelrutfk

Li`fkelrutfk juef sircke mcsi`ut oclucmfsc ftfu pikutupfk pirusfbffk ftfu

ckshov
ckshoviksc
iksc.. @cfsfk
@cfsfkyf,
yf, li`fke
li`fkelru
lrutfk
tfk suftu
suftu pirusfb
pirusfbffk
ffk mctfkm
mctfkmfc
fc mikefk
mikefk gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo
mcstris
mcstriss,
s, yfctu
yfctu lifmff
lifmffk
k mcdfkf
mcdfkf pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k oidfb
oidfb mfofd
mfofd dikebf
dikebfsco
scolfk
lfk of`f
of`f ftfu
ftfu
aikmiruke dikefofdc migcsct. Mikefk lftf ofck, li`fkelrutfk mfpft mcfrtclfk juef
si`fe
si`fefc
fc li
lief
efef
efof
ofk
k pi
piru
rusfb
sfbffk
ffk mf
mfof
ofd
d dikj
dikjfo
fofk
fklf
lfk
k hp
hpirf
irfsc
sc pi
piru
rusfb
sfbffk
ffk uk
uktu
tul 
l 
didpir
didpirhoib
hoib of`f
of`f (Pfdfm
(Pfdfmbfk
bfkcc mfk Oulvcf
Oulvcfrdf
rdfk,
k, 0>>3).
0>>3). Li`fke
Li`fkelru
lrutfk
tfk si`fef
si`fefcc
liefefofk mcfrtclfk si`fefc liefefofk liufkefk mfk liefefofk ilhkhdc yfke tirjfmc
 pfmf pirusfbffk (Fmkfk mfk Ludcfscb, 0>>>, mfofd Pfdfmbfkc mfk Oulvcfrdfk,
0>>3). Liefefofk mfofd frtc ilhkhdc (iahkhdca gfcouri) dirupflfk lifmffk mcdfkf
 pirusfbffk libcofkefk ufke ftfu pikmfpftfk pirusfbffk tcmfl `csf dikutupc
 `cfyfkyf sikmcrc. Ftfu mikefk lftf ofck kcofc silfrfke mfrc frus lfs si`ikfdyf oi`cb
li
liac
acoo mf
mfrc
rc li
liwf
wfjc
jc`f
`fk
k ftfu
ftfu of`f
of`f oi`cb
oi`cb li
liaco
aco mf
mfrc
rc dhmf
dhmfoo li
lirjf
rjf (Pfd
(Pfdfm
fmbf
bfkc
kc mf
mfk
k
Oulvcfrdfk, 0>>3).
Liefefofk liufkefk mcfrtclfk si`fefc ckshoviksc yfke did`imflfk fktfrf
frus lfs mfk mfsfr sfbfd (Pfd0.mbfkc mfk Oulvcfrdfk, 0>>3). Ckshoviksc ftfs mfsfr 
frus lfs fmf muf `iktul, yfctu:
f. Ckshoviksc
Ckshoviksc tilkcl,
tilkcl, dirupflff
dirupflffk
k lifmffk mcdfkf
mcdfkf pirusfb
pirusfbffk
ffk mcfkeefp
mcfkeefp tcmfl
tcmfl mfpft
mfpft
didikubc liwfjc`fkkyf pfmf sfft liwfjc`fk tiofb jftub tidph.
 `. Ckshoviksc mfofd pikeirtcfk li`fkelrutfk mcfrtclfk mfofd ulurfk lilfyffk
 `irscb kieftcg mfofd kirfaf lhkvikschkfo ftfu kcofc silfrfke mfrc frus lfs yfke
mcbfrfplfk oi`cb liaco mfrc liwfjc`fk.
Li`fke
Li`fkelru
lrutfk
tfk `csf
`csf mcsi`f
mcsi`f`lf
`lfk
k mib `fkyfl
`fkyfl gflthr
gflthr.. Mfofd
Mfofd `i`irfp
`i`irfpff lfsus
lfsus
fofsfkkyf `csf mclikfoc sitiofb fkfocscs ofphrfk liufkefk. ]fpc fmf `i`irfpf lfsus
mcdfkf
mcdfkf pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k simfke
simfke dikefo
dikefofdc
fdc pikuru
pikurukfk
kfk,, kfdook
kfdook `i`irfp
`i`irfpff cti
ctid
d mfofd
mfofd

2
 

ofphrfk liufkefk dfscb dikuk.oullfk lckirjf jfkelf pikmil yfke `fcl. (Lhrmistfkc
it fo.
fo.,, 0> 66).
66). Fmf `i`irf
`i`irfpf
pf pirusfb
pirusfbffk
ffk yfke
yfke dikefo
dikefofdc
fdc tfbfpf
tfbfpfk
k li`fke
li`fkelru
lrutfk
tfk..
 Kfduk fmf juef yfke tcmfl dikefofdc
dikefofdc tfbfpfk li`fkelrutfk.
]fbfpfk mfrc li`fkelrutfk tirsi`ut mcjf`frlfk si`fefc `irclut (Lhrmistfkc it
ft., 0>66):

f. Ofti
Oftika
kay.
y. ^f
^fmf
mf tfbf
tfbfp
p ofti
oftika
kay,
y, Pito
Pitoor
ork
k >6
>66
6 Fssi
Fssits
ts (P
(PHF
HF)) fl
flfk
fk dike
dikefo
fofd
fdcc
 pikurukfk.
 `. Qbhrtfei hg Afsb. Mfofd tfbfp lilurfkefk lfs, pirusfbffk tcmfl didcoclc aulup
sud`irr mfyf lfs uktul
sud`i uktul didikubc liwfjc`fk sfft ckc, dislcpuk
dislcpuk dfscb dukelck
dukelck
didcoclc tckelft prhgctf`coctfs yfke luft.
a. Gckfka
Gckfkacfo
cfo Mcstriss.
Mcstriss. Lisuoct
Lisuoctfk
fk liufkefk
liufkefk mfpft
mfpft mcfkee
mcfkeefp
fp si`fefc
si`fefc lifmff
lifmffk
k mfrurf
mfrurftt
liufkefk, mcdfkf lhkmcsc ckc dikmilftc li`fkelrutfk.
m. @fkl
@fklru
rupt
ptay
ay.. Jc
Jclf
lf piru
pirusf
sfbf
bffk
fk tcmf
tcmfl
l mf
mfpf
pftt di
diky
kyid
id`u
`ubl
blfk
fk ei
eijf
jfof
of li
lisu
suoc
octf
tfk
k
liufkefk (gckfkacfo mcstriss), dflf pirusfbffk flfk `fkelrut.

0.0 ^ikeirtcfk Gckfkacfo Mcstrriss

Gckfka
Gckfkacfo
cfo mcstris
mcstrisss ftfu
ftfu sircke
sircke mcsi`u
mcsi`utt mikefk
mikefk lisuoc
lisuoctfk
tfk liufke
liufkefk,
fk, tiCjfmc
tiCjfmc
si`ioud suftu pirusfbffk `ikfr-`ikfr dikefofdc li`fkelrutfk. Gckfkacfo mcstriss
dirupf
dirupflfk
lfk suftu
suftu lhkmcs
lhkmcscc yfkI<
yfkI< dikukj
dikukjul
ullfk
lfk tfbfp
tfbfp pikuru
pikurukfk
kfk mfofd
mfofd lhkmcs
lhkmcscc
liufkefk pirusfbffk yfke tiCjfmc si`ioud tirjfmckyf li`fkelrutfk ftfupuk oclucmfsc
(^oft mfk ^oft, 0>>0, mfofd Fodcocf, 0>>7 mfk Pfdfmbfkc mfk Oulvcfrdfk, 0>>3).
Gckfkacfo mcstriss juef `csf mcmigckcsclfk si`fefc litcmfldfdpufk pirusfbffk uktul 
did`fyfr liwfjc`fk gckfkacfo yfke tiofb jftub tidph (@ifvir it fC, 0>66). Ghstir 
(6322, mfofd Pfdfmbfkc mfk Oulvcfrdfk, 0>>3) dikmigckcsclfkgckfr.'Acfo mcstriss
si`fefc,
si`fefc, "Gckfkacfo mcstriss cs oCsim th difk siviri ocqucmcty
ocqucmcty prh`oids
prh`oids tbft afkkht
afkkht `i
rishovim wctbhut f sczf`oi risafocke hg tbi iktcty's hpirftchks hr struaturi."
Gc
Gckf
kfka
kacf
cfoo mcst
mcstris
risss `csf
`csf tirj
tirjfm
fmcc m `i
`ir`
r`fe
fefc
fc pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk mf
mfk
k `c
`csf
sf dikj
dikjfm
fmcc
 pikfkmf/sckyfo mfrc li`fkelrutfk yfke dukelck flfk mcfo fdc pirusfbffk. Jclf
 pirusfbffk sumfb dfsul mfofd lhkmcscjckfkacfo mcstriss, dflf dfkfjidik bfrus
 `irbftc-bftc lfrikf `csf sfjf dfsul pfiof tfbfp li`fkelrutfk. Dfkfjidik mfrc
 pirusfbffk yfke dikefofdc gckfkacfo mcstriss bfrus dioflulfk tckmflfk uktul 
dikeftfsc dfsfofb liufkefk tirsi`ut mfk dikaiefb tirjfmckyf li`fkelrutfk.

Gckfkacfo
Gckfkacfo Mcstriss
Mcstriss ftfu lisuoctfk liufkefk fmfofb suftu lhkmcsc
lhkmcsc liufkefk
liufkefk
 pirusfbffk simfke mfofd dfsfofb, lrcscs ftfu tcmfl sibft yfke tirjfmc si`ioud

3
 

 pirusfbffk dikefofdc li`fkelrutfk. Gckfkacfo mcstriss tirjfmc litclf pirusfbffk

ef
efef
efoo ftfu
ftfu tcmf
tcmfl
l dfdp
dfdpu
u ofec
ofec didi
didiku
kubc
bc li
liwf
wfjc
jc`f
`fk
k mi
mi`c
`ctu
turr lf
lfri
rikf
kf dike
dikefof
fofdc
dc
lilurfkefk mfk litcmflaulupfk mfkf uktul dikjfofklfk ftfu diofkjutlfk usfbfkyf
ofec.
^iru
^irusf
sfbf
bffk
fk yf
yfke
ke dike
dikefo
fofd
fdcc li
lisu
suoc
octf
tfk
k li
liuf
ufke
kefk
fk udud
ududky
kyff dike
dikefo
fofd
fdcc

 pikurukfk mfofd pirtud`ubfk, lidfdpuof`ffk, mfk fsit titfp, sirtf pikckelftfk

mfofd
mfofd tckelf
tckelftfk
tfk pirsimc
pirsimcffk
ffk rioftc
rioftcgg tirbfmf
tirbfmfp
p pirusfb
pirusfbffk
ffk yfke
yfke sibft
sibft (Lfbyf
(Lfbyf mfk
]bihmhsschu, 6333).
Gckfka
Gckfkacfo
cfo Mcstriss
Mcstriss juef
juef mctfkm
mctfkmfc
fc mikefk
mikefk fmfkyf
fmfkyf pikukm
pikukmffk
ffk pikecr
pikecrcdf
cdfk,
k,
lufoct
lufoctfs
fs prhmul
prhmul yfke
yfke dikuru
dikuruk,
k, mfk pikukm
pikukmffk
ffk pid`fy
pid`fyfrf
frfk
k tfecbf
tfecbfk
k mfrc
mfrc `fkl.
`fkl.
Fpf`cof lhkmcsc gckfkacfo mcstriss ckc mclitfbuc, mcbfrfplfk mfpft mcoflulfk tckmflfk
uktul didpir`fclc sctufsc tirsi`ut sibckeef pirusfbffk tcmfl flfk dfsul pfmf tfbfp
lisuoctfk yfke oi`cb `irft sipirtc li`fkelrutfk ftfupuk oclucmfsc.

 Gckfkacfo mcstriss fmfofb
mcstriss  fmfofb tfbfp pikurukfk lhkmcsc liufkefk yfke tirjfmc pfmf
 pirusfbffk si`ioud tirjfmckyf li`fkelrutfk ftfu oclucmfsc (^oftt BM mfk ^oftt D@
0>>0). Quftu pirusfbffk mfpft mclftiehrclfk simfke dikefofdc 
dikefofdc   gckfkacfo mcstriss
ftfu lisuoctfk liufkefk fpf`cof pirusfbffk tirsi`ut dikukjullfk fkelf kieftcg pfmf
of`f hpirfsc, of`f `irscb mfk kcofc `ulu iluctfs sirtf pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk tirsi`ut dioflulfk
dioflulfk
direir (@rfbdfkf 0>>5).

Gikhdikf ofck mfrc gckfkacfo

mfrc gckfkacfo mcstriss fmfofb
mcstriss fmfofb pirusfbffk aikmiruke dikefofdc
lisuoctfk
lisuoctfk oclucmctfs
oclucmctfs yfke mctukjullfk
mctukjullfk mikefk
mikefk lidfdpufk
lidfdpufk pirusfbffk yfke sidflck
sidflck
dikuruk mfofd didikubc liwfjc`fkkyf lipfmf lrimctur (Bfkcgfb 0>61). Mc `fwfb

ckc Jurkfo flfk did

did`fb
`fbfs
fs oi`cb
oi`cb jfub
jfub dikeik
dikeikfc
fc  gckfkacfo mcstriss  pirusfbffk yfke
bfrus Fkmf litfbuc.
Gckfkacfo
Gckfkacfo mcstriss juef tirjfmc litclf pirusfbffk efefo ftfu tcmfl dfdpu ofec
didikubc liwfjc`fk mi`ctur lfrikf dikefofdc lilurfkefk mfk litcmflaulupfk mfkf
uktul dikjfofklfk ftfu diofkjutlfk usfbfkyf ofec.

Qi`fef
Qi`fefcc prhsis
prhsis tcef
tcef mcdiks
mcdikscc yfke
yfke tirmcrc
tirmcrc tcdi grfdi, gckfkacfo mcstriss,
mcstriss , mfk
 prhaiss stfeis.
stfeis.  Gckfkacfo mcstriss ayaoi mfofd pirusfbffk dikaflup pirchmi fwfo
 pikurukfk lckirjf bckeef li tctcl tirikmfb lidumcfk tfbfp piduocbfk fpf`cof
 pirusfbffk `csf didpir`fclc lckirjfkyf. Litclf pirusfbffk dikefofdc lisuoctfk
liufkefk, dflf pirusfbffk tirsi`ut tcmfl `irfmf mc phscsc yfke sfdf diofcklfk tirus

6>
 

 `irtrfkscsc li tfbfpfk-tfbfpfk siofkjutkyf. Fpf`cof lckirjf sidflck `urul, dflf

lidukelckfk `isfr pirusfbffk flfk dikebfmfpc li`fkelrutfk. Kfduk, jclf lckirjf
 pirusfbffk did`fcl dflf pirusfbffk didcoclc lisidpftfk uktul dikeftfsc
lisuoctfk liufkefk.

@irclut ckc `i`irfpf pikeirtcfk gckfkacfo mcstriss mfrc `i`irfpf sud`ir `ulu:

6) Diku
Dikuru
rutt @r
@rce
cebf
bfd
d mf
mfk
k Mfvi
Mfviss (0
(0>>
>>1)
1),, li
lisu
suoc
octf
tfk
k li
liuf
ufke
kefk
fk (gc
(gckf
kfka
kacfo
cfo mc
mcst
stris
riss)
s)
mcduofc litclf pirusfbffk tcmfl mfpft didikubc jfmwfo pid`fyfrfk ftfu litclf
 prhyilsc frus
f rus lfs dikeckmclfsclfk `fbwf pirusfbffk tirsi`ut
tir si`ut flfk sieirf
s ieirf tcmfl 
mfpft didikubc liwfjc`fkkyf.
0) Dikurut
Dikurut Mfrshkh mfk
mfk Fsbfrc
Fsbfrc (0>>9),
(0>>9), Gckfkacfo
Gckfkacfo mcstriss
mcstriss ftfu lisuoctfk
lisuoctfk liufkefk
liufkefk
mfpft mcfrtclfk si`fefc litcmfldfdpufk pirusfbffk uktul did`fyfr liwfjc`fk
liuf
liufke
kefk
fkky
kyff pfmf
pfmf sf
sfft
ft jftu
jftub
b tidp
tidph
h yf
yfke
ke diky
dikyi`
i`f`
f`lf
lfk
k li
li`f
`fke
kelr
lrut
utfk
fk
 pirusfbffk.
1) Dikurut
Dikurut ^oftt mfk ^oftt
^oftt (0>>0),
(0>>0), Gckfkacfo
Gckfkacfo mcstriss
mcstriss fmfofb tfbfp
tfbfp pikurukfk
pikurukfk lhkmcsc
lhkmcsc
liufkefk yfke mcfofdc hoib suftu pirusfbffk, yfke tirjfmc si`ioud tirjfmckyf
li`fkelrutfk ftfupuk oclucmfsc.
=) Dikurut
Dikurut Efdfyukc
Efdfyukc (0>66),
(0>66), gckfkacfo
gckfkacfo mcstriss
mcstriss fmfofb lifmffk
lifmffk lisuoctfk
lisuoctfk liufke
liufkefk
fk
ftfu oclucmctfs yfke dukelck dirupflfk fwfo mfrc tirjfmckyf li`fkelrutfk.
9) Dikurut
Dikurut Lfbyf mfk ]bihmh
]bihmhsschu,
sschu, Gckfkacfo
Gckfkacfo mcstriss
mcstriss pfmf ududk
ududkyf
yf pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk
yfke
yfke lisu
lisuoc
octf
tfk
k liuf
liufke
kefk
fk dike
dikefo
fofd
fdcc pi
piku
kuru
rukf
kfk
k mf
mfof
ofd
d pi
pirt
rtud
ud`u
`ubf
bfk,
k,
lidfdpuof`ffk, mfk fsit titfp, sirtf pikckelftfk mfofd tckelftfk pirsimcffk
rioftcg tirbfmfp pirusfbffk yfke sibft.

]irmfpft ocdf lisuoctfk liufkefk dikurut @rcebfd mfk Mfvis (0>6=) yfctu:

6) Iahk
Iahkhd
hdca
ca gfcou
gfcouri,
ri, mcdf
mcdfkf
kf pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk tcmf
tcmfl
l mf
mfpf
pftt diku
dikutu
tupc
pc ju
judo
dofb
fb `c
`cfy
fyf,
f,
tirdfsul `cfyf dhmfokyf.
0) @usckiss
@usckiss gfcouri,
gfcouri, tirjfmc `cof `cskcs
`cskcs dikebikt
dikebiktclfk
clfk hpirfsc
hpirfsc mikefk
mikefk flc`ft liruecfk
liruecfk
li lrimctur.
1) ]iab
]iabkc
kcafo
afo ck
cksh
shov
ovik
ikay
ay,, fm
fmfo
fofb
fb li
litc
tcmf
mfld
ldfd
fdpu
pufk
fk didi
didiku
kubc
bc li
liwf
wfjc
jc`f
`fk
k ofkaf
ofkafr 
r 
litclf jftub tidph, dikukjul lilurfkefk oclucmctfs siafrf tidphrir. ^fmf lfsus
ckc lrimctur `cfsfkyf dfu did`fktu diofouc ristrulturcsfsc utfke.

66
 

=) Ckshovi
Ckshovikay
kay ck `fklrupt
`fklruptay,
ay, tirefd`
tirefd`fr
fr mfrc
mfrc kcofc
kcofc `ulu
`ulu utfke
utfke yfke dioi`cb
dioi`cbcc kcofc
kcofc
 pfsfr fsit. Dfsfofb ckc `irscgft pirdfkik mfk dikefrfb lipfmf oclucmctfs `cskcs.
9) Oief
Oiefoo `f
`fkl
klru
rupt
ptay
ay,, fm
fmfo
fofb
fb `f
`fke
kelr
lrut
ut sia
siafr
frff bu
bulu
lud,
d, ti
tirjf
rjfmc
mc `c
`cof
of ti
tiof
ofb
b mc
mcfj
fjul
ulfk
fk
tuktutfk siafrf risdc sisufc mikefk ukmfke-ukmfke.

@fkyfl
@fkyfl gflthr
gflthr yfke mfpft dikyi`f`lfk
dikyi`f`lfk pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk dikebfmfpc
dikebfmfpc gckfkacfo
gckfkacfo
mcstriss yfctu fktfrf ofck likfclfk `cfyf hpirfsc, ilspfksc `iroi`cbfk, litckeefofk
tilkhohec, lhkmcsc pirsfckefk, lhkmcsc ilhkhdc, lioidfbfk dfkfjidik pirusfbffk
mfk pikurukfk fltcvctfs pirmfefkefk ckmustrc. Mfofd lhkmcsc ilhkhdc yfke tcmfl 
 `urul, li`fkyflfk pirusfbffk yfke dikefofdc gckfkacfo mcstriss fmfofb flc`ft mfrc
lioidfbfk dfkfjidik (Ubctflir, 6333).

Ckmclfthr yfke dikukjullfk fpflfb suftu pirusfbffk dikefofdc gckfkacfo

mcstriss fktfrf ofck mctfkmfc mikefk fmfkyf pid`irbiktcfk tikfef lirjf ftfu bcofkekyf
 pid`fyfrfk mcvcmik (Ofu, 6325 & Bcoo it fo, 6337), sirtf frus lfs yfke oi`cb liaco

mf
mfrc
rc pf
pfmf
mf utfk
utfke
e jfke
jfkelf
lf pf
pfkj
kjfk
fke
e (Ubc
(Ubctf
tfli
lir,
r, 63
6333
33),
), ft
ftfu
fu,, jclf
jclf siofd
siofdff 0 tf
tfbu
buk
k
dikefofdc of`f `irscb hpirfsc kieftcg mfk siofdf oi`cb mfrc 6 tfbuk tcmfl dioflulfk
 pid`fyfrfk mcvcmik (Fodcocf mfk Lrcstcjfmc, 0>>1), simfkelfk Ufbyujftc (0>>>)
dikmig
dikmigckc
ckcsclf
sclfk
k gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo mcstri
mcstriss
ss jclf
jclf pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k dikefo
dikefofdc
fdc kit ckahdi
ckahdi kieftc
kieftcg 
g 
siofdf 1 tfbuk.

^oftt BM mfk ^oftt

^oftt D@ mfofd Jhurkfo Hg Iahkhdca tfbuk
Iahkhdca  tfbuk 0>>0 dikjiofslfk
 `fbwf gckfkacfo
 `fbwf gckfkacfo mcstriss 
mcstriss dirupflfk
dirupflfk suftu tfbfp pikurukfk
pikurukfk lhkmcsc
lhkmcsc gckfkscfo
gckfkscfo yfke
tirjfmc pfmf pirusfbffk yfke si`ioudkyf dikefofdc oclucmfsc ftfu li`fkelrutfk.

Qimfke
Qimfkelfk
lfk @rfbdf
@rfbdfkf
kf mfofd
mfofd pikioct
pikioctcfk
cfkkyf
kyf yfke
yfke mctir`
mctir`crt
crtlfk
lfk tfbuk
tfbuk 0>>5
0>>5
dikjio
dikjiofslf
fslfk
k `fbwf
`fbwf suftu
suftu pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k `csf
`csf mcsi`u
mcsi`utt simfke
simfke dikefo
dikefofdc
fdc gckfkacfo 
 gckfkacfo 
mcstriss ftfu lisuoctfk liufkefk jclf pirusfbffk ctu dikukjullfk sijudofb fkelf
kieftcg pfmf of`f hpirfsc, of`f `irscb, mfk kcofc `ulu iluctfs tirsi`ut tirjfmc direir.

^ikioctcfk ofck yfke mctir`ctlfk tfbuk 0>61 yfke mcpcdpck hoib Bfkcgfb turut
dikjiofslfk `fbwf gikhdikf ofck mfrc gckfkacfo
mfrc  gckfkacfo mcstriss fmfofb
mcstriss fmfofb fmfkyf pirusfbffk
yfke aikmiruke
aikmiruke dikefofdc
dikefofdc lisuoctfk
lisuoctfk oclucmctfs
oclucmctfs yfke mctukjullfk
mctukjullfk mikefk
mikefk fmfkyf
fmfkyf
lidfdpufk pirusfbffk yfke sidflck ofdf sidflck dikuruk mfofd bfo pidikubfk

liwfjc`fkkyf lipfmf pcbfl lrimctur.

60
 

 Gckfkacfo mcstriss juef
mcstriss juef lirfp tirjfmc pfmf pirusfbffk yfke tcmfl dfdpu ofec
ftfu
ftfu ef
efef
efoo mf
mfof
ofd
d bf
bfoo didi
didiku
kubc
bc li
liwf
wfjc
jc`f
`fk
k mi
mi`c
`ctu
turr yf
yfke
ke mc
mcsi`
si`f`
f`lf
lfk
k lf
lfrik
rikff
litcmflaulupfk ftfu lilurfkefk mfkf uktul diofkjutlfk ofec hpirfschkfo usfbfkyf.

Gckfka
Gckfkacfo
cfo mcstri
mcstriss
ss ftfu
ftfu sircke
sircke mcsi`u
mcsi`utt mikefk
mikefk lisuoc
lisuoctfk
tfk liufke
liufkefk,
fk, tiCjfm
tiCjfmcc

si`ioud suftu pirusfbffk `ikfr-`ikfr dikefofdc li`fkelrutfk. Gckfkacfo mcstriss

dirup
dirupflf
flfk
k suftu
suftu lhkmcs
lhkmcscc yfkI<
yfkI< dikuk
dikukjul
jullfk
lfk tfbfp
tfbfp pikuru
pikurukfk
kfk mfofd
mfofd lhkmcs
lhkmcscc
liufkefk pirusfbffk yfke tiCjfmc si`ioud tirjfmckyf li`fkelrutfk ftfupuk oclucmfsc
(^oft mfk ^oft, 0>>0, mfofd Fodcocf, 0>>7 mfk Pfdfmbfkc mfk Oulvcfrdfk, 0>>3).
Gckfkacfo mcstriss juef `csf mcmigckcsclfk si`fefc litcmfldfdpufk pirusfbffk uktul 
did`fyfr liwfjc`fk gckfkacfo yfke tiofb jftub tidph (@ifvir it fC, 0>66). Ghstir 
(6322, mfofd Pfdfmbfkc mfk Oulvcfrdfk, 0>>3) dikmigckcsclfkgckfr.'Acfo mcstriss
si`fefc,
si`fefc, "Gckfkacfo mcstriss cs oCsim th difk siviri ocqucmcty
ocqucmcty prh`oids
prh`oids tbft afkkht
afkkht `i
rishovim wctbhut f sczf`oi risafocke hg tbi iktcty's hpirftchks hr struaturi."

Gc
Gckf
kfka
kacfo
cfo mcstr
mcstriss
iss `csf
`csf tirj
tirjfm
fmcc m `i
`ir`
r`fe
fefc
fc pi
piru
rusfb
sfbffk
ffk mf
mfk
k `c
`csf
sf dikj
dikjfm
fmcc
 pikfkmf/sckyfo mfrc li`fkelrutfk yfke dukelck flfk mcfo fdc pirusfbffk. Jclf
 pirusfbffk sumfb dfsul mfofd lhkmcscjckfkacfo mcstriss, dflf dfkfjidik bfrus
 `irbftc-bftc lfrikf `csf sfjf dfsul pfiof tfbfp li`fkelrutfk. Dfkfjidik mfrc
 pirusfbffk yfke dikefofdc gckfkacfo mcstriss bfrus dioflulfk tckmflfk uktul 
dikeftfsc dfsfofb liufkefk tirsi`ut mfk dikaiefb tirjfmckyf li`fkelrutfk.

^irusfb
^irusfbffk
ffk yfke
yfke dikefo
dikefofdc
fdc lhkmcs
lhkmcscc gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo mcstris
mcstrisss mfpft
mfpft mcocbf
mcocbftt ftfu
ftfu
mctiktulfk hoib `ir`fefc gflthr, yfctu:

f. Ofu (6325,
(6325, mfofd
mfofd Qpcaf,
Qpcaf, yfke mclutcp
mclutcp hoib Fodcocf
Fodcocf,, 0>>7),
0>>7), dikyft
dikyftflf
flfk
k `fbwf
`fbwf
gckfkacfo
gckfkacfo mcstriss
mcstriss tiCjfmc
tiCjfmc mfofd suftu pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk jclf tirmfpft
tirmfpft pid`irbikt
pid`irbiktcfk
cfk
tikfef lirjf ftfu dikebcofkelfk pid`fyfrfk mcvcmik.
 `. Fsquctb, Eirtkir mfk Qabfrgstick (633=, mfofd Fodcocf, 0>>7), dikeeukflfk
cktirist ahvirfei rftch uktul dikmigckcsclfk lhkmcscgckfkacfo mcstriss.
a. Eiktry it
it fo. (633>,
(633>, mfofd Lhrmistfkc
Lhrmistfkc it fo.,
fo., 0>66),
0>66), dikyftflfk
dikyftflfk `fbwf
`fbwf gckfkacfo
gckfkacfo
mcstriss tirjfmc jclf frus lfs dfsul oi`cb rikmfb mfrc frus lfs lioufr.
m. @rcebf
@rcebfd
d it fo. (6333,
(6333, mfofd
mfofd Lhrmistfk
Lhrmistfkcc it fo., 0>66),
0>66), dikmigck
dikmigckcscl
csclfk
fk lifmffk
lifmffk

gckfkac
gckfkacfo
fo mcstr
mcstriss
iss jclf
jclf pi
piru
rusfb
sfbff
ffk
k tcmf
tcmfl
l mf
mfpf
pftt didi
didiku
kubc
bc li
liwf
wfjc
jc`f
`fk
k yf
yfke
ke
tirafktud ioc iofofd ofphrfk liufkefkkyf.

61
 

i. GfYfbp
GfYfbphur
hur (0>>=,
(0>>=, mfofd Lhrmist
Lhrmistfkc
fkc it fo.
fo.,, 0>66),
0>66), dikyftf
dikyftflfk
lfk `fbwf
`fbwf gckfkacfo
gckfkacfo
mcst
mcstris
risss tirjf
tirjfmc
mc pf
pfmf
mf pi
piru
ru,f
,fbf
bffk
fk yf
yfke
ke pr
prhg
hgct
ctf`
f`coc
coctf
tfsk
skyf
yf diku
dikuru
ruk.
k. Mike
Mikefk
fk
dikurukkyf prhgctf`coctfs, dflf lidfdpufk pirusfbffk uktul did`fyfr phlhl 
 pckjfdfk mfk `ukef muc pckjfdfk
pckjfdfk flfk dikuruk.
g. Ubctfl
Ubctflir
ir (6333,
(6333, mfofd Fodcocf
Fodcocf,, 0>>7) dikeul
dikeulur
ur gckfkacf
gckfkacfoo mcstri
mcstriss
ss mikefk
mikefk afrf

fmfkyf frus lfs yfke oi`cb liaco mfrc utfkejfkelf pfkjfke sfft ckc.
e. Bhgir
Bhgir (632>,
(632>, mfofd
mfofd Qpcaf,
Qpcaf, 0>>1,
0>>1, yfke mclutcp
mclutcp hoib Fodcocf
Fodcocf,, 0>>7),
0>>7), dikyftf
dikyftflfk
lfk
 `fbwfgckfkacfo mcstriss tiCjfmc pfmf pirusfbffk yfke dikefofdc of`f `irscb
hpirfsc (kit hpirftcke ckahdi) kieftcg.
b. ]crfpf
]crfpftt mfk Kcttfyfe
Kcttfyfefsit
fsitwft
wft (6333,
(6333, mfofd
mfofd Fodcoc
Fodcocf,
f, 0>>7)
0>>7) dikyftfl
dikyftflfk
fk `fbwf
 pirusfbffk mclftflfk dikefofdc gckfkacfo mcstriss jclf pirusfbffk tirsi`ut
mcbikt
mcbiktclf
clfk
k hpirfsc
hpirfsckyf
kyf ftfs wiwikf
wiwikfke
ke pidirc
pidircktf
ktfb
b mfk pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k tirsi`
tirsi`ut
ut
mcpirsyfrftlfk dioflulfk pirikafkffk r~strulturcsfsc.
c. Ucolck
Ucolckss (6335,
(6335, mfofd
mfofd Fodcocf
Fodcocf,, 0>>7)
0>>7) dikyftf
dikyftflfk
lfk `fbwf
`fbwf pirusfbff
pirusfbffk
k mclftflf
mclftflfk
k

dikefofdc gckfkacfo
dikefofdc gckfkacfo mcstriss
mcstriss jclf pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk tirsi`ut
tirsi`ut dikefofdc
dikefofdc piofkeefrf
piofkeefrfk
k
tilk
tilkcs
cs mf
mfof
ofd
d bubutf
tfke
ke mfmfk
k mcpr
mcprim
imcl
clscl
sclfk
fk pi
piru
rusfb
sfbff
ffk
k tirsi`
tirsi`ut
ut dike
dikefof
fofdc
dc
li`fkelrutfk pfmf pirc hmi yfke flfk mftfke.
 j. @fkls (0>>9, mfofd Lhrmistfkc it fo., 0(66) dikyftflfk `fbwf, "Ckarifsi ck tbi
ahst hg afpctfo, strcatir riqucridikts `y arimcthrs fkm suppocirs th gckfkai tbi
ahdpfky, miarifsi ck tbi afsb khw, ckarifsi hg gckfkacfo oivirfei, fkm rieuofr 
abfkei hg tbi liy idpohyiis fri fdhke tbi scekfos hg gckfkacfo mcstriss ".
l. Eiktry it
it fo. (633>)
(633>) mfk Pfii, Gfoofbp
Gfoofbphur
hur (0>>2),
(0>>2), mfofd
mfofd Lhrmistfk
Lhrmistfkcc it fo. (0>6o),
(0>6o),
dikyftflfk `fbwf litclf pirusfbffk tcmfl `csf didikubc fpf yfke tirafktud

mfofd lhktrfl butfke, dflf pirusfbffk ctu dikefofdc gckfkacfo mcstriss.

6. Jfktfm
Jfktfmij
ij (0>>7,
(0>>7, mfofd Lhrmistf
Lhrmistfkc
kc it fC.,
fC., 0>6o) dikyft
dikyftflf
flfk
k `fbwf
`fbwf pirusfbf
pirusfbffk
fk
yfke
yfke diofph
diofphrlf
rlfk
k ruec
ruec siofdf
siofdf 1 pirchm
pirchmii `irtur
`irturut-
ut-tur
turut,
ut, dikefo
dikefofdc
fdc gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo
mcstriss.
o. Jfkt
Jfktfm
fmij
ij (0
(0>>
>>7,
7, mfof
mfofd
d Lhrm
Lhrmis
istf
tfkc
kc it '6
'66.
6.,, 0>
0>66
66)) ju
juef
ef diky
dikyft
ftfl
flfk
fk `f
`fbw
bwff
 pikfkeeubfk mfrc mcvcmik sfbfd prigik~k mfk pikurukfk mfofd mcvcmik lfs
dirupflfk
dirupflfk tfkmf mfrcgckfkacf
mfrcgckfkacfoo mcstriss.
mcstriss. ^ikurukfk
^ikurukfk mcvcmik lfs mfpft dikjfmc
ckghrdfsc yfke kieftcgtiktfke frus lfs dfsf mipfk pirusfbffk.

0.1 Jikcs ‑ Jikcs Gckfkacfo Mcstriss

6=
 

6) Iahk
Iahkhd
hdca
ca Gf
Gfco
cour
urii yfct
yfctu
u Qu
Quft
ftu
u lifm
lifmff
ffk
k pi
pikm
kmfp
fpft
ftfk
fk pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk tcmf
tcmfl
l mf
mfpf
pftt
dikutup thtfo `cfyf pirusfbffk, tirdfsul `cfyf dhmfo.
0) @usc
@uscki
kiss
ss Gf
Gfco
cour
urii yflk
yflkcc Quft
Quftu
u lifm
lifmff
ffk
k pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk dike
dikebi
bikt
ktcl
clfk
fk li
liec
ecft
ftfk
fk
hpirfschkfo mikefk tujufk dikeurfkec (flc`ft) liruecfk `fec lrimcthr.
1) ]iabkc
]iabkcafo
afo Ckshovik
Ckshovikay
ay cfo
cfofb
fb Quftu lifmffk
lifmffk pirusfbf
pirusfbffk
fk tcmfl dfdpu
dfdpu didiku
didikubc
bc

liwfjc`fk yfke jftub tidph.

=) Cksh
Ckshov
ovik
ikay
ay ck @fkl
@fklrurupt
ptay
ay diru
dirupf
pflf
lfk
k Quft
Quftu
u li
lifm
fmff
ffk
k kc
kcof
ofcc `u
`ulu
lu mf
mfrc
rc th
thtf
tfoo
liwfjc`fk dioi`cbc kcofc pfsfr fsit pirusfbffk.
9) Oiefo
Oiefo @fklru
@fklrupta
ptay
y fmfofb
fmfofb Quftu lifmffk
lifmffk pirusfbf
pirusfbffk
fk mclftflf
mclftflfk
k `fkelr
`fkelrut
ut siafrf
bulud.

0.= Lftiehrc  Gckfkacfo Mcstriss

6. Gckfkacfo
Gckfkacfo Mcstriss
Mcstriss Lftiehrc
Lftiehrc F (sfkeft
(sfkeft tckeec
tckeec mfk `ikfr-`
`ikfr-`ikfr
ikfr did`fbfy
did`fbfyflfk)
flfk)
^fmf
^fmf lf
lfti
tieh
ehrc
rc ck
ckcc didu
diduke
kelc
lckl
klfk
fk pi
piru
rusfb
sfbff
ffk
k mc
mcky
kyft
ftfl
flfk
fk `i
`irfm
rfmff mc ph
phsc
scsc
sc
 `fkelrut ftfu pfcoct, siofck ctu didukelcklfk puof pcbfl pirusfbffk diofphrlfk
li pcbfl tirlfct sipirtc pikefmcofk `fbwf pirusfbffk tiofb `irfmf mfofd phscsc
 `fklruptay (pfcoct) mfk dikyirfblfk `ir`fefc urusfk uktul mctfkefkc hoib pcbfl 
oufr pirusfbffk.
0. Gckfkacfo
Gckfkacfo Mcstriss
Mcstriss Lftiehrc
Lftiehrc @ (tckeec
(tckeec mfk mcfkeefp
mcfkeefp `ir`fb
`ir`fbfyf)
fyf)
^fmf lftiehrc ckc pirusfbffk bfrus didclcrlfk `ir`fefc shousc rifocstcs mfofd
dikyiofdftlfk `ir`fefc fsit yfke mcdcoclc, sipirtc sud`ir fsit yfke ckeck mcjufo
mfk mcpirtfbfklfk.
]irdfsul didclcrlfk `ir`fefc mfdpfl fpf`cof mcoflsfkflfk liputusfk direir 
(pikeef`ukefk) mfk flucscsc (pikefd`cofocbfk).
Qfofb sftu mfdpfl jclf pirusfbffk `irfmf pfmf phscsc ckc yfctu pirusfbffk duofc
dioflulfk ^BL (^idutusfk Bu`ukefk Lirjf) mfk pikscuk mckc pfmf `i`irfpf
lfryfwfkkyf yfke mcfkeefp tcmfl ofyfl (ckgifsc`oi) ofec uktul mcpirtfbfklfk.
1. Gckfka
Gckfkacfo
cfo Mcstriss
Mcstriss Lftiehrc
Lftiehrc A (simfke
(simfke mfk mcfkeefp
mcfkeefp dfscb
dfscb `csf
`csf dikyio
dikyiofdf
fdftlf
tlfk
k
mcrc)
^fmff lftieh
^fm lftiehrc
rc ckc pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k sumfb
sumfb bfrus
bfrus dioflu
dioflulfk
lfk pirhd`
pirhd`flf
flfk
k `ir`fe
`ir`fefc
fc
li`cjflfk mfk lhksip dfkfjidik yfke mctirfplfk si`ioudkyf.
Jclf pirou dioflulfk pirilrutfk tikfef fboc `fru yfke mcdcoclc lhdpitiksc yfke
tckeec uktul mctidpftlfk pfmf phscsc strftiecs yfke `irtuefs dikeikmfoclfk mfk

69
 

dikyiofdftlfk pirusfbffk, tirdfsul tfreit mfofd dikeeikjht pirhoibfk of`f

lid`foc
=. Gckfka
Gckfkacfo
cfo Mcst
Mcstriss
riss Lftieh
Lftiehrc
rc M (Pik
(Pikmfb
mfb))
^fmff lftieh
^fm lftiehrc
rc ckc,
ckc, pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k mcfkee
mcfkeefp
fp bfkyf
bfkyf dikefo
dikefofdc
fdc goultu
goultufsc
fsc gckfks
gckfkscfo
cfo
tidphrir yfke mcsi`f`lfk hoib `ir`fefc lhkmcsc ilstirkfo mfk cktirkfo, tirdfsul 

ofbcrkyf mfk mcoflulfk liputusfk yfke lurfke `iectu tipft.

0.9 Gflthr ^ikyi`f` Gckfkacfo Mcstriss

Dikurut Mfdhmfrfk (6335), fmf `i`irfpf gflthr pikyi`f` gckfkacfo mcstriss. @irclut
 `i`irfpf gflthr pikyi`f` gckfkacfo
pikyi`f` gckfkacfo mcstriss mfofd pirusfbffk:
pirusfbffk:
f. Lisu
Lisuoc
octf
tfk
k fr
frus
us lfs
lfs
]irjfmcc litclf
]irjfm litclf pikircdffk
pikircdffk pikmfpftfk
pikmfpftfk pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk mfrc bfsco liecftfk hpirfsc
tcmfl aulup uktul dikutupc `i`fk-`i`fk usfbf yfke tcd`uo ftfs fltcvctfs hpirfsc
 pirusfbffk. Qiofck ctu lisuoctfk frus lfs juef `csf mcsi`f`lfk lfrikf fmfkyf
lisfofbfk
lisfofbfk dfkfjidik
dfkfjidik litclf dikeiohof
dikeiohof focrfk lfs pirusfbffk mfofd dioflulfk
dioflulfk
 pid`fyfrfk fltcvctfs pirusfbffk yfke mfpft didpir`urul lhkmcsc liufkefk
 pirusfbffk.
 `. @isfrkyf judofb utfke
Li`cjflfk
Li`cjflfk pikefd`co
pikefd`cofk
fk utfke pirusfbffk uktul dikutupc `cfyf yfke tcd`uo
flc`ft hpirfsc pirusfbffk flfk dikcd`uolfk liwfjc`fk `fec pirusfbffk uktul 
dike
dikeid
id`fo
`focl
clfk
fk utfk
utfke
e mc dfsf
dfsf dikm
dikmft
ftfk
fke.
e. Litc
Litclf
lf tf
tfec
ecbf
bfk
k jftub
jftub ti
tidp
dph,
h,
simfkelfk
simfkelfk pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk tcmfl didpukyfc
didpukyfc aulup mfkf uktul dioukfsc tfecbfk-
tfecbfk
tfecbfk tirsi`ut,
tirsi`ut, dflf lidukelc
lidukelckfk
kfk yfke mcoflulfk lrimctur fmfofb dioflulfk
dioflulfk
 pikyctffk bfrtf pirusfbffk uktul dikutupc lilurfkefk pid`fyfrfk tfecbfk
tirsi`ut.
a. Li
Liru
ruec
ecfk
fk mfo
mfofd
fd lie
liecf
cftf
tfk
k hpirf
hpirfsc
schk
hkfo
fo piru
pirusfb
sfbffk
ffk si
siofd
ofdff `i`i
`i`irf
rfpf
pf tfb
tfbuk
uk
Mfof
Mfofd
d bfo
bfo ckc
ckc diru
dirupf
pflf
lfk
k liru
liruec
ecfk
fk hp
hpir
irfs
fsch
chkf
kfoo pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk yf
yfke
ke mf
mfpf
pftt
dikcd`uolfk frus lfs kieftcg mfofd pirusfbffk. Bfo ckc mfpft tirjfmc lfrikf
 `i`fk hpirfschkfo oi`cb `isfr mfrc pikmfpftfk yfke mctircdf pirusfbffk.
Dislcpuk suftu pirusfbffk mfpft dikeftfsc tcef dfsfofb mc ftfs, `ioud tiktu
 pirusfbffk tirsi`ut mfpft tirbckmfr mfrc  gckfkacfo mcstriss,
mcstriss, ctu
ctu lf
lfri
rikf
kf dfscb
dfscb
tirmfpft gflthr ilstirkfo pirusfbffk yfke mfpft dikyi`f`lfk gckfkacfo
dikyi`f`lfk  gckfkacfo mcstriss.
mcstriss.
Dikurut Mfdhmfrfk (6335), gflthr ilstirkfo pirusfbffk oi`cb `irscgft dflrh, mc
dfkf aflupfkkyf oi`cb oufs. Gflthr ilstirkfo mfpft `irupf li`cjflfk pidircktfb

67
 

yfke mfpft dikfd`fb

dikfd`fb `i`fk usfbf yfke mctfkeeuke
mctfkeeuke pirusfbffk,
pirusfbffk, dcsfokyf
dcsfokyf tfrcg 
 pfjfl yfke dikckelft mfpft dikfd`fb `i`fk pirusfbffk. Qiofck ctu, dfscb fmf
li`cjfl
li`cjflfk
fk sulu
sulu `ukef
`ukef pckjfd
pckjfdfk
fk yfke
yfke dikcke
dikckelft
lft,, m cdfkf
cdfkf `csf
`csf dikyi`
dikyi`f`l
f`lfk
fk
 pikckelftfk `i`fk `ukef yfke
yfke mctfkeeuke pirusfbffk.
m. Liruecfk
Liruecfk Liecftfk
Liecftfk Hpirfschkfo
Hpirfschkfo ^irusfbffk
^irusfbffk mfofd @i`irfpf
@i`irfpf ]fbuk
]fbuk

Lhkmcs
Lhkmcscc ckc
ckc fmfo
fmfofb
fb lhkm
lhkmcs
cscc liru
liruec
ecfk
fk hp
hpir
irfs
fsch
chkf
kfoo pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk yf yfke
ke `c
`csf
sf
dikyi`f`lfk frus lfs kieftcg pfmf pirusfbffk. Lhkmcsc ckc `csf tirjfmc lfrikf
fmfkyf `i`fk hpirfschkfo pirusfbffk yfke oi`cb `isfr mfofd bfo pikmfpftfk
yfke mcmfpftlfk pirusfbffk.

Ufofupuk pirusfbffk dfdpu dikeftfsc tcef dfsfofb yfke sumfb lctf `fbfs mc
ftfs, kfduk `ioud tiktu pirusfbffk `csf dikebckmfrc gckfkacfo
dikebckmfrc gckfkacfo mcstriss,
mcstriss , likfpf8
Lfri
Lfrikf
kf dfsc
dfscb
b fmf
fmf gf
gflt
lthr
hr ilst
ilstir
irkf
kfoo pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk yf
yfke
ke `c
`csf
sf diky
dikyi`
i`f`
f`lf
lfk
k
tirjfmckyf gckfkacfo
tirjfmckyf  gckfkacfo mcstriss.
mcstriss. Mfdh
Mfdhmf
mfrfk
rfk (6
(633
335)
5) dikj
dikjio
iofsl
fslfk
fk `f
`fbw
bwff gflth
gflthr 
r 

ilstirkfo pirusfbffk ckc oi`cb `irscgft dflrh, yfke dfkf rufke aflupfkkyf oi`cb
oufs.

Gflthr ilstirkfo `csf tirdfsul li`cjflfk pidircktfb yfke dfdpu dikfd`fb

 `i`fk usfbf yfke mctfkeeuke pirusfbffk, ahkthbkyf fmfofb tfrcg pfjfl yfke
dikckelft
dikckelft mfk dfdpu
dfdpu dikfd`fb
dikfd`fb `i`fk pirusffbffk,
pirusffbffk, li`cjflfk sulu `ukef
`ukef
 pckjfdfk yfke dikckelft, yfke dfkf dfdpu dikckelftlfk `i`fk `ukef yfke
bfrus mctfkeeuke pirusfbffk, moo.

Mfof
Mfofd
d bf
bfoo ckc
ckc diru
dirupf
pflf
lfk
k li
liru
ruec
ecfk
fk hp
hpir
irfsc
fschk
hkfo
fo pi
piru
rusfb
sfbff
ffk
k yf
yfke
ke mf
mfpf
pftt
dikcd`uolfk frus lfs kieftcg mfofd pirusfbffk. Bfo ckc mfpft tirjfmc lfrikf
 `i`fk hpirfschkfo oi`cb `isfr mfrc pikmfpftfk yfke mctircdf pirusfbffk.

Dislcpuk suftu pirusfbffk mfpft dikeftfsc tcef dfsfofb mc ftfs, `ioud tiktu
 pirusfbffk tirsi`ut mfpft tirbckmfr mfrc  gckfkacfo mcstriss,
mcstriss, ctu
ctu lf
lfri
rikf
kf dfscb
dfscb
tirmfpft gflthr ilstirkfo pirusfbffk yfke mfpft dikyi`f`lfk gckfkacfo
dikyi`f`lfk  gckfkacfo mcstriss.
mcstriss.
Dikurut Mfdhmfrfk (6335), gflthr ilstirkfo pirusfbffk oi`cb `irscgft dflrh, mc
dfkf aflupfkkyf oi`cb oufs. Gflthr ilstirkfo mfpft `irupf li`cjflfk pidircktfb
yfke mfpft dikfd`fb
dikfd`fb `i`fk usfbf yfke mctfkeeuke
mctfkeeuke pirusfbffk,
pirusfbffk, dcsfokyf
dcsfokyf tfrcg 
 pfjfl yfke dikckelft mfpft dikfd`fb `i`fk pirusfbffk. Qiofck ctu, dfscb fmf

65
 

li`cjfl
li`cjflfk
fk sulu
sulu `ukef
`ukef pckjfd
pckjfdfk
fk yfke
yfke dikcke
dikckelft
lft,, m cdfkf
cdfkf `csf
`csf dikyi`
dikyi`f`l
f`lfk
fk
 pikckelftfk `i`fk `ukef yfke
yfke mctfkeeuke pirusfbffk.
Dikuru
Dikurutt Gfabru
Gfabrumck
mck (0>>2)
(0>>2),, pikyi`
pikyi`f`
f` lisuoc
lisuoctfk
tfk liufke
liufkefk
fk ftfu
ftfu gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo mcstri
mcstriss
ss
mcjiofslfk mfofd ]rckctfs ^ikyi`f` lisuoctfk liufkefk, yfctu si`fefc `irclut:

h  Kihaofsscafo dhmio

Gckfkacfo mcstriss mfk li`fkelrutfk tirjfmc jclf fohlfsc sud`ir mfyf mc mfofd
 pirusfbffk tcmfl tipft. Dfkfjidik yfke lurfke `csf dikefohlfsclfk sud`ir 
mfyf (fsit) yfke fmf mc pirusfbffk uktul liecftfk hpirfschkfo pirusfbffk.

h  Gckfkacfo dhmio

^ika
^ikafd
fdpu
purfk
rfk fsit
fsit `i
`ikf
kfrr titfp
titfpcc str
strul
ultu
turr li
liuf
ufke
kefk
fk sfofb
sfofb mi
mike
kefk
fk ocqu
ocqucm
cmct
cty
y
ahkstrfckts. Bfo ckc `irfrtc `fbwf wfofupuk pirusfbffk mfpft `irtfbfk bcmup
mfofd jfkelf pfkjfke tfpc cf bfrus `fkelrut juef mfofd jfkelf pikmil.

h Ahrphrfti ehvirkfkai dhmio

Dikuru
Dikurutt dhmio
dhmio ckc,
ckc, li`fke
li`fkelru
lrutfk
tfk didpuk
didpukyfc
yfc afdpu
afdpurfk
rfk fsit mfk strult
strultur 
ur 
liufkefk yfke `ikfr tfpc mcliohof mikefk `urul. Litcmfl-igcscik ckc dikmhrhke
 pirusfbffk dikjfmc Hot hg tbi dfrlit si`fefc lhksiluiksc mfrc dfsfofb mfofd
tftf liohof pirusfbffk yfke tfl tirpiafblfk.

Qiofck
Qiofck ctu,
ctu, dikuru
dikurutt Bfkfgc
Bfkfgc (0>>=)
(0>>=),, tirmfpf
tirmfpftt `i`irfp
`i`irfpff pikyi`
pikyi`f`
f` ofck
ofck tirjfmc
tirjfmckyf
kyf
lisuoctfk
lisuoctfk liufkefk
liufkefk lbususkyf
lbususkyf pfmf liohdphl
liohdphl usfbf
usfbf liaco,
liaco, yfctu si`fefc `irclut:
`irclut:

6) Qtrult
Qtrultur
ur pirdh
pirdhmfo
mfofk
fk yfke
yfke lurfke
lurfke
6. Lilurfkefk
Lilurfkefk dhmfo
dhmfo uktul
uktul did`ioc
did`ioc `frfke
`frfke dhmfo mfk pirfoftfk
pirfoftfk..
0. Lilu
Lilurf
rfke
kefk
fk dhmf
dhmfoo uk
uktu
tul
l didf
didfkg
kgfft
fftlf
lfk
k `f
`frf
rfke
ke pi
pirs
rsim
imcf
cffk
fk yf
yfke
ke mc
mcju
jufo
fo
mikefk phthkefk lufktctfs, ftfu jikcs phthkefk ofckkyf.

0) Dikeeukfl
Dikeeukflfk
fk pirfoftfk
pirfoftfk mfk dithmi
dithmi `cskcs
`cskcs yfke
yfke litckee
litckeefofk
fofk jfdfk
jfdfk
6. Efefo
Efefo dikirfp
dikirfplfk
lfk pikei
pikeikmf
kmfocf
ocfk
k pirsim
pirsimcff
cffk.
k.
0. ]cmfl
]cmfl mfpft
mfpft dioflul
dioflulfk
fk pikeik
pikeikmfo
mfocfk
cfk lrimct
lrimct..
1. Lurfke
Lurfke didfmf
didfmfcky
ckyff aftftfk
aftftfk fluktf
fluktfksc
ksc..

62
 

1) Litcfm
Litcfmffk
ffk pirika
pirikafkf
fkffk
fk `cskcs
`cskcs
6. Litcmfldfd
Litcmfldfdpufk
pufk dikmitilsc
dikmitilsc mfk didfbfdc
didfbfdc piru`fb
piru`fbfk
fk pfsfr.
pfsfr.
0. Litcmfldfd
Litcmfldfdpufk
pufk didfbfdc
didfbfdc piru`fb
piru`fbfk
fk lhkmc
lhkmcsc
sc ilhkhd
ilhkhdc.
c.
1. ]cmfl dikycfplfk
dikycfplfk rikafkf
rikafkf uktul sctufsc
sctufsc mfrurft
mfrurft ftfu mc
mc oufr mueffk
mueffk..
=. Litcmfldfd
Litcmfldfdpufk
pufk dikefkt
dikefktcscpfsc
cscpfsc mfk
mfk dirikafkfl
dirikafkflfk
fk li`utubfk
li`utubfk liufke
liufkefk.
fk.

=) Lufo
Lufocg
cgcl
clfsc
fsc pr
prc`
c`fm
fmcc
6. Lurfke
Lurfkekyf
kyf pikeit
pikeitfbu
fbufk
fk `cskcs
`cskcs..
0. ]cmfl
]cmfl ckec
ckeck
k `ilir
`ilirjf
jf tirof
tirofou
ou lirfs
lirfs..
1. ]cmfl
]cmfl ckeck
ckeck dikmio
dikmioief
iefscl
sclfk
fk tuefs
tuefs mfk wiwikf
wiwikfke.
ke.
=. Litcmfldfd
Litcmfldfdpufk
pufk didiocbfrf
didiocbfrf bu`uke
bu`ukefk
fk `fcl
`fcl mikefk
mikefk lhksudik.
lhksudik.

^fmf lrcscs liufkefk mc Fscf yfre tirjfmc tfbuk 6335-6332, `fkyfl octirftur yfke
dikukjullfk `fbwf ahrphrfti ehvirkfkai fmfofb sfofb sftu gflthr lukac yfke tirlfct
mikefk lisuoctfk liufkefk (Jhbkshk, @hhki, @rifab mfk Grcimdfk, 0>>>, mfofd Ou
mf
mfk
k Abfk
Abfke,
e, 0>
0>(3
(3).
). Ah
Ahrp
rphr
hrft
ftii eh
ehvi
virk
rkfk
fkai
ai yf
yfke
ke `c
`csf
sf diky
dikyi`
i`f`
f`lf
lfk
k pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk
dikefo
dikefofdc
fdc gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo mcstris
mcstrisss fmfofb
fmfofb lipidc
lipidcocl
oclfk
fk yfke
yfke tirlhks
tirlhksikt
iktrfsc
rfsc (hwkir
(hwkirsbc
sbcp
p
ahkaiktrftchk) mfk tftf liohof yfke `urul (phhr aH/ph rfti ehvirkfkai) (Pfj fk mfk
Zckefois, 6332, mfofd Ou & Abfke, 0>>3). ]ftf liohof yfke `urul mfofd pirusfbffk
mfpft didgfscoctfsc pioufke uktul pidiefke sfbfd pikeikmfoc (dfyhrctfs) uktul 
diktrfksgir kcofc pirusfbffk li lfkthke dirilf sikmcrc, sipirtc yfke mclidulflfk
hoib Of ^hrtf it fo. (0>>>) mfk Jhbkshk it fo. (0>>>) mfofd Bsck (0>>2). ^ikeurfkefk
kcofc pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk flfk did`uft
did`uft pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk didpukyfc
didpukyfc lidukelck
lidukelckfk
fk dikefofdc
dikefofdc
gckfkacfo mcstriss yfke oi`cb `isfr (Oii mfk Sib, 0>>=, mfofd Bsck, 0>>2).

Qiofck dfsfofb ahrphrfti ehvirkfkai, gckfkacfo mcstriss juef `csf mcsi`f`lfk

lhkmcsc ilstirkfo yfke `irfmf mc oufr pirusfbffk, sipirtc lhkmcsc dflrh ilhkhdc.
Qijudofb pikuocs dikeidulflfk `fbwf gflthr dflrh ilhkhdc didpukyfc mfdpfl 
scekcgclfk pfmf titjfmckyf lisuoctfk liufkefk, mfk lidumcfk flfk `irmfdpfl pfmf
li`fkelrutfk pidsfbffk (Ochu mfk Qdctb, 0>>5). Kfduk, gflthr dflrh ilhkhdc ckc
rioftcg
rioftcg jfrfke
jfrfke.. @i`irf
@i`irfpf
pf gflthr
gflthr dflrh
dflrh ilhkhd
ilhkhdcc yfke
yfke `csf
`csf dikyi`
dikyi`f`l
f`lfk
fk gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo
mcstris
mcstrisss fktfrf
fktfrf ofck
ofck goultu
goultufsc
fsc mfofd
mfofd ckgofsc
ckgofsc,, sulu
sulu `ukef,
`ukef, Erhss
Erhss Kftchk
Kftchkfo
fo ^rhmua
^rhmuat,
t,
litirsimcffk lrimct, tckelft upfb piefwfc, mfk si`fefckyf (Ochu mfk Qdctb, 0>>5).

Fotdfk (6356, mfofd Ochu mfk Qdctb, 0>>5) dikaftft `fbwf li`cjflfk dhkitir yfke
litft mfpft dikckelftlfk
dikckelftlfk lidukelckf
lidukelckfk
k li`fkelru
li`fkelrutfk,
tfk, lfrikf
lfrikf ilspiltfsc
ilspiltfsc ckvisthr 
ckvisthr 

63
 

yfke
yfke kieftc
kieftcgg tiktfk
tiktfke
e lhkmcs
lhkmcscc dhkitir
dhkitir.. @i`irf
@i`irfpf
pf gflthr
gflthr yfke
yfke mfpft
mfpft dikyi`
dikyi`f`l
f`lfk
fk
lisuoctfk liufkefk pirusfbffk sfkeft irft tirlfct mikefk lhkmcsc dflrh ilhkhdc
(Erfbfd it fo., 0>66).

Gflthr pikyi`f` gckfkacfo mcstriss fmfofb lfrikf fmfkyf sirfkelfcfk lisfofbfk,

 pikefd`cofk liputusfk yfke tcmfl tipft, sirtf tcmfl fmfkyf ftfu lurfkekyf upfyf
dikefwfsc lhkmcsc liufkefk sibckeef pikeeukffk liufkefk tcmfl sisufc mikefk
lipiroufk.
lipiroufk. Bfo ckc did`irclfk liscdpuofk
liscdpuofk `fbwf tcmfl dikjfdck pirusfbffk `isfr 
mfpft dikebckmfrc dfsfofb ckc, si`f` gckfkacfo mcstriss `irlfctfk mikefk liufkefk
 pirusfbffk mcdfkf, sitcfp pirusfbffk pfstc flfk `iurusfk mikefk liufkefk uktul 
dikjfeff liofkesukef
dikjfe liofkesukefk
k hpirfsckyf
hpirfsckyf (Fkeefrckc,
(Fkeefrckc, 0>6>).
0>6>). ^irusfbffk
^irusfbffk mikefk
mikefk lifmffk
lifmffk
sipirtc
sipirtc mcjiof
mcjiofslf
slfk
k mc ftfs
ftfs pirou
pirou uktul
uktul dikefk
dikefktcsc
tcscpfs
pfscc fmfky
fmfkyff gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo mcstris
mcstrisss
 `irlipfkjfkefk si`ioud dikafpfc tctcl li`fkelrutfk ftfu oclucmfsc (Frmcyfkth,
0>66).

0.7 Eijfof Gckfkacfo Mcstriss

@irclut `i`irfpf eijfof gckfkacfo mcstriss `fec pirusfbffk:

6) Lisuoct
Lisuoctfk
fk mfofd
mfofd dikafp
dikafpfc
fc `rifl
`rifl ivik phckt
phckt..
0) Dfreck
Dfreck liuk
liuktuk
tukefk
efk yfke
yfke simclc
simclct.
t.
1) ^ikjuf
^ikjufofk
ofk yfke
yfke tcmfl
tcmfl dika
dikafpf
fpfcc tfreit.
tfreit.
=) ]cmfl
]cmfl `csf
`csf did`fyf
did`fyfrr ftfu diouk
dioukfsc
fsc butfke
butfke..
9) ^id`io
^id`iocc tcmfl lid`f
lid`foc
oc did`ioc
did`ioc prhmul
prhmul lfdu.
lfdu.
Yktul
Yktul liufke
liufkefk
fk prc`fm
prc`fmcc lfdu,
lfdu, `irclu
`irclutt `i`irfp
`i`irfpff eijfof
eijfof gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo mcstri
mcstriss
ss yfk
yfke
e

dukelck mcfofdc:

6) Lfdu
Lfdu tcmfl
tcmfl dikaf
dikaftft
tft liuf
liufkef
kefk
k lfdu.
lfdu.
0) ]cmfl didpukyfc
didpukyfc mfkf
mfkf mfrurft
mfrurft,, tf`ukefk,
tf`ukefk, ftfu fsurfksc
fsurfksc..
1) Bcmup mikefk
mikefk ufke
ufke yfke
yfke pfs-pfsfk
pfs-pfsfk sitcfp
sitcfp `uofk.
`uofk.
=) Qircke tirpflsf
tirpflsf `irbutfke
`irbutfke pfmf lioufre
lioufreff ftfu tidfk.
9) Butfke
Butfke lfdu oi`cb mfrc
mfrc 1>% pikmfpftfk
pikmfpftfk `uofkfk
`uofkfk lfdu.
7) Lfdu lisuoc
lisuoctfk
tfk did`fyfr
did`fyfr butfke
butfke lrimct
lrimct tipft
tipft wfltu.
wfltu.
Mikefk jioc diocbft eijfof gckfkacfo mcstriss, lfdu flfk oi`cb `csf dikeftfsc mfk

dikaiefb
dikaiefb gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo mcstri
mcstriss.
ss. Jclf
Jclf tcmfl,
tcmfl, dflf
dflf mcrcdu
mcrcdu ftfu
ftfu pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k lfdu
lfdu `csf
`csf
dikefofdc rcsclh `fkelrut.

0>
 

0.5 Afrf Dikaiefb Gckfkacfo Mcstriss

]irlfmfke gckfkacfo mcstriss tcmfl `csf mcftfsc sibckeef si`ufb pirusfbffk

ftfu sihrfke ckmcvcmu tirpflsf `fkelrut. Lfrikf ctu, oi`cb `fcl dikaiefb mc`fkmcke
dikeftfsc.
@irclut `i`irfpf bfo yfke pirou mcah`f uktul dikaiefb gckfkacfo mcstriss.
f. ^fstclfk
^fstclfk rfsch butfke
butfke lfdu tcmfl dioi`cbc
dioi`cbc 9>% mfrc judofb
judofb thtfo
thtfo fsit `irscb.
`irscb.
 `. ]irfplfk pirikafkffk liufkefk, sirtf dioflulfk `umeitcke mikefk `ikfr.
a. ]fd`fb su
sud
d`ir pikmfpftfk. ^iru
rusf
sfb
bffk `csf dioflulfk ckc mikefk
dikcke
dikckelft
lftlfk
lfk lufoct
lufoctfs
fs piofyf
piofyfkfk
kfk,, dioflu
dioflulfk
lfk ckhvfs
ckhvfscc prhmul
prhmul,, mfk dikafr
dikafrcc
ckvisthr. Qidiktfrf ckmcvcmu `csf dikah`f did`uft pioufke `cskcs sfdpckefk
ftfu dikafrc lirjf sfdpckefk.
m. Qcfplfk
Qcfplfk fsit oclucm.
oclucm. Yktul
Yktul pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk,, lfdu juef
juef bfrus pcktfr
pcktfr mfofd
mfofd pikefturfk
pikefturfk
afsb gohw mfk afsb `umeit uktul didfstclfk fsit oclucm tirsimcf litclf fmf
tikeeft pid`fyfrfk lrimct. Yktul ckmcvcmu, mfkf mfrurft, tf`ukefk, mfk juef
fsurfksc
fsurfksc `csf dikjfmc
dikjfmc pirockmuk
pirockmukefk
efk litclf
litclf mcbfmfpc
mcbfmfpc rcsclh gckfkscfo. ^fstclfk
lfdu didpukyfc mfkf mfrurft si`isfr 7 lfoc pikeioufrfk `uofkfk, dikf`uke
silct
silctfr
fr 0>
0>%
% mf
mfrc
rc pi
pikm
kmfp
fpft
ftfk
fk `u
`uof
ofkf
kfk,
k, sirtf
sirtf didc
didcocl
oclcc fsurfk
fsurfksc
sc jcwf
jcwf ftfu
ftfu
lisibftfk.

^oftt
^oftt BM mfk ^oftt
^oftt D@ mfofd
mfofd Jhurkf
Jhurkfoo Hg Iahkhd
Iahkhdca
ca tfbuk
tfbuk 0>>0 dikjiofsl
dikjiofslfk
fk
 `fbwf fmfkyf primclsc ckghrdfsc lisuoctfk liufkefk pfmf suftu pirusfbffk `csf
didpir
didpiraipf
aipftt tckmfl
tckmflfk
fk yfke
yfke mcfd`c
mcfd`coo hoib
hoib dikiji
dikijidik
dik mfofd
mfofd dikaie
dikaiefb
fb siefof
siefof
dfsfofb yfke tirjfmc lfrikf gckfkacfo
lfrikf gckfkacfo mcstriss.
mcstriss.

^cbfl dfkfjidik pirusfbffk `csf dikefd`co

dikefd`co li`cjflfk tflihvir  ftfu
  ftfu direir 
fefr pirusfbffk dfdpu did`fyfr tfecbfk utfke mfk dfdpu dikeiohof pirusfbffk
siafrf
siafrf oi`c
oi`cb
b `f
`fcl
cl,, sirtf
sirtf fe
fefr
fr dfdp
dfdpu
u did`
did`ir
ircl
clfk
fk pi
pirck
rckef
eftf
tfk
k mc
mckc
kc ft
ftfs
fs fm
fmfk
fkyf
yf
li`fkelrutfk pfmf dfsf mipfk.

Lidumcfk, Qabuppi (0>>1) dikfd`fblfk `fbwf pcbfl dfkfjidik pirusfbffk

yfke
yfke tfke
tfkeef
efp
p flfk
flfk dfdp
dfdpu
u dikm
dikmit
itil
ilsc
sc fm
fmfk
fkyf
yf gckfkacfo
 gckfkacfo mcstriss 
mcstriss oi
oi`c
`cb
b fwfo
fwfo..
Lidumc
Lidumcfk
fk `csf
`csf dikefd
dikefd`co
`co tckmfl
tckmflfk
fk fltcg
fltcg mfofd
mfofd dikefk
dikefkfocs
focsff pikyi`
pikyi`f`
f` gckfkacfo 
 gckfkacfo 
mcstriss mfk
mcstriss  mfk dioflulfk strftiec yfke tipft.

06
 

Lhkmcsc Gckfkacfo
Lhkmcsc Gckfkacfo mcstriss 
mcstriss `csf
`csf diruec
dirueclfk
lfk pcbfl
pcbfl pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k jclf
jclf tcmfl
tcmfl sieirf
sieirf
mctfkefkc.
mctfkefkc. Fmfkyf
Fmfkyf lirjfsfdf
lirjfsfdf mikefk
mikefk pcbfl dfkfjidik mfk pcdpckfk
pcdpckfk pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk
sfkeft mc`utublfk uktul dikebckmfrc fmfkyf gckfkacfo
fmfkyf gckfkacfo mcstriss pfmf
mcstriss pfmf pirusfbffk.

0.2 Dikfkefkc Gckfkacfo Mcstriss

Fmfpuk
Fmfpuk `i`irfp
`i`irfpff afrf fdpub
fdpub mfofd
mfofd dikfke
dikfkefkc
fkc gckfkacfo mcstriss yfke tirjfmc
 gckfkacfo mcstriss  tirjfmc
 pfmf pirusfbffk fmfofb si`fefc `irclut:

6) ^iru
^irusfb
sfbffk
ffk `csf
`csf dikj
dikjuf
ufoo `i
`i`i
`irfp
rfpff fsit
fsit ut
utfd
fdfk
fkyf
yf,, si
sipi
pirt
rtcc li
likm
kmfr
frffk
ffk,, disc
disck,
k,
eimu
eimuke
ke,, tf
tfkf
kfb,
b, moo.
moo. Mike
Mikefk
fk dikj
dikjuf
ufoo fsit
fsit ti
tirs
rsi`
i`ut
ut,, dflf
dflf pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk `c
`csf
sf
dike
dikeid
id`f
`foc
oclf
lfk
k dhmf
dhmfoo ck
ckvi
visth
sthrr mf
mfk
k dfscb
dfscb `c
`csf
sf dikj
dikjfo
fofk
fklf
lfk
k hp
hpirf
irfsc
schk
hkfo
fo
 pirusfbffk wfofu mikefk dhmfo yfke dckcd.
dckcd.
0) ^iru
^irusfb
sfbffk
ffk `csf
`csf dike
dikefd
fd`c
`coo tckm
tckmfl
flfk
fk dire
direir
ir mi
mike
kefk
fk pi
piru
rusfb
sfbffk
ffk of
ofck
ck.. Direi
Direir 
r 
dirupf
dirupflfk
lfk lhd`ck
lhd`ckfsc
fsc ftfs
ftfs muf ftfu
ftfu oi`cb
oi`cb pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k dikjfm
dikjfmcc sftu,
sftu, mcdfkf
mcdfkf
 pirusfbffk flfk dikefd`co ftfu did`ioc siourub fsit mfk ocf`coctfs pirusfbffk,
sibckeef pirusfbffk yfke dioflulfk direir didcoclc sfbfd dckcdfo 9>%.
1) Dioflulfk
Dioflulfk `ftfsfk
`ftfsfk `iofkjf
`iofkjf dhmfo
dhmfo uktul ilspfk
ilspfksc
sc `cskcs.
`cskcs. Mikefk lhkmcsc
lhkmcsc gckfkacfo 
 gckfkacfo 
mcstriss,, pirusfbfk tcmfl bfrus dikeioufrlfk dhmfo uktul dioflulfk ilspfksc
mcstriss
usfbf, dhmfo bfrus oi`cb ghlus mceukflfk uktul dikebidft liufkefk fefr oi`cb
igcscik.
=) Dikir`
Dikir`ctl
ctlfk
fk sfbfd
sfbfd ftfu
ftfu h`ocef
h`ocefsc
sc `fru.
`fru. Ydudkyf,
Ydudkyf, sitiofb
sitiofb pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k dfdpu
dfdpu
dike
dikeid
id`f
`foc
oclf
lfk
k dhmf
dhmfoo pfmf
pfmf pfrf
pfrf pcbf
pcbfl
l ck
ckvi
vist
sthr
hr.. Dflf
Dflf pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk `c
`csf
sf
dikir`ctlfk sfbfd ftfupuk h`ocefsc `fru uktul pikmfkffk jfkelf pfkjfke mfk
dikckelftlfk dhmfo pirusfbffk.
9) ^ikefjufk
^ikefjufk ristrulturc
ristrulturcsfsc
sfsc lrimct
lrimct lipfmf `fkl.
`fkl. Afrf
Afrf ckc `csf mcofl
mcoflulfk
ulfk jclf lhkmcsc
lhkmcsc
 pirusbffk sumfb tcmfl dfdpu ofec did`fyfr `ukef lrimct pfmf pcbfl `fkl,
sibckeef pirusfbffk `csf didcktf mc`uftlfk jfmwfo uofke pikeid`focfk `ukef
lrimctkyf.
7) Qi
Qiof
ofck
ck dike
dikefj
fjul
ulfk
fk ri
rist
stru
rult
ltur
urcs
csfs
fscc lr
lrim
imct
ct,, pc
pcbf
bfl
l `f
`fkl
kl ju
juef
ef kfkt
kfktck
ckyf
yf fl
flfk
fk
dikfwfrlfk shousc uktul dikeftfsc dfsfofb ckc mikefk afrf did`irclfk lrimct
tfd`fbfk fefr mfpft dikeu`fb utfke `fkl dikjfmc dhmfo tfd`fbfk fefr `csf
mcdfkgfftlfk uktul liecftfk hpirfschkfo pirusfbffk.

00
 

5) Dikefj
Dikefjul
ulfk
fk pirdh
pirdhbhk
bhkfk
fk `fkelr
`fkelrut,
ut, sibckeef
sibckeef pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k flfk
flfk mckyft
mckyftflf
flfk
k oiefo
oiefo
siafrf
siafrf bulud
bulud mfk `csf
`csf mcpirtf
mcpirtfkee
keeuke
uke-jfw
-jfwf`l
f`lfk
fk lhkmcs
lhkmcscc gckfkacfo mcstriss kyf
mcstriss kyf
lipfmf pu`ocl. Kfduk si`ioud ctu, pcbfl pirusfbffk bfrus dioflulfk pikmilftfk
mikefk lrimctur mfk did`fwf rikafkf rihrefkcsfsc pirusfbffk.

0.3 Afrf Didprimclsc Gckfkacfo Mcstriss

Fmf `ir`fefc dfafd afrf yfke `csf mceukflfk uktul didprimclsc gckfkacfo
mcstriss bckeef li`fkelrutfk, yfctu:
f. Fkfo
Fkfocs
cscs
cs Pfsch
Pfsch Liuf
Liufke
kefk
fk
Dirupfl
Dirupflfk
fk afrf
afrf yfke
yfke pfocke
pfocke sircke
sircke mceuk
mceukflf
flfk
k uktul
uktul didpri
didprimcl
mclsc
sc gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo
mcstriss. @fkyfl pikioctcfk mcoflulfk ur.tul dikidulfk rfsch liufkefk yfke
 `csf mceukflfk uktul didprimclsc gckfkacfo mcstriss. @ir`fefc dhmio uktul 
didprimclscgckfkacfo mcstriss yfke mcsusuk mfrc `ir`fefc rfsch liufkefk:
 Dhmio Z-Qahri

Dhmio ckc mclid`fkelfk hoib Fotdfk pfmf tfbuk 6372. Fotdfk dikeeukflfk 9
rfsch liufkefk uktul didprimclsc ahrphrfti gfcouri. (Gfabrumck, 0>>2). Dhmio
Z-Qahri yfke mclid`fkelfk Fotdfk, yfctu:
(f). Yktul irusfbffk eh pu`oca:
Z 4 H,>60Ro + H,HYR:! + H,>11R1 + H,HH7R= + H.333R9
Litirfkefk:
Ro 4 whrlcke afpctfo th thtfo fssits
R0 4 ritfckim ifrkcke th thtfo fssits
R1 4 ifrkcke `ighri cktirist fkm tfxis th thtfo fssits

R= 4 dfrlit vfoui hg iqucty th `hhl vfoui hg thtfo mi`t

R9 4 sfois th thtfo fssioQ
Z 4 hvirfoo ckmix
(`). Yktul irusfbffk yfke tcmfl eh pu`oca:
Z 4 >.565Ro + >.2=5R0 + 1.o>5R1 + >,=0>R= + H.332R9
Litirfkefk:
Ro 4 whrlcke afpctfo th thtfo fssits
R0 4 ritfckim ifrkcke th thtfo fssits
R1 4 ifrkcke `ighri cktirist fkm tfxis th thtfo fssits

R= 4 `hhl vfoui hg iqYcty th `hhl vfoui hg thtfo mi`t

01
 

R9 4 sfois th thtfo fssits

 Kcofc aut-hgg fmfofb Z ? 6,26 pirusfbffk dfsul lftiehrc `fkelrut< 6,26 ? Z-
Qahr
Qahrii ? 0,75
0,75 pi
piru
rusfb
sfbff
ffk
k dfs
dfs ul wcof
wcofyf
yfb
b f`
f`u-
u-f`
f`u
u (e
(eriy
riy fr
frif
if ft
ftfu
fu zh
zhki
ki hg 
cekhrfkai)< mfk Z ;0,75 pirusfbffk tcmfl `fkelrut.
 Dhmio Zitf

Dhmio ckc mclid`fkelfk pfmf tfbuk 6355 hoib Fotdfk mfk Zitf Qirvcai Cka.,
si`u
si`ufb
fb pir
irus
usfb
fbff
ffk
k liu
liufkef
fkefk
k, mc dfk
fkff dhmi
dhmioo ck
ckcc oi
oi`c
`cb
b fl
flur
urft
ft mfo
fofd
fd
dikelofscgclfsclfk li`fkelrutfk. Wfrc`io yfke dfsul mfofd dhmio Zitf fktfrf
ofck riturk hk fssits, stf`cocty hg ifrkckes,   mi`t sirvcai,
sirvcai, auduoftcvi
auduoftcvi prhjctf`coct
prhjctf`cocty,
y,
ocqucmcty/aurrikt rftch, afpctfoczftchk (gcvi yifr fvirfei hg thtfo dfrlit vfoui), mfk
sczi (thtfo tfkec`oi fssits) (Jhkis, 0>>0< mfofd Gfabrumck, 0>>2).

 Dhmio H-Qahri

Hboshk
Hboshk pfmf
pfmf tfbu
tfbukk 632>
632> diki
dikidu
dulf
lfkk tu
tuju
jub
b rf
rfsc
sch
h li
liuf
ufke
kefk
fk yf
yfke
ke dfdp
dfdpu u
dikeckmitc
dikeckmitcgclfsc
gclfsc pirusfbffk
pirusfbffk yfke pfcoct mikefk
mikefk dikeeukflf
dikeeukflfkk rierisc ohecstcl, mc
dfkf tckelft litipftfk yfke dikmilftc bfsco pikioctcfk Fotdfk (Bfmfm, Qfkth sh,
mfk Puockf, 0>>1, mfofd Gfabrumck, 0>>2). Dflck tckeec kcofc H-Qahri dflf dflck
tckeec pioufke pirusfbffk uktul dikefofdcjckfkacfo mcstriss
mcstri ss mfk li`fkelrutfk.

 Dhmio Zdcjiwslc
Zdcj
Zdcjiw
iwsl
slcc pf
pfmf
mf tfbu
tfbuk
k 63
632=
2= (m
(mfo
fofd
fd Fkfk
Fkfkmf
mfrf
rfjf
jfk
k it fo
fo.,
., 0>
0>>6
>6,, mclu
mclutc
tcp
p ho
hoib
ib
Gfabrumck,
Gfabrumck, 0>>2)
0>>2) dioflulfk
dioflulfk pikioctcfk
pikioctcfk uktul
uktul didprimcl
didprimclsc
sc li`fkelrut
li`fkelrutfk
fk yfke
tcmf
tcmfl
l mcof
mcoflu
lulf
lfk
k mf
mfof
ofd
d ck
ckmu
must
strc
rc sp
spisc
iscgc
gcl
l si
sibc
bcke
keef
ef mf
mfpf
pftt mc
mcti
tirf
rf lf
lfk
k siafr
siafrff
ukcvirsfoocktfs ckmustrc. Dhmio Zdcjiwslc:
 `* 4 -=,2>1 - 1.7 PHF + 9,=GKO - >,6OCV
>,6OCV C
Litirfkefk:
 `* dikukjullfk lidukelckfk `fkelrut, sidflck `isfr kcofckyf dikukjullfk
lidukelckfk `fkelrut yfke oi`cb `isfr.
PHF 4 kit ckahdi th thtfo fssits
GKO 4 ]htfo mi`t th fssits
OCV 4 Aurrikt fssits th aurrikt ocf`coctcis.
 Pfsch AFDIO

0=
 

Pfsch AFDIO dirupflfk rfsch liufkefk yfke mceukflfk uktul dikcofc lckirjf
 pirusfbffk pir`fklfk. ^ikcofcfk lckirjf Coo) dikeeukflfk ocdf fspil po~kcofcfk,
yfctu: C) afpctfo< 0) fssits< 1) dfkfeidikt< =) ifrkckes< 9) ocqucmcty yfke mcsi`ut
AFDI
AFDIO.
O. Fodc
Fodcoc
ocff mfk
mfk Birm
Birmck
ckck
cket
etyf
yfss (0
(0>>
>>9)
9) dike
dikeuj
ujcc gf
gflt
lthr
hr-g
-gfl
flth
thrr yf
yfke
ke
diki
dikikt
ktul
ulfk
fk li
li`f
`fke
kelr
lrut
utfk
fk mc si
silt
lthr
hr pi
pir`
r`fk
fklf
lfk
k mi
mike
kefk
fk dike
dikeeu
eukf
kflf
lfk
k rfsch
rfsch

AFDIO, mc dfkf bfsco pikioctcfk dikukjullfk `fbwf AFDIO didcoclc mfyf

lofscgc
lofscgclfs
lfscc ftfu
ftfu mfyf
mfyf primcl
primclsc
sc uktul
uktul lhkmcs
lhkmcscc `fkl
`fkl yfke
yfke dikefo
dikefofdc
fdc lisuoc
lisuoctfk
tfk
liufkefk mfk yfke dikefofdc li`fkelrutfk.
 `. Fkfocscs Frus Lfs
Ofphrfk frus lfs diofphrlfk frus lfs pirusfbffk pfmf pirchmi `irjfofk silfoceus
dikeefd`frlfk frus lfs dfsf mipfk. Lhrmistfkc it fo. (0>66) dikidulfk `fbwf
fmf pir`imffk scekcgclfk mfofd lhdphscsc frus lfs pfmf pirc hmi sftu, muf mfk tcef
tfbuk si`ioudgckfkacfo mcstriss. Frtckyf,gckfkacfo mcstriss `csf mcprimclsc ftfs mfsfr 
csc mfk lhdphscsc ofphrfk frus lfs. Afsiy & @frtazfl (6329) juef did`irclfk

 `ultc tiktfke fpflfb mftf frus lfs hpirfsc mfpft dikckelftlfk flurfsc dhmio
t.ktul did`imflfk fktfrf pirusfbffk yfke `fkelrut mfk tcmfl `fkelrut.
a. ^rimcl
^rimclsc
sc diofouc
diofouc Ahrphr
Ahrphrfti
fti Ehvirk
Ehvirkfka
fkaii ^irusfbff
^irusfbffk
k
^rimclsc gckfkacfo mcstriss `csf mcoflulfk diofouc ivfoufsc ahrphrfti ehvirkfkai
ftfu tftf liohof pirusfbffk. Jclf pirusfbffk tcmfl mcliohof mikefk `fcl, dflf bfo
ckc dikjfmc primclsc `fec tirjfmckyfgckfkacfo mcstriss. Bfo ckc mctioctc hoib Ou mfk
Abfke (0>>3) sirtf Bsck (0>>2).
m. ^rimcl
^rimclsc
sc diofou
diofoucc Lhkmcsc
Lhkmcsc Dflrh
Dflrh Ilhk
Ilhkhdc
hdc
Lhkmcsc gckfkacfo mcstriss `csf mcprimclsc diofouc ivfoufsc lhkmcsc dflrh ilhkhdc

yf
yfke
ke fm
fmff mc su
suft
ftu
u ki
kief
efrf.
rf. Jc
Jclf
lf lh
lhkm
kmcsc
csc dflr
dflrh
h il
ilhk
hkhd
hdcc mc ki
kief
efrf
rf ti
tirsi
rsi `u
`utt
did`urul, dflf fmf lidukelckfk pirusfbffk mc kiefrf tirsi `ut dikefofdc
gckfk
gckfkac
acfo
fo mcst
mcstris
riss.
s. 2i
2i`i
`irfp
rfpff gf
gflt
lthr
hr dflr
dflrh
h il
ilhk
hkhd
hdcc yf
yfke
ke `c
`csf
sf diky
dikyi`
i`f`
f`lf
lfk
k
gckfkacfo mcstriss, fktfrf ofck goultufsc mfofd ckgofsc, sulu `ukef, Erhss Kftchkfo
^rhmua
^rhmuat,
t, litirsi
litirsimcf
mcffk
fk lrimct
lrimct,, tckelf
tckelftt upfb
upfb piefwf
piefwfc,
c, mfk si`fef
si`fefcky
ckyff (Ochu
(Ochu mfk
Qdctb, 0>>5). ]sfc it ft. (0>>3) juef dikioctc gflthr dflrh ilhkhdc yfke `csf
mceukflfk uktul didprimclscgckfkacfo mcstriss.
i. Arimct
Arimct Aya
Ayaoi
oi Ckmix
Ckmix
Lcd (6333, mfofd ]sfc mfk Abfke, 0> 6>) dikeid`fkelfk arimct ayaoi ckmix

mikefk dikeeukflfk gflthr-gflthr dflrh ilhkhdc uktul dikiktulfk ckmclfthr 

authggmfrcgckfkacfo mcstriss. Bfsco pikioctcfk ]sfc mfk Abfke (0>6>) dikukjullfk

09
 

 `fbwf arimct ayaoi ckmix mfpft dikckelftlfk lckirjf ckmclfthr authgg uktul 
didprimclsc gckfkacfo mcstriss. Dhmio ckc mfpft didprimclsc gckfkacfo mcstriss,
tiru
tirutf
tfdf
df mc pf
pfsf
sfrr ki
kief
efrf
rf `i
`irl
rlid
id`f
`fke
ke.. Qi
Qiafr
afrff tihrc
tihrctc
tcs,
s, ar
arim
imct
ct ay
ayao
aoii ck
ckmi
mix
x
kieftcgdikukjullfk risisc ilhkhdc (]sfc mfk Abfke, 0>6>).
g. Frtc
Frtcgc
gcacf
acfoo Kiu
Kiurf
rfoo Kitw
Kitwhr
hrls
ls

Ebhoczf
Ebhoczfmib
mib it ft. (0>66)
(0>66) didpri
didprimcl
mclsc
sc lisuoc
lisuoctfk
tfk liufke
liufkefk
fk pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k mikefk
mikefk
dikeeukflfk frtcgcacfo kiurfo kitwhrls mfk gflthr cktirkfo yfke didpikefrubc
 pirusfbffk (vfrcf`io liufkefk dclrh). Bfsco pikioctcfk Ebhoczfmib it ft. (0>66)
dikUojullfk `fbwf pikeeukffk gflthr dclrh ilhkhdc mfpft didfcklfk pirfk
 piktcke mfofd didprimclsc gckfkacfo mcstriss. Frtcgcacfo kiurfo kitwhrls mceukflfk
mf
mfof
ofd
d `i
`ir`
r`fe
fefc
fc li
li`u
`utu
tubf
bfk
k sipi
sipirt
rtcc sc
scst
stid
id dcoc
dcocti
tir,
r, pi
pirf
rfof
of tf
tfk
k ru
rudf
dfb
b o:fk
o:fkee
eeff
hthdftcs, pir`fklfk, ioiltrhkcl, ckmustrc, pirtfbfkfk, lisibftfk, fumch mfk vcmih,
rh`ht,
rh`ht, tioilhd
tioilhdukc
ukclfsc
lfsc,, mfk scstid
scstid trfksp
trfksphrt
hrtfsc.
fsc. Frtcgca
Frtcgcacfo
cfo kiurfo
kiurfo kitwhr
kitwhrls
ls ckc
dikjfmc phpuoir mc dfsf mipfk mikefk dikeeukflfk lhdputir liaipftfk tckeec

mfk lhdputfsc foehrctdf yfke `iofjfr oi`cb aipft (Ebhoczfmib it fo., 0>66).
e. ^rimcl
^rimclsc
sc diofou
diofoucc Hpckc
Hpckc
Fumcth
Fumcthrr Ckmipi
Ckmipikmi
kmik
k Fumcth
Fumcthrr ckmipi
ckmipikmi
kmik
k pfmf
pfmf tfbfp
tfbfp pikyil
pikyilsfcf
sfcfk
k fumct,
fumct, bfrus
bfrus
dioflulfk ivfoufsc tirbfmfp ehcke ahkairk pirusfbffk. Jclf tirmfpft lirfeufk
ftfs ehcke ahkairk pirusfbffk, dflf fumcthr tcmfl `csf did`irc pikmfpft wfjfr 
tfkpf pikeiaufocfk, diofcklfk pikmfpft wfjfr tfkpf pikeiaufocfk mikefk pfrferfg 
 pikjiofs ftfu tcmfl did`irclfk pikmfpft. Mfrc did`faf ofphrfk fumct, pfrf
stflibhomir mfpft didprimclsc lhkmcsc pirusfbffk fpflfb dikefofdc gckfkacfo
mcstris
mcstrisss yfke
yfke flfk
flfk dikefr
dikefrfb
fb pfmf
pfmf li`fke
li`fkelru
lrutfk
tfk.. Likkim
Likkimy
y mfk Qbfw
Qbfw (6336)
(6336)

dikidu
dikidulfk
lfk `fbwf
`fbwf hpckc
hpckc fumcth
fumcthrr dirupf
dirupflfk
lfk vfrcf`
vfrcf`io
io yfke
yfke scekcg
scekcgclf
clfk
k mfofd
mfofd
didprimclsc gckfkacfo mcstric's. ]sfc it fo. (0>>3) juef dikioctc hpckc fumcthr uktul 
didprimclscgckfkacfo mcstriss.
b. Phueb
Phueb Qit ]biH/y
]biH/y (PQ])
(PQ]) mfk Qupphrt
Qupphrt Wiathr Dfabck
Dfabckii (QWD)
(QWD)
Su it fo. (0>66)
(0>66) dioflu
dioflulfk
lfk primcl
primclss .. gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo mcstri
mcstriss
ss mik
mikefk
efk dikeeu
dikeeukfl
kflfk
fk
ckti
cktier
erft
ftim
im dhmi
dhmioo hg PQ]
PQ] mf
mfk
k su
supp
pphr
hrtt vi
viat
athr
hr dfab
dfabck
ckii (QWD
(QWD)) mf
mfofd
ofd rfkel
rfkelff
 pirckeftfk mckc mfk dithmi yfke oi`cb `fcl dikckelftlfk flurfsc primclsc. PQ]
mfk QWD dirupflfk foft yfke `csf dikckelftlfk flurfsc primclsc mfrc gckfkacfo
mcstriss. PQ] fmfofb lirfk,~lf lirjf ghrdfo
g hrdfo uktul dikidulfk gfltf mfrc mftf yfke

tcmf
tcmfl
l sidp
sidpud
udff (Ufoa
(Ufoazf
zfl
l mf
mfk
k Dfssfr
Dfssfrt,
t, 63
6333
33,, mf
mfof
ofd
d Su it fo.,
fo., 0>
0>66
66),
), yf
yfke
ke
mcpirlikfolfk hoib ^f", ofl (6336), mfk tiofb `irbfsco mctirfplfk uktul rimulsc

07
 

mftf, ilstrflsc fturfk, mftf dckcke mfk erfkuofrcty ahdputftchk. QWD `irmfsfrlfk
tihrc pid`iofjfr
frffk stftcst
stccl, mc dfkf pikio
iocctc mfpft siafr
frff ig
igiiltcg 
dikelofscgclfsclfk mftf li liofs yfke `ir`imf.

0.6> Dfkgfft Dioflulfk ^rimclsc Gckfkacfo Mcstriss

^rimcl
^rimclsc
sc gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo mcstri
mcstriss
ss ckc sfkeft
sfkeft piktck
piktcke
e `fec
`fec `ir`fe
`ir`fefc
fc pcbfl.
pcbfl. Bfo ckc
dikjfmc pirbftcfk `fec `ir`fefc pcbfl lfrikf mikefk dikeitfbuc lhkmcsc pirusfbffk
yfke dikefofdc gckfkacfo mcstriss, dflf `ir`fefc pcbfl tirsi`ut mfpft dikefd`co
liputusfk
liputusfk ftfu tckmflfk
tckmflfk uktul
uktul didpir`fclc
didpir`fclc lifmffk
lifmffk ftfupuk
ftfupuk uktul
uktul dikebckmf
dikebckmfrc
rc
dfsfo
dfsfofb
fb.. Fmf
Fmf `i
`ir`
r`fe
fefc
fc dfaf
dfafd
d af
afrf
rf ftfu
ftfu dith
dithmi
mi yf
yfke
ke `c
`csf
sf mc
mceu
eukf
kflf
lfk
k uk
uktu
tul 
l 
dioflulfk
dioflulfk primclscgck
primclscgckfkacfo
fkacfo mcstriss. @ir`fefc afrf ftfu dithmi tirsi`ut
tirsi`ut mc`fbfs
mc`fbfs
mfofd `fecfk pid`fbfsfk mfrc frtclio ckc.
@ir`
@ir`fe
fefc
fc pcbf
pcbfl
l yf
yfke
ke `i
`irl
rlip
ipio
ioot
otck
ckef
efk
k uk
uktu
tul
l diof
dioflu
lulf
lfk
k pr
prim
imcl
clsc
sc ft
ftfs
fs
lidukelckfk tirjfmckyfjckfkacfo mcstriss fmfofb (Fodcocf mfk Lrcstcjfmc, 0>>1):

f. ^id`irc ^ckjfdfk ftfu Lrimcthr. Ckstctusc pid`irc pckjfdfk didprimclsc gckfkacfo

mcstriss mfofd didutuslfk fpflfb flfk did`irclfk pckjfdfk mfk dikiktulfk
li`cjflfk dikefwfsc pckjfdfk yfke tiofb mc`irclfk pfmf pirusfbffk. Qiofck ctu
 juef mceukflfk uktul dikcofc lidukelckfk dfsfofb suftu pirusfbffk mfofd
dioflulfk pid`fyfrfk lid`foc phlhl mfk `ukef.

`. Ckvisthr. Dhmio primclsc gckfkacfo mcstriss mfpft did`fktu ckvisthr litclf flfk
didutuslfk uktul `irckvistfsc pfm f suftu pirusfbffk.

a. ^id`uft ^irfturfk ftfu @fmfk Pieuofthr. @fmfk rieuofthr didpukyfc tfkeeuke

 jfwf` dikefwfsc lisfkeeupfk did`fyfr butfke mfk dikstf`colfk pirusfbffk

ckmc
ckmcvc
vcmu
mu.. Bfo
Bfo ckc
ckc diky
dikyi`
i`f`
f`lf
lfk
k piro
pirouk
ukyf
yf su
suft
ftu
u dhmi
dhmioo uk uktu
tul
l dike
dikeit
itfb
fbuc
uc
lisfkeeupfk pirusfbffk did`fyfr butfke mfk dikcofc stf`coctfs pirusfbffk.

m. ^idircktfb. ^rimclsc gckfkacfo mcstriss piktcke `fec pidircktfb mfofd dioflulfk

fktctrust rieuoftchk.

i. Fumcthr. Dhmio primclsc gckfkacfo mcstriss mfpft dikjfmc foft yfke `ireukf `fec
fu
fumc
mcth
thrr mf
mfof
ofd
d did`
did`uf
uftt pi
pikc
kcofc
ofcfk
fk eh
ehck
cke
e ah
ahka
kairk
irk pi
piru
rusfb
sfbff
ffk.
k. ^f
^fmf
mf tf
tfbf
bfp
p
 pikyioisfcfk fumct, fumcthr bfrus did`uft pikcofcfk tiktfke ehcke ahkairk
 pirusfbffk. Jclf tirkyftf pirusfbffk mcrfeulfk ehcke ahkairk-kyf, dflf fumcthr 
flfk did`irclfk hpckc wfjfr tfkpf pikeiauocfk mikefk pfrferfg pikjiofs ftfu `csf

 juef did`irclfk hpckc mcsaofcdir (ftfu dikhofl did`irclfk pikmfpft).

pikmfpft).

05
 

g. Dfkfjidik. Fpf`cof pirusfbffk dikefofdc li`fkelrutfk, dflf pirusfbffk flfk

dikfkeeuke `cfyf ofkesuke (gii fluktfk mfk pikefafrf) mfk `cfyf tcmfl ofkesuke
(liruecfk
(liruecfk pikjufofk
pikjufofk ftfu liruecfk
liruecfk pflsffk
pflsffk flc`ft lititfpfk pikefmcofk).
pikefmcofk). Hoib
lfrikf ctu, dfkfjidik bfrus dioflulfk primclsc gckfkacfo mcstriss mfk dikefd`co
tckmflfk yfke mcpiroulfk uktul mfpft dikeftfsc lisuoctfk liufkefk yfke tiCjfmc
mfk dikaiefb li`fkelrutfk pfmf pirusfbffk.

0.66 Mfdpfl Gckfkacfo Mcstriss

Litclf dfkfjidik pirusfbffk yfke eh pu`oca dikeududlfk `fbwf dirilf

simfke
simfke dikefo
dikefofdc
fdc lhkmcs
lhkmcscc gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo mcstri
mcstriss,
ss, dflf
dflf pfsfr
pfsfr dhmfo
dhmfo flfk
flfk `irifl
`iriflsc.
sc.
Fo
Fodc
dcoc
ocff (0>>
(0>>7)
7) diki
dikioc
octc
tc tikt
tiktfk
fke
e rifl
riflsc
sc pf
pfsfr
sfr sitio
sitiofb
fb pi
piru
rusfb
sfbff
ffk
k diofl
dioflul
ulfk
fk
 pikeududfk gckfkacfo mcstriss. Fodcocf dikeujc f`khrdfo riturk pirusfbffk pfsaf
 pikeududfk gckfkacfo mcstriss. Bfscokyf pioflu pfsfr dhmfo `iriflsc tirbfmfp
 pikeududfkgckfkacfc mcstriss tirsi`ut.
Lhkmcs
Lhkmcscc gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo mcstris
mcstrisss dirupf
dirupflfk
lfk lhkmcs
lhkmcscc yfke
yfke tcmfl
tcmfl mcckec
mcckecklf
klfk
k hoib
hoib
 `ir`fefc pcbfl. Jclf tirjfmc gckfkacfo mcstriss, dflf ckvisthr mfk lrimcthr flfk
aikmiruke `irbftc-bftc mfofd dioflulfk ckvistfsc ftfu did`irclfk pckjfdfk pfmf
 pirusfbffk tirsi `ut. Qtflibhomir flfk aikmiruke `iriflsc kieftcg tirbfmfp lhkmcsc
ckc. Hoib lfrikf ctu, dfkfjidik pirusfbffk bfrus sieirf dikefd`co tckmflfk uktul 
dikeftfsc dfsfofbgckfkacfo mcstriss mfk dikaiefb li`fkelrutfk. Lwhk mfk Ucom
(633
(633=)
=) diki
dikidu
dulf
lfk
k `Obw
`Obwff gc
gckf
kfka
kacfo
cfo mcstr
mcstriss
iss siafr
siafrff scek
scekcgc
cgclf
lfk
k ti
tirl
rlfc
fctt mike
mikefk
fk
ckghrd
ckghrdftcv
ftcviki
ikiss
ss ofphdk
ofphdk tfbukf
tfbukfk.
k. Bfsco
Bfsco pikioc
pikioctcf
tcfk
k tirsi`u
tirsi`utt dikukj
dikukjull
ullfk
fk `fbwf
`fbwf
 pidiefke sfbfd `~riflsc tirbfmfp ofphrfk tfbukfk tirsi`ut siafrf scekcgclfk yfke
 `csf mcocbft diofouc bfref sfbfd mfk riflsc tirsi`ut oi`cb `isfr uktul muf tfbuk
si`ioud, mfk tfbook pfmf sfft tiCjfmckyfgckfkacfo mcstriss mc`fkmckelfk mikefk pirc
hmi si`ioud tiojfmckyfgckfkacfo mcstriss.

0.60 ^ikefrub Gckfkacfo Mcstriss tirbfmfp Li`fkelrutfk

Qdct
Qdctb
b mf
mfk
k Er
Erfv
fvis
is (0>>
(0>>9)
9) di
dikj
kjio
iofs
fslf
lfk
k `fbw
`fbwff piru
pirusf
sfbf
bffk
fk yfke
yfke
dike
dikefo
fofd
fdcc mu
muff scl
sclou
ouss di
dikf
kfbf
bfk
k pi
piku
kuru
rukf
kfk
k ( miaoc
miaocki
ki stiddc
stiddcke 
ke ) mfk
mfk sclo
sclous
us
 pir`fclfk lckirjf
lc kirjf ((riahviry). Liaikmirukefk tckelft lckirjf liufkefk, ulurfk
riahviry).
 pirusfbffk, litirsimcffk  grii fssits dirrup
di upfl
flfk
fk gf
gflt
lthr
hr yf
yfke
ke pir
irou
ou

mcpirtcd`f
mcpirtcd`fkelf
kelfkk uktu
uktull did
didpri
primcl
mclsc
sc fpf
fpflfb
lfb pir
pirusf
usfbff
bffk
k dfddfdpu
pu `ir
`irtfbf
tfbfk
k
mfofd lhkmcsc lisuoctfk liufkefk (sclous miaocki stiddcke ))..

02
 

Qimf
Qimfke
kelf
lfk
k pik
pikeu
eurf
rfke
kefk
fk fs
fsit
it,, pire
pirefk
fktcf
tcfk
k AI
AIH,
H, mfk
mfk pike
pikeur
urfk
fkef
efk
k
lfryfwfk dirupflfk strftiec yfke dikairdcklfk upfyf dfkfjidik (sclous
riahviry)) mfofd dikeftfsc lisuoctfk liufkefk. Qibckeef gflthr tirsi`ut mfpft
riahviry
mc
mceu
eukf
kflf
lfk
k si
si`f
`fef
efcc mf
mfsf
sfrr pi
pirt
rtcd
cd`f
`fke
keffk mf
mfof
ofd
d did
idpr
priimcl
mclsc riahviry
 pirusfbffk.

0.61 Qhousc uktul ^irusfbffk yfke Dikefofdc Gckfkacfo Mcstriss

Lhkm
Lhkmcsc
csc gckf
gckfka
kacf
cfoo mcstr
mcstris
isss did`
did`irc
irclf
lfk
k mf
mfdp
dpfl
fl `u
`uru
rul
l `f
`fec
ec pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk lf
lfri
rikf
kf
lipiraf
lipirafyff
yffk
k ckvisth
ckvisthrr mfk lrimct
lrimcthr
hr sirtf
sirtf pcbfl
pcbfl ilstid
ilstidfo
fo ofc
ofckky
kkyf.
f. Hoib
Hoib lfrikf
lfrikf ctu,
ctu,
dfkfjidik bfrus dioflulfk tckmflfk uktul mfpft dikeftfsc lhkmcsc gckfkacfo mcstriss
mfk dikaiefb tirjfmckyf li`fkelrutfk. ^irusfbffk yfke dikefofdc gckfkacfo mcstriss
 `cfsfkyf didcoclc frus lfs yfke kieftcg sibckeef dirilf tcmfl `csf did`fyfr 
li
liwf
wfjc
jc`f
`fk
k yf
yfke
ke jftu
jftub
b tidp
tidph.
h. Fmf
Fmf 0 sh
shou
ousc
sc yf
yfke
ke `c
`csf
sf mc
mc`i
`irc
rclf
lfk
k jclf
jclf pi
piru
rusfb
sfbff
ffk
k
didpukyfc frus lfs kieftcg (^ustyokcal, 0>60) , yfctu :

f. Pistru
Pistrultu
lturcs
rcsfsc
fsc utfke
utfke Dfkfjid
Dfkfjidik
ik `csf
`csf dioflu
dioflulfk
lfk ristrul
ristrultur
turcsfs
csfscc butfke
butfke yfctu
yfctu
dikah`f didcktf pirpfkjfkefk wfltu mfrc lrimcthr uktul pioukfsfk butfke bckeef
 pirusfbffk didpukyfc lfs yfke aulup
aulup uktul dioukfsc butfke tirsi `ut.
 `. ^iru`fbfk mfofd dfkfjidik Jclf didfke mcpiroulfk, pirusfbffk dukelck bfrus
dioflulfk pikeefktcfk dfkfjidik mikefk hrfke yfke oi`cb `irlhdpitik. Mikefk
 `iectu, dukelck sfjf lipirafyffk stflibhomir `csf lid`foc pfmf pirusfbffk. Bfo ckc
uktul
uktul dikebc
dikebckmf
kmfrc
rc ofrcky
ofrckyff ckvist
ckvisthr
hr phtiks
phtikscfo
cfo pirusf
pirusfbff
bffk
k pfmf
pfmf lhkmcs
lhkmcscc gckfka
gckfkacfo
cfo
mcstriss.

@F@ CCC

^IKY]Y^

1.6 Liscdp
Liscdpuof
uofk
k

03
 

Gckfkacfo
Gckfkacfo mcstriss
mcstriss dirupflfk
dirupflfk lhkmcsc
lhkmcsc yfke dikukjullfk
dikukjullfk tfbfp pikurukfk
pikurukfk
mfofd lhkmcsc liufkefk pirusfbffk yfke to!rjfmc si`ioud tirjfmckyf li`fkelrutfk
ftfupuk
ftfupuk oclucm
oclucmfsc
fsc.. Li`fke
Li`fkelru
lrutfk
tfk juef
juef sircke
sircke mcsi`u
mcsi`utt oclucm
oclucmfsc
fsc ftfu pikutu
pikutupfk
pfk
 pirusfbffk ftfu ckshoviksc. Li`fkelrutfk si`fefc liefefofk mcfrtclfk si`fefc
liefefofk liufkefk mfk liefefofk ilhkhdc yfke tirjfmc pfmf pirusfbffk. Gckfkacfo

mcstriss juef `csf mcmigckcsclfk si`fefc litcmfldfdpufk pirusfbffk uktul did`fyfr 

liwfjc`fk-liwfjc`fkgckfkacfo yfke tiofb jftub tidph.

Lhkm
Lhkmcs
cscc gc
gckf
kfka
kacf
cfoo mcst
mcstri
riss
ss mcbc
mcbckm
kmfr
frcc ho
hoib
ib pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk lf
lfri
rikf
kf mf
mfpf
pftt
dikeflc`ftlfk li`fkelrutfk jclf dfkfjidik tcmfl dfdpu dikefd`co tckmflfk yfke
tipft
tipft uk
uktu
tul
l dike
dikeft
ftfsc
fsc dfsfo
dfsfofb
fb li
liuf
ufke
kefk
fk yf
yfke
ke fm
fmf.
f. Mfrc
Mfrc pi
pid`
d`fb
fbfsf
fsfk,
k, mf
mfpf
pftt
mcscdpuolfk `i`irfpf bfo si`fefc `irclut:

f. Gckfkacfo mcstriss `csf mcsi`f`lfk hoib `i`irfpf bfo, fktfrf ofck:

6) lisfofb
lisfofbfk
fk mfofd
mfofd fohlfsc
fohlfsc sud`
sud`ir
ir mfyf,
mfyf,
0) strultu
strulturr liufke
liufkefk
fk yfke
yfke sfofb<
sfofb<
1) tft
tftff lioho
liohoff yf
yfke
ke `urul,
`urul, mfk
=) lhkmcs
lhkmcscc dflrh
dflrh ilhkhd
ilhkhdcc yfke
yfke `urul.
`urul.

 `. Gckfkacfo mcstriss dirupflfk bfo yfke `urul, `fkyfl pcbfl mc mfofd mfk mc oufr 
 pirusfbffk yfke dirfsf piktcke uktul dioflulfk primclsc gckfkacfo mcstriss. ^cbfl-
 pcbfl tirsi`ut fktfrf ofck: lrimcthr, ckvisthr, pid`uft pirfturfk ftfu `fmfk rieuofthr,
 pidircktfb, fumcthr, mfk dfkfjidik.

a. Fmf `ir`fefc afrf uktul didprimclsc gckfkacfo mcstriss, fktfrf ofck:

6) fkfocscs rfsch liufkefk<

0) fkfocscs frus lfs<

1) primclsc diofouc ahrphrfti ehvirkfkai pirusfbffk<

=) primclsc diofouc lhkmcsc dflrh ilhkhdc<

9) arimct ayaoi ckmix<

7) frtcgcacfo kiurfo kitwErls<

5) primclsc diofouc hpckc fumcthr ckmipikmik< sirtf

2) rhueb sit tbihry mfk supphrt viathr dfabcki.

1>
 

m. Gc
Gckf
kfka
kacf
cfoo mcstr
mcstriss
iss mf
mfpf
pftt `i
`irm
rmfd
fdpf
pfl
l `u
`uru
rul
l `f
`fec
ec pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk.. ^i
^ike
keud
udud
udfk
fk
 pirusfbffk tiktfke gckfkacfo mcstriss
mcstr iss mfpft dikcd`uolfk riflsc pfsfr dhmfo mc dfkf
ckvisthr
ckvisthr libcofkefk
libcofkefk lipirafyffk
lipirafyffk lipfmf
lipfmf pirusfbffk.
pirusfbffk. Hoib lfrikf ctu, dfkfjidik
dfkfjidik
 pirusfbffk bfrus sieir f dikefd`co tckmflfk uktul `csf dikeftfsc dfsfofbgckfkacfo
mcstriss mfk dikaiefb li`fkelrutfk.

i. Qhousc yfke `csf mcoflulfk hoib dfkfjidik pirusfbffk uktul dikeftfsc gckfkacfo
mcstriss, yfctu:

6) dioflulfk ristrulturcsfsc butfke< mfk

0) pikeefktcfk dfkfjidik pirusfbffk.

1.0
1.0 Qfrf
Qfrfk
k

 Gckfkacfo mcstriss lirfp
mcstriss lirfp tirjfmc pfmf pirusfbffk yfke tcmfl dfdpu ofec ftfu
efef
efefoo mfof
mfofd
d bfo
bfo didik
idikub
ubcc liwfj
iwfjc`
c`fk
fk mi
mi`
`ctur
ctur yfk
fke
e mc
mcsi
si`f
`f`
`lf
lfk
k lfri
lfrikf
kf

litcmflaulupfk ftfu lilurfkefk mfkf uktul diofkjutlfk ofec hpirfschkfo usfbfkyf.

@ir`
@ir`fe
fefc
fc fb
fboc
oc tiof
tiofb
b di
dikj
kjio
iofs
fslf
lfk
k pi
pike
keirt
irtcf
cfk
k gckfkacfo mcstriss, oik
oikelf
elfp
p mikefk
mikefk
 `ir`fefc jikcs, pikyi`f` mfk afrf dikaiefbkyf sipirtc yfke sumfb tiofb lctf `fbfs
 `irsfdf mcftfs.

Fefr
Fefr sidfl
sidflck
ck `csf
`csf dika
dikaie
iefb
fb tirjf
tirjfmc
mcky
kyff ei
eijf
jfof
of gckfkacfo mcstriss, df
 gckfkacfo mcstriss, dfl
lf
 pirusfbffk `csf dikeeukflfk shgtwfri
shgtwfri fluktfksc
fluktfksc  mf
mfrc
rc Faau
Faaurf
rfti
ti Hkoc
Hkocki
ki si`fe
si`fefc
fc
 poftghrd pikyimcf shgtwfri fluktfksc sirtf dikeiohof liufkefk yfke dfdpu
did`
did`fk
fktu
tu piru
pirusf
sfbf
bffk
fk mfof
mfofd
d dika
dikaft
ftft
ft `i
`ir`
r`fe
fefc
fc trfk
trfksf
sfls
lscc li
liuf
ufke
kefk
fk,, si
sirt
rtff

dikmfpftlfk efd`frfk erfgcl siafrf igcscik.

Qibc
Qibcke
keef
ef,, pcbf
pcbfl
l pi
piru
rusf
sfbf
bffk
fk fl
flfk
fk diki
dikief
eftf
tfbu
bucc lh
lhkm
kmcsc
csc li
liuf
ufke
kefk
fkky
kyff
siafrf rifo tcdi mfk dfdpu dioflulfk `ir`fefc fktcscpfsc oi`cb fwfo jclf tirjfmc
dfsfofb liufkefk.

MFG]FP ^YQ]FLF

bttp://iprckts.uds.fa.cm/7750=/1/@F@%0>C.pmg 

16
 

bttp://riphscthry.trcsfltc.fa.cm/usfltcfkf/mcectfo/>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1=933/0>
bttp://riphscthry.trcsfltc.fa.cm/usfltcfkf/mcectfo/>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1=933/0>0>X]FXDJX>006
0>X]FXDJX>006
7>>95X@f`-6.pmg 

bttp://iprckts.udd.fa.cm/1=35=/0/jcptuddpp-emo-wcmclurkcf-=56>1-0-`f`c.pmg 

bttps://dimcf.kioctc.ahd/dimcf/pu`ocaftchks/0==531-pikyi`f`-mfdpfl-mfk-p`imclsc-mfrc-
gckfka-5m1016>g.pmg 

bttps://www.lfjcfkpustflf.ahd/0>62/6>/gckfkacfo-mcstriss-lisuoctfk-liufkefk.btdo
bttps://www.jurkfo.cm/cm/`ohe/0>62-dikeitfbuc-mfk-dikaiefb-tirjfmckyf-gckfkacfo-mcstriss-
mfofd-pirusfbffk/

bttps://www.dhmforflyft.cm/`ohe/fpf-ctu-gckfkacfo-mcstriss-eijfof-mfk-afrf-dikeftfsckyf

bttps://faaurfti.cm/ilhkhdc-liufkefk/pikeirtcfk-gckfkacfo-mcstriss/

10