EAOWA@ G@AWWFW
  ^AUDF^ CC^ MFF 

 HA^
 H A^ L F H A^ C G W
OVG@FVW

 NCBBUFO^CA@
 NCBBUFO^CA@ FQVA^CIO 
FQVA^CIO 

GIO^FO^W
 F\FUGCWF - C 
 F\FUGCWF
 F\FUGCWF
 F\FUG CWF - CC 
 F\FUGCWF
 F\FUG CWF - CCC 
 F\FUGCWF
 F\FUGC WF - CR 
 F\FUGCWF - R 
 F\FUGCWF - RC 
 F\FUGCWF
 AOWTFU
 AOWTFU JFS 
 

 JFS GIOGF[^W 
NCBBFUFO^CA@ FQVA^CIOW IB BCUW^ IUNFU AON BCUW^ NFDUFF

NFBCOC^CIOW =
1.   Ao fquatcio
fquat cio tlat covi`vfs
covi`vfs cconfpfonf
onfpfonfot
ot aon nfpfonfot
nfpfonf ot varcae`fs aon tlf nfrcvatcvfs ib tlf
nfpfonfot varcae`fs cs ga``fn a NCBBFUFO^CA@  FQVA^CIO.
5.   A ncbbfrfotca`
ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio cs sacn ti ef irncoary
i rncoary , cb tlf ncbbfrfotca`
ncbbfrfotca` gifbbc
gifbbcgcfots
gcfots lavf rfbfrfogf ti a
scod`f confpfonfot varcae`f io`y aon ct cs sacn ti ef   [AU^CA@  cb tlfrf arf twi ir hirf
confpfonfot
confpfon fot varcae`fs . Tf arf giogfrofn
giog frofn wctl ir irncoary
ncoary ncbbfrfot
ncbbfrfot ca` fquat
f quatcios
cios io`y
io`y..
u u u
fd.  x   y   z 8 ; cs a partca`
part ca` ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio.
fqua tcio.
7.   Bconcod
Bconcod tlf uojoiwo buogtcio cs ga``fn  WI@RCOD  IU   CO^FDUA^COD  tlf nc ncbb
bbfrfotca`
frfotca` fquat
fquatcio
cio . ^lf
si`utcio ib tlf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio cs a`si ga``fn cts [UCHC^CRF, efgausf tlf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio
gao ef rfdarnfn as a rf`atcio nfrcvfn brih ct.
>.   ^lf irnfr
irn fr ib a ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio
fquat cio cs tlf irnfr
irn fr ib tlf lcdlfst ncbbfrfotca`
ncbbfrfotca` gifbbcgcfot igg
iggurcod
urcod cco
o cct.
t.
6.   ^lf nfdrff ib a ncbbncbbfrfot
frfotca`
ca` fquatcio
fqua tcio wlcgl gao ef wrcttfo as a pi`yoihca` co tlf nfrcvatcvfs cs ttlf
lf
nfdrff ib tl
tlff nfrcvatcvf
nfr cvatcvf ib tlf lcdlfst irnfr
irn fr iggurcod
i ggurcod co ct , abtfr ct las effo fxprfssfn co a birh
brff brih rancga`s & bragtcios si bar as nfrcvatcvfs arf giogfrofn, tlus tlf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio =
q
 n h  y   n h 1  ( y) 
b(x , y)  n xh    +  (x , y)  n x h 1    + ....... 8 ; cs irnfr h & nfdrff p.
   
 Oitf tlat co tlf ncbbfrfo
ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio fy  xy + y 8 ; irnf
tca` fquatcio irnfrr cs tlrff eu
eutt n
nfdrff
fdrff nifso't app`y
app`y..

2. BIU
IUHAHA^C
^CIO
IO IB IB A NNCCBBFUF
FUFO^C
O^CA@ FQVA
FQVA^C ^CIIO =
Cb ao fquatcio co confpfonfot aon nfpfonfot varcae`fs lavcod sihf arectrary giostaot cs dcvfo ,
tlfo a ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio cs ietacofn as bi``iws =
   Ncbbfrfot
Ncbbfrfotcatf
catf tlf dcvfo fquat
fquatcio
cio w.r.t. tlf confpfo
confpfonfot
nfot varcae`f (say x) as haoy tchfs
as tlf ouhefr ib arectrary giostaots co ct .
   F`chc
F`chcoatf
oatf tlf arectrary giostaots
giosta ots .
^lf f`chco
f`chcoaot
aot cs tlf rfqucrfn ncbbfrfotca`
ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio . Gioscnfr birhcod
birhcod a ncb
ncbbfrfotca`
bfrfotca`
fquatcio bir yµ 8 >a(x + e) wlfrf a aon e arf arectary giostaot .
Oitf =   A ncbb
ncbbfrfot
frfotca`
ca` fquatcio
fqua tcio rfprfsfot
rfpr fsfotss a bahc`y
bahc`y ib gurvfs a`` satcsbycod
satcsbycod sihf gihhio pripfrt
pripf rtcfs.
cfs.
^lcs gao ef gioscnfrfn as tlf dfihftrcga` cotfrprftatcio ib tlf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio.

4. DFOFUA@ AON [AU [AU^CGV CGV@AU WI@ WI@V^CIOW =

^lf si`utcio ib a ncbbfrfotca`
ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio wlcgl giotacos a o ouhefr
uhefr ib cconfpfon
onfpfonfot
fot arectrary giost
giostaots
aots fqua`
ti tlf irnfr ib tlf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio cs ga``fn tlf DFOFUA@ WI@V^CIO (IU  GIH[@F^F CO^FDUA@ IU 
GIH[@F^F [UCHC^CRF) . A si`utcio ietacoae`f brih tlf dfofra` si`utcio ey dcvcod partcgu`ar va`ufs ti tlf
giostaots cs ga``fn a [AU^CGV@AU   WI@V^CIO.
 Oitf tlat
tlat tl
tlff df
dfof
ofra
ra`` ssi`u
i`utci
tcio
o ib a ncbb
ncbbfrf
frfot
otca
ca`` ffqua
quatc
tcio
io i tlf otl irnfr giotacos “o– & io`y “o– confpfonfot
ibb tlf
arectrary giostaots. ^lf arectrary giostaots co tlf si`utcio ib a ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio arf sacn ti ef
confpfonfot, wlfo ct cs chpissce`f ti nfnugf brih tlf si`utcio ao fqucva`fot rf`atcio giotacocod bfwfr 
arectrary giostaots. ^lus tlf twi arectrary giostaots A, E co tlf fquatcio y 8 A fx + E arf oit confpfonfot
scogf
sco gf tlf fquatcio gao ef ef wrcttfo as y 8 AfE. fx 8 G fx. Wchc`ar`y tlf si`utcio y 8 Ascox + Egis (x + G)
appfars ti giotaco tlrff arectrary giostaots, eut tlfy arf rfa``y fqucva`fot ti twi io`y.

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z5X  
 

<. F`fh
F`fhfofotar
tary
y ^
^ypf
ypfss Ib
Ib Bc
Bcrs
rstt Irnf
Irnfrr & Bcr
Bcrst
st Nfd
Nfdrrff Ncb
Ncbbf
bfrrfo
fotca
tca`` F
Fqua
quatci
tcios
os .
^S[F 1. RAUCAE@FW WF[ AUAE@F = Cb tlf ncb
WF[AUAE@F ncbbfrfotca`
bfrfotca` fquatcio gao ef fxprfssfn as :
b (x)nx + d(y)ny 8 ; tlfo tlcs cs sacn ti ef varcae`f   sfparae`f typf.

A dfofra` si`utcio ib tlcs cs dcvfo ey    b(x) nx +    d(y

d(y)) ny 8 g :
wlfrf g cs tlf arectrary giostaot . gioscnfr tlf fxahp`f (ny/nx) 8 fxy + x5. fy.
Oitf =   Wihftchfs traosbirhatcio ti tlf pi`ar giirncoat irncoatfsfs bagc`
bagc`ctatfs
ctatfs sfparat
sfparatcio
cio ib varcae`fs.
Co tlcs gioofgtcio ct cs giovfocfot ti rfhfhefr tlf bi``iwcod ncbbfrfotca`s.
Cb x 8 r gis   : y 8 r sco  tlfo,
(c)  x nx
nx + y ny 8 r nr (cc)  nx5 + ny5 8 nr 5 + r 5 n5  (ccc)  x ny  y nx 8 r 5 n
Cb x 8 r sfg   & y 8 r tao   tlfo x nx   y ny 8 r nr aon x ny  y nx 8 r 5 sfg  n .
  ny
^S[F 5 =   8 b (ax + ey + g) , e  ;.
nx
^i si`vf tlcs , suestc
suestctutf
tutf t 8 ax + ey + g. ^lfo tlf fquatcio rfnugfs ti sfparae`
sfparae`ff typf co tlf
varcae`f t aon x wlcgl gao ef si`vfn.
  ny
Gioscnfr tlf fxahp`f (x + y) 5  8 a5 .
nx
^S[F 7. LIHIDFOFIVW FQVA^CIOW =
ny b (x , y)
A ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio ib tlf birh  8
nx  (x , y)
y)) &  (x , y)
wlfrf b (x , y y) arf lihidfofius
lihid fofius buogtcios ib x & y , aon i
ibb tlf sahf nfdrff , cs gga``
a``fn
fn

LIHIDFOFIVW  . ^lcs fquatcio hay a`si ef rfnugfn ti tlf birh

ny  x     & ccss si`v
 8 d  si`vfn
fn ey

nx  y 
 puttcod y 8 v
vx
x si tlat tlf nfpfonfot
nfpfonfot varc
varcae`
ae`ff y cs glao
glaodfn
dfn ti aoitlfr varc
varcae`
ae`ff v, wlfrf v cs sihf
uojoiwo buogtcio, tlf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio cs traosbirhfn ti ao fquatcio wctl varcae`fs sfparae`f.
ny y (x  y )
Gioscnfr  +   8 ;.
nx x5

^S[F >. FQVA^CIOW UFNVGCE@F ^I ^LF LIHIDFOFIVW BIUH =

ny a 1x  e1y  g1 a1     a5
Cb  8   : wlfrf a1 e5   a5 e1    ;, c.f. 
nx a 5 x  e 5y  g5  e1  e 5
tlfo tlf suestctutcio x 8 u + l, y 8 v + j traosbirh tlcs fquatcio ti a lihidfofius typf co tlf ofw
varcae`fs u aon v wlfrf l aon j arf arectrary giostaots ti ef glisfo si as ti hajf tlf dcvfo
fquatcio lihidfofius wlcgl gao ef si`vfn ey tlf hftlin as dcvfo co ^ypf   7. Cb 
(c))   a1 e5  a5 e1 8 ; , tlfo a suestctutcio u 8 a1 x + e1 y traosbirhs tlf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio ti ao fquatcio
(c
wctl varcae`fs
varcae`fs sfparae`f. aon
(cc)   e1 + a5  8 ; , tlfo a schp`f griss hu`tcp`cgatcio aon suestctutcod n(xy) bir x ny + y nx & cotfdratcod
tfrh ey tfrh ycf`ns tlf rfsu`t fasc`y.

Gioscnfr
ny
 8
x 5y  6   : ny
 8
5x  7 y  1  & ny
 8
5x  y1
nx 5x  y  1 nx >x  2y  6 nx 2 x  6y  >
(ccc)   Co ao fquatcio ib tlf birh = yb (xy) nx + xd(xy)ny 8 ; tlf varcae`
varcae`fs
fs gao ef ssfparatfn
fparatfn ey tlf suestc
suestctut
tutcio
cio
xy 8 v.

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z7X  
 

CH[IU^AO^ OI^F =
(a))   ^lf buogtcio b (x , y) cs sacn ti ef a lihidfofius
(a lihidfofi us buogtcio ib nfdrff o cb bir aoy rfa` ouhefr 
t (   ;) , wf lavf b (tx , ty) 8 to b(x , y) .
Bir f.d. b(x , y) 8 ax5/7 + lx1/7 . y1/7 + ey5/7 cs a lihidfofius buogtcio
buogtcio ib nfdrff 5/7 .
ny
(e))   A ncbbfrfotca`
(e ncbbfrfotca` fquat
fquatcio
cio ib tlf birh  8 b(x , y) cs lihidfofi
lihidfofius
us cb b(x , y) cs a lihi
lihidfofiu
dfofiuss
nx
buogtcio
buogtcio ib nfdrff zfri c.f. b(tx , ty) 8 t» b(x , y) 8 b(x , y). ^lf buogtc
buogtcio
io b nifs oit nfpfon io
  y  x
x & y sfparatf`y eut io`y io tlfcr ratci ir    .
x y
@COFAU NCBFUFO^CA@ FQVA^CIOW =
A ncbbfrfotca`
ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio cs sac
sacn
n ti ef `cofar
`cofar cb tlf nfpfon
nfpfonfot
fot varcae`f & cts ncb
ncbbfrfotca`
bfrfotca` gifbbcgc
gifbbcgcfots
fots ig
iggur 
gur 
co tlf bcrst nfdrff io`y aon arf oit hu`tcp`cfn tidftlfr .
^lf otl irnfr `cofar ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio cs ib tlf birh :
  no y   no 1 y
a; (x)   + a1(x)   + ...... + ao (x) . y 8   (x) . Tlfrf a;(x) , a1(x) ..... ao(x) arf ga``fn tlf
n xo n x o 1
gifbbcgcfots ib tlf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio.
 Oitf tlat
tlat a `co
`cofar
far nc
ncbbbf
bfrfotc
rfotca`
a` fquatc
fquatcio
io ccss a`
a`way
wayss ib tlf bc
bcrst nf
nfdrff
drff e
eut
ut fv
fvfry
fry nc
ncbb
bbfrfo
frfota`
ta` fquatc
fquatcio
io ib tlf
7
n5 y   n y 
bcrst nfdrff offn oit ef `cofar. f.d. tlf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio      + y5 8 ; cs oit `cofar, tliudl
nx
5
 n x 
cts nfdrff cs 1.
^S[F 6. @COFAU NCBBFUFO^CA@ FQVA^CIOW IB BCUW^ IUNFU =
ny
^lf hist dfofra`
dfofr a` birh ib a `cofar ncbbfrfotca` fquatcios
fquatci os ib bcrst irnfr cs + [y 8 Q , wlfrf
wlfrf [ & Q arf
nx
buogtcios ib x .

^i si`vf sugl ao fquatcio hu`tcp`y eitl scnfs ey f 

  [nx
 .
OI^F =

bagtir f 
  [n x
(1))   ^lf bagtir
(1 io hu`tcp`ycod
hu`tcp`ycod ey wlcgl tlf `fbt laon scnf ib tlf ncbbfrfotca`
ncbbfrfotca` fqu
fquatcio
atcio efgihf
efgihfss ttlf
lf
ncbbfrfotca`
ncbbfrfotca` gifbbcgcfot ib sihf buogtcio ib x & y , cs ga``fn cotfdrat
cotfdratcod
cod bagtir ib tlf nc
ncbbfrfotca`
bbfrfotca`
fquatcio pipu`ar`y aeerfvcatfn as C. B.
(5))   Ct cs vfry chpirtaot ti rfhfh
(5 rfhfhefr
efr tlat io hu`tcp`yc
hu`tcp`ycod
od ey tlf cotfdratcod bbagti
agtirr , tlf ``fbt
fbt laon scnf efgihfs
tlf nfrcvatcvf ib tlf prinugt ib y aon tlf C. B.
(7))   Wihf tchfs a d
(7 dcvfo
cvfo ncb
ncbbfrfotca`
bfrfotca` fquatcio efgihfs
ef gihfs `co
`cofar
far cb wf ttajf
ajf y as tlf confpfonfot varcae`
varcae`ff
aon x as tlf nfpfonfot
nfpfonfot varcae`
varcae`f.
f. f.d. tlf fquatcio :
ny nx
(x + y + 1)  8 y5 + 7 gao ef wrcttfo as (y5 + 7)  8 x + y + 1 wlcgl cs a `co
`cofar
far ncbbfrfotca`
ncbbfrfotca`
nx ny
fquatcio.

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z>X  
 

^S[F 2. FQVA^CIOW
FQVA^CIOW UFNVGCE@F ^I @COFAU BIUH =
ny
^lf fquatcio + py 8 Q . yo  wlfrf [ & Q buogtcios ib x , cs rfnugce`f ti tlf `co
`cofar
far birh ey
nx
ncvcncod ct ey yo  & tlfo suestctutcod yo+1 8 ] . Cts si`utcio gao ef ietacofn aass co ^ypf 6. Giosc
Gi oscnfr 
nfr 
7 5
tlf fxahp`f (x y + xy) nx 8 ny.
ny
^lf fquatcio  + [y 8 Q . yo cs ga``fn EFUOIV@C–W  FQVA^CIO.
nx
3. ^UAMFG^IUCFW =
Wuppisf wf arf dcvfo tlf bahc`y ib p`aof gurvfs.
 (x, y, a) 8 ;
nfpfoncod io a scod`f parahftfr a.
A gurvf hajcod at fagl ib cts picots a bcxfn aod`f  wctl tlf gurvf ib tlf bahc`y passcod tlriudl tlat picot
cs ga``fn ao csidioa` tramfgtiry ib tlat bahc`y : cb co partcgu`ar  8 /5, tlfo ct cs ga``fn ao irtlidioa` 
tramfgtiry.
Irtlidioa` tramfgtircfs = Tf sft up tlf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio ib tlf dcvfo bahc`y ib gurvfs. @ft ct ef ib 
tlf birh
B (x, y, y') 8 ;
^lf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio ib tlf irtlidioa` tramfgtircfs cs ib tlf birh
  1  
B  x, y,     8 ;
  y 
^lf dfofra` cotfdra` ib tlcs fquatcio
1 (x, y, G) 8 ;
dcvfs tlf bahc`y ib irtlidioa` tramfgtircfs.
Oitf = Bi``iwcod
Bi``iwcod fxagt ncbbf
ncbbfrfotca
rfotca`s
`s hust ef rfhfhefr
rfhfhefrfn
fn =
x n y  y nx
 n   
  nx  y 
(c
(c))   xny + y nx 8 n(xy) (cc)    
x5 x

yn
nxx  x n y      x   xn y  ynx
(ccc)   n  (cv)   n  ((``o xy )
y5  y  xy

y  y nx
 ny  n   `o  
nx xn
ny nx   y
(v)    8 n (` o(x+y))
o (x+y)) (vc)
x y xy   x 
yn x  xny        x x n y  y nx
n x        1 y
(vcc)  n  `o  (vccc)    n  tao 
xy   y  x y
5 5
  x 

yn x  xn y         x xn x  y
   n `o x 5   y 5 
  ynny
(cx)  5  n  tao 1  (x)
(x)
x 5
y   y  x 5
y 5  
    1  x ny
  y  y nx
n nx    f x  y fx  nx  fx ny
ny
(xc)   n      (xcc)   n  
  x y  5 5
x y   y   y5

   f y  x fy  ny  fy nnxx

(xccc)   n   
  x   x5

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z6X  
 

 F\FUG
 F\ FUGCWF
CWF‗C 
‗C 
Z BIUHA^CIO & ^S[F 1 & ^S[F 5X
Q.1 Wtatf tlf irnfr aaon
on nfdr
nfdrff
ff ib tlf bi``
bi``iwcod
iwcod ncb
ncbbfrfo
bfrfotca`
tca` fquatcio
fquatcioss =
  7/ 5
 
7
 n5  x     n x  > n 5y   n y  5 
(c)
(c)  n t 5      n t      xt 8 ; (cc)  1   
    n x5   n x  

Q.5 Birh a ncbbfrfo

ncbbfrfotca`
tca` fquatc
fquatcio
io bir tlf bahc`
bahc`y
y ib gurvfs rfprfsfotfn
rfprfsfotfn ey axµ + eyµ
eyµ 8 1 , wlfrf a & e
arf arectary giostaots.
Q.7 Ietaco tlf ncbbfrfotc
ncbbfrfotca`
a` fquatcio ib tlf bahc`
bahc`y
y ib gcrg`fs x5 + y5 + 5dx + 5by + g 8 ; : wlfrf
gcrg`fs
d , b & g arf arectary giostaots.
Q.> Birh tlf ncb
ncbbfrfotc
bfrfotca`
a` fquatcio ib tlf bahc`
bahc`y
y ib gurvfs rfprfsfotfn ey
ey,,
5 7
g (y + g) 8 x   : wlfrf g cs aoy arectrary giostaot.
  o (sfg x  tao x) o (sfg y  tao y)
Q.6  nx 8 ny Q.2 (1  xµ) (1  y) nx 8 xy (1 + y) ny
gis x gis y

ny x 5
 1 y 5  1
Q.<   y  x
 ny     
 a  y5 
n y
Q.4  +  8 ; 
nx xy nx   n x 

  xnx  yn
nx ny
y 1   x 5  y5   ny
Q.3 x ny
ny n  x 8
 y nx x5  y5 Q.1; n x  8 sco (x + y) + gis (x + y)

Q.11
  ny
 8
x (5 ` o x  1)
nx sco y  y g is y
Q.15
Q. 15 Ct cs joiwo tlat tlf nfgay ratf ib rancuh
rancuh cs
cs ncrfgt`y
ncrfgt`y pripir
pripirtcioa`
tcioa` ti cts quaotc
quaotcty
ty at fagl dcvfo cos
costaot.
taot. Bcon
Bcon
tlf `aw ib varcatcio ib a hass ib rancuh as a buogtcio ib tchf cb cb at t 8 ; , tlf hass ib tlf rancus was h;
 
aon nurcod tchf t;  % ib tlf ircdcoa` hass ib rancuh nfgay.
  ny x y  xy ny 
Q.17   + sco  sco   Q.
Q.1>
1> Wco
Wco x .  8 y . ` oy
oy cb y 8 f , wlfo x 8
nx 5 5 nx 5

Q.16 f(ny/nx) 8 x + 1 dcvfo tlat wlfo x 8 ; , y 8 7

Q.12 gurvf. Ct hffts tlf x axcs aatt Q.nCb

A oirha` cs nrawo at a picot [(x , y) ib a gurvf. y
[Q cs
cs ib giostaot
giosta ot `fodtl
j, tlfo sliw tlat tlf ncbb
ncbbfrfotca`
frfotca` fquatcio
fquat cio nfsgrcecod sugl gurvfs cs, y  8 ±   j  y 5 . Bcon tlf
5
nx
fquatcio ib sugl a gurvf passcod tlriudl (;, j).
Q.14 Bco
Bconn tlf gurvf bir wlcgl tlf suh ib tlf `fodtls ib tlf taodfot aon suetaodfot at aoy ib ccts ts pi
picot
cot
cs pripirtcioa` ti tlf prinugt ib tlf gi irncoatfs ib tlf picot ib taodfogy
taodfogy,, tlf pripi
pripirtcioa`c
rtcioa`cty
ty bagtir cs
fqua` ti j.
Q.1< Ietac
Ietaco
o tlf ncb
ncbbfrf
bfrfotc
otca`
a` fquatc
fquatcio
io ass
assigcatfn
igcatfn w
wctl
ctl tlf prchc
prchctcv
tcvff ,
7x 5x x
y 8 g1 f   + g5 f   + g7 f   , wlfrf g1 , g5 , g7  arf are arectrary
ctrary giostaots .
Q.13 A gurvf ccss sugl tla
tlatt tlf `fo
`fodtl
dtl ib tlf pi`ar rancus
rancus ib aoy pic
picot
ot io tlf gurvf ccss fqua` ti tlf `fodtl ib tlf
taodfot nrawo at tlcs picot . Birh tlf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio aon si`vf ct ti bcon tlf fquatcio ib tlf gurvf.

Q.5; Bcon wlfrf b (x)   ; , b (;) 8 ; , eiuoncod

Bcon tlf gurvf y 8 b (x) wlfrf eiuoncod a gurvc`c
gurvc`cofar
ofar trapfzicn wc
wctl
tl tlf eas
easff
tl
Z;, xX wlisf arfa cs pripirtcioa` ti (o + 1
1))  piwfr ib b (x). Ct cs joiwo tlat b (1) 8 1.

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z2X  
 

 F\FU GCWF‗C
 F\FUGC WF‗CC 
C 
Z ^S[F 7 & ^S[F >X

Q.1
ny
 8
x5  xy
nx x 5
 y5
Q.5
Q. 5 Bcon
Bcon tlf fquatc
fquatcio
io ib a gur
gurvf
vf sugl
sugl tla
tlatt tlf primfgtc
primfgtcio
io ib cts
cts irnco
irncoatf
atf upio tlf oirha`
oirha` cs fqua` ti cts ae
aesgc
sgcssa.
ssa.
Q.7
Q. 7 ^lf ``cdlt
cdlt rays fhaoatcod
fhaoatcod brih a pico
picott siurgf sc
sctuatfn
tuatfn at ircdco wlfo rfb`fgtfn
rfb`fgtfn brih tlf hc
hcrrir
rrir ib a sfargl
`cdlt arf rfb`fgtfn as efah para``f` ti tlf x  axcs
axcs.. Wliw tlat
t lat tlf surbagf cs paraei`cg, ey bc
bcrst
rst birhcod
birhcod tlf
ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio aon tlfo si`vcod ct.
Q.>
Q. > ^lf pfr
pfrpfonc
pfoncgu`
gu`ar
ar bbrih
rih tlf ircdco
ircdco ti tlf taodfot
taodfot at ao
aoyyp
picot
icot io a gurvf
gurvf ccss fqua`ti tlf ae
aesgc
sgcssa
ssa ib tlf picot
ib giotagt.
giotag t. Bcon tlf fquatcio ib tlf gurvf satcsbyc
satcsbycod
od tlf aeivf gionctcio aon wlcgl
wlcgl passfs tlriudl (1, 1).
Q.6 Bc
Bcon
on tlf fquatcio
fquatcio ib tlf gurvf cotfrsfgtc
cotfrsfgtcod
od wctl
wctl tlf x- aaxc
xcss at tlf pic
picot
ot x 8 1 aon bbir
ir wlc
wlcgl
gl tlf `fo
`fodtl
dtl ib 
tlf sueoirha` at aoy picot ib tlf gurvf cs fqua` ti tlf artlfhftcg hfao ib tlf gi-irncoatfs ib tlcs picot
(y ‗ x)5(x + 5y) 8 1.
 n y
Q.2 Vsf tlf suestctutcio y5 8 a ‗ x ti rfnugf tlf fquatcio y7 .
fquatcio  + x + y5 8 ; ti lihidf
lihidfofius
ofius birh
birh aon
nx
lfogf si`vf ct.
Q.4 Bc
Bcon
on tlf csidioa`
csidioa` tramfgtircfs
tramfgtircfs bir tlf bah
bahc`
c`y
y ib rfgtaodu`ar
rfgtaodu`ar lypfrei`as x5 ‗ y5 8 a5  wlcgl h
lypfrei`as hajfs
ajfs wctl ct
ao aod`f ib >6».
Q.< (x7  7xy5) nx 8 (y7  7x5y) ny
ny b ( x , y)
Q.3 Wliw tlat fvfry
fvfry lihidfofius
lihidfofius ncb
ncbbfr
bfrfotc
fotca`
a` fquatc
fquatcio
io ib tlf birh 8  wlfrf b aon d arf
nx d ( x, y)
lihidfofius buogtcio ib tlf sahf nfdrff gao ef giovfrtfn coti varcae`f sfparae`f ey tlf suestctutcio
x 8 r gis aon y 8 r sco.
   y
  y sco    y    ysco   x gis    x   8 ;
  y   y   y ny
Q.1;    x gis
 x x  x x nx

Q.11 Bc
Bcon
on tlf gurvf bir wlcgl
wlcgl aoy taod
taodfot
fot cotfrsfgts tlf yaxcs at tlf picot fquc
cotfrsfgts fqucncstaot
ncstaot brih
brih tlf picot ib 
taodfogy aon tlf ircdco.
ny x  5y  7 ny yx1
Q.1
.15
5 (x   y) ny 8 (x + y + 1) nx Q.
Q.17
17  8 Q.1>  8
nx 5x  y  7 nx yx6

  ny y1
x ny 5 (y  5) 5
Q.16  8   Q.12  8
5x  5y  7 5

nx nx (x  y  1)
  ny  4 sco x  7)
gis x (7 gis y
Q.14  +   8 ;
nx sco y (7 sco x  4 gis y  4)
Q.1< Wliw tlat (>x + 7y + 1) nx + (7x + 5y + 1) ny 8 ; rfprfsfots a ly lypfrei`a
pfrei`a lavc
lavcod
od ao asy
asyhptitfs,
hptitfs,
x + y 8 ; & 5x + y + 1 8 ;.
Q.13 Cb tlf o
oirha`
irha` nrawo ti a gurvf at ao aoyy pic
picot
ot [ cotfrsfgts
cotfrsfgts tlf x-axc
x-axcss at D aon tlf pfrpfonc
pfrpfoncgu`ar
gu`ar brih [ io
tlf x-axcs hffts at O,O , sugl tlat tlf suh ib tlf `fodtls ib [D aonaon OD cs pripi
pripirtcioa`
rtcioa` ti tlf aesgcssa ib 
tlf picot
pi cot [
[,, tlf giosta
giostaot
ot ib pripirtci
pri pirtcioa`c
oa`cty
ty efcod j. Birh tlf ncbb
ncbbfrfotca`
frfotca` fquatcio aon si
si`v
`vff ct ti sliw
1   j5 x5   j5 x5  1
tlat tlf fquatcio ib tlf gurvf cs, y  8 g x 5 j 
   ir y  8 5
    g x  j  , wlfrf g cs aoy arec
arectrary
trary
5 j   1 5 j   1
giostaot.

Q.5; Wliwti
fqua` tlat
tlftlf gurv
gurvff sugl
ncstaogf tlattlf
eftwffo
eftwffo tlfircdc
incs
ncstaogf
taogf
o aoneftwffo
rcdco tlfatircdco
tlf oirha` ircdc
tlf osahf
aon tlf taodfot
picot , at ao aarect
rectrary
rary picot
picot cs
    1 y
x5  y 5 8 g f  tao x

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z4X  
 

 F\F UGCWF‗CC
 F\FUGCWF ‗CCC 
C 
Z ^S[F 6 & ^S[F 2 X
Q.1 (x + tao y) ny 8 sc
sco
o 5y nx
Q.5 Wliw tltlat
at tlf fquatcio
fquatcio ib tlf gurvf wlis
wlisff s`
s`ipf
ipf at aoy pico
picott cs
cs fqua` ti y + 5x aon wlc
wlcgl
gl pass tlriudl
tlf ircdco cs y 8 5 (fx  x  1).
  ny x 1 ny
Q.7 +  5 y 8   Q.> (1  xµ)  + 5xy 8 x (1  xµ)1/5
nx 1x  
5x(1  x ) 5 nx
Q.6 Bcon
Bcon tl
tlff gur
gurvf
vf sugl
sugl tlat tl
tlff arfa
arfa ib tlf tr
trapfzc
apfzcuh
uh bir hfn ey tlf giirncoatf axfs, irncoatf ib ao
birhfn
arectrary picot & tlf taodfot at tlcs picot fqua`s la`b tlf squarf ib cts aesgcssa .
 n y
Q.2 x (x  1)   (x  5) y 8 x7 (5x  1) Q.4 (1 + y + xµy) nx + (x + x7) ny 8 ;
nx
Q.< Bc
Bcon
on tlf gurvf pissfsscod
pissfsscod tlf pripfrty tlat tlf cotfrgfpt
cotfrgfpt , tlf taodfot at aoy picot ib a gurvf
gurvf guts ibb io
tlf yaxcs cs fqua` ti tlf squarf ib tlf aesgcssa ib tlf picot ib taodfogy.
ny ny
Q.3 sco x   + 7y 8 gis x Q.1; x(
x(xµ + 1)  8 y (1  xµ) + x7 . `ox
nx nx
ny
Q.11 x   y 8 5 xµ gisfg 5 x 1 + yµ) nx 8 (tao1 y  x)ny
Q.15 ((1
nx
Q.17 Bc
Bcon
on tlf gurvf
gurvf sugl tlat
tlat tlf arfa ib tlf rfgtaod`f
rfgtaod`f giostrugtfn io tlf aesgc
aesgcssa
ssa ib aoy picot aon tlf co
coctc
ctca`
a`
5
irncoatf ib tlf taodfot at tlcs picot cs fqua` ti a . (Coctca` irncoatf hfaos y cotfrgfpt ib tlf taodfot).
Q.1> @ft tlf buo
uogtc
gtcio
io ` o b(x) cs
cs nfbc
nfbcofn
ofn wlfrf b(x) fxcsts
fxcsts bir x 5& j cs bcx
bcxfn
fn pisctcvf rfa` ouhefr
ouhefr,, pri
privf
vf

tlat cb n  (x . b (x))    j b(x) tlfo b(x)  A x 1 j wlfrf A cs confpfonfot iibb x.
nx x x
Q.16 Bcon tlf ncb
ncbbfrfotcae`f
bfrfotcae`f bbuogtcio
uogtcio wlcgl satcsbcfs tlf fquatcio 
   tao( t  x ) nt
fquat cio b (x) 8 ‗ b ( t ) tao t nt
;

;
wlfrf x     5 ,   5

Q.12
.12 y  x Ny 8 e(1 + xµNy)
ny
Q.14 Cot
Cotfdr
fdratf
atf (1 + xµ)
xµ)  + 5yx   >xµ 8 ; aon ietaco tlf guecg gurvf satcsbycod tlcs fquatcio aon
nx
 passc
 passcod
od tlriudl
tlriudl tlf ircd
ircdcco.
ny
Q.1
.1<
< Cb y1 & y5 ef si`utcios ib tlf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio  + [y 8 Q, wlfrf [ & Q arf bbuogtcios
uogtcios ib x
nx
a`iof, aon y5 8 y1 z, tlfo privf
pri vf tlat
Q
z 8 1 + af
 y1
 

  nx
, 'a' efcod ao arectrary giostaot .
  ny y y   ny
Q.13 + ` oy
oy 8 5
  (` o y)5 Q.5;  + xy 8 yµfxµ/5 . sco x
nx x x nx
 ny ny
Q.51 5  y sfg x 8 y7 tao x Q.55 x5 y  x7 8 y> gis x
nx nx
Q.57
Q.57 y (5 xy + fx) nx   fx ny 8 ;

Q.5> Bc
Bcon
on tlf gurvf bbir
ir wlcgl
wlcgl tlf arfa ib tlf trc
trcaod`
aod`ff bbirhfn ey tlf xaxcs, tlf taodfot `cof aon rancus vfgtir 
irhfn ey
5
ib tlf picot ib taodfogy
t aodfogy cs
cs fqua` ti a .

Q.56
Q. 56 A taoj giot
giotacos
acos 1;; `ctrfs ib brfsl watfr
watfr.. A si`utcio giotacocod 1 dh/`c
dh/`ctrf
trf ib si`ue`f `awo bbfrt
frtc`
c`czfr
czfr ruos
coti tlf taoj at tlf
t lf ratf ib 1 `ct/hc
`ct/hco,
o, aon tlf hcxturf
hcxturf cs puhpfn iut ib tlf taoj
t aoj at tlf ratf ib
i b 7 `ctrfs/hco
`ctrfs/hco..
Bcon tlf tchf wlfo tlf ahiuot ib bfrtc`czfr co tlf taoj cs haxchuh.

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z<X  
 

 F\FUGC
 F\F UGC WF‗C
WF‗CR 
R 
(DFOFUA@ GLAODF IB RAUCAE@
RAUCAE@FF ES A WVC^AE@F
WVC^AE@F WVEW^C^V^CIO)
WVEW^C^V^CIO )

Q 1. (x  yµ) nx + 5xy ny 8 ; Q 5. (x7 + y5 + 5) nx + 5y ny 8 ;

ny   ny   taoy
Q 7. x  + y `oy 8 xyfx Q >.    8 (1 + x) fx sfg y
nx nx 1 x
5
  ny fy 1  n y    ny
Q 6.  8    Q 2.      (x  y)  xy  ;
nx 5
  x  n x  nx
x

ny y x
5
Q 4.  8 Q <. (1  xy + x5 y5) nx 8 x5 ny
nx 5 y (x  1)

  ny
Q 3.   8 fxy (fx   fy) Q 1;. y y sco x 8 gis x (scox  y5)
nx
 F\FUG
 F\ FUGCWF
CWF‗R 
‗R 
(HCWGF@@AOFIVW)
  ny
Q.1  y ` o 5 8 5sco x . (gis
(gis x  1) ` o 5 , y efcod eiuonfn wlfo x  + .
efcod
nx
1

Q.5   n y  8 y +
nx  y  nx
;
dcvfo y 8 1 , wlfrf x 8 ;
x

Q.7 Dcvfo
Dcvfo twi gurvfs
gurvfs y 8 bb(x)
(x) passc
passcod tl
tlriudl
riudl tlf picots
picots (;, 1) & y 8  b(t) nt passcod tlriudl tlf picots

(;, 1/5). ^lf taodfots nrawo ti eitl gurvfs at tlf picots wctl fqua` aesgcssas cotfrsfgt io tlf x  axcs.
Bcon tlf gurvf b(x).

Q.> Gios
Gioscn
cnfr
fr tlf nc
ncbb
bbfrf
frfotc
otca`
a` fquatc
fquatcio
io
ny
 + [(x)y 8 Q(x)
nx
(c
(c)) Cb twi partcgu`
partcgu`ar
ar ssi`utc
i`utcios
ios ib dcv
dcvfo
fo fquatcio
fquatcio u(x) aon v(x)
v(x) arf
arf jo
joiwo,
iwo, bbco
con
n tlf dfofra` si`utc
si`utcio
io ib tlf
sahf fquatcio co tfrhs ib u(x) aon v(x).
(cc) Cb  aon  arf giostaots sugl tlat tlf `cofar gihecoatcios  ´ u(x) + ´v(x) cs a si`utcio ib tlf dcvfo
dcvfo
fquatcio, bcon tlf rf`atcio eftwffo  aon .
(x)  u(x)
(ccc
(ccc)) Cb w(x) cs tlf tlc
tlcrn
rn partcgu`ar si`utcio ncbbfrfot
ncbbfrfot brih
brih u(x
u(x)) aon v(x)
v(x) tlfo bcon
bcon tlf ratci   .
w(x)  u(x)
ny
Q.6 x7   8 y7  + y5 y5  x5
nx
Q.2 Bcon
Bcon tl
tlff gurv
gurvff wlcg
wlcgl
l passfs
passfs tlriudl
tlriudl tlf pico
picott (5, ;) sugl
sugl tlat
tlat tlf sfdhf
sfdhfot
ot ib tlf
tlf taod
taodfot
fot ef
eftwffo
twffo tl
tlff
 picott ib taodfogy
 pico taodfogy & tltlff y  axcs las a giostaot `fodtl fqua` ti 5 .

ny  y nx
  x ny nx
Q.4 x ny + y nx+   8;
x5  y5

Q.<
y nx
nx  x  ny
ny

nx
, dcvfo tlat y85 wlfo x 8 1
5
 x  y  5 1 x 5

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z3X  
 

Q.3
Q. 3 Bcon
Bcon tlf fquatcio ib tlf gurvf passcod
passcod tlriudl tlf irdco cb tlf hc
hcnn`f
nn`f picot i
ibb tlf sfdh
sfdhfot
fot ib cts oirha`
5
brih aoy picot ib tlf gurvf ti tlf x-axcs `cf
`cfss io tlf paraei`a 5y  8 x.
x x

Q.1;
Q. 1; Bco
Bcon
n tlf giotcouius bbuogtcio
uogtcio wlcgl satcsbcfs 
;

satcsbcfs tlf rf`atcio, t   b   ( x  t ) nt 8  b  ( t )  nt + sco x + gisx
;
gisx ‗ x ‗1,

bir a`` rfa` ouhefr x.

ny
Q.11 (x5 + y5 + a5) y  + x (x5 + y5  a5) 8 ;
nx

Q.15
.15 (1   x5)5 n y +  y 1  x5 x 1  x 5   n x 8 ; .
 
ny
Q.17 7 x5 y5 + gis (xy)  xy sco (xy) + {5x7y  x5 sco (xy)} 8 ;.
nx

Q.1> Bcon
Bcon tlf cotfdra` ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio, x (1  x
cotfdra` gurvf ib tlf ncbbfrfotca`  x` 
` oy).
oy).
 n y
+ y 8 ; wlc
wlcgl
gl pas
passfs
  1 
sfs tlriudl 1,    .
nx   f 
Q.16 Bcon a`` tlf gurvfs pissfsscod
pissfsscod tlf bi``
bi``iwcod
iwcod pripfrty : tlf sfdhfot ib tlf taodfot eftwffo tlf
 picot ib taodfogy & tlf x
x-axc
-axcss cs ecs
ecsfgtfn
fgtfn at tlf picot ib cotfrsfgtc
otfrsfgtcio
io wctl tlf y-ax
y-axcs
cs..
Q.12 y5(y nx + 5x ny)  x5(5y nx + x ny) 8 ;
Q.14 A pfrpfoncgu` ar nrawo brih aoy picot [ ib tlf gurvf io tlf xaxc
pfrpfoncgu`ar lf xaxcs at A. @fodtl ib 
axcss hffts ttlf
tlf pfrpfoncgu`
pfrp foncgu`ar
ar brih A io tlf
t lf taodfot `c
`cof
of at [ cs fqua` ti 'a' . Cb ttlcs
lcs gurvf guts tlf y-axc
y-axcss irtli
irtlidioa``y
dioa``y,
bcon tlf fquatcio ti a`` pissce`f gurvfs, fxprfsscod tlf aoswfr fxp`cgct`y .
Q.1< Bco
Bconn tlf irtlidioa` tramf
tramfgtircfs
gtircfs bbir
ir tlf dcvfo bahc`
bahc`y
y ib gurv
gurvfs
fs wlfo 'a'a' cs
cs tlf parahf
parahftfr.
tfr.
5  ‗ x j  j  j 
(c) y 8 ax (cc) gis y 8 a f (ccc) x  + y  8 a
Q.13
Q.1 3 A gurvf passcod
passcod tlriudl (1, ;) sugl tl
tlat
at tlf ratc
ratci
i ib tlf squarf
squarf ib tlf cotfrgfp
cotfrgfptt gut ey ao
aoy
y taodf
taodfot
ot ibb tlf y
y-axc
-axcss
ti tlf sueoirha` cs fqua` ti tlf ratci ib tlf prinugt ib tlf gi-irncoatfs ib tlf picot ib taodfogy ti tlf prinugt
ib squarf ib tlf s`ipf ib tlf taodfot aon tlf suetaodfot at tlf sahf picot. Nftfrhcof a`` sugl pissce`f gurvfs.
Q.5; A & E aarf
rf twi sfparatf rfsfrvicrs ib watfr. Gapagc
Gapagcty
ty ib rfsfrvicr
rfsfrvicr A cs niue`
niue`ff tlf gapagcty ib rfsfrvic
rfsfrvicr 
r 
E. Eitl tlf rfsfrvicrs arf bc``fn gihp`ftf`y wctl watfr, tlfcr co`fts arf g`isfn aon tlfo tlf watfr cs
rf`fasfn schu`taofius`y brih eitl tlf rfsfrvicrs. ^lf ratf ib b`iw ib watfr iut ib fagl rfsfrvicr at aoy
costaot ib tchf cs pripirtcioa` ti tlf quaotcty ib watfr co tlf rfsfrvicr at tlat tchf. Iof liur abtfr tlf
watfr cs rf`fasf
rf`fasfnn , ttlf
lf quaotcty ib watfr co rfsfrvicr A cs 1.6 ttch
chfs
fs tlf quaotcty ib wat
watfr
fr co rfsfrvicr E.
Abtfr liw haoy liurs ni eitl tlf rfsfrvicrs lavf tlf sahf quaotcty ib watfr 9
Q.51
Q.51 (5
(5xµ 7yµµ  4)x nx 8 (7xµ + 5y5  <)y ny
xµ + 7y
Q.55 Bcon tlf gurvf sugl tlat tlf sfdhfot ib tlf taodfot at aoy picot giotaco
giotacofn
fn eftwffo tlf x-axcs aon tlf
stracdlt `cof
`cof y 8 ax
ax++ e cs ec
ecsfgtfn
sfgtfn ey tlf picot ib taodfogy
taodfogy..

Q.57 Bcon
Bcon tlf gurvf sugl tlat tlf ratci
ratci ib tlf ncstaogf
ncstaogf eftw
eftwffo
ffo tlf oirh
oirha`
a` at ao
aoy
y ib cts pic
picot
ot aon tlf ircdco
ircdco ti tlf
ncstaogf eftwffo tlf sahf oirha` aon tlf picot (a,e) cs fqua` ti tlf giostaot j. Cotfrprft tlf gurvf. (j ? ;)

Q.5> @f
@ftt b (x
(x,, y, g1) 8 ; aon b (x, y, g5) 8 ; nfbcof twi cotfdra` gurvfs ib a lihidfofius bcrst irnfr ncbbfrfotca`
fquatcio. Cb [1 aon [5 arf rfspfgtcvf`y tlf picots ib cotfrsfgtcio ib tlfsf gurvfs wctl ao arectrary `cof,
y 8 hx tlfo privf tlat tlf s`ipfs s`ipfs ib tlfsf twi gurvfs at [1 aon [5 arf fqua`.

Q.56 Bco
Bcon
n tlf gurvf bir wlc
wlcgl
gl tlf pirtcio ib y-axcs
y-axcs gut-ibb
gut-ibb eftwffo tlf ircdco
ircdco aon tlf taodfot varcfs
as guef ib tlf aescssa ib tlf picot ib giotagt.

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z1;X  
 

 F\FUGC
 F\F UGC WF‗R
WF‗RC 
C 
([UIE@FHW AWJFN CO MFF & UFF)

Q.1 Nftfrhc
Nftfrhcof
of tlf
tlf fquatcio
fquatcio ib tlf gurvf
gurvf passc
passcod
od tlriudl tlf ircdc
ircdco
o cco
o tlf birh y 8 b(x) , wl
wlcgl
cgl satcsbcfs
satcsbcfs tlf
ny
ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio  8 sco (1; x + 2 y) . Z MFF '32 , 6 X
nx

 (tao 5x) y 8 gis>x , x0  , wlfo y (/ 2)87   7 /<.

ny
Q.5 Wi`
Wi`vf
vf tlf nc
ncbb
bbfrf
frfotc
otca`
a` fquatcio : gis5 x
fquatcio
nx >
ZUFF ' 32 , 2X
Q.7 Wi`
Wi`vf
vf tlf ncbb
ncbb.. fqu
fquatcio : y gi  s y x ny  y nx  x sc o y x ny
atcio ny  y nx    ;  , wlf
nx o y (1) 8   .
wlfo
x x 5
Z UFF '34 , 2 X
nu nv
Q.> @ft u (x
(x)) & v (x)
(x) satc
satcsb
sby
y tlf ncb
ncbbbfrfotca
frfotca`` fquatcio
fquatcioss + p (x)
(x) u 8 b(x) & + p(x)
p (x)v
v 8 d (x) wl
wlfrf
frf p
nx nx
(x), b (x) & d (x) arf giotc
giotcouius
ouius buogtc
buogtcios.
ios. Cb u (x1) ? v (x1) bir sihf x1  aon
aon b (x) ? d (x) bir a``
a``
x ? x1  , privf tlat aoy picot (x , y) wlfrf x ? x1  nifs o oit
it satcsb
satcsby
y tlf fquatcios y 8 u (x) &
y 8 v (x). Z MFF '34 , 6 X
Q.6(c) ^lf irnfr ib tlf ncb
ncbbfrfotca`
bfrfotca` fquatcio wlisf dfofra` si`utcio cs dcvfo ey
x  G  6
y 8 (G1 + G5) gis(x + G7)  G> f   wlfrf G1, G 5, G7, G >, G6 arf arectrary
arectrary giostaots, cs
(A) 6 (E) > (G) 7 (N) 5
  (cc) A gurvf G las tlf pripfrty tlat cb tlf taodfot
taodfot nrawo at aoy picot [ io G hffts
hffts tlf giirncoatf axfs at A
aon E, tlfo [ cs tlf hcn-picot ib AE. ^lf gurvf passfs tlriudl tlf picot (1, 1). Nftfrhcof tlf fquatcio
ib tlf gurvf. ZMFF '3<, 5 + <X
Q.2 Wi`vf tlf ncb
ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio (1 + taoy) (nx  ny) + 5x ny 8 ;
bfrfotca` Z UFF '3< , 2 X
5
  
 ny ny
Q.4(a) A si`
si`utio
utio ib tlf ncbbfrfotca` fquatcio,    x   + y 8 ; cs =
ncbbfrfotca`
 nx  nx
(A) y 8 5 (E) y 8 5x (G) y 8 5x   > (N) y 8 5x5   >

  (e) ^lf ncb

ncbbfrfotca`
bfrfotca` fquatcio rfprfsfotcod tlf bah
bahc`y ib gurvfs, y5 8 5g x
c`y    g  , wlfrf g cs a pi
pisctcvf
sctcvf
 parahftfr
 parahftfr,, cs ib =
(A) irnfr 1 (E) irnfr 5 (G) nfdrff 7 (N) nfdrff >
  (g) A gurvf passcod
passcod tlriudl tlf picot (1, 1) l
las
as tlf pripfrty tlat tlf pfrpfonc
pfrpfoncgu`ar
gu`ar ncstaogf ib tlf ircdco
brih tlf oirha` at aoy picot [ ib tlf gurvf cs fqua` ti tlf ncstaogf ib [ brih tlf x  axcs . Nftfrhcof tlf
fquatcio ib tlf gurvf . Z MFF '33, 5 + 7 + 1;, iut ib 5;; X
Q.< Wi`v
Wi`vff tlf nc
ncbb
bbfrfotc
frfotca` fquatcio, (x5 + >y5 + >xy
a` fquatcio, >xy) ny 8 (5
(5x
x + >y + 1) nx . Z UF
UFF
F '3
'33,
3, 2 X
Q.3 A giuotry las a biin nfbnfbcgccgctt ib 1; % . Cts pipu`
pipu`atcio
atcio driws giotcouius`
giotcouius`y y at a ratf ib 7 %. Cts aaooua
ooua`` biin
biin
 prinugtc
 prin ugtcio
io ffvfr
vfry
y yfar
yfar ccss > % hirf
hirf tlao
tlao tlat
tlat ib tlf `ast yfar
yfar . Ass
ssuh
uhccod ttla
latt tl
tlff av
avfrad
fradff biin
biin rf
rfquc
qucrfh
rfhfot
fot
 pfr pfrsio
pfrsio rfh
rfhaco
acoss gio
giostaot,
staot, privf
privf tlat tlf
tlf giuotry wc`
wc`` e
efgihf
fgihf sf`b
sf`b-sub
-subbcbcgc
gcfot
fot cco
o bbiin
iin abt
abtfr
fr ' o ' yfars,
yfars,
wlfrf ' o ' cs tlf sh
sha``
a``fst
fst cotfdfr ecddfr
ecddfr tlao ir fqua` ti ,
 o 1;  o3
 . Z MFF '5;;; (Hacos) 1; X
o (1.;> )  ;.;
;7
7

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z11X  
 

Q.1;
Q. 1; A lfh
lfhcspl
csplfrcga`
frcga` taoj ib rancus
rancus 5 hftrfs ccss co
coctc
ctca``
a``y
y bu`` iut`ft ib 15 gh5 griss sfgtcioa`
bu`` ib watfr aon las ao iut`ft
arfa at tlf eittih. ^lf iut`ft cs ipfofn at sihf costaot. ^lf b`iw tlriudl tlf iut`ft cs aggirncod ti tlf
`aw R(t) 8 ;.2
;.2 5dl(t)) , wlfrf R(t) aon l(t) arf rfspfgtcvf`y tlf vf`igcty ib tlf b`iw tlriudl tlf iut`ft
5dl(t
aon tlf lfcdlt ib watfr `fvf` aeivf tlf iut`ft
iut `ft at tch
tchff t, aon d cs tlf aggf`fratcio nuf ti dravcty. Bcon
Bcon tlf
tchf ct tajfs ti fhpty tlf taoj. Z MFF '5;;1 (Hacos) 1; X
Q.11 Bco
Bcon
n tlf ffquatcio
quatcio ib tlf gurv
gurvff wlc
wlcgl
gl pass
passfs
fs tlriudl tlf
tlf irc
ircdco
dco aon tlf tao
taodfot
dfot ti wlc
wlcgl
gl at fvf
fvfry
ry picot
x>  5xy  1
(x, y) las s`ipf fqua` ti . Z UFF '5;;1 (Hacos) 7 X
1   x 5
x

Q.15 @ft b(x

b(x),
), x ? ;, ef a oioofdatcvf giotcouius buogtcio,
buogtcio, aon `ft B(
B(x)

x) 8 b (t )nt , x ? ;. Cb bir sihf g ? ;,
;
b(x)) 0 gB
b(x gB(x)
(x) bbir
ir a`
a``` x ? ;, tlfo sliw tlat
tlat b(x)
b(x) 8 ; bir a`` x ? ;. Z MFF 5;;1 (Hac
(Hacos)
os) 6 iut ib 1;; X
Q.17(a) A rcdlt gcrgu`ar giof wctl rancus U aon lfcdlt L giotacos a `cqucn wlcgl fvapiratfs at a ratf pripirtcioa`
ti cts surbagf arfa co giotagt wctl acr (pripirtcioa`cty giostaot 8 j ? ;). Bcon tlf tchf abtfr wlcgl tlf
giof cs fhpty.
n[ ( x )
  (e) Cb [(1) 8 ; aon ? [(x) bir a`` x ? 1 tlfo privf tlat [(x)
[( x) ? ; bir a`` x ? 1.
nx
ZMFF 5;;7, (Hacos) > + >X
 5  sco x ny   
Q.1>(a) Cb    8 ‗ gis x, ;) 8 1, tlfo y     8
y ((;)
  1  y   nx  5 
1 1 1
(A) 1 (E) (G) (N)
5 7 >
ZMFF 5;;> (Wgr.) X

( x   1) 5  y  7
  (e) A gurvf passfs
passfs tlriudl (5, ;) aon tlf s`ipf
s`ipf ib tao
taodfot
dfot at pic
picot
ot [ (x, y) fqua`s . Bcon tlf
( x  1)
fquatcio ib tlf gurvf aon arfa fog`isfn ey tlf gurvf aon tlf x-axcs co
co tlf biurtl quanraot.
q uanraot.
ZMFF 5;;> (Hacos)X
Q.16(a) ^lf si`utcio ib prc
prchc
hctcvf otfdra` fquatcio (x5 + y5)ny 8 xy nx, cs y 8 y(x). Cb y(1) 8 1 aon y(x ;) 8 f, tlfo
tcvf ccotfdra`
x; cs
5
  5   5 f
(A) 5(f  1)   (E) 5(f  1)   (G) 7f   (N)
5
1
  (e) Bir tlf prchctcvf cotfdra` fquatcio ynx + y5ny 8 xny: xU, y ? ;, y 8 y(x), y(1) 8 1, tlfo y(‗7) cs
prchctcvf
(A) 7 (E) 5 (G) 1 (N) 6
ZMFF 5;;6 (Wgr.)X
  (g) Cb `fodtl
`fodtl ib taodfot at aoy picot io tlf gurvf y 8 b   (x) cotfrgfptfn eftwffo tlf picot aon tlf x‗axcs cs ib 
`fodtl 1. Bcon tlf fquatcio ib tlf gurvf. ZMFF 5;;6 (Hacos)X

Q.12 A taodfot
taodfot n
nrawo
rawo ti tlf gurvf
gurvf,, y 8  b   (x) at [(x, y) guts tlf x-axcs at A aon E rfspfgtcvf`y sugl tlat
E[ = A[ 8 7 = 1, dcvfo tlat b  
tlat  b   (1) 8 1, tlfo
ny ny
(A) fquatcio ib tlf gurvf cs   ‗ 7y 8 ; (E) fq
fquatc
uatcio
io ib gur vf cs x   + 7y 8 ;
gurvf
x nx nx
(G) gur
urvf
vf pas
assf
sfss tl
tlri
riud
udl
l (5
(5,, 1/
1/<)
<) (G)
(G) oi
oirh
rha`
a` at (1
(1,, 1) cs x + 7y 8 >
ZMFF 5;;2, 6X

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z15X  
 

AOWTFU JFS
 F\FUG
 F\ FUGCWF
CWF‗C 
‗C 
5
 n y 
n 5y ny
Q 1. (c)  irnfr 5 & nfdrff 7 (cc)  irnfr 5 & nfdrff 5 Q 5.  xy 5   + x     y  8 ;
nx  n x  nx

Q 7.  Z1 + (y)µX .y  7y(y)µ 8 ; Q >.  15y (y)µ 8 xZ<(y)7  54X

5 5
 1 1
Q 6.  ` o (sfgx + taox)  ` o (sfgy + taoy) 8 g o x (1  y)µ 8 g  5   yµ   5y + 5   xµ
Q 2.  ` ox

Q 4.  x5  1    sfg1 x + y5  1  8 g Q <.  y 8 g (1  ay

 ay)) (x
(x + a)

g (x  y)     x  y
Q 3.  x5  y 5 + 1   x 5  y 5  8 Q 1;.  `o 1  tao 8x+g
x 5  y5  5 

Q 15.  h 8 h;  f j t   wlfrf j 8 

 1      
  `o 1 
  1;; 
Q 11.  y sco
sco y 8 xµ ` ox
ox + g
t;

 y x
Q 17.  `o tao   8 g  5 sco Q.1>  y 8 ftao(x/5)
> 5

Q 16.  y 8 (x + 1) . `o (x + 1)  x + 7 Q 12.  x5  + y5  8 j 5

7 5
1 n y n y ny
Q 14.  y 8
j 
o 
g  j x5 5
 1 Q 1<. 
nx 7
2
nx 5
 11  
nx
 2 y 8 ;

Q 13.  y 8 j x ir x y 8 g Q 5;.  y 8 x1/o

 F\FUGC
 F\FU GCWF‗C
WF‗CC 
C 

  1 1   x  5 y    wlfrf fxp x  fx

Q.1  g (x  y)5/7 (xµ + xy + yµ) 1/2 8 fxp  tao 
 7 x 7 

5
y
5
 y  y
5
 x5  y  y  5  x 5   7
  g
Q.5  5
 8 o     x , wlfrf sahf scdo las ti ef tajfo.
x

Q >.  xµ + yµ  5x 8 ; Q 6.  (x ‗ y)5 (x + 5y) 8 1

Q 2.  1   ` ox5 + a 5   tao1   wlfrf a 8 x + y5

 a     8 g , wlfrf Q 4.  x5 ‗ y5 + 5xy 8 g : x5 ‗ y5 ‗ 5xy 8 g
5  x

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z17X  
 

y
Q <.  yµ  xµ 8 g (yµ + xµ)µ Q 1;.  xy gis  8 g
x

Q 11.  x5 + y5 8 gx Q 15. argtao

  5y 1  8 ` o g 5   1
 x  y5  x y
5x  1 5

 y  7
Q 17.  (x + y  5) 8 g (y  x)7 Q 1>.  tao 1
5 5
 + ` o g   y   7   x   5 8 ;
x 5

5 tao   1 
 y 5
> 7(x5y) x  7
Q 16.  x + y +   8 gf Q 12.  f  8 g . (y + 5)
7

Q 14.  (gis y  sco x   1)5  (gis y + sco

sco x  1)6 8 g

 F\FUGCWF
 F\F UGCWF‗CC
‗CCC 
C 
Q 1.  x   git
git y  8 g +   tao
tao y Q 5.  y 8 5 (fx  x  1)

1 1    1 1  x5 1
Q 7.  y   1    x   8 g +  ` o  tao arg tao x   Aoitlfr birh cs y   1   x 5  8 g +   ` o
  5
5  5  5 x

Q >.  y 8 g (1  xµ) +   1   x 5 Q 6.  y 8 gx5 ± x

Q 2.  y (x  1) 8 x5 (x5  x + g)

g) Q 4.  xy 8 g  arg tao x

 1   y 7 x x
Q <.  y 8 gx  x5 Q 3.      tao  8 g + 5 tao  x
7   5 5

Q 1;.  > (xµ + 1) y + x7 (1  5 ` ox)

ox) 8 gx Q 11.  y 8 gx + x ` o tao x

Q 15.  x 8 gfargtaoy + arg tao y  1 Q 17.  y 8 gx ± 5a x

Q.16   gis x ‗ 1 Q 12.  y(1 + ex

ex)) 8 e + gx

      1
Q 14.  7y (1 + xµ) 8 >x7 oy   gx5
Q 13.  x 8 ` oy 
  5 

  
     
 1 x
Q 5;.  fxµ/5 8 y (g + gisx) Q 51.  8  1 + (g + x) git
y5 5 >

Q 55.  x7 y7 8 7 Wcox + g Q 57.  y1 fx 8 g   xµ

a5 4
Q 5>.  x 8 gy ± Q 56.  54   hcoutfs
y 3

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z1>X  
 

 F\FUGC
 F\F UGC WF‗C
WF‗CR 
R 
Q 1.  yµ + x
x` 
` o ax 8 ; 7xµ   2x   x7 + gfx + >
Q 5.  yµ 8 7xµ o y 8 fx (x  1) + g
Q 7.  x ` oy

x5
Q >.  sco y 8 (fx + g) (1 + x) Q 6.  gxµ + 5xfy 8 1 Q 2.  y 8 gfx  : y 8 g +
5

  g g 1
Q 4.  y5 8 1 +(x+ 1)  o   ir x + (x+ 1) ` o Q <.  y 8    
tao    o gx
x 1 x 1 x

5   g
Q 3.  fy 8 g . fxp (fx) + fx  1 Q 1;.  y5  8 sco x  
7 sco 5 x

 F\FUG
 F\ FUGCWF
CWF‗R 
‗R 

1
Q.1  y 8 5sco x Q.5  y 8   (5 fx  f + 1)
1) Q.7  b (x) 8 f5x
7 f

Q.6 (c) y 8 u(x) + J(u(x) ‗ v(x)) wlfrf J cs aoy giostaot : (cc)  +  8 1 : (ccc
(ccc)) giostaot

Q.6  xy 8 g  
 y  y  5  x5  Q.2  y 8 ±  >  x 5  5  o 5  >   x 5  Q.4 xy + tao1 y  8 g
 x  x

sco   1x y 
Q.<    5 Q.3  y5 8 5x + 1   f5x Q.1;  b   (x) 8 fx ‗ gis x
5 x y >
 x
x 1   x 5
Q.11  (xµ + y
yµ)µ (yµµ  xµ) 8 g
µ)µ + 5aµ (y Q.15  y 8   +g f
1   x 5

Q.17  x (xµ yµ
yµ + gis xy
xy)) 8 g Q.1>  x (f y + ` o
` o y + 1) 8 1

5 5 5 5
Q.16  yµ 8 gx
 f x/ a
f    x/a
Q.12  x y (y  x ) 8 g
Q.14  y 8 ± a .  & y 8 ± a
5

1 1 1
Q.1< (c) x5 + 5y5 8 g, (cc) scoy 8 gf ‗ x  , (ccc)
(ccc) y 8 gx cb j 8 5 aon j  5
   j 5   j  5 cb j  5
x y g
5   y/ x  5  y/x
Q.13  x 8 f  : x 8 f Q.5;  ^ 8 `id>/7 5 lrs brih tlf start

Q.51  (x5  ‗ y5  1)6 8 g (x5  + y5  7) Q.55  y5  a xy  ey 8 g

Q.57   (j + 1) x5 + (j + 1) y5  ‗ 5jax ‗ 5jey 8 g

ir (j ‗ 1) x5 + (j ‗ 1) y5  ‗ 5jax ‗ 5jey 8 g eitl rfprfsfots a gcrg`
gcrg`f.
f.

Jx7 8 gx
Q.56  5y + Jx

 Eaosa` G 
G ̀`aassfs Ncbbrfotca` Fquatcio Z16X  
 

 F\FUGC
 F\F UGC WF‗R
WF‗RC 
C 
1    6 tao  >x  6x
Q.1  y 8 tao 1   
7  >  7 tao >x  7

1 y  
Q.5  y 8  tao 5x . gis5x Q.7  xysco 
5 x 5

Q.6 (c)  G (cc) xy 8 1 (x ? ; , y ? ;) Q.2  x fy (gisy + scoy) 8 fy scoy + G

Q.4 (a)  G (e)  A, G (g)  x5 + y5  5x 8 ;

  7  x  5 y  5  5 
Q.<  y 8 ` o ((x + 5y)5 + >(x + 5y) + 5)  ` o    + g
5 5  x  5 y  5  5 

4 x 1; 6
Q.1;   sfg. Q.11   y 8 (x ‗ 5tao ‗1x) (1 + x5)
176 d

L >
Q.17   (a) ^ 8 Q.1>   (a) G : (e) y 8 x5 ‗ 5x , arfa 8  sq. uocts
j  7
   1  y5
1
Q.16 (a)  G: (e) A: (g) 1  y    ` o
5
  8±x+g
y

Q.12   E, G