]YOFT GIKAJ^AG CCC

FTYBF@ GI^IXF_F]F@ BC^IX]I@TC ^FMF CHY BFJCK
MATI@ ^I@OFJ^Y < XFJMSF FGHFX ]YGF@, T.Gip.,@s, J.Gip

MCTYTY@ AKIB <

GIKAJ^AG CCC
GIKFT F4

Mcttf Xcgf Jickcf @^J< 86=>?>4>5?

_c`mbf`mc`c Kcstyf Bf`f`tc @^J< 86=>?>4>54

Efguktfs ckju Gisibftf`

^raorfj stumc T6 gipirfwftf` gikfs Girlfsfjf
Y`cvirsctfs Har`ia
]frfgf` 8>86

6
 

8
 

GF]F ^I@OF@]FX 

Fssfkfj
Fssfkfjufk
ufkfcg
fcguj
uj wr.wh.
wr.wh. ^ulc
^ulc syugur
syugur ftfs
ftfs rfbjft
rfbjft Fkkfb
Fkkfb T_],
T_], hirgft
hirgft
rfbjft sirtf gfru`cf-@yf sibc`oof jfgfkfb mi`of` lumuk ‛ Fsubf` Gipirfwftf`
 Bcpirti`sc pfmf Gibfjckf`‚ mfpft sikisfc.
Jfgfkfb c`c mchuft mi`of` tuluf` jiji`ubc tuofs gikajpag Jftf Gukcfb
Jftir`ctfs
Jftir`ctfs CC. Tikfc` ctu, pi`yusu`f`
pi`yusu`f` jfgfkfb c`c hirtuluf`
hirtuluf` ji`fjhfb wfwfsf`
gipfmf pijhfdf ti`tf`o ‛ Fsubf` Gipirfwftf` Bcpirti`sc
Bcpirti`sc pfmf Gibfjckf`‚.
Gibfjckf`‚.
Jfgf
Jfgfkf
kfb
b c`
c`cc tcmf
tcmfg
g fg
fgf`
f` tirwu
tirwulu
lum
m tf
tf`p
`pff fm
fmf`
f`yf
yf hf
hf`t
`tuf
uf`
` mf
mfrc
rc ma
masi`
si`
 pijhcjhc`o, Chu Xfjmyf Fghfr ]ugf`, T.Gip.,@s, J.Gip. Ftfs hf`tuf` hikcfu
 pi`ukcs mfpft ji`yikisfcgf` jfgfkfb c`c mi`of` hfcg.
^i`u
^i`ukc
kcss ji`y
ji`yfm
fmfr
frcc hf
hfbw
bwff mf
mfkfj
kfj pi
pi`y
`yus
usu`
u`f`
f` mf
mf`
` pi
pi`u
`ukc
kcsf
sf`
` jfsc
jfscb
b
jikfgu
jikfgugf`
gf` hf`yfg
hf`yfg gisfkfb
gisfkfbf`.
f`. Akib
Akib gfri`f
gfri`f ctu pi`ukc
pi`ukcss jijaba
jijaba`
` jffe
jffe ftfs
ftfs
gisfkfbf` mf` gitcmfgsijpur`ff` yf`o jijhfdf tijugf` mfkfj jfgfkfb c`c.
^i
^i`u
`ukc
kcss luof
luof ji`o
ji`obf
bfrf
rfp
p fm
fmf`
f`yf
yf gr
grct
ctcg
cg si
sirt
rtff sf
sfrf
rf`
` mf
mfrc
rc pi
pijh
jhfd
fdff fp
fpfh
fhck
ckff
ji`ijugf` gisfkfbf` mfkfj jfgfkfb c`c.

]frfgf`, Agtahir 8>86

Gikajpag CCC
 

MFE]FX CTC

GF]F ^I@OF@]FX c

MFE]FX CTC cc
H FH C 6
^I@MFBYKYF@ 6
6.6 Kf
Kftfr Hikfgf`o 6
6.6 Xujusf` Jfsfkfb 8
6.8 ]uluf` ^i`ukcsf` 8
HFH CC 4
GA@TI^ JIMCT ^I@SFGC] 4
8.6. Miec`csc 4

8.8 Gkfscecgfsc Bcpirti`sc pfmf Chu Bfjck 4

8.4 ^ftaecscakaoc 5
8.= Efgtar Xcscga 3
8.9 Jf`ceistfsc Gkc`cs 3
8.5 Gajpkcgfsc 6>
8.? ^ijircgsff` Mcfo`ascs/^i`u`lf`o 66
8.2 ^i`ftfkfgsf`ff` 66
HFH CCC 6=
GA@TI^ FTYBF@ GI^IXF_F]F@ 6=
4.6. ^i`ogflcf` 6=
4.8. Mcfo`ascs Gipirfwftf` 6?
4.4. C`tirvi`sc Gipirfwftf` 62
HFH CU 88
^I@Y]Y^ 88
=.6 Giscjpukf` 88
=.8. Tfrf` 88
]fhik Xivciw Frtcgik Lur`fk 84
MFE]FX ^YT]FGF 46
 

HFH C
^I@MFBYKYF@

6 .6 Kftfr Hi
Hikfgf`o
Gibfjckf` jirupfgf` suftu gifmff` ecscakaocs, mcjf`f gifmff` tirsihut
jirupfgf` suftu efsi tircstcjiwf mfkfj gibcmupf` siarf`o wf`ctf. Hihirfpf chu
bfjck tirsihut hcsf jikiwftc`yf mi`of` hfbfocf bc`oof jikfbcrgf`, titfpc luof
tcmfg lfrf`o yf`o ji`ofkfjc jfsfkfb gisibftf` mfkfj gibfjckf``yf. Jfsfkfb
gisibftf` yf`o sirc`o ju`duk pfmf gibfjckf` sfkfb sftu`yf fmfkfb bcpirti`sc
mf
mfkf
kfj
j gi
gibf
bfjc
jckf`
kf`.. ^i`y
^i`yfg
fgct
ct bcpi
bcpirt
rti`
i`sc
sc mf
mfkf
kfj
j gi
gibf
bfjc
jckf`
kf` c`
c`cc sfkfb
sfkfb sf
sftu
tu`y
`yff
mcfgchftgf` akib piruhfbf` pfmf scstij gfrmcavfsgukir mf` pijhukub mfrfb yf`o
tirlfmc sihikuj gibfjckf`, gajpkcgfsc sikfjf jfsf gibfjckf` ftfu pfmf fwfk
 pfsdf pfrtuj. ^iruhfbf` gfrmcavfsgukir mcsihfhgf` akib pi`c`ogftf` dfrmcfd
fetirkafm mf` pi`uru`f` dfrmcfd prikafm, simf`ogf` pfmf pijhukub mfrfb tirlfmc
vfsaga`strcgsc frtircak, vfsaspfsji scstijcg mf` mf` girusfgf` pfmf pijhukub
mfrfb.
Gisugsisf` praorfj gisibftf` chu mfpft mc`ckfc jikfkuc c`mcgftar F`ogf
Gijftc
Gijftcf`
f` Chu (FGC).
(FGC). Miec`c
Miec`csc
sc gijftc
gijftcf`
f` chu pfmf
pfmf c`mcgf
c`mcgftar
tar c`c fmfkfb
fmfkfb sijuf
gijftcf` pfmf pircami gibfjckf`, pirsfkc`f` mf` `cefs yf`o mcsihfhgf` akib 4
bfk tirsihut ( gibfjckf`, pirsfkc`f` mf` `cefs ). F`ogf Gijftcf` Chu yfctu sikurub
gijftcf` pfmf ruf`o kc`ogup sitcfp 6>>.>>> gikfbcrf` bcmup. ^fmf tfbu` 8>8>,
tirmfpf
tirmfpftt =.58?
=.58? gijftc
gijftcf`
f` mc C`ma`i
C`ma`iscf
scf yf`o
yf`o tirdftf
tirdftftt pfmf
pfmf praorf
praorfj
j gisibft
gisibftf`
f`
gikufrof mc Giji`trcf` Gisibftf` mf` sihisfr 6.66> gijftcf` gfri`f bcpirti`sc
 pfmf chu bfjck ftfu sihisfr 85, 83% mfrc gfsus gijftcf` yf`o fmf. (Giji`gis
XC, 8>86).
Mc
Mckc
kcbf
bftt mf
mfrc
rc mf
mftf
tf mcft
mcftfs
fs f`
f`og
ogff gi
gijf
jftc
tcf`
f` pf
pfmf
mf ch
chu
u gf
gfri
ri`f
`f bc
bcpi
pirt
rti`
i`sc
sc
ji`ijpftc pascsc gimuf sitikfb gfsus pirmfrfbf` pfmf chu bfjck. Gurf`o`yf
gisfmfrf` jfsyfrfgft pfmf gisibftf` chu bfjck ji`lfmc efgtar utfjf gijftcf`
 pfmf chu, wfkfupu` tirmfpft hihirfpf efgtar kfc``yf yf`o bfrus mcpirbftcgf`.
Bcpirti`sc pfmf chu bfjck hugf` bf`yf jijhircgf` mfjpfg gipfmf chu
`fju`
`fju` luof
luof pfmf
pfmf lf`c`
lf`c` sipirtc
sipirtc gijftcf`
gijftcf` lf`c`
lf`c` mf` HHKX (Hirft
(Hirft Hfyc
Hfyc Kfbcr 
Kfbcr 
Xi`mfb). Mcgfri`fgf` pirjfsfkfbf` bcpirti`sc pfmf chu bfjck yf`o jfscb tc`ooc,

6
 

bc`oof pirku`yf mchircgf` fsubf` gipirfwftf` yf`o gajpribi`sce pfmf chu bfjck
mi`of` bcpirti`sc.
6.6 Xujusf
Xujusf`
` Jfsfk
Jfsfkfb
fb
f. Fpf ga`
ga`sip
sip jimcs
jimcs bcpirti`sc
bcpirti`sc pfmf chu
chu bfjck yf`o
yf`o jikcputc
jikcputc <
6. Miec`csc
Miec`csc bcpirti`
bcpirti`sc
sc pfmf
pfmf chu bfjck,
bfjck,
8. Itcakaoc
Itcakaoc bcpirti
bcpirti`sc
`sc pfmf
pfmf chu bfjck,
bfjck,
4. ^ftaecscaka
^ftaecscakaoc
oc p`iuja`cf,
p`iuja`cf,
=. Jf`ceistfsc
Jf`ceistfsc gkc`cs
gkc`cs p`iuj
p`iuja`cf,
a`cf,
9. ^ft
^ftbwf
bwfy
y ^`iuj
^`iuja`c
a`cf,
f,
5. Ga
Gajpk
jpkcgf
cgfsc
sc p`iuja`c
p`iuja`cf,
f,
?. ^ijircgsff`
^ijircgsff` mcfo`astcg
mcfo`astcg p`iuja`cf
p`iuja`cf,,
2. ^i`ftfkfgsf`
^i`ftfkfgsf`ff`
ff` p`iuja`c
p`iuja`cff pfmf f`fg,
f`fg, mf`
3. ^i`diofbf`
^i`diofbf` p`iuja`cf
p`iuja`cf pfmf
pfmf f`fg.
f`fg.
 h. Hfofcjf`f ga`sip fsubf` gipirfwftf` pfmf pfsci` f`fg mi`o
mi`of`
f` p`iuja`cf1

6.8 ]uluf`
]uluf` ^i`ukc
^i`ukcsf`
sf`
f. Ji`oi
Ji`oitfbuc
tfbuc ga`sip
ga`sip jimcs
jimcs p`iuja`cf
p`iuja`cf yf`o
yf`o jikcputc
jikcputc <
6. Mie
Miec`c
c`csc
sc p`iuj
p`iuja`
a`cf,
cf,
8. Itc
Itcaka
akaoc
oc p`iuj
p`iuja`
a`cf,
cf,
4. ^ftaecscaka
^ftaecscakaoc
oc p`iuja`cf,
p`iuja`cf,
=. Jf`ceistfsc
Jf`ceistfsc gkc`cs
gkc`cs p`iuj
p`iuja`cf,
a`cf,
9. ^ft
^ftbwf
bwfy
y ^`iuj
^`iuja`c
a`cf,
f,
5. Ga
Gajpk
jpkcgf
cgfsc
sc p`iuja`c
p`iuja`cf,
f,
?. ^ijircgsff`
^ijircgsff` mcfo`astcg
mcfo`astcg p`iuja`cf
p`iuja`cf,,
2. ^i`ftfkfgsf`
^i`ftfkfgsf`ff`
ff` p`iuja`c
p`iuja`cff pfmf f`fg,
f`fg, mf`
3. ^i`diofbf`
^i`diofbf` p`iuja`cf
p`iuja`cf pfmf
pfmf f`fg.
f`fg.
 h. Ji`oitfbuc ga`sip fsubf` gipirfwftf` pfmf pfsci` f`fg mi`of`
mi`of` p`iuja`cf.

8
 

HFH CC
GA@TI^ JIMCT ^I@SFGC]

8.6. Miec`csc
Bcpirti`sc pfmf gibfjckf` fmfkfb gifmff` mcjf`f tigf`f` mfrfb scstakcg 
kihcb mfrc 6=> jjBo
jjBo mf` mcfstakcg
mcfstakcg kihcb mfrc 3> jjBo yf`o tirlfmc
tirlfmc pfmf chu
bfjck (Gbasrfvc it fk., 8>6=).
^usmftc` ji`miec`csgf` bcpirti`sc fmfkfb pi`cogftf` tigf`f` mfrfb scstakcg 
06=>
06=> jjBo
jjBo mf` tigf`f
tigf`f`
` mfrfb
mfrfb scstakc
scstakcg
g 03>jjB
03>jjBo
o yf`o
yf`o mckfgu
mckfgugf`
gf` mu
muff gfkc
gfkc
 pi`ougurf` mi`of` sikcscb wfgtu kcjf ji`ct mfkfj sctufsc cstcrfbft dugup ftfu
ti`f`o (^usft Mftf mf` C`earjfsc Giji`trcf` Gisibftf` XC, 8>64).
Bcpirti`sc pfmf gibfjckf` luof hcsf jirupfgf` gajpkcgfsc pfmf chu bfjck
yf
yf`o
`o sf`o
sf`oft
ft hi
hirh
rhfb
fbfy
fyff mctf`
mctf`mf
mfcc mi
mi`o
`of`
f` gi
gi`f
`fcg
cgf`
f` ti
tigf
gf`f
`f`
` mf
mfrf
rfb
b pf
pfmf
mf us
uscf
cf
gibfjckf` ji`dfpfc 8> jc`oou (Jfrofrc`c & F`c`mctf, 8>86).
8.8 Gkfsce
Gkfscecgf
cgfsc
sc Bcpirt
Bcpirti`s
i`scc pfmf
pfmf Ch
Chu
u Bfjck
Bfjck
Gkfscecgfsc bcpirti`sc pfmf chu bfjck mc C`ma`iscf hirmfsfrgf` Xipart
hirmfsfrgf` Xipart ae tbi
 @ftca`fk Bcob Hkam ^rissuri Imudftca` ^raorfj _argc`o Oraup a` Bcob Hkaam 
 ^rissuri c` ^rio`f`dy (^rfwcrabfrla,
^rio`f`dy (^rfwcrabfrla, 8>66), fmfkfb <
6. ^ri — igkfjpsc
scff / ig
igkfjp
fjpsc
scff
^ri — igkfjpscf fmfkfb bcpirti`sc pfmf gibfjckf` yf`o tirlfmc pfmf
uscf mcftfs 8> jc`oou mi`of` gi`fcgf` tigf`f` mfrfb ≩ 6=> jjBo mf`
gi`fcgf` pratic`urcf mcftfs >,4 o/bfrc. ^ri — igkfjpscf c`c tilfmc pfmf 8 — 
9% gibfjc
gibfjckf`
kf` mi`of`
mi`of` f`ogf gijftc
gijftcf`
f` chu hirgcsfr
hirgcsfr 68 — 69% (Fkftf
(Fkftfs,
s,
8>63).
Oilfkf pri — igkfjpscf hcfsf`yf sfgct gipfkf, piruhfbf` pi`okcbftf`,
`yirc
`yirc hfocf`
hfocf` pirut
pirut mf` mysp`i
mysp`if.
f. ]irmfp
]irmfpft
ft hihirf
hihirfpf
pf efgtar
efgtar rcscga
rcscga mfpft
mfpft
mcgi`fkc tirgfct mi`of` pri - igkfjpscf yfctu < uscf, rcwfyft pri — igkfjpscf
tirmfbuku, rcwfyft gikufrof, gibfjckf` gijhfr, ga`mcsc jimcf tirmfbuku
tirutfjf
tirutfjf mcfhitis
mcfhitis jikkctus
jikkctus tcpi C, ahisctfs,
ahisctfs, f`ijcf pfrfb, bcpirti`sc gra`cg,
 pi`yfgct futacju`, uscf 0=> tfbu`
tfbu` pfmf sfft bfjck mf` jiragag.

4
 

Igkf
Igkfjp
jpsc
scff fmfk
fmfkfb
fb gilf
gilfmc
mcf`
f` gilf
gilf`o
`o si
sikf
kfjf
jf 5> — 3> mi
mitc
tcg
g yf
yf`o
`o
mcmfbukuc mi`of` sfgct gipfkf pfmf chu bfjck mi`of` pri — igkfjpscf yf`o
tcmfg hcsf mcgfctgf` mi`of` pi`yihfh kfc``yf.
8. Bcpir
cpirti
ti`s
`scc g
gra
ra`
`cs pfm
fmff gib
gibfj
fjck
ckf`
f`
Bcpirti`sc gra`cs pfmf gibfjckf` yfctu sfft tigf`f` mfrfb ≩6=>/3>
jjBo yf`o tirlfmc sihikuj gibfjckf` sfjpfc mchfwfb uscf 8> jc`oou
gibfjc
gibfjckf`
kf` mf` mfpft
mfpft hirtfb
hirtfbf`
f` kfjf
kfjf sfjpfc
sfjpfc kihcb
kihcb mfrc
mfrc 68 jc`oou
jc`oou pfsdf
 pirsfkc`f`. Bcpirti`sc gra`cs sirc`ogfkc jirupfgf` bcpirti`sc isi`scfk /
 prcjir pfmf wf`ctf yf`o ji`ofkfjc gi`fcgf` tigf`f` mfrfb yf`o kfjf ftfu
kihcb mfrc 5 hukf` sihikuj jfsf gibfjckf`.
Bcpirti`sc gra`cs hirft yf`o mctf`mfc mi`of` tigf`f` scstakcg ≩ 62>
jjBo mf` tigf`f` mcfstakcg ≩ 66> jjBo fgf` mcsirtfc mi`of` pi`fygct
oc`lfk,
oc`lfk, gfrmca
gfrmcajca
jcapft
pftc,
c, gafrgt
gafrgtfsca
fsca`
` fartf,
fartf, ritc`ap
ritc`apftc
ftc,, mcfhit
mcfhitis
is mf` pri — 
igkfjp
igkfjpscf.
scf. Chu bfjck
bfjck mi`of`
mi`of` bcpirt
bcpirti`s
i`scc gra`cs
gra`cs hirft
hirft jijpu`
jijpu`yfc
yfc rcscga
rcscga
tc`ooc tirgi`f stragi, sirf`of` lf`tu`o, ofofk oc`lfk fgut, fhruptca pkfsi`tf
mf` gijftcf`.
^fmff ujuj`y
^fm ujuj`yff pirijp
pirijpuf`
uf` bfjck
bfjck yf`o
yf`o jijckc
jijckcgc
gc bcpirti
bcpirti`sc
`sc gra`cs
gra`cs
ji`ofk
ji`ofkfjc
fjc pi`uru
pi`uru`f`
`f` tigf`f
tigf`f`
` mfrfb
mfrfb ji`lik
ji`likf`o
f`o fgbcr
fgbcr sijisti
sijistirr pirtfj
pirtfjff
sigctfrr 9 — 6> jjBo mf` hihirfpf
sigctf hihirfpf pirijpuf` bfjck fgf` gijhfkc `arjfk
tigf
tigf`f
`f`
` mf
mfrfb
rfb`y
`yf,
f, yf
yf`o
`o gi
giju
jumc
mcf`
f` ti
tigf
gf`f
`f`
` mf
mfrf
rfb
b fg
fgf`
f` `f
`fcg
cg gi
gijh
jhfkc
fkc
ji`oc`lfg trcjistir gitcof sibc`oof jcrcp mi`of` bcpirti`sc oistfsca`fk.
4. Bc
Bcpi
pirt
rti`
i`sc
sc gra
gra`c
`css mcs
mcsir
irtf
tfcc pri
pri — igk
igkfj
fjps
pscf
cf
Chu bfjck
bfjck mi`of`
mi`of` bcpirt
bcpirti`s
i`scc gra`cs
gra`cs yf`o
yf`o mcsirtf
mcsirtfcc pri — igkfjp
igkfjpscf
scf
fmfkfb chu bfjck yf`o ji`ofkfjc gi`fcgf` tigf`f` mfrfb mf` jijckcgc
 pratic`urcf pfmf uscf gibfjckf` gurf`o kihcb 8> jc`oou ftfu sigctfr 
jc`o
jc`oou
ou gi 8= — 85 pf
pfmf
mf jfsf
jfsf gi
gibf
bfjc
jckf
kf`,
`, yf
yf`o
`o mf
mfpf
pftt ji`o
ji`ofg
fgch
chft
ftgf
gf`
`
gikfbcrf` prijfturi ftfu hfyc kihcb gidck mfrc `arjfk.
Lcgff tirlfm
Lcg tirlfmcc pi`c`o
pi`c`ogft
gftf`
f` tigf`f
tigf`f`
` mfrfb,
mfrfb, fmf`y
fmf`yff prati`
prati`ucr
ucrff mi`of`
mi`of`
fmf`yf of`oouf` arof` kfc`, bcpirti`sc gra`cs mcsirtfc pri — igkfjpscf mfpft
ji`lfmc hirft.
=. Bcpirti`sc oi
oistftca`fk

=
 

Bc
Bcpi
pirti
rti`s
`scc oi
oist
stfsc
fsca`
a`fk
fk fm
fmfk
fkfb
fb bc
bcpi
pirt
rti`
i`sc
sc yf
yf`o
`o tirlf
tirlfmc
mc si
sitik
tikfb
fb 8>
jc`oou uscf gibfjckf` tf`pf tf`mf pratic`urcf.
Bcpirti`sc oistfsca`fk hirft fmfkfb ga`mcsc mcjf`f tirlfmc gi`fcgf`
tigf`f` mfrfb 0 65>/66> jjBo. ]igf`f` mfrfb fgf` ji`lfmc `arjfk pfmf
sfftt sitikfb
sff sitikfb pirsfkc
pirsfkc`f`
`f` ftfu
ftfu past
past pfrtuj
pfrtuj,, hcfsf`
hcfsf`yf
yf mfkfj
mfkfj sipuku
sipukub
b bfrc.
bfrc.
^fsci` ju`ogc` ji`ofkfjc sfgct gipfkf, pi`okcbftf` gfhur, mf` sfgct pirut
mf` tis kfharftarcuj fh`arjfk, tirjfsug lujkfb trajhasct ri`mfb mf` tis
eu`osc bftc fh`arjfk. ^fmf bcpirti`sc oistfsca`fk, gikfbcrf` mfpft mckfgugf`
sidfrf `arjfk wfkfupu` tigf`f` mfrfb ji`c`ogft. Bcpirti`sc oistfsca`fk
fgf` ji`obckf`o sitikfb 4 hukf` pfsdf pirsfkc`f`.
Hirmfsfrgf` Gkfscecgfsc ji`urut Fjircdf` Dakkioi ae Ahstitrcdcf`s
f`m Oy`idakaocsts, yfctu (_f`tf`cf it fk., 8>69)<
6. Bcpirti`sc o
oiistfsca`fk
]igf`f` mfrfb 0 6=>/3> jjBo pfmf uscf gibfjckf` 08> jc`oou tf`pf
fmf`yf rcwfyft pi`c`ogftf` tigf`f` mfrfb sihikuj`yf mf` tcmfg tirlfmc
 prati`urcf
8. ^ri-igkfjpscf
 ]igf`f` mfrfb scstakcg ≩ 6=>jjBo ftfu mcfstakcg ≩ 3> jjBo yf`o
tirl
tirlfm
fmcc si
siti
tikfb
kfb ujur
ujur gi
gibf
bfjc
jckf
kf`
` mc
mcft
ftfs
fs 8> jc`o
jc`oou
ou tf
tf`p
`pff rcwf
rcwfyf
yftt
bcpirti`sc sihikuj`yf.
 ^ratic`urcf 9 or ftfu kihcb pirkctir mfkfj 8= lfj ftfu gufkctftce +4 ftfu
+=
Hckf tcmfg mcsirtfc mi`of` pratic`urcf <
 Akcourcf < urc`i ; 9>> dd pir 8= lfj ftfu gurf`o mfrc >,9 dd/goHH/lfj.

 Of`oouf` sirihrfk, of`oouf` pi`okcbftf`.

  @yirc pirtu pfmf gufmrf` gf`f` ftfs fhmaji`

 Imijf pfru mf` scf`ascs

 Bijakcscs jcgraf`ocapftcg 

 ]rajhascta
]rajhasctapi`c
pi`c (;6>>.>>>
(;6>>.>>> sik/jj´ ftfu pi`uru`f`
pi`uru`f` trajhasct
trajhasct mi`of`
mi`of`
dipft)
  Of`o
Of`oou
ouf`
f` eu
eu`o
`osc
sc bftc
bftc < pi`c
pi`c`o
`ogf
gftf
tf`
` gf
gfmf
mfrr fk
fkf`
f`c`
c` mf
mf`
` fspfrtfti

fjc`atrf`seirfsi

9
 

  ^irtujhubf` lf`c` tirbfjhft

4. Tupirc
rcj
jpasim pri
pri-i
-ig
gkfjp
fjpsc
scff
]irmfpft hihirfpf grctircf, mchfwfb c`c <
 ^ratic`urcf a`sit hfru pfmf wf`ctf mi`of` bcpirti`sc ; 8> jc`oou

Oilfkf mi`of` bcpirti`sc gra`cs mi`of` `yirc gipfkf pirscsti`, sgatajf

ftfu
ftfu `y
`yirc
irc uku
uku bf
bftc
tc lu
luof
of mfmfpf
pftt mc
mcsih
sihut
ut mi
mi`o
`of`
f` supi
supirc
rcjp
jpas
asim
im pr
pri-
i-
igkfjpscf
=. BIKK^ sy`mraji
Fmf hihirfpf grctircf, f`tfrf kfc` (Tchfc, 8>66) <
 Bijakcscs, kfdtfti mibymraoi`fsi 0 5>> Y/K ftfu tatfk hckcruhc` 06,8
jb/mK
 TOA] 0?> Y/K

 ]rajhasct ;6>>.>>>/jj´

Tc`mraj
Tc`mraj BIKK^
BIKK^ ji`uru
ji`urutt gkfscsc
gkfscscecg
ecgfsc
fsc Jcsscssc
Jcsscsscpc
pc fmfkfb
fmfkfb (^rfwc
(^rfwcrab
rabfrl
frla,
a,
8>66) <
Gkfs 6 <
 Gfmfr trajhasct ≭ 9>.>>>/jk

 KMB ≩ 5>> CY/k

 FT] mf`/ftfu FK] ≩ => CY/k

Gkfs 8 <
 Gfmfr trajhasct 0 9>.>>> ftfu ≭ 6>>.>>>/jk

 KMB ≩ 5>> CY/k

 FT] mf`/ftfu
mf`/ftfu FK] ≩ => CY/k
Gkfs 4 <
 Gfmfr trajshasct 0 6>>.>> ftfu ≭ 69>.>>>/jk

 KMB ≩ 5>> CY/k

 FT] mf`/ftfu
mf`/ftfu FK] ≩ => CY/k
8 .4 ^ftaecscakaoc
Tfjpfc
Tfjpfc sfft c`c pi`yih
pi`yihfh
fh bcpirti
bcpirti`sc
`sc pfmf
pfmf gibfjc
gibfjckf`
kf` hikuj
hikuj mcgitf
mcgitfbuc
buc
mi`of`
mi`of` lik
likfs.
fs. ]irmfp
]irmfpft
ft hihirfp
hihirfpff tiarc
tiarc yf`o
yf`o mcgiju
mcgijugfg
gfgf`
f` ti`tf`
ti`tf`o
o tirlfmc
tirlfmc`yf
`yf

5
 

bcpirti
bcpirti`sc
`sc mfkfj
mfkfj gibfjc
gibfjckf`
kf`,, tiarc
tiarc — tiarc
tiarc tirsih
tirsihut
ut f`tfrf
f`tfrf kfc`
kfc` (^rfwc
(^rfwcrab
rabfrl
frla,
a,
8>66) <
6. ]iar
]iarcc gikf
gikfc`
c`f`
f` vfsg
vfsguk
ukfr
frcs
csfs
fscc pkf
pkfsi
si`t
`tff
Tfft gibfjckf` `arjfk, rfbcj mf` pkfsi`tf ji`mfpft fkcrf` mfrfb mfrc
dfhf`o — dfhf`o frtirc utirc`f mf` frtircf avfrcgf. Gimuf pijhukub mfrfb
ctu ji`ijhus
ji`ijhus jcajitrcuj
jcajitrcuj hirupf frtirc gufrtf yf`o hirdfhf`o pfmf frtirc
rfmcfkcs,
rfmcfkcs, frtirc rfmcfkcs ji`ijhuf i`majitrcuj
i`majitrcuj ji`lfmc frtirc hfsfkcs yf`o
 hirdfhf`o pfmf frtirc spcrfkcs.
^fmf gibfjckf` `arjfk tirlfmc c`vfsc traeahkfs gi mfkfj kfpcsf` ata
frtirc spcrfkcs, yf`o ji`yihfhgf` mioi`irfsc kfpcsf` atat pfmf frtirc spcrfkcs
sibc`oof tirlfmc mckftfsc. C`vfsc traeahkfs luof jijfsugc lfrc`of` sigctfr 
frtirc spcrfkcs sibc`oof lfrc`of` jftrcgs ji`lfmc suhur mf` jijumfbgf`
kuji` frtirc spcrfkcs ji`ofkfjc mcsti`sc mf` mckftfsc yf`o jijhircgf` ieig 
ji`
i`u
uru
ru`
`gf`
gf` tig
tigf`
f`f`
f` mfr
frfb
fb,, ji`
i`u
uru
ru`g
`gf`
f` ri
risc
scst
sti`
i` vfs
fsgu
gukf
kfrr mf`
ji`c`ogftgf` fkcrf` mfrfb pfmf mfirfb utira pkfsi`tf. Fgchft`yf, dugup`yf
fkcrf` mfrfb gi lf`c` mf` tirlfmc pi`c`ogftf` pireusc lfrc`of` yf`o mfpft
ji`l
ji`lfj
fjc`
c` pirt
pirtuj
ujhu
hubf
bf`
` lf`c
lf`c`
` mi`o
mi`of`
f` hf
hfcg
cg.. ^r
^ras
asis
is c`
c`cc mc
mc`f
`fjf
jfgf
gf`
`
rijamikkc`o frtirc spcrfk.
^fmf chu bfjck mi`of` bcpirti`sc tcmfg tirlfmc c`vfsc sik — sik traeahkfs
 pfmf atat frtirc spcrfkcs mf` lfrc`of` jftrcgs mcsigctfr`yf. Kfpcsf` atat frtirc
spcrfk titfg gfgu mf` girfs yf`o ji`yihfhgf` gitcmfgju`ogc`f` kuji`
frtirc spcrfkcs ji`ofkfjc mcsti`sc mf` mckftfsc.
mckftfsc. Fgchft`yf
Fgchft`yf tirlfmc giofofkf`
rijamikkc`o
rijamikkc`o frtirc
frtirc spcrfk gfri`f frtirc spcrfk rikftce ji`ofkfj ga`strcgsc,
sibc`oof fkcrf` mfrfb utirapkfsi`tf ji`uru` mf` tirlfmckfb bcpagscf sirtf
csgijcf pkfsi`tf. ^irku mcgitfbuc, mcfjitir rftf — rftf frtirc spcrfkcs pfmf
bfjck `arjfk fmfkfb 9>> jcgra` mf` pfmf sfft vfsamckctfsc kuji` frtirc
spcr
spcrfk
fkcs
cs mfpf
mfpftt ji`c
ji`c`o
`ogf
gftg
tgf`
f` 6> gfkc
gfkc fk
fkcr
crf`
f` mf
mfrf
rfb
b gi ut
utir
ira
a pk
pkfs
fsi`
i`tf
tf
simf`ogf` pfmf pri — igkfjpscf rftf — rftf 8>> jcgra`.
8. ]iar
]iarcc csgij
csgijcf
cf pkf
pkfsi`
si`tf
tf,, rfmcg
rfmcgfk
fk hih
hihfs
fs mf`
mf` mcs
mcseu
eu`o
`osc
sc i`ma
i`mati
tikk
^kfsi`tf yf`o ji`ofkfjc csgijcf mf` bcpagscf fgf` ji`obfsckgf`
agscmf` yf`o mcsihut luof rfmcgfk hihfs. Csgijcf pkfsi`tf tirsihut fgf`
ji`obfsckgf` agscmf` pi`tc`o, sfkfb sftu`yf fmfkfb rfmcgfk bcmragsck yf`o

?
 

sf`oft tagscs, gbusus`yf tirbfmfp jijhrf` sik i`matik pijhukub mfrfb.

Xfmcgfk bcmragsck tirsihut fgf` jirusfg jijhrf` sik yf`o ji`of`mu`o
 hf`yfg fsfj kijfg tcmfg li`ub ji`lfmc
ji`lfmc piragscmf kijfg.
^iragscmf kijfg tirsihut sikfc` fgf` jirusfg jijhrf` sik, luof fgf`
jirusfg `ugkius, mf` pratic` sik i`matik. ^iragscmf kijfg sihfofc agscmf`
fg
fgf`
f` hi
hirim
rimfr
fr mcsik
mcsikur
urub
ub tu
tuhu
hub
b mf
mfkf
kfj
j fk
fkcr
crf`
f` mf
mfrfb
rfb mf
mf`
` fg
fgf`
f` jiru
jirusf
sfg 
g 
jijhrf` sik i`matik. Fgchft sik i`matik tirpfpfr tirbfmfp piragscmf kijfg,
jfgf
jfgf tirlf
tirlfmc
mc gi
giru
rusfg
sfgf`
f` sik i`
i`ma
mati
tik,
k, yf
yf`o
`o gi
giru
rusf
sfgf
gf``
``yf
yf mc
mcju
jukfc
kfc mf
mfrc
rc
jijhrf` sik i`matik.
Girusfgf` jijhrf` sik i`matik ji`ofgchftgf` tirof`oou`yf eu`osc
i`matik, hfbgf` rusfg`yf sikurub strugtur sik i`matik.
4. ]iar
]iarcc c`t
c`tak
akir
irf`
f`sc
sc cj
cju`
u`ak
akao
aocg
cg f`
f`tf
tfrf
rf ch
chu
u mf`
mf` lf`c`
lf`c`
BKF-O (bujf` kiugadyti f`tcoi` pratic` O) jirupfgf` prfga`mcsc
u`tug tirlfmc`yf c`vfsc traeahkfs gimfkfj lfrc`of` miscmuf chu, mcsfjpc`o
u`tug
u`tug ji`obf
ji`obfmfp
mfpcc sik `ftukf
`ftukfrr gckkir.
gckkir. BKF-O
BKF-O tirsihu
tirsihutt fgf`
fgf` ji`ofk
ji`ofkfjc
fjc
 pi`uru`f` lcgf tirlfmc bcpirti`sc mfkfj gibfjckf`. Bfk c`c ji`yihfhgf`
c`vfsc
c`vfsc miscmu
miscmuff gi traeah
traeahkfs
kfs tirbfj
tirbfjhft
hft.. Fwfk
Fwfk trcjis
trcjistir
tir gimuf
gimuf gibfjc
gibfjckf`
kf`
 pirijpuf` yf`o jijpu`yfc gidi`mru`of` tirlfmc pri-igkfjpscf, tir`yftf
jijpu`
jijpu`yfc
yfc prapar
praparsc
sc bikpir
bikpir sik yf`o
yf`o kihcb
kihcb ri`mfb
ri`mfb hckf
hckf mchf`m
mchf`mc`o
c`o pfmf
pfmf
`arjati`sce .
=. ]iar
]iarcc fmfp
fmfptf
tfsc
sc gfr
gfrmc
mcav
avfs
fsgu
gukf
kfra
rarc
rc oi`
oi`it
itcg 
cg 
Mfyff rierfgt
Mfy rierfgtir
ir tirbfm
tirbfmfp
fp hfbf`
hfbf` ga`strc
ga`strcgta
gtarr fgf`
fgf` bckf`o
bckf`o lcgf
lcgf tirlfm
tirlfmcc
bcpirti
bcpirti`sc
`sc mfkfj
mfkfj gibfjc
gibfjckf`
kf`,, mf` tir`yf
tir`yftf
tf tirlfmc
tirlfmc pi`c`o
pi`c`ogft
gftf`
f` gipigf
gipigff`
f`
tirbfmfp hfbf`-hfbf` vfsaprisar. Frtc`yf mfyf rierfgtir pijhukub mfrfb
tirbfmfp hfbf` vfsaprisar bckf`o bc`oof pijhukub mfrfb ji`lfmc sf`oft
 pigf tirbfmfp hfbf` vfsaprisar.
Mf` luof oi`atcp chu kihcb ji`i`tugf` tirlfmc`yf bcpirti`sc mfkfj
gibfjckf` sidfrf efjckcfk lcgf mchf`mc`ogf` mi`of` oi`atcpi lf`c`. ]ikfb
tirh
tirhug
ugtc
tc hf
hfbw
bwff pf
pfmf
mf ch
chu
u yf
yf`o
`o ji`o
ji`ofk
fkfj
fjcc pr
pri-i
i-igk
gkfj
fjps
pscf
cf,, 8,
8,5%
5% f`
f`fg 
fg 
 pirijpuf``yf fgf` ji`ofkfjc priigkfjpscf pukf, simf`ogf` bf`yf 2%
f`fg ji`f`tu ji`ofkfjc priigkfjpscf
9. ]iarc miecsci`sc oczc

2
 

Hihirfpf pi`ikctcf` ji`u`luggf` hfbwf gigurf`of` miecsci`sc oczc

 hirpirf` mfkfj tirlfmc`yf bcpirti`sc mfkfj gibfjckf`. Jcsfk`yf siarf`o
chu yf`o gurf`o ji`oga`sujsc jc`yfg cgf`, pratic` mf` kfc`-kfc`.
5. ]iarc c`ekfjfsc
]iarc c`c hirmfsfrgf`
hirmfsfrgf` efgtf hfbwf kipfs`yf mihrcs traeahkfs mc mfkfj
scrgukfsc mfrfb jirupfgf` rf`osf`of` utfjf tirlfmc`yf prasis c`ekfjfsc.
^kfsi`tf luof fgf` jikipfsgf` mihrcs traeahkfs mfkfj gibfjckf` `arjfk.
Tihfof
Tihfofcc scsf-scs
scsf-scsff prasis
prasis fpapta
fpaptascs
scs mf` `igrat
`igratcg
cg traeah
traeahkfs,
kfs, fgchfr
fgchfr rifgsc
rifgsc
stiriss agscmftce.
Hfbf`-h
Hfbf`-hfbf
fbf`
` c`c sihfof
sihfofcc hfbf`
hfbf` fsc`o
fsc`o yf`o
yf`o gijumc
gijumcf`
f` jirf`o
jirf`osf`
sf`o
o
tcjhuk
tcjhuk`yf
`yf prasis
prasis c`ekfj
c`ekfjfsc.
fsc. ^rasis
^rasis fpapta
fpaptascs
scs pfmf
pfmf priigk
priigkfjp
fjpscf
scf tirlfm
tirlfmcc
 pi`c`ogftf` striss agscmftce, sibc`oof tirlfmc pi`c`ogftf` pramugsc mihrcs
fpaptascs mf` mf` `igratcg traeahkfs. Jfgc` hf`yfg sik traeahkfs pkfsi`tf
jfgf rifgsc striss agscmftce jfgc` ji`c`ogft,
ji`c`ogft, sibc`oof
sibc`oof lujkfb
lujkfb scsf mihrcs
traeahkfs luof jfgc` ji`c`ogft. Gifmff` c`c ji`cjhukgf` hihf` rifgsc
c`
c`ek
ekfj
fjfsc
fsc mf
mfkf
kfj
j mf
mfrf
rfb
b ch
chu
u ji`l
ji`lfm
fmcc lf
lfub
ub ki
kihc
hcb
b hi
hisf
sfrr mc
mchf
hf`m
`mc`
c`o
o rifgs
rifgscc
c`ekfjfsc pfmf gibfjckf` `arjfk.
8 .= Efgtar Xcscga
]irmfpft hihirfpf efgtar rcscga yf`o mfpft ji`yihfhgf` bcpirti`sc pfmf
gibfjckf` yfctu <
6. ^r
^rcj
cjco
corf
rfvc
vcmf
mf ftfu
ftfu wf`c
wf`ctf
tf yf`o
yf`o bfj
bfjck
ck f`fg
f`fg pirt
pirtfj
fjff pfmf
pfmf uscf
uscf mc ftfs
ftfs 49
tfbu`
8. ^rcjcp
^rcjcpftir
ftir`ct
`ctfs
fs fftfu
tfu wf`ctf
wf`ctf yf`o
yf`o bfjc
bfjckk f`fg
f`fg pirtf
pirtfjf
jf mi`o
mi`of`
f` sufj
sufjcc gimuf
gimuf
4. Bcpirp
Bcpirpkfs
kfsi`t
i`tasc
ascs,
s, da`ta
da`tab`y
b`yff < jakf
jakf bcmf
bcmftcm
tcmasf
asf,, gibfj
gibfjckf`
ckf` juktcp
juktcpik,
ik, bcmr
bcmraps
aps
eitfkcs mf` hfyc hisfr 
=. Yscf ch
chu pfmf sfft b
bffjck
9. Xcwfy
cwfyft
ft giku
gikufr
fro
of yf`
yf`o ji`y
i`yftfg
ftfgf`
f` hfb
fbwf
wf pir
ir`
`fb ti
tirl
rlfm
fmcc gf
gfsu
suss pri — 
igkfjpscf sihikuj`yf
5. ^i`yfg
^i`yfgct
ct oc`lfk
oc`lfk mf` bcpirti
bcpirti`sc
`sc yf`o
yf`o sumf
sumfb
b tirlf
tirlfmc
mc sihiku
sihikuj
j gibf
gibfjck
jckf`
f`
?. Ahis
Ahisct
ctfs
fs ftfu
ftfu giki
gikihc
hcbf
bf`
` hirf
hirftt hfmf
hfmf`.
`.

8.9 Jf`ce
Jf`ceist
istfsc
fsc Gkc`cs
Gkc`cs
6. Uakuji pkfsjf

3
 

^fmf gilfmcf` pri-igkfjpscf, vakuji pkfsjf fgf` ji`uru` 4> — =>% mfrc
f`ogff `arjfk.
f`og `arjfk. ^i`uru`f`
^i`uru`f` pkfsjf c`c mcsihut
mcsihut bcpavakijc
bcpavakijcf.
f. Bcpavakijc
Bcpavakijcff
mccgutc mi`of` vfsaga`trcgsc yf`o pfmf fgbct`yf ji`ofgchftgf` gi`fcgf`
tigf`f` mfrfb
8. ^rati`urcf
^rati`urcf ≩ 4>> jo/8= lfj ftfu tis urc` mcpstcg 6>>jo/k ftfu +6.
4. Fsfj urft siruj
Hcfsf`yf ji`c`ogft ≩ 9jo/dd yf`o mcsihfhgf` akib bcpavakijcf yf`o fgf`
ji`ofg
ji`ofgchf
chftgf
tgf`
` pi`uru
pi`uru`f`
`f` fkc
fkcrf`
rf` mfrfb
mfrfb ecktrfsc
ecktrfsc,, sibc`oo
sibc`ooff ji`uru
ji`uru``
``yf
yf
sigrisc fsfj urft. ^i`c`ogftf` fsfj urft mcfgchftgf` akib csgijcf lfrc`of`
=. Bcpirti`sc
]irmfp
]irmfpft
ft pi`c`ogf
pi`c`ogftf`
tf` tigf`f`
tigf`f` mfrfb
mfrfb scstakcg
scstakcg ≩ 6=> ftfu
ftfu mcfsta
mcfstakcg
kcg ≩ 3>
jjBo yf`o mcugur sihf`yfg 8 gfkc mi`of` lfrfg 69 ji`ct ji`oou`fgf`
ki`of` yf`o sfjf
9. Griftc`c`
^i`c`ogftf` griftc`c` siruj mcftfs 6,6 jo/mK ftfu mcmfpftgf` pi`c`ogftf`
gfmfr
gfmfr griftc
griftc`c`
`c` siruj
siruj mfrc
mfrc sihiku
sihikuj`y
j`yff pfmf
pfmf ga
ga`mc
`mcsc
sc mcjf`f
mcjf`f tcmfg
tcmfg fmf
gikfc`f` eu`osc oc`lfk
5. Akcourcf mf` f`urcf
Fgch
Fgchft
ft mf
mfrc
rc bcpa
bcpava
vaki
kijc
jcff sibc`
sibc`oo
ooff fk
fkcr
crf`
f` mf
mfrfb
rfb gi oc
oc`l
`lfk
fk ji`o
ji`ofk
fkfjc
fjc
 pi`uru`f` sibc`oof pramugsa urc` ji`uru` (akcourcf) hfbgf` mfpft tirlfmc
f`urcf.
?. ]rajhasctapi`c
]irlfmc pi`uru`f` trajhasct ; 6>>.>>> / jcgrakctir 
2. @iurakaocg  
6) @yirc gipfkf yf`o mcsihfhgf` akib bcpireusc atfg sibc`oof
ji`cjhukgf` vfsaoi`cg imijf
8) Of`oou
Of`oouf`
f` vcsus
vcsus yf`o
yf`o mcfg
mcfgchf
chftgf
tgf`
` akib
akib spfsji
spfsji frtirc
frtirc ritc
ritc`f
`f mf`
mf` imijf
imijf
ritc
ritc`f
`f.. Of`o
Of`oou
ouf`
f` vcsu
vcsuss c`
c`cc mf
mfpf
pftt hi
hiru
rupf
pf < pf
pf`m
`mf`
f`of
of`
` gf
gfhu
hur,
r,
sgatajftf, fjfurascs (gihutff` tf`pf gikfc`f` yf`o likfs) mf` fhkfsca
ritc`f
4) Gilf`o ig
igkfjptcg  

6>
 

=) ^irmfr
frffbf` c`trfgrf`cfk

8.
8.5
5 Gajp
Gajpkc
kcgf
gfsc
sc
Gajpkcgfsc pfmf chu <
6) Igkfjpscf

8) Tukasca pk
pkfsi`tf
4) Gikfc`f` oc`lfk
=) ^irm
irmfr
frfb
fbf`
f` su
suhg
hgfp
fpsu
sukf
kf bip
ipfr 
fr 
9) Gikf
ikfc`f` pi
pijhiguf` mf
mfrf
rfb
b
5) Tc
Tc`m
`mra
raj
j BIKK^
BIKK^ (Bij
(Bijak
akcs
cscs,
cs, Ikiv
Ikivft
ftim
im,, Kcvir,
Kcvir, I`zy
I`zyji
jiss mf` Kaw
Kaw ^kftik
^kftikkit
kit
Dau`t)
?) Fhkfsca ritc`f
Gajpkcgfsc pfmf lf`c` <
6) ]irb
]irbfj
fjhf
hft`
t`yf
yf pi
pirt
rtuj
ujhu
hubf
bf`
` lf`c`
lf`c` mf
mfkfj
kfj ut
utir
irus
us

8) Gikfbcrf` pr
prijftur 
4) Fsecgscf `ia`ftaruj
=) Gijftcf` mfkfj utirus
9) ^i`c`
i`c`og
ogft
ftf`
f` f`o
f`ogf gijft
ijftcf
cf`
`.

8.? ^ijircgs
^ijircgsff`
ff` Mcfo`a
Mcfo`ascs/^
scs/^i`u`
i`u`lf`o
lf`o
^ijircgsf`ff` mcfo`astcg u`tug chu bfjck yf`o ji`ofkfjc bcpirti`sc fmfkfb <
f. Yl
Ylcc u
urc
rc`
` gij
giju`
u`og
ogc`
c`f`
f` tirl
tirlfm
fmcc pra
prati
tic`
c`ur
urcf
cf
 h. ^ijircgsff` urc` sikfjf 8= lfj u`tug jijircgsf pijhirscbf` griftc`c`
mf` pratic` ou`f ji`mitigsc girusfgf` ftfu pijukcbf` okajikurus

d. ^ircg
ircgsf
sf mfr
frfb
fb ki`
ki`ogfp
ogfp < Bh, Bt mf` trajh
trajha
asct
sct ou`f jikf
jikfg
gug
ugf`
f` mitig
mitigsc
sc
bijaga`si`trfsc mf` jijpirgcrfgf` mirflft dimirf.
m. Eu`o
u`osc bftc
ftc < ji`
ji`miti
mitig
gsc of`
of`oouf
oouf`
` bft
ftcc HY@,
Y@, fs
fsfj
fj urft
urft mf` grif
griftc
tc`
`c`
siruj.
i. Ikig
kigtr
tra
akct
kct mf`
mf` gis
isic
icjh
jhf`
f`o
of` dfcr
dfcrf`
f`
e. ]is `a
`a`
` tig
tigf`
f`f`
f` mi`
i`o
of` pr
pra
aec
eckk hca
hcaec
ecsc
scg 
g 
o. YTO
YTO sirc
sirc mf
mf`
` ttis
is tig
tigf`
f`f`
f` ga
ga`t
`trfg
rfgsc
sc u`
u`tu
tug
g stf
stftu
tuss lf`
lf`c`
c`..
b. Uika
Uikascj
scjit
itrc
rc Mapp
Mappkir
kir mcju
mcjukf
kfcc pfmf
pfmf uscf
uscf 4> bc`oo
bc`ooff 48 jc`o
jc`oou
ou ou`f
ou`f sgrc
sgrc`c
`c`o
`o
of`oouf` lf`c`.

c. Fj`c
Fj`cas
asi`
i`ti
tisc
scss ou`f
ou`f ji`
ji`og
ogfl
flcc gijf
gijftf
tf`o
`of`
f` pfr
pfru
u lf`c
lf`c`
`

66
 

 l. Gfmfr JoTA= ou`f jijpirtfbf`gf` ri`tf`o tirfpiutcg mf` ji`diofb

c`tagscgfsc.

8.2 ^i`ftf
^i`ftfkfg
kfgsf`
sf`ff`
ff`
Ahft yf`o sirc`o mcou`fgf` pfmf pi`oahftf` chu bfjck mi`of` bcpirti`sc fmfkfb <

f. Kfhitfkak
Ahft oaka`of` Hitf
oaka`of` Hitf hkadgir — dajhc`im fkpbf f`m hitf — ridiptar mi`of`
mascs 8>> — 2>> jo yf`o mchircgf`f sihf`yfg 8 gfkc sibfrc. Ahft kfhitfkak
mcsfrf`gf` u`tug mcou`fgf` pfmf trcjisitir pirtfjf gibfjckfb sflf mf`
sf`oft tcmfg mcf`lurgf` pfmf jfsf ji`yusuc.
 h. Jitbykmakpf
Ahft oaka`of` di`trfk fkpbf 6 — foa`cst f`m atbir di`trfkky fdtc`o mruos
mi`of` mascs 89> — 6>>> jo yf`o mchircgf` sihf`yfg 8 gfkc sibfrc. Y`tug 
jitbykmakp
jitbykmakpff c`ligsc
c`ligsc sirc`o mcou`fgf`
mcou`fgf` pfmf bcpirti`sc ijiroi`sc mi`of`

masc
mascss 8> — => jo/g
jo/goH
oHHH mchi
mchirc
rcgf
gf`
` pipirr 5 lf
lfj.
j. @fju
@fju` ` jitb
jitbym
ymak
akpf
pf
jijpu`yfc ieig sfjpc`o sipirtc simfsc, mrawsc`iss, jukut girc`o, miprisc,
 pasturfk bypirti`sca`, rihau`m bypirti`sca`, wctbmrfwfk sy`mraji mi`
 hihirfpf gilfmcf` futacju`i.
d. @ceimcpc`i
Ahft oaka`of` DDH-mcbymrapyrcmc`is, tirsimcf mfkfj hi`tug tfhkit 6> jo,
tfhkit kipfs kfjhft 8> jo sirtf 4> jo.
m. Dka`cmc`i
Ahft
Ahft oaka
oaka`o
`of`
f` di`
di`trf
trfkky
kky fdtc`o
fdtc`o f8 fm
fmri`
ri`iro
irocd
cd foa`cs
foa`cstt f`m cjcmfz
cjcmfzakc
akc`i
`i

ridiptar foa`cst . Ahft c`c mfpft ji`ofgchftgf` gikfc`f` ijhrca sibc`oof

 pi`oou`f`f` pfmf fwfk gibfjckf` sf`oft tcmfg mcsfrf`gf`. Mf` lcgf
mcbi`tcgf` ji`mfmfg, ahft c`c mfpft ji`ofgchftgf` rihau`m bypirti`sca`.
i. Mcuritcg  
Ahft
Ahft c`c
c`c mf
mfpf
pftt ji`u
ji`uru
ru`g
`gf`
f` tigf
tigf`f
`f`
` mf
mfrfb
rfb mf
mf`
` am
amij
ijf.
f. Mcur
Mcuritc
itcg
g si
sirc`
rc`o
o
mcou`fgf`
mcou`fgf` pfmf bcpirti`sc
bcpirti`sc isi`scfk sihikuj
sihikuj bfjck.
bfjck. BD] mfpft mcou`fgf`
mcou`fgf`
 pfmf gibfjckf` mi`of` mascs gidck yfctu 68,9-89 jo/bfrc fofr ieig sfjpc`o
jc`cjfk.
e. Bymrfkfzc`i

68
 

ahft c`c tirjfsug gikajpag

gikajpag mcridt vfsamckfta
vfsamckftarr yf`o mfpft mchircgf` sidfrf
arfk, c`ligsc c`trfjusgukfr ftfu c`ligsc c`trfvi`f. Ieig sfjpc`o hcsf hirgfctf`
mi`of` vfsamckftfsc mf` fgtcvfsc scstij sfrfe scjpftcs sipirtc < sfgct gipfkf,
jufk,
jufk, ekusbc
ekusbc`o
`o mf` hirmih
hirmihfr
fr — mihfr.
mihfr. Bymrfk
Bymrfkfzc`
fzc`ii mfpft
mfpft mcou`f
mcou`fgf`
gf` pfmf
pfmf
sijuf trcjistir gibfjckf`. Bymrfkfzc`i arfk mfpft mcou`fgf` pfmf bcpirti`sc
gra`
ra`cs mc tr
trcj
cjis
isti
tirr gim
gimuf mf`
mf` gi
gitc
tco
of, si
simf
mf`
`og
ogf`
f` bym
ymrf
rfkf
kfzc
zc`i
`i CU
mcriga
mcrigaji`
ji`mfs
mfscgf
cgf`
` pfmf
pfmf bcpirt
bcpirti`s
i`scc ijiroi
ijiroi`sc
`sc,, tirjfsu
tirjfsug
g kfhitfk
kfhitfkak
ak CU mf`
`ceimcpc` arfk.
Lcgff tirlfm
Lcg tirlfmcc ga`vuk
ga`vuksc
sc pfmf
pfmf chu bfjck
bfjck mi`of`
mi`of` bcpirt
bcpirti`s
i`sc,
c, jfgf
jfgf pi`f`o
pi`f`of`f
f`f``y
``yff
fmfkfb <
f. ^fstcgf` gisi
sillftirf
rff`
f` chu
 Hihfsgf` lfkf` `fpfs mi`of` dfrf jijfsf`o pi`igf` kcmfb yf`o mchfkut
u`tug
u`tug jijpirgidck
jijpirgidck riscga kcmfb tirococt mf` jijpirtfbf`
jijpirtfbf`gf`
gf` gipfti`f`
gipfti`f`
 lfkf` `fpfs
 Kfgugf`
Kfgugf` pi`obcsfpf`
pi`obcsfpf` araefrc`o
araefrc`o lcgf sumfb mcpfstcgf`
mcpfstcgf` pfsci` tcmfg fgf`
ji`oococt.
 Hircgf` agscoi`
 h. Gi`mfkcgf` gilf`o
 Jfo`iscuj
Jfo`iscuj sukeft mchircgf`
mchircgf` mi`of` mascs = — 5 or CU kfku jikfkuc c`eus CU
sihf`yfg 6,9 — 8 or/lfj ou`f ji`dfpfc gfmfr tirfpiutcg =,2 — 2,= jo/mk
 Lcgf tirlfmc gilf`o jfgf pirtcjhf`ogf`
pirtcjhf`ogf` u`tug pijhircf` mcfzip
mcfzipfj
fj 9 — 6>
jo CU ftfu fjahfrhctfk sfjpfc 89> jo

d. Gi`mfkcgf` bc
bcpirti`sc
 Bf`yf mcou`fgf` pfmf mcfstakcg 066> jjBo mf` tfroit pi`uru`f` mcfstakcg 
3> — 6>> jjBo

64
 

HFH CCC
GA@TI^ FTYBF@ GI^IXF_F]F@

4.6. ^i`ogflcf`

^i`ogflcf` fmfkfb tfbfp fwfk ftfu mfsfr mfkfj prasis gipirfwftf` mf`
jirupf
jirupfgf`
gf` tfbfp
tfbfp pfkc`o
pfkc`o ji`i`t
ji`i`tugf
ugf`
` hfoc
hfoc tfbfp
tfbfp hircgu
hircgut`y
t`yff yf`o
yf`o hirfsfk
hirfsfk mfrc
mfrc
 hirhfofc jfdfj sujhir mftf.
Mftff yf`o
Mft yf`o mcgujp
mcgujpukg
ukgf`
f` u`tug
u`tug chu bfjck
bfjck mi`of`
mi`of` bcpirti
bcpirti`sc
`sc pfmf
pfmf sfft
 pi`ogflcf` yfctu (^i`yusu` it fk., 8>65)
8>65) <
6. Cmi`tctfs ^fsci`
 @fjf/ @fjf pf`oockf`, tijpft tf`oofk kfbcr, uscf (pirbftcgf` pfmf
 prcjcorfvcmf), stftus gibfjckf` / pirsfkc`f`, li`cs gikfjc`, fofjf,
 pi`mcmcgf`, fkfjft, stftus pirgfwc`f`, hirfpf gfkc ji`cgfb, hirfpf kfjf

ji`cgfb, tf`oofk pi`ogflcf`, mcfo`asf jimcs.

8. Oi`aorfj
Oi`aorfj tirmcrc mfrc 4 oi`irfsc mcjukfc mfrc gfgig `i`ig, arf`o tuf mf`
sufjc sirtf f`fg yf`o tikfb mckfbcrgf` (lcgf fmf).
4. Xcwfyft Gi
Gisibftf`
f. Gi
Giku
kubf
bf`
` Yt
Ytfj
fjff
^fmf chu bfjck yf`o ji`ofkfjc
ji`ofkfjc bcpirti`sc
bcpirti`sc hcfsf`yf ji`oikub
ji`oikub pusc`o
pusc`o ftfu
sfgct gipfkf tirutfjf frif gumug, jufk, ju`tfb ftfu pi`okcbftf` gfhur 
 h. Xcwfyft pi`yfgct sigfrf`o

^fmf chu bfjck mi`of` bcpirti`sc hcfsf`yf mcfwfkc mi`of` tf`mf — tf`mf
jumfb
jumf b kitcb, `yirc gipfkf,
gipfkf, mcpkapcf,
mcpkapcf, sfgct sigctfr
sigctfr fhmaji`
fhmaji` ftfs, akcourcf
(0=>>
(0=>> jk/8=l
jk/8=lfj)
fj) sirtf
sirtf `agtur
`agturcf.
cf. ]irlfm
]irlfmcc pi`c`o
pi`c`ogft
gftf`
f` tigf`f
tigf`f`
` mfrfb
mfrfb ≩
6=>/3> jjBo, tirmfpft aimijf mc hfocf` tu`ogfc,
d. Xcwfy
Xcwfyft
ft pi`yfgct
pi`yfgct mfbuku<
mfbuku< tf`yfgf` fpfgfb
fpfgfb chu fpfgfb
fpfgfb pir`fb ji`ofkfjc
ji`ofkfjc
ftfu simf`o ji`ofkfjc pi`yfgct tirutfjf pi`yfgct tigf`f` mfrfb tc`ooc.
m. Xcw
Xcwfyf
fyftt gibfj
gibfjckf
ckf`
`
6) Xc
Xcwf
wfyf
yftt g
gib
ibfj
fjck
ckf`
f` sigfrf
sigfrf`o
`o <
]f`yfgf` gibfjckf` gi hirfpf1, pir`fb jikfgugf` F@D, hirfpf gfkc1,

fpfgfb ji`ofkfjc pi`c`ogftf` tigf`f` mfrfb1, fpfgfb fmf aimijf,

6=
 

 pusc`o, `yirc ipcofstrcuj, jufk, ju`tfb mf` pi`okcbftf` gfhur1.

]ijpft
]ijpft pijirc
pijircgsff
gsff`
` gibfjc
gibfjckf`
kf` tcf
tcfp
p jc`oou
jc`oou,, gikubf
gikubf`
` sfft bfjck,
bfjck,
rcwfyf
rcwfyftt tirgi`
tirgi`ff rfmcfsc
rfmcfsc,, rcwfyf
rcwfyftt hirft
hirft hfmf`
hfmf` sikfjf
sikfjf bfjck,
bfjck, rcwfyf
rcwfyftt
cju`csfsc ]], oaka`of` mfrfb chu.
8) Xc
Xcwf
wfyf
yftt gib
gibfj
fjck
ckf`
f` tirm
tirmfb
fbuk
uku
u
Fpfgfb fmf rcwfyft gibfjckf` gijhfr1 Fpfgfb fmf jakf bcmftcmasf,
bcmrafj`ca
bcmrafj`ca`1.
`1. Fpfgfb
Fpfgfb fmf rcwfyft
rcwfyft gibfjckf`
gibfjckf` mi`of`
mi`of` pri-igkfjps
pri-igkfjpscf
cf
ftfu igkfjpscf sihikuj`y1.
i. Xc
Xcwf
wfyf
yftt Gikuf
Gikufro
roff
^i`y
i`yfg
fgct
ct yf`
yf`o pir
ir`
`fb ftfu
ftfu si
simf
mf`
`o mcm
cmir
irct
ctff ak
akib
ib gik
iku
ufr
frof
of (h
(hfc
fcg 
g 
 hirbuhu`of`/tcmfg hirbuhu`of` mi`of` pi`yfgct yf`o mcmirctf gkci`) sirtf
mcgflc
mcgflc fpfgfb
fpfgfb fmf f`ooat
f`ooatff gikufr
gikufrof
of yf`o
yf`o ji`mir
ji`mirctf
ctf pi`yfg
pi`yfgct-p
ct-pi`y
i`yfgc
fgctt
mioi`frftce.
=. Xcwfyft @utrcsc
Gflc pakf jfgf` chu mf` li`cs jfgf`f` yf`o mc ga`sujsc chu bfjck, hfcg 
jfgf`f` pagag ftfu sikc`of`.
9. Xcwfy
cwfyft
ft ^sc
scg
gas
asas
ascf
cfkk — sp
sprc
rctu
tufk
fk
f. Tup
Tuppar
partt scstij
scstij mfkfj
mfkfj gikufro
gikufroff
 h. Giocftf` gifofjff`
d. Fp
Fpfgf
fgfb
b fmf ijasc
ijasc yf`o
yf`o tcmfg stfhck
stfhck ftfu
ftfu gidijf
gidijfsf`
sf` hirkihcb
hirkihcb yf`o simf`o
simf`o
mcfkfjc
5. Fgtcvctfs Ti
Tibfrc-bfrc
f. ^akf cstc
cstcrfbft
rfbft tcmur
tcmur < gflc pakf tcmur, gihcfsff`
gihcfsff` sihikuj
sihikuj tcmur,
tcmur, gisukctf`
gisukctf` tcmur 
sihikuj sfgct mf` sfft sfgct.
 h. Akfbrfof < ^raorfj akfbrfof, li`cs mf` erigui`sc, ga`mcsc chu sihikuj sfgct
sf gct
mf` sfft sfgct.
d. ^ir
^irsa`
sa`fk
fk byoci`
byoci`ii < Jf`mc
Jf`mc (jikcputc
(jikcputc dfrf, erigui`sc
erigui`sc,, mf` fkft jf`mc),
jf`mc), dudc
dudc
rfjhut (Erigui`sc mf` dfrf), ou`tc`o gugu (Erigui`sc mf` dfrf), oasag ococ
(erigui`sc mf` dfrf)
m. Fgtcvctfs
Fgtcvctfs jahckctfs
jahckctfs ecscg < Giocftf` sibfrc-bfrc,
sibfrc-bfrc, pi`ofturf`
pi`ofturf` lfmwfk
lfmwfk bfrcf`,
 pi`oou`ff` fkft hf`tu fgtcvctfs, sirtf gisukctf` piroirfgf` tuhub sihikuj
sfgct mf` sfft sfgct

69
 

i. Xig
Xigrif
rifsc
sc < gflc
gflc wfgtu
wfgtu si`oof`o
si`oof`o gikufro
gikufroff mf` giocftf
giocftf`
` bfrc
bfrc kchur
kchur sihikuj
sihikuj
sfgct mf` sfft sfgct.
?. ^ij
^ijircg
ircgsf
sff`
f` ec
ecsc
scg 
g 
f. Gifmf
Gifmff`
f` ujuj
ujuj < tfjpfg kijfs mcsirtfc
mcsirtfc sisfg `fpfs
 h. Gisfmfrf` < tirof`tu`o tc`ogft gipfrfbf` pi`yfgct
d. ]f`
]f`mf
mf — tf`m
tf`mff vctf
vctfkk
6) ]M < tirlfmc
tirlfmc pi`c`ogftf
pi`c`ogftf`
` tigf`f`
tigf`f` mfrfb 0 6=>/3>
6=>/3> jjBo
8) @fmc
@fmc < ]fgcgf
]fgcgfrmc
rmc
4) XX < tir
tirgf
gfmf
mf`o
`o `f
`fpf
pfss dipf
dipftt bc`
bc`oo
ooff sis
sisfg 
fg 
=) Tu
Tubu
bu < hcf
hcfsf`
sf`yf
yf `a
`arj
rjfk
fk
m. C`spigsc
C`spigsc < tirmfpft
tirmfpft aimijf
aimijf yf`o tcmfg
tcmfg bckf`o
bckf`o sikfjf
sikfjf guru`
guru` wfgtu
wfgtu 8= lfj
i. ^fk
^fkpfsc
pfsc < cmi`tcec
cmi`tcecgfs
gfscc tc`ooc
tc`ooc eu`mus
eu`mus utirc
utirc,, kitfg lf`c
lf`c`,
`, kagfsc
kagfsc aimijf
aimijf mi`of
mi`of`
`
ji`igf` hfocf` tuhub yf`o tfjpfg hi`ogfg 
e. ^irg
^irgus
uscc < cm
cmi`
i`tc
tcecg
ecgfsc
fsc rieki
riekigs
gs pf
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 h. Eata ra`toi`
d. IGO

65