CF^E\FK ^AK@FBQCQFK

QCJQW @M

@HWQWQK ECAB 4

Hk`frth

WK<>6600

^\EO\FM WPQ@H ^\EIAWH KA\W

IFJQCPFW HCMQ JAWABFPFK

QKHYA\WHPFW
QKHYA\WHPFW JQWQMF BQWF@F

WQ\FJF\PF

<><6
 

CF^E\FK ^AK@FBQCQFK QCJQW @M

F. JEKW
JEKWA^
A^ ^AKX
^AKXFJ
FJHP
HP
6. @aihkhsh
 @hflatas Machtus (@M
(@M)) f`fcfb
f`fcfb jacfhk
jacfhkfk
fk matfle
matflechj
chj fjhlft
fjhlft `frh
`frh
jaof
jaofof
ofcf
cfk
k pfkj
pfkjra
rafs
fs uktu
uktuj
j maks
maksaj
ajra
rash
sh hk
hksu
such
chk
k (b
(ber
erme
mek
k yf
yfko
ko
raspeks
raspekshla
hlacc tarbf`
tarbf`fp
fp pamfki
pamfkifft
fftfk
fk ocujes
ocujesf)
f) sagfrf
sagfrf f`ajuf
f`ajuft.
t. Fjhlf
Fjhlftt
yf
yfko
ko umum
umum f`
f`fc
fcfb
fb tard
tardf`
f`hk
hkyf
yf bh
bhpa
paro
roch
chja
jamh
mhf.
f. @M maru
marupf
pfjf
jfk
k
sajacem
sajacempej
pej jacfhk
jacfhkfk
fk batare
batareoak
oak yfko
yfko `htfk`
`htfk`fh
fh ecab
ecab jacfhk
jacfhkfk
fk jf`fr 
jf`fr 
ocujesf `fcfm `frfb ftfu bhparochjamhf yfko `hsalfljfk `aihshaksh
hksuchk ftfu fjhlft jardf hksuchk yfko th`fj f`ajuft.
Qcju
Qcjuss f`fcfb cujf tarlujf pf`f parmujffk jucht ftfu sacfput cak`ar 
`fk ucjus
cjus f`f
f`fcfb
cfb jamfth
jamfthfk
fk dfrhkof
dfrhkofk
k yfko
yfko cufs
cufs `fk `hsart
`hsartfh
fh hkvfsh
hkvfshi 
i 
jumfk sfpreiht.
sfpreiht. F`fkyf
F`fkyf jumfk sfpreiht tarsalut makyalfljfk
makyalfljfk ucjus
 larlfu, ucjus `hfla
`hflathjum
thjum duof marupfjfk sfcfb sftu oadfcf jchkhj `fk
 pardfcfkfk pakyfjht @M 
@M  `akofk kaure
kaurepfth
pfth parhiar 
parhiar , (Fk`yforaak
(Fk`yforaakh,
h,
<>6>). Qc
Qcju
juss @h
@hfl
flat
athj
hj mar
marupf
upfjfk
jfk jempch
jempchjfs
jfshh jrekhj
jrekhj `frh
`frh  @hflatas
 Macchtus salfofh salfl utfmf merlh`htfs, mertfchtfs sartf jagfgftfk
 pak`arhtf  @hflatas. Jf
Jf`f
`frr C@C
C@C yf
yfko
ko thko
thkooh
oh mamf
mamfhk
hkjf
jfk
k pa
parfk
rfkfk
fk
 pakthko uktuj tardf`hkyf Qcju
juss @hflathj uk
uktu
tuj
j ta
tard
rdf`
f`hk
hkyf
yf Qcjus
 @hflathj ma
macf
cfcu
cuhh pa
paml
mlak
aktu
tujf
jfk
k pc
pcfj
fj ft
ftba
bare
resjc
sjcare
areshs
shs  pf`f `hk`hko
 pamlucub `frfb.
Qcjus `hflathjum marupfjfk sfcfb sftu jempchjfsh yfko umum lfoh
 pfshak `akofk `hflatas machtus. ^akyamlubfk cujf yfko cfmlft `fk
makhkojftkyf jaraktfkfk tarbf`fp hkiajsh gak`aruko tardf`h, ofkoorak
`fpft
`fpft larjam
larjamlfk
lfko
o `fk tar`fpf
tar`fpftt rashje
rashje thkooh
thkooh parcu
parcu `hcfju
`hcfjujfk
jfkkyf
kyf
fmputfsh tukojfh lfwfb bfc hkh `h fjhlftjfk ecab ofkooufk kaureceohs
(k
(kau
aure
repf
pfth
th)) `f
`fk
k vf
vfsj
sjuc
ucar
ar pf
pf`f
`f tu
tuko
kojf
jfhh (Mer
(Merhse
hsek,
k, <>
<>6<
6<).
). @fcf
@fcfm
m
 parfwftfk ucjus `hflathjum Fmarhgfk @hflathj Fsseghfthek (F@F),
mamluft tfroat yfko bfrus `h gfpfh, yfhtu makhkojftjfk iukosh `fk
jufchtfs
jufchtfs bh`up,
bh`up, makoektrec
makoektrec hkiajsh, makhkojftj
makhkojftjfk
fk stftus jasabftfk,
jasabftfk,
 

makg
makgao
aofb
fb fmpu
fmputf
tfsh,
sh, `f
`fk
k mako
makour
urfk
fkoh
oh pa
pako
koac
acuf
ufrfk
rfk lh
lhfy
fyff pf
pfsh
shak
ak..
 Kfmuk pf`f jakyftffkkyf `fcfm 7> `athj tardf`h fmputfsh pf`f ucjus
`hflathjum `h sacurub `ukhf (Castfrh, <>6<).
Qcju
Qcjuss `hfl
`hflat
athj
hj jf
jfcf
cfu
u th`f
th`fj
j sao
saoarf
arf mak`
mak`fp
fpftj
ftjfk
fk pa
pako
koel
elft
ftfk
fk `f
`fk
k
 parfwftfk, mfjf fjfk mu`fb tardf`h hkiajsh yfko saoarf macufs `fk
`fcfm
`fcfm jaf`ff
jaf`ffk
k calhb
calhb cfkdut
cfkdut mamarcu
mamarcujfk
jfk thk`fj
thk`fjfk
fk fmputf
fmputfsh
sh lfbjfk
lfbjfk
jamfthfk. Fmputfsh `fk jamfthfk pf`f pfshak ucjus `hflathjum hkh
`f
`fpf
pftt `hsal
`hsalfl
fljf
jfk
k ecab
ecab ja
jaof
ofof
ofcf
cfk
k `f
`fcf
cfm
m pa
paky
kyam
amlu
lubf
bfk
k (`
(`ac
acfy
fya`
a`
bafchk
bafchko)
o) yfko
yfko larcfk
larcfkdut
dut pf`f
pf`f hkiajs
hkiajshh cejfc
cejfc mfupuk
mfupuk oakarf
oakarfc.
c. @fcfm
@fcfm
 presas pakyamlubfk cujf, 7 `acfya` bafchko `fpft tardf`h lhcf sac
hk
hkic
icfm
fmfsh
fsh `f
`fk
k sac hmuk
hmukht
htfs
fs yf
yfko
ko `h
`hpa
parc
rcuj
ujfk
fk pf
pf`f
`f ifsa
ifsa hk
hkic
icfm
fmfs
fsh,
h,
 prechiarfsh `fk mfturfsh th`fj `fpft lajardf sagfrf epthmfc. Wac sac
tarsalutt f`fcfb pcftacat
tarsalu pcftacat (ifsa jefoucfsh),
jefoucfsh), kautreihc
kautreihc `fk mekesht
mekesht (ifsa
jefou
jefoucfsh
cfsh `fk hkicfm
hkicfmfsh)
fsh),, mfjrei
mfjreifo
fo (ifsa
(ifsa hkicfm
hkicfmfsh)
fsh),, jarfth
jarfthkes
kesht,
ht,
ihlrelcfs `fk sac ak`etachfc (ifsa prechiarfsh),sartf mheihlrelcfs (ifsa
mfturfsh).
mfturfsh). ^resas pakyamlubfk
pakyamlubfk ucjus
ucjus `hflathjum
`hflathjum `hpakofrub
`hpakofrubhh ecab
 lfkyfj ifjter `hfktfrfkyf f`fcfb ushf, mfkfdamak parfwftfk cujf,
kutrhsh, marejej `fk hkiajsh (Bfk`fyfkh, <>6>).
<. Atheceoh
Makurut Wmactzar `fk Lfra (<>66), pakyalfl `frh `hflatas machtus
f`fcfb4
f. @hflat
@hflatas
as Machtu
Machtuss tarofkt
tarofktuko
uko hksu
hksuchk
chk (@MP
(@MPH)
H)
6) If
Ifjt
jter
er oaka
oakath
thj 
j 
^ak`ar
^ak`arhtf
htf `hflat
`hflatas
as th`fj
th`fj mawfrh
mawfrhsh
sh `hflat
`hflatas
as thpa
thpa H htu sak`hr
sak`hrhh
tatfph mawfrhsh suftu pras`hspeshsh ftfu jagak`arukofk oakathg
jafrfb tardf`hkyf `hflatas thpa H. Jagak`arukofk oakathg hkh
`htakt
`htaktujf
ujfk
k pf`f
pf`f hk`hvh
hk`hvh`u
`u yfko
yfko mamhch
mamhchchj
chjhh thpa
thpa fkthoa
fkthoak
k BCF
(Bumfk Caugegy
gytta Fkthoak) ta
tart
rtak
aktu
tu.. BCF
BCF maru
marup
pfj
fjfk
fk
ju
jump
mpu
ucfk
cfk oak
oak yfko
yfko la
lart
rtfk
fko
oou
ouk
ko df
dfwf
wfl
l ft
ftfs
fs fk
fkth
thoa
oak
k
trfkpcfktfsh `fk presas hmuk cfhkkyf.
<) If
Ifjt
jter
er hmuk
hmukec
eceo
eohh
 

^f
^f`f
`f `hfl
`hflat
atas
as thpa
thpa H ta
tar`
r`fp
fpft
ft lu
lujt
jthh f`
f`fk
fkyf
yf su
suft
ftu
u ra
rasp
spek
ek
futehmuk.
futehmuk. Hkh marupfjfk
marupfjfk raspek flkermfc
flkermfc `hmfkf
`hmfkf fkthle`y
fkthle`y
tarfr
tarfrfb
fb pf
pf`f
`f dfrh
dfrhko
kofk
fk ke
kerm
rmfc
fc tu
tulu
lub
b `a
`ako
kofk
fk gf
gfrf
rf la
lara
rafj
fjsh
sh
tarbf`f
tarbf`fp
p dfrhkof
dfrhkofk
k tarsalu
tarsalutt yfko
yfko `hfkoo
`hfkoofpk
fpkyf
yf saecfb
saecfb-ecf
-ecfb
b
salfofh dfrhkofk fshko.
7) Ifjt
Ifjter
er chko
chkoju
juko
kofk
fk
Ifjter ajstarkfc yfko `fpft mamhgu `astrujsh sac μ pfkgrafs,
salfof
salfofhh gekteb
gekteb bfshc
bfshc pakyac
pakyach`h
h`hjfk
jfk makyft
makyftfjf
fjfk
k lfbwf
lfbwf vhrus
vhrus
ftfu tejshk tartaktu `fpft mamhgu presas futuhmuk yfko `fpft
makhmlucjfk `astujsh sac μ pfkjrafs.
 l. @hflatas Machtus tfj tarofktuko hksuchk (@MPPH)
Wagfrf pfsth pakyalfl `frh @M thpa HH hkh lacum `hjatfbuh, ifgter 
oakathj `hparjhrfjfk mamaofko parfkfk `fcfm presas tardf`hkyf
rashstaksh hksuchk. @hflatas Machtus tfj tarofktuko hksuchk (@MPPH)
 pakyfjhtkyf mampukyfh pecf ifmhchfr yfko juft. @MPPH `htfk`fh
`akofk jacfhkfk `fcfm sajrash hksuchk mfupuk `fcfm jardf hksuchk.
^f`f
^f`f fwfc
fwfcky
kyff tfmp
tfmpfj
fj tar`
tar`fp
fpft
ft ra
rashs
shstak
taksh
sh `f
`frh
rh sa
sac-s
c-sac
ac sfsfrf
sfsfrfk
k
tarbf`fp jardf hksuchk. Hksuchk mucf-mucf makohjft `hrhkyf japf`f
rasapter-rasapter parmujffk sac tartaktu, jamu`hfk tardf`h rafjsh
hktrfsa
hktrfsaccuc
ccucar
ar yfko
yfko makhko
makhkojft
jftjfk
jfk trfksp
trfkspert
ert ocujes
ocujesff makaml
makamlus
us
mamlrfk sac. ^f`f pfshak `akofk @MPPH tar`fpft jacfhkfk `fcfm
 pakohjftfk hksuchk `akofk rasapter. Bfc hkh `fpft `hsalfljfk ecab
 larjurfkokyf dumcfb tampft rasapter yfko raspekshi hksuchk pf`f
mamlrfk
mamlrfk sac. Fjhlftkyf
Fjhlftkyf tardf`h
tardf`h pakoofluko
pakooflukofk
fk flkermfc
flkermfc fktfrf
jempcaj rasapter hksuchk `akofk systam trfkspert ocujesf. Jf`fr 
ocujesf kermfc `fpft `hpartfbfkjfk `fcfm wfjtu yfko gujup cfmf
`fk makhko
makhkojft
jftjfk
jfk sajrash
sajrash hksuch
hksuchk,
k, tatfph
tatfph pf`f
pf`f fjbhrk
fjbhrkyf
yf sajrash
sajrash
hksuchk yfko lara`fr th`fj cfoh mamf`fh uktuj mampartfbfkjfk
auochj
auochjamhf
amhf (^rhga,
(^rhga,688
6881).
1). @hflat
@hflatas
as Machtus
Machtus thpa
thpa HH `hsalu
`hsalutt duof
duof
@h
@hfl
flat
atas
as Mach
Machtu
tuss th`f
th`fj
j taro
tarofk
fktu
tuko
ko hk
hksu
such
chk
k (@MP
(@MPPH
PH)) ft
ftfu
fu  Kek
 Hksuchk @apak`akt @hflatas Machtus 
Machtus  (KH@@M)
(KH@@M) yfko marupfjfk
marupfjfk
suftu
suftu jacemp
jacempej
ej batare
batareoak
oak laktuj
laktuj-la
-laktu
ktuj
j @hflat
@hflatas
as yfko
yfko calhb
calhb
 

rhkofk
rhkofk,, tarutf
tarutfmf
mf `hdump
`hdumpfh
fh pf`f
pf`f erfko
erfko `awfsf,
`awfsf, tatfph
tatfph tarjf`f
tarjf`fko
ko
`fpft thmluc pf`f mfsf jfkfj-jfkfj.
7. Mfmh
Mfmhia
iast
stfs
fshh Jchk
Jchkhj 
hj 
f. @hfl
@hflat
atas
as Php
hpaa H
6) bhpa
bhparo
roch
chja
jamh
mhff larp
larpuf
ufsf
sf
<) ocujesurhf,
ocujesurhf, `hurash
`hurashss esmethj,
esmethj, pechurhf,
pechurhf, pech`h
pech`hpshf,
pshf, pechifo
pechifohf
hf
7) ja
jaca
cath
thbf
bfk
k `fk jaca
jacamf
mfbf
bfk
k
0) jate
jatefs
fsh`
h`es
eshs
hs `hfl
hflathj
athj (muf
(mufc,
c, ky
kyar
arhh fl
fl`
`emak
emak,, muk
uktf
tfb,
b,
bhpa
bhparv
rvak
akth
thcf
cfsh
sh,, kfif
kfifss lf
lfu
u lu
lufb
fb,, f`
f`ff pa
paru
rulf
lfbf
bfk
k thko
thkojf
jftt
jasf`frfk, jemf, jamfthfk)
 l. @hflatas Phpa HH
6) cfmlft
cfmlft (sacfmf
(sacfmf tfbukfk),
tfbukfk), hktecarfksh
hktecarfksh ocujesf
ocujesf preorashi 
preorashi 
<) oadfcf sa
sarrhkojfch
fch rhkofk makgfjup jacathbfk, mu`fb
tars
tarshk
hkoo
oouk
uko,
o, pech
pechur
urhf
hf,, pe
pech
ch`h
`hps
pshf
hf,, cu
cujf
jf pf
pf`f
`f ju
juch
chtt yf
yfko
ko
samlubkyf cfmf, hkiajsh vfohkfc, pakochbftfk jflur 
7) jempch
jempchjff
jffsh
sh dfkojf
dfkojf pfkdfk
pfkdfko
o (rathke
(rathkepft
pfth,
h, kaurep
kaurepfth
fth,, pakyfj
pakyfjht
ht
vfsjucfr parhiar)
g. Qcju
Qcjuss @hfl
@hflat
athj
hjum
um
Qcjus @hflathjum fjhlft mhjrefkohepfthj `hsalut duof ucjus
ucjus pfkfs
 pfkfs
wfcfup
wfcfupuk
uk kajres
kajreshs,
hs, `farfb
`farfb fjrfc
fjrfc htu tfmpfj
tfmpfj marfb
marfb `fk tarfsf
tarfsf
bfkoft ecab parf`fkofk `fk lhfsfkyf tarflf pucsfsh frtarh `hlfohfk
`hstfc . ^resas mhjrefkohpfth
mhjrefkohpfth makyalfljf
makyalfljfk
k sumlftfk
sumlftfk pamlucub
pamlucub
`frfb, sa`fkojfk sagfrf fjut amlech mamlarhjfk oadfcf jchkhs 1 ^
yfhtu 4
6) ^fhk (kyarh)
<) ^fcakass (japugftfk)
7) ^fr
fras
astb
tbas
ashf
hf (jasamutfk)
0) ^ucs
^ucsac
acas
assk
skas
asss (`akyut kf`h bhcfko)
1) ^frfcysh
shss (cumpub).
Lhcf tardf`h sumlftfk jrekhj, fjfk thmluc ofmlfrfk jchkhs makurut
 pecf `frh iektfhka4
6) Wtf`hum
Wtf`hum H 4 fshmpte
fshmptemfths
mfths ftfu
ftfu oadfcf
oadfcf th`fj jbfs (jasam
(jasamutfk).
utfk).
 

<) Wtf`hu
Wtf`hum
m HH 4 tardf`h
tardf`h jcfu`hj
jcfu`hjfshe
fshe hkta
hktarmh
rmhtak
tak
7) Wtf`hu
Wtf`hum
m HHH 4 thmluc
thmluc kyar
kyarhh sfft hstht
hsthtrfb
rfbft.
ft.
0) Wtf`
Wtf`hu
hum
m HY 4 tard
tardf`
f`hk
hkyf
yf ja
jaru
rusf
sfjf
jfk
k df
dfrhk
rhkof
ofk
k jf
jfrak
rakff fk
fkej
ejsh
shff
(ucjus).
Jcfshihjfsh 4
_fokar
_fokar (6827)
(6827) mamlfo
mamlfohh ofkora
ofkorak
k jfjh
jfjh `hflat
`hflathj
hj makdf`
makdf`hh akfm
akfm
thkojftfk,yfhtu4
6) @arf
@arfdf
dftt > 4 Ph`
h`fj
fj f`f
f`f cash tarlujf, jucht mfshb utub `akofk
jamuko
jamukojhk
jhkfk
fk `hsartf
`hsartfhh jacfhk
jacfhkfk
fk laktuj
laktuj jfjh
jfjh sapart
saparthh –
gcfw,gfccus –.
<) @arfdf
fdft H 4 Qcjus suparihshfc tarlftfs pf`f jucht.
7) @arf
@arfdf
dftt HH 4 Qcjus `fcfm makamlus tak`ek `fk tucfko
0) @arf
@arfdf
dftt HH
HHHH 4  Flsas `fcfm, `akofk ftfu tfkpf estaemhachths.
1) @arfdf
fdft HY 4 Ofkorak
Ofkorak dfrh
 dfrh jfjh ftfu lfohfk `hstfc jfjh `akofk
ftfu tfkpf sacuchths.
tfkpf sacuchths.
9) @arfdf
fdft Y 4 Ofkorak sacurub jfjh ftfu salfohfk tukojfh.
`. Jempchjfs
fshh
6) Bhpe
Bhpeoc
ochj
hjam
amhf
hf
Bhpeoc
Bhpeochja
hjamhf
mhf f`fcfb
f`fcfb jaf`ff
jaf`ffk
k jrekhj
jrekhj ofkoou
ofkooufk
fk syfrfi
syfrfi yfko
yfko
`hsalfljfk pakurukfk ocujesf `frfb. Oadfcf hkh `fpft rhkofk
 larupf oachsfb sfmpfh larft larupf jemf `akofk jadfko.
^akyalfl tarsa
sarrhko bhpeochjamh
amhf f`fcfb elft-elft
bhparochjamhj erfc oecekofk suciekhcuraf.
<) Bhpa
Bhparo
roch
chja
jamh
mhff
Wagfrf
Wagfrf fkfmk
fkfmkashs
ashs `htamu
`htamujfk
jfk f`fkyf
f`fkyf mfsujf
mfsujfk
k jfcerh
jfcerh yfko
yfko
 larcalhbfk, pakobakthfk elft erfc mfupuk hksuchk yfko
`h`f
`h`fbu
bucu
cuhh ecab
ecab st
stras
rasss fj
fjut
ut.. Pfk`
Pfk`ff jb
jbfs
fs f`
f`fc
fcfb
fb ja
jasf`
sf`frf
frfk
k
makuruk `hsartfh `abh`rfsh larft. Qcjus @hflathj dhjf `hlhfrjfk
fjfk makdf`h ofkorak, jfcus, jucht macapub, juju jfjh yfko
tumlub ja`fcfm, pamlakojfjfk hlu dfrh, pamlakojfjfk hlu
 dfrh jfjh, pcfktfr wfrts, dfrh jfjh lakojej, jucht jfjh jarhko `fk
 pagfb, jfjh ftcat,
 

a. ^fte
^fteih
ihshe
shece
ceoh
oh `f
`fk
k ^ft
^ftbw
bwfy
fy
Makuru
Makurutt Wmactz
Wmactzar
ar `fk Lfra
Lfra (<>61)
(<>61),, pfteih
pfteihshe
sheceo
ceohh `frh
`frh `hflat
`hflatas
as
machtus f`fcfb 4
6)  @hflatas thpa H
^f`f  @hflatas thpa
thpa H ta
tar`
r`fp
fpft
ft ja
jath
th`f
`fjm
jmfm
fmpu
pufk
fk uk
uktu
tuj 
j 
mako
makobf
bfshc
shcjf
jfk
k hksu
hksuch
chk
k jf
jfrak
rakff sac-sa
sac-sacc la
latf
tf pf
pfkj
kjra
rafs
fs ta
tacf
cfb
b
`hbfkgurjfk ecab presas futehmuk. Bhparochjamhf pufsf tardf`h
fjhl
fjhlft
ft pr
pre`
e`uj
ujsh
sh ocuj
ocujes
esff yf
yfko
ko th`f
th`fj
j ta
taru
ruju
jurr ec
ecab
ab bf
bfth
th..
@hsfmphko
@hsfmphko htu, ocujesf
ocujesf yfko larfsfc `frh mfjfkfk th`fj `fpft
`hshmpfk `fcfm bfth masjhpuk tatfp larf`f `fcfm `frfb `fk
makhml
makhmlucj
ucjfk
fk bhparo
bhparochj
chjamh
amhff  pestprfk`hfc (sasu`
(sasu`fb
fb mfjfk).
mfjfk).
Dhjf jeksaktrfsh ocujesf `fcfm `frfb gujup thkooh, ohkdfc th`fj 
`fpft makyarfp jamlfch samuf ocujesf
ocujesf yfko tarsfrhko jacufr,
fjhlftkyf
fjhlftkyf ocujesf
ocujesf tarsalut
tarsalut mukguc
mukguc `fcfm urhk (Ocujesurhf
(Ocujesurhf).
).
Jathjf ocujesf yfko larcalhb `hajsrashjfk `fcfm urhk, ajsjrash
hkh
hkh fj
fjfk
fk `hsar
`hsartf
tfhh pa
pako
koacu
acufr
frfk
fk gfhrf
gfhrfk
k `f
`fk
k ac
acaj
ajtr
trec
echt
ht yf
yfko
ko
 larcalhbfk. Jaf`ffk hkh `hkfmfjfk `hurashs esmethj. Walfofh
fjhlft
fjhlft `frh
`frh jabhcf
jabhcfkof
kofk
k gfhrfk
gfhrfk yfko
yfko larcal
larcalhbf
hbfk,
k, pfshak
pfshak fjfk
fjfk
makofc
makofcfmh
fmh pakhko
pakhkojft
jftfk
fk `fcfm
`fcfm larjam
larjamhb
hb (pechu
(pechurhf
rhf)) `fk rfsf
bfus
bfus (p
(pec
ech`
h`hp
hpsh
shf)
f).. @a
@aih
ihsh
shak
aksh
sh hk
hksu
such
chk
k du
duof
of mako
makoof
ofko
koou
ou
matflechsma pretahk `fk camfj yfko makyalfljfk pakurukfk
 larft lf`fk. ^fshak `fpft makofcfmh pakhkojftfk sacarf mfjfk
(pechifohf) fjhlft makurukkyf shmpfkfk jfcerh. Oadfcf cfhkkyf
makgfj
makgfjup
up jacacfb
jacacfbfk
fk `fk jacamf
jacamfbfk
bfk.^r
.^resa
esass hkh fjfk
fjfk tardf`
tardf`hh
tfkp
tfkpff bfml
fmlftfk
ftfk `fk ca
cal
lhb cf
cfkd
kdu
ut tu
turu
rutt makh
makhm
mluc
ucj
jfk
bhparochjamh
bhparochjamhf.
f. @hsfmphko
@hsfmphko htu fjfk tardf`h pamagfbfk
pamagfbfk camfj 
yfko makofjhlftjfk pakhkojftfk pre`ujsh lf`fk jatek yfko
marupfjfk pre`uj sfmphko pamagfbfk camfj. Lf`fk jatek
marupfjfk fsfm yfko makoofkoou jasahmlfkofk fsfm lfsf
tulub
tulub fpflhc
fpflhcff dumcfb
dumcfbkyf
kyf larcal
larcalhbf
hbfk.
k. Jatefs
Jatefsh`e
h`eshs
shs `hflat
`hflathj 
hj 
yfko `hfjhlftjfkkyf `fpft makyalfljfk tfk`ftfk`f `fk oadfcf
saparth kyarh fl`emhkfc, mufc, muktfb, bhparvakthcfsh, kfpfs
 

 larlfu fsatek `fk lhcf th`fj `htfkofkh fjfk makhmlucjfk

 parulfbfk jasf`frfk, jemf lfbjfk jamfthfk.
jamfthfk.
<)  @hflatas thpa HH
^f`f  @hflatas thpa HH tar`
r`ffpft `uf mfsfcfb yfko
 larbulukofk `akofk hksuchk, yfhtu rashstaksh hksuchk `fk
ofkoou
ofkooufk
fk sajrash
sajrash hksuch
hksuchk.
k. Kermfc
Kermfckyf
kyf hksuch
hksuchk
k fjfk
fjfk tarhjf
tarhjftt
`akofk rasapter jbusus pf`f parmujffk sac. Walfofh fjhlft
tarhj
tarhjft
ftky
kyff hk
hksu
such
chk
k `a
`ako
kofk
fk ra
rasap
sapte
terr ta
tarsa
rsalu
lut,
t, ta
tard
rdf`
f`hh suft
suftu
u
rfkojf
rfkojfhfk
hfk rafjsh
rafjsh `fcfm
`fcfm matfle
matflechsm
chsmaa ocujes
ocujesff `h`fcf
`h`fcfm
m sac.
sac.
\ash
\ashst
stak
aksh
sh hksu
hksuch
chk
k pf`f
pf`f `h
`hfl
flat
atas
as thpa
thpa HH `h
`hsa
sart
rtfh
fh `a
`ako
kofk
fk
 pakurukfk rafjsh hktrfsac hkh. @akofk `amhjhfk hksuchk makdf`h
th`fj
th`fj aiajth
aiajthii uktuj
uktuj maksth
maksthmuc
mucfsh
fsh pakofm
pakofmlhc
lhcfk
fk ocujes
ocujesff ecab
ecab
 dfrhkofk. Fjhlft hktecarfksh ocujesf yfko larcfkosuko cfmlft
`fk preorashi mfjf fwhtfk `hflatas thpa HH `fpft lardfcfk tfkpf
tar`atajsh. Dhjf oadfcfkyf `hfcfmh pfshak, oadfcf tarsalut sarhko
 larshift rhkofk `fk `fpft makgfjup jacacfbfk, hrhtflhchtfs,
 pechurhf, pech`hpshf, cujf yfko cfmf samlub, hkiajsh vfohkf
ftfu pfk`fk
pfk`fkofk
ofk yfko
yfko jflur
jflur (dhjf
(dhjf jf`fr
jf`fr ocujes
ocujesfky
fkyff sfkoft
sfkoft
thkooh).
^akyfjht @hflatas
^akyfjht @hflatas mamluft ofkooufk/ jempchjfsh macfcuh
jarusf
jarusfjfk
jfk pf`f
pf`f pamluc
pamlucub
ub `frfb
`frfb `h sacurub
sacurub tulub,
tulub, `hsalu
`hsalutt
fkohepfth `hflathj. ^akyfjht hkh lardfcfk jrekhs `fk tarlfoh `uf
yfhtu ofkooufk pf`f pamlucub `frfb lasfr (mfjrevfsjucfr)
`hsa
`hsalu
lutt mfjr
mfjref
efko
kohe
hepf
pfth
th,, `f
`fk
k pf
pf`f
`f pa
paml
mluc
ucub
ub `f
`frf
rfb
b bf
bfcu
cuss
(mhjre
(mhjrevfs
vfsjuc
jucfr)
fr) `hsalu
`hsalutt mhjref
mhjrefkoh
kohep
epfth.
fth. Qcjus @hflathjum
@hflathjum
tar`hrh `frh jfvhtfs saktrfc lhfsfkyf calhb lasfr `hslfk`hko phktu
mfsujkyf, `hjachchkoh jfcus jarfs `fk talfc. Fwfckyf presas
 pamlaktujfk ucjus larbulukofk `akofk bhparochjamhf yfko
 laraiaj tarbf`fp sfrfi parhiar, jecfoak, jarfthk `fk supcfh
vfsjucar. @akofk f`fkyf tajfkfk majfkhj tarlaktuj jarfthk
ja
jarf
rfss pf
pf`f
`f `f
`far
arfb
fb jf
jfjh
jh yf
yfko
ko mako
makofc
fcfm
fmhh la
lalf
lfk
k ta
tarl
rlasf
asfr.
r.
 Kaurepfth sakserhs parhiar mamukojhkjfk tardf`hkyf trfumf
 

 larucfko makofjhlftjfk tardf`hkyf jarusfjfk dfrhkofk

`hlf
`hlfwf
wfb
b fr
fraf
af jf
jfcu
cus.
s. Wa
Wacf
cfkd
kdut
utky
kyff ta
tarl
rlak
aktu
tuj
j jf
jfvh
vhtf
tfss yf
yfko
ko
maml
mamlas
asfr
fr `fk
`fk fjbh
fjbhrk
rkyf
yf ru
rupt
ptur
ur sf
sfmp
mpfh
fh pa
parm
rmuj
ujff
ffk
k ju
juch
chtt
makhmlucjfk ucjus. F`fkyf hsjamhf `fk pakyamlubfk cujf
flkermfc mfkobfcfkoh rasecush. Mhjreerofkhsma yfko mfsuj 
makof`fjfk jecekhsfsh `h`farfb hkh. @rfhkfsa yfko hkf`ajuft
makh
makhml
mluc
ucjf
jfk
k gces
gcesa`
a` spfg
spfgaa hk
hkiag
iagth
thek
ek.. Fjbh
Fjbhrk
rkyf
yf salfo
salfofh
fh
je
jeks
ksaj
ajua
uaks
kshh shsta
shstam
m hmuk
hmuk yf
yfko
ko fl
flke
kerm
rmfc
fc,, lf
lfjt
jtar
arhf
hf such
suchtt
`hlarsh
`hlarshbjf
bjfk
k `fk hkiajs
hkiajshh makyal
makyalfr
fr ja dfrhko
dfrhkofk
fk sajhtf
sajhtfrky
rkyf,
f,
(Fkekhm <>>8).
 

i. ^akftf
^akftfcfj
cfjsfk
sfkffk
ffk Ma`hs
Ma`hs `fk japarfw
japarfwftfk
ftfk
^akftf
^akftfcfj
cfjsfk
sfkffk
ffk Ma`hs
Ma`hs pf`f
pf`f pfshak
pfshak `akofk
`akofk @hflat
@hflatas
as Macchtu
Macchtuss
machputh4
6) Elft
Elft bhpar
bhparoch
ochjam
jamhj
hj erfc
erfc (EBE).
(EBE).
Lar`fsfrjfk gfrf jardfkyf EBE `hlfoh makdf`h 0 oecekofk 4
f) ^amh
^amhgu
gu sajra
sajrash
sh hks
hksuc
uchk
hk..
 l) ^akfmlfb sakshthvhtfs tarbf`fp hksuchk.
g) ^akobf
^akobfmlf
mlftt ocujek
ocujekaeo
aeoaka
akashs.
shs.
 

`) ^akobf
^akobfmlf
mlftt o
ocuj
cujesh
esh`fs
`fsaa fcif.
fcif.
a) Hksuchk
Hksuchk `hparcujfk pf`f jaf`ffk 4
- ^aku
^akuru
rukf
kfk
k la
larf
rftt lf
lf`f
`fk
k yf
yfko
ko ga
gapf
pft.
t.
- Bhparo
Bhparochj
chjamh
amhff larft
larft yfko
yfko `hsartf
`hsartfhh jatefs
jatefsh`e
h`eshs.
shs.
- Jate
Jatefs
fsh`
h`e
esh
shss `hf
`hfl
lat
athj
hj..
- Ofko
Ofkoou
oufk
fk iuk
iukos
oshh ohkd
ohkdfc
fc ftfu
ftfu bft
bfthh yfko
yfko larf
larft.
t.
`) Parf
Parfph
ph Jem
Jemlh
lhkf
kfsh
sh
^amlar
^amlarhfk
hfk EBE mfupuk
mfupuk hksuch
hksuchk
k sacfcu
sacfcu `hmucf
`hmucfhh `akofk
`akofk
`eshs rak`fb, uktuj
uktuj jamu`hfk
jamu`hfk `hkfhjjfk sagfrf lartfbfp
lartfbfp
sasufh `akofk raspek jf`fr ocujesf `frfb.
o. ^a
^akf
kftf
tfcf
cfjs
jsfk
fkff
ffk
k Japa
Japarf
rfwf
wftf
tfk
k pf
pf`f
`f pf
pfsh
shak
ak `a
`ako
kofk
fk @hfl
@hflat
atas
as
Macchtus machputh4
Qsfbf parfwftfk `fk pakoelftfk yfko `htudujfk tarbf`fp ucjus
fktfrf
fktfrf cfhk `akofk
`akofk fkthlh
fkthlhethj
ethjff ftfu jameta
jametarfp
rfph.
h. ^arfwf
^arfwftfk
tfk cujf
cujf
`akofk makoemprasjfk ucjus `akofk cfrutfk jcerh`f ftfu cfrutfk
fk
fkth
thsa
sapt
pthg
hg rhk
rhkofk
ofk. Mhsf
Mhsfck
cky
yf rhv
rhvfk
fkec
ec `fk cf
cfru
rutf
tfk
k jf
jfch
chu
um
 parmfkofkfta 6 4 1>> mo `fk pakutupfk ucjus `akofk jfssf starhc.
Fcft-fcft ertepa`h yfko sagfrf majfkhj yfko `fpft marftf tajfkfk
tulub tarbf`fp jfjh yfko cujf fmputfsh mukojhk `hparcujfk uktuj 
jfsus @M. Makurut Wmactzar `fk Lfra (<>>64 6<<9), tudufk utfmf
 pakftfcfjsfkffk tarfph pf`f @hflatas Macchtus f`fcfb
makermfcjfk fjthihtfs hksuchk `fk jf`fr ocujesf `frfb, sa`fkojfk
tudufk
tudufk dfkojf
dfkojf pfkdfkoky
pfkdfkokyff f`fcfb uktuj makobhk`frh
makobhk`frh tardf`hkyf
jempch
jempchjfs
jfsh.
h. F`f lalarf
lalarfpf
pf jempek
jempekak
ak `fcfm
`fcfm pakftf
pakftfcfj
cfjsfk
sfkffk
ffk
Qcjus @hflathj4
6) @hat
@hatt `fk pakoak
@ha pakoak`fc
`fchfk
hfk larft
larft lf`fk
lf`fk marupf
marupfjfk
jfk `fsfr
`fsfr uktuj 
uktuj 
maml
mamlar
arhj
hjfk
fk samuf
samuf uk
uksu
surr mfjf
mfjfkf
kfk
k as
asak
aksh
shfc,
fc, mama
mamaku
kubh
bh
jalutubfk akaroh, makgaofb jf`fr ocujesf `frfb yfko thkooh
`fk makurukjfk jf`fr camfj.
<) Cfthbfk
 

@akofk cfthbfk hkh mhsfckyf `akofk larecfbrfof yfko tarftur 

fjfk makurukjfk jf`fr ocujesf `frfb `akofk makhkojftjfk
 pakofmlhcfk ocujesf ecab etet `fk mamparlfhjh pamfjfhfk
jf`fr hksuchk.
7) ^am
^amfk
fktf
tfuf
ufk
k
@akofk macfjujfk pamfktfukfk jf`fr ocujesf `frfb sagfrf
mfk`hrh
mfk`hrh `hbfrfpjfk
`hbfrfpjfk pf`f pak`arhtf
pak`arhtf `hflatas
`hflatas `fpft makoftur 
makoftur 
tarfphkyf sagfrf epthmfc.
0) Parf
Parfph
ph (dhj
(dhjff `hparc
`hparcuj
ujfk
fk))
^akyukthjfk hksuchk sarhko `hcfjujfk `uf jfch par bfrh uktuj 
makoak`fchjfk jakfhjfk jf`fr ocujesf `frfb sasu`fb mfjfk
`fk pf`f mfcfm bfrh.
1) ^ak
^ak`h`
`h`hjfk
hjfk
Pudu
Pudufk
fk `frh
`frh pak`
pak`h`
h`hj
hjfk
fk hk
hkhh f`
f`fc
fcfb
fb su
supf
pfyf
yf pf
pfsh
shak
ak `f
`fpf
pftt
mampacfdfrh
mampacfdfrh jatarfmphcfk
jatarfmphcfk `fcfm macfjujfk
macfjujfk pakftfcfjsfk
pakftfcfjsfkffk
ffk
`hflat
`hflatas
as yfko
yfko mfk`hr
mfk`hrhh `fk mfmpu
mfmpu makobh
makobhk`f
k`frh
rh je
jempc
mpchjf
hjfsh
sh
`frh `hflatas htu sak`hrh.
9) Jektre
Jektrecc k
kutr
utrhsh
hsh `fk matfle
matflechg
chg
Ifjter kutrhsh marupfjfk sfcfb sftu ifjter yfko larparfk `fcfm
 pakyamlubfk cujf. F`fkyf fkamhf `fk bhpefclumhkamhf fjfk
 larpakofrub `fcfm presas pakyamlubfk. ^arcu mamekhter Bl
`hftfs 6< orfm/`c `fk partfbfkjfk fclumhk `hftfs 7,1 orfm/`c.
@hat
@hat pf`f
pf`f pak`
pak`ar
arht
htff @M `a
`ako
kofk
fk sa
sacu
cuch
chth
thss ft
ftfu
fu of
ofko
kora
rak
k
`hparcujfk pretahk thkooh yfhtu `akofk jempeshsh pretahk <>%,
camfj <>% `fk jfrlebh`rft 9>%. Hkiajsh ftfu hkicfmfsh `fpft
mako
makofj
fjhl
hlft
ftjf
jfk
k icuj
icujtu
tufs
fshh jf
jf`f
`frr ou
oucf
cf `f
`frf
rfb
b yf
yfko
ko la
lasf
sfr.
r.
^amla`fbfk `fk pamlarhfk fkthlhethjf pf`f flsas ftfu hkiajsh
`fpft mamlfktu makoektrec oucf `frfb. Walfchjkyf pak`arhtf
`a
`ako
kofk
fk bhpa
bhparo
roch
chja
jamh
mhff yf
yfko
ko thko
thkooh
oh,, ja
jamf
mfmp
mpuf
ufk
k macf
macfwf
wfk
k
hkiajs
hkiajshh turuk
turuk sabhko
sabhkoof
of jektre
jektrecc oucf
oucf `frfb
`frfb yfko
yfko lfhj
lfhj bfrus
bfrus
`hupfyfjfk salfofh parfwftfk pfshak sagfrf tetfc.
?) Wtra
Wtrass Maj
Majfkhj 
fkhj 
 

^arcu mamhkhmfcjfk lalfk larft (wahobt lafrhko) pf`f ucjus.

Me`hihjfsh wahobt lafrhko machputh la`rast, mamfjfh grutgb,
jursh
jursh re`f,
re`f, sapftu
sapftu yfko
yfko tartut
tartutup
up `fk sapftu
sapftu jbusus
jbusus.. Wamuf
Wamuf
 pfshak yfko hsthrfbft `htampft th`ur, tumht `fk mftf jfjh bfrus
`hchk`ukoh sartf ja`uf tukojfh bfrus `hhkspajsh thfp bfrh. Bfc
hkh
hkh `hpa
`hparc
rcuj
ujfk
fk jf
jfra
rakf
kf jf
jfjh
jh pf
pfsh
shak
ak su`f
su`fb
b th`f
th`fj
j pa
pajf
jf cf
cfoh
oh
tarbf`f
tarbf`fp
p rfsf kyarh,
kyarh, sabhko
sabhkoof
of fjfk
fjfk tardf`
tardf`hh trfumf
trfumf larucf
larucfko
ko
`htampft yfko sfmf makyalfljfk lfjtarh mfsuj pf`f tampft
cujf.
2) Ph
Phk`
k`fj
fjfk
fk La`f
La`fb
b
Lar`fsfrjfk larft rhkofkkyf pakyfjht makurut _fokar mfjf
thk`
thk`fj
fjfk
fk pa
pako
koel
elft
ftfk
fk ft
ftfu
fu pa
paml
mla`
a`fb
fbfk
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takt
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salfofh larhjut4
f) @arfdft
@arfdft > 4 parfwftfk
parfwftfk cejfc sagfrf jbusus
jbusus th`fj
th`fj f`f.
f`f.
 l) @arfdft H - Y 4 pakoacecffk ma`hj `fk la`fb mhker.
mhker.

L. FWQBFK
FWQBFK JA^A\F
JA^A\F_FP
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6. ^akojfdhfk
f. Makojf
Makojfdh
dh h`aktht
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h`akthtfs
tfs pakfko
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o dfwfl
dfwfl pfshak
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kfmf,, umur
umur,, da
dakh
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k, stft
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us,, fo
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f,
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sumlar lhfyf, bulukofk fktfrf pfshak `akofk pakfkoouko dfwfl.
 l. \hwfyft Jasabftfk
Jacu
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bfk
k Qt
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6) Fpf
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7) Lfofhmfkf
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mampakofrub
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0) Fpfjfb
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k ihshj tartak
tartaktu
tu yfko sfkoft
sfkoft makoo
makoofko
fkoou
ou
jchak.
g. \h
\hwf
wfyf
yftt ^aky
^akyfj
fjht
ht Waj
Wajfrf
frfko
ko
 

Jfdh
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jek`hs
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yfko pa
park
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`fk jamukojhkfkpakyalflkyf, kfmuk jfrakf th`fj makoofkoou
fjthvhtfs jchak, jek`hsh hkh th`fj `hjacubjfk.
`. \h
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yftt Jasab
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ecab
jchak.. Machputh
jchak Machputh pakojfdhfk
pakojfdhfk fpfjfb pfshak makofcfmh
makofcfmh fcaroh ftfu
 pakyfjht jaturukfk.
a. \h
\hwf
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ucu
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th pakojf
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 partfmf jfch ftfu su`fb sarhko makofcfmh ofkooufk pecf th`ur.
th`ur.
i. Jalutu
Jalutubfk
bfk Lhepsh
Lhepshjes
jesesh
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6) Larkfpfs
<) Kutrhsh
7) Achmhkfsh
0) Fjthvhtfs
tfs
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Hsth
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8) \fsf
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66) Wphrhtufc
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60) ^akoatfbuf
^akoatfbufk
k ftfu lacfdfr.
o. @ft
@ftff ^akojf
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dhfk
k Ihs
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6) Jaf`
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k Qmu
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m ^fs
^fsha
hak
k
Machputh jasf`frfk, pestur tulub, jalarshbfk `hrh, turoer jucht,
wfrkf jucht.
 

<) Oadf
Oadfcf
cf Jfr`
Jfr`hf
hfcc
Machputh subu, taksh, kf`h, `fk kfpfs
7) Jaf`
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bh`u
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ko,, mucu
mucut,
t, tach
tachko
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f, ca
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s, fl
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mak,
k, `f
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ajstarm
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htfs.
s. Wagfrf
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umum, tajkhj
tajkhj pamarh
pamarhjsf
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yfko
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larlfofh pakyhmpfkofk
pakyhmpfkofk
iukosh f`fcfb 4 Hkspajsh, ^fcpfsh, Fusjuctfsh `fk ^arjush.
b. @ftf
@ftf ^am
^amar
arhj
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ukdf
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`hcfju
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lfhj sacfmf
sacfmf parfwf
parfwftfk
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mfsuj 
rumfb sfjht. (\hf rhsmfwfth, <>69)
h. ^ako
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sfjht.
f. ^ama
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k ^aku
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6) ^amarh
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<) ^amarhjsffk
^amarhjsffk QWO
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uktuj `ftf
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pakukdfko
o fpflhcf
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kyarh
tajfk `h fl`emak
7) \ektoak
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uktuj makoatfb
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uh tujfko
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yfko flkermfc
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0) ^ama
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 pamarhjsffk ihshj cfhkkyf
6. @hfo
@hfoke
kesf
sf Japa
Japarf
rfwf
wftfk
tfk
f. Kyarh fj
fjut (@.>>??)
 l. \hshje pariush parhiar th`fj aiajthi (@.>>61)
g. Jath`f
Jath`fjst
jstflh
flhcfk
cfk jf`fr
jf`fr ocuj
ocujesf
esf `frfb
`frfb (@.>><?)
`. @aih
@aihsh
shtt kutr
kutrhs
hshh (@.>>68)
a. \hshje
\hshje ofko
ofkoouf
oufk
k hktaor
hktaorhtf
htfss jucht/df
jucht/dfrhk
rhkofk
ofk (@.>678)
<. ^arak
^arakgfk
gfkff
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k Japa
Japarf
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tfk
 K @hfokesf Cufrfk ^arakgfkffk
E Japarfwftfk WCJH Japarfwftfk
 

WHJH
6 Kyarh fjut Watac
Watacfb
fb `h
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k 6. Mf
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kfda
dama
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(@.>>??)  l.` fsubfk japarfwftfk H.>2<72
Foak sacfmf 7 x <0 dfm f. H`akthihjfs
fshh
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fcffb cejfsh,
ihsheceohs yfhtu  Kyarh Fjut tarftfsh jfrfjtarhsthj,
saparth `akofk ajpatfs
fshh `urfsh, irajuaksh,
hkicfmfsh, maml
mamlfh
fhj
j `a
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kofk
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hsjamhf, jrhtarhf bfshc4 hktakshtfs kyarh
kaepcfsmf Jektrec kyarh  l. H`akthihjfsh sjfcf
C.>2>97 kyarh
6. Macfperjfk g. Larhjfk tajkhj  
kyarh
kyarh tarjekt
tarjektrec
rec kek ifrmfjeceo
ifrmfjeceohh
`frh sjfcf uktuj 
sa`fko
sa`fko makdf`
makdf`hh makourfkoh kyarh
makuruk `. Da
Dacf
cfsj
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strfta
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makooukfjfk
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ifrmfjeceoh `frh
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akdf
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aiajthi  sacfmf 7 x <0 dfm 6. Mekhter jfrfjtarhsthj 
(@.>>61) `akofk fcffb cu
mfsfc cujf
jf (mhs
(mhs.. @rfh
@rfhkf
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sa,,
f.  Kyarh Fjut tarftfsh wfrkf, ujurfk, lfu)
`akofk fshh <. Mekhter
ajpatfs Mekhter tfk`f-tfk`f
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maml
mamlfh
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kofk
jrhtarhf bfshc4 7. Capfsjfk lfcutfk `fk
^ariush ^arhiar   pcastar sagfrf parcfbfk

(C.><>66)4 0. lar
arsh
shb
bjf
jfk
k `ak
ako
ofk
 

6. @akyut kf`h gfhrfk KfGc ftfu

 parhiar gujup  pamlarshb kek tejshj,
makhkojft sasufh jalutubfk
<. pak
akya
yam
mlu
lubfk 1. la
bfk larsh
rshbj
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cujf gujup kajrethj 
makhkojft 9. la
larh
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k sf
sfca
cap
p yf
yfko
ko
7. Jacamf
Jacamfbfk etet sasufh ja jucht/cash, dhjf
bfk etet
makuruk  parcu
?. pfsfko lfcutfk sasufh
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2. fdfrjfk presa`
a`u
ur 
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mfk`hrh
8. jecflerfsh pamlarhfk
fkthlhethj, dhjf parcu
7 Jath`fjstflhcfk Watac
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`akofk mfsfc
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jamuko
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jrhtarhf bfshc4 ^akooukffk hksuchk, elft
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gujup 0. jecfle
jecflerfsh
rfsh pamlar
pamlarhfk
hfk
mamlfhj  hksuchk dhjf parcu
<. rfsf bfus gujup
makuruk
 

7. Jasuchtfk
 larlhgfrf makdf`h
gujup makuruk

7. Avfc
Avfcuf
ufsh
sh Japa
Japarf
rfwf
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tfk
k
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japa
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