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Bfof > Foy`yf Gfsfbfg

Bao >6786:=61

@F[L]FB [CBEFGS@SFB

OS@UA[@C OQC@LOF

F.ECHABAZA

Ou`tap
Ou`tap`c
`c oyc`lo
oyc`loff (oyc`l
(oyc`lof
of ftfu
ftfu oyc`lo
oyc`loff sc` p`fsof
p`fsof)) ocrupfd
ocrupfdfb
fb dfbdcr
dfbdcr sc`
p`fsof yfbi fef ea suosuo tu`fbi, eaofbf scmufg d`lb efra sc` p`fsof yfbi fmblrof`
mcrdcomfbi mafd ocomcbtud tuolr ea suosuo tu`fbi efb ocbigfsa`dfb scnuo`fg fbtamlea
yfbi fmblrof` yfbi tcrduopu` ea ef`fo efrfg ftfu far dcoag.6, = Blrof`byf, sc` p`fsof

gfbyf ocbjfpfa ≥3% efra dfefr sc` efrfg ef`fo suosuo tu`fbi. Dfrcbf suftu f`fsfb yfbi
mc`uo nc`fs, sc` p`fsof efpft tuomug taefd tcrdlbtrl`4 dctadf aba ea`fdudfb, sc` p`fsof aba
suefg easfofdfb scmfifa oyc`lof jc``s. Oyc`lof aba efpft ocofefta suosuo tu`fbi efb
ocrusfd
ocrusfd tu`fbi.
tu`fbi. Oyc`lof
Oyc`lof ou`tap`c
ou`tap`c ocrupfdfb
ocrupfdfb mbctud yfbi pf`abi scrabi
scrabi eatcoudfb
eatcoudfb ea
fbtfrf icolpfta yfbi ifbfs, pcbysdat dfbdccr aba ocrupfdfb bclp`fsof sc` p`fsof pfef
lrfbi tus yfbi eatfbefa ecbifb `csa ecstrudtah tu`fbi pfef `ldfsa yfbi ou`tapc`. (]lmmabs&
Jltrfb/ ]ajgfre B.Oatjgc``,=;;7)

M.CUAL@LIA

[cbycmfm pfsta OO taefd eadctfgua scjfrf pfsta tctfpa fef mcmcrfpf hfdtlr rasadl
yfbi efpft ocbycmfmdfb taomu`byf OO. [frf fg`a taefd efpft ocofstadfb mfgwf EBF
ef`fo sc` p`fsof yfbi ocbif`foa outfsa yfbi ocbycmfmdfb tcrnfeabyf dfbdcr. Ocrcdf
ocbicoudfdfb mcmcrfpf hfdtlr rasadl tcrnfeabyf OO yfatu>

6. us
usaf
af,, 18
18%
% df
dfsu
suss OO eaeaf
eaeafibl
iblsa
sass pfef
pfef us
usaf
af eaftf
eaftfss 53 tfgub
tfgub ef
efb
b 93
93%
% pf
pfef
ef usaf
usaf
eaftfs 9; tfgub.
=. icbctadf,
icbctadf, lrfbi
lrfbi yfbi ocopubyfa
ocopubyfa gumubifb
gumubifb crft
crft ecbifb
ecbifb pcbecratf
pcbecratf OO ocopuby
ocopubyfa
fa
rasadl yfbi `cmag tabiia ubtud tcrdcbf OO
:. lmcsatfs
5. eact,mcmcrf
eact,mcmcrfpf
pf pcbc`atafb
pcbc`atafb ocbiabead
ocbiabeadfsadfb
fsadfb mfgwf
mfgwf eact rcbefg
rcbefg adfb
adfb ftfu sfyurfb
sfyurfb ganfu
ganfu

ocopubyfa rasadl `cmag tabiia ubtud tcrdcbf OO


3. GAX/FAEZ
8. pcdcrn
pcdcrnffb
ffb tcrtcbt
tcrtcbtu
u oasf`
oasf`byf
byf lrfbi yfbi mcdcrnf
mcdcrnf eamaef
eamaefbi
bi firadu
firadu`tu
`turf`
rf`,,
abeustra du`at, dlsoctl`lia, efb pcbfomfbi oabyfd
9. pf
pfpf
pfrf
rfb
b mfgfb
mfgfb daoaf
daoaf efb prleud
prleudbyf
byf oasf
oasf`b
`byf
yf `l
`lif
ifo
o mc
mcrf
rft,
t, pcwfr
pcwfrbf
bf rfomu
rfomut,
t,
p`fstad, mcrofjfo ecmu oasf`byf ecmu dfyu, fsmcstls, gcrmasaef, abscdtasaef,
prleud oabyfd muoa
7. pfpfrfb
pfpfrfb rfeafsa,
rfeafsa, lrfbi-lrfb
lrfbi-lrfbi
i yfbi survavc
survavc efra
efra mlo ftlo
ftlo Garlsgaof
Garlsgaof efb
efb Bfifsfda
Bfifsfda
scjfrf mcrofdbf ocopubyfa rasadl yfbi `cmag tabiia ocbecratf OO
1. mcmcrfpf
mcmcrfpf pcbyfdat
pcbyfdat futlaoub
futlaoub oasf`by
oasf`byff rgcuoftla
rgcuoftlae
e frtgrat
frtgratas
as

J. OFBAHCZUFZA D@ABAZ

Absaecb pubjfd fef`fg 3; gabiif 8; tfgub. Ifomfrfb d`abas yfbi utfof mcrfsf` efra
abha`trfsa sc`-sc` p`fsof bclp`fstad dc ef`fo lrifb tumug (dgususbyf tu`fbi), prleudsa
aooubli`lmu`ab yfbi mcr`cmagfb (scrabi ecbifb sahft hasadldaoafwa yfbi fmblrof`) efb
suprcsa aoubatfs guolrf` yfbi blrof`.

 Abha`trfsa tu`fbi, bycra tu`fbi efb hrfdtur pftl`lias yfbi eascmfmdfb l`cg rcslrpsa
tu`fbi. Gapcrdf`scoaf scdubecr turut ocbaomu`dfb pcbyfdat iabnf` scrtf pl`auraf
ef
efb
b ef
efpf
pftt ocby
ocbycm
cmfm
fmdf
dfb
b mc
mcmc
mcrf
rfpf
pf ofba
ofbahc
hcst
stfs
fsaa bc
bcur
url`
l`li
lias
as yf
yfbi
bi oc`a
oc`apu
puta
ta
dcmabiubifb, dc`cofgfb, `ctfria scrtf dlbstapfsa.
 Abhcdsa mfdtcra yfbi rcdurcb tcrnfea dfrcbf mcrdurfbibyf prleudsa aooubli`lmu`ab
yfbi blrof`.
 Zaberl
Zaberlo
o gapcrv
gapcrvasd
asdlsa
lsatfs
tfs dfefbi-
dfefbi-dfef
dfefbi
bi tcr
tcrnfe
nfeaa dfrcbf
dfrcbf prleud
prleudsa
sa efb fircif
fircifsa
sa
prltcab O yfbi mcr`cmagfb.
 Absuhasacbsa iabnf` (gabiif 3;% pfsacb) mcrsahft ou`tahfdtlraf`. [rltcaburaf Mcbjc
Nlbcs
Nlbcs fifdbyf
fifdbyf ocbnfe
ocbnfeaa tfbef
tfbef tcrpcbt
tcrpcbtabi dfrcbf `aigt jgfabs yf
abi dfrcbf yfbi
bi eacdsdrcsa
eacdsdrcsadfb
dfb
mcrsahft tldsad mfia sc`-sc` cpatc`
cpatc` tumu`us iabnf`.
 Dc`fabfb suosuo tu`fbi yfbi `ufs ocbycmfmdfb fbcoaf blrolsatad blroldrload

efb dfefbi-dfefbi pcbsatlpcbaf yfbi olecrft.

(]lmmabs & Jltrfb / ]ajgfre B. Oatjgc``, =;;7)

E. [FULHAZAL@LIA

@aohlsat M ou`fa ea suosuo tu`fbi efb pabefg dc dc`cbnfr ictfg mcbabi. Zfft `aohlsat
M ecwfsf efb ocbfopa`dfb prltcab yfbi mcrmcef pfef pcroudffb sc`. Dctadf `aohlsat
M eafdtahdfb ubtud ocbic`ufrdfb fbtamlea, eadcbf` scmfifa sc` p`fsof.

Ou`tap`c oyc`lof mcrdcomfbi ea `aohlsat M sctc`fg ocbabiif`dfb mfiafb efra dc`cbnfr


ictfg mcbabi yfbi eadcbf` scmfifa pusft icroabf`. Ifras sc` blrof` pf`abi crft
gumubifbbyf ecbifb sc` Ou`tapc` oac`lof uouobyf eafbiifp mfad scmfifa sc` ocolra
eafdtahdfb M ftfu pfrf pcbefgu`u
pcbefg u`u ubtud sc` p`fsof, p`fsofm`fst tcrscmut.

Zastao dcdcmf`fb ocbnfif prl`ahcrfsa sc` M efb scdrcsa fbtamlea ea mfwfg dlbtrl` dctft.
Dctadf drlolslo efb icb yfbi rusfd, scrabidf`a oc`f`ua pcbftffb u`fbi, dlbtrl` aba
ga`fbi. Zcrabidf`a, mcricrfd icb prloltlr (ftfu trfbs`ljftcs) ubtud
drlolslo yfbi ocrfbisfbi icb fbtamlea tcrgfefp lvcrprleudsa.

Zcmufg trfbs`ldfsa drlolslo fbtfrf icb aoubli`lmu`ab rfbtfa mcrft


m crft (pfef drlolslo
dccopft mc`fs, 65q:= `ldus) efb suftu lbdlicb (scrabi 66q6:, 5p68.:, 8p=6, 68q=: efb
=;q66) scrabi eafofta pfef pfsacb ecbifb ou`tap`c oyc`lof. Gf` aba ocbycmfmdfb outfsa
earciu`fsa efra lbdlicb yfbi eafbiifp pcrastawf fwf` yfbi pcbtabi ef`fo pftlicbcsas
oyc`lof. Gfsa`byf fef`fg prl`ahcrfsa d`lb sc` p`fsof efb dctaefdstfma`fb icbload yfbi
ocbifrfg dc outfsa `cmag `fbnut efb trfbs`ldfsa. 65 dc`fabfb drlolslo yfbi eafofta pfef
scdatfr 3;% efra scouf dfsus oyc`lof. [cbigfpusfb
[cbig fpusfb (mfiafb efra) dctaif mc`fs drlolslo
nuif eafofta pfef scdatfr 3;% dfsus. [rleudsa satldab (tcrutfof A@-8) l`cg
l`cg sc` p`fsof
ocbycmfmdfb mfbyfd dcrusfdfb `ldf` ocrcdf, scpcrta lstclplrlsas, efb ocbjaptfdfb
`abidubifb oadrl ea ofbf sc`-sc` ifbfs mcrdcomfbi. Fbialicbcsas (efyf tfrad pcomu`ug
efrfg mfru) ocbabidft. Fbtamlea yfbi eagfsa`dfb easaopfb ef`fo mcrmfifa lrifb, yfbi
ocbycmfmdfb ifif` iabnf`, pl`abcurlpfta efb mcrmfifa icnf`f oyc`lof tcrdfat `fabbyf.

C. ICNF@F D@ABAZ

Icnf`f OO sfbift mcrvfrafsa tcrifbtubi stfeauo efb dcfeffb uouo pfsacb. Mfbyfd pfsacb
OO taefd ocbubnuddfb icnf`f sc`fof mcmcrfpf tfgub. [fef stfeauo fwf` mafsfbyf tfbpf
icnf`f scgabiif scrabi eatcoudfb scjfrf taefd scbifnf pfef sfft pcocradsffb `fmlrftlrauo
efrfg ftfu urab. Mafsfbyf
Mafsfbyf eatcoudfbbyf
eatcoudfbbyf fbcoaf ftfu prltcab
prltcab fmblrof`
fmblrof` yfbi
eascmutt
eascmu prltcab
prltcab olbld`lbf`
olbld`lbf` ftfu
ftfu prltcab
prltcab O ef`fo
ef`fo efrfg ftfu
ftfu urab.
urab. Icnf`f
Icnf`f d`abas
d`abas yfbi
tcrscrabi fef`fg dc`cofgfb efb bycra tu`fbi tcrutfof tu`fbi mc`fdfbi, pc`vas, jlstf efb
jrfbauo
jrfbauo yfatuscdatfr
yfatuscdatfr 9;% ecbifb ftfu tfbpf hrfdtur pftl`lias
pftl`lias ftfu abhcdsa.
abhcdsa. [cbabidftfb
[cbabidftfb

dfefr df`sauo ef`fo efrfg (gapcrdf`scoaf) eatcoudfb pfef scdatfr 63-:;% pfsacb ecbifb
rcbf` absuhasacbsa yfbi eascmfmdfb l`cg prcsapatfsa olbld`lbf` rfbtfa rabifb pfef tumu`us
dl`cdtavus. [rltcab Mcbjc Nlbcs yfbi ocbicbefp eaiabnf` efpft ocbycmfmdfb dcrusfdfb
iabnf` yfbi pcrofbcb.
pcrofbcb. Icnf`f fdam
fdamft
ft gapcrdf`scoa
gapcrdf`scoaff fbtfrf `fab rfsf gfus, scrabi
scrabi MFD,
jlbhusalb, dlbstapfsa, ga`fbi bfhsu ofdfb, ouf`, oubtfg efb bycra fmelocb. [fef 6;-=;%
pfsacb efpft eatcoudfb
e atcoudfb icnf`f d`abas `fabbyf tcrofsud saberlo vasjlsatfs, dloprcsa spabf`
jlre, bycra rfeadu`cr, ecplsat slht tassuc ftfu pcrefrfgfb.

Dloprc
Dloprcsa
sa spabf`
spabf` jlre
jlre mfgdfb
mfgdfb dcrusf
dcrusfdfb
dfb spabf`
spabf` efpft
efpft ocbcdf
ocbcdfb
b bcrvus
bcrvus yfbi mcrnf`
mcrnf`fb
fb

scpfbnfbi dl`uobf spabf`as. Icnf`f dloprcsa spabf` jlre fbtfrf `fab> dcscoutfb, fbcstfsa
efb dc`cofgfb
dc`cofgfb pfef dfda efb nfra-nfra
nfra-nfra,, abdlbtabcbsaf
abdlbtabcbsaf urab efbhcscs,
efbhcscs, ofsf`fg
ofsf`fg MFM efb
MFD. Dc`fabfb aoubatfs guolrf efb `cudlpcbaf ocouefgdfb
ocouefgdfb tcrnfeabyf abhcdsa. Icnf`f
bcurl`liaj scmfifa dlop`adfsa OO nuif efpft eanuopfa oasf`byf Jfrpf` tubbc` syberloc,
ocbabiatas (dgususbyf yfbi eascmfmdfb l`cg abhcdsa pbcuoljljjf` ftfu ocbabiljljjf`)
efb bcurlp
bcurlpfta
ftapcr
pcrahc
ahcr.
r. Foy`la
Foy`laels
elsas
as eatcou
eatcoudfb
dfb pfefsc
pfefscdat
datfr
fr 7-63%
7-63% pfsacb
pfsacb OO yfbi
yfbi
ocomcradfb dlbtramusa tcrgfefp eashubisa pfrcbdao iabnf`. Mftu sf`urfb dcoag dfefbi
eatcoudfb scmfifa fdamft pcbabidftfb dfefr fsfo urft efb df`sauo.Hfdtlr-hfdtlr aba pfef
fdgarbyf efpft ocbycmfmdfb dcifif`fb hubisa iabnf` efb dcoftafb.
H.EAFIBLZAZ

Ofbahcstfsa d`abas ou`tapc` oac`lof sfbift mcrvfrafsa. Dc`ugfb efb icnf`fbyf mcrgumubifb
ecbifb ofsf tuolr, dabctad pcrtuomugfb sc` p`fsof efb chcd hasadldaoafa, aoubl`liad,
efb guolrf
guolrf`` prleud
prleud yfbi
yfbi eamuft
eamuft efb eascdr
eascdrcsa
csa l`cg sc` p`fsof
p`fsof aba.
aba. Icn
Icnf`f
f`f tcr
tcrscm
scmut
ut
oc`aputa >

6. Bycra tu`fbi,
tu`fbi, mafsfbyf
mafsfbyf ea tu`fbi
tu`fbi mc`fdfbi,
mc`fdfbi, tu`fbi
tu`fbi pabiifbi
pabiifbi efb dcpf`f.
dcpf`f. Zcsufa
Zcsufa ecbifb
ecbifb
pcrnf`fbfb ou`tapc` oac`lof, gf` aba eaou`fa efra pcofdfafb tu`fbi tcrusocbcrus.
Dcrusfdfb aba masf ocbycmfmdfb rfsf bycra, dc`cofgfb efb pftfg tu`fbi.
=. Fbcoaf
Fbcoaf (nuo`fg
(nuo`fg efrfg ocrfg
ocrfg ocburub),
ocburub), sc`fof
sc`fof sc` oac`lo
oac`loff tcrus mcrtfomf
mcrtfomfg
g mfbyfd,
ocrcdf ocbcdfb nuo`fg sc` efrfg ocrfg, ocbycmfmdfb dc`cofgfb efb hftad.
:. Ocrfsf
Ocrfsf sfbift gfus,
gfus, scrabi
scrabi tcrdcbf
tcrdcbf abhcdsa
abhcdsa efb ecofo,
ecofo, scrtf
scrtf dcga`fbifb
dcga`fbifb mcrft
mcrft mfefb.
5. Ifbiiuf
Ifbiiufb
b iabnf`
iabnf`,, fdamft
fdamft dcrusfd
dcrusfdfb
fb efra dc`cmagfb
dc`cmagfb nuo`fg
nuo`fg prleuds
prleudsaa prltca
prltcab
b l`cg
l`cg sc`
oac`lof efb tabiiabyf dfefr df`sauo ef`fo efrfg yfbi ocbycmfmdfb rusfdbyf tu`fbi.
3. Xcblus tgrlom
tgrlomlcoml`
lcoml`aso
aso (XUC),
(XUC), pfsacb
pfsacb ecbifb ou`ta
ou`tapc`
pc` oac`lof
oac`lof fef`fg
fef`fg yfbi pf`abi
pf`abi
rasdfb tcrdcbf XUC. ]csadl aba ocbabidft l`cg dfrcbf mcmcrfpf pcbiiubffb ficb
tcrfpa scpcrta tgf`aeloaec efb `cbf`aeloaec. [rlha`fdsas oubidab masf ocbnfea tcpft
ubtud ocbigabefra XUC.
8. Gypcrvasjls
Gypcrvasjlsaty,
aty, pf`abi
pf`abi nfrfbi
nfrfbi eatcoudfb
eatcoudfb eamfbeabidfb
eamfbeabidfb dfrfdtcr
dfrfdtcrasta
astad
d ea ftfs. Nadf
Nadf dfefr
aooubli`lmu`ab efrfg ocbabidft, vasdlsatfs efrfg nuif masf ocbabidft. Gf` aba efpft
ocrumfg ocbtf` stftus eascmfmdfb suomftfb pcomu`ug efrfg efb ocburubbyf f`arfb

efrfg dc ltfd. Gcolrfiad


Gcolrfiad rctabf`,
rctabf`, pcrefrfgfb oudlsf efb icnf`f dfrealpu`ol
dfrealpu`olbfra,
bfra,
scpc
scpcrt
rtaa bfpf
bfpfss pc
pcbe
becd
cd ef
efb
b bybycr
craa ef
efef
ef,, ef
efpf
pftt tc
tcrn
rnfe
fea.
a. Na
Nadf
df mc
mcrt
rtfo
fomf
mfg
g pf
pfrf
rfg,
g,
gapcrvasdlsatfs efpft ocbnfea dcifwftefrurftfb yfbi ocomutugdfb pcbfbifbfb jcpft.
9. Ifomfr
Ifomfrfb
fb `fab fef`fg ofdrli`
ofdrli`lsa
lsaf,
f, saberlo
saberlo sf`urfb
sf`urfb dfrpf` efb eafrc fdamft
fdamft pcbyfdat
pcbyfdat
foa`la
foa`lae.
e. [fef
[fef scdat
scdatfr
fr =% dfsus
dfsus tcrefpf
tcrefpftt saberl
saberlo
o gapcrv
gapcrvasd
asdlsa
lsatfs
tfs eascrt
eascrtfa
fa ecbifb
ecbifb
purpurf, pcrefrfgfb, ifbiiufb pcbi`agftfb, icnf`f sastco sfrfh pusft, bcurlpfta scrtf
ifif` nfbtubi.
Eldtcr tcrdfefbi ocbcoudfb eafiblsas ou`tapc` oac`lof sctc`fg oc`fdudfb pcocradsffb
efrfg rutab. [f`abi scrabi, eldtcr ocbeuif eafiblsas ou`tapc` oac`lof sctc`fg oc`fdudfb
pcocradsffb rlbticb (x-rfy) ubtud dcfeffb pftfg
pf tfg tu`fbi. Mafsfbyf pfsacb eftfbi dc eldtcr
dfrcbf ocrcdf ocoa`ada icnf`f `fab. Sbtud ocbcbtudfb fpfdfg atu ou`tapc` oac`lof ftfu

mudfb, gfrus ea`fdudfb fbfobcsas ocbicbfa rawfyft dc`ufrif efb ea`fdudfb pcocradsffb
hasad. Sbtud `cmag ocbcifddfb eafiblsas, pcr`u ea`fdudfb tcs `fmlrftlrauo, scpcrta >

6. Ucs efrfg
efrfg > eapcradsf
eapcradsf nuo`fg
nuo`fg sc` efrfg
efrfg efb sumstfbs
sumstfbsaa `fabbyf.
`fabbyf. Oac`lof
Oac`lof ocbycmfmdfb
ocbycmfmdfb
tabiiabyf dfefr p`fsof sc` efb df`sauo. Dcmfbyfdfb lrfbi ecbifb oac`lof tcrdcbf
fbcoaf. Oac`lof nuif ocbabidftdfb dfefr prltcab > O prltcab, mctf-=-oajrli`lmu`ab
efb prltcab `fabbyf.
=. Ucs urab
urab > `fmlrf
`fmlrftlr
tlrauo
auo ococrad
ococradsf
sf Mcbjc Nlbc
Nlbcss prltcab,
prltcab, tapc
tapc efra
efra prltcab
prltcab O ef`fo
ef`fo
urab. @fmlrfb ocbigatubi nuo`fg prltcab Mcbjc Nlbcs ef`fo urab gabiif =5 nfo. Nadf

eatcoudfb ef`fo nuo`fg yfbi mfbyfd, pcr`u ea`fdudfb olbatlrabi iabnf`. Mcbjc Nlbcs
efpft ocbyuomft efb ocrusfd iabnf`.
:. ]feal`lia,
]feal`lia, ubtud
ubtud ococrads
ococradsff fefbyf `csa
`csa lstcl`a
lstcl`atad
tad ftfu
ftfu tu`fbi
tu`fbi yfbi pftfg.
pftfg.
5. Malpsa,
Malpsa, fef`fg sftu-s
sftu-sftubyf
ftubyf jfrf
jfrf ubtud ocbictfgua
ocbictfgua sc` oac`lof
oac`lof fef ea suosuo
suosuo tu`fbi.
tu`fbi.
Eldtcr dcoueafb fdfb ocoabefgdfb mcmcrfpf efra suosuo tu`fbi atu ubtud eanfeadfb
sfop`c ocbiiubfdfb `ljf` fbcstgcsaf.

Fef = jfrf ubtud ocbifoma` suosuo tu`fbi 4

f) mlbc ofrrlw
ofrrlw fsparftal
fsparftalb>
b> ocbiiubfdfb
ocbiiubfdfb nfruo
nfruo yfbi tapas
tapas ubtud
ubtud ocbifoma`
ocbifoma` sfop`c
sfop`c
m) mlbc ofrrlw malpsy > ocbiiubfdfb nfruo yfbi pfeft/rfpft ubtud ocbifoma`
pltlbifb tu`fbi efb suosuo tu`fbi.=,5,3,8

Ifomfrfb plsatah ubtud ocbcifddfb eafiblsas ocbjfdup gf` mcradut aba >

6. @cmag efra 6;% sc` p`fsof ef`fo suosuo tu`fbi.

=. Eatcoudfbbyf sc` oac`lof ef`fo tu`fbi ftfu mlbc ofrrlw malpsy.

:. Fefbyf prltcab oac`lof (dloplbcb O) pfef aoublc`cdtrlhlrcsas urabc ftfu p`fsof

5. Fefbyf `csa tu`fbi `atad ‐pubjgce-lut‟ rfealirfo rfbidf


3. Fpusfb pcrahcr yfbi ocbifbeubi
ocbifb eubi sc` oac`lof.

Mcmcrfpf pcocradsffb efrfg masf ocomfbtu ef`fo ocbeafiblsas pcbyfdat aba>

6. Gatubi
Gatubi ncbas
ncbas efrfg dlop`a
dlop`at,
t, masf ocbcoudf
ocbcoudfb b fefbyf fbocaf
fbocaf efb
efb sc` efrfg
efrfg ocrfg
ocrfg
yfbi fmblrof`.
=. @fnu cbefp sc` efrfg ocrfg (cratrlsa
(cratrlsat)
t) mafsfbyf
mafsfbyf tabiia.
tabiia.
:. Dfefr df`sau
df`sauoo tabiia,
tabiia, dfrcbf pcrumfgfb
pcrumfgfb ef`fo
ef`fo tu`fbi
tu`fbi ocbycmfmdfb
ocbycmfmdfb df`sauo
df`sauo ofsud
ofsud
dc ef`fo f`arfb efrfg.

Uctfpa dubja efra pcocradsffb


pcocradsffb eafiblstad
eafiblstad ubtud pcbyfdat
pcbyfdat aba fef`fg c`cdtrlhlr
c`cdtrlhlrcsas
csas prltcab
scruo efb aoublc`cdtrlhlrcsas, yfbi ocrupfdfb pcocradsffb efrfg ubtud ocbcoudfb efb
ocbcbt
ocbcbtudf
udfb
b fbtaml
fbtamlea
ea fmblrof
fmblrof`` yfbi ocrupf
ocrupfdfb
dfb tfbef
tfbef dgfs efra
efra oac`lo
oac`loff ou`tap
ou`tapc`.
c`.
Fbta
Fbtaml
mlea
ea aba
aba eatc
eatcou
oudf
dfb
b pf
pfef
ef sc
scda
datf
tfrr 73% pc
pcbec
becra
ratf
tf.. C`
C`cd
cdtr
trlh
lhlr
lrcs
csas
asaa fa
farr dcoag
dcoag ef
efb
b
aoublc`cdtrlhlrcsas nuif masf ocbcoudfb fefbyf prltcab Mcbjc-Nlbcs, pfef scdatfr :;-
5;% pcbecra
pcbecratf.
tf. ]lbtic
]lbticb
b scrabi
scrabidf`
df`aa ocbubn
ocbubnudd
uddfb
fb pcbicrl
pcbicrlplsf
plsfb
b tu`fbi
tu`fbi (lstcl
(lstclplr
plrlsa
lsas).
s).
Malpsa suosuo tu`fbi ocbubnuddfb scnuo`fg mcsfr sc` p`fsof yfbi scjfrf fmblrof`
tcrsusub ef`fo mfrasfb efb icrloml`fb, sc`-sc` nuif tfopfd fmblrof`.

I. DLO[@ADFZA

6) Efpft ttcrnfea
crnfea ifif` iabnf`
iabnf` fdamft
fdamft pcbicbefp
pcbicbefpfb
fb prltcab
prltcab Mcbjc
Mcbjc Nlbcs ea tumu`us
tumu`us iabnf`.
iabnf`.
=) [fsac
[fsacb
b oubidab
oubidab ocbnfea
ocbnfea fbcoaj
fbcoaj mcrft.
mcrft. (C`azfm
(C`azfmctg
ctg N.
N. Jlrwab,
Jlrwab, =;;1)

G. [CBFUF@FDZFBFFB

Lmft pcrcef bycra (fbf`ictad) yfbi duft efb tcrfpa pcbyabfrfb pfef tu`fbi yfbi tcrdcbf,
masf ocbiurfbia bycra tu`fbi.

[cbecratf yfbi ocoa`ada prltcab Mcbjc-Nlbcs ea ef`fo far dcoagbyf gfrus mfyfd oabuo
ubtu
ubtud
d ocbi
ocbicb
cbjc
jcrd
rdfb
fb fa
farr dc
dcoa
oag
g ef
efb
b ocom
ocomfb
fbtu
tu ocbj
ocbjci
cifg
fg ec
ecga
gaer
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fsa,
a, yf
yfbi
bi ma
masf
sf
ocbycmfmdfb tcrnfeabyf ifif` iabnf`.

[cbecratf gfrus tctfp fdtah dfrcbf tarfg mfrabi yfbi mcrdcpfbnfbifb masf ocopcrjcpft
tcrnfeabyf lstclplrlsas efb ocbycmfmdfb tu`fbi ouefg pftfg. Uctfpa taefd ml`cg `fra ftfu

ocbifbidft mcmfb mcrft dfrcbf tu`fbi-tu`fbibyf rfpug.


[fef pcbecratf yfbi ocoa`ada tfbef-tfbef abhcdsa (ecofo, ocbiiaia`, efcrfg dcocrfgfb ea
du`at) eamcradfb fbtamaltad.

[cbec
[cbecra
ratf
tf ecbif
ecbifb
b fbcoa
fbcoaff mcrft
mcrft masf
masf ocbn
ocbnf`
f`fba
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g ft
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cratrlplcta
cratrlplctab
b (lmft ubtud ocrfbisfbi
ocrfbisfbi pcomcbtudfb
pcomcbtudfb sc` efrfg ocrfg).
ocrfg). Dfefr df`sauo efrfg
yfbi tabiia
tabiia masf
masf ealmft
ealmftaa ecbifb
ecbifb prceba
prcebaslb
slb efb jfarfb
jfarfb abt
abtrfv
rfvcbf,
cbf, efb dfefbi
dfefbi ecbifb
ecbifb
eahlshlbft (lmft ubtud ocburubdfb dfefr df`sauo). F``lpurabl` eamcradfb dcpfef pcbecratf
yfbi ocoa`ada dfefr fsfo urft tabiia.

Dcoltcrfpa ocopcr`fomft pcrdcomfbifb pcbyfdat ecbifb ocomubug sc` p`fsof yfbi


fmblrof`. Qfbi pf`abi scrabi eaiubfdfb fef`fg oc`hf`fb efb sad`lhlshfoae. Dcoltcrfpa
nuif ocomubug sc` yfbi blrof`, dfrcbf atu sc` efrfg eapfbtfu efb elsasbyf eascsufadfb
nadf nuo`fg sc` efrfg putag efb trlomlsat tcr`f`u mfbyfd mcrdurfbi. Dlrtadlstcrlae
(oasf`byf prcebaslb ftfu ecdsfoctfslb) nuif eamcradfb scmfifa mfiafb efra dcoltcrfpa.

Dcoltcrfpa elsas tabiia eadlomabfsadfb ecbifb tcrfpa pcbyabfrfb ofsag ef`fo pcbc`atafb.
[cbilmftfb dlomabfsa aba sfbift mcrfjub, scgabiif scmc`uo pcbilmftfb sc` stco gfrus
eafb
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efra
ra ef
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bi pcbec
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g
pcbilmftfb sc`csfa. Mafsfbyf prlsceur aba ea`fdudfb pfef pcbecratf yfbi mcrusaf eamfwfg
3; tfgub. [fef 8;% pcbecratf, pcbilmftfb efpft ocopcr`fomft pcrdcomfbifb pcbyfdat.
[cbecratf yfbi ocomcradfb rcsplb tcrgfefp dcoltcrfpa masf mcrtfgfb sfopfa =-: tfgub
sctc`f
sctc`fg
g pcbyfda
pcbyfdatby
tbyff tcreaf
tcreafibls
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Dfefbi pcbecra
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tf yfbi mcrtfg
mcrtfgfb
fb sctc`f
sctc`fg
g ocbnf`
ocbnf`fba
fba
pcbilmftfb, masf ocbecratf `cudcoaf ftfu nfrabifb hamrlsf (nfrabifb pfrut) ea suosuo
tu`fbi. Dlop`adfsa `fbnut aba oubidab ocrupfdfb fdamft efra dcoltcrfpa efb scrabidf`a
ocbycmfmdfb fbcoaf mcrft efb ocbabidftdfb dcpcdffb pcbecratf tcrgfefp abhcdsa

A. D@
D@FZ
FZAH
AHAD
ADFZ
FZA
A

Zcjfrf pcrdcomfbifb pcbyfdat, ou`tap`c oyc`lof eamfia ocbnfea : dftcilra>


6. Olblj`lbf` ifoolpftgy lh ubectcroabce saibahajfbjc (OISZ)
=. Fsyoptloftaj/sol`ecrabi oyc`lof
:. Zyoptloftaj oyc`lof/oyc`lof
oyc`lof/oyc`lof fdtah
OISZ efb fsyoptloftaj/sol`ecrabi oyc`lof fef`fg dlbeasa yfbi taefd mcrmfgfyf efb
taefd ocbfopfddfb icnf`f. [fef tfgfp aba, pfsacb nuif taefd fdfb eamcra dcoltcrfpa
ofupub lmft OO `fabbyf. Gfbyf lmscrvfsa sfnf.

Nadf suefg sfopfa pfef tfgfp syoptloftaj oyc`lof/oyc`lof


oyc`lof/oyc`lof fdtah, mfru`fg pfsacb
ocbcraof dcoltcrfpa efb lmft OO. [fef tfgfp aba pu`f mafsfbyf pfsacb OO ou`fa
tcreafiblsas.

N. UABIDFUFB [CBQFDAU.

Mcrefsfrdfb dc`fs. ( Eurac fbe Zf`olb, 6193).

ZUFEASO A >

6. [fsacb ecbifb nuo`fg sc` durfbi efra ;,8 tra`aub sc`/o=.

=. ]feal`lia
]feal`lia > • Eatcoudfb oac`lof
oac`lof sl`atcr.

• ]fbidf tumug blrof`

:. @fmlrftlrauo > • dfefr gcoli`lmab `cmag efra 6; oi/e`.

• Dfefr df`sauo scruo durfbi ftfu sfof ecbifb 6= oi/e`.

• Ai I durfbi efra 3 ir/e` ef`fo scruo.

• Ai F durfbi efra : ir/e` ef`fo scruo.

ZUFEASO AA >

6. [fsacb ecbifb nuo`fg sc` fbtfrf ;,8 ‚ 6,= tra`aub sc`/o=.

=. ]feal`liad > taefd jljld ecbifb stfeauo A efb AA.

:. @fmlrftlrad > taefd jljld ecbifb stfeauo A efb AA

ZUFEASO AAA >

6. [fsacb ecbifb nuo`fg sc` `cmag efra 6,= tra`aub /o= sc` p`fsof.

=. ]feal`liad > eanuopfa `csa lstcl`atad yfbi `ufs.

:. @fmlrftlrad >

• Dfefr gcoli`lmab durfbi efra 7,3 ir/e`.

• Dfefr df`sauo scruo `cmag efra 6= oi/e`.


• Ai I `cmag efra 9 ir/e`.

• Ai F `cmag efra 3 ir/e`.

ZSM D@FZAHADFZA >

f. Drcftabab scruo durfbi/sfof ecbifb = oi/e`.

m. Drcftabab scruo `cmag efra = oi/e`.

JFUFUFB >

• [fsacb A F > Ecbifb gfrfpfb gaeup rcrftf 61 mu`fb.

• [fsacb AAA M > Ecbifb gfrfpfb gaeup rcrftf 3 mu`fb

DLBZC[ EFZF] FZSGFB DC[C]FYFUFB

[CBIDFNAFB

F. Fbfob
bfobcs
csff
6. Aecb
Aecbta
tatf
tfss [fs
[fsac
acb
b
=. Dc`
Dc`ugfb
ugfb Stfo
Stfoff
:. ]a
]awf
wfyf
yftt [cbyf
[cbyfda
datt Zcdf
Zcdfrfbi > [cr`u eadfna pcrfsffb bycra ftfu sfdat yfbi eadc`ugdfb
rfbi
pfsacb, dfpfb tcrnfeabyf, mafsfbyf tcrnfea pfef of`fo gfra. Ufbyfdfb uour pfsacb,
rawfyft ef`fo dc`ufrif fpfdfg fef yfbi ocbecratf dfbdcr, prbfg taefdbyf tcrpfpfr
ef`fo wfdtu `fof tcrgfefp zft-zft dfrsablicb efb scsufa eafbnurdfb
5. ]a
]awf
wfyf
yftt [cby
[cbyfd
fdat
at Efg
Efgu`
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u
3. ]awf
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yftt Dc
Dc`u
`ufr
frif
if
8. Fdtava
Fdtavatfs
tfs/as
/astar
tarfgft
fgft > Icnf`f
Icnf`f>> Of`fas
Of`fasc,
c, ocrfsf
ocrfsf `c`
`c`fg,
fg, `ctag
`ctag Ufbef>
Ufbef> ic`asfg
ic`asfg safbi
safbi efb
of`fo, ifbiiufb pl`f astrfgft efb pl`f taeur, of`fasc (dc`cofgfb efb dc`ctagfb)
efb ifbiiufb f`ft icrfd.
9. [l
[l`f
`f dc
dcmc
mcrs
rsag
agfb
fb
7. [c
[crs
rslb
lbf`
f` gy
gyia
iabc
bc
1. Fdtavatfs
6;. C`aoab
C`aoabfsa
fsa Icnf`f
Icnf`f>> [crumfg
[crumfgfb
fb pfef c`aoab
c`aoabfsa
fsa urabfr
urabfraus
aus oasf`
oasf`byf
byf bycra,
bycra, pfef
pfef sfft
sfft
mcrdcoag efb pl`aurab, pcrumfgfb pfef pl`f echcdfsa eatfbefa ecbifb fefbyf efrfg
yfbi mcrjfopur pfef hcscs, efb bycra pfef sfft echcdfsa.
echcdfsa.

M. [c
[coc
ocra
rads
dsff
ffb
b Hasa
Hasad
d

Dcfeffb
Dcfeffb Souo,D
Souo,Dcsf
csfefr
efrfb,U
fb,Ucdfb
cdfbfb
fb efrfg,
efrfg, Bfea,
Bfea, ]cspar
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fsa,Uc
,Ucopc
opcrftur. @fdudfb
rftur.
pcocradsffb ubtud ocbiaecbtahadfsa fefbyf bycra, mcbidfd, pcricrfdfb tcrmftfs,
dc`cofgfb.
dc`cofgfb.

6) Zardu`fsa

Icnf`f>
Icnf`f> [f`patfsa
[f`patfsa , fefbyf pcomcbidfdfb
pcomcbidfdfb ocopc
ocopcbifruga
bifruga sardu`fsa
sardu`fsa efb fefbyf
bycra pfef efef dfrcbf suomftfb pfef vcbf

Ufbef> [cbabidftfb tcdfbfb efrfg.

=) C`aoabfsa

Icnf`f> [crumfgfb pfef c`aoabfsa urabfraus oasf`byf bycra, pfef sfft mcrdcoag
efb pl`aurab, pcrumfgfb pfef pl`f echcdfsa eatfbefa ecbifb fefbyf efrfg yfbi
mcrjfopur pfef hcscs, efb bycra pfef sfft echcdfsa.

Ufbef> fefbyf pcrumfgfb pfef wfrbf urab, pcrumfgfb pfef pcrastf`ta


pcrastf`tad
d usus, scrtf
fefbyf eastcbsa fmelocb

:) Ofdfbf
Ofdfbfb
b / Jfarfb
Jfarfb

Icnf`f> durfbi bfhsu ofdfb, pl`f ofdfb murud, (oasf`byf rcbefg tabiia `cofd,
fefbyf zft featah, mfgfb pcbifwct), fblrcdsaf, ouf` / oubtfg

Ufbef> [cburubfb mcrft mfefb, mcrdurfbibyf ofssf ltlt, efb pcrumfgfb pfef
turilr du`at.

5) Gaciabc
Icnf`f>
Icnf`f> Oc`fdudfb
Oc`fdudfb gaicbc eara scbeara gfrus eamfbtu lrfbi `fab, dfrcbf ifbiiufb
cdstrcoatfs ofdf ocbnfif gyiacbc taefd efpft ea`fdufdfb, of`fs ofbea

Ufbef> Fefbyf pcrumfgfb pfef dcmcrsagfb du`at, dudu efb scmfifabyf.

3) Bcur
Bcurls
lscb
cbsl
slra
ra

Icnf`f> [usabi

Ufbef> [fsacb scrabi oc`foub efb sudf ocbycbeara.

8) Dcfofbfb

Icnf`f
Icnf`f>> Dfrcbf
Dfrcbf fefbyf
fefbyf pcofnf
pcofnfbfb
bfb pfef
pfef daoaf
daoaf tldsad
tldsad,, dfrsab
dfrsablicb
licb pcofnf
pcofnfbfb
bfb
oftfgfra `fof / mcr`cmagfb.

Ufbef> Ecofo, rufo du`at efb u`scrfsa.

9) Abtc
Abtcir
irat
atfs
fs Cil
Cil
Icnf`f > Ocbfrad eara efra `abidubifb, dfrcbf hfdtlr strcss (fefbyf ifbiiufb pfef
dcufbifb, pcdcrnffb, efb pcrumfgfb pcrfb), sc`fab atu mafsfbyf ocbl`fd eafiblsas,
pcrfsffb taefd mcrefyf, taefd ofopu, rfsf mcrsf`fg, dcga`fbifb jlbtrl` efb ecprcsa.
Ufbef > Ocbyfbidf`, ofrfg, dfsfr,. efb sudf ocbycbeara.

J. ]a
]awf
wfyf
yftt [sadls
[sadlsls
lsaf
af``

Dfna fefbyf dcjcofsfb, tfdut ftfupub ecprcsa


E. [cocra
[cocradsf
dsffb
fb eafib
eafiblst
lstad
ad

[cradsf fefbyf fbcoa, gapcrdf`scoaf, gapcrdf`sauraf efb gapcrurascoaf

C. [comc`
[comc`fnf
fnfrfb
rfb / Gcf`tg
Gcf`tg ceujft
ceujftalb
alb

Ocomcra pcbictfgufb tcbtfbi pcbyfdat dfbdcr ocbicbfa icnf`f ‚ icnf`f, rawfyft


pcbyfdat dfbdcr dc`ufrif, efb ocomcra pcbicrtafb dcpfef dc`ufrif tcbtfbi upfyf
pcbilmftfb.
EAFIBLZF

6. Bycra
Bycra mcrgum
mcrgumubif
ubifb
b ecbifb
ecbifb abha`t
abha`trfs
rfsaa tuolr
tuolr

=. ]csadl
]csadl tcrgfefp
tcrgfefp jcecrf>
jcecrf> hrfdtur
hrfdtur pftl`li
pftl`liad
ad mcrgumubifb
mcrgumubifb ecbifb
ecbifb tuolr.
tuolr.
:. Durfbi
Durfbi pcbictfgufb
pcbictfgufb mcrgumub
mcrgumubifb
ifb ecbifb
ecbifb pcbyfdat
pcbyfdat efb
efb prlirfo
prlirfo tcrfpcu
tcrfpcutad.
tad.
5. Dcta
Dctaef
efdc
dchc
hcdt
dtah
ahfb
fb dl
dlpa
pabi
bi abea
abeava
vaeu
eu mc
mcrg
rgum
umub
ubif
ifb
b ec
ecbi
bifb
fb rf
rfsf
sf tf
tfdu
dutt tc
tcbt
btfb
fbi
i
dctaef
dctaefdtf
dtfguf
gufb,
b, pcrscp
pcrscpsa
sa tcbtfb
tcbtfbi
i prlscs
prlscs pcbyfda
pcbyfdatt efb systco
systco pcbeudu
pcbeudubi
bi taefd
taefd
fecduft.
3. Ifbiiuf
Ifbiiufb
b gfrif eara mcrgumubi
mcrgumubifb
fb ecbifb ga`fbib
ga`fbibyf
yf mfiafb tumug
tumug ftfu
ftfu pcrumfg
pcrumfgfb
fb
dabcrnf pcrfb.

ABUC]XCBZA

BL Ztfbefr Eafiblsas Ztfbefr @ufrfb Dcpcrfwftfb Ztfbefr Abtcrvcbsa


Dcpcrfwftfb Abelbcsaf Abelbcsaf (Z@DA) Dcpcrfwftfb Abelbcsaf
(ZEDA) (ZADA)
6 Bycra Drlbas Ocbabidft > Lmscrvfsa >
Echabasa > pcbif`fofb Dcofopufb ocbubtfsdfb 6. Aecbt
Aecbtahad
ahadfsa
fsa `ldfsa ,
scbslrad / colsalbf` fdtavatfs eurfsa, hrcducbsa,
yfbi mcrdfatfb ecbifb duf`atfs, abtcbsatfs
dcrusfdfb nfrabifb Ocburub> bycra
fjtuf`/ hubisalbf`, 6. Dc`u
Dc`ugf
gfb
b bycr
bycraa =. Aecbt
Aecbtahad
ahadfsa
fsa sdf`f bycra,
bycra,
ecbifb lbsct ocbefefd/ =. Ocrabias :. Aec
Aecbta
btahad
hadfsa
fsa rcsplb
rcsplb
`fomft efb mcrabtcbsatfs :. Ic`asfg bycra blbvcrmf`
rabifb gabiif mcrft yfbi 5. Dcsu
Dcsu`a
`atf
tfb
b ttae
aeur
ur 5. Aecbt
Aecbtahad
ahadfsa
fsa hfjtlr
hfjtlr yfbi
yfbi
mcr`fbisubi durfbi efra 3. Ocbf
Ocbfrrad ear
earaa ocopcrmcrft efb
: mu`fb 8. Mcrh
Mcrhld
ldusus pfe
pfeff eara
eara ocopcrabifb bycra
scbeara 3. Aec
Aecbta
btahad
hadfsa
fsa
[cbycmfm pcbictfgufb tcbtfbi
f.dlbeasaousdu`lsdc`ctf` Ocomfad > bycra
drlbas 6. Hr
Hrcd
cduc
ucbs
bsaa bf
bfea
ea 8. Aecbt
Aecbtahad
ahadfsa
fsa pcbifrug
pcbifrug
m. dcrusfdfb sastco =. [l`f bf
bfhfs muefyf tcrgfefp rcsplb
syfrfh :. Ucdf
Ucdfbf
bfbb efr
efrfg
fg bycra
j.pcbcdfbfb syfrfh 5. [cra`fdu
e.abha`trfsa tuolr 3. [l`
[l`f ta
taeur Ucrfpcutad >
f.Mcradfb tcdbad blb
hfrofdl`lias, ubtud
ocbiurfbia bycra
Icnf`f tfbef ofylr m. Jlbtrl`
6. Zumyc
ycddtah `abidubifb yfbi
Ocbic`ug bycra ocopcrmcrft efb
ocopcrabifb bycra
=. Lmncdtah j.Hfsa`atfsa astarfgft efb
f. Ufop
Ufopfd
fd ocra
ocrabi
bias
as taeur
m. Mcrsadfp prltcdtah
j. Ic`asfg Ceudfsa >
e.Uaefd ofopu f. Nc`fsd
Nc`fsdfb
fb pcbycmf
pcbycmfm,m,
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