MFK GGOO  Cavfnerf 522; 

Rranatlac 522;-5225 

@arrloì mu `actrýjf m'gymrkujlquf hjuvlkjf

Jfs rfnk
Jfs rfnkrq
rquf
ufs
s fc s`rl
s`rlpt
pt sact
sact mfs
mfs `ann
`annfc
fctk
tklr
lrfs
fs supp
suppjì
jìnf
nfct
ctkl
klrf
rfs
s
rìsu
rìsujt
jtkc
kct
t mf jk jf`t
jf`tur
urf
f mf vas
vas `apl
`aplfs
fs.
. Ea
Eacc
ccf
f jf`t
jf`tur
urf.
f.
 
; - [ufjqufs qufstlacs mf narpgajaolf hjuvlkjf

;.; ‐   (= palcts) 

palcts)  Vcf rlvlçrf `aujf sur mfs kjjuvlacs skejfusfs mf orkcujanìtrlf ganaoçcf.
Raur lrrloufr, uc korl`ujtfur k rìkjlsì uc orkcm eksslc `rfusì mkcs jf jlt nkdfur, ìjalocì mf 6 n
mf jk efrof mu jlt nlcfur. @f eksslc ìtkct mfstlcì ïâ panpfr
panpfr mf j“fku, sac hacm fst `rfusì
sfcslejfnfct pjus prahacmìnfct quf `fjul mu jlt mu `aurs m“fku.
m“fk u. J“lrrloukct c“k pks ìtì kttfctlh
â ucf ìraslac mf efrof qul s“fst pfu â pfu mìvfjappìf dusqu“â `f qu“uc vìrltkejf
`actaurcfnfct s“apçrf. [ufjjf fst jk ckturf mfs `acsìqufc`fs quksl lnnìmlktfs sur jf prahlj
fc jaco ;22 n â j“knact, ;22 n â j“kvkj, 6 in â j“knact ft 6 in â j“kvkj 1
;.5 - (5 palcts) Nänfs
palcts) Nänfs qufstlacs `lcq kcs kprçs 1 (Jf eksslc ìtkct mf orkcmf mlnfcslac, ac
`acslmçrf qu“lj cf s“fst pks fc`arf `anejì ku eaut mf 6 kcs).

Uìpacsf 4

K @AVU] ]FUNF
Fraslac rìorfsslvf fc knact, qul s“fc`jfc`gf lcstkctkcìnfct ft qul sf prapkof rkplmfnfct â
;22 n puls â 6 in, skuh sl uc sfulj ckturfj au krtlhl`lfj pfrnft mf ejaqufr `f pgìcançcf.
Fraslac praorfsslvf fc kvkj, qul fst vlslejf â ;22 n nkls skcs `frtklcfnfct pks â 6 in, `kr jf
 pra`fssus mf mìhl`lt sajlmf fst `anpfcsì jfctfnfct pkr prìjçvfnfct sur jf hacm, ku hlj mfs
`rufs su``fsslvfs.

K NA\FC ]FUNF (6 kcs).

Fc knact, j“ìraslac rìorfsslvf fst k`gfvìf kussl elfc â ;22 n qu“â 6 in (taudaurs mkcs
j“gypatgçsf mf j“kesfc`f mf palct mur). Jk pfctf fst pkrkjjçjf â j“kc`lfccf pfctf.
Fc kvkj, j“ìraslac praorfsslvf k kttflct jf palct sltuì â 6 in, nkls c“fst pks har`ìnfct
k`gfvìf. ]aut mìpfcm mu rkppart fctrf jf mycknlsnf mu `aurs m“fku ft jf vajunf mu eksslc.

Efku`aup act ì`rlt « â jaco tfrnf ¹ ku jlfu mf « kprçs 6 kcs ¹.

Ar, ac cf pfut kesajunfct pks `acslmìrfr quf j“ac fst â jaco
tfr
tfrnf qukc
qukcmm ac sklt
sklt quf jf ekssl
ksslc
c c“fs
c“fst
t pk
pkss fc
fc`a
`arf
rf `an
anej
ejì
ì ! Jf
jac
jaco tfrnf
frnf (cac
(cac mfn
mfnkcmì
kcmì)) `arr
arrfspa
fspacm
cm ku `an
`anej
ejfn
fnfc
fct
t mu eks kss
slc
(dusqu“â gkutfur mfs hacms k`tufjs). Krrät mf j“ìraslac
 praorfsslvf `kr taut jf mìelt sajlmf krrlvf â cauvfku 9 krrät
mf j“ìr
j“ìras
asla
lac
c rìor
rìorfs
fssl
slvf
vf qul
qul c“k
c“k pjus
pjus mf rkls
rklsac
ac mf sf pram
pramul
ulrf
rf.
.
Mìnk
Mìnkrr
rrko
kof
f m“uc
m“uc fxgk
fxgkus
ussf
sfnf
nfct
ct prao
praorf
rfss
sslh
lh ft rfta
rftaur
ur mfs
mfs pfct
pfctfs
fs
knac
knactt ft kvkj
kvkj â jfur
jfurss vkjf
vkjfur
urs
s lclt
lcltlk
lkjf
jfs.
s. Ac cf pfut
pfut `fpf
`fpfcm
cmkc
kct
t
 pks pkrjfr m“lrrìvfrsleljltì
m“lrrìvfrsleljltì `kr lj rfstf uc `gkcofnfct mf
trk`ì.

  ;/8
 

 
5 - Fxfr`l`f rfjktlh ku trkcspart sajlmf (;0 palcts) 

Palt ucf rlvlçrf mf jkrofur fc tätf ;  J >  62 n. n. Pk sf`tlac fst ksslnljìf â uc trkpçzf mact jk
5
gkutfur vkut = n ftn ft jk pfctf mfs 5 tkjus  vkut ;/5
;/5.. Jk pfctf mu hacm fst l > 2,5%,
2,5%, ft
 ft jf hacm fst
`acstltuì mf orkvlfrs m'uc mlknçtrf nìmlkc m   > ;,6 `n, `n, ft mf nkssf vajunlquf spì`lhlquf
 ϋ  s > 5?22 io  / n 0 . Jk parasltì mfs orkvlfrs vkut c > 2,0.
2,0.

Ac `gfr`gf â `kj`ujfr jf `afhhl`lfct ojaekj mf Ptrl`ijfr  I   mf `f `aurs m'fku. Raur `fjk ac
rìkjlsf uc dkuofkof jars m'ucf `ruf. J'gymraorknnf mf `fttf `ruf fst fxtränfnfct pfu palctu
(`ruf cac erutkjf) ft m'kutrf pkrt ac suppasfrk quf jk sf`tlac, jk ruoasltì ft jk pfctf mu `aurs
m'fku sact prktlqufnfct `acstkctfs sur jf tracïac `acslmìrì. Jf mìelt nfsurì vkut [;  >
52= n0 /s ft jars mf jk nfsurf, jf tlrkct m'fku vkut 5,6 n.
n.  Catktlacs 4 utljlsfr j“lcml`f ; paur jk `ruf
 dkuoìf ft 5 paur jk `ruf mf pjflc earm. 

PAJV]LAC 

5.; - [ufj fst j'lctìrät mf skvalr quf j'gymrao

j'gymraorknnf
rknnf fst pfu palctu 1 [ufj fst j'lctìrät mf skvalr
quf jfs `krk`tìrlstlqufs oìanìtrlqufs sact rìoujlçrfs 1

Uìpacsf 4
J'gymraorknnf kykct ucf harnf pfu palctuf, `fjk caus pfrnft mf hklrf j'kppraxlnktlac mu
rìolnf pfrnkcfct. (F(Ft
t cac
cac pkspks uclh
uclhar
arnf
nf au elfc
elfc ororkmkmuf
ufjj
jjfn
fnfc
fct t vkrl
vkrlì ì 4
cf `achacmfz pks jf rýjf mu pkrknçtrf tfnps ft `fjul mu
 pkrknçtrf « fspk`f ¹ !)
Jk rìoujkrltì mfs `krk`tìrlstlqufs oìanìtrlqufs (ft mf jk ruoasltì) caus kutarlsf â `acslmìrfr
quf jf rìolnf fst pfrnkcfct uclharnf.

5.5 - @kj`ujfr kvf` prì`lslac jf `afhhl`lfct mf Ptrl`ijfr mu jlt  I , quf j'ac suppa
suppasf `acstkct
 paur tautf jk gkutfur mu jlt nlcfur. @kj`ujfr jf `afhhl`lfct mf Ptrl`ijfr mfs orklcs0. @kj`ujfr jf
mìelt mf pjflc earm [5 (`'fst â mlrf jarsquf jf tlrkct m'fku fst nkxlnkj).
Uìpacsf 4
Jfs gypatgçsfs rkppfjìfs fc 5.; caus kutarlsfct â fnpjayfr jk harnujf mf Ptrl`ijfr
. ; 5 / 0 l ; /  5  aü l fst jk pfctf mu hacm. J'lcml`f ; fst rfjktlh â jk `ruf dkuoìf.
[;  >  I .P ;  U
Jk jkrofur mu hacm mf jk sf`tlac suppasìf trkpìzaámkjf vkut 62 ∕ 5 ß 5 ß = > 0= n.  

Raur jk `ruf dkuoìf, jk jkrofur ku nlralr vkut  J; > 0= + 5 ß 5 ß 5 ,6 > == n , ft jk sf`tlac
nauljjìf vkut P ; > 5 ,6 ß ( 0=  ,6 n 5 .  
  + == ) /  5 > <? 

Jf pìrlnçtrf nauljjì vkut  R ; > 0= + 5  5 ,6 5 + 65 > =6 n.  M'aü

 U; > P ;  /  R ; >  <?  ,6 / =6 > 5 ,;?  n.  

;
 Jkrofur fc tätf > jkrofur ku nlralr jarsquf j“ì`aujfnfct fst â pjflc earm > mlstkc`f fctrf jfs sannfts mf efrof.
5
 Rfctf m“uc tkjus > gkutfur sur jacoufur nfsurìf garlzactkjfnfct.
0
 Ac rkppfjjf quf jf `afhhl`lfct mf Ptrl`ijfr mfs orklcs (qul trkmult jk ruoasltì mf pfku) vkut
; / 8  ; /  0 ∕;
 I  orklcs
  > 5; m  , fxprlnì fc n  s .

  5/8
 

 Catk 4 ac `acstktf qu'lj c'ìtklt pks vrklnfct kmnlsslejf m'ksslnljfr

jk sf`tlac â uc rf`tkcojf ft mf `achacmrf U ft y > 5,6 n. Mf pjus,
jf vrkl `kj`uj ìtkct lchlclnfct hk`ljf, paurqual s“fc prlvfr 1
Fchlc, mf trçs canerfusfs frrfurs sur jfs `kj`ujs mf surhk`f mf
trkp
trkpçz
çzf.
f. Hklt
Hkltfs
fs mac`
mac` uc mfss
mfsslc
lc `atì
`atì prap
praprf
rf ft lj mfvl
mfvlfc
fct
t lnpa
lnpass
ssle
lejf
jf
mf sf tran
tranpf
pfr.
r.
 
[; 52=
Jk harnujf mf Ptrl`ijfr maccf 4  I  > >
5 / 0 ; / 5
> 57 n ; / 0  /  s .  
. ;5 / 0 l ; / 5
P  U <?  ,6 ß 5 ,;?  ß 2 ,225
; / 8  ; / 8  ; /  0
 I  orklcs > 5; m  > 5; 2 ,2;6 > =5 n  s ; .   ∕

Jf mìelt mf pjflc earm fst kttflct paur  y 5   > = n.  J'lcml`f 5 fst rfjktlh â jk `ruf mf pjflc earm.
earm. 
Jk sf`tlac nauljjìf vkut P 5 > =( 0=  + 62 ) / 5 > ;87 n 5 . Jf pìrlnçtrf nauljjì vkut

 R 5 > 0= + 5   = 5 + 75 > 6; ,< n.  

M'aü [5 > 57 ß ;87 ß ( ;87 /  6; ,< )5 / 0 ß 2 ,225; / 5 > =82 n 0  /  s .  

5.0 - Mkcs qufjjf haur`gfttf sf sltuf jk vkjfur rìfjjf mu mìelt mf pjflc earm sl jfs mlnfcslacs
oìanìtrlqufs sact `accufs â 2,6 % prçs, jk pfctf â 2,5 % prçs ft jf mìelt dkuoì â 5 % prçs 1 Ft
sl j'ac sf tranpklt efku`aup pjus sur jk pfctf, quf sf pkssfrklt-lj 1
Lcml`ktlac 4 jk rìpacsf,
r ìpacsf, nänf `arrf`tfnfct fxpjlquìf, cf malt pks mìpkssfr fcvlrac ¾ pkof.

Uìpacsf 4 
4 
Raur trauvfr j'lc`frtltumf sur jf rìsujtkt ([5 ) , lj hkut `annfc`fr pkr j'fxprlnfr fc hac`tlac
mfs maccìfs mf eksf qul act ìtì nfsurìfs.
 Catk 4 slcac, vaus kjjfz tfclr `anptf m“lc`frtltumfs
m“lc`frtltumfs sur mfs
 pkrknçtrfs lctfrnìmlklrfs
lctfrnìmlklrfs mact jf rýjf pfut trçs elfc
s“kc
s“ kccu
cujf
jfrr 4 fxfn
fxfnpjpjff jk pfct
pfctf.f.
5 /  0 ; /  5 5 /  0 ; /  5 (P 5  /  P ; )6 / 0
[5  >  I .P 5  U
. 5 l  ft [;  >  I .P ;  U
. ; l , m'aü [5  > [; .
( R 5  /  R ; )5 / 0

∈[5 6.∈P    5.∈ R  ∈[; ∈ R  ∈P 

M'aü > 5 + 5 + . > 2 ,6% pkr gypatgçsf,
gypatgçsf, ft > 5 ß 2 ,6 > ;%.  Mac` 4
[5 0.P  0 R 
. [;  R  P 

∈[5 > 5 ß 6 ß ; + 5 ß 5 ß 2 ,6 + 5 > 8 %.  

[5 0 0
0
Palt ∈[5 > 2 ,28  =77   n 0  /  s .  
  ß =82 > 57 n  /  s .  Ft [5 fst mac` `anprls fctrf =05 ft =77

Jk harnujf macckct [5  fc hac`tlac mfs vkjfurs nfsurìfs nactrf quf [5 cf mìpfcm pks mf jk
orkcmf sur jk pfctf cf `gkcof mac` rlfc ! Vc sfuj
 pfctf. Vcf lc`frtltumf pjus orkcmf fuj j“k vu… 

Lj s'ko
s'kol
lsskl
ssklt
t mf vaus
aus rkppf
kppfj
jfr qu'l
qu'lj
j hku
kut
t tau
auda
dau
urs okrm
okrmfr
fr uc
 Őlj `rltlquf sur jfs maccìfs qu'ac utljlsf. Xaus hklslfz `f
typf mf `kj`uj fc sf`acmf, ft vaus mfvfz lnpìrktlvfnfct
rìkpprfcmrf `f ofcrf mf `gasf. Efsalc mf mìrauljjkof paur
 efku`aup, slcac taus…

  0/8
 

5.= - @kj`ujfr jf pkrknçtrf mf Pglfjms ύ *  paur jf mìelt mf pjflc earm =. [u'fc `ac`jurf paur jk
ckturf mu trkcspart sajlmf 1 Nänf qufstlac jarsquf jf tlrkct m'fku vkut sfujfnfct ;,2 n, puls
n, puls  
2,6 n.
n.

Uìpacsf 4 
4 
 ϋ w . y .l 5 ß ;2 0 ∕

Jf pkrknçtrf mf Pglfjms mu skejf fst ύ * > >  y > 2 ,2?7. y  

(  ϋ  s ∕ ϋ w )m  ; ,? ß 2 ,2;6

@f hklskct, ac k `acslmìrì uclqufnfct jk sf`tlac sltuìf ku-mfssus mu hacm

( P  > 0= ß y 9 R 
  > 0= ! U >  y ). @fjk rfvlfct â cf pks tfclr `anptf mu rýjf mfs efrofs fc tfrnf

mf trkcspart sajlmf, `f qul fst dustlhlì `kr ku vu mf jfur `afhhl`lfct mf Ptrl`ijfr fjjfs sact
rfjktlvfnfct ealsìfs.
K pjflc earm,  y > = n, m'aü ύ * > 2 ,2?7   ß = > 2 ,0;   Mac` ύ * 3 2 ,56   4 lj y k trkcspart pkr

suspfcslac.
Raur y
Raur n, ύ * > 2 ,27 4 lj y k mac` `gkrrlkof.
 y > ; n, `gkrrl kof.
Raur y
Raur  y > 2,6 n,n,  ύ * > 2 ,
  2= : 2 ,2=? 4 pks mf trkcspart sajlmf.

 Catk 4 `“fst elfc ύ *   ft cac  ε .ύ  * qu“l qu“lj j hkut

hkut `acs `acslm lmìr
ìrfr
fr paur
paur
mìtfrn
mìtf rnlc
lcfr
fr jf mìeu
mìeutt mf nauv
nauvfn
fnfc
fct.
t. Jf `afh
`afhhl
hl`l
`lfct    ε 
fct ε 
 ε
ε    (s“l
(s“lj
j fs
fst
t
lch
lchìrlf
ìrlfur
ur â ;) lcmlq
cmlquf
uf sfuj
sfujf
fnfct
nfct qu“u
qu“ucf
cf pkr
pkrtl
tlff mfs orkl orklcs
cs fc
 nauvfnfct sfrt â harnfr jfs acmujktlacs (mucfs) au ku `actrklrf
â aest
aestru
rufr
fr jfs
jfs `rfu
`rfuxx fctr
fctrf
f jfs
jfs mucf
mucfs,
s, ft cf `act
`actrl
rleu
euf f ma
mac`
c` pks
pks
ku trkcspart
trkcspart..

5.6 - Raur qufj tlrkct m“fku jfs orklcs mf orkvlfr mu hacm `annfc`fct-ljs â sf mìpjk`fr pkr
`gkrrlkof fc oìcìrkct uc vrkl trkcspart sajlmf 1 
Uìpacsf 4
Jf mìeut mf mìpjk`fnfct mfs orklcs sf pramult jarsquf ύ * > 2 ,2=? , `“fst â mlrf jarsquf
 y > 2 ,2=?   / 2 ,2?7 > 2 ,82 n.  
 Catk 4 jf mìeut mf jk nlsf fc suspfcslac sf pramult jarsquf ύ * > 2 ,56 , `“fst â mlrf jarsquf
 y > 2 ,56 / 
  2 ,2?7 > 0 ,52 n.  

5.8 - [uf vkut jf trkcspart sajlmf tatkj paur uc tlrkct m“fku mf ; n puls
n puls mf = n 1 Ac suppasfrk
quf jf hacm mu jlt rfstf pjkt (pks mf mucfs). Mltfs `jklrfnfct sl vaus `acslmìrfz mfs

vajunfs sajlmfs
mf vkjlmltì au mfs vajunfs
mfs harnujfs, mltfs jf,mf sìmlnfcts.
nkls Mkcs
`actlcufz jf `ks  aü vaus sfrlfz
jf `kj`uj. 
`kj`uj. sfrlf z gars mu manklcf

Uìpacsf 4

• n, pulsquf  ύ * > 2 ,

Raur uc tlrkct m“fku mf ; n,   27 : 2 ,56 , lj y k trkcspart sajlmf pkr `gkrrlkof

sfuj, ft jk harnujf mf Nfyfr Rftfr s“kppjlquf 4

[ s > 7  o   ϋ  s  /  ϋ 
   w ∕ . .(  ε .ύ * ∕2 ,2=?  )0 / 5 m 0 / 5 . Rulsquf jf hacm fst suppasì pjkt,  ε  >
; J  > ;.
;.
Jk jkrofur mu jlt â prfcmrf fc `anptf fst `fjjf mu hacm. Fc fhhft, jf `actrkstf fctrf jf
`afhhl`lfct mf Ptrl`ijfr ojaekj ft `fjul mu hacm hklt pfcsfr quf jfs efrofs sact ealsìfs ft cf
`actrleufct pks ku `gkrrlkof. Mac`, J>0=
Mac`, J>0= n m“kprçs jf `kj`uj mf jk qufstlac 5.5.

=
 L`l, vaus ksslnljfrfz
kssl nljfrfz rkyac gymrkujlquf ft tlrkct m“fku (paur slnpjlhlfr jfs `kj`ujs).

  =/8
 

Lj c“ìtklt pks `gaqukct mf `acslmìrfr, `annf vaus j“kvfz

sauvfct hklt, jk jkrofur ku nlralr ku jlfu mf jk jkrofur ku
hac
hacm, nkls
kls kjars
jars lj cf hkut
kut pks
pks prfcm
rfcmr
rf jk jkro
jkrofu
fur
r tat
atkj
kjf
f `kr
tautf jk pkrtlf gkutf mfs efrofs cf pfut pks `actrleufr ku
trkc
trkcsp
spar
art
t sajl
sajlmf
mf qukc
qukcm
m j“ì`
j“ì`au
aujf
jfnf
nfct
ct c“fs
c“fst
t pks
pks â pj
pjfl
flcc earm
earm..

Palt [ s > 56 5 ,? ∕ ; ß 0=.( 2 ,27  )0 / 5 2 ,2;6 0 / 5 > 2 ,2;5n 0  /  s , salt ;5 j/s 
  ∕ 2 ,2=?  j/s  (Xlmfs CAC
`anprls) au ;5/(;-2,0) > ;? j/s,j/s , vlmfs `anprls.
Efk
Ef ku`au
u`aup p c“act
“act pks pks pfcspfcsì ì quf puls pulsqu quf f jf ha hacm cm fst
fst mlt
mlt pjk jkt,
t, lj
c“y k quf mf jk har`f trk`trl`f fhhl`k`f ft mac`   ε   > ;. Lj
s“ko
s“ kolt
lt mf taud
taudau aursrs fsskfsskyf yfrr mf `anp `anprf rfcmcmrf
rf jfs jfs nì nì`k
`kcl
clsnsnfs
fs kvkvkc
kct
t
mf `annfc
`annfc`fr`fr â `kj`uj
`kj`ujfr. fr. Hkvarl
Hkvarlsfr sfr jf rìs rìsujt
ujtkt kt mf j“a
j“aesf
esfrvk
rvktla
tlac
c
 pkr rkppart â j“uskof mf harnujfs fnplrlqufs pjus au nalcs
oìcìrkjlskejfs.
 Kvf` `fttf frrfur, jk pkrfctgçsf mfvlfct m“kljjfurs cìoktlvf.
 
• Raur uc tlrkct m“fku mf = n, pulsquf  ύ * > 2 ,   0; 3 2 ,56 , jf trkcspart sajlmf sf hklt pkr

`gkrrlkof ft suspfcslac, ft sfujf jk harnujf mf Fcofjucm caus pfrnft mf hklrf ucf fstlnktlac,
fc taut `ks fc sf jlnltkct â `f qul k ìtì vu fc `aurs. Jf mìelt sajlmf `gkrrlì fxprlnì fc vajunf

mf orklcs (vlmfs `anprls) vkut 4

; ,?  5
[ s > 2 ,27    I 
.  h   J fc n0 /s).
. . y ; / 0 .ύ * 6 / 5 .m 0 / 5  (fxprlnì fc n  /s).
 o 
Palt [ s > 2 ,27 ; ,?  < ,7 ß 57 5 ß 0=  ß = ; / 0 ß 2 ,0;6 / 5 ß 2 ,2;6 0 / 5 > 2 ,;= n 0  /  s  (au ;=2 j/s).
j/s).

 Catk 4 jf vajunf trkcspartì pkr `gkrrlkof

` gkrrlkof ft suspfcslac paur y
paur  y > = n fst
n  fst 7 hals supìrlfur ku
vajunf `gkrrlì paur y>;
paur y>; n, `f qul c“k rlfc m“lcvrklsfnejkejf.

  6/8
 

 0  ‐ Uìolnf trkcsltalrf ( 8 p
pa
al ct
cts)
s)

Rkr uc rklsaccfnfct `jksslquf slnpjf, ìtkejlr j“ìquktlac mlhhìrfctlfjjf qul pfrnft mf `kj`ujfr
jk `atf z(t)
`atf  z(t) mf
 mf jk rftfcuf m“uc ekrrkof ìqulpì m“uc ìvk`uktfur mf `ruf mf surhk`f, fc hac`tlac
mf jk `ruf qul fctrf mkcs jk rftfcuf.
Jfs maccìfs sact 4
- [(t)
[(t) 4
 4 gymraorknnf mf jk `ruf fctrkctf 9

-  z m  4 `atf mu sfulj mf j“ìvk`uktfur 9

- P(z) 4 surhk`f mu pjkc m“fku mf jk rftfcuf fc hac`tlac mf jk `atf mf j“fku 9
-  J,  ¶  4 jacoufur ft `afhhl`lfct mf mìelt mu sfulj qul `acstltuf j“ìvk`uktfur mf `ruf ft qul fst
suppasì rfstfr taudaurs mìcayì 9
- jk rftfcuf fst pjflcf, `“fst â mlrf â jk `atf
`atf z 
 z m 
m  â j“lcstkct t > 2 mf
2 mf survfcuf mf jk `ruf.

Kutrfs catktlacs 4
- [f(t) 4 gymraorknnf mf jk `ruf sartkctf, `“fst â mlrf mf jk `ruf qul trkcsltf ku mralt mu sfulj
mf j“ìvk`uktfur 9 `“fst elfc sùr ucf lc`acc
-  z  4
 4 `atf mf j“fku mkcs jk rftfcuf 9 jk `gkrof sur jf sfulj mf j“ìvk`uktfur fst mac` (z-z m 
m ).
 ). 
   

PAJV]LAC

Ac
K t ,sf
jf pjk`f
clvfku fctrf jfsmkcs
m“fku lcstkcts t  ft
 ft t+mt.
jk rftfcuf t+mt. 
fst  z(t),, jk surhk`f fst P(z)
fst z(t) P(z) ft
 ft jf mìelt ìvk`uì [f(t).
J“lc`accuf fst elfc sùr z(t).
sùr z(t).  
Xajunf fctrkct mkcs jk rftfcuf > [(t).mt. [(t).mt.  
@f vajunf pfrnft â jk rftfcuf mf s“ìjfvfr mf P(z).mz  ft   ft pfcmkct j“lctfrvkjjf mt , lj s“fst ìvk`uì
[f(t).mt.  
[f(t).mt.
Jk `acsfrvktlac mfs vajunfs maccf (ac cìojlof elfc sùr j“ìvkparktlac nkls kussl jk pjulf
taneìf mlrf`tfnfct sur jk rftfcuf) 4
[( t  )mt  > P (  z  ).mz + [f ( t  ).mt .
mz 
Au elfc 4 [( t  ) > P (  z  ) + [f ( t 
 ) , ìquktlac mlhhìrfctlfjjf mu prfnlfr armrf.
mt 
@acmltlac lcltlkjf 4 â t>2, z>z m 
m .
mz  0 / 5
Mkcs jf `ks prapasì aü j“ìvk`uktfur fst â surhk`f jlerf 4 [( t  ) > P (  z  )    + ¶  5 o  J.(  z ∕ z   )  
mt  m 

 Catk 4 cf pks kppjlqufr jfs yfux hfrnìs ucf harnujf mu pajy

ìtkejlf mkcs uc systçnf (tracïac mf rlvlçrf) aü lj y k m“ucf
 pkrt ucf pfrtf mf `gkrof muf â jk vltfssf ft m“kutrf pkrt  P
rfpr
rfprìs
ìsfc
fctf
tf ucf
ucf sf`t
sf`tla
lac
c m“ì`
m“ì`au
aujf
jfnf
nfct
ct ft pks
pks uc
ucf
f sf
sf`t
`tla
lac
c mf pjkc
pjkc
m“fku ft aü fchlc lj c“y k pks mf sfulj ìvk`uktfur ! ! ! !

  8/8