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fhflpdm —[crc pmifr fenmetrcr dcs ijbfrfenjcs fe dcs ims vfrsjmefs ifd tflc —Je c
^fetjlfetcd Lmmi“ fs efnfscrjm rfcdjzcr ue ceãdjsjs if tjpm crlþejnm, lfdþijnm y
bmrlcd pmrquf odc odc odc… fe dc quf fspfrclms ems crrmhf dcs ijbfrfenjcs ndcvfs fetrf
dcs ims jetfrprftcnjmefs, ciflãs if dcs movjcs (mrqufstcnjþe y bmrlctm)…“
Fstf tflc tjfef uec pcrtjnudcrjici y fs dc prmarfsjþe Jl1- JlLch1- Jl1- Jl2 quf
fenmetrclms fe dms prjlfrms nuctrm nmlpcsfs prjlfrm fe I lfemr y dufam fe A lfemr.
Fstm fs nmemnjim nmlm ue ndjngê crlþejnm quf sf utjdjzc nme ue rfnursm fe dcs ocdcics
tjpm Hczz. Vec dìefc ndjngê fs uec dìefc csnfeifetf
csnfeifetf m ifsnfeifetf
ifsnfeifetf quf sf lufvf smorf
ue cnmrif fstãtjnm. ^f utjdjzce pcrc prmpmrnjmecr uec sfescnjþe if lmvjljfetm nuceim
ue cnmrif sufec iurcetf lãs if uem m ims nmlpcsfs (Wjevfr, ?;31).
Nmlpdflfetceim dm sjaujfetf pmiflms fenmetrcr dc prmarfsjþe fe tflcs nmlm8 Ly
bueey vcdfetjef y Qgct Crf Zmu Imjea Ygf _fst
_fst Mb Zmur Djbf.
[miflms cprfnjcr quf fe fstms ims tflcs, tmlãeimdms nmlm fhflpdms, sf fvjifenjc dc
prmarfsjþe Jl1- JlLch1-
JlLch1- Jl1- Jl2 fe sus prjlfrms
prjlfrms nmlpcsfs.
nmlpcsfs.
Yfþrj
Yfþrjncl
nclfet
fetff fstc
fstc prmarf
prmarfsjþ
sjþe,
e, sfaøe,
sfaøe, Crejf
Crejf Ofdfr
Ofdfr fe su djorm
djorm ueifrstceijea ngmri
prmarfssjmes bmr aujtcr, pufif tclojêe sfr uscic nmlm ue sustjtutm if uec JJ „ R fe
lmim lcymr (Ofdfr, 3::6).
Fe dc sfnnjþe O sf prfsfetc dc lmiudcnjþe c Io lcymr, fd lmvjljfetm crlþejnm sf
lcetjfef fe dc rfajþe if tþejnc, suo imlìectf y imljecetf. ^mdm cd bjecd if dc sfnnjþe O
sf lufstrc ue R1 quf ems icrìc fetfeifr quf lmiudcrc c B lcymr pfrm dm mljtf y ems
fenmetrclms nme fd I lfemr 1 iceim jejnjm eufvclfetf c dc sfnnjþe C nme dc
prmarfsjþe Jl1- JlLch1- Jl1- Jl2. Yclojêe pmiflms fetfeifr quf dms trfs ødtjlms
nmlpcsfs tfeflms Fol1 y Co1 if Io m JJ- R1- J, imeif Fd cnmrif Co1 tfeirìc uec
buenjþe if sustjtunjþe trjtmecd cd cnmrif if Al1 quf
quf ems ic fd ncrãntfr if lmiudcnjþe
lmiudcnjþe c
B lcymr, fd RJ arcim lcymr if I lfemr.
^fnnjþe O8
Ceãdjsjs lfdþijnm if —je c sfetjlfetcd lmmi“ if Iu`f Fddjeatme.
Fe fd ceãdjsjs lfdþijnm sf pcrtjnudcrjzc fd pcpfd quf nulpdf dc lfdmiìc nme dc crlmeìc
ifd tflc y pmiflms cprfnjcr quf fe lmlfetms dc lfdmiìc nmlpdflfetc dcs tfesjmefs if
dms cnmrifs fe buenjþe.
Ceãdjsjs crlþejnm ‗je c sfetjlfetcd
sfetjlfetcd lmmi‚ fe dc vfrsjþe if Hmf [css
Fe dc vfrsjþe if ‗je c sfetjlfetcd lmmi‚ if Hmf [css tmlcic ifd djorm Hmf [css
nmddfntjme (Hmssfdye & Ymwfy, 3::1), pmiflms nmendujr cd gcnfr ue ceãdjsjs iftcddcim,
quf lcetjfef
lcetjfef dc ljslc
ljslc bmrlc mrjajecd
mrjajecd CCOC, pfrm nme fdflfetm
fdflfetmss carfacim
carfacims,
s, uem if
fddms fs uec jetrmiunnjþe
jetrmiunnjþe nme su crlmeìc,
crlmeìc, y ue smdm cd bjecd
bjecd quf ems suajfrf
suajfrf dm pmiflms
jetfrprftcr if lcefrc ci djojtul. Ve bcntmr
bcntmr quf ijbjfrf c dc vfrsjþe
vfrsjþe if Fddjea
Fddjeatme,
tme, fs fd
eufvm brcsfm quf ems fxpmef [css, nmlojeceim bjaurcs rìtljncs nme brcsfs fsncdcrfs
smorf ncraceim dc lfdmiìc mrjajecd. Cecdjzãeimdc lãs c bmeim pmiflms nmendujr dm
sjaujfetf8
Jetrm8
Fd tfxtm suajfrf quf pufif sfr jetfrprftcic c 67 m 17 o.p.l. fe lfzzm pjcem ( lp), nme
ue cnfdfrceim ( cnnfd) fe fd sfaueim nmlpãs y ue rftcriceim (rjt) c ljtci ifd qujetm y
dufam uec brcsf fsncdcr quf ems nmeiunf c dc lfdmiìc ifd tflc.
Dc crlmeìc quf sf fxpmef fe dc jetrmiunnjþe sf fenufetrc fe B lcymr prfsfetceim fe su
sfaueim nmlpãs ue jetfrnclojm lmicd cd lmim brjajm if Io lcymr y uems scdtms if
imljecetfs. Dc lfdmiìc fs fxpufstc nme ue vmjnjeas3.
^fnnjþe C8
Fstc sfnnjþe fs imeif vfrflms fd jejnjm if dc lfdmiìc ifd tflc quf suajfrf sfr
jetfrprftc
jetfrprftcic
ic c 67 o. p .l (ojts pmr ljeutm).
ljeutm). Fd ndjngê
ndjngê crlþejnm
crlþejnm fstã prfsfetf,
prfsfetf, pfrm dc
crlmeìc
crlmeìc fxpufstc
fxpufstc pmr Iu`f Fddjeatme
Fddjeatme lufstrc
lufstrc cdauems nclojms
nclojms nmlm dcs tfesjmefs
tfesjmefs
carfacics c dms cnmrifs (:ec y :ec #). Fe dc prjlfrc vufdtc ifd tflc fenmetrclms ue
nclojm rfdfvcetf, mljtf dc sustjtunjþe trjtmecd ifd cnmrif if Blch1 (RJlch1) y dm
sustjtuyf pmr ue JJl1- R1 ifd cnmrif, fs ifnjr, (Al1- N1- Blch1).
Fe dc sfaueic vufdtc ifd tflc sf ems suajfrf tmncr dc sfljnmrngfc tjpm swjea y
fenmetrclms ims sfaueims rfdcnjmecims, fd prjlfrm sf fenufetrc fe lmim lfemr m
JJl1o6- R1 pcrc fd cnmrif if Il y ims sfnufenjcs if sfaueims rfdcnjmecims imeif fd
sfaueim tfrljec fe fd cnmrif if Blch1 (RJlch1).
3
Fd tfrljem Rmjnjeas fs uec tênejnc lfdþijnc quf sf prfsfetc fe morcs pcrc bmrlctms
b mrlctms
clpdjms, nmlm dcs Oja Oceis, mrqufstcs, oceics m jestrulfetms smdjstcs (_mlfrm,
?;32).
[crc bjecdjzcr
bjecdjzcr dc sfnnjþe
sfnnjþe C, Hmf [css
[css tfrljec nme ue brcsfm fe
fe Co ljxmdjijm smorf fd
cnmrif if R1 m Co1 quf ems jeijnc dc lmiudcnjþe c Io lcymr iceim jejnjm c dc sfnnjþe
O.
Dc lfdmiìc pmsff uec vcrjcnjþe rìtljnc luy nmløe cd fstjdm jetfrprftctjvm if Hmf [css.
Fstc brcsf dc pmirìcs ifscrrmddcr lãs, pmr quê fs nmløe fe fd fstjdm if [css= Suê
ncrcntfrìstjncs tjfef= Fe quê mtrms tflcs usc vcrjcnjmefs rìtljncs if fsf tjpm=
^fnnjþe O8
Fe fstc sfnnjþe, dc crlmeìc lcetjfef dc bmrlc mrjajecd cuequf fe dms nmlpcsfs ?6 y ?2
dms cnmrifs if Ool1 y Fol: nclojce su ncrãntfr if RJl y JJl cd if imljecetfs
sfnueicrjcs m imljecetfs fxtfeijics y rftmlce su ncrãntfr if RJl y JJl fe dms
nmlpcsfs ?1 y ?7. ^faujim ems fenmetrclms nme dc sustjtunjþe trjtmecd if Al1 pcrc
lmiudcr
lmiudcr c B lcymr
lcymr cuequf cd bjecd fenmetrc
fenmetrclms
lms ue C1 pcrc icrdf
icrdf lãs ncrãntfr
ncrãntfr if
lmiudcnjþe c I lfemr.
^fnnjþe bjecd8
Fe dc sfnnjþe bjecd rfcpcrfnf fd ndjngê crlþejnm y dm lãs rfdfvcetf quf pmiflms
cprfnjcr sf fenufetrc fe dms trfs ødtjlms nmlpcsfs nme ue jetfrnclojm lmicd nme fd
lmim brjajm y tfrljecim
tfrljecim fe fd cnmrif if Blch1#33/N.
Nmetfxtm gjstþrjnm if dc morc ‗je c sfetjlfetcd lmmi‚
lmmi‚ if Iu`f Fddjeatme
Hmsfpg Cetgmey Hcnmoj [csscdcnquc, vfricifrm emlorf ifd aujtcrrjstc Hmf [css. Ecnjþ
fe Efw Orueswjn`, Eufvc Hfrsfy, 3> if fefrm if 3:?: y bcddfnjþ fe dms Ãeafdfs, ?> if
lcym if 3::9. Buf ue aujtcrrjstc if hczz fstcimuejifesf
fstcimuejifesf if csnfeifenjc
csnfeifenjc sjnjdjcec.
sjnjdjcec. Fs
nmesjifrcim uem
uem if dms lfhmrfs aujtcrrjstcs
aujtcrrjstcs if hczz ifd sjadm WW.
WW. Ncrcntfrjzcim pmr susu
usm
usm ifd
ifd wc
wcd`
d`je
jeaa ocss
ocss,, ifd
ifd nmet
nmetrc
rcpu
puet
etmm lfdþ
lfdþij
ijnm
nm fe lfij
lfijmm ifd
ifd nurs
nursmm if uecuec
jlprmvjscnjþe y if ue fstjdm lfdþijnm if cnmrifs.
Hmf [css frc gjhm if Lcrjcem [csscdcnquc, ue trcochcimr sjifrørajnm ecnjim fe ^jnjdjc.
Buf nrjcim fe Hmgestmwe, [feesydvcejc. _fnjojþ su prjlfrc aujtcrrc c sus eufvf cóms.
^u pcirf rfnmemnjþ ifsif fd prjenjpjm quf su gjhm tfeìc "cdam pfqufóm sunfijfeim" y dm
flpuhþ c cprfeifr lfdmiìcs pmr mìim, prcntjncr fsncdcs, tmncr pjfzcs fsnrjtcs pcrc mtrms
jestrulfetms.
C dms 39 cóms, Hmf [css nmlfezþ c trcochcr fe dc løsjnc. Ymnþ nme oceics djifrcics pmr
Ymey [cstmr y Ngcrdjf Ocreft, pfrbfnnjmeceim sus gcojdjicifs nme dc aujtcrrc ljfetrcs
cprfeiìc smorf fd efamnjm if dc løsjnc. Nmlfezþ c vjchcr nme pfqufóms arupms if hczz
y sf luiþ if [feesydvcejc
[feesydvcejc c dc njuici if Eufvc Zmr`.
Hmf [css sf nmebfsþ sjflprf ue bfrvjfetf ciljrcimr if Ihceam _fjegcrit f jendusm fe
sus jejnjms bmrlþ ue arupm c jlcafe y sflfhcezc ifd Sujetftm ifd Gmt Nduo if
_fjegcrit. Arcom ue ãdoul tjtudcim Bmr Ihceam (3:29) fe gmemr c su ìimdm, fe fd0
nmetjfef vfrsjmefs tmncics pmr Hmf [css if ncenjmefs if _fjegcrit y uec nmlpmsjnjmefs
prmpjc nme ifijnctmrjc
ifijnctmrjc cd aujtcrrjstc quf tjfef pmr emlorf —Bmr Ihceam“.
Buf gcstc prjenjpjms if dms sfsfetc nuceim Hmf [css nmlfezþ c nmevfrtjrsf fe dc pmpudcr
bjaurc quf ddfacrìc c sfr, fspfnjcdlfetf if dc lcem ifd jebctjacodf prmlmtmr Emrlce
Arcez, qujfe dm trcesbmrlþ fe uec if if dcs fstrfddcs if dc [codm _fnmris y df mbrfnjþ dc
pmsjojdjici if lfijrsf nme crtjstcs if dc tcddc if Ofeey Ncrtfr, Ljdt Hcn`sme m Fddc
Bjtzafrcdi, nme dms nucdfs arcoþ cdauecs if sus lfhmrfs morcs.
Yjflpm
Yjflpm ifspuês
ifspuês arcocrìc
arcocrìc nme [cnjbjn
[cnjbjn Hczz _fnmris
_fnmris uec sfrjf if ãdoulfs
ãdoulfs imeif sf
jenduyf uecs if sus prjlfrcs morcs if su cutmrìc y fe 3:2> rfnjojrìc ue prfljm if dc
rfvjstc Imwe ofct pmr su ifstcncim tcdfetm.
C prjenjpjms if dms 1;, nmdcomrþ fe uec sfrjf if djorms if løsjnc, su Hmf [css Aujtcr
^tyd
^tydff (fsn
(fsnrj
rjtm
tm nme
nme Ojdd
Ojdd Ygrc
Ygrcsg
sgfr
fr)) fs nmes
nmesji
jifr
frci
cimm ue djor
djormm if tfxt
tfxtmm oãsj
oãsjnm
nm if
jlprmvjscnjþe pcrc fstuijcetfs if hczz.
Hmf [css y Fddc Bjtzafrcdi arcocrme sfjs ijsnms huetms fe [codm _fnmris, gcnjc fd bjecd
if dc ncrrfrc ifdc ncetcetf dms nucdfs bufrme8 Yc`f Dmvf Fcsy (3:1>), Bjtzafrcdi y
[css... Cacje (3:12), "Gcloura Iufts - 3:12" (3:16, 3:7>), ^pfc` Dmvf (3:7>) y Fcsy
Djvjea (3:72).
Ve fhflpdm ifd fstjdm if fstf aujtcrrjstc dm fenmetrclms fe dc nmdfnnjþe if ijsnms
fijtcims pmr fd lfenjmecim sfddm ijsnmarãbjnm nme fd emlorf if "Rjrtumsm" (3:1>)
arcocic fe
fe aujtcrrc smdjstc. Fstf cdul fs
fs uec Jlpfncodf lufstrc
lufstrc if dc fhfnunjþe eìtjic,
eìtjic,
pudnrc f jeafejm fe sus brcsfms y fsnungclms
fsnungclms fd flpdfm if dc tênejnc
tênejnc wcd`jea ocss, quf
lãs cifdcetf febctjzcrflms fe fstc tênejnc.
Fe 3:19, [codm rfnmris dcezþ (Ygf Yrjm) ue ãdoul imeif pcrtjnjpce
pcrtjnjpce Msncr [ftfrsme fe
fd pjcem y Ejfds-Gfeejea ×rstfi
×rstfi [fifrsfe fe fd nmetrcochm
nmetrcochm imeif tmnm lungcs
lungcs vfnfs
iurcetf dms cóms sfsfetc y mngfetc, nme fstf ãdoul aceþ fd prfljm Arclly c dc lfhmr
jetfrprftcnjþe if hczz arupcd.
Lurjþ if nãenfr if gìacim fe Dms Ãeafdfs, Ncdjbmrejc, fd ?> if lcym if 3::9 c sus 26
cóms if fici.
fici. Vdtjlctf Aujtcr Nml., (?;37).
(?;37). Brml Irua Ciijnt
Ciijnt tm Hczz Dfafei8
Dfafei8 Djbf
cei Qmr`
Qmr` mb Hmf [css.
[css. Motfej
Motfejim
im if Vdtjlc
Vdtjlctf
tf Aujtcr
Aujtcr Nml8
Nml8 gttps8
gttps8//w
//www.
ww.udt
udtjlc
jlctf-
tf-
aujtcr.nml/crtjndfs/bfcturfs/brml]irua]cii
aujtcr.nml/crtjndfs/bfcturfs/brml]irua]ciijnt]tm]hczz]dfafe
jnt]tm]hczz]dfafei]djbf]cei]wmr`]m
i]djbf]cei]wmr`]mb]hmf]p
b]hmf]p
css-1622>
?
^faøe dc pãajec fiuncdjeam.nml. Fd vmifvjd buf ue aêefrm if tfctrm if vcrjficifs quf fxjstjþ fe FFVV
prjenjpcdlfetf fetrf dms cóms 377;
377; y 3:>;. ^f nmemnf tclojêe nmlm vmifvjd
vmifvjd c ue tjpm if nmlfijc djafrc
quf sf ifscrrmddþ fe Brcenjc c pcrtjr ifd sjadm WRJJJ y quf smdìc jetfrncdcr eølfrms lusjncdfs.
Hfce Ocptjstf _fjegcrit (3:3;- 3:6>) vfeìc if uec bcljdjc if ifsnfeifenjc ajtcec y
crtjstcs
crtjstcs eþlcics.
eþlcics. Nmlfezþ c tmncr
tmncr aujtcrrc,
aujtcrrc, ocehm y vjmdìe
vjmdìe c dms 3? cóms pfrm ifnjijþ
febm
febmnc
ncrs
rsff fe dc aujt
aujtcr
crrc
rc,, fe 3:?7
3:?7 dc ncrc
ncrcvc
vcec
ec imei
imeiff êd vjvì
vjvìcc sf jenf
jenfei
eijþ
jþ
cnnjifetcdlfetf imeif rfsudtþ gfrjim ifhceim su lfójquf y ifim ceudcr if su lcem
jzqujfric jelmvjdjzcims.
Ifojim c fstf jenjifetf sf vjm bmrzcim c rfjevfetcr su tênejnc y nme bufrzc if vmduetci
ifscrrmddþ uec tênejnc if nmmrijecnjþe nme su lcem jzqujfric y dc pøc jlpfncodf.
Ihceam
Ihceam cprfeijþ
cprfeijþ lfdmiìcs
lfdmiìcs if ijsnms if Hczz quf ddfacoc
ddfacocee if dms Fstcims
Fstcims Vejims
Vejims y
flpfzþ c trcochcr lfzndceim dms nmlpmefetfs ifd swjea, dc løsjnc ndãsjnc y ajtcec.
Fe 3:>9,
3:>9, huetm cd vjmdjejstc
vjmdjejstc ^tfpgcef
^tfpgcef Arcppfddj
Arcppfddj bmrlce Df Sujetfttf Iu Gmt Nduo if
Brcenf ime
imeif
if arcocr
arcocrme
me sus nmlpm
nmlpmsjn
sjnjme
jmefs
fs y cicpt
cicptcrm
crmee rfpfrt
rfpfrtmrj
mrjmm ifd Hczz
Hczz Emrtf
Emrtf
Clfrjn
Clfrjncem
cem.. Fe fstcs
fstcs arcocn
arcocnjme
jmefs
fs sf ifluf
iflufstr
strcc dc jlpfn
jlpfncod
codff y smbjst
smbjstjnc
jncic
ic tênejn
tênejncc
ifscrrmddcic pmr Ihceam.
Dc aujtcrrc hczz fe oøsqufic if vmdulfe y fd prjlfr aujtcrrjstc fdêntrjnm.
Ncic vfz dc aujtcrrc lãs pmpudcr sfauìc csbjxjcic ifetrm ifd nmehuetm, dm quf ddfvþ c dc
oøsqufic if eufvcs smdunjmefs f jestrulfetms. Dc aujtcrrc fdêntrjnc rfvmdunjmem dc
aujtcrrc Hczz cd pfrljtjrdf smecr cd ljslm ejvfd if dms mtrms jestrulfetms (Ngcplce,
?;;2).
Ngcrdjf
Ngcrdjf Ngrjstjce
Ngrjstjce (3:32-
(3:32-3:9
3:9?)?) frc aujtcr
aujtcrrjs
rjstc
tc fe dc oce
oceic
ic if Ofeey
Ofeey AmmAmmilc
ilce,e,
nmemnjim pmr su cvcezcim fstjdm smdjstc y fd prjlfr aujtcrrjstc fdêntrjnm frc dc fstrfddc fe
ijngc oceic. Ecnjþ fe M`dcgmlc y flpfzþ c tmncr c dms 3? cóms nmpjceim dms smdm if
Ihceam _fjegcrit y fd dfeauchf ifd scxmbmejstc Dfstfr Zmuea imeif lcrncrjc su fstjdm
nme fd swjea if dc êpmnc y dc tfeifenjc ifd Ofomp surafetf.
Yrcs vfr uec prfsfetcnjþe if Fiijf Iurgcl nme uec aujtcrrc fdêntrjnc cd cóm sjaujfetf
motuvm su prjlfrc aujtcrrc fdêntrjnc, Ngrjstjce sf vcdìc ifd sustcje quf mbrfnìc dc aujtcrrc
pcrc ifscrrmddcr uec smbjstjncic tênejnc smdjstc. Fe 3:>: sf uejþ c dc oceic ifd
ndcrjeftjstc Ofeey Ammilce imeif sus smdms ciqujfrfe ijecljslm.