Fi kcphltd ef ids Cklrdldbtrdihedrfs fb fi outurd.

Fikhs Ldtd Hzdofkoh0 

Hzdofkoh0  fikhshzdofkoh8>Jnchki.ldc 
fikhshzdofkoh8>Jnchki.ldc  

\fghstkhb Lhcpds \dihbd0 hih887lJnchki.ldc Ofikpf Ghiifstfrd Ldrefrd0 ehbkfighiifstfrdldrJnchki.ldc

@frfcy Ldtd Hzdofkoh0 @frfcyldtd7::<Jnchki.ldc

Fslufih ef Kbnfbkfrãh fb \kstfchs ef Ldcputhlküb
Vbkvfrskehe Okeëikths
\hb @dsë, Mfrfekh, Ldsth Wklh

eklmds ekspdsktkvds sfhb kbekofrfbtfs phrh fiids, id luhi fs tdthicfbtf

kbldrrfltd efgked h quf ids cklrdprdlfshedrfs sdb rfhicfbtf
utkikzheds fb trhgh`ds pfsheds edbef sf hluefb h prdlfshr odrchtds
 Hgstrhlt  ― . Dvfr tmf yfhrs tmf usf do cklrdldbtrdiifrs mhs  pfsheds,
 pfshed s,  feklküb ef odtdnrhoãh, feklküb ef vkefd, skstfchs ef
nrdwb nrfhtiy, mdwfvfr, tmfkr fooflt db dur ikvfs ndfs ubbdtklfe vkefd`ufnds, sdb thi vfz hinubds f`fcpids
f`fcpids quf rfqukfrfb ef eklmh
 gy cdst pfdpif, wmd whbt td eksldv
eksldvfr
fr wmht tmf truf pdtfbtkhi do  pdtfblkh
 pdtf blkh phrh pdefr rfhikzhr
rfhikzhr su trhgh`d,
trhgh`d, rfldbdlkfb
rfldbdlkfbeded quf fsds
sulm prdtdtypfs ks. Kb dur ehkiy ikvfs wf okbe tmht tmfsf trhgh`ds cfblkdbheds sdb fcktkeds pdr fi usuhrkd. Zdr dtrh phrtf, ids
cklrdldbtrdiifrs lhb gf usfe kb fvfrytmkbn tmht wf ifhst tmkba cklrdldbtrdihedrfs fstèb eksføheds phrh ldcpifthr thrfhs
hgdut, sulm hs0 ^hsmfrs, eryfrs, cklrdwhvfs, efpfbekbn db tmf fspflãoklhcfbtf prdnrhchehs, pfbsfcds fb ubh ldbsdih ef
kbodrchtkdb kb tmf edlucfbt gy wmklm kt whs efvfidpfe td vkefd`ufnds, eklmd hphrhtd tkfbf eds dplkdbfs, fblfbeked
fblfbeke d y hphnhed,
 pugiklkzf
 pugiklk zf sulm h schii gut pdwfro
pdwfroui
ui efvklf , hbe tmht wf gfikfvf ef fsth odrch f`fluthrè ubh u dtrh drefb quf fi usuhrkd if eë d
tmht kt ks rfhiiy wdrtm hbhiyzkbn ordc slrhtlm hbe hii kts pdsskgif skcpifcfbtf mhlfrid ef odrch chbuhi quf sfrãh quf ih pfrsdbh
 prdlfeurfs.
 prdlf eurfs. fstkrpf eklmd gdtüb phrh f`fluthr ihs eds hllkdbfs d phsds quf sf
bflfskthb phrh quf oublkdbf.

Ldb fsth kbodrchlküb, pdefcds fcpfzhr h ldcprfbefr h odbed quf

Afywdres ―    Cklrdldbt
 Cklrdldbtrdiifrs,
rdiifrs, prdn
prdnrhcchgi
rhcchgif,
f, ehkiy ikof,
fs ub cklrdldbtrdihedr1 ldcd su bdcgrf id pufef kbeklhr, su
 skcuihtkdb,
 skcuihtkdb, cdg
cdgkikty,
kikty, ifh
ifhrbkbn,
rbkbn, lk
lkrlukt
rlukt kc
kcpifcfb
pifcfbthtkdb
thtkdb oublküb fs fi ldbtrdihckfbtd kbtfrbd d fxtfrbd ef fifcfbtds ef
fbtrheh d shikeh. Ids cklrdldbtrdihedrfs sdb ldcd ubh
H id ihrnd ef ids høds mh lrflked nrhbefcfbtf fi usd ef ids ckbkldcputhedrh pufefb tfbfr ubh cfcdrkh y ub cklrdprdlfshedr
cklrdldbtrdihedrfs, skb fcghrnd, su fofltd fb bufstrhs vkehs phsh
efshpfrlkgked phrh ih chydrãh ef ihs pfrsdbhs, qukfbfs qukfrhb
efslugrkr luèi fs fi vfrehefrd pdtfblkhi ef thifs prdtdtkpds. Fb Ihs lhrhltfrãstklhs d oublkdbfs quf hpiklhb eklmds
bufstrd ekhrkd vkvkr fbldbtrhcds quf eklmds cklrdldbtrdihedrfs sf
 pufefb
 pufef b utkikzhr fb
fb tded id quf bdsd
bdsdtrds
trds cfbd
cfbdss pfbshcds, ldcd pdr cklrdldbtrdihedrfs sf pufefb fbldbtrhr fb lhsk tded hphrhtd
ldcd
f`fcpid0 Ihvhedrhs, sflhedrhs, cklrddbehs, efpfbekfbed ef ih fiëltrkld fs fi mflmd ef pdefr sfr prdnrhchgif, sf pderãh eflkr quf
kbodrchlküb efi edlucfbtd pdr fi luhi sf efshrrdiiü phrh ehr h ldb ub cklrdldbtrdihedr pdefcds prdnrhchr prèltklhcfbtf
ldbdlfr ub ekspdsktkvd thb pfqufød pfrd pdtfbtf, y quf lrffcds quf luhiqukfr tkpd ef ldsh quf qu f sf bds vfbnh fb cfbtf. H ldbtkbuhlküb fb
ef vfrehe ih pfbh hbhikzhr efsef lfrd y tdeds sus prdlfekckfbtds fstf trhgh`d quf fifnkcds tdeds trhthrfcds ef ldcprfbefr y fbtfbefr
 pdskgifs.
 pdskgifs. h cès prdoubekehe ef lücd fs fi vfrehefrd oublkdbhckfbtd ef ids
cklrdldbtrdihedrfs y quf lhrhltfrãstklhs ðbklhs y sdrprfbefbtfs
 Zhihgrhs
 Zhihg rhs lihvf  ―  Cklrdl
 Cklrdldbtrdihed
dbtrdihedrfs,
rfs, prdnrh
prdnrhchgif,
chgif, vkeh  pdsffb
 pdsff b fb su fstrul
fstrulturh
turh quf sdb ihs quf mhb mflmd quf sfhb thb
ldtkekhbh, skcuihlküb, cdvkikehe, hprfbekzh`f, kcpifcfbthlküb utkikzheds y prfofrkeds pdr thbths pfrsdbhs, phrh tded tkpd ef
ef lkrluktds  prdyfltds,
 prdyfl tds, ohgrkl
ohgrklhlkdbf
hlkdbfs,
s, trhgh`ds mflmds
mflmds h chbd quf culmd
culmdss ef
bdsdtrds pderãhcds utkikzhr, lfbtrds hlheëcklds, kbstktulkdbfs ef
K. KBUWDEVLLKÜB fbsføhbzh supfrkdr y nrhbefs kefhs ldb hitd bkvfi ef ldcpif`kehe
 phrh tded tkpd ef hpikl
hpiklhlkdb
hlkdbfs
fs y fb ubh nrhb
nrhb vhrkfe
vhrkfehe
he ef èrfhs
èrfhs fb ih
Hi fstuekhr d trhthr ef fbtfbefr ihs phihgrhs cklrdldbtrdihedrfs d quf fstds hphrhtds quf thi vfz bd ldbdlãhcds pderãhb sfr fi outurd

cklrdprdlfshedrfs luhbed
tdthicfbtf pdskgif ef sf mhgih
quf hinubhs ef ub hcgkfbtf
pfrsdbhs tflbdiünkld
pufehb pfbshr fs
quf fstds
 
 

KK. MK\UDWKH \hikehs

Zrkcfrd hprfbehcds quf fs ub cklrdldbtrdihedr fs ub lkrluktd Ids pkbfs ef shikehs sf utkikzhb phrh fi fbvãd ef sføhifs. Fb fstf lhsd
kbtfnrhed prdnrhchgif ihs luhifs ihs fslrkgf ldb fi ifbnuh`f ef ids pkbfs ef shikeh sdb süid ids eknkthifs (: h 8<).
 prdnrhchlküb
 prdnr hchlküb quf pufefs utkikzhr
utkikzhr fb fi fbtdrbd
fbtdrbd Hreukbd
Hreukbd KEF.
KEF. Fsths
kbstrullkdbfs pfrcktfb lrfhr prdnrhchs quf kbtfrhltðhb ldb ids Dtrds pkbfs
lkrluktds ef ih pihlh, lhphz ef f`fluthr ihs ürefbfs nrhghehs fb su
cfcdrkh, thcgkëb fstèb ids cklrdprdlfshedrfs, ldbdlked ldcd Uhcgkëb tfbfcds dtrds pkbfs ldcd ids NBE (tkfrrh), 6_ quf
 prdlfshedr,
 prdlf shedr, cklrd
cklrd,, lmkp d cklrdlm
cklrdlmkp,
kp, fs ub lkrlukt
lkrluktd
d iünkld quf  prdpdrlkdbh
 prdpdrlkdbh 6 _ditkds,
_ditkds, <.<_ quf prdpdrlkdbh
prdpdrlkdbh <.< _ditkds, ids pkbfs
pkbfs
rfspdbef y prdlfsh ihs dpfrhlkdbfs iünklhs y hrktcëtklhs quf mhlfb WFO ef rfofrfblkh ef vdith`f, U] (trhbscksküb) y W] (iflturh)
oublkdbhr h bufstrhs ldcputhedrhs. Fb efokbktkvh, fs su lfrfgrd.
Fbtdblfs ldcd ek`kcds hbtfrkdrcfbtf sf pufef utkikzhr ldb ub thcgkëb usheds phrh ldcubklhlküb sfrkhi, WF\FU phrh rfsftfhr, _kb
 phrh hikcfbthr
hikcfbthr ih pihlh
pihlh y ids
ids pkbfs KL\Z
KL\Z phrh
phrh ldcubklhl
ldcubklhlküb
küb \ZK.
Hreukbd quf
Hreukbd  quf sf ldbdlf ldcd ubh pihthodrch ef fifltrübklh "dpfb-
sdurlf"d ef lüeknd hgkfrtd luyds prkblkpkds sdb ldbthr ldb sdotwhrf
y mhrewhrf oèlkifs ef ushr. Fs eflkr, ubh odrch sfblkiih ef rfhikzhr Hikcfbthlküb
 prdyfltds
 prdyfl tds kbtfrhltkvds
kbtfrhltkvds phrh luhiqukf
luhiqukfrr pfrsdbh. Fs ubh ef ihs pihlhs
cès pdpuihrfs efi cubed pdr fsd sf ohlkikth phrh ih prèltklh ldb ub Ldcd mfcds vkstd fi pkb _kb skrvf phrh hikcfbthr ih pihlh pfrd id
cklrdldbtrdihedr d cklrdprdlfshedr. cès bdrchi fs hikcfbthrid pdr fi @hla ef hikcfbthlküb ushbed ubh
tfbsküb ef > h 87 _ditkds. Uhcgkëb pdefcds hikcfbthrid pdr fi
Fi cklrdldbtrdihedr ouf kbvfbthed pdr Ufxhs Kbstrucfbts fb ih  pufrtd V\G pfrd fb ih chydr
chydrãh ãh ef hpiklhl
hpiklhlkdbfs
kdbfs bd id tfberfcd
tfberfcdss
eëlheh ef 8;>:, lhsk hi ckscd tkfcpd quf fi prkcfr cklrdprdlfshedr ldbflthed h ub drefbhedr.
quf fsthgh skfbed kbvfbthed fb Kbtfi. Ids prkcfrds
cklrdldbtrdihedrfs frhb skcpifcfbtf cklrdprdlfshedrfs ldb ubh Ldcubklhlküb 
oublküb ef cfcdrkh, ldcd ih cfcdrkh WHC y WDC. Cès thref, th ref, ids
cklrdldbtrdihedrfs sf efshrrdiihrdb fb ubh hcpikh nhch ef Fb bufstrds tutdrkhifs bds ldcubklhrfcds ldb Hreukbd cfekhbtf
ekspdsktkvds eksføheds phrh hpiklhlkdbfs ef skstfchs kbtfnrheds V\G phrh lhrnhr ids prdnrhchs d fbvkhr/rflkgkr ehtds. \kb fcghrnd
fspflãoklds fb ekspdsktkvds thifs ldcd hutdcüvkifs, tfiëodbds
cüvkifs y fifltrdedcëstklds, Hefcès ef prdeulkr fi prkcfr kbsfrthcds bd fs ih ðbklh odrch ësth
ubh smkfie quf sf
tkfbf Hreukbd
ldcubklh ldbefbufstrh
ldcubklhrsf. Luhbed
pihlh utkikzhbed
cklrdprdlfshedr, Kbtfi thcgkëb mh efshrrdiihed culmds ids pkbfs KL\Z (ldcubklhlküb K\Z), ids pkbfs 8: h 8< (thcgkëb
cklrdldbtrdihedrfs kcpdrthbtfs, eds ef ids luhifs sdb fi =:5= y fi usheds phrh ldcubklhlküb K\Z), ids pkbfs U]/W] d luhiqukfrh ef ids
=:68. Kbtrdeulked fb 8;>?, fi =:5= ouf ubd ef ids prkcfrds eknkthifs yh quf sdb lhphlfs ef ldboknurhrsf ldcd pkbfs ef fbtrheh
cklrdldbtrdihedrfs ef Kbtfi y ouf utkikzhed ldcd fi prdlfshedr fb fi d shikeh y rflkgkr d fbvkhr puisds eknkthifs.
tflihed ef ih ldcputhedrh pfrsdbhi ef KGC. \f fstkch quf  cès ef
cki ckiidbfs ef ekspdsktkvds efi =:5= sf vfbekfrdb. Fi =:68 sknukü \mkfies
fb 8;=: y sf ldbvkrtkü fb ubh ef ihs ohckikhs ef cklrdldbtrdihedrfs
cès pdpuihrfs. Ihs vhrkhlkdbfs ef ih hrquktflturh efi =:68 sf sknufb
\f iihch hsã h ihs pihlhs quf sf kbsfrthb sdgrf Hreukbd h cded ef
 prdeulkfbed
 prdeul kfbed mdy fb eãh, pdr id quf fi =:68 fs ubd ef ids eksføds
fslued hcpikhbed sus pdskgkikehefs ef usd. Fb fi cfrlhed fxkstfb
fifltrübklds cès idbnfvds ef ih mkstdrkh.( \HBUH CDBKLH,7:8?) kbokbkehe ef smkfies phrh lheh tkpd ef Hreukbd. Hinubhs ef ihs cès
ldcubfs sdb ihs ef Ftmfrbft, ^k-Ok, Vitrhsdbkeds, Zhbthiihs ILE,
Uhcgkëb vhcds mhgihr efi Hreukbd surnkü fb fi hød 7::6, ef chbd
rfiës, chtrklfs IFEs, NZ\ .
ef ubds fstuekhbtfs efi Kbstktutd ef eksfød Kbtfrhltkvd K_WFH, fb
Kvrfh (Kthikh), quf  fsthghb ushbed fi cklrdldbtrdihedr GH\KL

\thcp, ghshed
skcpikoklhed, tkpd fb ZKL,pfrd
Ghskl, ldbldbubub ifbnuh`f
ldstf cuyeffifvhed
prdnrhchlküb
ef lheh
 pihthodrch
 pihthodrch ef efshrrdi
efshrrdiid,
id, sdgrf 8::$. Fi fstuekhbtf ldid
ldidcgkhbd
cgkhbd
Mfrbhbed Ghrrhnèb, ouf qukfb efshrrdiiü ih thr`fth fifltrübklh
^krkbn, fi ifbnuh`f ef prdnrhchlküb y ih pihthodrch ef efshrrdiid.
Ghsèbedsf fb su trhgh`d, Chsskcd, Ehvke Luhrtkfiifs , kbvfstknhedr
fb fi kbstktutd, y Nkhbiulh Chrtkbd efshrrdiihedr idlhi ldbtrhthed,
efshrrdiihrdb ubh pihthodrch ef mhrewhrf y sdotwhrf ikgrf, cès
 pfquføh
 pfquf øh y fldbückl
fldbücklh, h, h ih quf iihchr
iihchrdb Hreukbd.
db Hreukbd

´Lücd sf ldcpdbf ub cklrdldbtrdihedr ef Hreukbd4

Fbtrhehs
(Oknurh 8.ldcpdbfbtfs quf ldcpdbfb ub cklrdldbtrdihedr ef
\db ids pkbfs ef bufstrh pihlh quf pdefcds utkikzhr phrh mhlfr hreukbd),(mttps0//www.kbncflhofbkx.ldc/fifltrdbklh/hreukbd/)
iflturhs. Fb ih pihlh ubd sdb ids pkbfs eknkthifs (efi : hi 8<) y ids
hbhiünklds (efi H: hi H6).
   

´Lücd oublkdbh ub cklrdldbtrdihedr ef Hreukbd4 ub kbvfbtd kbekspfbshgif h ih mdrh ef efshrrdiihr bufvds hrtfohltds
fifltrübklds.
Ldcd fi mhrewhrf yh vkfbf kbtfnrhed fb ub sdid lmkp, phrh ushr ub
cklrdldbtrdihedr sf efgf fspflkoklhr su oublkdbhckfbtd pdr
sdotwhrf h trhvës ef prdnrhchs quf kbekqufb ihs kbstrullkdbfs quf fi
cklrdldbtrdihedr efgf rfhikzhr. Fb ubh cfcdrkh sf nuhrehb ids
 prdnrhchs
 prdnrhchs y ub fifcfbtd
fifcfbtd iihched
iihched LZV sf fblhrnh
fblhrnh ef prdlf
prdlfshr
shr phsd
 pdr phsd ihs kbstrull
kbstrullkdbfs
kdbfs efi prdnr
prdnrhch.
hch. Id Idss ifbnuh`fs ef
 prdnrhchlküb
 prdnrhchlküb tãpkld
tãpkldss quf sf ushb
ushb phrh
phrh fstf okb sdb fbshcgihedr  y
 y L ,
 pfrd hbtfs ef nrhghr ub prdnrprdnrhch
hch hi cklrdl
cklrdldbtrdi
dbtrdihedr
hedr mhy quf
ldcpkihrid h mfxheflkchi quf fs fi odrchtd ldb fi quf oublkdbh fi
cklrdldbtrdihedr.(7:78,
7:78, Fldbd ckpfekh)
 Fldbdckpfekh

Fi cklrdldbtrdihedr ef Hreukbd pdsff id quf sf iihch ubh kbtfrohz

ef fbtrheh, quf fs ubh ldbfxküb fb ih quf pdefcds ldbflthr fb ih
 pihlh ekof
ekofrfbtfs
rfbtfs tkpds ef pfrkoërkl
pfrkoërklds.
ds. Fi tkpd ef pfrkoërkld
pfrkoërkldss quf
 pufehs utkikzhr phrh fbvk
fbvkhr
hr ehtds hi cklrdld
cklrdldbtrdihed
btrdihedrr efpfbef fb
nrhb cfekeh ef quë usd if fstës pfbshbed ehr. Zufefb sfr lèchrhs
 phrh dgtfbfr kcènfbfs,
kcènfbfs, tfliheds phrh kbtrdeulkr ehtds, d ekofrfbtf
ekofrfbtfss
tkpds ef sfbsdrfs. Uhcgkëb lufbth ldb ubh kbtfrohz ef shikeh, quf fs (Oknurh 7. Bðcfrd Udthi ef usuhrkds ef schrtpmdbfs h bkvfi
ih quf sf fblhrnh ef iifvhr ih kbodrchlküb quf sf mh prdlfshed fb fi  nidghi. Lrfhlkü
Lrfhlküb
b prdpkh)
Hreukbd h dtrds pfrkoërklds. Fstds pfrkoërklds pufefb sfr phbthiihs d
hithvdlfs fb ids quf rfprdeulkr ids ehtds prdlfsheds, pfrd thcgkëb
Fstd efcufstrh id kbekspfbshgif quf fs quf ub hrtfohltd fifltrübkld
 pufefb
 pufef b sfr dtrhs pihlhs d ldbtrdihedrfs.
ldbtrdihedrfs. \f if pufefb ehr usd phrh
ldbtfbnh ub cklrdldbtrdihedr y fi nrhb kcphltd quf tkfbf fb ih vkeh
 prèltklhcfbtf
 prèltklhcfbtf luhiqukf
luhiqukfrr ldsh, efsef rfid`fs mhsth gèsl uihs
gèsluih
ldtkekhbh ef ih nrhb phrtf ef ih muchbkehe fb ih hltuhikehe.
ldbflthehs, phshbed pdr rdgdts, pfrskhbhs ldbtrdihehs pdr vdz d tu
 prdpkd vfbekbn chlmkbf
chlmkbf.(Chstd
.(Chstdbfr,7:7
bfr,7:7:)
:) H pfshr ef tdeds ids ekspdsktkvds quf sf mhb efshrrdiihed mhsth fi
_fbth`hs ef ub Hreukbd cdcfbtd nrhlkhs h ih kcpifcfbthlküb efi cklrdldbtrdihedr, fs
kcpdskgif hvfrknuhr tdeds sus pdskgifs usds. Bd sf pufef shgfr quë
-Ghrhtd dtrh utkikehe sf ifs ehrè fb ub phr ef eëlhehs d fb ub sknid. Uücfsf
fb lufbth fstf kbvfbtd ouf efshrrdiihed fb 8;>8, fb ubh ëpdlh fb ih
-Oèlki ef ushr quf rflkëb sf fsthgh prfsfbthbed fi eksquftf (ub eksld quf
hichlfbhgh kbodrchlküb, ubd ef ids prfeflfsdrfs ef ih cfcdrkh
-Zrdtdtkpd rèpked ef prdyfltds V\G), fb su cdcfbtd frh ushed sdihcfbtf phrhph rh prdeultds ef lèiluid
efbtrd ef Ufxhbs Kbstrucfbts (ldcphøãh quf kbvfbtü fi
-Kcpifcfbthrid rèpkehcfbtf fb fbtdrbds ef prufgh
cklrdprdlfshedr) y tfliheds. Ldcd sf kgh h shgfr fb fsf cdcfbtd
-Zufef ushrid hgsdiuthcfbtf  phrh kbsthihr
kbsthihr d kbtfnrhr fb su quf nrhlkhs h fsf hrtfohltd hmdrh pderãhcds tfbfr ubh ldcputhedrh
 prdeultd, skfcprf
 prdeultd, skfcprf quf rfsphief su prfsupufstd.
prfsupufstd. fb bufstrd gdiskiid, pdbkfbed ldcd f`fcpid hi schrtpmdbf, d quf
mhgrãhb lhshs kbtfiknfbtfs quf pufefb hphnhr y fblfbefr iulfs ldb
-Zfrcktf lrfhr ubh pihlh pfrsdbhikzheh hi ckrhr fsqufchs. sdid ub ldchbed ef vdz.

Efsvfbth`hs Dtrh chbfrh ef vfr fi fbublkhed hbtfrkdr, fs lufstkdbhbed, ´Xuf fs

kcpdskgif4 Fstd pdrquf, id quf hmdrh fs sdid ub lufbtd ef ohbthsãh,
-Zdefr ef prdlfshckfbtd ikckthed  pufef sfr rf
rfhikehe
hikehe fb pdld tkfcpd
tkfcpd nrhl
nrhlkhs
khs h ids cklrd
cklrdldbtrdi
ldbtrdihedrfs.
hedrfs.
Ef knuhi odrch, sf pufef tfbfr ubh kefh ef quf kbvfbtds pufefb sfr
- Fi ldbsucd ef fbfrnãh ef Hreukbd ubd (ushbed htcfnh<7=p)
thcgkëb fs culmd cès quf ihs ðitkchs pihlhs ghshehs fb HWC. efshrrdiiheds fb ub outurd, pfrd id cès prdghgif fs quf mhyhb
hinubds quf skqukfrh sf ifs mhyh dlurrked h ids nrhbefs fslrktdrfs ef
-Zkbfs ef fbtrheh y shikeh ikcktheds lkfblkh okllküb.

KKK. KCZHLUD Ldb fi dg`ftkvd ef vhikehr fi pubtd hbtfrkdr, sf rfhikzü ub odrcuihrkd

Ids cklrdldbtrdihedrfs tkfbfb ih pfluikhrkehe ef sfr ghsthbtf ðtkifs efbdckbhed0 ’Fvdiulküb ef ids Ufiëodbds Kbtfiknfbtfs– ldb ih hyueh
fb ih ëpdlh hltuhi, yh quf kbliusd skfbed ghsthbtf ldcphltd, tkfbfb ef ih hpiklhlküb ef Nddnif Odrcs fi luhi ouf rfspdbeked pdr
ih lhphlkehe ef hichlfbhr nrhbefs lhbtkehefs ef kbodrchlküb,  pfrsdbhs
 pfrsd bhs lf
lfrlhbhs
rlhbhs h ids kbtfnrhbt
kbtfnrhbtfs
fs efi
efi nrupd
nrupd ef
efshrrdiihe
shrrdiihedrfs
drfs ef fsth
ldbflthr cðitkpifs ekspdsktkvds fbtrf sã, y cès. Ldbvkrtkëbedids fb kbvfstknhlküb. \f usü fi f`fcpid ef ids Ufiëodbds Kbtfiknfbtfs yh quf
fs fi tërckbd ef chydr ldbdlkckfbtd mdy fb eãh. H ldbtkbuhlküb sf
 
 

cdstrhrèb ihs prfnubths prfsfbthehs fb fi odrcuihrkd, ldb sus

rfspfltkvds dg`ftkvds y rfsuitheds0

8.  Fsld`h su rhbnd ef fehe  

Ih prkcfrh prfnubth sf rfhikzü ldb fi dg`ftkvd ef eftfrckbhr fi

rhbnd ef fehe ef ihs pfrsdbhs quf rfspdbekfrdb fi odrcuihrkd y
lhiluihr fi prdcfekd ef ihs ckschs.

\f lhiluih, quf ef ihs 7< pfrsdbhs quf rfspdbekfrdb. 87 pfrsdbhs sdb

ef fbtrf fi rhbnd ef cfbdrfs ef 7;-<6 høds, y ihs dtrhs 88 vhb ef <?-
cès ef 66 høds.

5.  \k ek`d sã h ih prfnubth hbtfrkdr. ´Xuë ef ih

sknukfbtf iksth ustfe idnrü hbtklkphr4  

Fsth prfnubth ouf pihbtfheh ldb fi dg`ftkvd ef hvfrknuhr luèifs

oublkdbfs ef ids Ufiëodbds Kbtfiknfbtfs oufrdb hbtklkphehs.

7.  Hprdxkchehcfbtf, ´h quë fehe sf fbtfrü efi

tërckbd "Ufiëodbd Kbtfiknfbtf"4 

Fi dg`ftkvd ef ih sfnubeh prfnubth ouf fi ef pdefr hbhikzhr, tdchbed

fb lufbth ih fehe prdcfekd ef ihs pfrsdbhs quf kbnrfshrdb sus
rfspufsths, fb quë cdcfbtd fslulmhrdb efi tërckbd
tërck bd ef ids Ufiëodbds
Kbtfiknfbtfs d sk yh tfbãhb ldbdlkckfbtd efsef skfcprf.

6.  ´Ldbdlf fi tërckbd "Cklrdldbtrdihedr"4 

Ih ðitkch prfnubth ouf fihgdrheh phrh tfbfr ubh kefh ef quf thbtd
sf ldbdlãh efi tërckbd ef Cklrdldbtrdihedr.

<.  ´Vstfe hinubh vfz kchnkbü tfbfr ih tflbdidnãh ef

ids tfiëodbds kbtfiknfbtfs, thi ldcd ih tfbfcds mdy
fb eãh4 

Ih tfrlfrh prfnubth ouf ih prfnubth ef chydr kcpdrthblkh fb fi

odrcuihrkd, yh quf fs ih quf efcufstrh quf thbths pfrsdbhs puekfrdb
Fb nfbfrhi, sf pued efcdstrhr quf ih pdgihlküb `dvfb pued hbtklkphr
hbtklkphr ih fvdiulküb ef ids tfiëodbds.
ih fvdiulküb ef ids Ufiëodbds Kbtfiknfbtfs, h ekofrfblkh ef ih
 pdgihlküb
 pdgihlküb heuith, h phrtkr ef ids
ids <? høds.
 
 

efchbeh ef fstds ekspdsktkvds quf sf rfpdrtü fb fi hød 7:8?.

Fstd ldbokrch quf fs rfihtkvhcfbtf ekoãlki pdefr shgfr quë thbtd
hvhbzhb ids cklrdprdlfshedrfs y ids usds quf h fstds sf if ehrèb.
Efgked h quf ih pdgihlküb `dvfb idnrü hbtklkphr tflbdidnãh tdchbed
ldcd ghsf hind yh lrfhed, pdr id quf frh ef chydr ohlkikehe phrh
fiids ldbskefrhbed quf yh mhgãhb lrflked `ubtd h fstds ekspdsktkvds,
fs eflkr, fiids puekfrdb mhgfr prfeklmd Ohlfgdda, pdrquf yh
ldbdlãhb Mk6, pfrd bd ub Uwkttfr d Kbsthnrhc.
\kb fcghrnd, skb fstds lhsds bd sf pufef hvfrknuhr lücd sfrè ih
Uhcgkëb sf cfblkdbh quf hprdxkchehcfbtf fi 5:%   ef ids fbvãds
quf sf rfhikzhb ef fstds ekspdsktkvds sdb phrh thr`fths kbtfiknfbtfs.
Uhcgkëb hluekcds h ih ldcphøãh Nrhbe _kfw Wfsfhrlm, fiids sdb
ldbsuitdrfs fb luhbtd h eflkskdbfs ef bfndlkds y rfhikzhrdb ub
rfpdrtf efi thchød cfrlhed ef cklrdldbtrdihedrfs, fb fstf lhsd fs
ub fstuekd cès rflkfbtf, ouf pugiklhed fb chrzd efi prfsfbtf hød
7:78.

tflbdidnãh fb 5: høds fb fi outurd.

Fb fstf rfpdrtf sf ehb ehtds fb fi hød 7:7: fb fi quf fi cfrlhed
K_. CFWLHED cubekhi ef cklrdldbtrdihedrfs sf vhidrü fb 8>.>;: ckiidbfs ef
eüihrfs ldb ubh lhbtkehe ef fbvãds ef 7= cki ckiidbfs ef ubkehefs
fb fsf ckscd hød.
Ldb fi dg`ftkvd ef grkbehr ehtds thbnkgifs h ids ifltdrfs fb luhbtd h
ekbfrd, puekcds hluekr h ubh drnhbkzhlküb iihcheh KL Kbsknmts quf Hbhikzhbed fsths prdyfllkdbfs fs cès fvkefbtf ldcd ids
sf efeklh h rfhikzhr kbvfstknhlkdbfs ef lücd sf ldcpdrth fi cfrlhed,  prdeu
 prdeultdrf
ltdrfss sf mhb tfbked
tfbked quf hhehpthr
ehpthr d gkfb efgfr
efgfrèb
èb hehp
hehpthrsf
thrsf h ubh
fspflãoklhcfbtf fbodlhed fb ih kbeustrkh ef ids sfckldbeultdrfs. lrflkfbtf efchbeh ef cklrdldbtrdihedrfs pdr phrtf ef fcprfshs ef
tded fi cubed.
KL kbsknmts
Fs prdghgif thcgkëb quf, sk fi cfrlhed sf ldblfbtrhgh fb ubhs
’Fcprfsh ef kbvfstknhlküb ef cfrlhed ef sfckldbeultdrfs ldb luhbths fcprfshs, pdr f`fcpid, ldb ihs ekstrkgukedrhs phrh fi sfltdr
sfef fb \ldttsehif, Hrkzdbh, FF VV. Oubeheh fb 8;;>, KL hutdcdvkiãstkld, dtrhs fcprfshs ldbskefrfb fs ub cfrlhed ghsthbtf

Kbsknmts dorflf
kbtfnrheds ub hbèiksks
(KL), ldcpiftd ef ids
dptdfifltrübklds, cfrlheds ef lkrluktds/
sfbsdrfs ohltkgif y hpufstfb pdr kcpifcfbthr thcgkëb ih prdeullküb ef
cklrdldbtrdihedrfs.
hltuhedrfs y sfckldbeultdrfs ekslrftds ldb ldgfrturh
quf kbliuyf tfbefblkhs ldcfrlkhifs, fldbücklhs y tflbdiünklhs, _. CKLWDLDBUWDIHEDWF\ EF GH@D LD\UD
hltuhifs, lihskoklhlkdbfs ef prdvffedrfs prkblkphifs, kbvfrskdbfs
ef lhpkthi y tfbefblkhs ef lhphlkehe ef dgifhs, fi kcphltd ef ids Fb ids f`fcpids hbtfrkdrfs mfcds prfsfblkhed hpiklhlkdbfs ef ids
bufvds prdeultds sfckldbeultdrfs fb fi cfrlhed y dtrh cklrdldbtrdihedrfs fb ub hcgkfbtf kbeustrkhi y h ih vfz hind
kbodrchlküb rfifvhbtf ef ih kbeustrkh ef sfckldbeultdrfs–. “   KL
KL  prdeultkvd
 prdeultkvd,, hubquf fstf bd fs fi ðbkld hcgkfbt
hcgkfbtff fb fi quf ids
KB\KNMU\  pdefcds
 pdefcds fbldbtrhr.
fbldbtrhr.

Efsef ids høds 7::: surnf ih bflfskehe ef lrfhr fi ekspdsktkvd quf

rflrfh fi gufb oublkdbhckfbtd ef ids cklrdldbtrdihedrfs, pfrd ef
 gh`d ldstd,
ldstd, pufstd h quf fstds pufefb iifnhr ghsth
ghsthbtf
btf fifvheds
fifvheds h id
quf iihchcds prflkd. Fb fi hød 7::6 surnf ub ekspdsktkvd quf ouf
bdcgrhed ldcd ’Hreukbd–, fi eklmdsd Hreukbd ldbskstf fb ubh
 pihlh quf kbldrp
kbldrpdrh
drh ub cklrd
cklrdldbtrd
ldbtrdihedr
ihedr rfpr
rfprdnrhch
dnrhchgif
gif pdr eflk
eflkrid
rid
ef fsth chbfrh. Ldcd yh cfblkdbhcds hbtfrkdrcfbtf ihs
lhrhltfrãstklhs y f`fcpids prkblkphifs quf pdsffb ids
cklrdldbtrdihedrfs fs quf pufefb sfr prdnrhcheds, fi Hreukbd
 pdsff ub ifbn
ifbnuh`f
uh`f ef prdnrhchlküb
prdnrhchlküb ghs
ghshed
hed fb
fb L++ id quf if ohlkik
ohlkikth
th
ldcprfbefr quf pufef iifnhr mhlfr ubh mfrrhckfbth kcpdrthbtf
 ghsthbtf bflfsktheh phrh quf pdeh
pdehcds
cds fbtfbefr
fbtfbefr y fbsføhr id quf
sfrãh iihcheh ih prdnrhchlküb.
’\f prfvë quf ids kbnrfsds ef CLV hucfbtfb ub 88% fb 7:8= h ub
cèxkcd mkstürkld ef $ 8=.? cki ckiidbfs, sfnuked ef ub lrflkckfbtd Fs cuy ldcðb vfr fb ids prdnrhchs ef lkfblkhs ef ih ldcputhlküb
efi ;% fb 7:8; h hprdxkchehcfbtf $ 7:.5 cki ckiidbfs– (Oknurh <)   fb ldifnkds ef dtrds fstheds fb Furdph ih prdnrhchlküb ef eklmd
Hreukbd ldcd odrch ef kbtrdeulkr h ids `üvfbfs h ih prdnrhchlküb
Fb fi 7:8= sf rfhikzü ub fstuekd fb fi quf sf prdyflth quf ihs vfbths  pdr su oublkd
oublkdbhckfbtd
bhckfbtd rfihtkv
rfihtkvhcfbtf
hcfbtf skcpif.
ef cklrdldbtrdihedrfs hilhbzhrèb bðcfrds ef kbnrfsds hbuhifs
rëldre mhsth fi hød 7:77. Fstd fb ldbtrhstf ldb ubh gh`h fb ih
 
 

Fb ekvfrsds fstuekds sf mh ldrrdgdrhed fi gfbfoklkd quf tkfbf ih

fbsføhbzh ef ih prdnrhchlküb, bd sdid phrh hqufiihs pfrsdbhs
kbtfrfshehs fb trhgh`hr fb fi lhcpd ef ih tflbdidnãh, skbd quf phrh
luhiqukfr pfrsdbh fb nfbfrhi. Cès hðb tdchbed fb ldbskefrhlküb ih
luhrth rfvdiulküb kbeustrkhi y tdeds ids lhcgkds quf mh trhãed phrh
ih oufrzh ihgdrhi fb ih quf sf prdyflth quf fb ub outurd lfrlhbd sfh
rfquksktd fb ih chydrãh ef ids fcpifds.

Ldb fsths prdyfllkdbfs phãsfs efshrrdiiheds mhb hpdsthed pdr tdchr

vfbth`h ef ih tflbdidnãh ef cklrdldbtrdihedrfs ef gh`d ldstd ldcd

id sdb Hreukbd y Whspgfrry Zk f kcpifcfbthrid fb ih fbsføhbzh ef
fslufihs prkchrkhs.

Fb fi hød 7:8; sf edlucfbtü ub fstuekd rfhikzhed fb Ldrfh ldb

bkøds, fb fstf fxpfrkcfbtd sf prdpusd ub cdefid ef lihsf fb fi quf Kchnfb 7. Fstrulturh Cklrdprdlfshedr
sf efshrrdiiü ub hutdcüvki quf puekfrh sfr ldbtrdihed ldb ih
 prdnrhchlküb
 prdnr hchlküb fb Hreukb
Hreukbd.
d. Fb fi fstuekd sf efthii
efthiihh phsd h phsd ih
cftdedidnãh quf sf utkikzü mhsth fi cdcfbtd fb quf sf kcpifcfbtü Ih ldcphrhlküb fbtrf ih fstrulturh efi cklrdldbtrdihedr y
fb ubh lihsf ef 55 fstuekhbtfs. cklrdprdlfshedr bd tkfbf ldcd dg`ftkvd ldbdlfr luèi ekspdsktkvd fs
cf`dr ldbdlfr quf dtrd, quf efgkikehefs tkfbf ubd fb rfihlküb ldb fi
Fb ih lihsf sf if ouf nukhbed h ids bkøds y hi okbhi sf ifs mklkfrdb ubh dtrd d luhi fs cès ldbvfbkfbtf ldcd pufs bd fxkstf ubh rfihlküb fb
sfrkf ef prfnubths sdgrf su dpkbküb efi prdyfltd1 ih chydrãh ef ids   su oublkdbhikehe, skbd quf fs ub ekhnrhch quf pfrcktf rfldbdlfr
fstuekhbtfs sf cdstrhrdb ldb ubh hltktue pdsktkvh sdgrf ih odrch fb luhifs sdb ids hspfltds quf ids ekofrfblkh.

quf sf rfhikzü
hsdcgrhed quf ih lihsf hiy vfr
fstuvd ubdquf
ef fi
fiids fb fspflãokld
cdefid cfblkdbü
ef hutdcüvki id
sf pdeãh
ldbtrdihr ldb thb sdid ih utkikzhlküb ef Hreukbd. Ldcd id vfcds fb ih oknurh 8 fi cklrdldbtrdihedr tkfbf fb su kbtfrkdr
ubh Vbkehe ef Ldbtrdi ef prdlfshckfbtd, culmhs pfrsdbhs sf
 Bds phrfl
phrflff kcpdrt hbtf quf Ldsth Wklh thcgkëb kbklkf ldb fstds rfokfrfb h fsth Vbkehe Lfbtrhi ef prdlfshckfbtd, culmhs vflfs
kcpdrthbtf
 prdnrhchs
 prdnrhchs fb ids luhifs ldb fstf tkpd ef cftded idnãh sf pufeh thcgkëb sf tkfbef h rfofrkrsf h fsth Vbkehe Lfbtrhi ef prdlfshckfbtd
cftdedidnãh
kbvdiulrhr h ids bkøds y `üvfbfs fb hcgkfbtf ef hprfbekzh`f ldcd fi lfrfgrd efi ldcputhedr. Fi cklrdldbtrdihedr hi tfbfr LZV
bdvfedsd y quf sf skfbthb fbtuskhscheds thcgkëb hi hprfbefr hind fb su fstrulturh kbtfrbh pufef kbtfrprfthr kbstrullkdbfs quf if sdb
bufvd f kcpifcfbthrid fb fi skstfch feulhtkvd hltuhi quf sf ghsh ef ehehs ckfbtrhs quf fi cklrdprdlfshedr ðbklhcfbtf ldcd su bdcgrf
odrch bd bflfshrkhcfbtf ldrrflth fb cfcdrkzhlküb y fxècfbfs1 pdr id kbeklh, prdlfsh kbodrchlküb.
supufstd ldbskefrhbed ids kbtfrfsfs ef ids bkøds y quf phrtklkphrdb
hqufiids quf skfbthb ub nustd pdr fstf tkpd ef tflbdidnãhs. Fi cklrdldbtrdihedr fb sã tkfbf ubh fstrulturh cès ldcpif`h quf fi
cklrdprdlfshedr y pfrcktf rfhikzhr hllkdbfs cès ldcpif`hs, skb
fcghrnd, pufef rfsuithr rfihtkvhcfbtf ifbtd fb su ldcphrhlküb ldb
fi cklrdprdlfshedr. H prkcfrh vksth fi cklrdprdlfshedr pufef
_K. F\UWVLUVWH  phrflfr
 phrflfr sfr cès pdefrdsd
pdefrdsd quf fi
fi cklrdldbtrdihed
cklrdldbtrdihedr,
r, pfrd,
pfrd, fb bufstrhs
bufstrhs
Fstrulturh ef ub Cklrdldbtrdihedr vs Cklrdprdlfshedr hllkdbfs ldtkekhbhs quf rfhikzhcds eãh h eãh bd chbf`hcds,
efchskheh kbodrchlküb1 hllkdbfs ldcd ihvhrsf ids ekfbtfs tdchr
hnuh d skcpifcfbtf kr hi ghød sdb prdlfsds quf oufrdb prdnrhcheds
 pdr bufstrd lfrfgrd y hltuhic
hltuhicfbtf
fbtf id rfhikzhc
rfhikzhcds
ds lhsk ef chbf
chbfrh
rh
hutdcètklh. Ldcd efokbklküb ef lfrfgrd id efslrkgf ldcd ub skstfch
bfrvkdsd ldcpif`d, fb nfbfrhi rflkgf kbodrchlküb ef oufbtfs
fxtfrbhs y ihs rfhllkdbfs sdb fbvkhehs hi lufrpd cfekhbtf ih
fxprfsküb cdtdrh

Fs pdskgif fbtdblfs eflkr quf ub ldbtrdihedr thcgkëb pufef sfr

 prdnrhched
 prdnr hched phrh rfhikz
rfhikzhr
hr ubh thrfh eftfr
eftfrckbheh
ckbheh ldb sus
ikckthlkdbfs1 fi lfrfgrd fs thb pdefrdsd quf pufef rfhikzhr ubh nrhb
vhrkfehe ef prdlfsds h ih vfz, hmdrh, fi bkvfi ef tflbdidnãh ldb quf
Kchnfb 8. Fstrulturh ef ub Cklrdldbtrdihedr
 
 

ldbthcds hltuhicfbtf fb bufstrds skstfchs sdid ifs pfrcktf rfhikzhr .WFOFWFBLKH\ 

ubh thrfh y fspflãoklhcfbtf ih thrfh phrh ih quf ouf prdnrhcheh.
Hyldla, \. (b.e.). Ih mkstdrkh efi cklrdldbtrdihedr .
_KK. CFUDEDIDNÃH Uflmihbekh.  mttps0//tflm
Uflmihbekh. mttps0//tflmihbekh.ldc/m
ihbekh.ldc/mkstdrkh-efi-
kstdrkh-efi-
cklrdldbtrdihedr-kbodT68?;=5/

Ih kbvfstknhlküb sf rfhikzü ldb ih hyueh ef ekstkbtds cdtdrfs ef Efsldbdlked. (7:87, Eflfcgfr 7). Ids
 gðsqufeh, ldb fi dg`ftkvd ef fbldbt
 gðsqufeh, fbldbtrhr
rhr oufbtfs
oufbtfs ef kbodrch
kbodrchlküb
lküb
cklrdldbtrdihedrfs ef Mdy fb Ekh.
Ekh .
rfifvhbtfs phrh fi efshrrdiid efi edlucfbtd.
Cklrdldbtrdihedrfs.
mttps0//cklrdldbtrdihedrfssfsv.wdreprfss.ldc/ids-
Ef knuhi chbfrh sf rfhikzü ubh fblufsth ghsheh fb prfnubths sdgrf cklrdldbtrdihedrfs-ef-mdy-fb-ekh/
ih ’fvdiulküb ef ids tfiëodbds kbtfiknfbtfs–, phrh sfr lhphlfs ef ehr
ubh cf`dr hrnucfbthlküb sdgrf ’Fi kcphltd ef ids Nrkiid, W. (7:8?, @ubf 7>). Fstheãstklhs [ Ehtds efi V\D
cklrdldbtrdihedrfs fb fi outurd–. 
outurd–. 
efi Lfiuihr . Chraftkbn Eknkthi y Wfefs \dlkhifs.
mttps0//rderkndmc.ldc/fsthekstkl
mttps0//rderkndmc.ldc/fsthekstklhs-y-ehtds-efi-us
hs-y-ehtds-efi-usd-
d-
efi-lfiuihr/
Uhcgkëb sf utkikzhrdb dtrhs mfrrhckfbths phrh rfhikzhr nrèoklhs ldb
fi prdpüsktd ef efcdstrhr ihs fstheãstklhs y ehr chydr vfrhlkehe h
ids hrnucfbtds pihbtfheds fb ih kbvfstknhlküb. Mfrrfrh Kghrrh, E. (8;>8, Bdvfcgfr 86). Ids hvhblfs ef
ids Cklrdprdlfshedrfs tkcfikbf.
tkcfikbf. Ukcftdhst tkcfikbfs.
mttps0//www.tkcftdhst.ld
mttps0//www.tkcftdhst.ldc/tkcfikbfs/ids-hvhb
c/tkcfikbfs/ids-hvhblfs-
lfs-
_KKK.LDBLIV\KÜB ef-ids-cklrdprdlfshedrfs

\fnðb fi odrcuihrkd fs tdthicfbtf ohltkgif shgfr ef lücd ihs

 pfrsdbhs tkfbfb fxpf
 pfrsdbhs fxpfrkfblkh
rkfblkh ldb ih kbodrc
kbodrcètklh,
ètklh, ids ehtds Ckb \mub, [. (b.e.). Zifhsf whkt...
whkt... Zifhsf ^hkt... |
rfldifltheds kbeklhb quf ih chydrãh ef ihs pfrsdbhs bd shgfb ef Lidueoihrf.
cklrdldbtrdihedrfs fsd mhlf quf sf ifs pufeh fbsføhr ubh ef ihs mttps0//ykckbsmuc.ldc/cdgkif-c
mttps0//ykckbsmuc.ldc/cdgkif-cdvki-hpp-7:7:/
dvki-hpp-7:7:/
odrchs quf skrvf ub cklrdldbtrdihedr y ub Hreukbd

Fi hllfsd h Kbtfrbft fs ub eftfrckbhbtf pubtd phrh idnrhr fi usd, Whckrfz, @. (8;?6). Cklrdldbtrdihedrfs ZKL Iãbfh efi
ldcd sf shgf, fb ih ëpdlh hltuhi, tded fs tflbdidnãh, skb fcghrnd, Ukfcpd tkcfikbf.
tkcfikbf. Ukcftdhst tkcfikbfs.
fstf rfqufrkckfbtd hoflth h ih pdgihlküb h vflfs ef ubh chbfrh bd mttps0//www.tkcftdhst.ld
mttps0//www.tkcftdhst.ldc/tkcfikbfs/ck
c/tkcfikbfs/cklrdldbtrdihe
lrdldbtrdihe
ldbtrdiheh. drfs-pkl-ikbfh-efi-tkfcpd

Uhcgkëb sf dgsfrvh quf fi rhbnd ef fehe fs ef ub hprdxkched

cfbdrfs ef 7; høds fstd kbeklh quf sdb cès hphskdbheds h ih
tflbdidnãh sf ldbdlf cès sdgrf fstf tfch y fs bdrchi, pdr fsd, fi
usd ef fstf tkpd ef fstrhtfnkhs
fstrh tfnkhs ef fbsføhbzh efgf sfr cès kbldrpdrheh
h bkvfi cubekhi thbtd fb prdnrhchlküb, sfnurkehe, rfefs, tded id quf
ldbiifvh ih kbodrcètklh. \kfbed ubh prdpufsth h outurd.  
\thtksth. (7:7:, @uiy 8:). Nidghi pdpuihtkdb -
ekstrkgutkdb gy ldbtkbfbt 7:8; | \thtksth.
\thtksth.
mttps0//www.sthtksth.ldc/stht
mttps0//www.sthtksth.ldc/sthtkstkls/7<>6=5/ekstrkgut
kstkls/7<>6=5/ekstrkgutkk
db-do-tmf-wdrie-pdpuihtkdb-gy-ldbtkbfbt/

Udchbed fb ldbskefrhlküb ihs vfbth`hs fxpufsths, qufeh lihrd quf ^driedcftfr. (b.e.). Zdgihlküb Cubekhi0 >.= Gkiidbfs
ih mfrrhckfbth Hreukbd fs ub kbstrucfbtd hithcfbtf oifxkgif y ef pfrsdbhs (7:78).
(7:78). ^driedcftfr - rfhi tkcf wdrie
hehpthgif phrh efshrrdiihr prdyfltds pufstd quf pfrcktf rfhikzhr sthtkstkls.
culmhs thrfhs, hmdrrhbed fifcfbtds fifltrübklds id quf
qu f mhlf quf sfh
mttps0//www.wdriedcftfrs.kbod/fs/pdgihlkdb-
ef cuy oèlki usd, ef id hbtfrkdr, fxkstfb ubh vhrkfehe ef f`fcpids
ldcd prufgh ef ih kbokbkehe ef kbodrchlküb y ikgrds quf sf hpdyhb cubekhi/
ldcd cfekd ef efshrrdiid fsthgif ef prdyfltds tflbdiünklds.
Phcuekd Gfitrèb, P. (7:78, @hbuhry 7=). Ih kcpdrthblkh
\f ldbliuyf ldcd rfsuithed ef fstf trhgh`d prfsfbthbed ids
y hpiklhlkdbfs ef ids cklrdldbtrdihedrfs fb ih
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efi Hreukbd y fi ldbdlkckfbtd ef ihs pfrsdbhs sdgrf fi prfsfbtf fifltrübklh.. Kbnfbkfrãh.
fifltrübklh
mflmd, ihs luhifs sdb efshrrdiiheds phrh fstf prdpüsktd. Ef knuhi mttps0//kbnfbkfrkh.ihshiif.cx/ih-kcpdrthblkh-y-
odrch, sf efsprfbef ef ids hspfltds pihbtfheds ih kcpdrthblkh ef ih hpiklhlkdbfs-ef-ids-cklrdldbtrdihedrfs-fb-ih-
tflbdidnãh y ids rfsuitheds efi cëtded utkikzhed. Fb Hreukbd sf idnrü fifltrdbklh/
ub usd ef sfbsdrfs ehbed iunhr h vhrkhs odrchs ef utkikzhlküb fb fi
lhsd ef fstf trhgh`d, ub skstfch ef hihrch.
 
 

Kbnfbkfrãh Cflhofbkx (76 hgrki, 7:8>) lücd oublkdbh ub Hreukbd y

sus phrtfs.
mttps0//www.kbncflhofbkx.ldc/fifltrdbklh/hreukbd/

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Kbtfi. (b.e.). \diulkdbfs phrh Lfbtrds ef Ehtds, kbtfrbft

ef ihs ldshs F.

mttps0//www.kbtfi.ih/ldbtfbt/www/xi/fs/mdcfphnf.mt 

ci

B]Z. (b.e.). B]Z® \fckldbeultdrs Dooklkhi \ktf | Mdcf.

mttps0//www.bxp.ldc/  

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