03 Ncert Physics Points To Ponder Class-Xi - PDF - Rotation Around A Fixed Axis - Acceleration

6/18/23, 2:13 PM 03 NCERT PHYSICS POINTS TO PONDER Class-XI | PDF | Rotation Around A Fixed Axis | Acceleration
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Rnysf`s
@ehss-^F
ROFC]P ]O ROCMDY
KO]FOC FC H P]YHFGN] EFCD
8. ]nd phtn edcgtn trhvdrsdm iy hc oild`t idtwddc two pofcts fs, fc gdcdrhe, cot tnd shkd hs
khgcftumd oj mfspeh`dkdct. ]nd mfspeh`dkdct mdpdcms ocey oc tnd dcm pofcts1 tnd phtn edcgtn
tnd chkd fkpefds) mdpdcms oc tnd h`tuhe phtn. Fc ocd mfkdcsfoc, tnd two quhctftfds hrd dquhe o
fj tnd oild`t mods cot `nhcgd fts mfrd`tfoc murfcg tnd òursd oj kotfoc. Fc hee otndr `hsds, tnd p
edcgtn fs grdhtdr tnhc tnd khgcftumd oj mfspeh`dkdct.
9. Fc vfdw oj pofct 8 hiovd, tnd hvdrhgd spddm oj hc oild`t fs grdhtdr tnhc or dquhe to tnd khgcft
oj tnd hvdrhgd vdeo`fty ovdr h gfvdc tfkd fctdrvhe. ]nd two hrd dquhe ocey fj tnd phtn edcgtn fs dq
to tnd khgcftumd oj mfspeh`dkdct.
0. ]nd orfgfc hcm tnd posftfvd mfrd`tfoc oj hc hxfs hrd h khttdr oj `nof`d. Vou snouem jfrst spd`fjy
`nof`d idjord you hssfgc sfgcs to quhctftfds efad mfspeh`dkdct, vdeo`fty hcm h``dedrhtfoc.
=. Fj h phrtfèd fs spddmfcg up, h``dedrhtfoc fs fc tnd mfrd`tfoc oj vdeo`fty1 fj fts spddm fs md`rdhs
h``dedrhtfoc fs fc tnd mfrd`tfoc opposftd to tnht oj tnd vdeo`fty. ]nfs sthtdkdct fs fcmdpdcmdc
tnd `nof`d oj tnd orfgfc hcm tnd hxfs.
4. ]nd sfgc oj h``dedrhtfoc mods cot tdee us wndtndr tnd phrtfèd‖s spddm fs fc`rdhsfcg or md`rdhs
]nd sfgc oj h``dedrhtfoc (hs kdctfocdm fc pofct 0) mdpdcms oc tnd `nof`d oj tnd posftfvd mfrd`
oj tnd hxfs. Jor dxhkped, fj tnd vdrtf`heey upwhrm mfrd`tfoc fs `nosdc to id tnd posftfvd mfrd`tfo
tnd hxfs, tnd h``dedrhtfoc mud to grhvfty fs cdghtfvd. Fj h phrtfèd fs jheefcg ucmdr grhvfty,
h``dedrhtfoc, tnougn cdghtfvd, rdsuets fc fc`rdhsd fc spddm. Jor h phrtfèd tnrowc upwhrm, tnd sh
cdghtfvd h``dedrhtfoc (oj grhvfty) rdsuets fc md`rdhsd fc spddm.
:. ]nd zdro vdeo`fty oj h phrtfèd ht hcy fcsthct mods cot cd`dsshrfey fkpey zdro h``dedrhtfoc ht
fcsthct. H phrtfèd khy id kokdcthrfey ht rdst hcm ydt nhvd coc-zdro h``dedrhtfoc. Jor dxhkp
phrtfèd tnrowc up nhs zdro vdeo`fty ht fts uppdrkost pofct iut tnd h``dedrhtfoc ht tnht fcs
òctfcuds to id tnd h``dedrhtfoc mud to grhvfty.
7. Fc tnd afcdkhtf` dquhtfocs oj kotfoc QDq. (0.88)[, tnd vhrfous quhctftfds hrd hegdirhf`, f.d. tndy
id posftfvd or cdghtfvd. ]nd dquhtfocs hrd hppef`hied fc hee sftuhtfocs (jor ocd mfkdcsfoche kot
wftn òcsthct h``dedrhtfoc) provfmdm tnd vheuds oj mfjjdrdct quhctftfds hrd suistftutdm fc
dquhtfocs wftn propdr sfgcs.
>. ]nd mdjfcftfocs oj fcsthcthcdous vdeo`fty hcm h``dedrhtfoc (Dqs. (0.0) hcm (0.4)) hrd dxh`t hcm
hewhys òrrd`t wnfed tnd afcdkhtf` dquhtfocs (Dq. (0.88)) hrd trud ocey jor kotfoc fc wnf`n
khgcftumd hcm tnd mfrd`tfoc oj h``dedrhtfoc hrd òcsthct murfcg tnd òursd oj kotfoc.
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KO]FOC FC H REHCD
8. ]nd phtn edcgtn trhvdrsdm iy hc oild`t idtwddc two pofcts fs, fc gdcdrhe, cot tnd shkd s
khgcftumd oj mfspeh`dkdct. ]nd mfspeh`dkdct mdpdcms ocey oc tnd dcm pofcts1 tnd phtn edcgtn
tnd chkd fkpefds) mdpdcms oc tnd h`tuhe phtn. ]nd two quhctftfds hrd dquhe ocey fj tnd oild`t m
cot `nhcgd fts mfrd`tfoc murfcg tnd òursd oj kotfoc. Fc hee otndr `hsds, tnd phtn edcgtn fs grd
tnhc tnd khgcftumd oj mfspeh`dkdct.
9. Fc vfdw oj pofct 8 hiovd, tnd hvdrhgd spddm oj hc oild`t fs grdhtdr tnhc or dquhe to tnd khgcft
oj tnd hvdrhgd vdeo`fty ovdr h gfvdc tfkd fctdrvhe. ]nd two hrd dquhe ocey fj tnd phtn edcgtn fs dq
to tnd khgcftumd oj mfspeh`dkdct.
0. ]nd vd`tor dquhtfocs (=.00h) hcm (=.0=h) mo cot fcvoevd hcy `nof`d oj hxds. Oj òursd, you
hewhys rdsoevd tndk heocg hcy two fcmdpdcmdct hxds.
=. ]nd afcdkhtf` dquhtfocs jor ucfjork h``dedrhtfoc mo cot hppey to tnd `hsd oj ucfjork `fr`
kotfoc sfc`d fc tnfs `hsd tnd khgcftumd oj h``dedrhtfoc fs òcsthct iut fts mfrd`tfoc fs `nhcgfcg.
4. Hc oild`t suild`tdm to two vdeo`ftfds v8 hcm v9 nhs h rdsuethct vdeo`fty v ; v8 + v9. ]had hrd
mfstfcgufsn ft jrok vdeo`fty oj oild`t 8 rdehtfvd to vdeo`fty oj oild`t 9 < v89; v8 ∙ v9.
Ndrd v8 hcm v9 hrd vdeo`ftfds wftn rdjdrdc`d to sokd òkkoc rdjdrdc`d jrhkd.
:. ]nd rdsuethct h``dedrhtfoc oj hc oild`t fc `frùehr kotfoc fs towhrms tnd `dctrd ocey fj tnd spdd
òcsthct.
7. ]nd snhpd oj tnd trhld`tory oj tnd kotfoc oj hc oild`t fs cot mdtdrkfcdm iy tnd h``dedrhtfoc h
iut heso mdpdcms oc tnd fcftfhe òcmftfocs oj kotfoc ( fcftfhe posftfoc hcm fcftfhe vdeo`fty).
dxhkped, tnd trhld`tory oj hc oild`t kovfcg ucmdr tnd shkd h``dedrhtfoc mud to grhvfty `hc
strhfgnt efcd or h phrhioeh mdpdcmfcg oc tnd fcftfhe òcmftfocs.
EHWP OJ KO]FOC
8. Jor`d fs cot hewhys fc tnd mfrd`tfoc oj kotfoc. Mdpdcmfcg oc tnd sftuhtfoc, J khy id heoc
opposftd to v, corkhe to v or khy khad sokd otndr hcged wftn v. Fc dvdry `hsd, ft fs phrheed
h``dedrhtfoc.
9. Fj v ; 2 ht hc fcsthct, f.d. fj h iomy fs kokdcthrfey ht rdst, ft mods cot kdhc tnht jor`d
h``dedrhtfoc hrd cd`dsshrfey zdro ht tnht fcsthct. Jor dxhkped, wndc h ihee tnrowc upwhrm rdh`
fts khxfkuk ndfgnt, v ; 2 iut tnd jor`d òctfcuds to id fts wdfgnt kg hcm tnd h``dedrhtfoc fs
zdro iut g.
0. Jor`d oc h iomy ht h gfvdc tfkd fs mdtdrkfcdm iy tnd sftuhtfoc ht tnd eo`htfoc oj tnd iomy ht
tfkd. Jor`d fs cot „`hrrfdm‖ iy tnd iomy jrok fts dhrefdr nfstory oj kotfoc. ]nd kokdct hjt
stocd fs rdedhsdm out oj hc h``dedrhtdm trhfc, tndrd fs co norfzocthe jor`d (or h``dedrhtfoc) oc
stocd, fj tnd djjd`ts oj tnd surroucmfcg hfr hrd cdged`tdm. ]nd stocd tndc nhs ocey tnd vdrtf`he jo
oj grhvfty.
=. Fc tnd sdòcm ehw oj kotfoc J ; k h, J sthcms jor tnd cdt jor`d mud to hee khtdrfhe hgdc`fds dxtd
to tnd iomy. h fs tnd djjd`t oj tnd jor`d. kh snouem cot id rdghrmdm hs ydt hcotndr jor`d, idsfmd
y g y ,
4. ]nd `dctrfpdthe jor`d snouem cotofid
10 rdghrmdm hs ydt hcotndr afcm oj jor`d.
 Ft fs sfkpey h chkd g
to tnd jor`d tnht provfmds fcwhrm rhmfhe h``dedrhtfoc to h iomy fc `frùehr kotfoc. Wd sno
hewhys eooa jor sokd khtdrfhe jor`d efad tdcsfoc, grhvfthtfoche jor`d, ded`trf`he jor`d, jrf`tfoc, dt
Related titles tnd `dctrfpdthe jor`d fc hcy `frùehr kotfoc.

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:. Pthtf` jrf`tfoc fs h sdej-hmlustfcg jor`d up to fts efkft ε s C (j s ≭ εs C). Mo cot put j s; εs C wftn
idfcg surd tnht tnd khxfkuk vheud oj sthtf` jrf`tfoc fs òkfcg fcto pehy.
7. ]nd jhkfefhr dquhtfoc kg ; Y jor h iomy oc h thied fs trud ocey fj tnd iomy fs fc dqufefirfuk. ]nd
jor`ds kg hcm Y `hc id mfjjdrdct (d.g. h iomy fc hc h``dedrhtdm efjt). ]nd dquhefty oj kg hcm Y
co òccd`tfoc wftn tnd tnfrm ehw.
>. ]nd tdrks „h`tfoc‖ hcm „rdh`tfoc‖ fc tnd tnfrm Ehw oj Kotfoc sfkpey sthcm jor sfkuethcdous kut
jor`ds idtwddc h phfr oj iomfds. Tcefad tndfr kdhcfcg fc ormfchry ehcguhgd, h`tfoc mods
prd`dmd or `husd rdh`tfoc. H`tfoc hcm rdh`tfoc h`t oc mfjjdrdct iomfds.
6. ]nd mfjjdrdct tdrks efad „jrf`tfoc, corkhe rdh`tfoc tdcsfoc, hfr rdsfsthc`d, vfsòus mrhg, tnrust‖,
„iuoyhc`y‖ „wdfgnt‖ „`dctrfpdthe jor`d‖ hee sthcm jor „jor`d‖ fc mfjjdrdct òctdxts. Jor èhrfty, dvdry
jor`d hcm fts dqufvhedct tdrks dcòuctdrdm fc kd`nhcf`s snouem id rdmu`dm to tnd pnrhsd „jor`d
oc H iy I.
82. Jor hppeyfcg tnd sdòcm ehw oj kotfoc, tndrd fs co òc`dptuhe mfstfc`tfoc idtwddc fchcfkhtd
hcfkhtd oild`ts. Hc hcfkhtd oild`t su`n hs h nukhc heso rdqufrds hc dxtdrche jor`d to h``dedr
Jor dxhkped, wftnout tnd dxtdrche jor`d oj jrf`tfoc, wd `hccot whea oc tnd groucm.
88. ]nd oild`tfvd òc`dpt oj jor`d fc pnysf`s snouem cot id òcjusdm wftn tnd suild`tfvd òc`dp
tnd „jddefcg oj jor`d‖. Oc h kdrry-go-hroucm, hee phrts oj our iomy hrd suild`t to hc fcwhrm jo
iut wd nhvd h jddefcg oj idfcg pusndm outwhrm ‐ tnd mfrd`tfoc oj fkpdcmfcg kotfoc.
WOYA, DCDYGV HCM ROWDY

8. ]nd pnrhsd „`heùehtd tnd wora mocd‖ fs fcòkpedtd. Wd snouem rdjdr (or fkpey èdhrey iy òct
to tnd wora mocd iy h spd`fjf` jor`d or h group oj jor`ds oc h gfvdc iomy ovdr h `dr
mfspeh`dkdct.
9. Wora mocd fs h s`hehr quhctfty. Ft `hc id posftfvd or cdghtfvd ucefad khss hcm afcdtf` dcdrgy w
hrd posftfvd s`hehr quhctftfds. ]nd wora mocd iy tnd jrf`tfoc or vfsòus jor`d oc h kovfcg iom
cdghtfvd.
0. Jor two iomfds, tnd suk oj tnd kutuhe jor`ds dxdrtdm idtwddc tndk fs zdro jrok Cdwtoc‖s ]
Ehw, J89 + J98 ; 2
Iut tnd suk oj tnd wora mocd iy tnd two jor`ds cddm cot hewhys `hc`de, f.d.
W89 + W98 ≢ 2
Nowdvdr, ft khy sokdtfkds id trud.
=. ]nd wora mocd iy h jor`d `hc id `heùehtdm sokdtfkds dvdc fj tnd dxh`t chturd oj tnd jor`d fs
acowc. ]nfs fs èdhr jrok Dxhkped :.9 wndrd tnd WD tndordk fs usdm fc su`n h sftuhtfoc.
4. ]nd WD tndordk fs cot fcmdpdcmdct oj Cdwtoc‖s Pdòcm Ehw. ]nd WD tndordk khy id vfdwd
h s`hehr jork oj tnd Pdòcm Ehw. ]nd prfc`fped oj òcsdrvhtfoc oj kd`nhcf`he dcdrgy khy
vfdwdm hs h òcsdqudc`d oj tnd WD tndordk jor òcsdrvhtfvd jor`ds.
:. ]nd WD tndordk noems fc hee fcdrtfhe jrhkds. Ft `hc heso id dxtdcmdm to cocfcdrtfhe jrhkds prov
:. ]nd WD tndordk noems fc hee fcdrtfhe jrhkds. Ft `hc heso id dxtdcmdm to cocfcdrtfhe jrhkds prov
wd fcèumd tnd psdumojor`ds offc10 tnd `heùehtfoc oj tnd cdt jor`d 
h`tfcg oc tnd iomy uc
òcsfmdrhtfoc.
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7. ]nd potdctfhe dcdrgy oj h iomy suild`tdm to h òcsdrvhtfvd jor`d fs hewhys ucmdtdrkfcdm up
òcsthct. Jor dxhkped, tnd pofct wndrd tnd potdctfhe dcdrgy fs zdro fs h khttdr oj `nof`d. Jor
grhvfthtfoche potdctfhe dcdrgy kgn, tnd zdro oj tnd potdctfhe dcdrgy fs `nosdc to id tnd grou
Jor tnd sprfcg potdctfhe dcdrgy ax9/9, tnd zdro oj tnd potdctfhe dcdrgy fs tnd dqufefirfuk posftfo
tnd os`feehtfcg khss.
>. Dvdry jor`d dcòuctdrdm fc kd`nhcf`s mods cot nhvd hc hsso`fhtdm potdctfhe dcdrgy. Jor dxhk
wora mocd iy jrf`tfoc ovdr h èosdm phtn fs cot zdro hcm co potdctfhe dcdrgy `hc id hsso`fhtdm w
jrf`tfoc.
6. Murfcg h òeefsfoc < (h) tnd tothe efcdhr kokdctuk fs òcsdrvdm ht dh`n fcsthct oj tnd òeefsfoc
tnd afcdtf` dcdrgy òcsdrvhtfoc (dvdc fj tnd òeefsfoc fs dehstf`) hppefds hjtdr tnd òeefsfoc fs ovdr
mods cot noem ht dvdry fcsthct oj tnd òeefsfoc.
Fc jh`t tnd two òeefmfcg oild`ts hrd mdjorkdm hcm khy id kokdcthrfey ht rdst wftn rdspd`t
dh`n otndr.
PVP]DKP OJ RHY]F@EDP HCM YO]H]FOCHE KO]FOC

8. ]o mdtdrkfcd tnd kotfoc oj tnd `dctrd oj khss oj h systdk co acowedmgd oj fctdrche jor`ds oj
systdk fs rdqufrdm. Jor tnfs purposd wd cddm to acow ocey tnd dxtdrche jor`ds oc tnd iomy.
9. Pdphrhtfcg tnd kotfoc oj h systdk oj phrtfèds hs, f.d. tnd kotfoc oj tnd `dctrd oj k
trhcschtfoche kotfoc oj tnd systdk hcm kotfoc hiout (f.d. rdehtfvd to) tnd `dctrd oj khss oj
systdk fs h usdjue td`ncfqud fc mychkf`s oj h systdk oj phrtfèds. Ocd dxhkped oj tnfs td`ncfqu
sdphrhtfcg tnd afcdtf` dcdrgy oj h systdk oj phrtfèds A hs tnd afcdtf` dcdrgy oj tnd systdk hi
fts `dctrd oj khss A hcm tnd afcdtf` dcdrgy oj tnd `dctrd oj khss KZ 9/9,
A ; A + KZ 9/9
0. Cdwtoc‖s Pdòcm Ehw jor jfcftd sfzdm iomfds (or systdks oj phrtfèds) fs ihsdm fc Cdwtoc‖s
Pdòcm Ehw hcm heso Cdwtoc‖s ]nfrm Ehw jor phrtfèds.
=. ]o dsthiefsn tnht tnd tfkd rhtd oj `nhcgd oj tnd tothe hcguehr kokdctuk oj h systdk oj phrtfè
tnd tothe dxtdrche torqud fc tnd systdk, wd cddm cot ocey Cdwtoc‖s sdòcm ehw jor phrtfèds,
heso Cdwtoc‖s tnfrm ehw wftn tnd provfsfoc tnht tnd jor`ds idtwddc hcy two phrtfèd h`t heocg
efcd lofcfcg tnd phrtfèds.
4. ]nd vhcfsnfcg oj tnd tothe dxtdrche jor`d hcm tnd vhcfsnfcg oj tnd tothe dxtdrche torqud
fcmdpdcmdct òcmftfocs. Wd `hc nhvd ocd wftnout tnd otndr. Fc h òuped, tothe dxtdrche jor`
zdro iut tothe torqud fs coc-zdro.
:. ]nd tothe torqud oc h systdk fs fcmdpdcmdct oj tnd orfgfc fj tnd tothe dxtdrche jor`d fs zdro.
7. ]nd `dctrd oj grhvfty oj h iomy òfc`fmds wftn fts `dctrd oj khss ocey fj tnd grhvfthtfoche jfdem m
cot vhry jrok ocd phrt oj tnd iomy to tnd otndr.
>. ]nd hcguehr kokdctuk E hcm tnd hcguehr vdeo`fty φ hrd cot cd`dsshrfey phrheede vd`tors.
Nowdvdr, jor tnd sfkpedr sftuhtfocs mfsùssdm fc tnfs `nhptdr wndc rothtfoc fs hiout h jfxdm
Nowdvdr, jor tnd sfkpedr sftuhtfocs mfsùssdm fc tnfs `nhptdr wndc rothtfoc fs hiout h jfxdm
wnf`n fs hc hxfs oj sykkdtry oj tnd rfgfm iomy, tnd rdehtfoc E ; Fφ noems
of 10  goom, wndrd F fs t
kokdct oj tnd fcdrtfh oj tnd iomy hiout tnd rothtfoc hxfs.
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GYHZF]H]FOC
8. Fc òcsfmdrfcg kotfoc oj hc oild`t ucmdr tnd grhvfthtfoche fcjeudc`d oj hcotndr oild`t
joeeowfcg quhctftfds hrd òcsdrvdm<
(h) Hcguehr kokdctuk
(i) ]othe kd`nhcf`he dcdrgy
Efcdhr kokdctuk fs cot òcsdrvdm
9. Hcguehr kokdctuk òcsdrvhtfoc edhms to Adpedr‖s sdòcm ehw. Nowdvdr, ft fs cot spd`fhe to
fcvdrsd squhrd ehw oj grhvfthtfoc. Ft noems jor hcy `dctrhe jor`d.
0. Fc Adpedr‖s tnfrm ehw (sdd Dq. (>.8) hcm ]9 ; AP Y0. ]nd òcsthct AP fs tnd shkd jor hee pehcdt
`frùehr orifts. ]nfs hppefds to shtdeeftds oriftfcg tnd Dhrtn Q(Dq. (>.0>)[.
=. Hc hstrochut dxpdrfdc`ds wdfgntedsscdss fc h sph`d shtdeeftd. ]nfs fs cot id`husd tnd grhvfthtf
jor`d fs skhee ht tnht eo`htfoc fc sph`d. Ft fs id`husd iotn tnd hstrochut hcm tnd shtdeeftd hr
―jrdd jhee‛ towhrms tnd Dhrtn.
4. ]nd grhvfthtfoche potdctfhe dcdrgy hsso`fhtdm wftn two phrtfèds sdphrhtdm iy h mfsthc`d r fs g
iy
Gk8k 9
Z   òcs thc t
r
]nd òcsthct `hc id gfvdc hcy vheud. ]nd sfkpedst `nof`d fs to thad ft to id zdro. Wftn tnfs `nof`
Gk8k9
Z 
r
]nfs `nof`d fkpefds tnht Z ↙ 2 hs r ↙ ∓. @noosfcg eo`hoc oj zdro oj tnd grhvfthoche dcdrgy fs
shkd hs `noosfcg tnd hriftrhry òcsthct fc tnd potdctfhe dcdrgy. Cotd tnht tnd grhvfthtfoche jor`
cot hetdrdm iy tnd `nof`d oj tnfs òcsthct.
:. ]nd tothe kd`nhcf`he dcdrgy oj hc oild`t fs tnd suk oj fts afcdtf` dcdrgy (wnf`n fs hewhys posft
hcm tnd potdctfhe dcdrgy. Ydehtfvd to fcjfcfty (f.d. fj wd prdsukd tnht tnd potdctfhe dcdrgy oj
oild`t ht fcjfcfty fs zdro), tnd grhvfthtfoche potdctfhe dcdrgy oj hc oild`t fs cdghtfvd. ]nd t
dcdrgy oj h shtdeeftd fs cdghtfvd.
7. ]nd òkkocey dcòuctdrdm dxprdssfoc k g n jor tnd potdctfhe dcdrgy fs h`tuheey hc hpproxfkh
to tnd mfjjdrdc`d fc tnd grhvfthtfoche potdctfhe dcdrgy mfsùssdm fc tnd pofct :, hiovd.
>. Hetnougn tnd grhvfthtfoche jor`d idtwddc two phrtfèds fs `dctrhe, tnd jor`d idtwddc two j
rfgfm iomfds fs cot cd`dsshrfey heocg tnd efcd lofcfcg tndfr `dctrd oj khss. Jor h spndrf`
sykkdtrf` iomy nowdvdr tnd jor`d oc h phrtfèd dxtdrche to tnd iomy fs hs fj tnd khs
òc`dctrhtdm ht tnd `dctrd hcm tnfs jor`d fs tndrdjord `dctrhe.
6. ]nd grhvfthtfoche jor`d oc h phrtfèd fcsfmd h spndrf`he sndee fs zdro. Nowdvdr, (ucefad h kdtheef` s
wnf`n snfdems ded`trf`he jor`ds) tnd sndee mods cot snfdem otndr iomfds outsfmd ft jrok dxdr
grhvfthtfoche jor`ds oc h phrtfèd fcsfmd. Grhvfthtfoche snfdemfcg fs cot possfied.
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KD@NHCF@HE RYORDY]FDP OJ POEFMP
8. Fc tnd `hsd oj h wfrd, suspdcmdm jrok `defcg hcm strdt`ndm ucmdr tnd h`tfoc oj h wdfgnt
suspdcmdm jrok fts otndr dcm, tnd jor`d dxdrtdm iy tnd `dfefcg oc ft fs dquhe hcm opposftd to
wdfgnt. Nowdvdr, tnd tdcsfoc ht hcy `ross-sd`tfoc H oj tnd wfrd fs lust J hcm cot 9J. Ndc`d, tdc
strdss wnf`n fs dquhe to tnd tdcsfoc pdr ucft hrdh fs dquhe to J /H.
9. Nooad‖s ehw fs vhefm ocey fc tnd efcdhr phrt oj strdss-strhfc ùrvd.
0. ]nd Voucg‖s komueus hcm sndhr komueus hrd rdedvhct ocey jor soefms sfc`d ocey soefms nhvd edcg
hcm snhpds.
=. Iuea komueus fs rdedvhct jor soefms, efqufm hcm ghsds. Ft rdjdrs to tnd `nhcgd fc voeukd wndc dv
phrt oj tnd iomy fs ucmdr tnd ucfjork strdss so tnht tnd snhpd oj tnd iomy rdkhfcs uc`nhcgdm.
4. Kdthes nhvd ehrgdr vheuds oj Voucg‖s komueus tnhc heeoys hcm dehstokdrs. H khtdrfhe wftn eh
vheud oj Voucg‖s komueus rdqufrds h ehrgd jor`d to promu`d skhee `nhcgds fc fts edcgtn.
:. Fc mhfey efjd, wd jdde tnht h khtdrfhe wnf`n strdt`nds kord fs kord dehstf`, iut ft h fs kfscokd
jh`t khtdrfhe wnf`n strdt`nds to h edssdr dxtdct jor h gfvdc eohm fs òcsfmdrdm to id kord dehstf`
7. Fc gdcdrhe, h mdjorkfcg jor`d fc ocd mfrd`tfoc `hc promu`d strhfcs fc otndr mfrd`tfocs heso.
proportfochefty idtwddc strdss hcm strhfc fc su`n sftuhtfocs `hccot id mds`rfidm iy lust ocd deh
òcsthct. Jor dxhkped, jor h wfrd ucmdr eocgftumfche strhfc, tnd ehtdrhe mfkdcsfocs (rhmfus oj `r
sd`tfoc) wfee ucmdrgo h skhee `nhcgd, wnf`n fs mds`rfidm iy hcotndr dehstf` òcsthct oj tnd khtd
(`heedm Rofssoc rhtfo).
>. Ptrdss fs cot h vd`tor quhctfty sfc`d, ucefad h jor`d, tnd strdss `hccot id hssfgcdm h spd
mfrd`tfoc. Jor`d h`tfcg oc tnd portfoc oj h iomy oc h spd`fjfdm sfmd oj h sd`tfoc nhs h mdjf
mfrd`tfoc.
KD@NHCF@HE RYORDY]FDP OJ JETFMP
8. Rrdssurd fs h s`hehr quhctfty. ]nd mdjfcftfoc oj tnd prdssurd hs ―jor`d pdr ucft hrdh‛ khy gfvd
jhesd fkprdssfoc tnht prdssurd fs h vd`tor. ]nd ―jor`d‛ fc tnd cukdrhtor oj tnd mdjfcftfoc fs
òkpocdct oj tnd jor`d corkhe to tnd hrdh upoc wnf`n ft fs fkprdssdm. Wnfed mds`rfifcg jeufms
òc`dptuhe snfjt jrok phrtfèd hcm rfgfm iomy kd`nhcf`s fs rdqufrdm. Wd hrd òc`drcdm w
propdrtfds tnht vhry jrok pofct to pofct fc tnd jeufm.
9. Ocd snouem cot tnfca oj prdssurd oj h jeufm hs idfcg dxdrtdm ocey oc h soefm efad tnd whees
òcthfcdr or h pfd`d oj soefm khttdr fkkdrsdm fc tnd jeufm. Rrdssurd dxfsts ht hee pofcts fc h jeufm
dedkdct oj h jeufm (su`n hs tnd ocd snowc fc Jfg. 82.9) fs fc dqufefirfuk id`husd tnd prdssu
dxdrtdm oc tnd vhrfous jh`ds hrd dquhe.
0. ]nd dxprdssfoc jor prdssurd
R ; Rh + rgn
noems trud fj jeufm fs fcòkprdssfied. Rrh`tf`heey spdhafcg ft noems jor efqufms, wnf`n hrd ehr
fcòkprdssfied hcm ndc`d fs h òcsthct wftn ndfgnt.
p g
=. ]nd ghugd prdssurd fs tnd mfjjdrdc`d
of 10 oj tnd h`tuhe prdssurd hcm tnd htkospndrf`
 prdssurd.
R ‐ Rh ; Rg
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Khcy prdssurd-kdhsurfcg mdvf`ds kdhsurd tnd ghugd prdssurd. ]ndsd fcèumd tnd tyrd prds
ghugd hcm tnd ieoom prdssurd ghugd (spnygkokhcokdtdr).
4. H strdhkefcd fs h khp oj jeufm jeow. Fc h stdhmy jeow two strdhkefcds mo cot fctdrsd`t hs ft kd
tnht tnd jeufm phrtfèd wfee nhvd two possfied vdeo`ftfds ht tnd pofct.
:. Idrcoueef‖s prfc`fphe mods cot noem fc prdsdc`d oj vfsòus mrhg oc tnd jeufm. ]nd wora mocd iy
mfssfphtfvd vfsòus jor`d kust id thadc fcto h`òuct fc tnfs `hsd, hcm R 9 QJfg. 82.6[ wfee id eo
tnhc tnd vheud gfvdc iy Dq. (82.89).
7. Hs tnd tdkpdrhturd rfsds tnd htoks oj tnd efqufm idòkd kord koifed hcm tnd òdjjf`fdc
vfsòsfty, n, jhees. Fc h ghs tnd tdkpdrhturd rfsd fc`rdhsds tnd rhcmok kotfoc oj htoks hc
fc`rdhsds.
>. ]nd `rftf`he Ydycoems cukidr jor tnd ocsdt oj turiuedc`d fs fc tnd rhcgd 8222 to 82222, mdpdc
oc tnd gdokdtry oj tnd jeow. Jor kost `hsds Yd 5 8222 sfgcfjfds ehkfchr jeow1 8222 5 Yd 5 922
ucstdhmy jeow hcm Yd 3 9222 fkpefds turiuedct jeow.
6. Purjh`d tdcsfoc hrfsds mud to dx`dss potdctfhe dcdrgy oj tnd koedùeds oc tnd surjh`d
òkphrfsoc to tndfr potdctfhe dcdrgy fc tnd fctdrfor. Pu`n h surjh`d dcdrgy fs prdsdct ht
fctdrjh`d sdphrhtfcg two suisthc`ds ht edhst ocd oj wnf`n fs h jeufm. Ft fs cot tnd propdrty oj h sfc
jeufm heocd.
]NDYKHE RYORDY]FDP OJ KH]]DY

8. ]nd rdehtfoc òccd`tfcg Adevfc tdkpdrhturd (] ) hcm tnd @desfus tdkpdrhturd t`
] ; t` + 970.84
hcm tnd hssfgckdct ] ; 970.8: A jor tnd trfped pofct oj whtdr hrd dxh`t rdehtfocs (iy `nof`d). W
tnfs `nof`d, tnd @desfus tdkpdrhturd oj tnd kdetfcg pofct oj whtdr hcm iofefcg pofct oj whtdr (i
ht 8 htk prdssurd) hrd vdry èosd to, iut cot dxh`tey dquhe to 2 ²@ hcm 822 ²@ rdspd`tfvdey. Fc
orfgfche @desfus s`hed, tndsd ehttdr jfxdm pofcts wdrd dxh`tey ht 2 ²@ hcm 822 ²@ (iy `nof`d), iut
tnd trfped pofct oj whtdr fs tnd prdjdrrdm `nof`d jor tnd jfxdm pofct, id`husd ft nhs h uc
tdkpdrhturd.
9. H efqufm fc dqufefirfuk wftn vhpour nhs tnd shkd prdssurd hcm tdkpdrhturd tnrougnout
systdk1 tnd two pnhsds fc dqufefirfuk mfjjdr fc tndfr koehr voeukd (f.d. mdcsfty).
]nfs fs trud jor h systdk wftn hcy cukidr oj pnhsds fc dqufefirfuk.
0. Ndht trhcsjdr hewhys fcvoevds tdkpdrhturd mfjjdrdc`d idtwddc two systdks or two phrts oj
shkd systdk. Hcy dcdrgy trhcsjdr tnht mods cot fcvoevd tdkpdrhturd mfjjdrdc`d fc sokd why fs
ndht.
=. @ocvd`tfoc fcvoevds jeow oj khttdr wftnfc h jeufm mud to ucdquhe tdkpdrhturds oj fts phrts. H
ihr peh`dm ucmdr h ruccfcg thp eosds ndht iy òcmu`tfoc idtwddc tnd surjh`d oj tnd ihr hcm w
hcm cot iy òcvd`tfoc wftnfc whtdr.
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]NDYKOMVCHKF@P
8. ]dkpdrhturd oj h iomy fs rdehtdm to fts hvdrhgd fctdrche dcdrgy, cot to tnd afcdtf` dcdrgy oj ko
oj fts `dctrd oj khss. H iueedt jfrdm jrok h guc fs cot ht h nfgndr tdkpdrhturd id`husd oj fts n
spddm.
9. Dqufefirfuk fc tndrkomychkf`s rdjdrs to tnd sftuhtfoc wndc kh`rosòpf` vhrfhieds mds`rfifcg
tndrkomychkf` sthtd oj h systdk mo cot mdpdcm oc tfkd. Dqufefirfuk oj h systdk fc kd`nh
kdhcs tnd cdt dxtdrche jor`d hcm torqud oc tnd systdk hrd zdro.
0. Fc h sthtd oj tndrkomychkf` dqufefirfuk, tnd kf`rosòpf` òcstftudcts oj h systdk hrd co
dqufefirfuk (fc tnd sdcsd oj kd`nhcf`s).
=. Ndht `hph`fty, fc gdcdrhe, mdpdcms oc tnd pro`dss tnd systdk gods tnrougn wndc ndht fs suppefd
4. Fc fsotndrkhe quhsf-sthtf` pro`dssds, ndht fs hisoridm or gfvdc out iy tnd systdk dvdc tnoug
dvdry sthgd tnd ghs nhs tnd shkd tdkpdrhturd hs tnht oj tnd surroucmfcg rdsdrvofr. ]nfs fs poss
id`husd oj tnd fcjfcftdsfkhe mfjjdrdc`d fc tdkpdrhturd idtwddc tnd systdk hcm tnd rdsdrvofr.
AFCD]F@ ]NDOYV
8. Rrdssurd oj h jeufm fs cot ocey dxdrtdm oc tnd whee. Rrdssurd dxfsts dvdrywndrd fc h jeufm. Hcy eh
oj ghs fcsfmd tnd voeukd oj h òcthfcdr fs fc dqufefirfuk id`husd tnd prdssurd fs tnd shkd oc i
sfmds oj tnd ehydr.
9. Wd snouem cot nhvd hc dxhggdrhtdm fmdh oj tnd fctdrkoedùehr mfsthc`d fc h ghs. Ht ormfc
prdssurds hcm tdkpdrhturds, tnfs fs ocey 82 tfkds or so tnd fctdrhtokf` mfsthc`d fc soefms
efqufms. Wnht fs mfjjdrdct fs tnd kdhc jrdd phtn wnf`n fc h ghs fs 822 tfkds tnd fctdrhtokf` mfsth
hcm 8222 tfkds tnd sfzd oj tnd koedùed.
0. ]nd ehw oj dqufphrtftfoc oj dcdrgy fs sthtdm tnus< tnd dcdrgy jor dh`n mdgrdd oj jrddmok fc tnd
dqufefirfuk fs » aI ]. Dh`n quhmrhtf` tdrk fc tnd tothe dcdrgy dxprdssfoc oj h koedùed fs to
òuctdm hs h mdgrdd oj jrddmok. ]nus, dh`n vfirhtfoche komd gfvds 9 (cot 8) mdgrdds oj jrddm
(afcdtf` hcm potdctfhe dcdrgy komds), òrrdspocmfcg to tnd dcdrgy 98 / 9a I ]  a I ]
=. Koedùeds oj hfr fc h rook mo cot hee jhee hcm sdtted oc tnd groucm (mud to grhvfty) id`husd oj t
nfgn spddms hcm fc`dsshct òeefsfocs. Fc dqufefirfuk, tndrd fs h vdry sefgnt fc`rdhsd fc mdcsfty
eowdr ndfgnts (efad fc tnd htkospndrd). ]nd djjd`t fs skhee sfc`d tnd potdctfhe dcdrgy (kgn)
9
ormfchry ndfgnts fs ku`n edss tnhc tnd hvdrhgd afcdtf` dcdrgy » kv oj tnd koedùeds.
4. 5 v9 3 fs cot hewhys dquhe to ( 5 v 3) 9. ]nd hvdrhgd oj h squhrdm quhctfty fs cot cd`dsshrfey
squhrd oj tnd hvdrhgd. @hc you jfcm dxhkpeds jor tnfs sthtdkdct.
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OP@FEEH]FOCP
8. ]nd pdrfom ] fs tnd edhst tfkd hjtdr wnf`n kotfoc rdpdhts ftsdej. ]nus, kotfoc rdpdhts ftsdej hjtd
wndrd c fs hc fctdgdr.
9. Dvdry pdrfomf` kotfoc fs cot sfkped nhrkocf` kotfoc. Ocey tnht pdrfomf` kotfoc govdrcdm iy
jor`d ehw J ; ‐ a x fs sfkped nhrkocf`.
0. @frùehr kotfoc `hc hrfsd mud to hc fcvdrsd-squhrd ehw jor`d (hs fc pehcdthry kotfoc) hs wdee hs
to sfkped nhrkocf` jor`d fc two mfkdcsfocs dquhe to< ‐ kφ9r. Fc tnd ehttdr `hsd, tnd pnhsd
kotfoc, fc two pdrpdcmfùehr mfrd`tfocs (x hcm y) kust mfjjdr iy φ/9. ]nus, h phrtfèd suild`t t
9
jor`d ‐kφ r wftn fcftfhe posftfoc (o, H) hcm vdeo`fty ( φH, o) wfee kovd ucfjorkey fc h `frèd oj rhm
H.
=. Jor efcdhr sfkped nhrkocf` kotfoc wftn h gfvdc φ two hriftrhry fcftfhe òcmftfocs hrd cd`dsshry
sujjf`fdct to mdtdrkfcd tnd kotfoc òkpedtdey. ]nd fcftfhe òcmftfoc khy id (f) fcftfhe posftfoc
fcftfhe vdeo`fty or (ff) hkpeftumd hcm pnhsd or (fff) dcdrgy hcm pnhsd.
4. Jrok pofct = hiovd, gfvdc hkpeftumd or dcdrgy, pnhsd oj kotfoc fs mdtdrkfcdm iy tnd fc
posftfoc or fcftfhe vdeo`fty.
:. H òkifchtfoc oj two sfkped nhrkocf` kotfocs wftn hriftrhry hkpeftumds hcm pnhsds fs
cd`dsshrfey pdrfomf`. Ft fs pdrfomf` ocey fj jrdqudc`y oj ocd kotfoc fs hc fctdgrhe kuetfped oj
otndr‖s jrdqudc`y. Nowdvdr, h pdrfomf` kotfoc `hc hewhys id dxprdssdm hs h suk oj fcjf
cukidr oj nhrkocf` kotfocs wftn hpproprfhtd hkpeftumds.
7. ]nd pdrfom oj PNK mods cot mdpdcm oc hkpeftumd or dcdrgy or tnd pnhsd òcsthct. @octrhst
wftn tnd pdrfoms oj pehcdthry orifts ucmdr grhvfthtfoc (Adpedr‖s tnfrm ehw).
>. ]nd kotfoc oj h sfkped pdcmueuk fs sfkped nhrkocf` jor skhee hcguehr mfspeh`dkdct.
6. Jor kotfoc oj h phrtfèd to id sfkped nhrkocf`, fts mfspeh`dkdct x kust id dxprdssfied fc dftnd
tnd joeeowfcg jorks <
x  H òs t  Isfc t
x  Hòs(t   ), x  Isfc(t  )
]nd tnrdd jorks hrd òkpedtdey dqufvhedct (hcy ocd `hc id dxprdssdm fc tdrks oj hcy otndr
jorks).
]nus, mhkpdm sfkped nhrkocf` kotfoc QDq. (8=.08)[ fs cot strf`tey sfkped nhrkocf`. F
hpproxfkhtdey so ocey jor tfkd fctdrvhes ku`n edss tnhc 9k/i wndrd i fs tnd mhkpfcg òcsthct.
82. Fc jor`dm os`feehtfocs, tnd stdhmy sthtd kotfoc oj tnd phrtfèd (hjtdr tnd jor`d os`feehtfocs mfd ou
sfkped nhrkocf` kotfoc wnosd jrdqudc`y fs tnd jrdqudc`y oj tnd mrfvfcg jrdqudc`y φ m , cot
chturhe jrdqudc`y φ oj tnd phrtfèd.
88. Fc tnd fmdhe `hsd oj zdro mhkpfcg, tnd hkpeftumd oj sfkped nhrkocf` kotfoc ht rdsochc`
fcjfcftd. ]nfs fs co proiedk sfc`d hee rdhe systdks nhvd sokd mhkpfcg, nowdvdr, skhee.
89. Tcmdr jor`dm os`feehtfoc, tnd pnhsd oj nhrkocf` kotfoc oj tnd phrtfèd mfjjdrs jrok tnd pnhs
tnd mrfvfcg jor`d.
tnd mrfvfcg jor`d.
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WHZDP
8. H whvd fs cot kotfoc oj khttdr hs h wnoed fc h kdmfuk. H wfcm fs mfjjdrdct jrok tnd soucm whv
hfr. ]nd jorkdr fcvoevds kotfoc oj hfr jrok ocd peh`d to tnd otndr. ]nd ehttdr fcvo
òkprdssfocs hcm rhrdjh`tfocs oj ehydrs oj hfr.
9. Fc h whvd, dcdrgy hcm cot tnd khttdr fs trhcsjdrrdm jrok ocd pofct to tnd otndr.
0. Dcdrgy trhcsjdr thads peh`d id`husd oj tnd òupefcg tnrougn dehstf` jor`ds idtwddc cdfgniou
os`feehtfcg phrts oj tnd kdmfuk.
=. ]rhcsvdrsd whvds `hc prophghtd ocey fc kdmfuk wftn sndhr komueus oj dehstf`fty, Eocgftum
whvds cddm iuea komueus oj dehstf`fty hcm hrd tndrdjord, possfied fc hee kdmfh, soefms, efqufms
ghsds.
4. Fc h nhrkocf` progrdssfvd whvd oj h gfvdc jrdqudc`y hee phrtfèds nhvd tnd shkd hkpeftumd
mfjjdrdct pnhsds ht h gfvdc fcsthct oj tfkd. Fc h sthtfochry whvd, hee phrtfèds idtwddc two co
nhvd tnd shkd pnhsd ht h gfvdc fcsthct iut nhvd mfjjdrdct hkpeftumds.
:. Ydehtfvd to hc oisdrvdr ht rdst fc h kdmfuk tnd spddm oj h kd`nhcf`he whvd fc tnht kdmfuk
mdpdcms ocey oc dehstf` hcm otndr propdrtfds (su`n hs khss mdcsfty) oj tnd kdmfuk. Ft mods
mdpdcm oc tnd vdeo`fty oj tnd sour`d.
7. Jor hc oisdrvdr kovfcg wftn vdeo`fty vo rdehtfvd to tnd kdmfuk, tnd spddm oj h whvd fs oivfo
mfjjdrdct jrok v hcm fs gfvdc iy v ¸ vo.
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WOYA, DCDYGV HCM ROWDY

PVP]DKP OJ RHY]F@EDP HCM YO]H]FOCHE KO]FOC

]NDYKHE RYORDY]FDP OJ KH]]DY

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