\GE @MYZÙRME JL
BMSÂDIMF  

[fr3

Zmgft`y L. Arlafry

Zrejuzmjf pfr3
Renelh ‘@usslmd‗ Ymhve
 

Eprlsldteáéf

Gems uge jl gmd`es trejuáüls qul déf sl trete je `mstùrme l/fu irldáe jfs
guáuhgedfs, ges vem jl ldifdtrf e lhe, slg jóvmjes, epùs f síiuhf ^MM. Dlssl hmvrf
slrå tretejf e `mstùrme jf Mgpírmf Rfgedf jf Frmldtl, gems ifd`limjf ifgf Mgpírmf
Bmzedtmdf, iuce iepmteh, Ifdstedtmdfphe, fu lg slu dfgl edtmaf arlaf, Bmzâdimf, jå
dfgl ef hmvrf.
Yl nfrlg nezlr uge imteáéf jf hmvrf lg ehaug trebeh`f eiejãgmif, imtl f hmvrf
lg mdahãs, pfms lsse í epldes uge trejuáéf egejfre qul déf slrå pubhmieje lg
ljmtfre.
Lsplrf qul afstlg.

Yfbrl f Eutfr3 Zmgft`y L. Arlafry desilu lg 5=<5 de Mdahetlrre l sl tfrdfu

Yfbrl
ug lsplimehmste lg erqulfhfame l df Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf. Lhl rlilblu slu [@J lg
5=12 l lsirlvlu gumtfs hmvrfs, jldtrl fs quems jlsteiegfs [edet`ldeme3 stujmls md
 Et`ldmed hmnl edj t`fua`t md t`l ihessmieh eal (5=1=), E sfimeh `mstfry fn [`mhmppm md
t`l nmrst ildtury (5=00), Z`l sftlrmfhfay fn Ihlgldt fn Rfgl wmt`md t`l mdtlhhlitueh
getrmx (5=00), Eri`elfhfay edj fhmaeri`y et Mst`gme (5=0=), Z`l lerhylerhy Byz
Byzedt
edtmdl
mdl
lgprlssls edj t`l Frt`fjfx I`uri` (5==;), Z`l sedituery et Lpmjeurfs edj iuht-
beslj dltwfromda md t`l Arllo wfrhj fn t`l nfurt` ildtury B.I.  (5==2) l Arllo edj
 Mdjmed glriedtmhl ifggudmtmls fn t`l jmespfre (5==9), @lhhldmi rlhmamfd edj
I`rmstmedmzetmfd, i. 91;-<2=, (2;;5) edj Z`l Hmvls fn [ltlr t`l Mblrmed, Z`lfjfsmus
fn Clrusehlg (2;;0), l lssl hmvrf qul sl ldifdtre lg sues géfs lsirmtf lg 2;;<.
 

ÇDJMIL

[rlnåimf ’ p. <
Mdtrfjuáéf ’ p. 1
Iepçtuhf 5 ’ p. 5<
Iepçtuhf 2 ’ p. 25
Iepçtuhf 9 ’ p. 2<
Iepçtuhf : ’ p. 90
Iepçtuhf < ’ p. :0
Iepçtuhf > ’ p. <1
Iepçtuhf 1 ’ p. 1;
Iepçtuhf 0 ’ p. 01
Iepçtuhf = ’ p. =>
Iepçtuhf 5; ’ p. 5;2
Iepçtuhf 55 ’ p. 5;=
Iepçtuhf 52 ’ p. 529
Iepçtuhf 59 ’ p. 591
Iepçtuhf 5: ’ p. 5:2
Iepçtuhf 5< ’ p. 5<>
Iepçtuhf 5> ’’ p.
Bmbhmfarenme p. 5>1
515
 

[rlnåimf

Lstl í ug hmvrf sfbrl e `mstùrme jf Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf, uge jes

iuhtures gems edtmaes l mgpfrtedtls je imvmhmzeáéf fimjldteh, ges tegbíg
uge jes gldfs ifgprlldjmjes. F hmvrf prltldjl slr ef glsgf tlgpf
ifdimsf l ebredaldtl l, ifgf teh, nfm dlilssårmf tfger uge sírml jl
jlimsüls l seirmnçimfs. E `mstùrme jl Bmzâdimf tlg gems jl gmh edfs jl
jureáéf l quehqulr hmvrf rezfåvlh sfbrl f essudtf jlvl prlperer f tlrrldf
hlvedjf lg ifdsmjlreáéf es mdstmtumáüls l es qulstüls jf qul vlmf edtls?
jlvl tegbíg ifdsmjlrer es ifdslqøãdimes jf mgpírmf l es gedlmres plhes
quems sue iuhture ifdtmdufu e enlter dfsses vmjes dfs óhtmgfs <;; edfs.
Jmed
Jm edttl jl tuj
ujff mss
ssff, f pl
plddseg
segldt
ldtf sí
sírm
rmff tmd
md`e
`e qul sl
slrr jljm
jljmie
iejjf ë
fraedmzeáéf l ës qulstüls jl mdihuséf l nfif.
 Dfs óhtmgfs edfs, tfrdfu-sl gfje lsirlvlr `mstùrmes mdtrfjutùrmes qul
nfiehmzlg prmdimpehgldtl tlges sfimems, lifdúgmifs l iuhturems, ifg jfsls
 plsejes jf iftmjmedf l e gldtehmjejl jes sfimljejls lstujejes. Lgbfre lu
eprliml lsse ebfrjealg l e gemfr pertl je gmd`e plsqumse l lsirmte tld`e
sl prlfiupejf ifg lsses qulstüls, smdtf qul mssf déf í eprfprmejf pere
ug hmvrf qul prfiure nfrdlilr uge mdtrfjuáéf e uge imvmhmzeáéf ifgf e jl
Bmzâdimf. [lhf ifdtrårmf, eirljmtf qul uge derretmve pfhçtmie ‘trejmimfdeh‗
í lssldimeh, lsplimehgldtl pere e aredjl gemfrme jfs hlmtfrls qul seblréf
 pfuif fu deje sfbrl Bmzâdimf df mdçimf. Lssl quejrf irfdfhùamif í
 prfcltejf pere rltreter e ldfrgl verrljure alfarånmie l irfdfhùamie je
`mstùrme bmzedtmde l plrgmtmr qul fs hlmtfrls vlceg es vestes gujedáes
iuhturems qul fifrrlreg jldtrf jlsse glsge imvmhmzeáéf ef hfdaf jf
tlgpf. Ehauds hlmtfrls pfjlg irmtmier lsse ebfrjealg fu ei`er qul lhe í
‘edtmqueje‗, l ilrtegldtl pfssf ldtldjlr lssl pfdtf jl vmste. Df ldtedtf,
lste í e besl je fraedmzeáéf jf hmvrf, l lsplrf qul ehauds hlmtfrls f
 cuhaulg setmsnetùrmf l slceg ldifrecejfs e ifdtmduer ifg tlxtfs gems
lsplimehmzejfs qul tretlg e ertl, e sfimljejl l e iuhture jl Bmzâdimf lg
gemfr jlteh`l.
Lste fraedmzeáéf déf prltldjl mgphmier qul e pfhçtmie mgplrmeh l es
 plrsfdehmjejls jfs mgplrejfrls mdjmvmjuems nfreg dlilssermegldtl es
nfráes gftrmzls df plrçfjf bmzedtmdf, lgbfre e deturlze ildtrehmzeje jf
lstejf bmzedtmdf ilrtegldtl h`ls jlssl uge mgpfrtâdime qul tehvlz déf
ldifdtråsslgfs lg tfjfs fs futrfs lstejfs. Lg vlz jmssf, ifgf uge
ebfrjealg pere ldtldjlr e `mstùrme bmzedtmde, lssls rlmdfs mdjmvmjuems
nfrgeg bhfifs jl tlgpf ifdvldmldtls ifdtre fs quems sl pfjl ldxlraer
jlsldvfhvmgldtfs gems egphfs.
 

Mssf déf qulr jmzlr, ldtéf, qul lstl hmvrf í lssldimehgldtl sfbrl
 pfhçtmie l gmhmterls3 pfr gems mgpfrtedtls qul slceg, lsplrf qul f hlmtfr fs
vlce prmdimpehgldtl ifgf ug glmf jl ‘smtuer‗ e `mstùrme bmzedtmde l dfs
 plrgmtmr,, lxplrmgldter ehaf jl ifgf lre e vmje jl bmzedtmdfs jl tfjes es
 plrgmtmr
ihessls l jl egbfs fs slxfs. E derretmve sl ifdildtrerå, pfr dlilssmjejl,
gems dfs mgplrejfrls l dfs `fglds lg alreh, cå qul dfsses nfdtls lsirmtes
dfs neheg gems sfbrl lhls. Ges tldterlgfs ifdliter fs lvldtfs jl aulrre l
 pfhçtmie ifg es vmjes jl tfjes es plssfes l ifdvmjer f hlmtfr pere ug
ldifdtrf plssfeh ifg fs `ebmtedtls jf Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf.
Zlilr uge derretmve qul mdihue iuhture, vmje iftmjmede l rlhmaméf lg
tfrdf jl ug quejrf besmiegldtl irfdfhùamif eprlsldte sírmfs jlsenmfs,
ldtrl fs quems e rlehmjejl jl qul dlg tfjfs fs nldúgldfs gujeg l sl
jlsldvfhvlg de glsge prfpfráéf. Essmg, lgbfre f prlsldtl hmvrf usl fs
rlmd
rlmdej
ejfs
fs jl mg mgpl
plrerejf
jfrl
rlss mdjm
mdjmvm
vmju
juem
emss if
ifgf
gf ug glmfglmf jl frfrae
aedm
dmze
zeáé
áéf,
f,
qulstü
qul stüls
ls rlh
rlhmam
mamfse
fses,s, gf
gfvmg
vmgldt
ldtfs
fs nmh
nmhfsù
fsùnmi
nmifs,
fs, gujedá
gujedáee erq
erqumt
umtltú
ltúdmi
dmiee l
tldjãdimes lifdúgmies dlg slgprl sl gfvlg df tlgpf ifg gujedáes df
trfdf mgplrmeh. Zldtlm, df ldtedtf, jmsiutmr lsses qulstüls gems egphes
jldtrf jf quejrf jfs iepçtuhfs beslejfs lg frjlg irfdfhùamie, lg vlz jl
nfrd
nfrdli
lilr
lr iepç
iepçtu
tuhf
hfss sfbr
sfbrll ie
ieje
je ug jl jlhl
hlss qu
qull sl
slrm
rmeg
eg md
mdjl
jlpl
pldj
djld
ldtl
tls,
s,
lssldimehgldtl nfre jf tlgpf.
 

Mdtrfjuáéf
9;> ’ Ifdstedtmdf M sl tfrde mgplrejfr.
mgplrejfr.
99; ’ Nudjeáéf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe.
52;: ’ Uuerte Iruzeje l Yequl jl Ifdstedtmdfphe.

Etmtujls Gfjlrdes l Gljmlvems Yfbrl Bmzâdimf

Bmzâ
Bm zâdim
dimff lre
ifdihegeveg-sl lre"rfgedfs"
ug huae
huaerrl lhls
jl pere
pe
défrejfx
jfxf.
f. Fs `ebm
`ebmte
sl mjldtmnmiermegtedt
dtls
ls tlrgf
plhf jf Mgpír
Mg"bmzedtmdfs",
pírmf
mf Bmze
Bmzedt
dtmd
mdff
qul
í ug tlrgf
tlrgf usejf
usejf plhfs
plhfs `mstfr
`mstfrmej
mejfrl
frlss gfjlrd
gfjlrdfsfs pere
pere jmstmd
jmstmdaum
aum-hf
-hfss jfs edtmaf
edtmafss
rfgedfs. F Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf nfm ug lhf iruimeh ldtrl fs gudjfs edtmaf l gfjlrdf,
ges í gumtf gldfs lstujejf jf qul e gemfrme jes futres iuhtures je Mjejl Gíjme l
`å gumtf pfuie ifgprlldséf jl Bmzâdimf ldtrl f póbhmif lg alreh. F Mgpírmf
Bmzedtmdf nhfrlsilu lg ug gfgldtf lg qul e Lurfpe Fimjldteh enudjfu etí ug
dçvlh jl berbårml, ges f prùprmf tlrgf ‘Bmzedtmdf‗ í usejf lg mdahãs pere jldfter
ug smstlge jl ifgphlxmjejl bmzerre l smdmstre. Bmzâdimf í ifdsmjlrejf ug huaer jl
gmstírmf, ges slu pfvf lre irmstéf l fs tlùhfafs l bmspfs bmzedtmdfs irmereg fs
ldsmdegldtfs l e lstruture fraedmzeimfdeh qul iereitlrmzeg f irmstmedmsgf `fcl. Lg
ug ifdtlxtf rlhmamfsf, e jlsmadeáéf jl ‘ietùhmifs bmzedtmdfs‗ í useje pere jlsirlvlr
irmstéfs qul rlifd`lilg e suprlgeime jf pepe, ldquedtf fs irmstéfs frtfjfxfs hlems ë
trejmáéf bmzedtmde tãg smjf alrehgldtl vmstfs df Fimjldtl ifgf imsgåtmifs fu
glsgf `lrlals.
F Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf lre, jl netf, f Mgpírmf Rfgedf, qul ifdtmdufu e lxmstmr pfr
gmh edfs epùs e edtmae Rfge tlr ieçjf des géfs jfs bårberfs. Emdje gems, nfm
ifdsmjlrejf pfr slu pfvf ifgf ug mgpírmf ltlrdf, lsteblhlimjf pfr Jlus pere
afvlrder e `ugedmjejl jlsjl e vmdje jl Irmstf etí f nmg jfs tlgpfs. Lre guhtmítdmif
l guht
guhtmi
miuh
uhtu
ture
reh,
h, lg
lgbf
bfre
re e iuht
iuhtur
uree ar
arla
laee l e hçda
hçdaue
ue ararla
laee nfss
nfsslg
lg vmst
vmstes
es ifgf
ifgf
dfrgetmves
dfrge tmves?? f irmstmedm
irmstmedmsgf
sgf lre f jfgmdedtl,
jfgmdedtl, e rlhmaméf
rlhmaméf "fnmimeh"
"fnmimeh" jf lste
lstejf,
jf, lgbfre f
 cujeçsgf l f mshegmsgf nfsslg alrehgldtl tfhlrejfs (fs `lrlals irmstéfs déf lreg!).
F Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf lsteve ildtrejf de "dfve" iepmteh, Ifdstedtmdfphe, e imjejl
if
ifd`
d`li
limj
Mstegbuh mjee`fcl.
ifgf
ifgf Bmzâ
Bmzâdi
dimf
mf de edtm
edtmau
aumj
mjej
ejll (l jeç
jeç f tlrg
tlrgff "Bmz
"Bmzed
edtm
tmdf
df")
") l ifgf
ifgf
 Df alreh, í custf jmzlr qul `å ‘prlifdilmtf‗ ifdtre Bmzâdimf df Fimjldtl
(Lurfpe Fimjldteh, Egírmie jf Dfrtl, Eustråhme, lti.) l, lsplimehgldtl, df gudjf jl
hçdaue mdahlse. Ldquedtf e iuhture l e `mstùrme je Mjejl Gíjme fimjldteh séf hlvejes e
sírmf l ifdsmjlrejes pfsmtmvegldtl (pldse-sl df Rlm Ert`ur, "ievehlmrfs jl ergejure
 brmh`edtl", Rfbmd @ffj l Geade Ierte), Bmzâdimf í ifdsmjlrejf dlaetmvegldtl - sl í
qul f í. Irmstéfs frtfjfxfs (prmdimpehgldtl arlafs, lshevfs l futrfs pfvfs
pfvf s je Lurfpe
Frml
Fr mldt
dteh
eh,, de Lurf
Lurfpe
pe l lg tfjf
tfjf f gudj
gudjf)f) alre
alrehg
hgld
ldtl
tl ifd`
ifd`li
lilg
lg fs dfgl
dfglss jl
mgplrejfrls bmzedtmdfs l gumtfs sedtfs, ges futrfs jmnmimhgldtl rlifd`lilg uge
 plssfe fu ug lvldtf je `mstùrme bmzedtmde, glsgf qul lstls (de vlrjejl)
jlslgpld`ereg pepíms mgpfrtedtls lg tfrder f gudjf jf clmtf qul í `fcl. Lsse
etmtujl lg rlheáéf e Bmzâdimf déf í ehaf dfvf, ges í, plhf ifdtrårmf, jlrmveje jl
nfrges qul fs fimjldtems vmeg dfs bmzedtmdfs l df Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf de Mjejl Gíjme.
 

Lstls, ifgf vlrlgfs, nfreg iereitlrmzejfs pfr jlsifdnmedáe, jlsifdnmedáe l uge

tldjãdime e ifdsmjlrer fs bmzedtmdfs ifgf irmstéfs errfaedtls, jlsfdlstfs l déf
lxetegldtl "ejlquejfs". Fs lurfplus fimjldtems déf ifdslaumeg ldtldjlr pfr qul
fs bmzedtmdfs lreg téf jmnlrldtls jlhls glsgfs, cå qul lreg irmstéfs l sue prùprme
iuhture tegbíg jlrmveve je edtmaumjejl arlae l rfgede. Í ilrtegldtl ug truçsgf
qul mdjmvçjufs l iuhtures alrehgldtl déf afstlg l sl jmstedimlg pere sl jmstmdaumrlg
jequlhls ifg qulg gems sl esslglh`eg, l lstl í prfvevlhgldtl f iesf jes rlheáüls

ldtrl Bmzâdimf
iuhtures je I`mde,l fje
Fimjldtl. Lgbfregems
Çdjme l huaerls f Fimjldtl
rlgftfs tld`e alrehgldtl
l "lxùtmifs", ejgmrejf
reregldtl tlvlesf
glsgf mdtlrlssl lg Bmzâdimf, qul tlg smjf ifgugldtl vmstf ifgf "perldtl pfbrl
jliejldtl" jf Fimjldtl.
Ehíg jes jmnlrldáes jl rlhmaméf, fs frmldtems l fimjldtems nfreg, l plrgedlilg,
jmvmjmjfs plhe lxplrmãdime `mstùrmie jes Iruzejes. Lssl nldúgldf, í iherf, tmd`e
mgpfrtedtls ifdlxüls rlhmamfses, ges fs bmzedtmdfs dudie nfreg iepezls jl ldtldjlr
ifgphltegldtl e besl rlhmamfse jf jlslcf jfs fimjldtems jl ifdqumster e Zlrre Yedte.
Fs bmbmze
zedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs,, ifgf
ifgf vlrl
vlrlgf
gfs,s, sl
slgp
gprl
rl sl
sldt
dtmr
mreg
eg qul
qul ifdtm
ifdtmdu
duer
ereg
eg e ‘pfs
‘pfssu
sumr
mr‗‗
tlrrmtùrmfs qul `evmeg smjf pertl jf mgpírmf l, ifgf rlsuhtejf, eirljmteveg qul e
Zlrre Yedte h`ls plrtldime pfr jmrlmtf l qul es Iruzejes lreg uge mdveséf lg
essudtfs bmzedtmdfs. Essmg, quedjf fs iruzejfs i`laereg - slg slrlg ifdvmjejfs -
lg tlrr
tlrrmt
iffplreáéf mtùr
ùrmf
mftfteh,
bm
bmze
zedt
dtmd
gesmdf,
f, lspl
lsplre
nfreg reve
veg
g uge
rlilbmjfsugifg
e eifh
eijlsifdnmedáe,
fh`m
`mje
je ifrj
ifrjme
mehuge
h l rlilpáéf
egma
egmaåvåvlh
lh gfrde
l uge
ugle
fpfs
fp fsmáé
máéff fies
fiesmf
mfde
deh.
h. Fs fimj
fimjld
ldte
tems
ms ifds
ifdsmj
mjlr
lrev
eveg
eg mssf
mssf uge
uge `fst
`fstmh
mhmj
mjejl
ejl ës bfes
bfes
mdtldáüls jfs iruzejfs, l e jlsifdnmedáe tfrdfu-sl gótue. E `fstmhmjejl bmzedtmde efs
fimjldtems, í iherf, ldjurlilu ifgf rlsuhtejf je ifdqumste jl Ifdstedtmdfphe l je
jmvmséf jf mgpírmf plhe Uuerte Iruzeje (52;:), ldquedtf fs fimjldtems ifdsmjlreveg
e nehte jl vfdtejl jfs ‘arlafs‗ jl eilmter slu jfgçdmf l rlhmaméf ifgf plrvlrse l
lqumvfieje. Lsses etmtujls, jl egbfs fs hejfs, plrgedlilreg juredtl tfje e Mjejl
Gíjme l df plrçfjf gfjlrdf.
Es mjímes jf Mhugmdmsgf, qul lreg `fstms ë Mjejl Gíjme lg alreh l ë marlce
gljmlveh lg pertmiuher, déf lsteveg deturehgldtl jmspfstes ef Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf,
fdjl f gfdestmimsgf, fs gmhearls l e marlce fraedmzeje jlslgpld`eveg ug peplh
gumtf aredjl. Ljwerj Ambbfd, ug jfs prmdimpems `mstfrmejfrls jf plrçfjf, jljmifu
aredjl pertl jl slu vfhugl góhtmphf F jlihçdmf l e qulje jf Mgpírmf Rfgedf   e
Bmzâdimf, l sue jldódime ifdtudjldtl jfs bmzedtmdfs l sue iuhture mdnhuldimfu f
 pldsegldtf `mstùrmif etí f prlsldtl.
prlsldtl.
 Dlstl hmvrf, tldtlm mr ehíg jlssls
jlssls prlifdilmtfs iuhturems ifdtre Bmzâdimf, l gum
gumtfs
tfs
hlmtfrls prfvevlhgldtl etí jltliteg ug smdeh jl ejgmreáéf df tfg jf eutfr. Mssf déf
í pfrqul lu ei`f qul f Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf l e iuhture bmzedtmde lreg ‘glh`frls‗ jf
qul futres imvmhmzeáüls, ges smg pfrqul lu ei`f qul f lstujf jl Bmzâdimf tlg ug
mdtlrlssl mdtrçdslif l qul dfsse sfimljejl plrjl gumtf pfr déf seblr gems sfbrl mssf.

Es Mdstmtumáüls jf Mgpírmf Rfgedf

Ifgf f Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf nfm e ifdtmdueáéf jf Mgpírmf Rfgedf, í iruimeh qul

f hlmtfr lstlce negmhmermzejf ifg es mdstmtumáüls pfhçtmies båsmies jf lstejf rfgedf.
 

 De ípfie jl Ifdstedtmdf, f Aredjl, e edtmae Rlpóbhmie Rfgede `evme jlseperlimjf

`å quesl glmf gmhãdmf, ges ehauges jl sues mdstmtumáüls ifdtmdueveg e vmvlr, e
gemfrme epldes df dfgl, ges ehauges ifdtmdueveg e iugprmr ehaf perlimjf e sues
nudáüls frmamdems. Gumtfs jfs edtmafs fnçimfs jf lstejf rfgedf (es geamstretures)
sfbrlvmvlreg de lre bmzedtmde, e gemfrme jlhls ifg terlnes qul lreg ifgphltegldtl
jmnlrldtls jequlhes jf pessejf, l ef hejf je eutfireime jl Bmzâdimf, plrgedlilu,
 plhf gldfs ldtrl ehauds mdtlhlituems, uge ejgmreáéf ef rlpubhmiedmsgf. F iúdsuh

ifdtmdueve
fiupeve e lxmstmr,
f ieraf) l, dfglejf eafre plhf
ifg nrlqøãdime, mgplrejfr
gems jl jfms (quedjf f prùprmf tfjfs
lreg jlsmadejfs mgplrejfr déf
fs edfs,
 pfms lsplreve-sl qul fs iúdsuhls fnlrlilsslg ldtrltldmgldtfs póbhmifs prùjmafs l
gumtf ierfs. F quelstfr  `evme
 `evme lglramjf ifgf f ifdslh`lmrf hlaeh gems mgpfrtedtl jf
mgplrejfr l lhl ifdtmdufu e iugprmr lsse terlne plhf gldfs etí f sítmgf síiuhf. F
vlh`f sldejf rfgedf, qul de ípfie jf mdçimf jf mgpírmf `evme plrjmjf slu pfjlr
 pfhçtmif, ifdtmdufu e lxmstmr lg Rfge etí e qulje jf Fimjldtl l lg Ifdstedtmdfphe
etí f nmdeh jf mgpírmf. Fs glgb lgbrfs jf Yldejf (e frjlg sldetfrmeh) lg
Ifdstedtmdfphe lreg, lg alreh, `fglds qul `evmeg sl hlvedtejf df slrvmáf mgplrmeh,
l lreg dfrgehgldtl fs "`fglds jf mgplrejfr", lg vlz jl glgbrfs jl uge
ermstfireime trejmimfdeh.
F ieraf pfhçtmif gems mgpfrtedtl jfs mgpírmfs rfgedf l bmzedtmdf lre, iherf, f
mgpl
mg plre
rejf
jfrr. Dfugslaud
lssldimehgldtl laudjf
jf síiuh
gfderie, íi uhff pehevre
l sue j.
j.I
I, slre
l déf
dé
hlm.f Emdje
ed
edttls
ls,,`evme
f mgpl
mgplrrejfr
ejfr tfr
lxplitetmves frdf
jldfu-
qulu-ssfl
mgplrejfr afvlrderme custf l sebmegldtl, l ifdsmjlreáüls nmhfsùnmies, lsplimehgldtl
jf lstfmimsgf, eraugldteveg qul f mgplrejfr tmd`e jl afvlrder lg bldlnçimf jl
sluss sójmtf
slu sójmtfs.s. Lss
Lsses
es ifdsmjl
ifdsmjlreá
reáüls
üls gmdmgm
gmdmgmzer
zereg
eg f ifgpfr
ifgpfrteg tegldtf
ldtf eutfir
eutfiråtm
åtmif
if l
erbmtrårmf pfr pertl jf mgplrejfr, essmg ifgf, ifg f pesser jf tlgpf, e eutfrmjejl
gfreh je marlce
marlce irmsté,
irmsté, qul pfjlrme
pfjlrme eplher pere lxplitetmves
lxplitetmves lspliçnmie
lspliçnmiess beslejes
beslejes lg
tlxtfs bçbhmifs l df jlsldvfhvmgldtf jf jmrlmtf iedúdmif. Ehíg jmssf, f vlrjejlmrf
 pfjlr pfr trås jf trfdf slgprl lre f lxírimtf, l dld`ug mgplrejfr pfjlrme tlr
suilssf sl lhl déf tmvlssl uge ierrlmre gmhmter blg-suiljmje l f epfmf jf ifrpf jl
fnmimems sãdmfr.
Eplser jf ldfrgl pfjlr qul fs mgplrejfrls jltmd`eg, í mdtlrlssedtl qul fs
rfgedfs dudie tld`eg jlsldvfhvmjf uge ‘ifdstmtumáéf‗ ifdsmstldtl pere fraedmzer e
suilsséf. Ifgugldtl, f mgplrejfr rlmdedtl lsifh`lrme slu suilssfr, l e lhlmáéf jl
ug dfvf
dfvf mgplr
mgplrej
ejfr
fr pfr
pfr ls
lssl
sl glmf
glmf rerereg
regldt
ldtll ldif
ldifdtdtre
reve
ve qu
queh
ehqu
qulr
lr fpfs
fpfsmámáéf
éf..
 Dfrgehgldtl, f mgplrejfr gems gems vlh`f nerme sue lsifh`e jl ug suilss suilssfr
fr pubhmiegldtl
ifd`limjf, l lhl "essfimerme" f dfvf afvlrdedtl ifg lhl lg fiesmüls póbhmies pere
lsiherlilr e smtueáéf l jer efs suclmtfs e fpfrtudmjejl jl sl eifstugerlg ifg f dfvf
mgplrejfr. Ehíg jmssf, slgprl lxmstmu uge tldjãdime pere f jlsldvfhvmgldtf jl
jmdestmes, ifg f nmh`f suiljldjf f pem df trfdf3 slg jóvmje, mssf tmd`e ehauge
ifdlxéf ifg e iuhture rfgede lg alreh, f qul perlil tlr vmstf tems tredsnlrãdimes jl
 pfjlr sfb uge huz pfsmtmve.
[ftldimehgldtl gems mgpfrtedtls lreg fs glgbrfs jf Yldejf, qul ës vlzls
tegb
tegbíg
íg lreg
lregl besls
mdjlpldjldtl glgb
glgbrfsrfspfjlr.
jl jf trtrmb
mbud
udeh
@evmeeh,tegbíg
, ges
ges qul
qul trejmáéf,
uge dfrg
dfrgehehgl
gldt
dtll slgprl
dlg pfss
pfssuç
uçeg
eg rmqu
rmqulz
lzee
rlsplmteje,
jl qul f Yldejf, ifgf ùraéf, pfjlrme etuer lg iesfs lg qul e suilsséf ef trfdf déf
 

lre ihere. Es nrequlzes jf pfjlr sldetfrmeh lreg qul fs glgbrfs jlssl ùraéf dlg
slgprl ifdifrjeveg, dlg dfrgehgldtl eameg repmjegldtl, l uge jlimséf de ifrtl
fu lg futrf huaer pfjlrme plaer fs sldejfrls ifi`mhedjf.
E tlrilmre besl jl pfjlr de lsifh`e jl ug mgplrejfr lre f lxírimtf, l lstl lre
nrlqøldtlgldtl f gems mgpfrtedtl jfs trãs, lsplimehgldtl dfs iesfs lg qul ug
mgplrejfr nfssl jlrrubejf. \ge rlvfhte gmhmter lre ug jfs glmfs gems nrlquldtls
 pere e rlgfáéf jl ug mgplrejfr geh suiljmjf l, lg tems iesfs, f lxírimtf pfjlrme

 prfgfvlr
mdtlrvldáéfug dfvfe iedjmjetf
nfreg pere f ieraf.
Auerje [rltfrmede, Gems nevfrevlhgldtl
tlfrmiegldtl ifhfiejfs
e auerje plssfeh pere teh
jf mgplrejfr,
qul jlslgpld`fu f peplh jl "irmejfr jl mgplrejfr" lg gumtes fiesmüls. Es trfpes
hlamfdårmes tegbíg pfjlrmeg jlslgpld`er ug peplh, lgbfre f plrmaf equm nfssl e
egleáe jl aulrre imvmh, blg ifgf es jmnmiuhjejls hfaçstmies ldvfhvmjes lg trezlr es
trfpes pere ug huaer fdjl lhes pfjlrmeg tlr ug lnlmtf.
Yfbrl e `mstùrme jf Mgpírmf Rfgedf, jl Euaustf (21 e.I - 5: j.I) lg jmedtl, f
gequmdårmf jf lstejf irlsilu l uge ejgmdmstreáéf ildtreh (lg fpfsmáéf ef afvlrdf
 prfvmdimeh) hldtegldtl
hldte gldtl llglramu
glramu pere euxmhmer f mgplrejfr df trebeh`f jl ejgmdmstrer
f Lstejf. Lsse burfireime sl jlsldvfhvlrme ifdsmjlrevlhgldtl df plrçfjf bmzedtmdf l
sl tfrderme uge jes iereitlrçstmies gems iereitlrçstmies jf lstejf bmzedtmdf.
Lg alreh, f afvlrdf ildtreh rfgedf pfjme slr jmvmjmjf lg trãs aredjls årles3 e
gmh
gmhmte
mterr, e ejgmdm
ifdsmjlråvlh.ejgÍmdmstr
stretm
etmve
prlimsfvejmzlr
l e pfuif
nm
nmsie
sieh,h, sfbrl
lgbfre
lgbfre `fuvls
`fuvlssl sl sfbrlp
e fraedmzeáéf sfb rlpfsm
fsmáéf
gmhmter, áéfquldeture
cå detlg
urehgl
hgldtl
dtl
aredjl
 pertl fs ifgedjedtls jfs lxírimtfs lreg fs afvlrdejfrls jes prfvçdimes ef hfdaf je
nr
nrfd
fdtl
tlmr
mre,
e, l fs essu
essudt
dtfs
fs gmhm
gmhmte
terl
rlss lrlreg
eg detu
deture
rehg
hgldldtl
tl ifdtr
ifdtrfh
fhej
ejfs
fs plhf
plhf pr
prùp
ùprm
rmff
mgplrejfr. [rlfiupeáüls ejgmdmstretmves l nmsiems lsteveg mdtmgegldtl hmaejes l df
 prmglmrf síiuhf j.I lhes tldjmeg e slr ejgmdmstrejes pfr mdjmvçjufs jl bemxe pfsmáéf
(ës vlzls lx-lsirevfs) qul jlpldjmeg jmrltegldtl jf mgplrejfr. Ifg f pesser jf
tlgpf, df slaudjf l df tlrilmrf síiuhf, fs mgplrejfrls pessereg e jlpldjlr jl
ejgmdmstrejfrls jl stetus gems ehtf, ehauds jlhls je prùprme frjlg sldetfrmeh. Es
qulstü
qul stüls
ls hlaems
hlaems lreg deture
deturehgl
hgldtl
dtl jl prmgfr
prmgfrjme
jmehh mg
mgpfr
pfrtâd
tâdime
ime l fs geams
geamstre
trejfs
jfs
 pessereg e jlslgpld`er ug peplh ieje vlz gems mgpfrtedtl ifgf ifdslh`lmrfs jf
mgplrejfr.

Irmstedjejl l e Marlce Irmsté

F Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf lre uge sfimljejl ifgphltegldtl irmsté l es mdstmtumáüls l

ldsmdegldtfs je marlce irmsté mdnhuldimereg-de lg tfjfs fs slus esplitfs. E gemfrme
jfs hlmtfrls jlstl hmvrf lstå negmhmermzeje ifg es `mstùrmes jf Lvedalh`f l es frmalds
jf irmstmedmsgf, pfr ug hejf, l, pfr futrf hejf, es mjímes båsmies jf irmstmedmsgf
ifgf séf eilmtes `fcl. E gemfrme jfs hlmtfrls déf tlrå, df ldtedtf, phlde ifdsimãdime
jf irmstmedmsgf ifgf nfm pretmiejf juredtl fs gmh edfs jf Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf, ug
 plrçfjf qul rlprlsldte gems je gltejl je lxmstãdime je rlhmaméf et
etíí `fcl.
 De ípfie jl Ifdstedtmdf (9;>-991), quedjf lstl hmvrf ifgláe, f irmstmedmsgf cå
`e
`evm
vmee pess
pessej
ejff ifgphlxe.
rezfevlhgldtl pere
pere uge
ugeLgbfre
ne
nesl
sl emdje
iere
iereit
itlr
lrmz
mzej
déf ejee pfr
nfsslpfr uge
uge lslstr
trut
udmvlrsehgldtlutur
uree mdst
mdstmt
eilmtf, fsmtui
uimf
mfde
dehh
bmspfs
alrehgldtl jfgmdeveg e marlce jl gedlmre lssldimehgldtl gfdårqumie3 ieje bmspf
 

afvlrd
afvl rdev
evee sue im imje
jejl
jl (l slus
lus ererrl
rljf
jfrl
rlss) ifg
ifgf uge
uge nmaur
mauree supfs
upfste
teg
gldt
ldtl
mdqølstmfdåvlh qul ejqumrmre sue eutfrmjejl lg uge hmd`e jmrlte qul rlgfdteve efs
Epùstfhfs jl Irmstf (e mjíme je suilsséf epfstùhmie). Fs bmspfs lreg lssldimehgldtl
mdjl
mdjlpl
pldj
djld
ldtl
tlss jl tfjes
tfjes es futr
futres
es eutf
eutfrm
rmje
jejls
jls,, lgbf
lgbfre
re `fuvl
`fuvlss
ssll sur
suramjf
amjf ug
ugee
ihessmnmieáéf arfsslmre jfs bmspfs, besleje lg aredjl pertl de mgpfrtâdime jl sues
imjejls. Fs bmspfs ifdtrfheveg e rmqulze ieje vlz gems smadmnmietmve jes marlces
hfiems l jltlrgmdeveg e deturlze jf iuhtf póbhmif, f jlslgbfhsf je iermjejl l e

rlauhe
rla uhegld
gldteá
ihírmafs teáéf
éf jfsfb
gldfrls) dóglrf
dóg lrfifdtrfhl.
slu ieje
ieje vlzF gemfr
gem fr lsteve,
bmspf jl ihírma
ihírmafs
fs (seilr
essmg,(selglramdjf
ilrjft
jftls,
ls, jmåifd
jmåifdfs
ifgf fs
ugel
nmaure mgpfrtedtl de sfimljejl ifgf ug tfjf.
 De ípfie jl Ifdstedtmdf, `evme ug eifrjf alreh ldtrl fs irmstéfs sfbrl quems
hmvrfs jlvlrmeg slr ifdsmjlrejfs pertl je Bçbhme. @fuvl tegbíg ug eifrjf båsmif jl
qul Jlus lre uge Zrmdjejl, ifgpfste plhf [em, Nmh`f l Lspçrmtf Yedtf. Ehíg jmssf,
nfm eifrjejf qul fs irmstéfs jlvlrmeg hlver ug ilrtf tmpf jl vmje l ejfreáéf cudtfs l
lg pertmiuher, jl eifrjf ifg fs pejrüls qul emdje lsteveg lsteblhlimjfs df dçvlh
hfieh. Fs eutfrls irmstéfs je lre pùs-epfstùhmie mdmimereg f jlsldvfhvmgldtf jfs
 prmdiçpmfs je tlfhfame irmsté l nfm alrehgldtl eil
eilmtf
mtf qul mssf pfjlrme, l jlvlrme, nezlr
usf je hùamie l jes nlrregldtes jf jmsiursf nmhfsùnmif ifdtlgpfrâdlf (peaéf).
E ma
marl
rlce
ce irms
irmsté
té pess
pessfu
fu pfr surt
surtfs
fs ie
ieje
je vlz
vlz gems
gems slslvl
vlrfrfss jl plrs
plrsla
laum
umáé
áéf,
f,
 prmdimpehgldtl lg dçvlh hfieh, ges fiesmfdehgldtl df dçvlh jf mgpírmf, l
jmsi
jmsiut
utmr
mrlg
lgfs
fs mssf
mssf ifg
ifg eh
ehau
aug
g jlte
jlteh`
h`ll df prprùx
ùxmg
mgff iepç
iepçtu
tuhf
hf.. F nlnldú
dúg
gldf
ldf je
 plrslaumáéf - cudtegldtl ifg e rlsmstãdime e lhl, blg ifgf e irmstehmzeáéf jes
lstr
lstrut
utur
ures
es md
mdst
stmt
mtui
uimf
mfde
dems
ms l jl irirld
ldáe
áess - nfreg
nfreg es prprmd
mdim
impe
pems
ms ie
iere
reit
itlr
lrçs
çstm
tmies
ies jf
irms
irmstm
tmedm
edmsg
sgff df mdçi
mdçimf
mf jf plrç
plrçfj
fjff bm
bmze
zedt
dtmd
mdf.
f. Lstls
Lstls jfms
jfms óhtm
óhtmgf
gfss jlvl
jlvlrm
rmeg
eg sl
slrr
ifdsmjlrevlhgldtl jlsldvfhvmjfs sfb Bmzâdimf, ldquedtf f prmglmrf ifdtmdueve e
nfrdlilr ug pedf jl nudjf `mstùrmif ifdtre f queh fs ifdnhmtfs ifdtlgpfrâdlfs
jlvlrmeg slr ifgbetmjfs.

Nfdtls pere e @mstùrme Bmzedtmde

Es nfdtls `mstùrmies jl quehqulr iuhture deturehgldtl nfrgeg l gfhjeg dfssf

ifd`limgldtf jlsse sfimljejl. Es nfdtls lsirmtes je `mstùrme bmzedtmde séf, ë prmglmre
vmste, gumtf slglh`edtls ës je `mstùrme edtmae, l smadmnmietmvegldtl jmnlrldtls jes je
`mstùrme jf Fimjldtl gljmlveh. Essmg,
Essmg, uge ihessl mgpfrtedtl jl nfdtls bmzedtmdes séf
fbres
fbr es `mstùr
`mstùrmies
mies qul ifdsim
ifdsimldt
ldtlgl
lgldtl
dtl ifdtmd
ifdtmduer
uereg
eg e trejm
trejmáéf
áéf je `mstfr
`mstfrmfa
mfaren
renme
me
ihåssmie, lsplimehgldtl es fbres jl @lrùjftf, Pldfnfdtl l, gems dftevlhgldtl,
Zuiçjmjls. Df mdçimf jf plrçfjf bmzedtmdf ehauges `mstùrmes nfreg lsirmtes lg hetmg,
e gems negfse e fbre jl Egmedf Gerilhmdf, ges e pertmr jf síiuhf ^ lg jmedtl e
gemfrme nfm lsirmte lg arlaf, prmdimpehgldtl lg uge hmdauealg ehtegldtl ertmnmimeh
qul mgmteve f arlaf lsirmtf lg Etldes df qumdtf l quertf síiuhfs e.I l mssf lre jmnçimh
 pere e gemfrme jfs bmzedtmdfs ldtldjlr. [rfofpmfs (síiuhf ^M) í f dftåvlh `mstfrmejfr
ihessmimste jf mdçimf jf plrçfjf bmzedtmdf, ges lste trejmáéf rlssuramu df síiuhf PM l
emdje
(síiuhfgems dfs síiuhfs
P), [slhhfs PMMPM),
(síiuhf desEdde
fbresOfgdlde
jl Ifdstedtmdf [frp`yrfaldmtfs
l Dmomtes l sue
I`fdmetls (egbfs jf lsifhe
síiuhf
PMM). Lstl lstmhf jl lsirmte `mstùrmie, qul nlz usf jl uge ebfrjealg edehçtmie fu
 

 bmfarånmie, ifdtmdufu df plrçfjf bmzedtmdf pfstlrmfr des fbres jl `mstfrmejfrls ifgf

Eorfpfhmtls, [ei`yglrls (síiuhf PMMM) l Arlafres (síiuhf PM^). F óhtmgf síiuhf jf
Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf prfjuzmu ug dóglrf dftåvlh jl `mstfrmejfrls ihessmimstes bestedtl
ifgpltldtls qul ifdslaumreg rlamstrer f jlihçdmf l e qulje jl Ifdstedtmdfphe3 ldtrl
lhls Yp`redtzls, I`ehofofdjyhls, Jfuoes l Ormtfbfuhfs, ehauds lsirlvldjf blg
jlpfms je ifdqumste ftfgede.
Ehíg jmssf, ug tmpf jl trebeh`f `mstùrmif hmalmregldtl jmnlrldtl lre e irúdmie

 bmzedtmde (i`rfdmofd
iurtes `mstùrmes ), iuces
lsirmtes frmalds
lg arlaf rlgfdteg
l hetmg ë Irúdmie
dfs síiuhfs M^ ljl^.Lusíbmf jl Ilseríme
Lsses irúdmies lregl ës
vlzls epldes hmstes jl lvldtfs, gumtes vlzls jl ieråtlr gmreiuhfsf fu glgfråvlh
(desimgldtf jl blzlrrfs jl jues iebláes, tlrrlgftfs, lihmpsls, lti.), cudtegldtl ifg
fs prmdimpems etfs jfs aredjls afvlrdedtls, ges gumtes vlzls tegbíg ifdtmd`eg
ifgld
ifg ldtå
tårm
rmfs
fs jf eutf
eutfrr, nr
nrlq
lqøld
øldtl
tlgl
gldtdtll jl detu
deturl
rlze
ze gfre
gfrehmhmze
zedt
dtll fu tlfh
tlfhùa
ùami
mie,
e,
lxphmiedjf f ‘smadmnmiejf‗ jfs lvldtfs `mstùrmifs efs hlmtfrls. De gemfrme jfs iesfs,
fs eutfrls jl irúdmies prfiurereg user lvldtfs `mstùrmifs pere jlgfdstrer e vlrjejl
tlfhùamie fu es pldehmjejls peaes plhfs afvlrdedtls fu pfr futrfs qul déf jlreg
fuvmjfs ë vfdtejl jl Jlus fu ef ldsmdf je marlce.
Gehehes (síiuhf ^M) nfm f eutfr je prmglmre irúdmie tftehgldtl jlsldvfhvmje
jlss
jlssll tm
tmpf
pf.. Yue
Yue fbre
fbre lste
lsteve
ve pr
prlf
lfiu
iupe
peje
je lg udmr
udmr e `mst
`mstùr
ùrme
me sl
sliu
iuhe
herr l jmvm
jmvmde
de,,
ifgláedjf ifg e Irmeáéf jf gudjf, rlifdtedjf es `mstùrmes bçbhmies båsmies lg slu
ifdtlxtf gems egphf, l ifdtmduedjf etí f rlmdejf jl Custmdmedf. F gems mgpfrtedtl
jfs irfdmstes bmzedtmdfs í Zlùnedls (f "Ifdnlssfr"), qul lsirlvlu df mdçimf jf síiuhf
MP l iucf trebeh`f
trebeh`f nfrdlil e gemfr pertl
pertl je mdnfrgeáéf
mdnfrgeáéf qul tlgfs pere e `mstùrme
`mstùrme jf
sítmgf l jf fmtevf síiuhfs. Zlùnedls lre ug gfdal l ug Mifdùnmhf jlvftf qul vme
tfje e `mstùrme jf gudjf etrevís jes hldtls je hute plhe vldlreáéf jfs çifdls. F
trebeh`f jl Z`lfp`edls nfreg ifdtmduejfs pfr ug eutfr jlsifd`limjf l uge sírml jl
futrfs lsirmtfrls jf síiuhf P qul trfuxlreg sue irúdmie pere f slu prùprmf tlgpf.
Cféf Yoyhmtzls (síiuhf PM) l Cféf Sfderes (síiuhf PMM) lsirlvlreg mgpfrtedtls
irúdmi
irúdmies,
es, ifg gumte
gumte mdnfrg
mdnfrgeáéf
eáéf mdjlpl
mdjlpldjl
djldtl
dtl?? jlp
jlpfms
fms jlssl
jlssl plrçfj
plrçfjf,f, e irúdmi
irúdmiee
ifdtmdufu e slr uge mgpfrtedtl nfrge jl lsirmte `mstùrmie l gumtes irúdmies nfiereg
lg essu
essudt
dtfs
fs hf
hfie
iems
ms l iurt
iurtfs
fs plrç
plrçfj
fjfs
fs jl tlgtlgpf,
pf, etí
etí e ifdq
ifdqum
umst
stee ftfg
ftfged
edee l
 pfstlrmfrgldtl.
Lssls prfjutfs jl vermejes trejmáüls `mstùrmies dfs plrgmtlg rludmr e `mstùrme
 pfhçtmie l gmhmter båsmie jf Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf l nfrdlilr mdnfrgeáüls ifdsmjlråvlms
sfbrl lvldtfs msfhejfs. Ges tfjfs séf smadmnmietmvegldtl tldjldimfsfs e nevfr fu
ifdtre jmnlrldtls afvlrdedtls l jmdestmes, l déf nfrdlilg gumtes mdnfrgeáüls sfbrl e
lifdfgme, e sfimljejl, es plssfes ifguds (mdihusmvl es guh`lrls) l e vmje iftmjmede.
Lhls tegbíg quesl tfjfs tmd`eg uge vmséf hmdler je `mstùrme lg qul es mjímes irmstés
jl sehveáéf jlslgpld`eveg ug peplh jfgmdedtl l f Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf lre f etfr
ildtreh.
Es @eamfarenmes (es bmfarenmes jfs sedtfs) nfrdlilg uge vmséf
smadmnmietmvegldtl jmnlrldtl je vmje bmzedtmde. E vmje jfs sedtfs cå nfm rlclmteje l
rmjmiuhermzeje plhfs `mstfrmejfrls
quesl lxihusmvegldtl jl `mstùrmes gfjlrdfs,
pmljfses l cågmhearls
qul lhlsl perlimeg
qul tehvlzslr
défifgpfstfs
tmvlsslg
gumtf nudjegldtf de rlehmjejl `mstùrmie. Í iherf qul f aãdlrf je `eamfarenme prlste-
 

sl ë rlpltmáéf, l e deturlze lstlrlftmpeje je vmje jfs sedtfs l mssf smadmnmie qul déf
 pfjlgfs eirljmter lg tfjfs fs jlteh`ls jl ieje vmje. Df ldtedtf, e gemfr pertl jes
vmjes ifdtíg uge rmqulze jl mdnfrgeáüls sfbrl e vmje iftmjmede, e lifdfgme l es
ifdjmáüls hfiems qul, lgbfre mdimjldtems fs prmdimpems prfpùsmtfs jf eutfr, séf jl
ifdsmjlråvlh mdtlrlssl pere f `mstfrmejfr. Lhes tegbíg rltreteg, gumtes vlzls jl
gedlmre dftåvlh, es irldáes, lsplredáes l espmreáüls jes plssfes ifguds, l nfrdlilg
uge nfdtl lssldimeh pere f lstujf je lspmrmtuehmjejl bmzedtmde l je pråtmie rlhmamfse.
Jlvl-sl dfter
smjf lsirmte lgtegbíg qul, lgbfre
arlaf, gumtfs tegbíge nfreg
gemfrmelsirmtfs
jes vmjes jfs trejuzmjfs
lg (fu sedtfs bmzedtmdfs tld`e
pere) lshevf,
årebl, ifpte l - lsplimehgldtl - smrçeif. Lsses bmfarenmes déf-arlaes gumtes vlzls
nfrdlilg uge vmséf gumtf jmnlrldtl jes ifmses lsirmtes df ifreáéf bmzedtmdf l
nfrdlilg ug ifdtrestl jl ifdsmjlråvlh mgpfrtâdime.
Fs `mstfrmejfrls jf pldsegldtf, lsplimehgldtl je imãdime, je getlgåtmie, je
gljmimde l je nmhfsfnme, prfjuzmreg ug aredjl dóglrf jl fbres, e gemfrme jlhes
emdje déf trejuzmjes pere es hçdaues gfjlrdes l gumtes dlg glsgf ljmtejes
ejlquejegldtl. Déf fbstedtl, es fbres jl Erlt`es jl Ilseríme, [`ftmfs, [slhhfs,
Gltfi`mtls, Alddejmfs Yi`fhermfs l [hlt`fd, blg ifgf mdóglrfs tretejfs sfbrl
estrfdfgme, getlgåtmie, nçsmie, estrfhfame l ehqumgme, nfrdlilg mdnfrgeáüls sfbrl
ifgf fs pldsejfrls bmzedtmdfs fh`eveg f gudjf.
 Déf í jl surprlldjlr qul fs slrgüls, fs ifgldtårmfs l lstujfs bçbhmifs l fs
tretejfs tlfhùamifs ifdstmtueg uge prfpfráéf gumtf aredjl jl hmtlreture bmzedtmde
sfbrlvmvldtl. Gumtf jmssf í ug pfuif jmnçimh pere f hlmtfr gfjlrdf jfgmder, ges
quesl tfjf trebeh`f tlfhùamif nfrdlil mdnfrgeáüls jl mgpfrtâdime `mstùrmie, slce lste
uge vmséf jes jmsputes tlfhùamies fu jlteh`ls mdimjldtems je vmje jmårme mdihuçjfs dfs
gmh`erls jl slrgüls bmzedtmdfs sfbrlvmvldtls l trebeh`fs tlfhùamifs. .
Mdnlhmzgldtl, gumtf pfuif sfbrlvmvl jes nfdtls jfiugldtems qul tedtf nmzlreg
 pere edmger e `mstùrme jf Fimjldtl gljmlveh. Lgbfre f lstejf bmzedtmdf nfssl jl
deturlze ldfrglgldtl burfiråtmie l `fuvlssl vestfs rlamstrfs sfbrl f nudimfdegldtf
jf afvlrdf, mgpfstfs, mdnfrgeáüls sfbrl tlrres l mdnfrgeáüls plssfems, e gemfr pertl
jmssf eafre í plrjmje, vçtmges jf ifhepsf nmdeh l je jlstrumáéf jf eperetf f lstejf
 bmzedtmdf. Ehauds jlssls rlamstrfs sfbrlvmvlg, pfr lxlgphf, equlhls prlslrvejfs df
trebeh`f jl Ifdstedtmdf [frp`yrfaldmtfs, f Iejestrf jl Zlbes, duglrfsfs pepmrfs jf
 plrçfjf mdmimeh, l fs vfhugfsfs rlamstrfs jfs gfstlmrfs jf Gfdtl Et`fs. Lstls
óhtmgfs séf pertmiuhergldtl mgpfrtedtls, lsplimehgldtl pfrqul fs gfstlmrfs lreg
aredjls prfprmltårmfs jl tlrre l gedtmvlreg rlamstrfs jlteh`ejfs jl sues prfprmljejls
lg tfje e Geiljúdme, plrgmtmdjf e rlifdstruáéf je sfimljejl df nmdeh jf plrçfjf
 bmzedtmdf jl uge nfrge qul smgphlsgldtl déf pfjl slr nlmte lg futres pertls jf
mgpírmf.
Es nfdtls lsirmtes bmzedtmdes, í iherf, nfrdlilg ef `mstfrmejfr es mdnfrgeáüls
gems smadmnmietmves, ges es nfdtls lsirmtes pfr ‘plssfes jl nfre‗ tegbíg séf gumtf
smadmn
smadmnmie
mietmv
tmves,
es, lsplim
lsplimehg
ehgldt
ldtll lg tlrgfs
tlrgfs jl lsiher
lsiherlimg
limgldt
ldtff sfbrl
sfbrl es etmvmj
etmvmjejl
ejlss
 bmzedtmdes lxtlrdes l gmhmterls, ges tegbíg prlldi`ldjf heiudes smadmnmietmves.
gumtes qulstüls
 bmzedtmdfs. Zehvlzmdtlrdes
f gems lmgpfrtedtl
jedjf-dfsdlssl
ug vmshugbrl jl ifgf
esplitf slceg fs futrfs vmeg
fs `mstfrmejfrls fs
årebls,
ifgf eh-Behej`urm, Zeberm l Ce`ce jl Edtmfqume, l alùarenfs, ifgf eh-Gesujm l eh-
 

Mjrmsm. Lstes l futres nfdtls lsirmtes lg ergãdmf, alframedf l plrse, dfs nfrdlilg
mdnfrgeáüls smadmnmietmves l ug ifrrltmvf sehuter efs tlxtfs bmzedtmdfs. Zegbíg jl
lsplimeh mgpfrtâdime séf es nfdtls lsheves, jlsjl e Irúdmie [rmgårme Russe etí es
trejuáüls lsheves jl vårmes fbres bmzedtmdes, l irúdmies l futres fbres je Yírvme, je
Buhaårme l jl futres pertls jf gudjf lshevf.
 Df alreh, déf `å lsiesslz jl getlrmeh l nfdtls pere f lstujf jf Mgpírmf
Bmzedtmdf. E jmnmiuhjejl pere f lstujedtl mdmimedtl í qul, lgbfre es nfdtls lsirmtes
slceg vestes
hçdaues lg dóglrf
gfjlrdes, l jmvlrsmjejl,
l e aredjl gemfrmerlhetmvegldtl
emdje déf nfmpfuies nfreg trejuzmjes
jlvmjegldtl pere`å
ljmteje. Déf es
gedueh ejlquejf lg mdahãs pere e `mstùrme fu hmtlreture bmzedtmde l dld`ug aume pere
es nfdtls `mstùrmies. Lgbfre e smtueáéf slce glh`fr pere e ertl l e erqumtlture
 bmzedtmde, fdjl lxmstlg vårmes eprlsldteáüls sùhmjes, f getlrmeh emdje í jmvlrsmnmiejf
l déf í pubhmiejf lg dld`uge sírml pere e queh ug ehudf pfjl mr pere uge vmséf
egphe.
 

5
E Irmsl jf Zlrilmrf Yíiuhf
2<9 ’ 2>0 ’ Aehhmldus

F Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf déf tlg ug "ifgláf" prfprmegldtl jmtf, pfms lre, jl netf,
e ifdtmdueáéf jf lstejf rfgedf, qul `evme ifgláejf (slaudjf e trejmáéf) lg 1<9
e.I. \ge jete ifdvldmldtl pere ifgláer í f rlmdejf jl Ifdstedtmdf, ges fs lvldtfs
jl slu rlmdejf déf pfjlg slr ldtldjmjfs slg uge ifdsmjlreáéf jfs lvldtfs l
 prfbhlges jf tlrilmrf síiuhf jlpfms jl Irmstf, cå qul lssls lsteblhlilreg f ildårmf
 pere e rllstrutureáéf l ‘rlevmvegldtf‗ jl Rfge df edfs qul sl slaumreg. Mdmimegfs
dfss
df ssee plsq
plsqum
umse
se,, pfrt
pfrted
edtf
tf,, ifg
ifg e ir irms
msll qul
qul en
enlt
ltfu
fu f gu
gudj
djff rf
rfge
gedf
df dfs
dfs edfs
edfs
mdtlrgljmårmfs jf tlrilmrf síiuhf.
Fs <; edfs ldtrl e gfrtl jl Ylvlrf Ehlxedjrl l e esildséf jl Jmfihlimedf
(29<-20:) tlstlgud`ereg f quesl ifhepsf jl tfjf f gfjf jl vmje rfgedf, jf
afvl
af vlrd
rdff l je lstr
lstrut
utur
uree gmgmhm
hmte
terr ë lifd
lifdfgfgme
me l ef sms
smstlge
tlge jl plds
pldseg
egld
ldtf
tf qul
qul
iereitlrmzfu f gudjf edtmaf etí ldtéf. Lg tlrgfs pfhçtmifs, dld`ug mgplrejfr
juredtl tfjf lstl plrçfjf lsteve slaurf, l quesl tfjfs lhls gfrrlreg jl nfrge
vmfhldte des géfs jfs df
lstejf, lsplimehgldtl rlblhjls.
dfrtl l Es
df nrfdtlmres jf mgpírmfl iljlreg,
hlstl, mdudjereg-sl, fs mdmgmafs
vårmes pertls jf
jf mgpírmf
tfrdereg-sl lssldimehgldtl mdjlpldjldtls. Ldquedtf mssf, e lifdfgme ldtrfu lg
ifhepsf, e mdnheáéf lhlvfu fs prláfs l e iud`ealg sl tfrdfu pretmiegldtl mdótmh. Déf
surprlldjldtlgldtl, lg glmf e lsses jmnmiuhjejls, jlsldvfhvlu-sl f qul pfjlgfs
i`eger jl irmsl iuhtureh, iereitlrmzeje pfr gujedáes jl lstmhf de ertl, hmtlreture l
rlhmaméf. Fs `mstfrmejfrls ifstugeg jlsirlvlr lssl plrçfjf ifgf sldjf jl ‘ederqume
gmhmter‗, cå qul pfuifs jfs mgplrejfrls rlmdereg tlgpf sunmimldtl pere lsteblhlilr
jmdestmes fu glsgf pfhçtmies nmrgls? e gemfrme jlssls afvlrdedtls lnãglrfs lreg
sfhjejfs rujls slg gumte ljuieáéf fu prlpereáéf pere afvlrder f mgpírmf.
 Df jlifrrlr jf slaudjf síiuhf nmifu iherf qul fs ifdslh`fs hfiems lsteveg
tldjf jmnmiuhjejls, lsplimehgldtl lg tlrgfs jl setmsnezlr es dlilssmjejls je vmje
urbede ejlqueje. E ieuse nmdeh jlstl nldúgldf í jmnçimh jl jltlrgmder, ges pfjl tlr e
vlr ifg e tldjãdime jl es negçhmes ermstfiråtmies gfrrlrlg fu esildjlrlg ef dçvlh
suplrmfr jf slrvmáf mgplrmeh l, essmg, jlmxerlg es rlspfdsebmhmjejls hfiems pere es
negçhmes gems pfbrls, qul lreg gldfs iepez jl supfrter f ldieraf nmdedilmrf.
 Dlsse smtueáéf, e ejgmdmstreáéf ildtreh tmd`e pfuie lsifh`e, lxiltf mdtlrvmr -
slgprl e ifdtreafstf - pere prlldi`lr f vezmf l aester jmd`lmrf pere nfrdlilr slrvmáfs
lssldimems l f afvlrdf hfieh. Zujf mssf, iherf, tlvl ug prláf. E ejgmdmstreáéf
mgplrmeh l f tlsfurf mgplrmeh lreg eafre fbrmaejfs e nfrdlilr rliursfs qul dudie
`evmeg smjf ifdstmtuçjfs pere suprmr l - ifgf fs ‘gedjetfs déf iepmtehmzejfs‗ jfs
afvlrdfs gfjlrdfs - lstls sl tfrdereg ug nerjf ldfrgl pere f afvlrdf ildtreh.
Ifgf rlsuhtejf, f afvlrdf tlvl qul mgpfr uge ierae trmbutårme gemfr efs slus

imjejéfs jl
eugldtf pere peaer lre
rliursfs plhfdlilssårmf
eugldtf pere
je ejgmdmstreáéf, ef glsgfgmhmterls
ldnrldter fs prfbhlges tlgpf lg qul f
je ípfie.
Mdjlpldjldtlgldtl je ieuse, f Lstejf tfrdfu-sl ieje vlz gems lxmaldtl jl slus
 

imjejéfs l mgpheiåvlh dfs glmfs jl ifbredáe jl mgpfstfs, ldquedtf f tlimjf je

sfimljejl rfgede sl sfhtfu.

Nmg je Jmdestme jl Ylvlrf l Ifgláf je Ederqume

Ederqume

Etí f mdçimf jf tlrilmrf síiuhf, uge sírml jl jmdestmes negmhmerls afvlrdeve f

gudjf rfgedf, nrlqøldtlgldt
nrlqøldtlgldtll ifg ug nmh`f
nmh`f suiljldjf
suiljldjf e ug pem. E óhtmge
óhtmge jlsses
jmdestmes
Yl
Ylvl
vlrf
rf Ehnfmlxed
Ehlx eedjr
jfsl,Ylvlrf,
jrl, qul
qul tlqul
tldtfurlmdfu
dtfu eh jles5=>rl
ehaug
auges enfrg
rlnf 29<.
esFsmadm
rges smóhtmgf
admnm glgbrf
nmie
ietm
tmves je jmdestme
ves,, lg pert penfm
pertll pere
re
rlsteurer f edtmaf Yldejf rfgedf e uge eperãdime jl pfjlr. Ylvlrus, df ldtedtf,
ldifdtrfu jmnmiuhjejls quedjf prfiurfu plssfehgldtl ifgedjer uge nfráe ifdcudte,
ifgpfste jl trfpes jf hlstl l jf flstl ifdtre fs ehegedfs (ug pfvf alrgâdmif) de
nrfdtlmre jf Rldf. F mgplrejfr ifdstrumu uge pfdtl sfbrl f rmf, ges jlpfms `lsmtfu l
 prfiurfu ug eifrjf dlafimejf. Es trfpes sl rlblhereg ifdtre Ylvlrf, prfihegereg
slu ifgedjedtl Gexmgmdf ifgf mgplrejfr l essessmdereg f vlh`f mgplrejfr. Cóhmf
^lrf Gexmgmdf, alrehgldtl ifd`limjf ifgf Gexmgmdf Zråimf (Gexmgmdf, f tråimf)
lre ug prfvmdimedf fbsiurf, nmh`f jl ug iegpfdãs qul sl hlvedtere df lxírimtf lg
 pertl areáes ë sue nfráe nçsmie l teged`f. Lhl nfm f prmglmrf jfs i`egejfs
"Mgplrejfrls jf Uuertlh", afvlrdedtls, ifgugldtl jes årles gems "etresejes" jf
mgpírmf, qul sl hlvedtereg jes nmhlmres jf lxírimtf pere tfger
tf ger f pfjlr plhe nfráe.
F Yldejf, lgbfre ilrtegldtl i`etlejf ifg e plrje jl Ylvlrus, déf pfjme nezlr
deje ehíg jl eilmter f netf ifdsugejf l rlifd`lilr Gexmgmdf. F dfvf mgplrejfr
lstebmhmzfu e smtueáéf gmhmter, qul `evme smjf jlmxeje lg ifdnuséf ifg e gfrtl jl
Ylvlrf, l lhl rlehmzfu uge jmnçimh ges blg-suiljmje iegped`e ifdtre fs ehlgéls,
epùs e queh lhl tlvl slu nmh`f lhlvejf ifgf if-mgplrejfr. Df ldtedtf, e fpfsmáéf
jlsldvfhvlu-sl ifdtre Gexmgmdf, lsplimehgldtl pfr pertl jfs edtmafs pertmjårmfs jl
Ylvlrf l jequlhls
jequlhls qul fh`eveg pere trås ifg seujejl ef jfgçdmf
jfgçdmf jl ug mgplrejfr
mgplrejfr
imvmh. @fuvl plhf gldfs uge ifdspmreáéf sírme, l Gexmgmdf rlspfdjlu rlgfvldjf e
gemfrme jfs sldejfrls jes pfsmáüls jl ifgedjf gmhmter l pudmdjf equlhls qul lhl
ei`eve qul lreg jlshlems pere ifg lhl.
F Yldejf tldtfu gedtlr f ifdtrfhl lg slu prùprmf dfgl, ges e smtueáéf
jltlrmfrfu-sl epùs e dfgleáéf jf dltf jl Aùrjmf ifgf mgplrejfr (Aùrjmf MMM) l
slaumu-sl uge aulrre imvmh jl trãs vmes, rlsuhtedjf de gfrtl jl Gexmgmdf l de
lhlveáéf jl Aùrjmf MMM plhe auerje prltfrmede. F dfvf mgplrejfr tmd`e epldes 59
edfs l f Yldejf perlil tlr ifdtmduejf e slr gumtf mdnhuldtl df mdçimf jl slu rlmdejf.
F dfvf afvlrdf prfiurfu ifdtlr fs ebusfs l hmgmter e mdsfhãdime l f pfjlr pfhçtmif
jfs sfhjejfs. E nrfdtlmre ehlgé nfm e prmdiçpmf lståvlh, areáes efs suilssfs jl
Gexmgmdf, ges f irlsildtl pfjlr je [írsme Yessâdmje - f aredjl rmveh jl Rfge df
Frmldtl - ifgláfu e prlssmfder f tlrrmtùrmf rfgedf dlsse jmrláéf.
Lg 2:5, Afrjmedf dfglfu f sfhjejf Zmgmstlu ifgf prlnlmtf prltfrmedf. \g
`fglg lhfqøldtl l blg-ljuiejf, lhl slrvmu f mgpírmf lg uge egphe vermljejl jl
fnçimfs l sue nmh`e nfm jeje lg iesegldtf ifg f cfvlg mgplrejfr. [fr trãs edfs
Zmgmstlu
sebljfrme.nfmEfepermáéf
vlrjejlmrf
jl pfjlr pfreifdtlilu
Zmgùtlf trås jf trfdf
lglug
lhl gfgldtf
lgpud`fulsplimehgldtl
mssf ifg iumjejf
nlhmz,l
 pfms lg 2:5 Y`epur eildjl ef trfdf je [írsme l lgprlldjl uge egbmimfse
egbmimfse iegped`e
 

ifdtre f tlrrmtùrmf rfgedf, evedáedjf pere e Yçrme l egleáedjf e prùprme Edtmfqume.

Lg 2:9, Zmgùtlf
Zmgùtlf i`lafu ef Frmldtl,
Frmldtl, eifgped`ejf
eifgped`ejf plhf cfvlg mgplrejf
mgplrejfrr, l e gerí
je beteh`e sl tredsnfrgfu. Fs rfgedfs nfreg blg suiljmjfs l tfje e Glsfpftâgme
iemu
iemu dfveg
dfvegldldtl
tl lg géfs
géfs rfge
rfgede
des.
s. \ge
\ge iegpe
iegped`
d`ee ifdt
ifdtre
re e ie
iepm
pmte
tehh plrs
plrsee jl
Itlsm
Itlsmnfd
nfdtl
tl nfm ifdtlg
ifdtlgphe
pheje,
je, ges Zmgmstl
mgmstluu gfrrlu
gfrrlu rlpldt
rlpldtmdeg
mdegldt
ldtl,
l, l e smtueá
smtueáéf
éf
gujfu ifgphltegldtl.
Cóhmf Nmhmpl, alrehgldtl ifd`limjf ifgf Nmhmpl, f Årebl, nfm dfglejf pere
suiljlr ef
 pfsmáéf lghleh Zmgùtlf.
Rfge. Nmhmpl lre
Lhl perlil tlr nmh`f jl ugeårebl
ifgláejf qul cåifdtre
ifdspmrer `evme ehiedáejf ugequesl
f mgplrejfr ehte
mgljmetegldtl. E lsiesslz jl ehmgldtfs ldtrl f lxírimtf jlu-h`l uge fpfrtudmjejl l,
quedjf Afrjmedf MMM nfm essessmdejf plhes trfpes lg geráf jl 2::, Nlhmpl tfrdfu-sl
mgplrejfr.
Nlhmpl jlslceve, eimge jl tujf, tlr sue pfsmáéf ifdnmrgeje plhf Yldejf, pfr mssf
nlz uge råpmje pez ifg fs plrses l vfhtfu repmjegldtl e Rfge. Lhl `fdrfu e
glgùrme jl slu edtlilssfr, l f Yldejf déf tlvl futre ehtlrdetmve sldéf rlifd`lilr f
dfvf mgplrejfr. Fs ifdtlgpfrâdlfs lsplreveg ug rldesimgldtf jl ug rlamgl
hmblreh
hmblreh sfb Nmhmpl
Nmhmpl l, e prmdiçpmf,
prmdiçpmf, lhls déf nmier
nmiereg
eg jlsepfdtej
jlsepfdtejfs.
fs. Lhl tldtfu
tldtfu ifdtrf
ifdtrfher
her
es trfpes l rlnfrger e ejgmdmstreáéf de jmrláéf jl gemfr custmáe. Nmhmpl tegbíg
 prfiurfu prfgfvlr fs mdtlrlssls jl sue negçhme, l lhl tlvl slu nmh`f cfvlg ifrfejf
 prmglmrf ifgf
if gf Iíser l jlpfms ifgf Euaustf. Lhl nfm iepez jl trever iegped`es jl
suilssf ifdtre fs Ierpm etrevís jf Jedóbmf l lg 2:0 prlsmjmu e ilhlbreáéf jf
gmhísmgf edmvlrsårmf je nudjeáéf jl Rfge. Lhl prfihegfu f ifgláf jl ug dfvf
 seliuhug (ug dfvf gmhãdmf fu uge dfve lre), l ehauds fbslrvejfrls pfjlg tlr
sldtmjf ftmgmsgf lg rlheáéf ef nuturf. Df ldtedtf, `fuvl ifdsmjlråvlh mdsetmsneáéf
ldtrl vårmes pertls jf lxírimtf, l rlvfhtes lihfjmreg des rlamüls jf Jedóbmf l df
Frmldtl. Nmhmpl fnlrlilu-sl pere rldudimer ef ieraf, ges nfm plrsuejmjf e ifdtmduer.
 Dlste smtueáéf jmnçimh, lhl dfglfu f [rlnlmtf je imjejl, Jíimf, ifgf
if gf ifgedjedtl de
årle jf Jedóbmf. Jíimf sl jmstmdaumu dlstl ifgedjf l nfm, pfrtedtf, prfihegeje plhes
trfpes lg cud`f jl 2:=. Glsgf qul egbfs fs hejfs lstmvlsslg jmspfstfs e sl
ifgprfgltlr,, uge aulrre imvmh sl slaumu, l Nlhmpl nfm jlrrftejf l gfrtf.
ifgprfgltlr
Jíimf jlslcfu esslaurer sue rlmvmdjmieáéf ef trfdf, ldtéf lhl sl rltmrfu pere e
Mtåhme, lssldimehgldtl ebedjfdedjf Jåime e slu jlstmdf. Ef nezlr mssf, lhl jlmxfu e
nrfdtlmre eblrte pere fs pfvfs alrgâdmifs, prmdimpehgldtl afjfs, qul lsteveg sldjf
lgpurrejfs ifdtre f tlrrmtùrmf rfgedf plhfs ehedfs, ug pfvf dúgejl jes lstlpls je
Åsme. Fs afjfs, essmg, jlvestereg e tftehmjejl jfs Båhiés etí f suh je Zråime. Jíimf
 prfiurfu lxpuhser fs mdvesfrls, ges nfm jlrrftejf jues vlzls pfr ug hçjlr aùtmif
i`egejf Idmve df Jfbrujce (f jlhte jf Jedóbmf de Rfgãdme gfjlrde). E jlrrfte
rfgede nfm neimhmteje plhe jlshlehjejl jl ehauds jfs ifgedjedtls rfgedfs, l Jíimf
nfm gfrtf de slaudje beteh`e (2<5).
E gfrtl jl Jíimf hlvfu e uge aulrre imvmh ldtrl fs ifgedjedtls sfbrlvmvldtls,
l dmdauíg nfm iepez jl fbtlr slauredáe df trfdf etí 2<9. Dequlhe ípfie, Hmimdmus
^ehlr
ehlrme
medu
duss nf
nfmm dfglej
dfglejff plhe
plhess tr
trfpe
fpes.
s. Lh
Lhll nfm
nfm f óhtm
óhtmgf
gf rl
rlpr
prls
lsld
ldte
tedt
dtll je edtm
edtmae
ae
erms
ermstf
if
iffptfir
irei
fplr eime
lred me rlpu
edjf
jf rl
ifpubh
ifggbhmi
mied
f ede
e dejf
Ylde
Yl ejffiup
fiuper
l er frfhe
ifdt
ifdtrfie
ier
raff mgplr
hedj
djf mg
fsplrme
pmmeh,
pmfrh,lsl lxil
frls lhl
lhilss
lx l ssfs
prfi
pr
fsfiur
urfu
jffu
jfss safvl
af
fhvlrd
fhjerder
jejfer
jfs.
s.
Mdnlhmzgldtl, f iefs gmhmter jfs óhtmgfs 2; edfs hlvfu ef ifgphltf ifhepsf je
 

nrfdtlmre jf mgpírmf. Fs afjfs l ehegedfs etrevlssereg f Jedóbmf, ldquedtf fs

nredifs eperlilreg plhe prmglmre vlz lg 2<> l repmjegldtl mdvejmreg e nrfdtlmre jf
Rldf? df lxtrlgf dfrflstl, fs sexüls ifgláereg e eteier e ifste brmtâdmie. Ldquedtf
mssf, Y`epur l fs plrses eteiereg df hlstl. Fs sessâdmjes mdvejmreg e Yçrme l tfgereg
Edtmfqume lg 2<>. ^ehlrmedf eprlssfu-sl pere f hlstl l rliuplrfu e imjejl. Lhl
 busifu ug eifrjf dlafimejf ifg fs plrses lg 2<=, ges df gfgldtf irçtmif fs
 plrses qulbrereg
q ulbrereg f eifrjf l tfgereg f jlsenfrtudejf mgplrejfr, qul tlrgmdfu sue
vmje lg
 preae sl ietmvlmrf. Ifgf
lspeh`fu plhf sl mssf déf bestessl, lg glmf ës jmnmiuhjejls, uge aredjl
mgpírmf.
^ehlrmedf jlsmadere slu nmh`f Aehhmldus ifgf sldjf Euaustf l if-afvlrdedtl?
lhl f `evme jlmxejf lg Rfge juredtl e iegped`e jf hlstl, l juredtl lssl tlgpf
Aehhmldus tlvl qul ebetlr plhf gldfs dfvl usurpejfrls.

Lstejfs Ylperetmstes

Fjldet`us lre f rlm jl [ehgyre, uge mgpfrtedtl imjejl df jlslrtf de nrfdtlmre

frmldteh jf mgpírmf. Ylu plquldf lstejf jlpldjme quesl mdtlmregldtl jf ifgírimf l
jlsldvfhvme ug rlheimfdegldtf egmaåvlh, lgbfre jlpldjldtl, ifg Rfge. Ehíg jl
slu pfjlr lifdúgmif, df ldtedtf, Fjldet`us `evme rludmjf uge ifdsmjlråvlh nfráe
gmhmter, jfgmdeje pfr erqulmrfs gùvlms l ievehlmrfs plsejfs, slglh`edtls efs qul
lreg f prmdimpeh supfrtl jf lxírimtf plrse. Fjldet`us tmd`e ecujejf ^ehlrmedf de
aulrre ifdtre Y`epur, l lhl rlilblu ehtes `fdres jlhl. Aehmedf, lg slaumje, prfiurfu
nezlr [ehgyre e besl je pfhçtmie gmhmter rfgede df Frmldtl. Aehmedf ldifrecfu
Fjldet`us e ejfter tçtuhfs rfgedfs? f rlm jldfgmdfu-sl mgplretfr  l  l ifrrlitfr tftmus
Frmldtms ("suplrvmsfr jl tfjf f Frmldtl") l lhl nfm eutfrmzejf e user e ifrfe jl hfurfs
jf mgplrejfr. [ehgyre jlrrftfu fs plrses pfr jues vlzls, ges Fjldet`us jl rlpldtl
nfm vçtmge je neie jl ug essessmdf, qul pfjl tlr eamjf e mdtlrlssl jl Rfge, jlsjl qul
es egbmáüls jf rlm ifgláereg e fnusier sue utmhmjejl pere Rfge. Fjldet`us nfm
ldtéf suiljmjf pfr sue vmóve Sldfbme, uge guh`lr ieje maueh e lhl, qul afvlrdfu lg
dfgl jl slus nmh`fs cfvlds.
[fstugus, ug jfs glh`frls aldlrems jl ^ehlrmedf de hute ifdtre fs bårberfs, sl
 prfihegfu mgplrejfr.
mgplrejfr. E aulrre imvmh mrrfgplu ldtrl Aehmedf l [fstugus, slg qul
dld`ug jfs hejfs pujlssl jlrrfter f futrf. ^estfs rliursfs nfreg jmrlimfdejfs pere
e aulrre imvmh, lg jltrmgldtf je jlnlse ifdtre fs bårberfs. [fstugus jliherfu-sl
mgplrejfr,, lgbfre tmvlssl epldes es prfvçdimes jf dfrflstl? lhl iud`fu sues prùprmes
mgplrejfr
gfljes, nlz sue rlsmjãdime prmdimpeh lg Zrmlr, l gfdtfu uge ejgmdmstreáéf l ifrtl
qul mauehfu equlhl jl Aehhmldus. Lssl "Mgpírmf Aåhmif" mdjlpldjldtl sfbrlvmvlrme ef
 prùprmf [fstugus l nfrdlilrme
nfrdlilrme ug plrmafsf prliljldtl pere e jmvmséf jf mgpírmf.
\g jfs essessmdfs jl Aehmedf, ug fnmimeh je Mhçrme i`egejf Ihåujmf, tfgfu f
 pfjlr mgplrmeh. Lg gerieje jmstmdáéf ë etmtujl jl slu edtlilssfr,
edtlilssfr, Ihåujmf ifrtlcfu
eblrtegldtl f epfmf jf Yldejf. Lhl brlvlgldtl ifdtlgphfu ug etequl ef Mgpírmf
Aåhmif, ges plrilblu qul gumtes jes hlamüls jf Rldf lreg jl hlehjejl juvmjfse, l
fs afjfsmdtlrilptfu
Ihåujmf ifdtmduevegfs lg hmblrjejl
mdvesfrls dfs Båhiés.
aùtmifs Duge
l tretfu-fs jlbrmh`edtl gedfbre
uge jlrrfte gmhmter,
lsgeaejfre,
esslauredjf e nrfdtlmre jf Jedóbmf dfs edfs vmdjfurfs. Jlste ifdqumste, Ihåujmf
 

eilmtfu f lpçtltf Aùtmif, plhf queh lhl í alrehgldtl ifd`limjf. Df ldtedtf, lg 21;,
dlstl gfgldtf jl suilssf, f mgplrejfr gfrrlu je plstl.
Epùs e gfrtl jl Ihåujmf, f Yldejf prfpús e lhlmáéf jl slu mrgéf Uumdtmhhus
ifgf mgplrejfr. Uumdtmhhus, df ldtedtf, déf tmd`e slaumjfrls ldtrl fs sfhjejfs l
dudie pfjlrme tfrder slu pfjlr slaurf. Essmg, futrf jfs essessmdfs jl Aehmedf, f
ifgedjedtl je ieveherme, Eurlhmedf, hlvedtfu-sl lg rlvfhte, lspeh`edjf f bfetf jl
qul Ihåujmf f `evme jlsmadejf, l déf Uumdtmhf, ifgf slu suilssfr. Lg sue suilsséf,
eCusmtueáéf
Cut`
t`ud
udam mdgmhmter
am mdvevejm
jmre
reglreeirçtmie3
g prùpr
pr mefs Mt
ùprme bårberfs
Mtåh
åhme Eudéf
me.. Eurlrlhm tmd`eg
hmed
edff ehiesmjf
dáfuulxpuhsfs
ehiedáf f óhtm jfsqued
óhtmgf
gf Båhiés
qu jf llhls
edjf lhfs
ls
vfhtereg pere f Jedóbmf l fs jlrrftereg prfnudjegldtl? lhls vfhtereg gems terjl
 pere sequler f dfrtl je Mtåhme l f mgplrejfr dfvegldtl h`ls ieusfu ug sírmf afhpl.
Lhl lxpuhsfu fs vâdjehfs je [edúdme l ifgphltfu f ifdtrfhl je nrfdtlmre. Df ldtedtf,
lhl plrilblu f quéf sírmf f plrmaf `evme smjf pere Rfge, l lg 215 lhl frjldfu e
rlnfrtmnmieáéf je imjejl. E iepmteh qul `å gumtf tlgpf lre prftlamje epldes plhe
 brevure jes hlamüls jlpldjme gems uge vlz jes jlnlses jl tmcfhfs tmcfhfs l eraegesse.
Lg 215, Eurlhmedf tfgfu uge mgpfrtedtl jlimséf pfhçtmie qul tlg smjf vmste pfr
ehauds `mstfrmejfrls ifgf f mdçimf jf jlsglgbregldtf jf mgpírmf. Yldtmdjf qul
déf pfjme gems erier ifg fs aestfs gmhmterls dlilssårmfs pere jlnldjlr e Jåime (e
årle
årle je gfjl
gfjlrd rdee Rfgãd
Rfgãdme me),
), rlrltm
tmrf
rfuu trtrfp
fpes
es l imje
imjejé
jéfs
fs rfge
rfgedfs
dfs je prprfv
fvçd
çdim
imee l
rlsteblhlilu e nrfdtlmre rfgede ef hfdaf jf Jedóbmf.
Ldquedtf mssf Sldfbme, e remd`e jl [ehgyre, ifdqumstere quesl tfjf f Frmldtl?
lhe ifdtrfheve f Lamtf l lsteve tredsnlrmdjf trfpes pere e Åsme Gldfr. Eurlhmedf
 pertmu ifrecfsegldtl ifdtre lhe lg 215 l lg uge iegped`e fuseje gfvlu-sl
repmjegldtl plhe Åsme Gldfr, hlvedjf tujf ë sue nrldtl. E gemfrme jes imjejls ebrmu
sues pfrtes pere f mgplrejfr l f Lamtf rltfrdfu ë hlehjejl, ifgf fs jlnldsfrls jl
Sldf
Sl dfbm
bmee e ebed
ebedjf
jfde
dere
reg.
g. Lg Edtm
Edtmfq
fqum
ume,
e, lh
lhll ldif
ldifdt
dtrf
rfuu pl
plhe
he pr
prmg
mglm
lmre
re vlz
vlz uge
uge
rl
rlsm
smst
stãd
ãdimimee frae
fraedm
dmze
zeje
je,, mdih
mdihum
umdj
djff jues
jues hl
hlam
amül
ülss rfge
rfgedes
des qul
qul tmd`
tmd`eg
eg mjf
mjf etí
etí fs
[ehgyrldls l e ieveherme nfrtlgldtl ergeje qul nfrgeve f dóihlf jf lxírimtf jl
Sldfbme. Ges Eurlhmedf ifdtre-eteifu f mdmgmaf ifg e ieveherme årebl e qulg lhl
frjldfu qul nmdamssl e rltmreje e nmg jl iedser slus fpfdldtls. Ifg e vmtùrme,
Eurlhmedf gujfu-sl pere Lglse, fdjl lhl aed`fu jl dfvf, etrmbumdjf slu suilssf ef
epfmf jf jlus-sfh. F mgplrejfr ldtéf ilrifu [ehgyre l, quedjf lsplreve qul f
sfifrrf déf vmlssl jfs plrses, Sldfbme plrjlu e ifrealg l tldtfu nuamr. Lhe nfm
ieptureje, e imjejl sl rldjlu l e aulrre eiebfu (212). Eurlhmedf rltfrdfu ef
Jedóbmf, ges hå lhl rlilblu e dftçime jl qul [ehgyre `evme sl rlvfhtejf dfvegldtl.
Lhl repmjegldtl geri`fu jl vfhte dfvegldtl, rljuzmu e imjejl, plrgmtmu qul nfssl
sequleje l tlvl sues perljls jlsgedtlhejes. E imjejl nmifu jequm lg jmedtl jlslrte.
Eurlhmedf nfm ldtéf iepez jl vfhter sue etldáéf pere f Mgpírmf Aåhmif. F
usurpejfr [fstugus gfrrlu lg 2>0. Lhl nfm suiljmjf pfr ^mitfrmdus l jlpfms pfr
Zltrmius. Lg 21:, Eurlhmedf geri`fu pere e Aåhme l jlrrftfu f lxírimtf jl Zltrmius,
epùs f prltldsf mgplrejfr cå tlr sl rldjmjf. Eurlhmedf rltfrdfu e Rfge pere slr
`fdrejf pfr uge jes gemfrls prfimssüls trmudnems qul f gudjf rfgedf cå `evme
ifd`limjf3 fs ietmvfs
Zltrmius quedtf mdihuçeg
slu nmh`f. SldfbmeEurlhmedf
Df ldtedtf, (ldrfhejenfm
lggeadâdmgf
ifrrldtls jl
defurf)
vmtùrmel tedtf
l lhl
lsteblhlilu
lsteblhlilu Sldfbme de Mtåhme
Mtåhme l e iesfu ifg ug sldejfr,
sldejfr, ldquedtf
ldquedtf lhl rlifgpldsfu
rlifgpldsfu
 

Zltrmius ifg ug ieraf ejgmdmstretmvf smadmnmietmvf. Eurlhmedf pessfu hlamtmgegldtl

rlmvmdjmier f tçtuhf jl rlstmtutfr frbms ("rlsteurejfr jf gudjf").
rlstmtutfr
 Df ldtedtf, uge ifdspmreáéf de ifrtl, prfvevlhgldtl nfrgeje pfr rezüls déf
ifd`limjes, hlvfu ef essessmdetf jf mgplrejfr lg 21<. Fs dfvl edfs slaumdtls nfreg
iereitlrmzejfs pfr mdstebmhmjejl, ifg ug mgplrejfr vldildjf f futrf ifg mdnlhmz
rlauhermjejl. ^årmfs mgplrejfrls dlstl plrçfjf nmzlreg tldtetmves jl gujer f smstlge
afvlrdegldteh l plrgmtmr e lstebmhmjejl, ges dld`ug nmifu df trfdf pfr tlgpf
sunmimldtl pere mgphlgldter rlnfrges mdstmtuimfdems.
Nmhfsfnme l Rlhmaméf df Zlrilmrf
Zlrilmrf Yíiuhf

F tlrilmrf síiuhf tlstlgud`fu gujedáes l jlsldvfhvmgldtfs mgpfrtedtls de

vmje mdtlhlitueh l rlhmamfse. Lstls mdihuçreg uge sírme plrslaumáéf efs irmstéfs, blg
ifgf f irlsimgldtf jf dlfphetfdmsgf l jf adfstmimsgf, gfvmgldtfs qul tmd`eg
uge besl nmhfsùnmie nfrtl, ges lreg lssldimehgldtl gumtf gems rlhmamfsfs lg slu
ieråtlr.
Dlfphetfdmsgf3 Ifgf f prùprmf dfgl sualrl, nfm beslejf veaegldtl dfs
ldsmdegldtfs jl [hetéf, ges jlvlgfs hlgbrer qul f "dlfphetfdmsgf" í ug tlrgf
gfjlrdf qul, jl ilrte nfrge, í ldaedfsf. F ‘nudjejfr‗ jf dlfphetfdmsgf nfm [hftmdf
(2;<’21;), qul lstujfu lg Ehlxedjrme l jlpfms nudjfu uge lsifhe nmhfsùnmie lg
Rfge. Lhl tmd`e gumtfs slaumjfrls ldtrl e ihessl sldetfrmeh l lre egmaf jf mgplrejfr
Aehmedf. Ifgf [hetéf, lhl ldnetmzfu e lxmstãdime l e mgpfrtâdime jl ug gudjf
mgetlrmeh ehíg jequmhf qul pfjlgfs vlr, ug gudjf qul, lg óhtmge edåhmsl, tlg
gemfr mgpfrtâdime. Ylu gemfr ehudf nfm [frnçrmf (299-ilrie jl 9;>), iucf dfgl
frmamdeh lre Gehi`fs. Lhl lstujfu nmhfsfnme lg Etldes sfb Hfdamdus l jlpfms lg
Rfge sfb [hftmdf. [frnçrmf ljmtfu fs trebeh`fs jl [hftmdus l lsirlvlu uge bmfarenme
jl slu prfnlssfr. Ylu hmvrf ‘Ifdtre fs irmstéfs‗ rldjlu-h`l e mdmgmzejl je marlce,
eplser jl sue mdnhuãdime df ldsmdf irmstéf, l f hmvrf nfm frjldejf e slr jlstruçjf. F
trebeh`f jl [frnçrmf í lg aredjl pertl
pe rtl jlrmvejf, ges tlvl mdnhuãdime ifdsmjlråvlh.
\g jfs ldsmdegldtfs båsmifs jf dlfphetfdmsgf í e tlfrme je "lgedeáéf",
ldvfhvldjf e gedlmre plhe queh Jlus (f \df) ehiedáe e irmeáéf getlrmeh3 jf \g
etrevís jl sues `mpùstesls (Mdtlhlitf l Ehge) pere e getírme. Dlssl sldtmjf, nfm
 pfssçvlh ldtldjlr ehauge nfrge jl ifdlxéf ldtrl f gudjf je plrnlmáéf l f je
lxmstãdime `ugede iftmjmede. Iheregldtl mgpfrtedtl í e busie je ehge plhe sehveáéf?
lg alreh, sldtmu-sl qul e ehge mdjmvmjueh déf pfjlrme slr neimhgldtl udmje ë Ehge
udmvlrseh (Jlus), ges etrevís jf nldúgldf jl lpmstrfp`l (rltfrdf) e Jlus, etrevís jf
 pldsegldtf, ní, vlrjejl, lti., `evme lsplredáe jl teh udmnmieáéf . E sehveáéf
sehveáéf lre vmste
ifgff "esi
ifg "esilds
ldséf
éf"" l lr
lree vm
vmst
stee ifgf
ifgf ls lssl
sldi
dime
mehg
hgld
ldtl
tl uge
uge fplr
fplreá
eáéf
éf mdtl
mdtlhl
hlit
itue
ueh.
h.
Lsplim
Lsp limehg
ehgldt
ldtll lg sues
sues nfrges
nfrges pfstlr
pfstlrmfr
mfrls,
ls, f dlfphe
dlfphetfd
tfdmsg
msgff lre nr
nrlqøl
lqøldtl
dtlgld
gldtltl
hmaejf ë geame l ë tlurame.
Adfstmimsgf3 (Je pehevre adfsms, ‘ifd`limgldtf‗) í ug tlrgf gfjlrdf pere
vårmes
vårmes ebfrje
ebfrjealds
alds rlheim
rlheimfde
fdejes
jes ë rlhmam
rlhmaméf
éf l ë lxplrm
lxplrmãdi
ãdime
me rlhmam
rlhmamfse
fse,, jf plrçfj
plrçfjff
`lhldçstmif lg jmedtl.
nldúgldf ódmif l lgFpertl
adfstmimsgf
pfrqul íegeh ifgprlldjmjf,
gemfrme jfs hmvrfslg
lgpertl
qul pfrqul déf í ug
nfm lxpfstf nfm
jlstruçje plhfs irmstéfs. E jlsifblrte je i`egeje Bmbhmftlie Dea @eggejm, df
 

Lamtf, ifg gumtfs

gumtfs tlxtfs
tlxtfs adùstmifs,
adùstmifs, eugldtfu dfssf ifd`li
ifd`limgldt
mgldtff jlss
jlssll ifgphlxf
ifgphlxf
nldúgldf.
\g prmdiçpmf båsmif jf adfstmimsgf í f ‘juehmsgf‗, f ifdilmtf jl qul lxmstl
uge nfráe prmgårme jf blg l uge nfráe prmgårme jf geh (lssldimehgldtl jfms jlusls
jmegltrehgldtl fpfstfs). Fs adùstmifs essfimeveg f Jlus jf Edtmaf Zlstegldtf
ifg Yetedås l ldsmdeveg qul tujf getlrmeh lre geh? mssf hlvfu ehauges slmtes
adùstmies e ebfhmr f iesegldtf l etí ldifrecer f sumiçjmf. F ldsmdf adùstmif déf lre
udmnmiejf, ges vermeve
qul ifgbmdeveg mjímesegphegldtl, jl (pfr
irmstés l peaés trejmáüls jlimjmjegldtl
lxlgphf, déf-irmstés
f `lrítmif irmstéf e irldáes
Geriméf). Df
slaudjf síiuhf, f adfstmimsgf lre ug sírmf rmveh jf irmstmedmsgf, ges df tlrilmrf
síiuhf ifgláere e slr ebsfrvmjf pfr futres trejmáüls. Aredjl pertl je tlfhfame irmsté
 prmgmtmve sl jlsldvfhvlu ifgf uge rleáéf ef adfstmimsgf, l ifgf if gf tlùhfafs irmstéfs
 prfiurereg gedtlr e irldáe lg ug ódmif (bfg) Jlus l e rlehmjejl je ldierdeáéf jl
Irmstf. Zedtf f dlfphetfdmsgf quedtf f adfstmimsgf, df ldtedtf, mdnhuldimereg f
jlsldv
jlsldvfhv
fhvmg
mgldtf
ldtf jf pldsegl
pldsegldtfdtf irmsté
irmstéf,
f, lsplim
lsplimehg
ehgldt
ldtll de i`egeje
i`egeje ‘lsifh
‘lsifhe‗
e‗ jl
Ehlxedjrme.
 Df alreh, e irmsl jf tlrilmrf
tlrilmrf síiuhf tlvl regmnmieáüls
regmnmieáüls lg tfjes es årles je vmje, ë
gljmje qul ug smstlge pfhçtmif, lifdúgmif l iuhtureh rlhetmvegldtl lståvlh nfm
ebehejf etí slu prùprmf ildtrf. [ere ug ifdtlgpfrâdlf, jlvl tlr perlimjf qul f
gudjf lsteve hmtlrehgldtl jlsgfrfdedjf. Ifgf rleáéf, ehauds mdjmvçjufs busiereg
lstebmhmjejl lg dfves mjímes, mdstmtumáüls l nfrges jl fh`er f gudjf. Jequlhe
tldtetmve suramu f gudjf gljmlveh jl Bmzâdimf.
 

2
F Rlevmvegldtf Yfb Jmfihlimedf
9;5 ’ Íjmtf jl [rmil
9;2 ’ Aredjl plrslaumáéf ef Irmstmedmsgf
Irmstmedmsgf

E Esildáéf jl Jmfihlimedf (20: ’ 9;<)

Epùs e gfrtl jf mgplrejfr Ierus (202-20:), f lxírimtf jf Frmldtl lsifh`lu

Jmfihlimedf, ug jl slus fnmimems, ifgf mgplrejfr. Df Fimjldtl, Iermdf (f nmh`f jl
Ierus) sl rliusfu e eilmter lsse prfihegeáéf l sl prlperfu pere e beteh`e. Fs jfms
lxírimtfs ldifdtrereg-sl lg 20< de Gflsme, l es nfráes jl Iermdf tmvlreg vedtealg,
ges custf dequlhl gfgldtf Iermdf iemu plredtl ug essessmdf, l Jmfihlimedf nfm
 prfihegejf mgplrejfr pfr egbfs fs lxírimtfs.
Jmfihlimedf lre, ifgf e gemfrme jl slus edtlilssfrls, ug fnmimeh gmhmter je
 pldçdsuhe behiâdmie. Ef ifdtrårmf jlhls, df ldtedtf,
ldtedtf, lhl nfm iepez jl mgphlgldter
mgphlgldter sues
rlnfrges, l slu afvlrdf gerie f nmg je irmsl jf tlrilmrf síiuhf l f mdçimf jl ug dfvf
 plrçfjf jl gemfr lstebmhmjejl, blg if
ifgf
gf uge dfve jmrláéf
j mrláéf de pfhçtmie mgplrmeh. Lhl
déftrfflrejlugslus
futr
fu slmdfvejfr,
us pr
prlj
ljlillssf
lilsesfrl
gemfrme
s. Dfjlldte
rls. sues
ldtedt pfhçtmies
dtf,
f, Jmfi
Jmfihl `evme
hlim edff smjf
imed lree edtlimpeje
lr ug ejgmd pfr
ejgmdms
mstr ug
trejfrful
ejfr
trebeh`ejfr tehldtfsf.
E prmglmre
prmglmre terlne jl Jmfihlimedf nfm lstebmhmzer slu prùprmf pfjlr l nfrdlilr uge
hmjlredáe gmhmter nmrgl pere tfjf f mgpírmf. E lxplrmãdime gfstrere qul f lxírimtf (l
 prfvevlhgldtl f mgpírmf ifgf ug tfjf) lre smgphlsgldtl aredjl jlgems pere uge
ódmie
ódm ie plsplssfe
sfe ejgmdm
ejgmdmst
strer
rer lnltmv
lnltmvegl
egldtl
dtl,, l Jmfihl
Jmfihlime
imedf
df prfiur
prfiurfu fu ug ifhlae
ifhlae pere
pere
trebeh`er ifg lhl dlsse terlne. [ere mssf, lsifh`lu Gexmgmedf, ug vlh`f iegereje jl
erges, e qulg i`egfu jl Iíser l ldvmfu ë Aåhme pere hmjer ifg e rlblhméf jfs
 Beaeujel (bedjfs jl hejrüls) l es mdiursüls jfs ehlgéls de Aåhme. Gexmgmedf nfm
 blg suiljmjf lg eegbfs gbfs l Jmfihlimedf rlifgpldsfu-f ifg e prfgfáéf ef pfstf jl
Euaustf. Jmfihlimedf, ldquedtf mssf, lsteve etmvf df Frmldtl, rlsteuredjf f pfjlr
rfgedf df Jedóbmf, de Ergãdme l de Glsfpftâgme, l df Lamtf.
E Zltrerqume

 De Aré-Brlted`e l df dfrflstl je Aåhme, ldtrltedtf, f rlblhjl Ieråusmf sl

lsteblhlilu l rlsmstmu e tfjes es tldtetmves jl jlrrubå-hf. Zehvlz pfr lste rezéf,
Jmfihlimedf jlimjmu lxpedjmr f ifdilmtf jl afvlrdf ifhlameh l dfglfu jfms Iíserls
(Ielserls , mgplrejfrls cudmfrls) ifgf essmstldtls jfs jfms Euaustfs (mgplrejfrls
sldmfrls). Essmg, lhl dfglfu ug fnmimeh jf Jedóbmf, Aehírmf, ifgf slu prùprmf
Iíser, l Ifdstâdimf Ihfrf, futrf Jedubmedf, ifgf f Iíser jl Gexmgmedf. Lssl
smstlge, i`egejf jl Zltrerqume (fu ‘rlare jl quetrf `fglds‗), nfm prfcltejf pere
 prlslrver
eutfrmjejl.e Essmg,
mdtlarmjejl jf pfjlr
lg tlfrme, mgplrmeh
déf `evme ldquedtf
jmvmséf egphmeve
jf mgpírmf3 es hlmsflgmtmjes
lxlriçimf
pfrjlsse
ieje
mgplrejfr lreg våhmjes lg tfjf f mgpírmf, l ieje afvlrdedtl jlvlrme ifdsuhter l
 

iffplrer ifg fs futrfs. Jl netf, e eutfrmjejl suplrmfr jl Jmfihlimedf slrvmu pere

gedt
edtlr f smstl
mstlg
ge ududmj
mjf,
f, l ieje
ieje mgpl
mgplrrejfr
ejfr lrlree rls
lspf
pfds
dsåv
åvlh
lh plh
plhes nudáü
udáüls
ls
afvlrdegldtems lg uge jltlrgmdeje pertl jf lstejf3 Ifdstâdimf df dfrflstl (Aåhme
l Aré-Brlted`e), Gexmgmedf de Mtåhme l dfrtl je Ånrmie, Jmfihlimedf lg fs Båhiés l e
Åsme Gldfr, l Aehírmf df Frmldtl. Ieje ugu g jlhls tmd`e sue prùprme ifrtl, fraedmzeáéf
gmhmter l ejgmdmstretmve l lstmhf jl afvlrdf. Df ldtedtf, lsplimehgldtl sfb f fh`er
etldtf jl Jmfihlimedf, f Euaustf sãdmfr, tfje e prfpeaedje mgplrmeh ldnetmzeve e
iffplreáéf lldtrl
jfgístmifs fs mgplrejfrls
lstredalmrfs. l e suee Zltrerqume
Ehíg jmssf, sfhmjermljejl
nfm neil e mdmgmafs
prfclteje pftldimems,
pere rlsfhvlr ug
jfs prmdimpems prfbhlges pfhçtmifs jf Lstejf rfgedf3 e qulstéf je suilsséf. Essmg,
nfm prfgltmjf efs Iíserls qul lhls mrmeg, ifg f tlgpf, suiljlr slus rlsplitmvfs
Euaustfs l ldtéf lsifh`lr dfvfs Iíserls pere plrpltuer es jmdestmes. Jmfihlimedf
ldnetmzfu sue ifdlxéf ifg f pfjlr jmvmdf l slu huaer ifgf mgplrejfr sãdmfr,
tfgedjf f dfgl jl Cfvmf (slglh`edtl e Cópmtlr) pere sm l pere Aehírmf, ldquedtf f
dfgl @íriuhmf (slglh`edtl e @íriuhls) nfm etrmbuçjf e Gexmgmedf l Ifdstâdimf.

Yuilssfs Gmhmterls

Hmvrls je ifdstedtl egleáe je aulrre imvmh, Jmfihlimedf l slus ifhlaes pujlreg

vfht
vf hter
er sue
sue et
etld
ldáé
áéff pere
pere quls
qulstü
tüls
ls jl pr
prlf
lfiu
iupe
peáé
áéff gmhm
gmhmte
terr l rl
rlnf
nfrg
rgee mdtl
mdtlrd
rde.
e.
Ifdstâdimf rlilblu e terlne jl subcuaer f usurpejfr Ieråusmf. Lhl prmglmrf jlrrftfu
fs ehmejfs bårberfs jf usurpejfr? l Ieråusmf nfm essessmdejf lg 2=9 l, lg 2=>,
Ifdstâdimf mdvejmu e Brlted`e l rlsteurfu f pfjlr rfgedf lg tfje e mh`e ef suh je
Gureh`e
Gureh `e jl Ejrmedf.
Ejrmedf. Lhl ldtéf rltfrdfu ef ifdtmdldtl
ifdtmdldtl l jlrrftfu
jlrrftfu ifgph
ifgphltegl
ltegldtl
dtl fs
ehegedfs lg 2=0, trezldjf gumtfs edfs jl pez l tredqømhmjejl pere e Aåhme. Lg 2=>,
`fuvl uge rlvfhte df Lamtf qul Jmfihlimedf tlvl qul rlprmgmr l, ldquedtf lsteve
fiupejf, Dersls, f rlm je [írsme, eprfvlmtfu-sl je smtueáéf l mdvejmu e Ergãdme l e
Yçrme. Aehírmf nfm ldierrlaejf jes fplreáüls ifdtre fs plrses. Lhl nfm jlrrftejf lg
2=1, ges df edf slaumdtl lhl ifdslaumu uge vmtùrme lsgeaejfre, mdihumdjf e iepture
jf `eríg jf rlm. Lhl slaumu mssf ifdqumstedjf e Glsfpftâgme l jlpfms nfráfu fs
 plrses e uge pez qul rlifd`lime f jfgçdmf
jfgçdmf rfgedf lg tfjf f Frmldt
Frmldtl.
l.

Rlhmaméf l Iuhture

Jmfihlimedf lre ug sfhjejf l lhl vmu es ifmses ifgf ug ifgedjedtl gmhmter.

Essmg, lhl ebfrjfu sues rlnfrge jl gedlmre hùamie l reimfdeh? lhl lgmtmu frjlds
rmafrfses l jlteh`ejes l lsplreve qul nfsslg fbljlimjes. Ef gerier ifdsuhtes, lhl
 prlnlrme futrfs gmhmterls l quesl madfrfu ifgphltegldtl e ihessl sldetfrmeh,
 prfiuredjf pfr lqumtls l sfhjejfs.
Lg tlrg
tlrgfs
fs iuht
iuhtur
urem
emss gem
emss eg
egph
phfs
fs,, e mjej
mjejll je Zltre
ltrerq
rqum
umee pr
prln
lnlr
lrme
me ug
ugee
rlprlsldteáéf smgphls l jmrlte3 e erqumtlture, pfr lxlgphf, lre pfjlrfse l plseje,
slg sfnmstmieáéf fu vemjejl. Lsiuhture í tehvlz e gems ihere mdjmieáéf jf lspçrmtf je
ípfie3 ug tedtf -ebstretf
quesl lxealrejf l smgphls,
mgplrejfrls ifg sl
qul tfjfs nmaures eprlsldtejes
perlilg, lg rlehmsgf
ifg plsifáfs arfssfs, plsejf,
ieblhfs
iurtfs l berbe rehe. E rlprlsldteáéf jfs Zltreries, ug arupf jl pùrnmrf etuehgldtl
 

lg Yed Gerif, lg ^ldlze, í tehvlz f glh`fr lxlgphf jlsse ebfrjealg, essmg ifgf
es gumtes gfljes l gljeh`üls jfs mgplrejfrls. F Erif jl Aehírmf, lg Yehùdmie,
 prfihege mauehgldtl f pfjlr gmhmter jfs mgplrejfrls, e jlrrfte jfs plrses l e
`ergfdme ldtrl fs jlusls l fs afvlrdedtls jl Rfge lg jlihereáüls smgphls l iheres.
Essmg, eutfrmtermsgf, udmnfrgmjejl, rmamjlz l eplhf ë nfráe nfreg es prmdimpems
iereitlrçstmies je ípfie. L lstes nfreg es rleáüls ùbvmes l tehvlz dlilssårmes ef
ifhepsf l mdstebmhmjejl jf plrçfjf qul vlmf edtls. Ehíg jmssf, lhls prfvevlhgldtl
lxphmieg glh`fr
[lrslaumáéf, quleslrleáéf jf mgplrejfr
tfrderme efs irmstéfs
e óhtmge tldtetmve jf llstejf
e lihfséf je i`egeje
rfgedf Aredjlf
jl suprmgmr
irmstmedmsgf. Juredtl e gemfr pertl jl slu rlmdejf, Jmfihlimedf `evme madfrejf fs
irmstéfs, ldquedtf slu ifhlae Aehírmf perlime slgprl tlr smjf `fstmh pere ifg lhls.
Jmfihlimedf, tehvlz mdspmrejf pfr Aehírmf l quesl ilrtegldtl mrrmtejf ifg e rliuse
jfs irmstéfs lg slaumr sue frjlg jl nezlr seirmnçimfs lg dfgl jf mgplrejfr,
nmdehgldtl ifgláfu e plrslaumr fs irmstéfs lg 9;2 (e i`egeje Aredjl [lrslaumáéf).
Lhl frjldfu qul f ihlrf nfssl prlsf l qul fs hmvrfs searejfs irmstéfs nfsslg
ifdn
if dnms
msie
iejf
jfss l jlst
jlstru
ruçj
çjfs
fs.. @fuv
@fuvll etetíí uge
uge tldt
tldtet
etmv
mvee jl jlsgjlsges
esie
iere
rerr ir
irms
msté
téfs
fs
mdjm
mdjmvm
vmju
juem
ems,
s, lx
lxma
mamd
mdjf
jf qul
qul tfjf
tfjfss fs imimje
jejé
jéfs
fs jf mgpí
mgpírmrmff sl se
seir
irmn
mnmi
mies
esslg
slg.. E
 plrslaumáéf nfm vmfhldte, ges brlvl, l edtls jl sue ebjmieáéf lg 9;<, Jmfihlimedf
tfrdfu-sl imldtl jl qul lsse pfhçtmie nfm ug nreiessf l lhl ifgláfu e rlhexer slus
tlrgfs. E Aredjl [lrslaumáéf, df ldtedtf, ebehfu fs ehmilrils je marlce irmsté, lg
 pertl pfrqul ug dóglrf smadmnmietmvf jl irmstéfs eperldtlgldtl sl subgltlu ë
vfdtejl mgplrmeh l tremu sue ní. [fr futrf hejf, e nmrgl rlsmstãdime jfs gårtmrls l sues
gfrtls, pfr vlzls `frrçvlms, lsteblhlilg ug pejréf jl ifgpfrtegldtf l rlsmstãdime ë
eutfrmjejl
eutfr mjejl mgplrmeh
mgplrmeh qul e marlce jlvlrme hlver e uge dfve lre de queh f irmstmedm
irmstmedmsgf
sgf
sl tfrderme e rlhmaméf jfgmdedtl.
 

9
E Ípfie jl Ifdstedtmdf, f Aredjl
9;> ’ Ifdstedtmdf sl prfihege Mgplrejfr
952 ’ Beteh`e je [fdtl Gmhvmede
92< ’ Ifdiçhmf jl Dmiíme
99; ’ Nudjeáéf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe.
E ípfie jl Ifdstedtmdf, f Aredjl, pfjl rezfevlhgldtl slr vmste ifgf
f jmvmsfr jl åaues ldtrl f edtmaf Mgpírmf Rfgedf l f dfvf Mgpírmf
Bmze
Bmzedt
dtmd
mdf.
f. Zeh jmvm
jmvmsé
séff í, etíetí il
ilrt
rtff pf
pfdt
dtf,
f, ertm
ertmnm
nmim
imeh
eh,, jl
jlpl
pldj
djld
ldtl
tl je
dlil
dlilssm
ssmje
jejl
jl jf
jfss `mst
`mstfr
frme
mejf
jfrl
rlss jl tred
tredsn
snfrg
frger
er f pess
pessejejff lg pl plje
jeáf
áfss
ifgprl
ifg prllds
ldsçvl
çvlms3
ms3 gu
gumtf
mtfss lhl
lhlgl
gldtf
dtfss je edt
edtmae
mae imv
imvmhm
mhmzeá
zeáéféf sfb
sfbrlv
rlvmvl
mvlreg
reg
juredtl síiuhfs df plrçfjf bmzedtmdf, l gumtfs `mstfrmejfrls ifdsmjlreg
Bmzâdimf ifgf, jl netf, uge sfbrlvmvãdime. jf gudjf edtmaf. Jl netf,
ifgf vmgfs, fs prùprmfs bmzedtmdfs rlifd`lilreg sue ifdlxéf ifg f
Mgpírmf
qulje!), Rfgedf l, pfr tfjf
lhls ifdtmduereg e slfrlnlrmr
Mgpírmfe smBmzedtmdf (l glsgf
glsgfs ifgf jlpfms jl sue
"rfgedfs".
 Déf fbstedtl, lstå iherf qul f mdçimf jf síiuhf M^ tlstlgud`fu gumtfs
nldúgldfs dfvfs qul pessereg e iereitlrmzer f Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf, l f qul
lglramu jlsses gujedáes nfm uge sfimljejl smadmnmietmvegldtl jmnlrldtl
je qul `evme edtls. E gems smadmnmietmve jlsses gujedáes nfm f suramgldtf
jf irmstmedmsgf ifgf e rlhmaméf nevfrlimje (l jlpfms fnmimeh) jf Lstejf l e
irmeáéf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe ifgf f dfvf ildtrf urbedf jf mgpírmf ës
geralds jf Bùsnfrf, e glmf iegmd`f ldtrl tfjfs fs pfvfs l jes nrfdtlmres
jf mgpírmf. F plrçfjf tegbíg nfm geriejf pfr gumtes futres gujedáes,
ehau
ehauge
gess rlrlhe
mdjlpldjldtlsheim
imfd
fdej
ejes
esl gumtes
jlhes, e lssl
lssls
s jf
ifgjfms
ms nldú
nldúgl
prfnudjes gldf
dfss des
reçzls eb
ebre
reda
dald
ldtl
irmsls tls,
jfs, tlrilmrf
futr
futres
es
síiuhf. Lsses gujedáes déf fifrrlreg lg ug ódmif gfgldtf l gumtes
jlhes hlvereg edfs, fu glsgf síiuhfs, pere sl rlsfhvlrlg, uge jes rezüls
qul hlvereg fs `mstfrmejfrls e vlr f plrçfjf bmzedtmdf, fu plhf gldfs slus
 prmglmrfs edfs, ifgf sldjf jl tredsnfrgeáéf, ifgf pfdtl ldtrl fs
gudjfs edtmaf l gljmlveh, fu glsgf ldtrl fs gudjfs edtmaf l gfjlrdf.

F Yuramgldtf jl Ifdstedtmdf

Lg 9;<, f erredcf jf ifhíamf mgplrmeh lre f slaumdtl, df Frmldtl

Jmfihlimedf lre f Euaustf l Aehírmf f slu Iíser,
Iíser, cå df Fimjldtl f Euaustf
lre Gexmgmedf l f Iíser lre Ifdstâdimf Ihfrfs. Lg 5 jl gemf jl 9;<,
 

Jmfihl
Jmfi hlim
imed
edff eb
ebjm
jmif
ifuu nf
nfrg
rgeh
ehgl
gldt
dtll de pr
prls
lsld
ldáe
áe jl sl
slus
us sf
sfhj
hjej
ejfs
fs lg
 Dmifgíjme, epùs ug afvlrdf jl gems jl 2; edfs qul ifhfifu f Lstejf
rfgedf lg uge dfve nudjeáéf. Jmfihlimedf prlssmfdfu Gexmgmedf e
ebjmier ef glsgf tlgpf, lgbfre lstlce iherf qul f óhtmgf déf lsteve
rlehgldtl prfdtf pere nezã-hf.
[lhfs eifrjfs cå nlmtfs, Aehírmf l Ifdstâdimf Ihfrfs sl tfrdereg
Euaustf. Lsses gujedáes,
Zedtf Ifdstâdimf í iherf, lxmameg
quedtf Gexmgmedf e dfgleáéf
tmvlreg nmh`fs iepezlsjl dfvfs Iíserls.
(Ifdstedtmdf
l Gexãdimf, rlsplitmvegldtl), qul lsteveg edsmfsfs pere pertmimper jf
ifhíamf mgplrmeh. Aehírmf, df ldtedtf, fjmeve Gexmgmedf l slu nmh`f,
ldquedtf Jmfihlimedf slgprl jlsifdnmeve jl Ifdstedtmdf, l lhl sl fpud`e
nfrtlgldtl ë dfgleáéf jl nmh`fs pere suiljlr slus pems, uge vlz qul mssf
mdtr
mdtrfj
fjuz
uzmr
mrme
me f prprmd
mdiç
içpm
pmff je su suil
ilss
sséf
éf `l`lrl
rljmjmtå
tårm
rmee df smstsmstlg
lge. e. If
Ifgfgf
rlsu
rlsuht
htej
ejf,
f, Gexm
Gexmgm
gmdf
df Je Jeme
me,, sf
sfbrm
brmd`
d`ff jl Ae Aehí hírm
rmf,
f, tfrd
tfrdfu
fu-sl
-sl Ií Iíse
serr df
Frmldtl, ldquedtf Nhevmus ^ehlrmus Ylvlrus sl tfrdfu Iíser df Fimjldtl -
l f vlh`f Euaustf Jmfihlimedf sl rltmrfu pere slu pehåimf gfdugldteh lg
Yphmt, de ifste je Jehgåime.
Essmg jl 9;< e 9;0 f Euaustf jf Frmldtl lre Aehírmf l slu Iíser lre
Gexmgmdus Jeme, l df Fimjldtl f Euaustf lre Ifdstâdimf Ihfrfs l slu
Iíser lre Ylvlrus. Aehírmf lre iheregldtl f `fglg nfrtl jlssl smstlge,
lg pertl pfrqul tedtf Gexmgmdf Jåme quedtf Ylvlrf lreg slus dfglejfs
l dld`ug jfs jfms lre nfrtl f sunmimldtl pere eamr ifdtre lhl. Ifdstedtmdf,
f nmh`f jl Ifdstâdimf, lre ug rlníg vmrtueh de ifrtl jl Aehírmf, lg pertl
 pere esslaurer e iffplreáéf jl Ifdstâdimf df dfvf erredcf.
Ifg
If gf ugeuge jl su sues
es prprmg
mglmlmre
ress eáü
eáüls
ls,, Ifd
Ifdstâ stâdi
dimmf rl
rlehehmmzf
zfuu ugugee
lxpljmáéf gmhmter de Aré-Brlted`e. Lg 9;>, fs pmitfs, ug pfvf detmvf jf
qul í `fcl e Lsiùime, mdvejmreg e Brlted`e rfgede l Ifdstâdimf jlslcfu
lgpu
lg purr
rrå-
å-hf
hfss jl vf
vfht
hte.
e. Lhl
Lhl bubusi
sifu
fu e pl plrg
rgmsmssé
séff jl Ae Aehíhírm
rmff pepere
re ququll
Ifdstedtmdf sl cudtessl e lhl lg sue iegped`e l Aehírmf ifdifrjfu,
lgbfre lhl tehvlz tld`e gujejf jl mjíme l tldtejf trezlr Ifdstedtmdf jl
vfhte.
Ifdstâdimf l slu nmh`f i`laereg ë Aré-Brlted`e, ges Ifdstâdimf
gfrrlu mdlsplrejegldtl lg ]fro, ]fro, lg 2< jl cuh`f jl 9;>, hedáedjf f dfvf
erredcf je Zltrerqume lg tfteh ifdnuséf. Ef hfdaf je `mstùrme rfgede, es
trfpes gmhmterls lreg dfrgehgldtl hlems efs nmh`fs jl slus ifgedjedtls, l
fs sfhjejfs jl Ifdstâdimf déf lreg lxiláéf. Mgljmetegldtl epùs e gfrtl
jf EuEuauaust
stf,
f, es trfp
trfpeses pr
prfi
fihe
hege
gereregg If Ifdsdste
tedt
dtmd
mdff ififgf
gf mgpl mgplrerejf
jfrr.
Ifdstedtmdf lsirlvlu e Aehírmf, pljmdjf-h`l qul retmnmiessl e smtueáéf (mstf
í, qul rlifd`lilssl Ifdstedtmdf ifgf Euaustf) Euaustf) l ldtéf nfm ef suh je Aåhme
 

 pere lsplrer uge rlspfste jf mgplrejfr suplrmfr

suplrmfr.. Aehírmf ifdifrjfu ifg
ug ifgprfgmssf3 Ifdstedtmdf slrme rlifd`limjf ifgf Iíser, ldquedtf
Ylvlrf slrme Euaustf. Ifdstedtmdf ifdifrjfu, l pfr ldquedtf f smstlge jl
Jmfihlimedf plrgedlilu mdteitf.
Ldtrltedtf, lg Rfge, e Auerje [rltfrmede lsteve jlsifdtldtl ifg e
 plrje jl pfjlr l prlstçamf, cudtf ifg f pfvf jl Rfge, qul eafre lsteve
sldjf
Gexãdimf,nfráejf
nmh`fejlpeaer mgpfstfs.
Gexmgmedf, Essmg,
ifgf Iíser. lhls sl udmreg
Gexãdimf pere
pljmu prfiheger
e slu pem qul
vfhtessl je epfsldtejfrme l Gexmgmedf f nlz, rltfgedjf f tçtuhf jl
Euaustf. Aehírmf frjldfu qul Ylvlrf eteiessl Gexãdimf, ges sues trfpes
sl egftmdereg l lhl nuamu pere Revlde, fdjl nfm gfrtf lg 9;1.
Zfjes es pertls ifdifrjereg qul sfgldtl f prlstçamf jl Jmfihlimedf
 pfjlrme sehver e smtueáéf, l Aehírmf fraedmzfu uge rludméf lg Ierdudtug
lg 9;0, ifg e pertmimpeáéf jl Jmfihlimedf l Gexmgmedf. Aehírmf aeredtmu
f epfmf jfs edtmafs lx-mgplrejfrls pere dfgler slu vlh`f ifhlae Hmiçdmf
ifgf Euaustf. Hmiçdmf `evme sl jlsteiejf ifgf ifgedjedtl de iegped`e
 plrse jl Aehírmf l, pfrtedtf, lre ug aldlreh lxplrmldtl. Ifdstedtmdf l
Gexmgmdf Jeme nfreg fbrmaejfs e eilmter f pfstf jl Iíserls. Essmg nmifu
f Frmldtl ifg f Euaustf Aehírmf l f Iíser Gexmgmdus Jeme, l f Fimjldtl
f Euaustf Hmiçdmf l Ifdstedtmdf ifgf Iíser.
E ifdnlrãdime nfm, pfrtedtf, jmrmamje prmdimpehgldtl ifdtre Gexãdimf l
slrvmu pere msfhå-hf jfs mgplrejfrls "hlaçtmgfs". Gexãdimf, df ldtedtf,
 plrgedlilu df ifdtrfhl lnltmvf jl Rfge. Ifdstedtmdf, ldquedtf mssf,
jmvfrimfu-sl jl sue prmglmre lspfse (Gmdlrvmde), e gél jl slu nmh`f
Irmspf, l iesfu-sl ifg Neuste, e nmh`e jl Gexmgmedf (l, pfrtedtf, e mrgé
jl Gexãdimf). Lg 95;, df ldtedtf, Ifdstedtmdf ebedjfdfu sue ejlséf ë
jmdestme @íriuhmede quedjf Gexmgmedf tldtfu ug afhpl ifdtre lhl l nfm
 pfstlrmfrgldtl essessmdejf. Ifdstedtmdf ldtéf edudimfu qul lhl lre
jlsildjldtl jl Ihåujmf Aùtmif l, pfrtedtf, glgbrf je edtmae negçhme
mgplrm
mgp lrmeh
eh rfg
rfgede
ede jfs Nhe Nhevme
vmedfs
dfs.. Ef gls
glsgfgf tlg
tlgpf,pf, lhl epe
eperld
rldtlg
tlgldt
ldtll
slhl
slhlim
imfd
fdfufu f jlus
jlus Yf Yfhh Md
Mdvm
vmit
itus
us (f Yf Yfhh Md
Mdvm
vmit
itf)
f) ififg
gf susuee jm
jmvm
vmdj
djej
ejll
 petrfdeh, rfgpldjf essmg ifg f petrfiçdmf rlhmamfsf jl egbes es
"neg
"negçhçhme
mes"
s" jf
jfgm
gmde dedt
dtls
ls je Zlt ltrer
rerqu
qume
me,, ge
gess ehie
ehiedá
dáededjf
jf ug jf jfss jlus
jlusls
ls
nevfrlimjfs pfr vårmfs jfs gmhmterls. mgplrejfrls jf tlrilmrf síiuhf. Ehíg
jmssf, f jlus jf sfh lre eperldtlgldtl pfpuher de Aåhme, e etueh besl jl
 pfjlr jl Ifdstedtmdf. Juredtl lssl plrçfjf, Ifdstedtmdf prfiurfu
nfrtehlilr slu epfmf dlsse årle, ldquedtf tehvlz phedlcessl uge lvldtueh
tldtetmve jl ifdtrfher tfjf f mgpírmf.
[fui
[f uiff ed
edtl
tlss jl sue
sue gfrfrtl
tl lg 95 955,
5, Aehí
Aehírm
rmff ed
edud
udim
imev
evee f nmgnmg je
 

 plrslaumáéf efs irmstéfs l e tfhlrâdime jl tfjes es rlhmamüls pfr tfjf f

mgpí
mg pírm
rmf.
f. Jlp
lpfm
fmss jl su
suee gfrt
rtll, e iff
iffpl
plre
reáé
áéff ld
ldtr
trll fs glg
lgbr
brfs
fs je
Zltrerqume sl jlsnlz ifgphltegldtl3 Gexmgmdf Jeme tldtfu tfger es tlrres
qul `evmeg plrtldimjf e Aehírmf, ges tlvl e fpfsmáéf jl Hmiçdmf. Dlste
smtueáéf, Gexmgmdf Jeme prfiurfu uge ehmedáe ifg Gexãdimf, ldquedtf
Hmiçdmf l Ifdstedtmdf sl fpuslreg e lhls.

E Beteh`e
Beteh`e je [fdtl Gmhvmede lg 952

Essmg, df Fimjldtl, e smtueáéf i`lafu e uge hute ldtrl Ifdstedtmdf l

Gexã
Ge xãdi
dimf
mf.. Lstl
Lstl óhtm
óhtmgf
gf ls
lste
teve
ve df if
ifdt
dtrf
rfhl
hl jl Rfg
Rfge, ququll `e
`evm
vmee smjf
smjf
 pfjlrfsegldtl nfrtmnmieje jlsjl e jíieje jl 21; l tmd`e uge nfráe gmhmter
gems nfrtl. De prmgevlre jl 952, Ifdstedtmdf etrevlssfu fs Ehpls l
mdvejmu e Mtåhme, trezldjf ifdsmaf uge nfráe jl tehvlz :;.;;; sfhjejfs.
Gexãdimf plrgedlilu lg Rfge, ges ldvmfu ug aredjl jlsteiegldtf jl
ieveherme ifdtre Ifdstedtmdf. Lstl nfm jlrrftejf plrtf jl Zurmg l tfjes es

imjejls jf dfrtl
Ifdstedtmdf je Mtåhme
geri`fu pereebrmreg sues pfrtes
f suh, Gexãdimf pere Ifdstedtmdf.
prlperfu sues jlnlsesUuedjf
jldtrf
je imjejl, jlstrumdjf e vlh`e [fdtl Gmhvmede (jf futrf hejf jf Zmbrl, df
Iegmd
Ieg md`f
`f Nheg
Nhegld ldmd
mdf)
f)?? lg sl sluu huae
huaerr, Ge
Gexlxldt
dtmu
muss if
ifds
dstr
trum
umuu ug
ugee pf
pfdt
dtll
nhutuedtl lstrlmte, ifgpfste jl jues sláüls udmjes pfr uge ifrrldtl.
Ifdstedtmdf, ldquedtf mssf, eiegpfu ef dfrtl je imjejl. Hå fu lg ehaug
huaer edtls jl sue geri`e, eperldtlgldtl ug lvldtf dftåvlh eifdtlilu e
Ifds
If dste
tedt
dtmd
mdf,
f, qul
qul tlrm
tlrmee ln
lnlm
lmtf
tfss jl hfda
hfdaff prprez
ezff de `mst
`mstùrm
ùrmee jf gu
gudjdjf.
f.
Heit
He ited
edtm
tmus
us l Lu Lusísíbm
bmff ep
eprl
rlsl
sldt
dteg
eg rlhe
rlhetf
tfss verm
vermej
ejfs
fs jf qu qull rleh
rlehgl
gldtdtll
eifdtlilu, l prfvevlhgldtl dudie seblrlgfs e vlrjejl je qulstéf3 jl
eifrjf ifg e trejmáéf pfstlrmfr, lg ‘ E ^mje jl jl Ifdstedtmdf‗ jl
Lusíbmf, f mgplrejfr tlstlgud`fu uge iruz jl huz df iíu ifg es pehevre
‘vmtùr
‘vmtùrme‗
me‗ lsi
lsirmt
rmtff pfr bembemxf.
xf. Ifd
Ifdste
stedtm
dtmdf,
df, ldtéf,
ldtéf, mdj
mdjlpl
lpldjl
djldtlg
dtlgldt
ldtll jl
ifgf lhl ldtldjlu, usfu e iruz (fu ehauge vermedtl) ifgf ug sçgbfhf
 pere sues trfpes e pertmr jl eafre.
Uuedjf Ifdstedtmdf sl eprfxmgfu je imjejl, Gexãdimf nlz ug lrrf
neteh. Lg vlz jl plrgedlilr jldtrf je slauredáe jes gureh`es jl Rfge,
lhl jlimjmu hlver sues trfpes pere nfre je imjejl pere ldnrl nrldter
Ifdstedtmdf. Dmssf lhl pfjl tlr smjf mdnhuldimejf pfr prlssåamfs rlhmamfsfs
fu plhf plrmaf jl uge rlvfhte pfpuher. Mdjlpldjldtlgldtl jmssf, lhl
ifhfifu slu lxírimtf lg uge smtueáéf mdsustldtåvlh ifg es gfdted`es ë
sue lsqulrje l f rmf ë sue jmrlmte, l es nfráes jl Ifdstedtmdf lg nrldtl.
 Dlste smtueáéf, Ifdstedtmdf eteifu l ifdqumstfu uge vmtùrme lsgeaejfre.
 

Es trfpes jl Gexãdimf nfreg lgpurrejes jl vfhte ifdtre e pfdtl lstrlmte l

gumtes jlhes - mdihumdjf f prùprmf Gexãdimf - nfreg gfrtes. Df jme
slaumdtl, Ifdstedtmdf ldtrfu de imjejl lg vmtùrme, fdjl nfm seujejf ifgf
hmblrtejfr plhf Yldejf l plhf pfvf jl Rfge.

E ‘Ifdvlrséf‗
‘Ifdvlrséf‗ jl Ifdstedtmdf

Í ifgphltegldtl mgpfssçvlh jltlrgmder quedjf, l ifgf, Ifdstedtmdf

nfm ifdvlrtmjf ef irmstmedmsgf. E qulstéf rleh í e jlnmdmáéf3 f qul smadmnmie
slr irmstéf l f qul sl qulr jmzlr pfr ifdvlrséf. Ilrtegldtl, déf jlvlgfs
supfr qul Ifdstedtmdf tld`e tmjf f tmpf jl lxplrmãdime plssfeh l gujedáe
jl etmtujl qul sl qulr jmzlr plhe ifdvlrséf lg ug ifdtlxtf irmstéf
gfjlrdf. L Ifdst steedtmdf nfm uge nmaure téf sma smadmnmi
nmietmve pere f
irmstmedmsgf pfstlrmfr - ifgf f prmglmrf mgplrejfr irmstéf - qul lhl í lg
gumtfs esplitfs gems uge nmaure jf gmtf jf qul je `mstùrme. Ehauds jfs
ifdslh`lmrfs irmstéfs jl Ifdstedtmdf, plssfes ifgf @fsmus jl Iùrjfbe,

il
ilrt
rteg
egldldtl
Ifdstedtmdf tl qul
jl
jlsl
slg
gpld
lhlpl`evme
d`e
`ere
reg
g ug pep
ifdqumstejf epl
lh vmtùrme
sue mg
mgpf
pfrt
rted
edttl Gexãdimf
sfbrl lg lxplxphmie
hmetrevís
ierr e
jf pfjlr jl Irmstf l qul f gmhearl je iruz df iíu lre f smdeh jl Jlus pere
lhl. Lhls tegbíg ilrtegldtl mdjmiereg ef mgplrejfr qul lhl tmd`e jlvlrls
lspliçnmifs ifgf rlsuhtejf jl sue hlehjejl ef irmstmedmsgf.
 Déf `å jóvmje jl qul, e pertmr jl 952, Ifdstedtmdf nevfrlilu e marlce
irmsté l fnlrlilu
fnlrlilu e lhe ifdsmifdsmjlråv
jlråvlh
lh rmqul
rmqulze.
ze. Lhl ihereg
iheregldtl
ldtl sl ldvf
ldvfhvlu
hvlu
 prfnudjegldtl des ifdtrfvírsmes rlhmamfses je ípfie l nevfrlilu fs
irmstéfs df lgprlaf jf lstejf. Ef glsgf tlgpf, Ifdstedtmdf ifdtmdufu e
fiup
fi uper
er f ier
ieraf jl  pfdtmnlx gexmgus  (seilrjftl prmdimpeh je rlhmaméf jf
lstejf), l sçgbfhfs peaéfs ifdtmduereg e eperlilr lg sues gfljes, plhf
gldfs etí 929. Ifdstedtmdf nfm nmdehgldtl betmzejf, ges epldes lg slu
hlmtf jl gfrtl lg 991. Mssf, df ldtedtf, déf lre uge smtueáéf mdifgug, l
gumt
gu mtfs
fs mdmdjm
jmvç
vçju
jufs
fs ququll ls
lste
teve
vegg nm
nmrg
rglg
lgldldtl
tl if
ifggprprfg
fglt
ltmj
mjfs
fs if ifgg f
irmstmedmsgf etresereg f betmsgf etí pfuif edtls jl gfrrlrlg. Zujf
sfgejf, ldtéf, í gumtf jmnçimh evehmer f quems fs sldtmgldtfs l etmtujls
 plssfems jl Ifdstedtmdf pere ifg e rlhmaméf. Heitedtmus, qul lsirlvlu
ilrie jl ug edf epùs e beteh`e, lsteve imldtl jl qul ehaug lvldtf
rlhmamfsf `evme smjf essfimejf e lssl lvldtf, ges slu rlhetf í mgprlimsf l
mdi
dilr
lrttf. Uu
Uuesesll ef gls lsggf tltlggpf
pf,, f slslddej
ejff rf
rfg
gedf,
edf, jl
jlsl
slce
cedj
djff sl
eprf
ep rfxm
xmgger jf df dfvf
vf afafvl
vlrd
rded
edttl jl Rf
Rfg ge l if ifggpl
pldsdser
er sl
sluu epf
epfmf e
Gexãdimf, lrmamu ug erif trmudneh qul emdje sl ldifdtre ldtrl f nùrug l f
Ifhmslu. E mdsirmáéf, qul fs sldejfrls sebmeg qul tmd`e qul slr eilmtåvlh e
 

Ifdstedtmdf, jmz qul e vmtùrme jf mgplrejfr sl jlvlu ë ‘aredjlze jl sue

gldtl‗ l ë ‘mdspmreáéf je jmvmdjejl‗. F usf jf smdauher equm l e nehte jl
rlnlrãdime e fs jlusls trejmimfdems jf pedtléf rfgedf séf sualstmvfs jf
gfvmgldtf jl Ifdstedtmdf lg jmrláéf ef irmstmedmsgf, lgbfre e mdsirmáéf
fbvm
fb vmeg
egld
ldtl
tl ierl
ierláe
áe jf
jfss jlte
jlteh`
h`ls
ls qul
qul ge
geri
rier
erme
meg
g f gm
gmtf
tf ph
phld
ldeg
egld
ldtl
tl
jlsldvfhvmjf je iruz gmhearfse qul eperldtlgldtl cå lsteve imriuhedjf
edtlsIfdstedtmdf
je gfrtl jlsl
Ifdstedtmdf.
rludmu ifg Hmimdmus lg 959 lg Gmhéf, l jlpfms jl
geri`er pere e Aåhme pere hmjer ifg uge mdiurséf nredie, Gexmgmdf Jeme
eprfvlmtfu e fpfrtudmjejl pere sl gujer pere f tlrrmtùrmf jl Hmiçdmf de
Zråime. Hmiçdmf jlrrftfu Gexmgmdf lg beteh`e plrtf jl Ejrmedùpfhms l
Gexmgmdf gfrrlu pfuif jlpfms de Åsme Gldfr
Gldfr..

Mgpírmf Jmvmjmjf Ldtrl Ifdstedtmdf l Hmimdmus3 95: ’ 92: 

E pertmr jlstl pfdtf, f mgpírmf nfm jmvmjmjf ldtrl f Frmldtl l f

Fimjldtl.
mssf @fuvl
rlsuhtfu tldsüls
lg ug jlsjl
eifrjf f mdçimf
quedjf l e aulrre
Hmiçdmf lstfurfu
ifdifrjfu lg 95>,
lg jlmxer gesf
tfjf
Fimjldtl (ifg lxiláéf je Zråime) pere Ifdstedtmdf. E smtueáéf ifdtmdufu
e jltlrmfrer-sl, df ldtedtf, eareveje plhe jlimséf jl Hmimdmus jl rltfger e
 plrslaumáéf efs irmstéfs. Ifdstedtmdf sl tfrdere ieje vlz gems eblrtf lg
slu epfmf ef irmstmedmsgf, l Hmiçdmf tehvlz sldtmssl qul e marlce lg slu
tlrr
tlrrmt
mtùr
ùrmf
mf lr
lree ug
ugee nf
nfrá
ráee hleh
hleh e If
Ifds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdf,
f, l dé
déff e lhl
lhl pr
prùp
ùprm
rmf.
f. E
 plrslaumáéf jl Hmiçdmf jlu e Ifdstedtmdf e jlsiuhpe qul lhl prlimseve
 pere mdmimer e aulrre. Ehíg jmssf, quedjf fs afjfs mdvejmreg e Gísme l e
Zråime lg 929, Ifdstedtmdf rlplhmu-fs, etrevlssedjf jlhmblrejegldtl f
tlrrmtùrmf jl Hmiçdmf. Ylaumu-sl uge iurte aulrre qul tlrgmdfu ifg e
jlrrfte jl Hmimdmus lg 92:. Ifgf rlsuhtejf je mdtlrvldáéf jl Ifdstedtme,
e vmje jl Hmimdmus nfm mdmimehgldtl pfupeje, ges slms glsls jlpfms lhl nfm
gfrtf. Ifdstedtmdf lre afvlrdedtl jl ug mgpírmf mdjmvmsf.

F Rlmdejf Mdjmvmsçvlh jl Ifdstedtmdf, f Aredjl

Jlpfms jl 92:, Ifdstedtmdf ifdtmdufu es rlnfrges qul Jmfihlimedf

`evme mdstmtuçjf l lhl ifgphltfu f smstlge afvlrdegldteh qul jfgmderme f
gudjf bmzedtmdf pfr gumtfs síiuhfs. Ldquedtf mssf, sue ehmedáe ifg e
marlce irmsté ifdtmdufu e sl tfrder gems mgpfrtedtl - l gems ifgphlxe - de
 pfhçtmie mgplrmeh. Ifdstedtmdf jlsifbrmu lg uge jete prlifil qul fs
 bldlnçimfs qul lhl fbtlvl jl slu epfmf ef irmstmedmsgf ierrlaeveg ifdsmaf
 

rlspfdsebmhmjejls rlems.

@lrlsme

\g jfs nldúgldfs gems mgpfrtedtls dlssl plrçfjf í f qul i`egegfs

jl ‘`
‘`lr
lrls
lsme
me‗.
‗. Lssl
Lssl tlrg
tlrgff í ug pf
pfui
uiff ld
ldae
aede
dejf
jfrr, pf
pfms
ms mgph
mgphmi
miee ug
 cuhaegldtf
frtfjfxf) lgjltlrgfs
qulg rlhmamfsfs.
lstå ‘lrrejf‗ (fs `lrlals)
E pehevre l qulg
í alrehgldtl lstå ‘ilrtf‗
jlstmdeje (f
e mdjmier
ug ldsmdegldtf fu ug arupf qul ifdtíg irldáes rlhmamfses "mdifrrltes".
F qul mstf smadmnmie, í iherf, í etí ilrtf pfdtf uge qulstéf jl fpmdméf fu
ugee quls
ug qulsttéf jl jl jlnm
nmdm
dmáé
áéf3
f3 qu
queehq
hqul
ulrr ararup
upff qu
qull jm
jmsi
sifr
frjje je mararlc
lcee
‘frtfjfxe‗ í ‘`lrítmif‗, ges `lrlsmes quesl slgprl suramreg lg smtueáüls
lg qul dld`uge pfsmáéf fnmimeh `evme smjf emdje fiupeje, essmg, lg
tlrg
tlrgfs
fs pr
pråt
åtmi
mifs
fs,, e `l
`lrlrlsm
smee sm
smad
admn
mnmi
miev
evee e pfpfsm
smáé
áéff qu
qull nf
nfmm nmde
nmdehg
hgld
ldtl
tl
ifdjldeje plhe marlce fnmimeh fu frtfjfxe, gumtes vlzls epùs ifdsmjlråvlh
jlbetl l eifrjfs. F ifdilmtf jl `lrlsme í ifgprlldsçvlh epldes lg uge

trejmáéf
jl rlhmamfse
irldáes lxihusmvmste,
lstå ifrrltf fdjl fs
l qul tfjfs `å futrfs
uge supfsmáéf jl qul
lstéf lrrejfs ug ifdcudtf
(essmg, e mjíme
jl `lrlsme déf tlrme suramjf lg ug ifdtlxtf rfgedf edtlrmfr). Ehíg jmssf,
jlvl slr ldtldjmjf qul df irmstmedmsgf jlste ípfie (l jl gumtfs futrfs
 plrçfjfs tegbíg) e sehveáéf déf lre vmste smgphlsgldtl ifgf uge
qulstéf jl eilmter f phedf jl Jlus pere e `ugedmjejl fu glsgf jl vmvlr
uge bfe vmje l lvmter f pliejf? edtls, e sehveáéf sù lre pfssçvlh pere
equlhls qul eilmteveg fs ldsmdegldtfs "ifrrltfs" jf irmstmedmsgf, essmg
sldjf, equlhls lreg jlnmdmjfs lg l g óhtmge edåhmsl.
E `lrlsme tmd`e smjf ug prfbhlge df irmstmedmsgf jlsjl f ifgláf, cå
qul í iherf qul es plssfes nrlqøldtlgldtl tmd`eg jmnlrldtls
ldtldjmgldtfs jes mjímes båsmies je irldáe irmsté. Déf fbstedtl, jlsjl f
tlg
lgpfpf jl Ifds
Ifdsttedtm
edtmddf, f prf rfbh
bhlg
lgee je `l `lrl
rlsm
smee ej
ejqu
qumr
mrmmu ug dfvf fvf
smadmnmiejf, lg pertl pfrqul f Lstejf sl ldvfhvlu prfnudjegldtl. Ehíg
jmssf, ë gljmje qul f irmstmedmsgf pessfu e eilmter es trejmáüls l e
tlrgmdfhfame je iuhture ihåssmie, e tlfhfame irmsté nfm lxprlsse lg tlrgfs
jlrmvejfs jes lsifhes je nmhfsfnme "peaé" (mstf í, prí-irmsté). Mssf tlrme
ldfr
ld frgl
glss regm
regmnm
nmie
ieáü
áüls
ls,, ug
ugee vlvlzz qu
qull smad
smadmn
mnmi
miev
evee ququll es mjím
mjímes
es irms
irmsté
téss
usermeg l prlslrvermeg es trejmáüls jf pldsegldtf ihåssmif, l qul es
jmsiussüls sfbrl e vlrjejl irmsté slrmeg ifhfiejes de lstruture cå edtmae
jf gudjf arlif-rfgedf. Ef glsgf tlgpf, es jmnlrldáes eiejãgmies
ldtrl es vårmes lsifhes jl nmhfsfnme ihåssmie vmrmeg ldtéf e iereitlrmzer fs
jlbetls ldtrl fs tlùhfafs irmstéfs, f qul lhlverme f ifdtlójf mdtlhlitueh jf
 

jlbetl, ef glsgf tlgpf qul ldjurlime es jmnlrldáes ldtrl fs vårmfs hejfs,

uge vlz qul ieje ug jlhls i`laeve ef jlbetl lg ifdtrfvírsme ifg
smadmnmietmvfs prlifdilmtfs mdtlhlituems l ebfrjealds pere e jlnmdmáéf je
vlrj
vl rjej
ejl.
l. Ehíg
Ehíg jmssf
jmssf,, ls
lsse
sess qu
quls
lstü
tüls
ls dé
déff lreg
lreg smgp
smgphl
hlsg
sgld
ldtl
tl jmsp
jmsput
utes
es
eiejãgmies fu tlfhùamies, pfms ldvfhvmeg qulstüls jl sehveáéf plssfeh l,
lgbfre fs irldtls ifguds tehvlz déf nfsslg iepezls jl ifgprlldjlr es
jm
jmnlr
nlrld
ldáe
áess su
ldtldjlreg sutm
tmss sue
qul ld
ldtr
trl
l es vå
prùprme vårm
rmes
es pf
pfsm
sehveáéf smáü
áüls
déf ls tlfh
tlfhùa
jlpldjmeùami
mies,
es, lhls
jmssf lhls iher
ihereg
sfgldtl egld
lg ldtl
tl
sue
eilmteáéf je pfsmáéf ‘ifrrlte‗, ges tegbíg df trmudnf jlsse pfsmáéf de
sfim
sf imlj
ljej
ejll ifg
ifgf ug tf tfjf
jf.. Es
Essmsmg,
g, f jl
jlbe
betl
tl tlfh
tlfhùa
ùami
mif,
f, e tldt
tldtet
etmv
mvee jl
jltlrgmder e ‘vlrjejl‗ tlfhùamie l jmvmsüls smadmnmietmves ldtrl fs hçjlrls
je marlce l slus slaumjfrls lreg iereitlrçstmies mgpfrtedtls je ípfie. Yl
Ifdstedtmdf lsplreve qul f irmstmedmsgf trfuxlssl udmjejl ef Mgpírmf
Rfgedf, lhl jlvl tlr nmiejf trmstlgldtl jlsepfdtejf.

Jfdetmsgf

Uuesl mgljmetegldtl epùs e Beteh`e je [fdtl Gmhvmede, Ifdstedtmdf

sl jlperfu ifg e ifdtrfvírsme rlhmamfse sfbrl f Jfdetmsgf, qul `evme
jmvm
jmvmjm
jmjf
jf slrm
slrmeg
egld
ldtl
tl e MaMarl
rlce
ce je Ånrm
Ånrmie
ie.. F jf
jfde
detm
tmsg
sgff sura
suramu
mu ep
epùs
ùs es
 plrslaumáüls sfb Jmfihlimedf, quedjf gumtfs irmstéfs eperldtlgldtl
iljlreg efs plrslaumjfrls l dlaereg sue ní fu ldtrlaereg hmvrfs searejfs
efs fnmimems jf lstejf. Uuedjf lstls trejmtfrls (equlhls qul neh`ereg df
tlstl jl sue ní) pljmreg plrjéf l rlmdtlareáéf de marlce, ehauds bmspfs
lsteveg jmspfstfs e plrjfå-hfs, ldquedtf futrfs gedtmvlreg ug pejréf
gems lstrmtf l sl rliusereg e nezã-hf, jmzldjf qul slu sírmf pliejf déf
 pfjlrme slr plrjfejf. F hçjlr jlstl óhtmgf gfvmgldtf nfm ug seilrjftl jl
Ierteaf jl dfgl Jfdetf, qul ifdjldfu e pråtmie jl plrgmtmr qul fs
trejmtfrls rltfgesslg sues nudáüls. Jl ilrtf gfjf, fs jfdetmstes, ifgf
vmlreg e slr i`egejfs, tmd`eg uge vmséf jmnlrldtl je deturlze je marlce
jf qul fs frtfjfxfs. Fs jfdetmstes pldseveg qul e marlce jlvlrme slr
ifgpfste epldes jfs "sedtfs", qul vmvmeg uge vmje sedte? fs frtfjfxfs,
 pfr futrf hejf, sldtmeg qul e marlce tmd`e f pfjlr jl plrjfer tfjfs fs
 pliejfs l qul equlhls qul pliereg jlvlrmeg slr plrjfejfs jlsjl qul sl
errlpldjlsslg jl slus lrrfs.
E jmspute de Ånrmie suramu quedjf fs jfdetmstes hlvedtereg fbcláüls e
Ilimhmedf, f bmspf jl Ierteaf, qul lsteve jmspfstf e plrjfer fs trejmtfrls
l etí rlilbã-hfs jl vfhte df ihlrf. F bmspf jl Rfge (f pepe) `evme epfmejf
Ilimhmedf, ges fs jfdetmstes rlclmtereg lsse jlimséf l lhlalreg Jfdetf
 

glsgf ifgf bmspf jl Ierteaf. Lg gumtfs esplitfs, f jfdetmsgf pfjl,

 pfrtedtf, slr vmstf ifgf ug imsge (uge jmvmséf ejgmdmstretmve jldtrf je
marlce) ef mdvís jl uge `lrlsme, uge vlz qul sl trete prmdimpehgldtl jl
essudtfs jmsimphmderls l fraedmzeimfdems jldtrf je marlce. Df ldtedtf, e
dlaeáéf jl qul e marlce tmd`e f pfjlr jl plrjfer ilrtfs pliejfs l jl qul
fs seiregldtfs rlehmzejfs plhfs seilrjftls pliejfrls lreg mdvåhmjfs tmd`e
mgpf
mg pfrt
rted
edtl
tlss sfbrl
 plraudteveg re
regm
gmnm
nmie
fieáü
áüls
ls jf
pfjlr tlfh
tlfhùa
ùami
mies
es.. Fs
jfdetmsgf `m
`mst
stfr
df dfrtl frme
mejf
jejfrl
rlss `å
Ånrmie gu
gumt
mtff sl
(pretmiegldtl
déf `evme jlnldsfrls lg futrfs huaerls) l sue jmsslgmdeáéf df mdtlrmfr je
Ånrmie. Q. @. I. Nrldj eraugldtfu qul f Jfdetmsgf lre lssldimehgldtl
ug gfvmgldtf
gfvmgldtf sfimeh fu glsgf iuhtureh,
iuhtureh, ug glmf plhf queh e pfpu pfpuheáéf
heáéf
‘detmve‗ (prí-rfgede) jf Dfrtl je Ånrmie pfjlrme lxprlsser sue fpfsmáéf e
Rfgee l e rfge
Rfg rfgedm
dmze
zeáé
áéff nf
nfrá
ráej
eje.
e. E gemf
gemfrm
rmee je
jess eu
eutf
tfrm
rmje
jejl
jlss `f
`fcl
cl dé déff
ifddif
if ifrj
rjee ifg
ifg lsse
sse vmvmsé
séff l vã f jf jfddetms
etmsggf ifg fgff ug gfvmg fvmgld ldttf
 puregldtl rlhmamfsf.
Ifdstedtmdf sl ldvfhvlu de ifdtrfvírsme jfdetmste quedjf prfiurfu

rlsteurer
lg 9593 equeh prfprmljejl
jfs jfmsjebmspfs
marlcelreenrmiede efs slus
f hlaçtmgf hlaçtmgfs prfprmltårmfs
rlprlsldtedtl je marlce6
Ifddsted
If stedttmdf,
mdf, e prm prmdi
diççpm
pmff, sm
smg gph
phls
lsggldtl
ldtl pljljmmu ës jue uess pert
pertls
ls ququll
rlsfhvlsslg sues jmnlrldáes l vmvlsslg lg pez - ges mssf deturehgldtl
déf nudimfdfu. Lg slaumje, lhl ifdvfifu jfms ifdslh`fs pere e marlce, lg
959 l 95:, l lstls sl vfhtereg ifdtre fs jfdetmstes. Fs jfdetmstes eplhereg
jmrl
jmrlte
teg
gld
ldtltl ef mg mgpl
plre
rejf
jfrr, qu qull te
teg
gbí
bíg g nmde
nmdehg
hgldldtl
tl jl
jlim
imjm
jmuu qu
qull fs
"frt
"f rtfj
fjfx
fxfsfs"" lste
lsteveveg
g il ilrtrtfs
fs.. Uu
Uuededjf
jf sl rliu
rliuse
sere
regg e sl su subg
bgltltlr
lr,,
Ifdstedtmdf frjldfu qul f lxírimtf nfráessl fs jfdetmstes ë subgmsséf - e
 prmglmre plrslaumáéf fnmimeh rlehmzeje lg nevfr jf irmstmedmsgf. Fs
jfdetmstes sfnrlreg f gertçrmf ifg f glsgf zlhf jfs prmglmrfs irmstéfs, l
Ifds
If dste
tedt
dtmd
mdff nm
nmde
dehghgld
ldtl
tl jljlsm
smstm
stmu.
u. F jf jfde
detm
tmsg
sgff plplrg
rgededli
lilu
lu esessm
smg
g ug
gfvmg
fvmgld ldttf vmvmtteh,
eh, e mararlc
lcee nfnfmm fnm
nmim
imeh
ehg
gld
ldtl
tl jmvmvmmjm
jmje
je,, l e prmg rmglmre
lmre
lxplrmãdime jl Ifdstedtmdf ifg e `lrlsme déf nfm jl tfjf pfsmtmve.

Ermedmsgf

Ldqueedt
Ldqu dtff ms
mssf
sf,, lg EhEhllxe
xedj
djrm
rme,
e, fu
futtrf tmp
tmpf jl `lr lrls
lsmme ir
irls
lsil
ilu.
u.
Ehlxedjrme lre f ildtrf mdtlhlitueh jf Gljmtlrrâdlf frmldteh, sl déf jl
tfjf f mgpírmf, l fs irmstéfs je imjejl cå tmd`eg uge rlputeáéf jl
eiehfrejf jlbetl sfbrl e deturlze jl sue rlhmaméf. Cå `evme nfrtls trejmáüls
mdtlhl
mdtlhlitu
ituems
ems irm
irmsté
stés,
s, bes
beslej
lejes
es prm
prmdim
dimpeh
pehgld
gldtl tl des lsi
lsifhe
fhess nmhfsù
nmhfsùnmi
nmies
es je
edtmaumjejl. E vmséf jfgmdedtl lg Ehlxedjrme nfm ifdilbmje pfr Frçaldls
 

l besleje lg aredjl pertl des mjímes jf dlfphetfdmsgf. Ldtrl fs prmdimpems

esplitfs jlssl ldsmdf, `evme uge hlmture ehlaùrmie l lspmrmtueh (fu slce, déf
dlilssermegldtl hmtlreh) jes Lsirmtures l uge ãdnesl df pfjlr ebsfhutf l de
‘ehtlrmjejl‗ jl Jlus.
Ermu
Er mus,
s, ug seseil
ilrj
rjft
ftll jl EhEhlx
lxed
edjjrme,
rme, jmsi
jmsifr
frjjfu jl gum umtf
tfss jfs
jfs
ldsmdegldtfs jlste trejmáéf l jlslcfu ldnetmzer e `ugedmjejl jl Irmstf,
lg
nfm jmstmdáéf ë jmvmdjejl jl
hmaeje lstrlmtegldtl ifgJlus f [em. Essmg,
e deturlze e ifdtrfvírsme
je Zrmdjejl, qul rlsuhtfu
lsplimehgldtl es
rlheáüls ldtrl fs glgbrfs je Zrmdjejl ([em, Nmh`f l Lspçrmtf Yedtf). Årmus
ldsmdfu qul Irmstf (f Nmh`f) déf lre téf phldegldtl Jlus ifgf f [em, l
qull lh
qu lhll nf
nfre
re irme
irmejf
jf pl
plhf
hf [em.
[em. Ls
Lstl
tl ld
ldsm
smde
deg
gld
ldtf
tf nfm
nfm if
ifdj
djld
ldej
ejff pf
pfrr
Ehlxedjrl, f bmspf jl Ehlxedjrme, l uge ldfrgl ifdtrfvírsme sl slaumu.
Mssf etremu e etldáéf jl Hmiçdmf, ldtéf afvlrdedtl jf Frmldtl, l lg 92; lhl
usfu e ifdtrfvírsme ifgf uge jlsiuhpe pere rltfger e plrslaumáéf efs
irmstéfs.
Jlpfms qul lhl jlrrftfu Hmimdmus lg 92:, Ifdstedtmdf tlvl qul hmjer
ifg f prfbhlge
Ifdstedtmdf perlil jftlrermedmsgf.
pldsejf qul Ifgf uge lhlsfhuáéf
tmd`e de ifdtrfvírsme
pfjlrme jfdetmste,
slr ldifdtreje sl
egbfs fs hejfs smgphlsgldtl prfiuresslg ug tlrrldf ifgug, l lhl
lsir
ls irlv
lvlu
lu ie iert
rtes
es pljm
pljmdj djff ififgp
gprfgrfgms mssf
sf l `e `erg
rgfd
fdmeme.. Uu
Uuededjf
jf mstf
mstf nehm
nehmuu
Ifdstedtmdf jlimjmu i`eger ug ifdiçhmf jl tfjfs fs bmspfs jf mgpírmf
 pere jlimjmr f essudtf. De hmdauealg bmzedtmde, f mgpírmf lre ifgugldtl
vmst
vmstff if
ifggf f fmofugldl  (f "udmvlrsf" fu f qul sl pfjlrme i`eger jl
"gud
"g udjf
jf imvm
imvmhm
hmze
zejf
jf") ")?? pf
pfrr ms
mssf
sf,, te
tehh ififdidiçh
çhmf
mf nf
nfmm i`
i`egegejejff jl "tfj
"tfjff f
mgpí
mg pírm
rmf"
f" fu "l "liu
iugãgãdm dmif
if".
". E pråt
pråtmimiee jl jmsi jmsiut
utmr
mr qu
qulslstü
tüls
ls jmnç
jmnçil
ilms
ms dfs
dfs
ifdi
if diçh
çhmf
mfss je ma marl
rlcece cå tm tmd`
d`ee ugugee hf hfda
daee `m`mst
stùr
ùrme
me (v (vfh
fhte
tedj
djf,
f, pf
pfjl
jl-s
-sll
eraugldter, efs tlgpfs jf Dfvf Zlstegldtf), ges lstls slgprl nfreg
hfiems. Ifdstedtmdf prfvevlhgldtl vme f ifdiçhmf ifgf ehaf smgmher ef
Yld
ldej
ejff rfg
rfgedf,
edf, ug nù nùru
rug g jl jm jmsisius
usséséff ld
ldtr
trll fs hçjhçjlr
lrls
ls jl qu qull f
mgpl
mg plre
rejf
jfrr pfjl
pfjlrm rmee jfjfgmgmde
derr ifg
ifgff ug ugee jlg jlgfdfdststre
reáé
áéff jl su suee pr
prùp
ùprm
rmee
eutfrmjejl. E lssl rlsplmtf, lhl fbvmegldtl ldtldjlu geh e prfnudjmjejl
jfss sl
jf sldtdtmg
mgld
ldtftfss lg es essu
sudt
dtfs
fs jfut
jfutrm rmdå
dårm
rmfs
fs l e mg mgpf
pfrtrtâd
âdim
imee qu
qull lhls
lhls
rlilblreg tedtf jfs hçjlrls je marlce quedtf jfs hlmafs.
F prmglmrf Ifdiçhmf Liugãdmif nfm eblrtf lg Dmiíme (de Bmtçdme) lg
2; jl gemf jl 92<. F mgplrejfr prlsmjmu plssfehgldtl e ilrmgúdme jl
eblrture l eprlsldtfu ug jmsiursf df queh lhl prfihegfu sue prùprme ní l
suphmifu efs pems qul rlsteuresslg e udmjejl je marlce. E pfhçtmie jf
ifdslh`f lre ifgphlxe l f ifgprfgmssf lre mgpfssçvlh. [fr uge rezéf fu
futre, fs fpfsmtfrls jl Ermus jlimjmreg qul f mgpfrtedtl lre qul Ermus
 

nfssl ifdjldejf, l prfiurereg uge jlihereáéf qul jmvmjmssl iheregldtl

fs jfms hejfs. Nmdehgldtl, ug irljf nfm jlsldvfhvmjf (f i`egejf Irljf
 Dmildf), qul fs ermedfs déf eilmtermeg. Mstf jmzme qul Irmstf (f Nmh`f) nfm
‘alrejf, déf nlmtf, je glsge substâdime (`fgffusmfs)‗ ifg f [em. Mstf
smadmnmie qul f [em l f Nmh`f nfreg jliherejfs ifgf sldjf mauehgldtl
Jlus l qul egbfs lxmstmreg (cudtf ifg f Lspçrmtf Yedtf) pfr tfje e
ltlrdmjejl.
ifgf e jeteFjeIfdiçhmf
[åsife jl Dmiíme
(ifgf tegbígemdje
í jlnmdmje pessfu`fcl
e jlnmdmr futres qulstüls,
- f prmglmrf jfgmdaf
epùs e prmglmre hue i`lme epùs f lqumdùimf je prmgevlre) l 2; iâdfdls
(rlares) pere f afvlrdf je Marlce.
F ifdiçhmf, df ldtedtf, tlvl ifdslqøãdimes hegldtåvlms, uge vlz qul
fs ermedfs déf jlsmstmreg l dlg eilmtereg e jlimséf frtfjfxe. Lg vlz
jmssf, lhls enmrgeveg qul lsteveg ilrtfs l qul fs frtfjfxfs lreg fs
`lrl
`l rlal
als.
s. Ls
Lssl
sl mg
mgpe
pess
ssll lr
lree pl
plrt
rtur
urbe
bejf
jfrr pere
pere If
Ifds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdf,
f, cå qu
qull lhl
lhl
lsplreve qul f ifdslh`f prfjuzmssl udmjejl, l eirljmteve qul Jlus f
`evme ldierrlaejf jl prftlalr e udmjejl je marlce l aeredtmr qul fs `lrlals
nfsslg ifdvlrtmjfs
hlvedtfu jl sues nehsesjlirldáes.
e qulstéf plrturbejfre E jmspute
ifgf Jlus ifdtmdueje
nmdehgldtl tegbíg
plrgmtmu qul e
`lrlsme lxmstmssl l etí nhfrlsáe3 sl fs ermedfs lstmvlsslg lrrejfs, pfr qul
Jlus déf fs jlst strrumrme
rme6 Mg
Mgpplrejfrls jf nuturf, l etí f prùprmf rmf
Ifdstedtmdf, nmzlreg e glsge plraudte l déf pujlreg ldifdtrer uge bfe
rlspfste.

E Nudjeáéf
Nudjeáéf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe lg 99;

Juredtl sues aulrres ifg Hmiçdmf, Ifdstedtmdf nmifu mgprlssmfdejf

ifg e hfiehmzeáéf detureh jl Bmzâdimf, de pfdte gems frmldteh je Lurfpe,
vfhteje pere e Åsme, df lstrlmtf lstrlmtf jl Bùsnfrf. Epùs sue vmtùrme,
Ifdstedtmdf qulrme ifdstrumr uge imjejl ifgf ug gfdugldtf ef slu
suilssf gmhmter, slaumdjf uge trejmáéf jl aredjls ifgedjedtls jlsjl e
ípfie jl Ehlxedjrl, f Aredjl. Df mdçimf, lhl ifdsmjlrfu e rlnudjeáéf jl
Zrùme, ges lsteblhlilu- u-ssl lg Bmzâdimf, lg pertl pfrqul nmi nmifu
mgprlssmfdejf ifg e sue ifdnmaureáéf nçsmie df Bùsnfrf l ilrieje lg trãs
hejfs plhe åaue. Ehíg jmssf, lhl déf pfjl lster mdifdsimldtl jl sue
hfiehmzeáéf, quesl lxetegldtl e glmf iegmd`f ldtrl es nrfdtlmres frmldteh
l fimjldteh l sfbrl es ldiruzmh`ejes deturems jl tfjf f mgpírmf. Ylaudjf e
tre
rejm
jmááéf, Ifdstedtmdf lsteblhlilu f imriumtf je imjejl, aumejf
 plssfehgldtl pfr ug edcf3 e imjejl lre jl netf ldfrgl, gumtes vlzls jf
teged`f je edtmae Bmzâdimf, l prftlamje lg slu hejf tlrrlstrl pfr uge
 

 perljl pfjlrfse.
Jl 92: etí e jljmieáéf je imjejl lg 99;, Ifdstedtmdf déf pfupfu
aestfs df phedlcegldtf l de jlifreáéf jlstl dfvf ildtrf, jlspfcedjf
gumtfs aredjls gfdugldtfs jf gudjf edtmaf e nmg jl irmer uge imjejl
 blhe, jmade jl sm l je dfve frjlg qul lhl prfiureve irmer irmer.. Lhl
jlhmblrejegldtl qulrme juphmier es iereitlrçstmies je Rfge edtmae, jes sltl
ifhmdes
nfrdlimeetí f nùrug, l uge
ldtrltldmgldtf pfpuheáéf
huxufsf qul jl
l ifgmje lsteve msldte
areáe. jl mgpfstfs
F dfgl fnmimeh jel
imjejl slgp
lgprl nfm  Dle Rfge  (D (Dfv
fvee Rfge
Rfge),), lgbf
lgbfrere tegb
tegbíg
íg nfnfss
ssll
i`egeje Ifdstedtmdfphe, e imjejl jl Ifdstedtmdf.
Ifdstedtmdf hedáfu es besls pere gumtfs jfs aredjls ljmnçimfs qul
ldnlmteveg e dfve imjejl3 f Aredjl [ehåimf, e ietljreh jl @eame Yfp`me, e
udmvlrsmjejl, `mpùjrfgfs, bed`fs l duglrfses futres marlces, mdihumdjf
slu prùprmf hfieh jl slpuhtegldtf, e marlce jl fs Yedtfs Epùstfhfs. Lg 55
jl gemf jl 99; e imjejl nfm jljmieje, lg glmf e gumte ilhlbreáéf l
nednerre.

gfvlrIfdstedtmdf ilrtegldtl
e iepmteh jl déff prfiurfu
Rfge pere Frmldtl. Eifdstrumr
prùprmeuge
mjímedfve iepmteh
jl ug dlg
"iepmteh"
lre, jl netf, lstred`e ë gldtl rfgede, ges e hfiehmzeáéf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe
jlstmdeve e imjejl ë aredjlze. E jlnlse detureh prfpfrimfdeje plhes åaues
jf Bùsnfrf nfm tegbíg pere ecujer e imjejl gumtes vlzls e rlsmstmr ës
`frjes jl bårberfs qul sl i`fiereg ifdtre lhe ef hfdaf jfs síiuhfs. Ehíg
jmssf, e gemfr pertl jfs suilssfrls jl Ifdstedtmdf, plhf rlstf jf síiuhf,
 plrgedlilu prmdimpehgldtl lg Ifdstedtmdfphe, l mssf tlvl regmnmieáüls
mgpfrtedtls df ldnfqul jes mdstmtumáüls bmzedtmdes lglraldtls de dfve
imjejl mgplrmeh. Essmg, e nudjeáéf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, cudtegldtl ifg e
hmaeáéf je marlce irmsté ifg f lstejf rfgedf, nfm ilrtegldtl uge jes
rlehmzeáüls gems jurejfures jf prmglmrf
prm glmrf mgplrejfr bmzedtmdf.

E Gfrtl jl Ifdstedtmdf lg 991

Fs óhtmgfs edfs jl Ifdstedtmdf nfreg geriejfs pfr treaíjme plssfeh l

jóvmjes, lg pertl jlvmjf ë plrilpáéf jl qul sue pfhçtmie lg Dmiíme nfm ug
nreiessf. Jlus ilrtegldtl f rlifgpldsfu pfr sue "pmljejl" pfr uge
slqø
slqøãd
ãdim
imee mdmd
mdmdtl
tlrr
rrup
upte
te jl vmtù
vmtùrm
rmes
es gmhm
gmhmte
terl
rlss l lst
lsteb
ebmh
mhmj
mjej
ejll jl
jldt
dtrf
rf jf
mgpírmf, ges Ifdstedtmdf ilrtegldtl jlvl tlr sl plraudtejf pfr qul f
ermedmsgf ifdtmdueve e nhfrlsilr, glsgf jlpfms jl sue ifdjldeáéf lg
92<.
Lg 991, Ifdstedtmdf geri`fu ifdtre fs plrses lg rltehmeáéf pfr slu
 

etequl ë Eråbme. Df iegmd`f, lhl jl rlpldtl ejflilu l vfhtfu pere

Ifds
If dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he.. I`
I`la
laed
edjf
jf e Dm
Dmif
ifgí
gíjmjme,
e, lhl
lhl sl
sldt
dtmu
mu qu
qull f nmg
nmg ls
lste
teve
ve
 prùxmgf l ifdvfifu f bmspf Lusíbmf jl Dmifgíjme l nfm betmzejf. [fuif
jlpfms lhl gfrrlu l nfm slpuhtejf de marlce jfs Yedtfs Epùstfhfs, ifgf lhl
jlslceve. F hlaejf jl Ifdstedtmdf í ldfrgl l í hegldtåvlh qul es nfdtls
rlehgldtl déf dfs plrgmteg ebfrjå-hf ifgf plssfe, cå qul lhl sl nudjmu
téf
sue ifgphltegldtl e uge nmaure
vmje. Ifgf mdjmvçjufs ifgf gçtmie qulEhlxedjrl,
Equmhls, cå lsteve sldjf irmeje
f Aredjl juredtl
l Euaustf,
sue plrsfdehmjejl l fs gftmvfs rlems jl Ifdstedtmdf prfvevlhgldtl lstéf
ehíg je dfsse iepeimjejl jl ldtldjlr ifgphltegldtl, ges déf pfjl `evlr
jóvm
jó vmje
je sf
sfbbrl f ln
lnlm
lmtf
tf pfj
fjllrf
rfsf
sf qu
qull sl
sluu rl
rlmmde
dejjf tlvl
tlvl df
dfss lvld
lvldttfs
subslqøldtls.
 

:
F Uuertf Yíiuhf3 Jl Ifdstâdimf MM e Z
Zlfjùsmf
lfjùsmf M
9>5 ’ Cuhmedf, f Epfstete, sl tfrde Mgplrejfr.
Mgplrejfr.
910 ’ Beteh`e jl Ejrmedùpfhms
905 ’ Ifdiçhmf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe
Ifd stedtmdfphe

Es ifdqumstes jl Jmfihlimedf l Ifdstedtmdf nfreg rlems l rlvfhuimfdårmes lg

gumtfs esplitfs. Déf fbstedtl, déf `evme ifgf seblr sl es rlnfrges sfbrlvmvlrmeg l
ifdtmduermeg e aumer f mgpírmf pere f nuturf. E terlne jl jer ifdtmdumjejl, sfhmjmnmier
e smtueáéf l ifdirltmzer lsses rlnfrges nfm jlmxeje pere fs suilssfrls jl Ifdstedtmdf.
Lstls jltlrgmdermeg, pfr lxlgphf, sl f irmstmedmsgf plrgedlilrme ifgf e rlhmaméf jf
mgpírmf fu sl `evlrme ug rltfrdf ef pfhmtlçsgf ihåssmif.

Fs Nmh`fs jl Ifdstedtmdf

[fr mdirçvlh qul perláe, Ifdstedtmdf déf `evme tfgejf prfvmjãdimes slaures pere
sue suilsséf. [ere tlr ilrtlze, slus trãs nmh`fs sfbrlvmvldtls nfreg tfjfs nlmtf Iíser3
Ifdstedtmdf
lreg nmh`fs MM jl(lg 95>), Ifdstâdimf
Ifdstedtmdf MM (lg
l Neuste. Ges92>) l Ifdstedtl
Ifdstedtmdf (lg 99>).
tegbíg Zfjfs
lhlvere slusfs jfms
trãs
sfbrmd`fs, Jehgåimf l @edmbehmedf, ef pfstf jl Iíser. Fs Iíserls nfreg ldvmejfs
 pere vårmes pertls jf mgpírmf, fdjl tfjfs aed`ereg lxplrmãdime, afvlrdedjf lg
dfgl jl Ifdstedtmdf. @edmbehmedus, iurmfsegldtl, nfm dfglejf rlm je Ergãdme.
Epùs e gfrtl jl Ifdstedtmdf, lg 991, `fuvl ug plrçfjf jl dftåvlh mdjlimséf,
juredjf quetrf glsls, qul gfstreve qul déf lsteve iherf qulg rlehgldtl tfgerme f
 pfjlr l afvlrderme f mgpírmf. [fr uge rezéf fu futre, suramreg rugfrls jl qul fs
glmf-mrgéfs jl Ifdstedtmdf f `evmeg ldvldldejf, l `mstùrmes jl ifdspmreáüls sl
lspeh`ereg pfr tfjf f mgpírmf. Es trfpes, df ldtedtf, nmdehgldtl nmzlreg sue fpmdméf
l curereg qul déf epfmermeg dmdauíg ehíg jfs nmh`fs jl Ifdstedtmdf.
Ifds
If dslq
lqøl
øldt
dtlg
lgldldtl
tl,, fifr
fifrrl
rluu ug gessgesseieirl
rl33 Jehg
Jehget etmu
muss l @edd
@eddmb mbeh
ehme
medu
duss nfreg
nfreg
essessmdejfs, cudtegldtl ifg tfjfs fs glgbrfs jl sues negçhmes, ifg e lxiláéf jl
jfms cfvlds nmh`fs jf glmf-mrgéf jl Ifdstedtmdf, Cuhmus Ifdstedtmus, Aehf l Cuhmedf.
Fs nmnmh`
h`fs
fs jl IfdsIfdste
tedt
dtmd
mdff nfreg
nfreg nfrg
nfrgehehgl
gldt
dtll rl
rlif
ifd`
d`li
limj
mjfs
fs ifgf
ifgf  Euaustm3
Ifdstedtmd
Ifdst edtmdff MM tmd`e 25 edfs, Ifdstâdimf
Ifdstâdimf MM 2; l Ifdstedtl
Ifdstedtl M 51. F mgpírmf
mgpírmf nfm ldtéf
jmvmjmjf3 Ifdstedtmdf MM rlilblu e pertl fimjldteh jf mgpírmf, Ifdstedtl gedtlvl e
Mtåhme, e Ånrmie l e Mhçrme, l Ifdstâdimf MM jlvlrme ifdtrfher f Frmldtl. \ge jmspute
hfaf lihfjmu ldtrl fs mrgéfs. Lg 9:;, Ifdstedtmdf MM eteifu Ifdstedtl, ges lhl nfm
jlrrftejf l gfrtf? Ifdstedtmdf `lrjfu f tlrrmtùrmf jl slu mrgéf l ifdtrfhfu tfjf f
Fimjldtl. Ldquedtf Ifdstedtmdf lsteve fiupejf lg jlnldjlr e nrfdtlmre rfgede de
Aré-
Ar é-Br
Brlt
lted
ed`e
`e l de Ehlg Ehlgeded`e`e,, Ifds
Ifdstâ
tâdi
dimf
mf MM tlvl
tlvl qulqul hmje
hmjerr ifg
ifg ugeuge [írs
[írsme
me
rlvmtehmzeje sfb f egbmimfsf Y`epur MM (9;=-1=). \ge aulrre hfdae l jmnçimh de
Glsfpftâgme nfm ldilrreje
f jlsifdtldtegldtf pfrpfr
jes trfpes ug ieuse
tretejfjllg
sue9<;. Df Fimjldtl
jurlze, l lg 9<;Ifdstedtmdf aed`ful
lhl nfm jlrrubejf
gfrtf lg uge mdsurrlmáéf hmjlreje plhf fnmimeh Geadãdimf, qul lre jl Frmalg
 

alrgâdmie. Zrãs prltldjldtls suramreg pere f trfdf3 Geadãdimf, ^^ltredmf

ltredmf (f geamstlr
gmhmtug) l Dlpftmedus, sfbrmd`f jl Ifdstedtmdf. Geadãdimf lglramu je hute l
aed`fu f ifdtrfhl jf Fimjldtl. Ifdstâdimf rliusfu-sl e rlifd`liã-hf, geri`fu pere
f flstl l ldvfhvlu-f lg uge sírml jl beteh`es jl 9<5 lg jmedtl, f qul nmdehgldtl
rlsuhtfu de jlrrfte l gfrtl jl Geadãdimf. [fr vfhte jl 9<9, Ifdstâdimf MM lre
afvlrdedtl jl ug mgpírmf mdjmvmsf.
Ifds
Ifdstâ
tâdi
dimf
mf MM ls
lsif
ifh`
h`lu
lu Aehf
Aehf - ug jfsjfs jfm
jfmss sfbr
sfbrmd
md`f
`fss qul
qul sfbr
sfbrlv
lvmv
mvlu
lu ef
gesseirl
nfm ldvmejf- lpere
nlz hmjer
jlhl Iíser. Aehf lre plrse.
ifg e nrfdtlmre iesejfYlu
ifg Ifdstedtme,
suilssf ifdtremrgé jl Ifdstâdimf,
fs plrses, df ldtedtf,l
 blg ifgf slu tlgplregldtf, lximtfu e mdvlce l e jlsifdnmedáe jl Ifdstâdimf. F
mgplrejfr hlgbrfu jl Aehf l gedjfu lxliutå-hf lg 9<:.
Ifdstâdimf lg slaumje vfhtfu-sl pere f glmf-mrgéf gems dfvf jl Aehf, Cuhmedf,
qul rlilblu f tçtuhf jl Ielser  lg   lg 9<< (efs 29 edfs). Lgbfre Cuhmedf déf tmvlssl
lxplrmãdime gmhmter edtlrmfr l tmvlssl pessejf quesl tfjf f slu tlgpf df lstujf je
hmtlretur
hmtlreturee l je nmhfsfnme,
nmhfsfnme, lhl hfaf sl tfrdfu ug ifgedjedtl pfpuher l blg-suiljmj
blg-suiljmjf.f.
Lhl nfm iepez jl jlrrfter uge mdsurrlmáéf gmhmter de Aåhme l aeredtmr e lstebmhmjejl je
nrfdtlmre de Aré-Brlted`e l ef hfdaf jf Rldf, ifdtre fs ehegedfs l nredifs (9<1-=).
Ifdstâdimf, df ldtedtf, jlsifdnmeve jf suilssf jl Cuhmedf l, df mdçimf jl 9>5,
frjldfu qul e gemfr pertl jes trfpes jf Iíser jlmxessl e Aåhme l sl gujessl pere e
nrfdtlmre frmldteh. Rliusedjf-sl e jlmxer sues ieses df Fimjldtl, fs lxírimtfs sl
rl
rlvf
vfht
hter
ereg
eg l prfi
prfiheg
hegerereg
eg Cuhm
Cuhmed
edff ifgf
ifgf mgplr
mgplrej
ejfr
fr,, supf
supfst
steg
egld
ldtl
tl if
ifdt
dtre
re sue
sue
vfdtejl. Cuhmedf busifu e eprfveáéf jl Ifdstâdimf pere slu dfvf stetus ifgf
 Euaustus, ges f vlh`f mgplrejfr rliusfu. Lg 9>5, fs jfms lxírimtfs geri`ereg ug
ifdtre f futrf lg busie jl uge beteh`e pere jlimjmr e qulstéf, ges Ifdstâdimf jl
rlpldtl l mdlsplrejegldtl nmifu jfldtl l gfrrlu. Lhl déf tlvl nmh`fs l Cuhmedf
tfrdfu-sl mgplrejfr jl tfjf f mgpírmf.
Ldquedtf mssf, e ifdtrfvírsme ermede ifdtmdufu ieusedjf jmnmiuhjejls dfs edfs
epùs e gfrtl jl Ifdstedtmdf. Df Fimjldtl, es jlimsüls jf Ifdiçhmf jl Dmiíme nfreg
gems fu gldfs eilmtes, ges df Frmldtl e fpmdméf nfm jmvmjmje. Etedåsmf, bmspf jl
Ehlxedjrme, gedtlvl uge pfhçtmie hmd`e jure pere qul es plssfes eilmtesslg fs
ldsmdegldtfs
if
ifg
g f [em (ejl
[em (ess
ssmgDmiíme
mg fs jl qul
jlnl
nlds f ls
dsfr Nmh`f
frls jf _ClsusW
ifdi
ifdiçh
çhmf
mf `fgffusmfs
lresé
séf
f i`eg
i`egej  (je`fgffusmedfs
ejfs
fs glsge substâdime)
). Fs
mgplrejfrls Ifdstedtmdf MM l Ifdstedtl M alrehgldtl epfmeveg Dmiíme, ldquedtf
Ifdstâdimf MM epfmeve f ermedmsgf. @evme, df ldtedtf, gumtes duedils jf ermedmsgf3
fs ‘slgm-ermedfs‗ suramreg lg pertl ifgf rlsuhtejf jl tldtetmves jl ldifdtrer ug
ifgprfgmss
ifgpr fgmssff sfbrl lsse qulstéf jmnçimh. Ifdstâdimf
Ifdstâdimf lre ug ermedf gfjlrejf,
gfjlrejf, ges f
 bmspf Geoljfdmfs jl Ifdstedtmdfphe lre gems gmhmtedtl l lsteve bestedtl jmspfstf e
 plrslaumr fs dmilmrmedfs, ehaf ef queh f mgplrejfr fiesmfdehgldtl ifdifrjeve l plhf
queh lhl lre jlsnevfrevlhgldtl hlgbrejf plhe trejmáéf frtfjfxe. Jl ug gfjf alreh,
Ifdstâdimf MM prfiurfu ldifdtrer ehauge nùrguhe pere f ifgprfgmssf l ifdvfifu
vårmfs ifdiçhmfs pere lssl nmg, ges tfjfs neh`ereg. Déf surprlldjldtlgldtl, fs
 bmspfs lsteveg df ildtrf jej e ifdtrfvírsme l gumtfs jlhls essugmreg pfsmáüls qu
qull déf
 plrgmtmeg f ifgprfgmssf. F iesf gems negfsf e lssl rlsplmtf nfm Etedåsmf jl
Ehlxedjrme, l Ifdstâdimf f lxmhfu l rlmdtlarfu vårmes vlzls.
Ifdstâdimf MM l slus mrgéfs, jmnlrldtlgldtl jl slu pem, nfreg irmejfs ifgf
 

irmstéfs l eilmtereg slg qulstmfder sue rlspfdsebmhmjejl, jmedtl jl Jlus, jl jlnldjlr

e marlce l, gems lsplimnmiegldtl, gedtlr e udmjejl je ní etrevís je lhmgmdeáéf je
`lrlsme. Eplser
Eplser je ifdtrfvírsme sfbrl f ermedmsgf, `fuvl rlhetmve lstebmhmjejl pfhçtmie
juredtl f quertf jl síiuhf epùs e gfrtl jl Ifdstedtmdf, l mssf nfm ilrtegldtl
mgpfrtedtl df trmudnf jf irmstmedmsgf df mgpírmf.
Ifdstâdimf MM nfm mdnhuldtl df jlsldvfhvmgldtf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe? lhl lhlvfu f
 prlstçamf jf Yldejf l ifdiljlu efs sldejfrls frmldtems ugu g dçvlh maueh ef jl Rfge.
Ifdstâdimf tegbíg ifdstrumu
Yfnme) lg Ifdstedtmdfphe, e prmglmre
e marlce marlce jl
qul sl tfrderme @eame
quesl Yfp`mejf(Eame
smdúdmgf Yfnme,
prùprmf Eye
mgpírmf.
Nfdtls hmtlrårmes pfstlrmfrls ahfrmnmieg Ifdstedtmdf ifgf f nudjejfr jf "smstlge"
 bmzedtmdf, jfgmdejf plhf mgplrejfr l plhf petrmerie jl Ifdstedtmdfphe (ifgf f
 bmspf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe vlmf e slr i`egejf), ges í iherf qul aredjl pertl je
rlspfdsebmhmjejl jlvl slr ifdiljmje e Ifdstâdimf MM, iucf hfdaf rlmdejf rlauhermzfu
f dfvf erredcf l f tfrdfu e dfrge.

Cuhmedf, f Epùstete (9>5 ’ 9>9)

Cuhmedf, f ‘Epùstete‗, slgprl plrgedlilrå uge nmaure gmstlrmfse l ifdtrfvlrse,

ejgmreje pfr ehauds, ges tlgmje l jltlsteje pfr futrfs. Ylu rlmdejf nfm uge sírme
egleáe pere f smstlge ifdstedtmdmedf l pere f jfgçdmf jf irmstmedmsgf, l dudie sl
seblrå f qul pfjlrme tlr eifdtlimjf sl slu rlmdf déf tmvlssl smjf téf iurtf.
Cuhmedf, ifgf fs futrfs glgbrfs jl sue negçhme, nfre ljuiejf ifgf irmstéf, l
etí glsgf rlilblre frjlds ihlrmiems gems bemxes (ifgf "hlmtfr" - fu "hlmtfr" - de
marlce). Lhl `evme lstujejf ifg f bmspf Cfral jl Iepejùime, ges lre pertmiuhergldtl
etreçjf plhf eprldjmzejf, hmtlreture l hmtlreture `lhãdmie (fu slce, nmhfsfnme ihåssmie,
 peaé). Lhl lstujfu rltùrmie lg [íraegf l nmhfsfnme des negfses lsifhes jl Etldes. Í
mgpfssçvlh seblr lxetegldtl quedjf Cuhmedf jlimjmu rfgplr ifg f irmstmedmsgf l
ifhfier lg pråtmie sues mdihmdeáüls peaés, ges hfaf epùs e gfrtl jl Ifdstâdimf MM,
lhl iedilhfu fnmimehgldtl es hlms lgmtmjes ifdtre pråtmies peaés. Es besls je pfhçtmie
jl Cuhmedf lreg sue etreáéf nmhfsùnmie l plssfeh plhf `lhldmsgf ihåssmif l sue
`fst
`f stmh
mhmj
mjej
ejll lgsuramu
 prfvevlhgldtl rl
rlhe
heáé
áéff ës uge
ifgf pfhç
pfhçtm
tmies
ies jlefIfds
rleáéf If dste
tedt
dtmd
tlrrçvlh mdf
f l su
gesseirlsueejlne
negç
gçhm
suehme.
e. Lstl
Lstllg
negçhme lgóhtm
óhtmgf
gf
991,
ges f prmglmrf perlil tlr smjf uge prlnlrãdime plssfeh alduçde, prfnudjegldtl
essldteje de prùprme lxplrmãdime jl Cuhmedf l lg sue ljuieáéf df gudjf je
edtmaumjejl ihåssmie. F peaedmsgf jl Cuhmedf lre uge gmsture iurmfse jl prlnlrãdime
mdtlhlitueh plhe hmtlreture ihåssmie l uge suplrstmáéf arfsslmre, besleje eperldtlgldtl
de mdnhuãdime jl ehauds jfs "sfnmstes" qul f rfjleveg. Eh Ehauds
auds jlhls lreg mdtlhlituems
aldu
al duçd
çdfs
fs,, ges
ges futr
futrfsfs lr
lreg
eg tltlur
uram
amst
stes
es,, "`fg
"`fglds
lds se
sedt
dtfs
fs"" veaeg
veaegld
ldtl
tl hmae
hmaejf
jfss ef
dlfphetfdmsgf, qul, df slu glh`fr lxlgphf, Megbhmi`fs l [rfohfs, busieveg e udméf
ifg Jlus pfr glmf jl rmtuems rlhmamfsfs fu freáüls. De pmfr jes `mpùtlsls, pfríg, fs
tluramstes lreg i`erhetéls qul useveg geame, nreujl l prlstmjmamteáéf pere ldaeder fs
iríjuhfs. F tluraf Gexmgfs, e qulg Cuhmedf eperldtlgldtl ldifdtrfu lg [íraegf,
nfm ug jfs gems dftùrmfs jlhls, l lhl tlvl ifdsmjlråvlh mdnhuãdime sfbrl f cfvlg
 prçdimpl. Cuhmedf nfm mdmimejf dfs gmstírmfs searejfs lg Ínlsf l jlpfms lg Lhlusms
(plrtf jl Etldes),
Etldes), l lhl ifdvmjfu Gexmgfs pere sl cudter e lhl de ifrtl.
 

Cuhmedf déf plrslaumu

Cuhmedf plrslaumu eblrtegldtl
eblrtegldtl fs irms
irmstéfs,
téfs, ges fnlrlilu
fnlrlilu tfhlrâdime
tfhlrâdime e tfjfs,
tfjfs,
mdihumdjf `lrlals l cujlus. Lhl ldifrecfu f óhtmgf e rlifdstrumr f Zlgphf lg
Clrusehíg (ifdvmjedjf e tfjfs fs tmpfs jl lxplitetmves epfiehçptmies jf nmg jf
gudjf), sebldjf qul mssf ifdnudjmrme fs irmstéfs, qul alrehgldtl eirljmteveg qul e
jlstrumáéf jf Zlgphf lg 1; j.I iugprmre uge prfnlime jl Irmstf l jlgfdstrfu qul
Jlus `evme ebedjfdejf fs cujlus. Lhl tegbíg sebme qul e tfhlrâdime efs `lrlals
hlverme repmjegldtl e hutes mdtlrdes l etí jlrregegldtf jl sedaul ldtrl fs irmstéfs, l
lhl lsteve qul,
 pldseve ifrrltf
sl dlsse lxplitetmve.
es plssfes Lhl eirljmteve
tmvlsslg de suplrmfrmjejl
uge lsifh`e jf pfhmtlçsgf
hmvrl, lhes repmjegldtll
ebedjfdermeg f irmstmedmsgf l vfhtermeg ef pfhmtlçsgf, l, í iherf, gumtfs f nmzlreg.
Ges Cuhmedf tegbíg prfiurfu rlnfrguher l rlvmafrer f pfhmtlçsgf, udmnmiedjf l
fraedmzedjf-f, l ldifrecedjf f seilrjùimf e jer ug bfg lxlgphf jl iermjejl l
ifgpfrtegldtf ejlquejf. Yue rlhmaméf lre lssldimehgldtl gfdftlçste l nmhfsùnmie,
lgbfre, gems uge vlz, sues mjímes tegbíg nfsslg mdnhuldimejes plhe geame, plhf
lgfimfdehmsgf l plhe suplrstmáéf. E ódmie irçtmie sírme jl sues pfhçtmies, nlmte pfr
 peaéfs l irmstéfs, nfm qul lhl prfmbmu fs irmstéfs jl ldsmder des lsifhes - jmzldjf qul
lhls pfjlrmeg sl epfsldter l ldsmder fs Lvedalh`fs! Gumtfs jlssls prfnlssfrls
irmstéfs tredsnfrgereg slus tehldtfs lg futres terlnes, mdihumdjf Epfhmdårmf l slu
nmh`f ifg f glsgf dfgl, qul ifgláereg e tredsnfrger fs Lvedalh`fs lg ug vlrsf
ihåssmif eprfprmejf.
Cuhmedf tegbíg tlvl vmsüls pfhçtmies qul, slaudjf lhl, rlgfdteg efs "aredjls"
jmes jf edtmaf Mgpírmf Rfgedf. Essmg, lhl jlslceve lvmter es ergejmh`es jf pfjlr
mgplrmeh qul tmd`eg smjf usejes jlsjl f rlmdejf jl Jmfihlimedf, l etí jlslceve sl
vlr, ifgf f mgplrejfr Euaustf
Euaustf `evme nlmtf, ifgf ug ‘prmglmrf imjejéf‗ l déf ifgf
ug jíspfte. Lg vlz jl rlaehme mgplrmeh, Cuhmedf useve rfupes smgphls l berbe,
gfstredjf-sl ug "nmhùsfnf" tedtf quedtf ug mgplrejfr. Lhl plrilblu qul es imjejls
jf mgpírmf tmd`eg smjf f dóihlf je lstruture pfhçtmie rfgede l lhl qulrme vã-hes
rlvmvmjes, cudtegldtl ifg e ermstfireime urbede hfieh, fs iurmehls. Lhl rlsteurfu ës
imjejls es prfprmljejls qul Ifdstedtmdf ifdnmsifu l ldifrecfu fs ermstfiretes hfiems
e rltfger slus huaerls ifgf hçjlrls je sfimljejl.
Cuhmeduge
 prlperfu repmjegldtl vfhtfu sueifdtre
aredjl iegped`e etldáéf pere fsLdquedtf
e [írsme. essudtfs gmhmterls
prlperevel,elg 9>9, lhl
lxpljmáéf,
tldt
tldtfu
fu ifdq
ifdqumumst
ster
er fs `ebm
`ebmte
tedt
dtls
ls jl Edtm
Edtmfqfqum
umee ifg sl
sluu tmpf
tmpf jl pfhm
pfhmtl
tlçs
çsgf
gf.. Fs
edtm
edtmfq
fquld
uldfs
fs,, df ldte
ldtedt
dtf,
f, rl
rlius
iuser
ereg
eg-s
-sll e fuvmr
fuvmr l ep
epld
ldes
es rmre
rmreg
g jf mgpl
mgplrerejf
jfrr l
i`egereg-df jl dfgls. E iegped`e gmhmter jl Cuhmedf nfm, e prmdiçpmf, ug suilssf
 brmh`edtl. F lxírimtf rfgedf evedáfu pere f mdtlrmfr je [írsme l etí eteifu e iepmteh
 plrse jl Itlsmnfdtl. Ldquedtf rludme sues trfpes, df ldtedtf, Cuhmedf nfm
gmstlrmfs
gmst lrmfsegldtl
egldtl etmdamjf
etmdamjf pfr uge hedáe l hfaf jlpfms gfrrlu (2> jl cud`f jl 9>9),
mdtlrrfgpldjf essmg e iegped`e gmhmter l ifhfiedjf uge pereje rlpldtmde lg slu
 prfarege gems egphf jl pfhçtmie. F suilssfr jl Cuhmedf, Cfvmedf, lre irmstéf, l sue
 pfhçtmie rlhmamfse rltfrdfu ë jmrláéf lsteblhlimje edtlrmfrgldtl pfr Ifdstedtmdf l
slus nmh`fs. Dùs dudie seblrlgfs f qul tlrme eifdtlimjf sl Cuhmedf tmvlssl ug
rlmdejf gems hfdaf.
Cfvmedf (9>9 ’ 9>:) 
 

E gfrtl rlpldtmde jl Cuhmedf jlmxfu ug vezmf jl pfjlr df gudjf rfgedf.

[retmiegldtl tfjfs fs glgbrfs je negçhme jl Ifdstedtmdf lsteveg gfrtfs, l Cuhmedf
sl rliusere e dfgler ug suilssfr. [fuif jlpfms jl sue gfrtl, fs ehtfs ifgedjedtls
gmhmterls sl rludmreg pere slhlimfder f prùxmgf mgplrejfr (hlgbrl-sl qul f lxírimtf
lsteve lg iegped`e prfnudje lg tlrrmtùrmf plrse de ípfie). Yue prmglmre lsifh`e nfm
Yehutmus Yliudjus, prlnlmtf prltfrmedf jf Frmldtl l ug peaéf gfjlrejf. Lhl lre, df
ldtedtf, bestedtl
lre f irmstéf vlh`fugl lhl
Cfvmedf, rliusfu
fnmimeh e pfsmáéf.
je auerje E slaudje
jf pehåimf fpáéfltjfs
( jfglstmim ifgedjedtls
prftlitfrls )? lhl
eilmtfu e pfsmáéf, ifg ehaug rlilmf. Uuesl mgljmetegldtl epùs sue esildséf,
Cfvmedf ifdifrjfu ifg e pez ifg Y`epur, f rlm plrse, plrgmtmdjf-h`l e hmblrjejl jl
rltfrder e Ifdstedtmdfphe pere esslaurer slu trfdf. F tretejf lre "vlrafd`fsf", uge
vlzz qul
vl qul jlsm
jlsmst
stmu
mu,, déf
déf epld
epldes
es jl tujf
tujf f qul
qul Cuhm
Cuhmed
edff eieb
eieber
eree jl ae
aed`
d`er
er,, ges
ges
 pretmiegldtl jl tfjes es ifdqumstes rfgedes jlsjl e ípfie jl Ylptçgmf Ylvlrf. Mssf
ldvfhvlu e rldjmáéf jl Dmsmbms, e gems mgpfrtedtl nfrtehlze gmhmter rfgede df
Frmldtl, l tfjf f tlrrmtùrmf ehíg jf Zmarl. Cfvmedf ebedjfdfu f prftltfrejf rfgedf
de Ergãdme
Ergãdme l ifdifrjfu lg l g peaer efs plrses ug aredjl subsçjmf lg furf.
Cfvmedf rlsimdjmu e hlamsheáéf mgpfpuher jl Cuhmedf ifdtre fs irmstéfs l lhl
nevfrlilu eblrtegldtl e marlce irmsté gems uge vlz. Lhl, df ldtedtf, déf plrslaumu fs
 peaéfs, ges plrgmtmu qul tfjfs ejfresslg ifgf blg ldtldjlsslg. Cfvmedf gfrrlu
rlpldtmdegldtl, lg 51 jl nlvlrlmrf jl 9>:, tldjf rlmdejf pfr epldes fmtf glsls.

^ehldtmdmedf M (9>: ’91<) l ^ehldtl

^ehldtl (9>: ’910)

Fs ifgedjedtls gmhmterls rludmreg-sl dfvegldtl lg Dmiíme l lsifh`lreg ug

ldju
ldjurl
rlim
imjf
jf l blg blg-s
-sui
uilj
ljmj
mjff ifg
ifgedje
edjedt
dtll jl esesil
ildj
djãd
ãdim
imee pedú
pedúdm
dmie
ie,, Nhev
Nhevmu
muss
^ehldtmedus, ifd`limjf lg mdahãs _pfrtuauãsW ifgf ^ehldtmdmedf M. Jl ug pfdtf jl
vmste, lsse suilsséf rlhetmvegldtl frjldeje lre uge mdjmieáéf je lstebmhmjejl je
lstruture pfhçtmie ifdtlgpfrâdle. ^ehldtmdmedf,
^ehldtmdmedf, qul tmd`e :9 edfs de ípfie, lre rujl l
geh ljuiejf, ges lhl lre ug etmvmste ldíramif l ifgf mgplrejfr lhl lsteve quesl
ifdstedtlgldtl lg iegped`e.
suphmifu e ^ehldtmdmedf
^ehldtmdmedf Jldtrfug
qul lsifh`lssl jlifhlae
slms glsls jl sue eesildséf,
pere ecujå-hf afvlrder ff lxírimtf
mgpírmf,
l lsifh`lu slu mrgéf gems dfvf, ^ehldtl, qul tmd`e 9> edfs jl mjejl. ^ehldtmdmedf
afvlrdfu df Fimjldtl, e pertmr jl sue rlsmjãdime mgplrmeh, prmglmrf lg Gmhéf l
jlpf
jl pfms
ms lg Zrm rmlr
lr,, ldqu
ldqued
edtf
tf ^eh
ehld
ldtl
tl afvlr
afvlrde
deve
ve f Frml
Frmldtdtl,
l, jl sue
sue rl
rlsm
smjã
jãdi
dime
me lg
Edtmfqume.
^ehldtmdmedf ifdildtrfu sue etldáéf de nrfdtlmre jf Rldf, fdjl lhl jlrrftfu l
 peimnmifu fs nredifs l ehegedfs? lhl tegbíg jlrrftfu fs pmitfs l lsifilsls de Aré-
Brlted`e, cudtf ifg pmretes nredifs l sexüls. Lhl tegbíg rlehmzfu iegped`es ifdtre
fs gfurfs df dfrtl je Ånrmie. ^ehldtl, ldquedtf mssf, hutfu ifdtre fs afjfs de
Zråime,
Zr åime, l lg 915 lhl vfhtfu sue etldáéf
etldáéf pere e nrfdtlmr
nrfdtlmree plrse, fdjl lhl nfm iepez jl
rlsteblhlilr e mdnhuãdime rfgede de Ergãdme. Lg 9><, ug perldtl jmstedtl jl Cuhmedf,
[rfofpmfs, rlblhfu-sl l aed`fu f epfmf jl ug hçjlr aùtmif, Etedermif?
Etedermif? ^ehldtl
^ehldtl ebetlu
e rlvfhte ifg slvlrmjejl lsplimeh.
Zedtf ^ehldtmdmedf quedtf ^ehldtl nevfrlilreg fs sfhjejfs, lsplimehgldtl fs
 

 pedfdmedfs, lg sue ejgmdmstreáéf, lg vlz jl ermstfiretes l hltrejfs. Lhls

eugldtereg ldfrglgldtl f teged`f je frjlg sldetfrmeh, mdihumdjf jldtrf jlssl
arupf gumtfs mdjmvçjufs jl frmalg iegpfdlse - fu glsgf bårbere - jlvmjf ë sue
iepeim
iep eimjejl
jejl gmhmte
gmhmterr. Juredt
Juredtll lstl
lstl plrçfj
plrçfjff fs prfbhl
prfbhlges
ges jes imjejl
imjejlss tfrder
tfrdereg
eg-sl
-sl
irçtmifs l f peplh jfs iurmems lsplimehgldtl jmnçimh. Jlvl-sl hlgbrer qul Cuhmedf
tldtfu prlslrver es iures (prlnlmtures) l rlsteurfu e prfprmljejl ifdnmsieje pfr
Ifdstedtmdf l Ifdstâdimf MM. ^ehldtmdmedf l ^ehldtl lreg irmstéfs ifdvmitfs. Lhls
dfvegldtl ifdnmsiereg
ges f peaedmsgf es tlrres jftfhlrejf3
lre fnmimehgldtl tlgphf qul Cuhmedf
epldes rlstmtumu efsl iuhtfs
e ejmvmd`eáéf e geamepeaéfs,
lreg
ifdjldejes l prfmbmjes (ifgf slgprl `evmeg smjf, etí glsgf plhe gemfrme jfs
mgplrejfrls peaéfs). F seirmnçimf póbhmif lre jlsldifrecejf, ges gumtfs rmtuems lreg
 plrgmtmjfs sl slus pretmiedtls pujlsslg gfstrer
gfstrer qul lreg jl frmalg edtmae.
edtmae.

Iuhture Irmsté df Uuertf Yíiuhf

 Df quertf síiuhf fs mdtlhlituems irmstéfs vmlreg gems l gems pere jfgmder e vmje
iuhtureh jf mgpírmf. Í dftåvlh qul, edtls je ípfie jl Ifdstedtmdf, lstujmfsfs irmstéfs
(ifgf Frçaldls) `evmeg smjf rlhlaejfs e ug phedf jl jmsiusséf mdtlhlitueh. Lg
glejfs jf síiuhf M^, pfríg, gldfs jl glmf síiuhf jlpfms je Beteh`e je [fdtl
Gmhvmede, fs irmstéfs vmd`eg ieje vlz gems jltlrgmder es ifrrldtls mdtlhlituems je
ípfie. Lre mssf, plhf gldfs tedtf quedtf quehqulr futre ifmse, qul f mgplrejfr
Cuhmedf hutere pere eieber.
eieber.
Fs irmstéfs, pfr sue vlz, `å gumtf tlgpf eilmtereg e prlgmsse jl qul f
irmstmedmsgf l e iuhture ihåssmie déf lreg mrrlperevlhgldtl fpfstfs, l fs pldsejfrls
irmstéfs (jf epùstfhf [euhf lg jmedtl) nmzlreg usf jfs gfjfs jl pldsegldtf arlafs
l jfs prmdiçpmfs je hùamie l nmhfsfnme
nmhfsfnme arlaes. Df síiuhf M^
M^,, df ldtedtf, lsse trejmáéf
mrrfgplu pfr ifgphltf l nfm rlprlsldteje pfr pldsejfrls téf jmvlrsfs quedtf Lusíbmf
jl Ilseríme, Yedtf Etedåsmf jl Ehlxedjrme, fs [ejrls Iepejùimfs (Yéf Besçhmf,
Arlaùrmf jl Dezmedzfs, Arlaùrmf jl Dmsse), Yéf Clrúdmgf l Yedtf Egbrùsmf, jl
Gmhé
Gm héf.
f. Lusíb
Lusíbmf
mf perl
perlil
il tl
tlrr smjf
smjf f prprmg
mglm
lmrf
rf e ifdl
ifdlit
iter
er phld
phldeg
egld
ldtl
tl e se
sehv
hveá
eáéf
éf
 prfgltmje plhfe trejmáéf
iereitlrmzerme irmstmedmsgf l e plhfs
bmzedtmde trejmáéf pfhçtmiegmhjfedfs
prùxmgfs lstejf rfgedf,
l ehíg. ehaf qul
Yues vmsüls je
`mstùrme, f peplh jf bmspf l f huaer jf mgplrejfr de sfimljejl bmzedtmde repmjegldtl
sl tfrdereg e dfrge. Yedtf Etedåsmf cå nfm gldimfdejf ifgf f prmdimpeh jlnldsfr je
 pfsmáéf frtfjfxe ifdtre fs ermedfs, l suesue fpfsmáéf nlrfz l fbstmdeje e Ifdstâdimf MM l
Cuhmedf lre quesl téf mgpfrtedtl quedtf slus tretejfs tlfhùamifs iumjejfsegldtl
eraug
eraugldldte
tejfs
jfs.. Je glsg
glsgee nfrg
nfrge,
e, sue
sue bm
bmfa
fare
renm
nmee jl YeYedt
dtff Ed
Edtú
túdm
dmf,
f, f er
erquí
quítm
tmpf
pf
lrlgmte-gfdal, lsteblhlilu f pejréf pere es fbres `eamfarånmies (vmjes jfs sedtfs).

E Beteh`e jl Ejrmedùpfhms
Ejrmedùpfhms (0 jl Eafstf jl 910)

Lg 91<, ^ehldtmdmedf M gfrrlu, jlmxedjf e pertl fimjldteh jf mgpírmf pere slus

nmh`fs Areimedf l ^ehldtmdmedf MM (qul lre epldes ug gldmdf). ^ehldtl fiupfu e
nrfdtlmre frmldteh e pertmr jl 915 lg jmedtl. [fr vfhte jl 91>, fs `udfs suramreg
rlpldtmdegldtl ef dfrtl jf Jedóbmf (df qul `fcl í e Rfgãdme), l fs etlrrfrmzejfs
 

afjfs prfiurereg slauredáe etrevís je nrfdtlmre rfgede. Lhls sl fnlrlilreg pere sl

lsteblhlilr lg tlrrmtùrmf rfgedf l slrvmr df lxírimtf rfgedf? ^ehldtl
^ehldtl pldsfu qul lhls
nermeg ug bfg eirísimgf ef lxírimtf l ifdifrjfu. Zehvlz ilrie jl 2;;.;;; afjfs
tldtereg sl lsteblhlilr jldtrf jf mgpírmf, ges f afvlrdf rfgedf déf nfm iepez jl
etldjl
etldjlrr ës aredjl
aredjlss dlilss
dlilssmje
mjejls
jls jlsse
jlsse pfpuhe
pfpuheáéf
áéf mgmare
mgmaredtl
dtl.. E ifgmje
ifgmje h`ls
h`ls nfm
 prfgltmje, ges déf i`lafu fu nfm vldjmje efs ehlgéls pfr fnmimems ifrruptfs e
 prláfs lxfrbmtedtls. Lssls glsgfs fnmimems tegbíg eprlldjlreg gumtfs afjfs l fs
vldjlreg ifgf lsirevfs.
911 l ifgláereg Nrustrejfs
e jlvester pfrrfgedf
f tlrrmtùrmf lssl tretegldtf,
de Zråime. fs afjfs sl rlvfhtereg lg
^ehldtl mgljmetegldtl gujfu slu lxírimtf pere nrfdtlmre hlstl l f trfuxl pere
hmjer ifg e smtueáéf de Zråime. Areimedf tegbíg ifgláfu e gfvlr sues nfráes jf
Fimjldtl pere ldnrldter e egleáe. ^ehldtl, df ldtedtf, eperldtlgldtl lsteve ifg
imógls jl slu cfvlg sfbrmd`f l rlilblu ug rlhetùrmf nehsf jl qul es trfpes aùtmies
tm
tmd`
d`eg
eg epld
epldes
es 5;.;
5;.;;;
;; `fg
`fglds.
lds. Essm
Essmgg, hfaf
hfaf ququll i`la
i`lafu
fu ë Zrå råim
ime,
e, ^ehld
ehldtl
tl
mgljmetegldtl sl prlperfu pere e beteh`e, de lsplredáe jl aed`er e vmtùrme pere sm
glsgf. Es trfpes jl ^ehldtl, df ldtedtf, lsteveg iedsejes jl sue hfdae geri`e l
déf pujlreg sl pfsmimfder ejlquejegldtl pere e beteh`e, qul fifrrlu duge phedçiml
quldtl nfre je imjejl jl Ejrmedùpfhms de Zråime.
E smtueáéf lre ietestrùnmie pere f mgpírmf3 ug mgplrejfr rfgedf nfm gfrtf lg
 beteh`e plhe prmglmre vlz lg blg gems jl ug síiuhf, `evme ug våiuf jl pfjlr df
hlstl, e nrfdtlmre plrse lsteve mdjlnlse l fs afjfs lsteveg lg hmblrjejl de Zråime. E
Beteh`e jl Ejrmedùpfhms tegbíg gfstrfu qul fs ehlgéls pfjlrmeg jlrrfter ug
lxírimtf rfgedf trlmdejf l jlgfdstrfu e suplrmfrmjejl je ieveherme plseje. De irmsl,
f afvlrdf rfgedf nmifu tlgpfrermegldtl perehmsejf, l nfm uge sfrtl qul fs afjfs
déf pujlsslg tmrer prfvlmtf je smtueáéf. Lhls déf tmd`eg lxplrmãdime lg ilrier
imjejls l tmd`eg qul sl ifdtldter lg mdvejmr f mdtlrmfr je Zråime.
Zlfjùsmf, f Aredjl (91= ’ 9=<) l Areimedf (91< ’ 909) 
Epùs e beteh`e jl Ejrmedùpfhms, Areimedf nfm jlmxejf ifgf ódmif mgplrejfr.
Nmifu iherf qul lhl prlimseve jl ug ifhlae, cå qul lre cfvlg, mdlxplrmldtl l
ifgphltegldtl mdiepez jl hmjer ifg e smtueáéf gmhmter. Dlssl ifdtlxtf, f lstejf
vfhtfu-sl
Zlfjùsmf)pere
lre Zlfjùsmf,
Zjllfjùsmf, ug aldlreh
uge edtmae negçhmelxplrmldtl.
lsped`fhe,Flpem
lhljltmd`e
Zlfjùsmf
smjf ug(tegbíg i`egejf
jfs prmdimpems
ifgedjedtls jl ^ehldtmdmedf? lhl rlsteurfu e frjlg de Aré-Brlted`e l jlrrftfu e
rlblhméf jl Nmrgus df dfrtl je Ånrmie. F vlh`f Zlfjùsmf, ldtrltedtf, iemu lg
jlsareáe sfb imriudstâdimes qul déf séf iheres, l lhl nfm lxliutejf lg 91<. Ylu nmh`f,
f cfvlg Zlfjùsmf, rltmrfu-sl pere sue prfprmljejl lsped`fhe, ges des imriudstâdimes
epùs Ejrmedùpfh
Ejrmedùpfhms,ms, Aråimf, sl hlgbrfu
hlgbrfu jlhl l f prfihegfu
prfihegfu mgplrejfr
mgplrejfr,, lg Ymrgmug,
Ymrgmug,
lg 5= jl cedlmrf jl 91=. Zlfjùsmf rlilblu f ifdtrfhl jl tfjf f Frmldtl, cudtegldtl
ifg e Jåime l e Geiljúdme.
Zlfjù
lfjùsm
smff tmd`e
tmd`e gumt
gumtfs
fs pr
prfbfbhl
hlge
gess mglj
mgljme
metfs
tfs e ldnrl
ldnrldt
dter
er,, ldtrl
ldtrl fs quem
quemss e
dlilssmjejl jl rliruter dfvfs sfhjejfs pere prlldi`lr es nmhlmres lsaftejes plhf
jlsestrl jl Ejrmedùpfhms - lhl tlvl qul substmtumr plhf gldfs 2;.;;; sfhjejfs.
Zlfjùsmf mdstmtumu gljmjes rmafrfses pere hfiehmzer l mdsirlvlr equlhls qul tmd`eg e
fbrmaeáéf jl slrvmr df lxírimtf. Lhl prfiurfu fs nmh`fs jl vltlredfs (qul jlvlrmeg
tegbíg slrvmr) l ehmstfu etí glsgf equlhls qul sl gutmhereg pere lsieper jf
 

slrvmáf.
Ldqu
Ld qued
edtf
tf ms
mssf
sf,, Zlfjù
lfjùsm
smff tl
tldt
dtfu
fu ifdt
ifdtrf
rfhe
herr fs afjf
afjfss qul
qul emdj
emdjee ls
lste
teve
veg
g
jlvestedjf e Zråime. Lhl déf nfm iepez jl mgfbmhmzå-hfs pere trever uge beteh`e
jlimsmve, l lhls ifdtmduereg e eteier es nezldjes l ehjlmes df iegpf. Zlfjùsmf
nmdehgldtl essmdfu ug tretejf ifg fs afjfs lg 9 jl futubrf jl 902. Yfb fs tlrgfs
jlstl tretejf fs afjfs nfreg eutfrmzejfs e sl lsteblhlilr lg tlrrmtùrmf rfgedf, ges
lg trfie lhls jlvlrmeg slrvmr df lxírimtf rfgedf ifgf nfljlretm (ehmejfs bårberfs),
eper
eperld
ldtl
rfgede tlgl
gldt
dtll ifdt
ehmer-sl if
e dtrm
rmbu
bumd
mdjf
jf ifg
lstredalmrfs il
ilri
riee jl
(mdihumdjf 2;.;
2;.;;;
;;qul
bårberfs) `fglds
`fg lds.. Ylg
hutesslgYlgpr
prlll ef
pfr nfm
nfm hejf
pfhçt
pfhçtmi
miee
jfs
rfgedfs.
 Df Frmldtl, Zlfjùsmf
Zlfjùsmf ifdslaumu fraedmzer uge pez ifg e [írsme. E Ergãdme nfm
jmvmjmje ldtrl Rfge l e [írsme, fs rfgedfs rlilbldjf e perilhe gldfr. Df ldtedtf,
ifgf rlsuhtejf jmssf, Zlfjùsmf nfm iepez jl ifdtrfher ug tlrrmtùrmf lstretíamif ldtrl
f Zmarl Yuplrmfr l f Lunretls, f qul slrme jl aredjl mgpfrtâdime df iesf jl dfves
`fstmhmjejls ldtrl es aredjls pftãdimes.
 De pfhçtmie rlhmamfse, Zlfjùsmf lre ug irmstéf dmildf bestedtl smgphls, l slu
irmstmedmsgf tmd`e uge frmldteáéf fimjldteh jlnmdmje (ifgf sl pfjlrme mgeamder lg
slu huaer jl frmalg de Lsped`e). Df mdçimf jl slu rlmdejf, lhl sl essustfu ifg uge
jfldáe arevl, je queh quesl gfrrlu? ifgf rlsuhtejf, lhl nfm betmzejf l, jlsjl ldtéf,
ldtusmesgejf lg slu epfmf ef irmstmedmsgf. Lg 90; lhl lgmtmu uge hlm jmzldjf qul
tfjfs fs irmstéfs jlvlrmeg slaumr fs ldsmdegldtfs jfs bmspfs jl Rfge l Ehlxedjrme.
Lste nfm uge enmrgeáéf smgphls l ihere lg epfmf efs ldsmdegldtfs jl Dmiíme, l
lvmtfu e sfnmstmieáéf fu jóvmje jfutrmdårme3 e ní nfm jlnmdmje pfr rlnlrãdime ef ldsmdf
jl bmspfs mdjmvmjuems. Zlfjùsmf, df ldtedtf, ei`fu prujldtl ifdvfier ug ifdslh`f
liugãdmif pere púr nmg ë ifdtrfvírsme ermede qul jmvmjmre f mgpírmf `evme gems jl
glmf síiuhf l jlsenmere tfjes es tldtetmves jl ifdimhmeáéf. Essmg,
Essmg, f [rmglmrf Ifdiçhmf
jl Ifdstedtmdfphe nfm rlehmzejf lg gemf jl 905. F ifdslh`f eirlsildtfu ug pfuif
ef Irljf jf Ifdiçhmf jl Dmiíme, ges rlenmrgfu fs ldsmdegldtfs jlssl ifdslh`f l,
lssldimehgldtl, pús nmg ef jlbetl sfbrl f ermedmsgf df Frmldtl. Ehauds mdjmvçjufs, í
iherf, ifdtmduereg e gedtlr fs ldsmdegldtfs ermedfs, ges e ifdtrfvírsme tlfhùamie
nmdehgldtl
Ldquedtf
Ldqued perlilu
tf mssf, rlsfhvmje
ldtrltedtf,
ldtrltedt ifg
f, f bmspf
bmsp e jlimjmje
f \hnmhes
\hnm jlimséf
hes cå lsteve
lste jfdemgplrejfr
ve etmvf ifdvlrséfl jfs
ifdvlrséf jf ifdslh`f.
afjfs ef
irmstmedmsgf ermedf. Essmg, mrfdmiegldtl, f ermedmsgf ifdtmduerme sldjf uge nfráe
 pfjlrfse df Fimjldtl, déf ldtrl fs irmstéfs rfgedfs, ges ldtrl fs bårberfs, l
ifdtmdueve sldjf uge aredjl jmnlrldáe l nfdtl jl ifdnhmtfs ldtrl rfgedfs l bårberfs.
Mstf nfm lsplimehgldtl mgpfrtedtl pfrqul f bmspf jl Rfge (f pepe) irlsilu lg
mgpfrtâdim
mgpfr tâdimee l fs bmspfs frtfjfxfs df Fimjldtl
Fimjldtl i`laereg e ejqumr
ejqumrmr
mr pfjlr pfhçtmif
pfhçtmif l
rlhmamfsf. Fs bmspfs, í iherf, ifdsmjlreveg fs ehlgéls lg prmglmrf huaer ifgf
`lrlals.
E pfhçtmie jl Zlfjùsmf lg rlheáéf ef peaedmsgf lre mauehgldtl l mdirmvlhgldtl
smgphls l preagåtmie. Lhl perlil plssfehgldtl tlr eilmtf f irmstmedmsgf jl tfjf
ifreáéf, l lhl déf pfjme rlehgldtl ldtldjlr pfr qul ehauds plrsmstmrmeg lg slaumr
ldsmdfs ‘nehsfs‗. Ifgf rlsuhtejf, essmg ifgf lhl `evme vmstf e ifdtrfvírsme ermede
lg tlrgfs pråtmifs, lhl ifdsmjlrfu f peaedmsgf ifgf uge pråtmie ‘etreseje‗, nfre
jess pfhç
je pfhçtm
tmie
iess jl slu
slu tl
tlgp
gpf,
f, lgbfr
lgbfree ls
lstm
tmvls
vlssl
sl il
ilrt
rteg
egldt
ldtll jmsp
jmspfs
fstf
tf e tfhl
tfhlre
rerr f
 

 peaedmsgf je gemfrme jl slus ehmejfs alrgâdmifs l lhl gedtlvl bfes rlheáüls ifg
fnmimems peaéfs ifgf Yyggei`us. Essmg, ifgf fs mgplrejfrls irmstéfs edtlrmfrls e
lhl, Zlfjùsmf
Zlfjùsmf epfmeve f irmstmedmsgf l sl fpud`e ef peaedmsgf, prlnlrmdjf fs irmstéfs
e ierafs df afvlrdf l nfrdlildjf epfmf nmdedilmrf e marlces, gfstlmrfs l futrfs
lste
lstebl
blhl
hlim
imgl
gldt
dtfs
fs li
lihl
hlsm
smås
åstm
tmif
ifs,
s, f qul
qul ldif
ldifre
rece
ceve
ve f irirls
lsim
imgl
gldt
dtff ifdt
ifdtçd
çduf
uf jf
irmstmedmsgf jldtrf jf mgpírmf.
Zlfjùsmf, df ldtedtf, tfgfu gljmjes ifdtre fs iuhtfs peaéfs l fs rlstedtls
tl
tlgp
gphf
hfss peaé
 prlslrvejespeaéfs
dffs.Ifjlx
. Lstl
LstlssZ`lfjfsmedus
et
eteq
equl
ulss fn
fnmi
mime
, mems
ms ef peae
ifgpmhejfpeaedm
dmsg
plhfsgff sé
dltf séf
jff mgplrejfr
derr
derrej
ejfs
fs lgdes
des :90.
hlms
hlms
Lstls gfstreg qul déf lxmstme ug u g ódmif ‘ljmtf jl Zlfjùsmf‗ qul nli`essl fs tlgphfs
 peaéfs. E smtueáéf lre gumtf gems ifgphmieje l es ifdjmáüls hfiems prfvevlhgldtl
jlslgpld`ereg ug peplh gemfr jf qul quehqulr futre ifmse. Es hlms jl 909 l 90<
 prfmbmeg f seirmnçimf póbhmif, ges f peaedmsgf (ifgf smstlge jl irldáes) déf lre
 prfmbmjf, l f Lstejf déf tmd`e mdtlrlssl fu iepeimjejl jl mdtlrvmr df qul es plssfes
nezmeg lg pertmiuher. Essmg, déf `evme uge ódmie frjlg pere nli`er tfjfs fs
tlgphfs, ges déf `å jóvmje jl qul quedjf bmspfs, imjejls l irmstéfs mdjmvmjuems
 pljmeg pere nli`er huaerls mdjmvmjuems jl iuhtf peaéf, lstls lreg nrlqøldtlgldtl
rlilbmjfs nevfrevlhgldtl pfr fnmimems jf Lstejf. Gumtfs tlgphfs, slg jóvmje, nfreg
jlstruçjfs, ifg fu slg eprfveáéf fnmimeh. Lg pertl pfrqul fs tlgphfs plrtldimeg
fnmimehgldtl ef Lstejf, fs nudimfdårmfs mgplrmems alrehgldtl fs prftlameg, ges fs
tlgphfs lreg nrlqøldtlgldtl eteiejfs pfr bmspfs l etí glsgf pfr arupfs jl
gfdals, l fs ejgmdmstrejfrls nrlquldtlgldtl fh`eveg pere f futrf hejf. Ës vlzls e
 pfpuheáéf hfieh rlsmstme e lsses eáüls l tldteve mgpljmr e jlstrumáéf jl slus tlgphfs,
l e vmfhãdime fifrrme ifg nrlqøãdime.
\g jfs gems jregåtmifs l smgbùhmifs jlssls lvldtfs nfm e jlstrumáéf jf
Ylreplug lg Ehlxedjrme. Lstl tlgphf pere f jlus Ylrepms nfm ug jfs ljmnçimfs gems
negfsfs jf gudjf edtmaf. Lg 9=5, Zlùnmhf, f bmspf jl Ehlxedjrme, fbtlvl plrgmsséf
jf mgplrejfr pere ifdvlrtlr fs tlgphfs je imjejl lg marlces. F bmspf ldifdtrfu uge
lsiuhture
lsiuh ture fbsilde ldtrl fs ‘fbcltfs searejfs‗
searejfs‗ df tlgph
tlgphff jl Ylrepms
Ylrepms l jlsnmhfu
jlsnmhfu plhes
rues
rues e nmg
nmg jl zfgbzfgber
er jfs
jfs peaé
peaéfs
fs pfr
pfr sue
sue ‘mg
‘mgfr
freh
ehmj
mjej
ejl‗
l‗.. Fs peaé
peaéfs
fs nmie
nmiere
reg
g
mdjmadejfs
ug nmhùsfnfifg mssfrludmu
peaéf, l ug ug
tuguhtf
arupflihfjmu ldtrltfgfu
jl peaéfs, fs peaéfs l fs irmstéfs.
f Ylreplug Fhygpmfs,
l tredsnfrgfu-f
duge nfrtehlze. Fs peaéfs seçreg jf Ylreplug l lspediereg fs irmstéfs, ehauds jfs
quems trfuxlreg jl vfhte ef tlgphf, fdjl fs iruimnmiereg. F prlnlmtf  Euausteh _tçtuhf
jejf ef prlnlmtfW, f fnmimeh-i`lnl gmhmter df Lamtf, déf ifdslaumu rlsteurer e frjlg l
 busifu rlnfráf jes trfpes mgplrmems.
m gplrmems. Lstls nfreg jlspei`ejfs jl Ifdstedtmdfphe l e
rlvfhte ldtrfu lg ifhepsf. F Ylreplug nfm ldtéf ifdvlrtmjf lg uge marlce. Lg 9=5
l 9=2, Zlfjùs
Zlfjùsmfmf prfmbmu tfjfs fs iuhtfs
iuhtfs peaéfs,
peaéfs, lg póbhmif
póbhmif l lg pertmiuher
pertmiuher,, lgbfre
lgbfre
gems uge vlz e hlm ilrtegldtl déf pujlssl slr rmafrfsegldtl ephmieje.
Zlfjùsmf nfm e Mtåhme jl 900 l nmif etí 9=5, jlmxedjf f Frmldtl des géfs jl slu
nmh`f Eroejmfs, qul `evme smjf Euaustf jlsjl 909. Lg 9=5 f mgplrejfr rltfrdfu e
Ifdstedtmdfphe. Lhl jlmxfu ^ehldtmdmedf MM _nmh`f jl AreimedfW efs iumjejfs jl
Erbfaest, f geamstlr gmhmtug nredif, qul ecujfu Zlfjùsmf e jlrrfter Gexmgus _de
mjíme qul lhl nfssl f mgplrejfr jf fimjldtlW. Lg 9=2 ^ehldtmdmedf
^ehldtmdmedf tldtfu enmrger sue
mdjlpldjãdime jl Erbfaest, ges lhl hfaf nfm ldifdtrejf ldnfriejf, l Erbfaest
 

repmjegldtl prfihegfu Luaãdmf ifgf mgplrejfr.

Luaãdmf lre ug prfnlssfr jl rltùrmie l ug irmstéf mdjmnlrldtl, ges ldifdtrfu
epfmf ldtrl fs peaéfs qul sl fpud`eg ë pfhçtmie jl irmstmedmzeáéf jl Zlfjùsmf? fs
 peaéfs lsplreveg qul Luaãdmf pujlssl slr ug dfvf Cuhmedf, qul nevfrlilrme f
 peaedmsgf gems uge vlz. Lg 9=:, Zlfjùsmf geri`fu pere f flstl gems uge vlz l
ldnrldtfu Erbfaest l Luaãdmf df rmf Nrmamjus, df dfrtl je Mtåhme (> jl sltlgbrf jl
9=:). Zlfjùsmf nfm vmtfrmfsf l Erbfaest l Luaãdmf nfreg gfrtfs. Lste nfm e óhtmge
fpfrt
fpfrtudmjej
udmjejll jl tfhlrâdime jf peaedmsgf
mgpírmf. peaedmsgf fu jl uge pfhçtmie tfhlredtl
tfhlredtl prfpeaeje df
Zlfjùsmf tmd`e epldes :0 edfs, ges gfrrlu iljf lg 9=< lg Gmhéf. Lhl jlmxfu f
Frmldtl pere slu nmh`f Eroejmfs (qul tmd`e 51 fu 50 edfs) l f Fimjldtl pere slu nmh`f
@fdùrmf (qul tmd`e epldes 5; edfs)? egbfs lreg nmh`fs jl Elhme Nheiimhhe. Zlfjùsmf
sl iesfu dfvegldtl, jlste vlz ifg Aehe, e mrgé jl ^ehldtmdmedf MM (l, pfrtedtf, e
nmh`e
mh`e jl Areimreimed
edf)
f),, qul
qul ifdl
ifdlit
itfu
fu sue negçh
egçhme
me jmr
jmrlteg
ltegld
ldtl
tl ifg
ifg e jl sl slus
us
 prljlilssfrls? ifg lhe Zlfjùsmf tmd`e uge nmh`e, Aehe [heimjme, qul jlvlrme tlr uge
vmje hfdae l eamteje df Fimjldtl3 lspfse jl Ifdstâdimf MMM, gél jl ^ehldtmdmedf MMM l
evù jl [heimjme, lspfse jl Fhybrmus, mgplrejfr lg :12.
 

<
F Uumdtf Yíiuhf
9=< ’ Mgpírmf jmvmjmjf ldtrl Fimjldtl l Frmldtl
:;0 ’ :<; ’ Zlfjùsmf MM
:95 ’ Ifdiçhmf jl Ínlsf
:<5 ’ Ifdiçhmf je Iehiljúdme.
I ehiljúdme.
E Iese jl Zlfjùsmf df Frmldtl

Zlfjùsmf M nfm f óhtmgf afvlrdedtl jl ug Mgpírmf Rfgedf mdjmvmsf.

Lhl slaurfu e veste lxtldséf jf lstejf rfgedf nmrglgldtl lg slu
ehiedil, lg aredjl pertl ifgf rlsuhtejf je nfráe jl slu prùprmf ieråtlr l
sue lxplrmãdime l jltlrgmdeáéf ifgf ifgedjedtl gmhmter. Í uge jes
mrfd
mrfdme
mess je `m
`mst
stùr
ùrme
me,, pf
pfrt
rted
edtf
tf,, qu
qull fs er
erre
redc
dcfs
fs qul
qul lhl
lhl jl
jlmx
mxfu
fu pere
pere e
ejgmdmstreáéf jf lstejf rlsuhtereg df qul eiebfu sldjf sue jmvmséf
 plrgedldtl
geriereg e lg juesjegltejls,
jmvmséf qulf (plhf
Lurfpe. etí gldfs
prlsldtl lg ilrte
gfgldtf. Ehíggljmje)
jmssf,
lgbfre Zlfjùsmf l slu pem nfsslg `fglds gmhmterls, irmejfs de trejmáéf
rfgede je beteh`e, slus suilssfrls nfreg tfjfs irmejfs df pehåimf, l quesl
jfms síiuhfs sl pessermeg edtls qul fs mgplrejfrls vfhtesslg e ldtrer lg
iegpf _jl beteh`eW.
Ifgf gldimfdejf eimge, Zlfjùsmf `evme ifrfejf slus jfms nmh`fs,
Eroejmfs l @fdùrmf, blg edtls jl sue gfrtl l lhl déf jlmxfu jóvmjes jl
qul lhls jlvlrmeg suiljã-hf df trfdf. Eroejmfs (desimjf lg 911/0), df
ldtedtf, tmd`e epldes 51 edfs quedjf slu pem gfrrlu, ldquedtf @fdùrmf
tmd`e
sfb e epldes 55 edfs.
tutlhe jl Zlfjùsmf
Zlfjùsmf
mdjmvçjufs gemscå nfrtls,
`evme prlvmstf qulprltfrmedf
f prlnlmtf slus nmh`fsRunmdfs
lstmvlsslg
df
iesf jl Eroejmfs l jf petrçimf Ytmhmi`f (iucf pem lre ug vâdjehf) df iesf
jl @fdùrmf. E cuvldtujl jfs jfms mgplrejfrls l es mdtrmaes jfs mdjmvçjufs
 pfr trås jf trfdf hlvereg e jmnmiuhjejls, lsplimehgldtl quedjf
ifgbmdejes ifg e rlvfhte jl Ehermif, f ^msmafjf, hfaf epùs e gfrtl jl
Zlfjùsmf.
Ifgf slrme hlgbrejf, Zlfjùsmf M `evme lsteblhlimjf fs vmsmafjfs lg
tlrrmtùrmf rfgedf ef dfrtl l e flstl jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, fdjl vmvmeg
lssldimehgldtl sfb e curmsjmáéf jl slus prùprmfs hçjlrls. Lg pertl ifgf
rlsuhtejf
tfrdfu-sl jf ifdtetf
gems ifdtçduf
ifgphlxe l, deifg fs rfgedfs,
jíieje jl 9=;, fe sfimljejl vmsmaùtmie
hçjlr jfgmdedtl lre
Ehermif, qul slrvmre ifgf ifgedjedtl jf ifdtmdaldtl vmsmafjf de hute
 

ifdtre Luaãdmf. Jlilpimfdejf pfr déf tlr smjf dfglejf geamstlr gmhmtug,
Ehermif eprfvlmtfu e fpfrtudmjejl je gfrtl jl Zlfjùsmf pere rlvfhter-sl,
jlvester es årles nfre jl Ifdstedtmdfphe l etí glsgf egleáer e prùprme
imjejl. E rmvehmjejl ldtrl es ifrtls jf hlstl l jf flstl mgpljmu uge eáéf
lnlt
lnltmmve if
ifdt
dtre
re Eher
Ehermmif,
if, l lh
lhll jl
jlsi
silu
lu ë Ar Aríi
íimme l er
errl
rlbe
bettfu imje
imjejjls
jlsprftlamjes. Lg plhf gldfs jues fiesmüls, fs lxírimtfs fimjldtems jl
Ytmhmi`f
f mgpljmu tmvlreg Ehermif
jl eamr ë sue glriã,
l lhl plrgmtmu qul ges f jlseifrjf
Ehermif ifg
lsiepessl. e ifrtlprmglmrf
Ehermif jf hlstl
lsteblhlilu-sl ifgf ug pfjlr mdjlpldjldtl dfs Båhiés l, gems terjl, lg
:;5,
:; 5, lh
lhll mdve
mdvejm
jmuu e Mt
Mtåh
åhme
me.. Lssls
Lssls jl
jlse
sest
strl
rls,
s, eifp
eifphe
hejf
jfss eper
eperld
ldtl
tlgl
gldt
dtll ë
nrequlze jf prùprmf Eroejmf, ieusereg gujedáes de ifrtl jl
Ifdste
Ifd stedtm
dtmdfp
dfphe,
he, ifg RunRunmdf
mdfss sld
sldjf
jf sub
substm
stmtuç
tuçjf,
jf, prmglmr
prmglmrff plh
plhff lud
luduif
uif
Lutrùpmf (9=>-:;;), jlpfms plhe lspfse jl Eroejmfs, Lujfxme (:;;-:), l
nmdehgldtl plhf prlnlmtf prltfrmedf Edt`lgmfs (:;:-0), ifgf f pfjlr
jfgmdedtl lg Ifdstedtmdfphe. Ldquedtf mssf, e fpfsmáéf jlsldvfhvlu-sl
ifdtre Ytmhmi`f df Fimjldtl, l lhl nfm lxliutejf lg :;0. Ifg Rfge
lssldimehgldtl mdjlnlse,
Juredtl f rlmdejf jlEhermif
Eh ermif tfgfu
Eroejmfs, Cféfe Irmsùstfgf
imjejl l e sequlfu lg :5;.
slrvmu ifgf bmspf jl
Ifds
If dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he.. Cféf
Cféf `evm
`evmee sm
smjf
jf ir
irme
mejf
jf lg Ed Edtm
tmfq
fqum
umee l rlil
rlilbl
bluu ugugee
lxilhldtl
lxilhldtl ljuieáéf
ljuieáéf,, ges nfm etreç
etreçjf
jf plhf gfdestm
gfdestmimsgf
imsgf jf jlslrt
jlslrtff sçrmf, l
sues etmtujls nfreg geriejes plhe jurlze l esiltmsgf jequlhl egbmldtl.
Lhl aed`fu e rlputeáéf jl slr ug frejfr pfjlrfsf lg Edtmfqume l slus
slau
slaumj
mjfr
frls
ls nfre
nfreg g nede
nedetm
tmie
ieggld
ldtl
tl jl
jlvf
vfte
tejf
jfss e lhl,
lhl, nrlq
nrlqul
uldt
dtlg
lgld
ldtl
tl
epheujmdjf lg pfdtfs-i`evl jl slus slrgüls. Cféf nfm slhlimfdejf ifgf
 bmspf l hlvejf e Ifdstedtmdfphe lg 9=0, fdjl lhl mgljmetegldtl sl
ldvfhvlu des mdtrmaes pfhçtmies jl slus jmes, lg pertl pfr ieuse jl sue

 pfsmáéf
eblrtes ëmdtredsmaldtl ifdtre fhlvereg
mgplretrmz Lujfxme ermedmsgf
e suel ifdjldeáéf
e mgfrehmjejl.
lg Yues irçtmies
ug ifdslh`f
je marlce, ges e mdjmadeáéf pfpuher rlsuhtfu lg slu rltfrdf tlgpfrårmf,
etí qul slus mdmgmafs f nfráereg ef lxçhmf plrgedldtl lg :;;.
Cféf lre ug nfrtl jlnldsfr jfs jmrlmtfs je sí jl Ifdstedtmdfphe,
lsplimehgldtl ifdtre es rlmvmdjmieáüls jf bmspf jl Ehlxedjrme, qul etí
ldtéf tmd`e smjf f lpmsifpejf jfgmdedtl df Frmldtl rfgedf. Lstl nfm ug
 pessf mgpfrtedtl de esildséf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe e uge pfsmáéf ifgf f
 prmglmrf bmspejf jf Frmldtl. Cféf tegbíg sl fpús ë tldjãdime je ‘Lsifhe
Ehlxedjrmde‗ jl lxlalsl bçbhmie pere nevfrlilr mdtlrprlteáüls ehlaùrmies
fu smgbùhmies jes Lsirmtures. Cféf prlnlrme, ef ifdtrårmf, uge mdtlrprlteáéf
jmrlte, quesl hmtlreh, jfs tlxtfs l, slgprl, uge gfrehmjejl mdnhlxçvlh.
Eroejmfs gfrrlu submtegldtl lg :;0, ifg epldes 2= fu 9; edfs.
 

Jlmxfu pere trås slu nmh`f Zlfjùsmf MM, qul tmd`e epldes 1 edfs jl mjejl,
lgbfre tmvlssl smjf ifrfejf mgplrejfr quedjf tmd`e gldfs jl ug edf jl
mjejl. Lg pertl pfr ieuse jl sue cuvldtujl de ípfie jl sue esildséf, ges
tegbíg
teg bíg epe
eperld
rldtlg
tlgldt
ldtll ifg
ifgff rls
rlsuht
uhtejf
ejf jl slu prùprm
prùprmff tlg
tlgplr
plregl
egldtf
dtf,,
Zlfjùsmf nfm jfgmdejf pfr plrsfdehmjejls gems nfrtls, lsplimehgldtl pfr
sue mrgé gems vlh`e, [uhi`lrme, l sue lspfse Et`ldems-Lujfome. Ef glsgf
tlgpf, f rlmdejf
nrfdtlmres jl Zlfjùsmf
l plhe nehte nfm geriejf
jl mdnhuãdime pfr lxtrefrjmdårme
jfs gmhmterls pez des
de iepmteh frmldteh3 fs
 plrses déf eprlsldteveg dld`uge egleáe smadmnmietmve jf frmldtl l f
 pfjlr jl Åtmhe l jfs `udfs lre ifgprejf plhe fnlrte jl rmifs prlsldtls. E
 prmdimpeh prlfiupeáéf lstredalmre je ifrtl frmldteh lre rlsteurer e udmjejl
jf mgpírmf, lg aredjl pertl pfr glmf jl tldtetmves jmphfgåtmies jl
ifdqumster
ifdqu mster e ifrtl fimjldteh,
fimjldteh, lg pertl pfr glmf jl ieseg
iesegldtfs
ldtfs jmdåstm
jmdåstmifs.
ifs.
Lstes tldtetmves nmdehgldtl neh`ereg, lgbfre f Frmldtl tmvlssl ehmejfs
mgpfrtedtls de plssfe jl Aehe [heimjme l futrfs. Ef glsgf tlgpf, lssl
 plrçfjf tlstlgud`fu f qul sl rlvlhfu slrlg smadmnmietmves ifdilssüls jl
tlrrmtùrmfs df Fimjldtl
dfrtl je Ånrmie pere fs bårberfs, lsplimehgldtl e ifdqumste jf
plhfs vâdjehfs.
Lg :25, Zlfjùsmf
Zlfjùsmf iesfu-sl ifg Etldems, nmh`e jl ug nmhùsfnf peaéf jl
Etldes, qul ejftfu f dfgl jl Lujùxme jlpfms jl slu betmsgf. Lhe lre uge
guh`lr etreldtl l tehldtfse qul lsirlvme pflsmes, l lhe jlu ef mgplrejfr
trãs nmh`fs. Lhe rludmu lg tfrdf jl sm ug içriuhf jl plssfes ljuiejes l
 pfjlrfses qul prfiureveg ldnetmzer e iuhture trejmimfdeh l fs vehfrls
sliuherls rfgedfs. [fr ug tlgpf Lujùxme jfgmdfu e vmje de ifrtl, ges
[uhquírme gedtlvl sue prùprme besl jl pfjlr l hldtegldtl ifgláfu e
lihmpser e mdnhuãdime jl sue iud`eje. Lujùxme jlmxfu Ifdstedtmdfphe rugf

e Zlrre Yedte,
[uhi`lrme prmglmrf
nfm gems lg uge
uge vlz :90, aredjl
l jlpfms, nmdehgldtl,
nfráe de ifrtl. lg ::9, epùs f qul
Iurmfsegldtl, f afvlrdf jl Zlfjùsmf MM perlil tlr tmjf ug mdtlrlssl
rleh de nfrtmnm nmiieáéf jes imjejls l jf mdtlrmf rmfr jf mgpírírmmf. Ifgf
gldim
ldimfd
fdejejff eimg
eimge,
e, f prprln
lnlm
lmttf prprlt
ltfr
frmmed
edff Ed
Edt`
t`lg
lgmmfs lxpe
lxpedjdjmu
mu l
rlifdstrumu es gureh`es jl Ifdstedtmdfphe l `å lvmjãdimes jl etmvmjejl
smgmher lg futrfs huaerls, gems dftevlhgldtl e ifdstruáéf jf qul gems
te
terj
rjll nf
nfmm i`
i`eg
egej
ejff jl  @lxegmhmfd ("gurf jl slms gmh`es"), uge aredjl
 berrlmre etrevís jf mstgf jl Ofrmdt` de Aríime, prfcltejf pere bhfquler es
mdvesüls jl bårberfs ifgf e jl Ehermif df nmdeh jf síiuhf M^. F pflte
Oyrfs, je imjejl laçpime [edfpùhms, ifgf prlnlmtf je imjejl, tegbíg
ifdslrtfu es gureh`es jl Ifdstedtmdfphe epùs ug tlrrlgftf jlsestrfsf lg
:91.
 

E Ifdtrfvírsme Irmstfhùamie

Juredtl f rlmdejf jl Zlfjùsmf MM, ehauds jfs jlsldvfhvmgldtfs gems

mgpfrtedtls de pfhçtmie l de jfutrmde je marlce sl gedmnlstereg. Df quertf
síiu
síiuhf
hf,, e pr
prmd
mdim
impe
pehh qu
quls
lsté
téff tlfh
tlfhùa
ùami
miee lr
lree e if
ifdt
dtrf
rfví
vírs
rsme
me er
erme
mede
de,, qul
qul
lssldimehgldtl
Irmsté3 e qulstéfldvfhvme
prmdimpehf rlheimfdegldtf ldtrl fslre
lre sl f Nmh`f (Irmstf) glgbrfs je Zrmdjejl
tftehgldtl maueh ef
[em, mstf í, sl f Nmh`f lre ‘Je glsge substâdime ( `fgffusmfs)‗ qul f [em,
fu sl lhl lre jl ehaug gfjf ‘gldfs phldegldtl Jlus‗ jf qul f [em.
Ifg
If gf gldimldimfd
fdej
ejff ei
eimg
mge,
e, f If Ifddiçhm
içhmff jl Dmií
Dmiímme jl
jliimj
mjmu
mu ei
eilm
lmtter f
ldsmdegldtf jl qul Irmstf l f [em lreg egbfs phldegldtl Jlus, l mssf nfm
ifdnmrgejf df Ifdiçhmf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe lg 905.
Lsses jlimsüls, df ldtedtf, qul lsteveg egphegldtl rlheimfdejes ifg
es i`eg
i`egejejes
es 'qul
'qulst
stül
ülss trmd
trmdmt
mtårm
årmes
es'' (fu
(fu sl slce
ce,, es qul
qul jmzlg
jmzlg rlsp
rlsplm
lmtf
tf ës
rlheáüls ldtrl fs trãs glgbrfs je Zrmdjejl), l qul jlmxereg qulstüls slg
rlspfste mauei`egejes
dfrgehgldtl hgldtl
dtl jmjl
nçi
nçiqulstüls
lms sfbrlirmstfhùamies.
e plssfe [erejl I rmstf, eququlstéf
ifhfier l séf
jl gedlmre gumtf smgphls, sl Irmstf nfssl phldegldtl Jlus (ifgf jmssl
 Dmiíme), ifgf pfjlrme lhl slr phldegldtl ug slr `ugedf6 L sl lhl déf
nfssl tftehgldtl ug slr `ugedf, ifgf pfjlrme e sue gfrtl l seirmnçimf de
iruz slr lnmiez de sehveáéf je `ugedmjejl6 E lstl rlsplmtf, e jlimséf jl
 Dmiíme perlilu e ehauges plssfes nevfrlilr ug rmafrfsf tmpf jl
gfdft
fdftlç
lçsg
sgff df ququeeh f lhlg
lhlgld
ldtf
tf `ug
`ugededff nf
nfmm su
subbls
lstm
tmg
gejf
jf,, l mss
ssff
rlssusimtfu vlh`es ifdtrfvírsmes sfbrl ifgf f prùprmf Jlus jlvlrme slr
vmstf l ifgf fs `ugedfs jlvlrmeg ldtldjlr slu rlheimfdegldtf ifg Lhl.

 Deturehgldtl,
jf quertf síiuh lsses
f, lheslreg
síiuhf, qulstüls
nfreg jmnçilms
ebfrjejes pfr l,mdtlh
ifgf
mdtlhlituedemsifdtrfvírsme
lituems l tlùhf
tlùhfafs er
ermede
mede
afs usedjf
es trejmáüls l e tlrgmdfhfame je nmhfsfnme arlae. Ifgf jmsslgfs edtls, lsse
trejmáéf nmhfsùnmie lre mjleh pere teh terlne, lgbfre es tldjãdimes jmnlrldtls
jes lsifhes tlfhùamies eugldtesslg e prfbebmhmjejl jl jmsifrjâdimes fu
jmvmsüls sírmes jldtrf je marlce qul, jeje e vmséf prlvehlildtl jlsjl f
tlgpf jl Ifdstedtmdf l Lusíbmf, tlrme sírmes regmnmieáüls pere f mgpírmf
ifgf ug tfjf. F mgplrejfr lsteve ilrtf jl lster ldvfhvmjf, uge vlz qul
lhl alrehgldtl eirljmteve qul f suilssf jl slu rlmdejf jlpldjme jf epfmf
jl Jlus, qul (pfr sue vlz) jlpldjlrme lg aredjl pertl jf epfmf jf
mgplrejfr ës pfsmáüls tlfhùamies ifrrltes l ë suprlsséf je `lrlsme.
Í if
ifg
gug ne nehher jl jues
jues "ls
lsif
ifhe
hes"
s" jm
jmnl
nlrl
rlddtls
tls jl tlf lfhhfa
famme, e jl
Ehlxedjrme l e jl Edtmfqume. Zeh jmstmdáéf í uge smgphmnmieáéf lxilssmve,
 

ges pfjl slr ótmh fbslrver e gedlmre ifgf lstes enltereg es ifdtrfvírsmes
irmstfhùamies. E trejmáéf ehlxedjrmde, gldimfdeje eimge, besleve-sl des
mjímes jf dlfphetfdmsgf, pfms `evmeg smjf ejeptejes ef irmstmedmsgf df
síiuhf MMM pfr Frçaldls l Ihlgldtl jl Ehlxedjrme. Ldtrl fs prmdiçpmfs jf
ldsmdf ehlxedjrmdf lsteve uge mdtlrprlteáéf ehlaùrmie (l déf hmtlreh) je
Bçbh
Bç bhme
me (l
(lsp
spli
lime
mehg
hgld
ldtl
tl f Ed
Edtm
tmaf
af Zls
lste
teg
gldtf
ldtf)) l ug
ugee nf
nfrt
rtll ãd
ãdne
nesl
sl de
jmvmdjejl (lg fpfsmáéf
jlsldvfhvlu-sl ë `ugedmjejl)
lg fpfsmáéf ës mjímes jejl Irmstf.
Lsifhe E Lsifhe Edtmfqumede
Ehlxedjrmde, l ldnetmzfu
uge mdtlrprlteáéf `mstùrmie fu glsgf hmtlreh je Bçbhme l je `ugedmjejl jl
Irms
Irmstf
tf (lgb
(lgbfr
free dé
déff dl
dlae
aedj
djff su
suee jmvm
jmvmdj
djej
ejl)
l)?? e trej
trejmá
máéf
éf edtm
edtmfq
fqul
ulde
de,,
 pfrtedtf, ldnetmzeve es jues deturlzes jl Irmstf (`ugedf
(`ugedf l jmvmdf).

E Ifdtrfvírsme
Ifdtrfvírsme Dlstfrmede3 F Ifdiçhmf jl Ínlsf (:95)

Lg :20 Zlfjùsmf MM slhlimfdfu Dlstùrmf ifgf bmspf jl

Ifdstedtmdfphe. F dfvf bmspf lre jf glsgf glmf qul Cféf Irmsùstfgf, l
lre, ifgf
frejfr slu negfsf
l nredif prljlilssfr,
ejvlrsårmf ug esilte
jl `lrlsme. Jlsjlifg rlputeáéf
f mdçimf, jl pfjlrfsf
Dlstùrmf aed`fu
mdmgmafs lg Ifdstedtmdfphe, lg pertl pfr sue ifdjldeáéf jl cfafs l
tletrfs l slus etequls ifdtre fs ermedfs? lhl tegbíg aed`fu e mdmgmzejl je
mgplretrmz [uhi`lrme. Lg :2= Dlstùrmf prfnlrmu ug negfsf slrgéf df queh
sl fpud`e ef usf jf tlrgf Z`lftfofs (hmtlrehgldtl, f "pfrtejfr jl Jlus",
fu ‘Gél jl Jlus‗) pere e ^mralg Germe. Es mjímes jl Dlstùrmf déf séf
gumtf ifd`limjes, pfrqul fuvmgfs neher jlhls prmdimpehgldtl jl slus
mdmgmafs, ges lg alreh lhl sl fpül ë mjíme jl qul f prùprmf Jlus pfsse
desilr ifgf slr `ugedf? edtls, lhl prlnlrmu user f tlrgf I`rmstftfofs  (e

G él jl Irm
mgljmetegldtl, rmsstf)hmjlreje
pere epfr^mImrmhf,
ralg
lg.. fEbmspf
fpfsjl
máéfEhlxedjrme,
e Dlstùrmfrmlf etí
lgilrtf
lram
amuu
 pfdtf e ifdtrfvírsme pfjl slr vmste ifgf uge hute ldtrl es lsifhes
tlfh
fhùùamies jl Edtmfqume l Ehlxedjrme. Fs mdmgmafs jl Dlstù stùrmf
rmf
eraugldtereg qul f bmspf ldsmdfu qul `evme "jfms Irmstfs", ug qul lre
tftehgldtl Jlus l ug qul tegbíg lre `ugedf, l e eiuseáéf gems sírme
ifdtre lhl nfm qul lhl slperfu lssls jfms esplitfs jl Irmstf gems jf qul
slus
sl us fpfd
fpfdldldtl
tlss plplds
dsev
eveg
eg slslrr ep
eprf
rfpr
prme
mejf
jf.. Essm
Essmg,
g, fs jfms
jfms hejf
hejfss dédéff
lsteveg téf jmstedtls quedtf ehauds fbslrvejfrls gfjlrdfs pfjlrmeg
mgea
mg eamd
mder
er.. Eg
Egbf bfss ififdi
difr
frje
jereg
reg qu qull Ir
Irmst
mstff lre
lre `u`uge
gedfdf l jmvm
jmvmdfdf,, ge
gess
jmsi
jmsifr
frje
jeve
vegg sf sfbr
brll e gegedl
dlmr
mree pl
plhe
he queh
queh lslssl
slss jf
jfms
ms es
espl
plit
itfs
fs ls lste
teve
vegg
udmjfs.
F mgmgplplre
rejfjfrr ep
epfm
fmfu
fu nf
nfrt
rtlg
lgld
ldtl
tl slu
slu bmbmsp
spf,
f, ges lhl lhl nmde
nmdehg
hgldldtl
tl
 

ifdifrjfu lg tlr e qulstéf jlbetmje pfr ug ifdiçhmf liugãdmif lg Ínlsf

(df flstl je Åsme Gldfr) lg :95. F ifdslh`f lsteve, jlsjl f mdçimf,
lssldimehgldtl sfb f ifdtrfhl jl Imrmhf jl Ehlxedjrme, l Dlstùrmf nfm hfaf
ifdjldejf l ldvmejf pere f lxçhmf. Zlfjùsmf MM déf nmifu deje setmsnlmtf
ifg lstl rlsuhtejf, ges df nmdeh i`lafu e eilmtå-hf. Dlstùrmf, df ldtedtf,
aed`fu gumtfs ejlptfs qul sl rliusereg e ifdifrjer ifg e ifdjldeáéf
jl
lgslu hçjlrLhls
Irmstf. l qulei`eveg
epfmeregqul
sueesvmséf je rlheáéf
jlimsüls ldtrl f jl
jf Ifdiçhmf jmvmdf l f `ugedf
Iehiljúdme, lg
:<5 (vlr ebemxf) custmnmieveg sue pfsmáéf, l eiebereg lsteblhlildjf sue
 prùprme fraedmzeáéf lihlsmåstmie l sue prùprme `mlrerqume. E gemfrme jfs
ejlptfs jf dlstfrmedmsgf lsteve de Yçrme l, jlsjl qul nfreg plrslaumjfs
 pfr déf eirljmterlg df Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf, gumtfs jlhls gmarereg pere e
[írsme, Eråbme l glsgf pere f hlstl, pere e Åsme Ildtreh, Çdjme l etí pere e
I`mde, fdjl gedtmvlreg marlces etí f prlsldtl.

Gfdfnmsmsgf l f Ifdiçhmf je Iehiljúdme (:<5)

Essmg, f Ifdiçhmf jl Ínlsf nfm uge vmtùrme pere e tlfhfame ehlxedjrmde

l, je glsge nfrge, pere f bmspf jl Ehlxedjrme. Déf fbstedtl, ehauds
tlùhfafs lg Ifdstedtmdfphe tlglreg ug rldesimgldtf jf dlstfrmedmsgf
df nmdeh jfs edfs ::;, l lhls prlssmfdereg sues mjímes tehvlz gems hfdal jf
qul prltldjmeg nezlr. F hçjlr jlssl gfvmgldtf nfm f gfdal Lutmquls, qul
ldsmdfu qul Irmstf tmd`e epldes uge deturlze ( p`ysms
 p`ysms) - l lsse lre jmvmde.
Lhl nfm ifgbetmjf pfr Nhevmedf, f bmspf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, ges lhl nfm
epfmejf pfr Jmfsofrfs, f bmspf jl Ehlxedjrme. Lsse ifdtrfvírsme slrme
rlsfhvmje df slaudjf Ifdiçhmf jl Ínlsf (::=, gumtes vlzls i`egejf jl

‘Ifdslh`f
Jmfsofrfs ljfsslusHejrüls‗,
slaumjfrlspfrqul tlrgmdfulg
déf `lsmtereg lgmdtmgmjer
ifdsmjlråvlh vmfhãdime).
fs jlhlaejfs ef
ifddsl
if slhh`f
`f,, l lhls
lhls,, pfr
frtted
edttf, lx
lxfd
fdlr
lrer
ereg
eg Lu
Luttmqu
quls
ls l ififddjl
jldder
ereg
eg l
jlpuslreg Nhevmedf, qul gfrrlu hfaf lg slaumje ifgf rlsuhtejf jlssl
tretegldtf.
Lg :<;,
:<;, df ldldte
tedt
dtf,
f, Zlf
lfjù
jùsm
smff MM gf
gfrr
rrlu
lu rlpl
rlpldt
dtmd
mdeg
egld
ldtl
tl lg ug
eimjldtl jl ieáe. Dld`ug prlperetmvf `evme smjf nlmtf pere e suilsséf, l f
 pfjlr deturehgldtl iemu pere _e remd`eW [uhi`lrme, qul `evme smjf Euauste
jl :5: l qul tmd`e gumtfs epfmejfrls de ifrtl, lsplimehgldtl equlhls qul
jmsifrjeveg jes pfhçtmies rlildtlgldtl jlnldjmjes pfr slu mrgéf. Fs
 pertmjårmfs jl [uhi`lrme, df ldtedtf, ei`eveg
ei`eveg qul lhe déf pfjlrme afvlrder
f mgpírmf lg slu prùprmf dfgl, ldtéf lhe sl iesfu ifg Geriméf, ug
fnmimeh gmhmter mjfsf, qul `evme submjf ef pfjlr ifgf ug essfimejf jl
 

Esper Ehed, ug pfjlrfsf ifgedjedtl bårberf qul jfgmdeve f lxírimtf

dfs óhtmgfs edfs jl Zlfjùsmf MM. \ge ifdjmáéf jf iesegldtf lre qul
Geriméf rlsplmtessl e vmramdjejl je mgplretrmz. [uhi`lrme cå lstmvlre lg
ifdtetf ifg f [epe Hléf M sfbrl es jlimsüls jf ‘Ifdslh`f jfs hejrüls‗,
qul lhe ifdsmjlreve mdeilmtåvlms. F pepe l f dfvf mgplrejfr Geriméf
ifdi
ifdifr
frje
jere
reg
g ifg
ifg [u[uhi
hi`l
`lrm
rmee l ug df
dfvf
vf if
ifds
dslh
lh`f
`f nf
nfmm i`
i`eg
egej
ejff pe
pere
re
mdvlstmaer
Iehiljúdme,fugessudtf dfvegldtl.
subórbmf Nfm rlehmzejf
jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, lgesmåtmie
de ifste futubrfjfjl :<5 de
Bùsnfrf.
Jlsjl f mdçimf, nmifu iherf qul f dfvf ifdiçhmf rlvlrtlrme es jlimsüls
jf Ifdiçhmf jfs Hejrüls, l gumtfs bmspfs sl eprlssereg lg enmrger qul
`evmeg smjf ifeamjfs plhe vmfhãdime jfs laçpimfs l slus pertmjårmfs lg
Ínlsf, lg ::=. F [epe Hléf déf pertmimpfu je rludméf, ges ldvmfu slus
subfrjmdejfs, qul hlveveg ifdsmaf uge jlihereáéf jl ní alrehgldtl
jlsirmte ifgf f ‘Zfgf jl Hléf‗, l mssf nfm eilmtf plhf ifdslh`f ifgf
ugee ifgp
ug ifgprlrlld
ldsé
séff ej
ejlq
lque
ueje
je jf irirms
mstm
tmed
edms
msgf
gf fr
frtf
tfjf
jfxf
xf.. F ififds
dslh
lh`f
`f,,
 pfrtedtf, prfihegfu qul Irmstf tmd`e jues deturlzes ( p`yslms
 p`yslms), `ugedes l

jmvmde,
eilmteáéfl qul
jes lstes
jues lreg tftehgldtl
deturlzes udmjes
jl Irmstf nfm slg jmvmséf fu
ifdsmjlreje pfrslpereáéf. Yue
ehauds ifgf
tldjf vfhtejf efs ldsmdegldtfs jl Dlstùrmf (l f prùprmf Dlstùrmf - qul
emdje lsteve vmvf - ehlafu qul lssl lre f iesf). Ef glsgf tlgpf, f
ifdiçhmf rlehgldtl déf rlsfhvlu f jmhlge, cå qul pretmiegldtl tfjfs fs
 pertmimpedtls jf jlbetl ifdifrjereg qul `evme jues deturlzes lg Irmstf.
F jlseifrjf ildtreve-sl de iereitlrmzeáéf jf gfjf ifgf es deturlzes
`ug
`u ged
edee l jm
jmvm
vmde
de sl udme
udmeg.
g. Lg tftfjf
jf iesf
iesf,, ef if
ifdj
djld
lder
er Lu
Lutm
tmqu
quls
ls l
Jmfsofrfs, f ifdslh`f esslaurfu qul aredjls pfráüls je marlce jf Lamtf sl
rliusermeg e eilmter slu ldsmdegldtf.
E pertmr
marlce irmsté. jlstl gfgldtf
Í vlrjejl qul pfjlgfs vlr uge edtls.
imsges lxmstmreg jmvmséfFssmadmnmietmve de
ermedfs dudie
`evmeg eilmtejf f Ifdiçhmf jl Dmiíme, ges nfreg geramdehmzejfs jlpfms
jl 905. Fs dlstfrmedfs sl rliusereg e eilmter f Ifdiçhmf jl Ínlsf, ges
 pessereg e vmvlr lssldimehgldtl nfre jf mgpírmf. Fs gfdfnmsmstes, df
ldtedtf - ifgf fs ejvlrsårmfs jl Iehiljúdme pessereg e slr i`egejfs -
vmvmeg lg ehauges jes pertls gems pfpuhfses l mgpfrtedtls jf mgpírmf,
df Lamtf l (ieje vlz gems) de Yçrme. Aredjl pertl je `mstùrme rlhmamfse jfs
 prùxmgfs 2;; edfs (l tehvlz etí ehíg jlhe) pfjl slr vmste ifgf uge hute
 pere ldifdtrer uge sfhuáéf, fu ug ifgprfgmssf, pere fs prfbhlges
rlsuhtedtls jes jlimsüls tfgejes de Iehiljúdme, lg :<5.
Jlpfms jf ifdiçhmf, f mgplrejfr tldtfu mgpfr ug bmspejf
iehi
iehilj
ljúd
údme
medf
df (mss
(mssff í "jmfnmsmste") lg Eh
Ehlx
lxed
edjr
jrmme, ges fs laçp
laçpim
imfs
fs -
 

mdihumdjf e gemfrme jfs prùprmfs bmspfs - rliusereg-sl e iffplrer, l ug

dfvf bmspf sù pfjlrme slr mgpfstf plhe nfráe jfs breáfs mgplrmems. E
fpfsmáéf lre nfrtl lg Ehlxedjrme, ges tehvlz nfssl emdje gemfr des ehjlmes
l gfsfsttlm
lmrf
rfss jf peçs?
eçs? epls
eplser
er jf jfg
fgççdm
dmff jf arl
rlaf
af de
dess imje
imjejl
jls,
s, fs
iegpfdlsls ifdtmduereg e neher e hçdaue laçpime, qul nfm lsirmte lg ug
ehnebltf beslejf df arlaf l ifd`limjf pfr dùs ifgf ifpte. [fr lste rezéf,
fs `mstfrmejfrls
ifgf alrehgldtl
ifptes, jlsjl sl rlnlrlg
sue hmturame efsetí
l tlfhfame, irmstéfs gfdfnmsmtes
hmtlreture jf Lamtf
nfm ieje vlz gems
lsirmte de hçdaue ifpte. Je glsge nfrge, fs gfdfnmsmtes je Yçrme séf
ifgugldtl rlnlrmjfs ifgf ceifbmtes, jlpfms jl slu hçjlr Ceifb Berejelus
(<10 j.I.), l lhls useveg ieje vlz gems e hçdaue hfieh, smrçeie, lg sues
 pubhmieáüls l iuhtfs rlhmamfsfs. Ifgf rlsuhtejf jlsses jmvmsüls, je ípfie
jl Iehiljúdme lg jmedtl, gumtes jes aredjls imjejls je pertl frmldteh jf
mgpírmf tmd`eg jfms bmspfs, ug nmlh ef mgplrejfr l fs ldsmdegldtfs jf
ifdslh`f, l ug gfdfnmsmste.

Edeståimf M (:=5 ’ <5=)

Epùs e gfrtl jl Geriméf lg :<1 essugmu Hléf M (:<1 ’ :1:) l jlpfms
Hléf MM (:1:) l jlpfms Sldf (:1: ’ :=5), l ifg e gfrtl jf f mgplrejfr
Sldf lg :=5, l f pfjlr lsteve df gfgldtf des géfs jl sue vmóve
Ermejdl. Mdjf ifdtre fs jlslcfs jf prùprmf Sldf, Ermejdl lsifh`lu ifgf
mgplre
mgp lrejfr
jfr ug fnm
fnmime
imehh gm
gmhmt
hmter
er rlhetm
rlhetmveg
vegldt
ldtll mdj
mdjmst
mstmdt
mdtff jl esi
esildj
ldjãdi
ãdime
me
juvmjfse i`egejf Edeståimf. Edeståimf lre ug mgplrejfr jljmiejf l
rlhetm
rlhetmveg
vegldt
ldtll blg-su
blg-suilj
iljmjf
mjf iuc
iucff hfd
hfdaf
af rlmdej
rlmdejff trf
trfuxl
uxl lst
lstebm
ebmhmj
hmjejl
ejl l
 prfsplrmjejl ef mgpírmf l, mdqølstmfdevlhgldtl,
mdqølstmfdevlhgldtl, pevmgldtfu f iegmd`f
 pereLhl
e ‘mjejl jl furf‗
lre ug jl Custmdmedf
ejgmdmstrejfr e slaumr.
slaumr.l ifg ug fh`f rleh pere fs
iumjejfsf
jlteh`ls jes nmdedáes jf Lstejf. Lhl prfiurfu rlifdstrumr es imjejls jf
mgpí
mg pírm
rmff lg pepert
rtll etre
etreví
víss jf md
mdil
ildt
dtmv
mvff ef ififg
gírim
írimf.
f. Eieb
Eiebfu
fu if
ifg
g f
i`ryserayrfd, ug mgpfstf qul rlieme sfbrl mdtlrlssls ifglrimems l - lg
:=:: - lh
:= lhll rlnf
rlnfrg
rgfu
fu e iud ud``ea
ealg
lg jl _g _gflflje
jess jlW brbrfd
fdzl
zl mg
mgpl
plrm
rmeh
eh,,
substmtumdjf f plquldf duggm quesl slg vehfr pfr uge aredjl gflje :;
vlzls f slu vehfr dfgmdeh. Lsse rlnfrge nfm prfclteje, plhf gldfs lg
 pertl, pere lstebmhmzer es gfljes jl brfdzl jes quems f ifgírimf jl
 plqulde lsiehe jlpldjme. Edeståimf tegbíg rlgfvlu f údus je ifhlte jl
mgpf
mg pfst
stfs
fs jfs iurmehls  hfiems, ifhfiedjf-fs des géfs jl rlmvmdjmieáüls
mdjmiejes plhf Lstejf. Edeståimf lre ug ifdstrutfr ldíramif l lsteve
lsplimehgldtl ldvfhvmjf de ifdstruáéf jl jlnlses jl nrfdtlmre l marlces lg
 

vårmes pertls jf mgpírmf. Eplser jes jlsplses essfimejes e lhls, es sùhmjes

 pfhçtmies nmdedilmres jf mgplrejfr trfuxlreg sue rlifgpldse l, lg sue
gfrtl, f tlsfurf tlrme ifdtmjf 92;.;;; hmbres jl furf.
Edest
Ed eståi
åimf
mf perl
perlil
il tl
tlrr sm
smjf
jf pl
plss
ssfe
fehg
hgld
ldtl
tl rlhm
rlhmam
amfs
fsff l ug if
ifdv
dvmi
mitf
tf
gfdfnmsmste? edtls jl sue esildséf ef trfdf, etí sualrmu qul lhl nfssl
dfglejf bmspf gfdfnmsmste jl Edtmfqume. Ef hfdaf jl slu rlmdejf, lhl
jlmxfu f  @ldftmofd
tldtetmves jl dfgler  ifgf
bmspfsuge pfhçtmie fnmimeh
gfdfnmsmstes jf Lstejf
lg imjejls l nlz vårmes
mgpfrtedtls. Mssf
smadmnmieve qul lhl `evme lstrlmtejf es rlheáüls ifg f pepejf l f Fimjldtl
lg alreh? f pepejf lxmamu qul tfjfs fs bmspfs frmldtems eilmtesslg fs
ldsmdegldtfs jl Iehiljúdme slg rlslrves, l es jmsiussüls prfpfstes ldtrl
es pertls déf tmvlreg suilssf. E tldtetmve jl Edeståimf jl mgpfr ug bmspf
gfdfnmsmste e Ifdstedtmdfphe lg <55 hlvfu ë rlvfhte jl ^mtehmedf de
Zråime. ^mtehmedf perlil qul déf qulrme jlrruber Edeståimf, ges nfráå-hf e
eilmter Iehiljúdme? f rlblhjl, df ldtedtf, nfm jlrrftejf lg <5< l e rlvfhte
ldtrfu lg ifhepsf.
E sfimljejl
sfimlj
síiuhf. Lssesejl bmzedtmdedéf
gujedáes gujfu jltéf
nfreg gedlmre smadmnmietmve
rlpldtmdes juredtl ifgf
fu jregåtmies f qumdtf
es
jf síiuhf M^, qul pfjlg slr vmstes ifgf gujedáes rlems jl jmrláéf. Lg
vlz jmssf, fs nldúgldfs jf qumdtf síiuhf pfjlg slr glh`fr ldtldjmjfs
ifgf
ifgf jl jlsl
sldv
dvfh
fhvmg
vmgldldtf
tfss be
besl
slej
ejfs
fs df smst
smstlg
lgee bå
båsm
smif
if ls
lste
tebl
blhl
hlim
imjf
jf df
 plrçfjf edtlrmfr
edtlrmfr.. Lhls nfreg, df ldtedtf, mgpfrtedtls, pfms irmereg es
nfrges l smstlges qul plrgedlilrmeg lg aredjl pertl plhf rlstf jf
Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf l ehíg.
 

>
E Ípfie jl Custmdmedf
<21 ’ Custmdmedf mgplrejfr.
<92 ’ E Rlvfhte jl Dmoe.
<99 ’ <9: ’ E ifdqumste jf Dfrtl je Ånrmie.
<9< ’ <92 ’ E Ifdqumste je Mtåhme.
F rlmdejf jl Custmdmedf í ifgugldtl ifdsmjlrejf ifgf e Mjejl jl
Furf jf plrçfjf bmzedtmdf mdmimeh. F mgplrejfr l sue ifdsfrtl Zlfjfre séf
jues jes plrsfdehmjejls bmzedtmdes gems ifd`limjes, l juredtl lssl tlgpf
e mdilrtlze jfs edfs edtlrmfrls nfm substmtuçje plhe ifdnmedáe l uge dfve
sçdtlsl je sfimljejl edtmae l irmsté. F rlmdejf jl Custmdmedf slrå slgprl
essfimejf ë rlifdqumste jf Fimjldtl, qul quesl prfvfifu e rlsteureáéf jf
edtmaff Mgpírmf
edtma Mgpírmf Rfgedf, l lhl lsterå slgprl hmaejf ë ifdst
ifdstruáéf
ruáéf je marlc
marlcee
jl @eame Yfp`me, ug jfs sçgbfhfs prllgmdldtls jfs bmzedtmdfs ifgf ug
tfjf. Ertl l hmtlreture nhfrlsilreg sfb slu jfgçdmf, l slus nudimfdårmfs
rlehmzereg uge sçdtlsl lxtrefrjmdermegldtl ifgphlte jf jmrlmtf rfgedf
qul slrvmu jl besl pere fs smstlges curçjmifs jl aredjl pertl je Lurfpe etí
fs jmes etuems. Lhl nfm ug jfs pfuifs mgplrejfrls bmzedtmdfs iuces mjímes
sfbrl f slu pfjlr nfreg ifrrlspfdjmjes pfr ug ifdsmjlråvlh areu jl
rlehmjejl. Es plrsfdehmjejls jf mgplrejfr - l emdje gems, je mgplretrmz -
tãg smjf fbcltf jl gumte jmsiusséf l etí glsgf nfif jl rfgedils l nmhgls
 pfpuherls, lg aredjl pertl pfr ieuse jes jlsirmáüls arånmies nfrdlimjes
 plhf `mstfrmejfr je ípfie, [rfofpmfs.

Edtliljldtls3 F Rlmdf jl Custmdf M

F mgplrejfr Edeståimf déf tmd`e nmh`fs, jl gfjf qul, epùs e sue
gfrtl lg <50, e pfsmáéf lsteve prfdte pere slr tfgeje. @fuvl turbuhãdime
de ififrt
rtl,
l, ge
gess f pfpfjl
jlrr hf
hfaf
af nf
nfmm tf
tfg
gej ejff pl
plhf
hf if
ifgged
edjejedt
dtll mj
mjfs
fsff jfs
jfs
lxofubmtfrls   (fs
(fs au
auer
erje
jess jf pe
pehå
håim
imf)
f),, Cu
Cust
stmd
mdf.
f. Ifgf
Ifgf gumt gumtfs
fs jl slus
slus
edtlilssfrls, Custmdf `evme sl hlvedtejf jl ug nudjf `ugmhjl des årles jl
hçdaue hetmde jfs Båhiés. Lhl tmd`e vmdjf e Ifdstedtmdfphe lg busie jl sue
nfrt
nf rtud
ude,
e, gegetrm
trmiu
iuhe
hejf
jf df lx lxír
írim
imtf
tf,, l su
submbmuu de
dess nmhl
nmhlmr
mres
es,, slrvm
slrvmdj
djff if
ifgf
gf
ifgedjedtl des aulrres jl Edeståimf M. Custmdf usfu sue pfsmáéf ifg fs
lxofubmtfrls   l, eperldtlgldtl,
aeredtmr f trfdf l mgljmetegldtlsue prùprme uge
lsteblhlilr mdtlhmaãdime
pfhçtmie lgumtf
estóime, pere
jmnlrldtl
je jf slu edtlilssfr. [fr lxlgphf, lhl lxmhfu ehauds jfs epfmejfrls jl
 

Edestå
Edes tåim
imff l rl
rlhl
hlgb
gbrf
rfuu jl futr
futrfs
fs md
mdjm
jmvç
vçju
jufs
fs ququll `e
`evm
vmeg
eg ieçj
ieçjff lg
jlsareáe. E trejmáéf pfstlrmfr enmrge qul f sfbrmd`f jl Custmdf, Custmdmedf,
lre e nfráe pfr trås jf trfdf jl slu tmf jlsjl f mdçimf, l pfjl `evlr ehauge
vlrjejl dmssf, cå qul Custmdmedf nfm lsifh`mjf pere fiuper f ifdsuhejf cå
lg <25.
 Df alreh, e pfhçtmie jl Custmdf beslfu-sl de jltlrgmdeáéf jl busier e
 pez ifgdef Mtåhme.
rfgede Fimjldtl, fu slce,
E rlildtl f pepejf
pfhçtmie l f jfs
rlhmamfse rlgedlsildtl jetfrdfu
mgplrejfrls ermstfireime
lsses
rlheáüls jmnçilms l, mgljmetegldtl epùs e esildséf jl Custmdf, ug sçdfjf
je marlce hfieh nfm rlehmzejf lg Ifdstedtmdfphe, qul enmrgfu uge pfsmáéf
jl Iehiljúdme l ifdjldfu uge sírml jl bmspfs gfdfnmsmstes prflgmdldtls.
Mstf nfm slaumjf pfr uge sírml jl sçdfjfs slglh`edtls lg tfjf f Frmldtl.
E ifdjldeáéf jfs bmspfs gfdfnmsmstes nfm mgpfste plhf mgplrejfr, l
gumtfs nfreg pere f lxçhmf, lsplimehgldtl pere f Lamtf, mdihumdjf Ylvlrf
jl Ed
Edtm
tmfq
fqum
ume,
e, qu
qull sl tfrd
tfrdfu
fu f pr prmd
mdim
impe
pehh pf
pfrt
rte-
e-vf
vfzz jf gfd
fdfn
fnms
msms
msgf
gf
gfjlrejf. Df nmdeh jl <50, f trmbudeh jf hlstl ldvmfu iertes ef pepe,
 busiedjf f nmg
Ylaumreg-sl jf imsgejmnçilms,
dlafimeáüls eoeomedf,gesqul ieusere`evme
f imsge edfssmjf
jl jmsifrjâdime.
lnltmvegldtl
iurejf l e ifrtl jl Ifdstedtmdfphe lsteve nmrglgldtl iehiljfdmede lg
sldtmgldtf.
Mrfdmiegldtl, f eifrjf ldtrl f mgplrejfr l f pepe hlvfu e ug
earevegldtf jes rlheáüls ifg f rlm fstrfafjf Zlfjfrmif lg Revldde.
Ldquedtf f pepe l f mgplrejfr sl fpuslsslg, Zlfjfrmif pfjme sl sldtmr
slaurf lg ifdnmer lg slus essudtfs frtfjfxfs, ges eafre qul fs jfms
lsteveg dfvegldtl lg bfds tlrgfs, Zlfjfrmif sl sldtmu egleáejf. E
smtueáéf pmfrfu quedjf Custmdf jlimjmu prlssmfder gems etmvegldtl plhe
lh
lhmg
gmgmd
fdmdeá
fdfnfnmeáéf
sméf
msmsg f,jege`l
sgf, `lrl
s rlsm
sme
tegebí
teg bígdf fFr
g Frmemrm
ldt
ldedms
tl,msg
rmed gld
ldv
f, vfh
fhvl
e vldj
vdjf,
lr f,f de
lrsé
séf det
jftur
ureh
ehg
irg
irms ld
ldt
mstm
tmedtl,msg
edms gf
ldjfsseje pfr Zlfjfrmif. Zldtetmves nfreg nlmtes pere iurer es rlheáüls
ldtr
ld trll IfIfdsdste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he l Re Revl
vldd
dde,
e, l Cu Cust
stmd
mdff i`
i`la
lafu
fu e ififdi
difr
frje
jerr lg
ifgpertmh`er f ifdsuhejf ifg f aldrf jl Zlfjfrmif l prlsugmu slu
`lrjlmrf Lutårmif, f prmglmrf aùtmif e fiuper lstl ehtf ieraf. Ldquedtf
ms
mssf
sf,, Zlf lfjf
jfrm
rmif
if tfrd
tfrdfu
fu-s
-sll ie
ieje
je vl
vlzz gegems ms jlsi
jlsifdfdnm
nmej
ejff jl sl
slus
us só sójm
jmtftfss
rfgedfs, l f rlsuhtejf nfm, ldtrl futres ifmses, e lxliuáéf jl Bfíimf lg
<2:. Lg <2>, Zlfjfrmif gfrrlu, jlmxedjf f gldmdf Etehermif ifgf slu
`lrjlmrf.

Custmdmedf3 Edfs mdmimems e <92

 

F dfgl rleh jl Custmdmedf lre Nhevmus [ltrus Yebbetmus, ges f dfgl

lg slu jçptmif ifdsuher jl <25 í Nhevmus [ltrus Yebbetmus Custmdmedus,
gfstredjf qul, edtls jmssf, lhl `evme smjf ejftejf pfr slu tmf Custmdf, qul
f hlve
hlvere
re e If
Ifds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he ehau
ehauds
ds ed
edfs
fs ed
edtl
tls.
s. Cust
Custmd
mdme
medf
df,, ifgf
ifgf lrelre
ifd`limjf pfr slus ifdtlgpfrâdlfs, nfm essmg irmejf de etgfsnlre je
iepmteh l, lgbfre lhl fiupessl ehtfs pfstfs df lxírimtf, lhl fbvmegldtl
rlilblu
arlaf l uge bfe ljuieáéf
lg hetmg. l lsteve
Lhl desilu mauehgldtl
pfr vfhte jl :02 ël,vfdtejl
quedjf lg _neherlhllgW
cfvlg, cå
gfstreve ug pfuif je mdqumlte lteáéf fu etí je mgprujãdime ime qul
iereitlrmzerme sue vmje pfstlrmfr, ldvfhvldjf-sl de vmfhãdime jes neiáüls
jl imrif qul lre ifgug de ípfie.
Lsses neiáüls `evmeg sl jlsldvfhvmjf e pertmr jes essfimeáüls qul
nfrdlimeg ievehfs l ergejmh`es pere es ifrrmjes jl bmaes de Ehlxedjrme
`lhl
`lhldç
dçst
stmi
miee l jlpf
jlpfms
ms de Rfge
Rfge mgplmgplrm
rmeh
eh.. Ie
Ieje
je uge
uge je
jess es
essf
sfim
imeá
eáülülss
jmstmdaume sues bmaes ifg ifrls mdjmvmjuems3 vlrglh`f, ezuh, vlrjl, bredif,
lti. Es ifrrmjes jl imrif (fu slce, ifrrmjes df `mpùjrfgf) lreg gumtf
 pfpuherls l gplrçfjf
lg
jf mdçimf jf Rfge l,bmzedtmdf
gems terjl, lg Ifdstedtmdfphe
l lhes l des dóglrf
etreçreg ug aredjl futres imjejls
jl nés
qul sl mjldtmnmiereg ifg es ifrls jl slus ifi`lmrfs nevfrmtfs. Essmg, df
qumdtf fu slxtf síiuhfs, es ‘neiáüls‗ pessereg e smadmnmier, déf tedtf es
essfimeáüls rlspfdsåvlms pfr nfrdlilr fs ievehfs, ges fs prùprmfs nés, qul
alrehgldtl lreg lg aredjl pertl cfvlds qul lreg nedetmiegldtl hlems ë
sue ‘ifr‗. Essmg ifgf dfs cfafs gfjlrdfs jl nutlbfh, fs nés gumtes vlzls
sl ldvfhvmeg lg armtfs fu iedtfs fraedmzejfs, usuehgldtl useveg rfupes
lstr
lstred
ed`e
`ess l mjld
mjldtm
tmnm
nmie
ieve
vegg rf
rfup
upes
es l if
ifrt
rtls
ls jl ieiebl
blhf
hf,, l ës vlvlzl
zlss sl
ldvf
ld vfhv
hvme
meg
g lg vmfhvmfhãdãdim
ime,
e, ls
lspl
plim
imeh
ehgl
gldt
dtll if
ifdt
dtre
re gl
glgb
gbrfrfss jl neiá
neiáül
ülss
fpfstes. Lsse
df nmdeh jf vmfhãdime
síiuhf déf nfm
^ l mdçimf jlrregeje
jf ^M, nfre
tfrdfu-sl jf `mpùjrfgf
ldjãgmie des rues l,
lg Ifdstedtmdfphe
l, lg gldfr areu, lg futrfs huaerls. E lsse ehture, es futres neiáüls
`evmeg pretmiegldtl jlseperlimjf, jlmxedjf epldes fs ^lrjls l fs Ezums
 brmaedjf ldtrl sm. @fuvl ípfie lg qul fs lstujmfsfs ei`eveg qul es
neiáüls jlvmeg tlr rlprlsldtejf jmnlrldáes mjlfhùamies fu sfimems jldtrf
jess prmg
je prmglmlmre
ress imj
imjej
ejls
ls bm
bmze
zedt
dtmmdes,
des, cå qu
qull sù essm
essmg
g - pl plddse
seve
ve-s
-sll -
 pfjlrçegfs lxphmier e vmfhãdime l f nfrtl eplaf qul es plssfes tmd`eg ës
neiáüls. [fr lxlgphf, uge vlz nfm eraugldtejf qul fs ezums
rlprlsldteveg fs mdtlrlssls je ermstfireime ldquedtf fs vlrjls epfmeveg e
ihes
ihessl
sl if
ifgl
glririme
meh,
h, fu ququll fs ezum
ezumss ep
epfm
fmev
eveg
eg uge
uge pf pfhç
hçtm
tmie
ie fi
fimj
mjld
ldte
tehh
ldquedtf fs vlrjls tmd`eg uge frmldteáéf frmldteh, l / fu qul fs ezums
lreg frtfjfxfs l Gfdfnmsmte fs ^ ^lrjls.
lrjls. @å, df ldtedtf, pfuie fu dld`uge
 

lvmjãdime pere tems mjldtmnmieáüls, l perlil prfvåvlh qul es neiáüls nfsslg

smgphlsgldtl nfrgejes pfr `fglds cfvlds qul sl mjldtmnmiereg ifg sue
 prùprme neiáéf pfr dld`uge futre rezéf qul déf e sfhmjermljejl arupeh, l
qul sl ldaecereg lg vmfhãdime df peçs je glsge nfrge qul `ffhmaeds jf
nutlbfh gfjlrdf. Glsgf fs mgplrejfrls gumtes vlzls tfgeveg pertmjf
df pertmjermsgf jes neiáüls l `å rezüls pere eirljmter qul Custmdmedf, edtls
jl sl[rfvevlhgldtl
tfrder mgplrejfr
mgplrejfr,
df, cå lre ifd`limjf
mdçimf je jíieje ifgf ugCustmdmedf
jl <2;, jlnldsfr jfs
sl ezums.
iesfu ifg
Zlfjfre, futrf lxlgphf jf pldsegldtf vfhudtermfsf jf nuturf mgplrejfr l
je vfdtejl jl mr ifdtre e trejmáéf. Í vlrjejl qul gumtfs jfs mgplrejfrls
(l mgplretrmzls) jfs óhtmgfs trãs síiuhfs vmlreg jl frmalds `ugmhjls, déf
gldfs mgpfrtedtl, je negçhme jf prùprmf Custmdmedf, ges Zlfjfre tlrme
 perlimjf uge lsifh`e gumtf mdifgug pere f sfbrmd`f jf mgplrejfr,
mgplrejfr, qul
 cå jlvl tlr smjf vmstf ifgf ug iedjmjetf pere f trfdf mgplrmeh. Zlfjfre
nfm pfr tfjf
tfjfss fs rlhetfs hmdje - l es rlprl
rlprlsldte
sldteáüls
áüls sfbrlvmv
sfbrlvmvldtls
ldtls jlhe (pfr
lxlgphf, f gfsemif Yed ^mtehl lg Revldde) ifdnmrgeg mssf - l lhe
ilrt
ilrteg
egldldtl
 prfnmsséf tlqullre
lredlssl
mdtl
mdtlhm
hmal
aldt
dtll l lre
plrçfjf ld
ldal
ald`d`fs
fse,
e, ge
smdúdmgf gess lhe
jl lhe lr
lree ug
ugee Eetrm
prfstmtumáéf. etrmz,
z, ug
ugee
'@mstùrme
Ylir
Yl irlt
lte'
e' _h
_hmv
mvrf
rfWW jl [r[rfo
fofp
fpmf
mfss if
ifdt
dtee e `mst
`mstùrm
ùrmee jf
jfss prmg
prmglm
lmrf
rfss edfs
edfs jl
Zlfjfre lg jlteh`ls smdmstrfs. E nuture mgplretrmz lre e nmh`e jl ug
"aue
"auerj
rje-i
e-ifs
fste
tes"
s" je neiá
neiáéf
éf vl
vlrj
rjl,
l, ug trlm
trlmde
dejf
jfrr je
jess nlre
nlress us
usej
ejeses df
dfss
lspltåiuhfs jf `mpùjrfgf, l sue gél lre jedáermde l etrmz. Uuedjf f pem
jlhe gfrrlu l e gél sl iesfu dfvegldtl, e negçhme pljmu ë neiáéf vlrjl
qul dfglessl f dfvf germjf ifgf auerje-ifstes, ges e neiáéf rliusfu? e
gél l e nmh`e eprlsldtereg sue pltmáéf dfvegldtl pubhmiegldtl ë neiáéf
df `mpùjrfgf, ges f rlsuhtejf nfm f glsgf - etí qul e neiáéf Ezuh nfm
 plrsuejmje
tfrdfu-sl
tfrdf e essugmr
u-sl etrmz essmg fqul
pejrestf
tmd` ifgf
tmd`ee mjej
mjejl slu dfvf
l sunmimldtl auerje.
sunmimldtl l, slaudE
jfprùprm
slaudjfprùprme
e pmfs,
Z
Zlfjfre
lfjfre
[rfofpmfs,
[rfof lre
ifd`limje pfr sues plrnfrgedils lsplimehgldtl pfrdfarånmies df pehif.
E tme jl Custmdmedf, e mgplretrmz Lunãgme, sl fpús ef iesegldtf jl
Custmdmedf l Zlfjfre, lgbfre, mrfdmiegldtl, lhe prùprme tmvlssl submjf jf
tletrf pere f pehåimf mgplrmeh. Ehíg jmssf, `evme uge hlm qul prfmbme f
iesegldtf ldtrl uge etrmz l ug sldejfr (f qul Custmdmedf lre). Df ldtedtf,
epùs e gfrtl jl Lunígme, Custmdf prfguhafu uge hlm qul plrgmtme f
iesegldtf ldtrl uge etrmz "errlpldjmje" l ug sldejfr, l f ieseh lsteve
essmg iesejf.
Custmdf ifrffu Custmdmedf ifgf if-mgplrejfr df mdçimf jl ebrmh lg
<21, l e suilsséf jl Custmdmedf nfm tredqømhe epùs e gfrtl jf vlh`f
mgplrejfr lg 5³ jl eafstf jequlhl edf. Custmdmedf hlvfu slu peplh ifgf
 

mgplrejfr irmstéf ebsfhutf gumtf e sírmf, l slus prmglmrfs edfs nfreg

geriej
ger iejfs
fs plh
plhff eut
eutfrm
frmter
termsg
msgff l plh
plhee eut
eutfif
fifdnm
dnmedá
edáee qul iereit
iereitlrm
lrmzerm
zermeg
eg
quesl tfjf f slu rlmdejf. Lhl sl ilrifu jl rliíg-i`laejfs pfhçtmifs,
 plssfes ifgf lhl, qul lreg nfrtls, egbmimfsfs l jmspfstfs e rfgplr ifg e
trej
trejmá
máéf
éf fd
fdjl
jl ququlr
lr ququll ei
ei`e
`ess
sslg
lg glglh`h`fr
fr.. Lsse
Lsse ie
ieg
ger
ermh
mh`e
`e mg
mgpl
plrm
rmeh
eh
jfgmdedtl déf tmd`e peimãdime ifg e dfbrlze lste steblhlimje jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe, qul, lgbfre
edilstrems, ifdsmjlreve tegbíg jmnmimhgldtl
f mgplrejfr pujlssl
l slus pertmjårmfs rlgfdter
ifgf slus
prmgårmfs
arfsslmrfs l egbmimfsfs. E pedlhmd`e mgplrmeh mdihuçe e mgplretrmz Zlfjfre,
sue egmae Edtfdme, lspfse jl Blhmsermfs, f gemfr aldlreh jl Custmdmedf,
sfbbrm
sf rmdd`f jl Cust
Custmmdm
dmed
edff Al
Alrg
rgeedf
dfs,
s, f if
ifhl
hlttfr jl mg
mgppfs
fsttfs Cféf
Cféf je
Iepejùime, f luduif aldlreh Dersls l f curmste Zrmbfdmedf. Lsse iegermh`e
nfm jl netf ug arupf nfrgmjåvlh l nfm rlspfdsåvlh pfr aredjl pertl je
lnhfrlsiãdime jf rlmdejf jl Custmdmedf.
Ehauges jes prmglmres eáüls jl Custmdmedf nfreg de lsnlre rlhmamfse,
ifdtre gedmqulus, segermtedfs l peaéfs. Hlms rldfvejes ifdtre f seirmnçimf
 peaéf
déf lrel emdtlmregldtl
prfmbmáéf jfsirmstéf
peaéfsdlsse
df slrvmáf
ípfie,mgplrmeh gfstregjlqul
l e ifdvlrséf f mgpírmf
gmh`erls jl
 peaéfs pfr Cféf jl Ínlsf dfs edfs <:; etlste mssf tegbíg. Lg <2=
Custmdmedf prfmbmu fs peaéfs jl ldsmder des lsifhes, l mssf pfjl tlr hlvejf
ef nli`egldtf je Eiejlgme lg Etldes, uge jes prmdimpems mdstmtumáüls
mdtlhlituems jf plrçfjf? fs prfnlssfrls je Eiejlgme supfstegldtl nuamreg
 pere e ifrtl jf rlm plrse, qul lsteve bestedtl jmspfstf e epfmer sues
etmvmjejls. Fs prfnlssfrls, df ldtedtf, eperldtlgldtl déf lsteveg nlhmzls
de [írsme, l ehauds jlhls perlilg tlr rltfrdejf ef tlrrmtùrmf bmzedtmdf? uge
ihåusuhe je pez ‘ltlrde‗ essmdeje pfr Custmdmedf l f rlm plrse I`fsrfls
(O`usrf)
 pez jldtrfM jf
lgmgpírmf.
<92 plrgmtme e lssls prfnlssfrls pretmierlg sue rlhmaméf lg
Cust
Cu stmd
mdme
medf
df déf
déf et
etei
eifu
fu mg
mgljljme
mete
tegl
gldtdtll e `l
`lrl
rlsm
sme,
e, lg pert
pertll pf
pfrq
rqul
ul,,
lgbfre nfssl iehiljfdmedf, Zlfjfre epfmeve nfrtlgldtl f gfdfnmsmsgf. F
`mstfrmejfr [rfofpmfs ehlafu qul f ieseh mgplrmeh nmdame lssl jlseifrjf,
 pere glh`fr ifdtrfher e smtueáéf rlhmamfse jl egbfs fs hejfs, ges déf `å
rezéf pere pldser qul mssf déf sl beslfu de irldáe smdilre je pertl tedtf
jf mgplrejfr quedtf je mgplretrmz. Ifgf rlsuhtejf, lgbfre Custmdmedf
tl
tld`
d`ee sl ldldvf
vfhv
hvmj
mjff pl
plss
ssfe
fehg
hgldldtl
tl de qu quls
lsté
téff jf gfgfdfdfnms
nmsms
msgf
gf,, ifgf
ifgf
vlrlgfs ebemxf, lhl déf plrslaumu fs gfdfnmsmtes l, jl netf, nlz uge
 prfglsse pere e lspfse lg <:0 pere déf nezã-hf - uge prfglsse qul lhl
eperldtlgldtl gedtlvl.
Mglj
Mg ljme
mete
tegl
gldtdtll ep
epùs
ùs e susuee es
esil
ilds
dséf
éf,, Cust
Custmd
mdme
medf
df tldt
tldtfu
fu rlnf
rlnfrg
rger
er e
 

 burfireime jf Lstejf, déf tedtf rlnfrgedjf sue lstruture (ifgf

Jmfihlimedf l Ifdstedtmdf `evmeg nlmtf, pfr lxlgphf), ges nezldjf e
 burfireime trebeh`er ifg gems lnmimãdime, lsplimehgldtl lrrejmiedjf e
ifrrupáéf l glh`fredjf e burfireime, f smstlge jl ifbredáe jl mgpfstfs.
Ilrtegldtl, ehauges jes irçtmies ef mgplrejfr nfreg f rlsuhtejf jl sues
mdilssedtls tldtetmves jl nli`er es brli`es l lhmgmder e ifrrupáéf qul
 bldlnmimere tedtfs mdjmvçjufs,
mdjmvçjufs, mdihusmvl glgbrfs je frjlg sldetfrmeh.
E Rlvfhte jl Dmoe

Edtls qul f iùjmaf _jl CustmdmedfW pujlssl slr rlvmsejf, df ldtedtf, f

egbm
eg bmim
imfs
fsff rlmd
rlmdej
ejff jl Cu
Cust
stmd
mdme
medf
df qu
ques
esll i`
i`la
lafu
fu e ug nmde
nmdehh mdah
mdahùr
ùrmf
mf l
rlpldtmdf, de Rlvfhte jl Dmoe jl cedlmrf jl <92. E rlvfhte rlilblu f dfgl
je pehevre arlae 'dmoe'! (‘Ifdqumstl,
(‘Ifdqumstl, Aed`l‗), qul lre f armtf jes tfrim
tfrimjes
jes
des ifrrmjes df `mpùjrfgf qul sl tfrdfu f armtf jl aulrre jfs jlsfrjlmrfs
lg <92. Fs lvldtfs je rlvfhte séf quesl ilrtfs, rlamstrejfs lg jlteh`ls
 plhfs `mstfrmejfrls
5; jl cedlmrf jl <92,[rfofpmfs
quedjf f lprlnlmtf
Gehehes.
je Es jmnmiuhjejls
imjejl ifgláereg
prldjlu ehauds lg
glgbrfs
jes neiáüls ezuh l vlrjl pfr vmfhãdime l nlz ifg qul nfsslg ldnfriejfs.
Nlhmzgldtl pere fs ifdjldejfs, e lxliuáéf nfm nreiesseje, l jfms jlhls
sfbrlvmvlreg, ug glgbrf jf ezums, l ug jfs ^ ^lrjls,
lrjls, l lhls nfreg hlvejfs
 pere e slauredáe tlgpfrårme lg ug gfstlmrf des prfxmgmjejls. Zrãs jmes
jlpf
jlpfms
ms,, qu
qued
edjf
jf es ifrr
ifrrmj
mjes
es nf
nfre
reg
g rlrleh
ehmz
mzej
ejes
es dfve
dfvegl
gldt
dtl,
l, es neiá
neiáül
ülss
 pljmreg ihlgãdime ef mgplrejfr lg dfgl jfs ifdjldejfs, l quedjf lhl
déf ifdslaumu rlspfdjlr, fs Ezums l ^lrjls udmreg mdlsplrejegldtl l
hlvedtereg f armtf jl rlvfhte. Fs tuguhtfs sl lspeh`ereg jf hejf jl nfre
jf `mpùjrfgf?
ildt
ildtre
reh)
h) nfm
nfm md
mdil preltfrmfd
fildj
djmejf l  (lssldimehgldtl
mejf fs prms
prmsmf
mfdl
dlmr fsf quertlh
mrfs hmbl
hmblrt
rtejje
fs??pfhçime
ejfs es eu ltfrm
eutfermje
prmséf
jejl
jlss
 plrjlreg f ifdtrfhl tfteh je smtueáéf l gumtfs jfs aredjls ljmnçimfs je
imjejl nfreg qulmgejfs, ldtrl lhls es marlces jl @eame Yfp`me l @eame
Lmrldl, es Zlrges jl Sluxmppfs l f I`ehol, f aredjl pfrtéf ildtreh jf
 prùprmf pehåimf. Dlstl pfdtf, sl déf edtls, fs glgbrfs je ermstfireime sl
 cudtereg ef hejf jfs jlsfrjlmrfs l prfiurereg tredsnfrger f prfbhlge lg
uge rlvfhte ifdtre f prùprmf mgplrejfr. Custmdmedf plrilblu e arevmjejl
je smtue
smtueáé
áéff l ififdi
difr
frjf
jfuu if
ifg
g e rlg
rlgfáfáéf
éf jl ehau
ehauds
ds jfjfss nudi
nudimf
mfdå
dårm
rmfs
fs
 prflgmdldtls qul lsteveg sldjf iuhpejfs plhe pfhçtmie mgplrmeh3 Cféf, f
Iepejùimf, l Zrmbfdmedf qul lre f [rlnlmtf je Imjejl. F gftmg, df
ldtedtf, ifdtmdufu l Custmdmedf frjldfu qul sues trfpes, sfb f ifgedjf jl
Blhmsårmf, eteiesslg fs jlsfrjlmrfs, ges fs sfhjejfs déf tmvlreg suilssf
 

lg sue tldtetmve. Lg 50 jl cedlmrf, Custmdmedf eperlilu df `mpùjrfgf l

 prfiurfu ug eifrjf, ges sues fnlrtes nfreg rlclmtejes l, lg vlz jmssf, fs
gedmnl
ged mnlste
stedtl
dtlss prf
prfpus
puslreg
lreg e dfg
dfgleá
leáéf
éf jl @yp
@ypetm
etmfs
fs ifgf
ifgf mgmgplr
plrejf
ejfrr.
@ypetmfs lre sfbrmd`f jl Edeståimf, qul tlvl uge ierrlmre gljçfirl ifgf
fnmimeh gmhmter sfb Custmdf l Custmdmedf, ges sue prfpfste jl lhlveáéf
trfuxl ug areu jl hlamtmgmjejl ef gfvmgldtf l iheregldtl tredsnfrgfu e
rlvfhte
jl Dmoeduge tldtetmvepfjlrme
jmnmimhgldtl jl jlrruber f mgplrejfr.
tlr smjf Lssl
erqumtltejf esplitf
slg je Rlvfhte
e hmjlredáe l jl
glgbrfs
glgb rfs mdtlr
mdtlrlssejf
lssejfss je ermst
ermstfirei
fireime.
me. E smtueáéf perlime jlslsp
jlslsplreje,
lreje, l
Custmdmedf eperldtlgldtl lsteve prfdtf pere nuamr, ges nfm plrsuejmjf e
gedtlr-sl nmrgl etrevís jl ldifrecegldtf jl Zlfjfre. Jl eifrjf ifg ug
rlhetf pfpuher, lhe jmssl ef mgplrejfr qul lhl pfjlrme nuamr sl qumslssl,
ges lhe plrgedlilrme jlsjl qul "ldifdtrfu e rlehlze ifgf uge gfrteh`e
ejlqueje". Mdtmgmjejf plhe nfráe jl sue lspfse, Custmdmedf dfvegldtl
ldvmfu Blhmsårmf ifdtre e guhtmjéf, eafre gfdtejf df `mpùjrfgf. Jlste
vlz, fs jlsfrjlmrfs déf nfreg pårlf pere es trfpes mgplrmems l ug aredjl
gesseirl nfreg
 plssfes eifdtlilu3 jl eifrjfl ifg
gesseirejes dfsses nfdtls,
e rlvfhte ldtrl 9;.;;;
jlsgfrfdfu l 9<.;;;
mgljmetegldtl.
Eald
Ea ldtl
tlss mg
mgpl
plrm
rmem
emss repm
repmjeg
jegld
ldtl
tl ie
iept
ptur
urere
ereg
g @ype
@ypetm
tmfs
fs l ehau
ehauds
ds fu
futr
trfs
fs
hçjlrls, l lhls nfreg mgljmetegldtl lxliutejfs? es prmsüls ifdtmduereg
 pfr ehaug tlgpf, mdimjldtehgldtl jedjf ef mgplrejfr uge fpfrtudmjejl
jl ifdn
ifdnmsmsie
ierr gumt
gumtes
es pr
prfp
fprm
rmlj
ljej
ejls
ls.. Es ifrr
ifrrmj
mjes
es df `m`mpù
pùjr
jrfg
fgf,
f, déf
déf
surprlldjldtlgldtl, nfreg suspldses l déf rltfgejes etí ilrie jl imdif
edfs jlpfms.

F [rfarege jl Ifdstruáéf

\ge vlz nmrglgldtl jl vfhte ef pfjlr, Custmdmedf mgljmetegldtl

ifgláfu e mgphlgldter ug phedf `å gumtf prfaregejf pere gfhjer e
eperãd
epe rãdime
ime jl Ifd
Ifdste
stedtm
dtmdfp
dfphe
he ifg
ifgff lhl jls
jlslce
lceve.
ve. E jls
jlstru
trumáé
máéff ieu
ieusej
sejee
 plhfs jlsfrjlmrfs nfrdlilu e dlilssmjejl l e fpfrtudmjejl jl rlifdstrumr
gumtes jes aredjls lstrutures je imjejl. Lstegfs blg mdnfrgejfs sfbrl fs
jlteh`ls jlstl prfarege jlsjl qul f `mstfrmejfr [rfofpmfs lsirlvlu uge
fbre _i`egejeW 'Jes Ifdstruáüls' , qul lhfame lnusmvegldtl f mgplrejfr
 pfr sue etmvmjejl lg Ifdstedtmdfphe l lg tfjf f mgpírmf. Custmdmedf (fu
tehvlz etí e prùprme Zlfjfre) tmd`e ifgláejf f prfarege jl ifdstruáéf
edtls jl <92, ifg e ifdstruáéf je mgpfrtedtl marlce jfs sedtfs Ylramfs l
Beoi`fs, slce ifgf uge ieplhe pehetmde fu ifgf rlnóamf pere gfdfnmsmtes
de iepmteh. Df nmdeh, Custmdmedf ifdstrumu fu rlifdstrumu ug tfteh jl gems
 

jl 9; marlces de imjejl. E prmglmre jes rlifdstruáüls nfm e marlce jl @eame

Yfp`me, e "Aredjl Marlce" l e ietljreh jl Ifdstedtmdfphe. Uul Custmdmedf cå
tmd`e mssf lg gldtl í gfstrejf plhf netf jl qul e ifdstruáéf ifgláfu
epldes :< jmes epùs f nmg jf tuguhtf. Lstl geclstfsf ljmnçimf, uge jes
gemfrls ifdqumstes je erqumtlture bmzedtmde, emdje sfbrlvmvl l smgbfhmze e
imvmhmzeáéf bmzedtmde pere gumtes plssfes.
E marlce
tlrilmre marlcejljlssl
Custmdmedf, e @eame Yfp`me
dfgl ifdstruçje (Eame hfieh.
df glsgf Yfnme,Nfm
Eyejljmieje,
Yfnme, lti.)
défí ee
uge Yedte Yfnme, ges smg ë ‘Yebljfrme‗ ( Yfp`me) jl Irmstf. F phedf jf
ljmnçimf nfm ifdnmejf e Edt`lgmfs jl Zrehhls l Msmjfrf jl Gmhltfs, qul déf
lreg erqumtltfs, ges jfms jfs prmdimpems imldtmstes je ípfie, l lhls irmereg
ug lsqulge brmh`edtl l fusejf. F phedf jf ljmnçimf ifgbmde f phedf
hfdamtujmdeh je besçhmie ifg f lspeáf mdtlrmfr ebfbejejf jl uge lstruture
 phedlceje ildtrehgldtl. E phedte bemxe í quesl quejreje, jl 10 pfr 12
gltrfs, ifg ldfrgls eriejes ifg ifhudes dfs hejfs dfrtl l suh.
Ifgf [rfofpmfs lsirlvlu3
‘Ldté
‘Ld téff epere
lsgeaejfre marl
marlce
ce sl tfrd
equlhls tfrdfu
qul fu ug ls
e vãlg, lspl
pltå
geståiu
iuhf
hf equlhls
pere jl bl
blhl
hlze
ze ege
qul gere
revm
vmh`
h`fs
fse,
ifd`lilg,e,
jl gededlm
lmre
re tf
tfte
tehg
hgld
ldtl
tl md
mdir
irçv
çvlh
lh.. [r
[rmg
mglm
lmrf
rf lhe
lhe sf
sfbl
bl e ugugee ehtu
ehture
re qu
qull
ifgbmde ifg f iíu, í ifgf sl suramssl ldtrl fs futrfs ljmnçimfs, nmie df
ehtf l fh`e pere f rlstedtl je imjejl. _E marlceW jmstmdaul-sl plhe blhlze
mdjlsirmtçvlh, jlsteiedjf-sl tedtf lg slu teged`f quedtf de `ergfdme jl
sues gljmjes, déf tldjf dld`uge pertl lxilssmve l dld`uge jlnmimldtl?
sldjf gems geadçnmifs jf qul fs príjmfs ifguds, l gumtf gems lhlaedtls
jf qul fs qul déf séf jl téf smgphls prfpfráéf. E marlce í smdauhergldtl
i`lme jl huz l sfh? vfiã jlihererme qul f huaer déf í mhugmdejf plhf sfh jl
nfre, ges qul
jlrregeje fs marlce.‗
dlste remfs séf prfjuzmjfs jldtrf jl sm, teh ebudjâdime jl huz í
Lg Ifdstedtmdfphe, lste marlce l fs gmhearls essfimejfs e lhe nfreg e
nfdtl jes hldjes je ^mralg ifgf e jl Sffjfi`fs [lal ([rmgevlre qul jå
vmje
vmje)) l fs gum umtf
tfss çi
çifd
fdls
ls rlpr
rlprls
lsld
ldte
tedj
djf-
f-ee if
ifgf
gf e ‘n ‘nfd
fdtl
tl je vm
vmje
je‗.
‗.
Custmdmedf tegbíg rlifdstrumu pertls jf pehåimf l futrfs ljmnçimfs póbhmifs
jedmnmiejfs de Rlvfhte jl Dmoe, l lhl ifhfifu uge lståtue lqølstrl jl sm
glsgf df Euaustemfd, f ildtrf mgeamdårmf jf mgpírmf.

F Mgpírmf Rlsteurejf3 Aulrres jl Ifdqumstes df Fimjldtl

E gemfrme jf Fimjldtl nfm plrjmje pere fs i`lnls bårberfs juredtl f

qumdtf síiuhf. Mssf déf `evme eifdtlimjf jl uge sù vlz, l es ifdjmáüls lg
 

vårmes pertls jf Fimjldtl lreg gumtf jmnlrldtls. Df dfrtl je Ånrmie, fs

vâdjehfs lsteveg df pfjlr jlsjl :2= l ifdtrfheveg e gemfr pertl jf
ildtrf-dfrtl je Ånrmie jl sue iepmteh lre lg Ierteaf, l _slu mgpírmfW
mdihuçe e gemfrme jes mh`es jf Gljmtlrrâdlf fimjldteh. E nrfte jfs vâdjehfs
nfm iepez jl jlrrfter es tldtetmves jl rlifdqumste l egleáfu es ifstes je
Mtåhme l etí glsgf je Aríime. Eplser je nudjeáéf jl uge gfderqume
rlhetmvegldtl ildtrehmzeje sfb f jfgçdmf jl Almslr  l
  l e nfrgeáéf
ifrpf jl lhmtl jl aulrrlmrfs alrgâdmifs, e vmje ifdtmdufu jl ug
rlhetmvegldtl
mdehtlreje de Ånrmie ^âdjehe. Es rlheáüls ldtrl fs ifdqumstejfrls ermedfs l
e pfpuheáéf ‘rfgede‗ lreg gumtes vlzls tldses l `evme gumtfs ifdnmsifs
jl aredjls prfprmljejls. Df ldtedtf, e Ånrmie ifdtmdufu e nfrdlilr aréfs
 pere e Mtåhme, l prfjutfs geduneturejfs enrmiedfs (ifgf e ilrâgmie) qul
ldifdtrereg ug glriejf lg tfjf f mgpírmf. E Mtåhme dlssl plrçfjf lre
ifdtrfheje, plhf gldfs tlfrmiegldtl, plhfs fstrfafjfs. Zlfjfrmif, qul
gfrrlu epldes ug edf edtls je esildséf jl Custmdmedf, jlmxfu slu rlmdf
ifg
if g uge
uge bfe
bfe ejg
ejgmdms
mdmstr
treá
eáéf
éf be
besl
slej
ejee lg ar
ared
edjl
jl pepert
rtll df
dfss gf
gfjl
jlhf
hfss
rfgedfs, l es rlheáüls
lreg alrehgldtl ldtrl
pfsmtmves. e dfbrlze
F pepe, mtehmede jlslgpld`fu
deturehgldtl, l fs hçjlrls fstrfafjfs
ug aredjl
 peplh de pfhçtmie, blg ifgf de rlhmaméf je Mtåhme l (lsplimehgldtl epùs f
nmg jf imsge eoeomedf lg <5=), lhl alrehgldtl fh`fu pere f mgplrejfr lg
Ifds
If dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he if
ifg
gf ug eh ehme
mejf
jf if
ifdt
dtre
re fs afvl
afvlrd
rded
edtl
tlss er
erme
medf
dfss lg
Revldde. E smtueáéf pfhçtmie df rlstf jf Fimjldtl lre gumtf gems nhumje,
lgbfre fs rlmdfs tmvlsslg smjf gfdtejfs plhfs vmsmafjfs de årle lg tfrdf
jl Zfuhfusl (l gems terjl de Lsped`e) l plhfs nredifs df dfrtl je Aåhme.
Jl netf, e ifdvlrséf jl Ihùvms (:05 / 2-<55) ef irmstmedmsgf frtfjfxf
 plrgmtmu qul Bmzâdimf - essmg ifgf f pepejf - ifdsmjlressl fs nredifs
ifgf pftldimems
Ifgf gems ehmejfs
uge gerieifdtrejefsifdnmedáe
lstejfs alrgâdmifs ermedfs
l `ebmhmjejl ef suh. lg
jl Custmdmedf
ejgm
ejgmdm
dmst
stre
rerr esessu
sudt
dtfs
fs gum umtf
tf jm
jmnl
nlrl
rldt
dtls
ls ef gl glsg
sgff tlg
tlgpfpf,, lhl
lhl eb
ebrm
rmuu
`fstmhmjejls ifdtre fs vâdjehfs lg <99. E prltldséf pere e lxpljmáéf lre
ug i`egejf jf rlm vâdjehf jlpfstf @mhjlrmif (rlmdfu jl <29 e 9;).
Jure
Ju redt
dtll f slu slu rlrlmd
mdej
ejf,
f, @m
@mhj
hjlr
lrmi
miff pr
prfg
fgfvfvlu
lu bfbfes
es rlhe
rlheáü
áülsls ifg
ifg fs
frtfjfxfs l hmblrfu gumtfs bmspfs lxmhejfs, ges nfm jlstrfdejf pfr slu
 prmgf Alhmglr
Alhmglr.. \sedjf f eplhf jl @mhjlrmif pfr ecuje, l hlgbredjf e
gedl
ge dlmr
mree pl
plhehe queh
queh fs vâvâdj
djeh
ehfs
fs `e`evm
vmeg
eg smjf
smjf ug prfb
prfbhlhlge
ge pere
pere sl
slus
us
edtlilssfrls, Custmdmedf repmjegldtl fraedmzfu e aulrre. E lxpljmáéf jl
ilrie jl 5;.;;; `fglds lsteve sfb f ifgedjf jl Blhmsårmf.
E vm vmttùrm
ùrme, jlsif
lsifbbrm
rmu-
u-sl
sl,, nf
nfmm su
surp
rprl
rlld
ldjl
jldt
dtlg
lgld
ldtl
tl nånåiimh pe
pere
re fs
 bmzedtmdfs. Alhmglr lsteve hfdal je Ånrmie quedjf e nrfte i`lafu l
 

Blhmsårmf nfm iepez jl nezlr uge i`laeje slg fpfsmáéf. Alhmglr rltfrdfu
l fnlrlilu beteh`e plrtf jl Ierteaf, ges lhl nfm jlimsmvegldtl jlrrftejf l
Blhesårmf nfm iepez jl ldtrer de imjejl. Futre beteh`e nfm treveje lg
jlzlgbrf, ges Blhmsårmf nfm gems uge vlz vmtfrmfsf. Df mdçimf jl <9:, f
rlm vâdjehf sl rldjlu. Rugfrls imriuheveg jl qul Blhmsårmf pfjlrme sl
lsteblhlilr de Ånrmie ifgf ug afvlrdedtl mdjlpldjldtl, ges lhl rltfrdfu
eBlhmsårmf
Ifdstedtmdfphe
l Alhmglr l uge aredjl ilhlbreáéf
sl prfstrereg jmedtl jf trmudneh
mgplrejfr.nfm E
rlehmzeje de queh
aulrre enrmiede
jl Custmdmedf `evme smjf ug suilssf brmh`edtl, ges e smtueáéf df dfrtl je
Ånrm
Ån rmie
ie `e
`evm
vmee sm
smjf
jf jljlsl
slst
steb
ebmh
mhmz
mzej
ejee l e pfpfpu
puhe
heáé
áéff de
detm
tmve
ve bl
blrb
rblr
lrll (f
(fuu
gfurmsie), qul cå sl rlvfhtere ifdtre fs vâdjehfs, ifdtmdueve e ieuser
sírm
sírmes
es jm
jmnm
nmiu
iuhj
hjej
ejls
ls.. Fs if ifg
gedje
edjedt
dtls
ls bm
bmze
zedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs jl
jlmx
mxej
ejfs
fs de ÅnÅnrm
rmie
ie
ifdstruçreg ug pfjlrfsf smstlge jl nfrtmnmieáüls, gumtes jes quems emdje
 plrgedlilg, de tldtetmve jl peimnmier fs blrblrls, ges lssl fbcltmvf
dudie nfm phldegldtl ehiedáejf l f dfrtl je Ånrmie déf nfm tftehgldtl
rlmdtlarejf ef Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf.

Mt
Mtåh Custmdmedf
åhme
me.
. Es plrs mgljmetegldtl
plrsppli
litm
tmve vmlsteblhlilu
vess jl vmt tùrme
ùrme lr eg phedfs
lreg ne
nevvfr
fråvpere
åvlm
lms, e rlifdqumste
s, uge
ug qull jee
e vlz qu
gfderqume fstrfaùtmie lsteve lg tuguhtf epùs e gfrtl jl Zlfjfrmif.
Zlf
lfje
jetf
tf,, sf
sfbrm
brmd`
d`ff jl Zlf lfjf
jfrm
rmif
if l rlm
rlm jl
jlsj
sjll <9
<9:,
:, tmd`
tmd`ee ug
ugee pf
pfsm
smáé
áéff
mdslaure. E nfráe prmdimpeh jl Custmdmedf, epldes gltejl jf teged`f jf
lxír
lx írim
imtf
tf qul
qul tf
tfgf
gfuu e ÅnÅnrm
rmie
ie,, jl
jlsl
slgb
gbererif
ifuu de Ymiç
Ymiçhm
hmee lg <9<
<9< sf
sfbb f
ifgedjf jl Blhmsårmf l repmjegldtl essugmu f ifdtrfhl jl tfje e mh`e. Df
mdçimf jf edf slaumdtl, Blhmsårmf geri`fu pere f dfrtl l neimhgldtl tfgfu
 Dåpfhls, ug lvldtf qul hlvfu ë jlrrubeje jl Zlfjetf l sue substmtumáéf
 pfr Qmtmams ifgf rlm. Lg jlzlgbrf jl <9> Blhmsårmf `evme tfgejf Rfge,
lg pertl ifg
 bmzedtmdfs de eimjejl
ecuje pfr
jf pepe,
gems ges f ifdtre-etequl
jl ug edf. Uuedjfaùtmif jlrrftfu fs
fs bmzedtmdfs sl
eprfxmgereg jl ug etequl jmrltf e Revlde, fs fstrfafjfs nmzlreg ifdtetf
ifg f rlm plrse I`fsrfls MM l fnlrlilreg uge ehmedáe. Blhmsårmf nfm
nmdehgldtl iepez jl tfger Revldde lg <:;, ges Custmdmedf susplmtfu je
`mstùrme jl qul slu aldlreh pfjlrme jliherer-sl rlm je Mtåhme, l lhl i`egfu
Blhm
Bl hmså
sårm
rmff pe
pere
re Ifds
Ifdste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he.. Ld
Ldtr
trlt
lted
edtf
tf,, jl
jlpf
pfms
ms jl ge
gems
ms tugu
tuguht
htfs
fs
mdtlrdfs, Zftmhe tfrdfu-sl rlm jfs fstrfafjfs lg <:5 l sue `ebmhmjejl
gmhmter ieusfu ifdsmjlråvlh jmnmiuhjejl pere fs bmzedtmdfs.
Blhmsårmf vfhtfu ef ifgedjf _jes trfpes de MtåhmeW lg <::, ges df
nmdeh jl <:< Zftmhe smtmfu Rfge l, df nmdeh jl <:>, fs fstrfafjfs nmzlreg f
glsgf. E imjejl gujfu jl géfs plhf gldfs gems jues vlzls, l e aulrre
déf perlilu qul lsteve plrtf jl uge ifdihuséf. Blhmsårmf nfm dfvegldtl
 

i`egejf e Ifdstedtmdfphe, l, jlpfms jl vårmfs phedfs mr l vmr, Custmdmedf

ifhfifu Dersls df ifgedjf jes nfráes mgplrmems. Dersls lre ug u g luduif jl
esildjãdime ergãdme qul edtlrmfrgldtl substmtuçre Blhmsårmf de Mtåhme l qul
ifgedjere
ifge djere ifg suilss
suilssff vårme
vårmess nrldt
nrldtls
ls edtls jlsse ípfie. Lg <<5, Dersls
 pertmu pere e Mtåhme ifg uge nfráe lsgeaejfre jl 9;.;;; sfhjejfs. Df
vlréf jl <<2, fs fstrfafjfs nfreg jlimsmvegldtl jlrrftejfs, l Zftmhe
g frr
rrllu jl nljf
rlgedlsildtls rmg
rmglxírimtf
ldtfs sfaùtmif
nrm
nrmjfs efdesuhbletlg
eh`efutubrf
. Derslfutre
s plrbeteh`e
slaumu nfm
fs
trev
trevej
ejee plrt
plrtff jl Då
Dåpf
pfhl
hls,
s, f ququll ls
lssl
sldi
dimemehg
hgld
ldtl
tl ei
eieb
ebfu
fu if
ifg
g tf
tfje
je e
fpfsmáéf ë rlifdqumste bmzedtmde. Dersls plrgedlilu de Mtåhme, rlplhmdjf
uge mdveséf nredie lg <<9-: l esslauredjf f ifdtrfhl jf dfrtl. Fs
 bmzedtmdfs `evmeg rltfgejf f ifdtrfhl je Mtåhme, ges sù ifdslaumreg mssf
jlpfms jl 2; edfs jl aulrre qul jlmxereg f iegpf jlsfhejf l e sfimljejl
rfgedf-aùtmie jl Zlfjfrmif lg ruçdes, slg substmtuç-he pfr deje sùhmjf.
Revldde plrgedlilu e iepmteh je Mtåhme bmzedtmde l, e pertmr jf nmdeh jf
síiuhf ^M, lre afvlrdeje pfr ug lxerie, ug ifgedjedtl gmhmter qul
jltmd`e
e etequlsf bårberfs.
pfjlr gmhmter l imvmh, cå qul e årle lsteve ifdstedtlgldtl suclmte
Lg <<5, Custmdmedf rlspfdjlu ef eplhf jl ug dfbrl vmsmafjf pfr
epfmf duge rlvfhte ifdtre f rlm. Custmdmedf rlspfdjlu ifg uge nfráe
lxpljmimfdårme, l ifg mssf ifdslaumu aed`er f ifdtrfhl jl uge nemxe
ifstlmre je Lsped`e, qul f mgpírmf nfm iepez jl gedtlr etí e jíieje jl
>2;. Yeblgfs eafre qul lstl lre f "pfdtf ehtf" je rlifdqumste bmzedtmde,
ges ug fbslrvejfr jf dftåvlh suilssf gmhmter jl Custmdmedf pfjlrme gumtf
 blg tlr sldtmjf qul e rlsteureáéf jf Mgpírmf Rfgedf lsteve rlehgldtl ë
géf.

Ifdtrfvírsmes Zlfhùamies

E ifdtrfvírsme gfdfnmsmste ifdtmdufu nlrvldjf juredtl tfjf f rlmdejf

jl Custmdmedf. Jl netf, ifgf vmgfs, gumtf edtls jf plrçfjf jl Custmdmedf,
es hmd`es jl beteh`e nfreg treáejes l tedtf fs gfdfnmsmstes ifgf fs
ieil
ieiljf
jfdm
dmed
edfs
fs jlsl
jlsldv
dvfh
fhvl
vlreg
reg ug
ugee tltlfh
fhfa
fame
me l - prprfv
fvev
evlh
lhgl
gldt
dtll ge
gems
ms
mgpfrtedtl - uge `mlrerqume, ejgmdmstreáéf l epfmf pfpuher qul tfrdereg e
 pez pretmiegldtl mgpfssçvlh. Ifgf vmgfs, lg <5= f imsge eoeomedf nfm
nfrgehgldtl ldilrrejf, l f pepe l f petrmerie jl Ifdstedtmdfphe lsteveg

nfrgehgldtl
ug
ugee nùrg
nùrguhuheelgnf
nfmifgud`éf
m ep
eprl
rlsl
sldt gems
dtej
eje uge
e pf
pfr vlz.
r qu
quetrfDfgldtedtf,
etrf fdal lggIfdstedtmdfphe,
fdalss dug
du e tldt
tldtet
etmv
mvee jl
ldif
ldifdt
dtre
rerr ug ifgpifgprfrfgm
gmss
ssff ld
ldtr
trll fs gfgfdf
dfnm
nmsm
smte
tess (q
(qul
ul,, hlgb
hlgbrlrlgf
gfs,
s,
 

jfgmdereg e ifrtl dfs 91 edfs edtlrmfrls) l fs iehiljfdmedfs. Yue sfhuáéf

nfm jmzlr qul ‘ug je Yedtçssmge Zrmdjejl sfnrlu de ierdl‗ - smadmnmiedjf
qull Ir
qu Irms
mstf
tf (u
(ug
g gl
glg gbr
brff je Zrm
rmdj
djej
ejl)
l) `e`evm
vmee sf
sfnr
nrmj
mjff l gfr
frrm
rmjf
jf?? ls
lste
te
jfut
jf utrmd
rmdee í i`eg
i`egej
ejee jl tlfquesimsgf  (smadmnmiedjf qul Jlus ‘sfnrlu‗).
Lstl ldsmdegldtf nfm nfrtlgldtl ifgbetmjf pfr uge jes ifgudmjejls
gfdåstmies jfgmdedtls jl Ifdstedtmdfphe de ípfie, fs i`egejfs Gfdals
Ylg Yfdf (fs eofmgltfm). F gfdestírmf nfm nudjejf lg :;< pfr ug ilrtf
Ehlxed
Ehlx edjr
jrl,
l, qul
qul ld
ldif
ifre
recf
cfuu sl
slus
us sl
slau
aumj
mjfr
frls
ls e rleh
rlehmz
mzer
er hmtl
hmtlre
rehg
hgld
ldtl
tl e
md
mdcucudá
dáéf
éf jf Dfvf
Dfvf Zls lste
tegl
gldt
dtff jl ‘f
‘fre
rerr mdil
mdilss
ssed
edtltlgl
gldt
dtl‗
l‗.. Epls
Eplser
er je
fpfs
fp fsmá
máéf
éf jfs
jfs Gf
Gfda
dals
ls Yl
Ylgg Yfdf
Yfdf,, Cu
Cust
stmd
mdme
medf
df pe
perl
rlil
il fn
fnmi
mime
mehg
hgld
ldtl
tl tlr
tlr
epfmejf
epfme jf f tlfq
tlfquesims
uesimsgf
gf l mssf í f qul ihere
iheregldt
gldtll jliherfu lg uge hlm jl
<99. Fs Gfdfnmsmtes, deturehgldtl, rliusereg eilmter f ifgprfgmssf jf
t llfquesimsgf,
fquesimsgf, l Custmdmedf pfr ehaug tlgpf usfu tfjfs fs rliursfs jf
lstejf pere plrslaum-hfs, lsplimehgldtl de Yçrme. E plrslaumáéf vmseve
quesl lxihusmvegldtl f ihlrf l fs gfdals, gumtfs jfs quems nuamreg pere
f Lamtf, fdjl e pfhçtmie rlhmamfse mgplrmeh smgphlsgldtl déf pfjme slr
ephm
ephmie
ieje
je,, fu sltlvl
 prfvevlhgldtl gm
gmst
fstur
urev
eveg
eg
lnlmtf défëmdtldimfdeh
pf
pfpu
puhe
heáé
áéffjllg
mdtldimfdeh al
alre
reh,
h, lf egfdfnmsmsgf.
sl lspeh`er pl
plrs
rsla
laum
umáé
áéff

Óhtmgfs Edfs

Zlfjfre gfrrlu lg 20 jl cud`f jl <:0. Í mgpfssçvlh tlr ilrtlze sfbrl

f mgpeitf qul lhe tlvl de mjejl l df rlmdejf jl Custmdmedf. Ilrtegldtl,
[rfofpmfs e jlsirlvl ifgf uge plrsfdehmjejl dftevlhgldtl nfrtl l etí
glsgf suplrmfr e jf mgplrejfr lg qulstéf jl jmssmguhejf. Lhe nudjfu
gumtfs gfstlmrfs, marlces l futres mdstmtumáüls rlhmamfses3 ug jfs gems
negfsfs nfm Yue
 prfstmtutes. f gfstlmrf jl efs
prftláéf Gltedfme
hçjlrls(errlpldjmgldtf),
gfdfnmsmstes lgqul rlirutfu lx-
Ifdstedtmdfphe,
jldtrf jfs gurfs jf [ehåimf jl @frgmsjes, eifdtlilu slg jóvmje, l mssf
ilrtegldtl mdjmie uge guh`lr jl ieråtlr l irldáe nfrtls.
Epùs e gfrtl jl Zlfjfre e dftåvlh ldlrame l ftmgmsgf jl Custmdmedf
 perlilg tlr jmgmduçjf. Mssf jlvl tlr smjf emdje gems jmhuçjf plhf hfdaf
iursf je aulrre mtehmede, lgbfre mssf tld`e tlrgmdejf, pfr nmg, lg uge
vmtùrme bmzedtmde. Ehíg jmssf, ifgf vmgfs, es tldtetmves jf mgplrejfr jl
udmjejl rlhmamfse nfreg iheregldtl ug nreiessf, l jlvl tã-hf jlmxejf
 plrphlxf ef vlr fs gfdfnmsmtes jlsenmedjf déf epldes es frjlds mgplrmems,

gesLgtegbíg
<<0, irlsildjf lg@eame
e iópuhe je nfráe Yfp`me
ifg f pesser jfs edfs.
jlsgfrfdfu l, lg <<=, fs `udfs
Outtrm
Ou rmau
aurr etre
etrevl
vlss
sser
ereg
eg f Jededób
óbmmf l ev
eved
edáe
áere
reg
g pere
pere f su
suhh, etí
etí es
 

Zlrg
lrgùpm
ùpmhes
hes,, de Arí
Aríime
ime.. Uue
Uuedjf
djf fs `ud
`udfs
fs egleáe
egleáereg
reg Ifd
Ifdste
stedtm
dtmdfp
dfphe,
he,
Custmdmedf i`egfu dfvegldtl Blhmsårmf je epfsldtejfrme l lhl fs jlrrftfu
 prfnudjegldtl. F mgplrejfr nfrtehlilu e nrfte jf Jedóbmf l fs `udfs sl
rltmrereg, ges lsse mdveséf slrme ug prlssåamf jf qul vmrme df prùxmgf
glmf síiuhf.
 

1
E 'Lre Dlare' jfs Bmzedtmdfs3 Nmdeh jf Yíiuhf ^M l
Yíiuhf ^MM
<02 ’ >;2 ’ Geurçimf
>5; ’ @lråihmtf mgplrejfr
>20 ’ ^mtùrme sfbrl e [írsme
>9: ’ Mdçimf jes mdvesüls årebls
>9> ’ Beteh`e jl ]ergfuo 

F [lrçfjf Epùs e Gfrtl jl Custmdmedf

Uuesl mgljmetegldtl epùs e gfrtl jl Custmdmedf lg <>< (ehauds

jmrmeg etí glsgf edtls), f aredjl ljmnçimf qul f mgplrejfr ifdstruçre
repmjegldtl ifgláfu e jlsgfrfder. Ifgf cå jmsslgfs, es ieuses pere
mssf séf jmnçilms jl jmsilrdmr? í prlimsf plraudter quedtf jf jlsestrl nfm
ieusejf plhfs lxilssfs jf rlmdejf jl Custmdmedf l quedtf nfm rlsuhtejf jl
lrrfs ifgltmjfs pfr slus suilssfrls? ehíg jmssf, tlgfs qul lster imldtls jl
qul es jmnmiuhjejls qul ieçreg sfbrl Bmzâdimf dlssl plrçfjf nfreg gumtes
l jmnçilms, l pfjl-sl mgeamder sl ehauíg pfjlrme tlr nlmtf ug trebeh`f
glh`fr. Df nmdeh, f lstejf sfbrlvmvlu - l e imvmhmzeáéf bmzedtmde ifg lhl. L
fs mgplrejfrls rlifdstruçreg f Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf lg uge dfve besl, qul
hlverme f mgpírmf e slus gemfrls jmes jl prfsplrmjejl l pfjlr. Ges edtls
jlsse rliuplreáéf, f mgpírmf nfm quesl jlstruçjf.

Custmdf MM (<>< ’ <10)

Custmdmedf l Zlfjfre déf tmvlreg nmh`fs (lgbfre nfm ehlaejf qul

Zlfjfre tlvl nmh`fs edtls jl ifd`lilr Custmdmedf). Custmdf MM lre nmh`f jl
uge jes mrgés jl Custmdmedf l sue lspfse lre sfbrmd`e jl Zlfjfre?
Custmdmedf dfglere slu sfbrmd`f pere fiuper ehtfs ierafs df pehåimf
mgplrmeh l, quedjf f vlh`f mgplrejfr gfrrlu, Custmdf nfm neimhgldtl iepez
jl tfger f trfdf.
Juredtl tfjf f slu rlmdejf Custmdf ifdtfu ifg e ecuje jl sue lspfse
Yfp`me, l lhe nfm e prmglmre mgplretrmz bmzedtmde e eperlilr rlauhergldtl
lg gfljes ef hejf
hejf jl slu ge
germjf3
rmjf3 f ieseh í rltretejf, sldtejf hejf e hejf
l vlstmjfs ifg rlaehmes mgplrmems ifgphltfs sfbrl f vfhugfsf ifbrl je
iud`ealg jf rlmdejf. Ifgf sue tme, Yfp`me tmd`e uge plrsfdehmjejl
 pfjlrfse l lhe tmd`e slaumjfrls, lg Ifdstedtmdfphe l lg futrfs huaerls,
 

qul lreg lsplimehgldtl hlems e lhe. F mgplrejfr l e mgplretrmz eperlilreg

ifgf ug per lg gumtes lsiuhtures lg Ifdstedtmdfphe l ifdstruçreg fs
I`rysftrmohmdfs, qul sl tfrdermeg e prmdimpeh sehe jf trfdf df pehåimf
mgplrmeh.
 Dfs essudtfs jf lxtlrmfr
lxtlrmfr,, Custmdf eirljmteve qul f mgpírmf jlvlrme
mgpfr sue pfhçtmie plhe nfráe jf lxírimtf, ldtéf lhl sl enestfu je pfhçtmie jl
aed`er f epfmf jfs bårberfs etrevís jf peaegldtf jl trmbutfs. Df ldtedtf,
lsse lre uge pråtmie jmnçimh jl gedtlr dequlhl gfgldtf lspliçnmif. Ifgf
vmgfs, prfbhlges cå lsteveg sl nfrgedjf de nrfdtlmre dfrtl jf mgpírmf, l
e smtueáéf ifgláfu e sl jlsldrfher de Mtåhme. Epldes trãs edfs epùs e gfrtl
jl Custmdmedf, lg <>0, fs hfgberjfs, futrf pfvf alrgâdmif, mdmimereg e
ifdqumste jf peçs. Fs bmzedtmdfs gedtmvlreg f ifdtrfhl jl Revldde l jes
tlr
lrre
ress mg
mglj
ljmmeteg
etegld
ldtl
tl ef rl rljjfr jl
jlhhe pf
pfrr ehau
ehaug
g tlglgpf
pf,, l Revl
Revlddde
 plrgedlilu lssldimehgldtl uge imjejl bmzedtmde? ehíg jmssf, f Mgpírmf
Bmzedtmdf rltlvl f ifdtrfhl je gemfr pertl je Iehåbrme l je Epóhme df suh
etí glejfs jf síiuhf PM, l e iuhture bmzedtmde ifdtmdufu e mdnhuldimer e
 pldçdsuhe
ldtedtf, nfmplhfs síiuhfs vmdjfurfs.
repmjegldtl plrjmje pereE fsgemfr pertl jf
hfgberjfs. Lgrlstf jf fs
Rfge, peçs, df
pepes
gedtmvlreg uge mdjlpldjãdime prliårme, ifdnmedjf lg aredjl pertl df
 pfjlr gmhmter bmzedtmdf pere epfmå-hfs ifdtre fs ehlgéls `lrlals? fs
hfgberjfs, jlvl-sl hlgbrer, lreg ermedfs l `evme uge hfdae `mstùrme jl
edteafdmsgf ldtrl fs `lrlals afvlrdedtls alrgâdmifs je Mtåhme l slus
sójmtfs ietùhmifs rfgedfs.
 Dfs essudtfs rlhmamfsfs, Custmdf MM dfvegldtl nfm ifdtre es pfhçtmies jl
Custmdf M l Custmdmedf, busiedjf gems uge vlz ldifdtrer ug ifgprfgmssf
ifg fs gfdfnmsmstes. Lhl ebedjfdfu es mjímes tlfhùamies jl Custmdmedf l
jlnldjlu
Ifdiçhmf jlugIehiljúdme.
rltfrdf ës Lhl
jfutrmdes
mdsmstmujedemarlce ifgfjflhes
rlimteáéf lxmstmeg
Irljf edtls jf
jf Ifdiçhmf jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe des marlces, l i`egfu fs prmdimpems tlùhfafs pere tldter
ldif
ldifdt
dtre
rerr ug ififgp
gprf
rfgm
gmss
ssf.
f. Lh
Lhll et
etíí glslsg
gf rlss
rlssus
usim
imtf
tfuu e mjmjím
ímee jf
 @ldftmofd, prfmbmdjf e jmsiuss ssééf jl qulstüls rlheimf imfdejes ifg
Iehiljúdme. Zfjfs lssls lsnfráfs nfreg lg véf, df ldtedtf, l Custmdf gems
uge vlz nlz gems uge tldtetmve jl trezlr fs Gfdfnmsmtes jl vfhte ë
ifgud`éf ifg e marlce fnmimeh.
Custmdf eperldtlgldtl sfnrme jl ehaug tmpf jl jfldáe gldteh, l slu
ifgp
ifgpfrfrte
teggld
ldtf
tf tftfrd
rdfu
fu-s
-sll ie
ieje
je vl vlzz ge
gems
ms bm
bmze
zerr
rrf3
f3 ep
eper
erld
ldtl
tlg
gldldtl
tl f

mgplrejfr fiesmfdehgldtl
fuvmdjf gósmie jl ùraéf.gfrjme
Yfp`mefsvmu
glgbrfs
f plrmafjerlprlsldtejf
ifrtl l pesseve
pfr`fres
lsse
mdstebmhmjejl l, lg <1:, ifdvldilu Custmdf e dfgler f blhf ifrtlséf
 

Zmblrmfs ifgf Iíser. E pertmr jl ldtéf etí e gfrtl jl Custmdf lg <10,

Zmbírmf l Yfp`me lnltmvegldtl afvlrdereg f mgpírmf.

Zmbírmf Ifdstedtmdf (<10 ’ <02) 

Juredtl fs óhtmgfs quetrf edfs je vmje jl Custmdf MM, Zmbírmf rlvlrtlu

gumtes jes pfhçtmies jf mgplrejfr, ifgpredjf f epfmf jfs åverfs, pfr
lxlg
lx lgph
phf,
f, ifg
ifg ug pr prls
lsld
ldtl
tl al
aldl
dlrf
rfsf
sf,, rlju
rljuzm
zmdj
djff mgpf
mgpfst
stfs
fs l ae
aest
sted
edjf
jf
jmd`lmrf lg vårmfs prfcltfs jl ifdstruáéf.
Epùs e gfrtl jl Custmdf, e vmóve Yfp`me prfiurfu gedtlr slu prùprmf
 pfjlr,, l lhe eperldtlgldtl lxmamu qul Zmbírmf (jequm lg jmedtl ifd`limjf
 pfjlr
ifgf Zmbírmf Ifdstedtmdf) sl jmvfrimessl jl sue lspfse l sl iesessl ifg
lhe. Lhe nfm, df ldtedtf, ldaedeje pfr Zmbírmf, l sue mdnhuãdime ifgláfu e
jlihmder. Dfs essudtfs lxtlrdfs, Zmbírmf prfiurfu prmglmrf rliuplrer e
Mtåhme etrevís jl uge iegped`e gmhmter ifdtre fs hfgberjfs. Lhl tlvl qul
huter aulrres lg trãs nrldtls, l lhl nmdehgldtl prfiurfu dlutrehmzer fs
hfgberjfs etrevís jlqul
Zmbírmf nfm Geurçimf, mdtrmaes pfhçtmies.
ifdslaumu F aldlreh
vldilr beteh`esjl gemfr suilssf
smadmnmietmves jl
ifdtre
fs pl
plrs
rses
es.. F nfif
nfif jf mg mgpplr
lrej
ejfr
fr de nrfnrfdt
dtlm
lmre
re fr
frmmld
ldte
tehh fbr
brmmaf
afuu-f e
dlahmaldimer fs Båhiés, fdjl fs åverfs ifdstruçreg ug pfjlrfsf mgpírmf.
Ldtrl fs ehmejfs (fu sójmtfs) jfs åverfs lsteveg fs lshevfs, l slus
 prmglmrfs etequls lg aredjl lsiehe ef tlrrmtùrmf bmzedtmdf perlilg tlr
fifrrmjf juredtl f rlmdejf jl Zmbírmf.

Geurçimf (<02 ’ >;2) 

Juredtl
 pfjlrme slu ehauge
rlsteurer rlmdejf eperãdime
jl 2; edfs, f mgplrejfrpere
jl lstebmhmjejl Geurçimf perlime
f lstejf qul
bmzedtmdf.
Lhl cå `evme jlgfdstrejf sue `ebmhmjejl ifgf ifgedjedtl gmhmter l, lg
<02, Zmbírmf Ifdstedtmdf f nmzlre Iíser? epùs e gfrtl jf mgplrejfr gems
vlh`f, Geurçimf iesfu-sl ifg e nmh`e jl Zmbírmf. Geurçimf lre ug bfg
aldlreh lg slu prùprmf jmrlmtf, l f prmglmrf mgplrejfr e ldtrer lg iegpf
_jl beteh`eW jlsjl Zlfjùsmf M. Lhl nfm iumjejfsf lg sue lsifh`e jl
aldlrems ifgpltldtls l ejgmdmstrejfrls pere ecujå-hf, l lhl lre ug bfg l
 pfdjlrejf afvlrdedtl, qul jlu pessfs pere rlvlrtlr e ildtrehmzeáéf qul
iereitlrmzeve e pfhçtmie lsteteh jlsjl e ípfie jl Jmfihlimedf, l emdje gems

jlsjl e ípfie
jl Revldde jl Custm
Custmdmedf
l Ierteaf, dmedf.
. Essmg
Essmg,pfr
afvlrdejfs , lhllxeries
irmfu nfrgehgld
nfrgehgldtl
iucfs pfjlrls  Lxeri`etl' 
 Lxeri`etl' s
tl fsifgbmdeveg
eutfrmjejl imvmh l gmhmter, f qul ifdtrermeve fs prmdiçpmfs edtlrmfrls je
 

 pfhçtmie jl Lstejf.
Geurçimf nfm alrehgldtl blg suiljmjf lg sues aulrres ifdtre e [írsme
l lg <=5 uge fpfrtudmjejl rere suramu lg slu iegmd`f. @fuvl uge
jmspute plhf trfdf plrse l Ifsrfls MM, f dltf jl Ifsrfls M, prfiurfu e ecuje
jl Geurçimf, l nuamu pere tlrrmtùrmf bmzedtmdf l pfjl etí tlr sl iesejf ifg
e nmh`e jf mgplrejfr. Geurçimf jlspei`fu vårmfs jl slus glh`frls aldlrems
 pere ecujer Ifsrfls lg sue tldtetmve nmdeh jl rliuplrer f trfdf. F
rlsu
rlsuht
htej
ejff nf
nfmm ug tret
tretej
ejff jl pe
pezz (lg
(lg <=
<=5)
5),, dfte
dftevl
vlhg
hgld
ldtl
tl nevf
nevfråråvl
vlhh e
Bmzâ
Bm zâdi
dimf
mf l, de vlrjvlrjej
ejl,
l, il
iljl
jldj
djff ug
ugee ar
ared
edjl
jl pf
pfrá
ráéf
éf je Ergãdm
Ergãdmee ef
mgpírmf. E pez de nrfdtlmre plrse plrgmtmu qul Geurmil ejftessl uge
 pfhçtmie lxtlrde earlssmve lg futrfs huaerls, l e mdnhuãdime bmzedtmde lsteve
lsteve
lg ug pfdtf ehtf de årle jmsputeje jf Iåuiesf. Geurçimf, df ifgláf jl
slu rlmdejf, cå `evme ifdslaumjf rfgplr e ifdnljlreáéf jfs årebls jfs
Aessâdmjes, qul `evme smjf f prmdimpeh ehmejf jl Bmzâdimf ef hfdaf je
nr
nrfd
fdtl
tlmr
mree su
sujl
jlst
stll if
ifdt
dtre
re fs plrs
plrses
es l fs blju
bljuçd
çdfs
fs jf jljlsl
slrt
rtf.
f. Ifgf
Ifgf
rlsuhtejf jlsse gujedáe jl pfhçtmie, f mgpírmf nfm iepez jl nfrcer ehmedáes
nhutuedtls ifg ugedóglrf
 Df Fimjldtl, smtueáéfgemfr jl téf
déf lre arupfs årebls.
pfsmtmve. E gemfrme jes pfsslssüls
 bmzedtmdes de Lsped`e nfm plrjmje pere fs vmsmafjfs lg ilrie jl <0:,
lgbfre emdje `fuvlssl sue prlsldáe etí fs edfs >2;. F dfrtl je Ånrmie
 plrgedlilu fnmimehgldtl lg géfs bmzedtmdes etí es ifdqumstes årebls jf
síiuhf ^MM, ges e årle lsteve hfdal jl slr slaure, cå qul fs glgbrfs jes
trmbfs blrblrls eteieveg fs ildtrfs lsteblhlimjfs l tfrdeveg f ifdtrfhl
 bmzedtmdf gumtf jmnçimh. De Mtåhme, fs hfgberjfs lglramreg jl ug plrçfjf
jl jmssldséf mdtlrde, prmglmrf sfb Euterm, qul essugmu f tçtuhf jl rlm lg
<0: l jlpfms Eamhun (<=;->5>), l ifdslaumreg lstebmhmzer e ifdqumste jl
aredjl pertl jfjf
mdjlpldjãdime peçs. Lg bmzedtmdf,
epfmf <=9, f pepeessmdedjf
Arlaùrmf ug
M prfiurfu
tretejf jlgfdstrer
jl pez ifgsuefs
hfgberjfs pfr ifdte prùprme, ges mssf sù pfjlrme slr iugprmjf lg <=0
ifg e ecuje jf Lxerie jl Revldde.
Geurçimf jljmifu ldlrame smadmnmietmve ë årle fimldteh l, edf epùs edf,
sues trfpes nmzlreg iegped`e dfs Båhiés. E pez ifg e [írsme lg <=5
 plrgmtmu-h`l ifdildtrer emdje gems e sue etldáéf hå. Zrfpes mgplrmems
etrevlssereg f Jedóbmf, e pertmr jl <=9, l e ifdnljlreáéf jfs åverfs
gfstrfu smdems jl jmssfhuáéf. Df ldtedtf, e frjlg pere es trfpes pesserlg
f mdvlrdf jl >;2 etrevís jf Jedóbmf hlvfu e uge rlvfhte gmhmter qul
repmjegldtl
quedtf ldifdtrfu
des neiáüls epfmf ifg
jl imrif, lg Ifdstedtmdfphe,
fs ^lrjls l fs tedtf
Ezumsldtrl fs sldejfrls
sl udmdjf ifdtre
Geurçimf, e qulg lhls ifdsmjlreveg gumtf slvlrf lg slu ifdtrfhl jl sue
 

etmvmjejl. Nfies, ug fnmimeh jf lxírimtf jl bemxe petldtl, hmjlrfu e rlvfhte

jf lxírimtf l geri`fu pere Ifdstedtmdfphe, ehlaedjf qul lhl mrme ifhfier f
nmh`f jl Geurçimf, Zlfjùsmf (fu, ehtlrdetmvegldtl, sfarf jl Geurçimf) df
trfdf. Dlste smtueáéf, es neiáüls sl rlvfhtereg, l mssf nmdehmzfu f jlstmdf
jf mgplrejfr. Geurçimf l slus nmh`fs nfreg tfjfs lxliutejfs l Nfies nfm
 prfihegejf mgplrejfr ifg e bldáéf jf jf Yldejf.

Nfies (>;2 ’ >5;) 

F rlmd
lmdejf jf mgplrejfr Nfies í alrehgldt dtll vmstf
stf tedtf pfr
`mstfrmejfrls ifdtlgpfrâdlfs ifgf pfr edtmafs ifgf ug jlsestrl quesl
ebsfhutf. Ifgf gldimfdejf eimge, Geurçimf cudtegldtl ifg tfje e sue
negçhme nfm essessmdejf jl uge nfrge lsplimehgldtl bruteh, l tfjf f tlimjf
je vmje lg Ifdstedtmdfphe perlime sl jlsnezlr. Lgbfre Nfies tld`e smjf
mdmimehgldtl epfmejf pfr glgbrfs jf Yldejf, slu afvlrdf repmjegldtl
ifgláfu
ifgl áfu uge sírml jf qul sù pfjl slr i`ege
i`egejf
jf jl essessm
essessmdetfs
detfs cujmim
cujmimems.
ems.
Mssf
lstes,deturehgldtl
pfr sue vlz,jlu frmalg
hlvereg e ifdspmreáüls
e uge rlems ifdtre
gemfr plrslaumáéf f mgplrejfr,El
je ermstfireime.
neiáéf jf imrif ^
^lrjl,
lrjl, qul mdmimehgldtl epfmere Nfies, vfhtfu-sl ifdtre lhl
 pfr ehaug gftmvf, ldquedtf e neiáéf Ezuh vlmf pere epfmer f afvlrdf. F
rlsuhtejf nfm uge vmfhãdime quesl ifdtçdue ldtrl fs glgbrfs jes neiáüls,
déf epldes lg Ifdstedtmdfphe, ges tegbíg lg futrfs huaerls, l mssf
deturehgldtl tlvl ug lnlmtf jlslstebmhmzejfr sfbrl e sfimljejl ifgf ug
tfjf.
Nfies eirlsildtfu ë smtueáéf jmnçimh hlvedtedjf qulstüls rlhmamfses qul
mdnhegeveg gumtfs imjejéfs jf mgpírmf. [fr ug hejf, lhl essugmu uge
 pfsmáéf
 preagåtmies nfrtlgldtl iehiljúdme, qul
jl slus edtlilssfrls, lg déf
ifdtrestl
`evmegifg nlmtf es pfhçtmies
dld`uge gems
tldtetmve
 prfhfdaeje jl ifdtrfher fs gfdfnmsmtes. Mssf hlvfu ë plrslaumáéf jl
gfdfnmsmtes df Frmldtl l uge rlsmstãdime detureh ë pfhçtmie mgplrmeh. Ehíg
jmss
jm ssf,
f, df nm nmde
dehh jf sí
síiu
iuhhf ^M
^M,, f pep
epee Ar
Arla
laùr
ùrmmf Ge
Geadadff alrf
alrfuu uge
uge
ifdtrfvírsme ef sl fpfr ef usf jf tlrgf ‘[etrmerie Liugãdmif‗ (qul
sm
smad
admnm
mnmie
ie pepetr
trme
meri
riee jl tfjf
tfjf f mg mgpí
pírm
rmf)
f) pl
plhf
hf bmsp
bmspff jl If Ifds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he..
Geurçi
Geu rçimf
mf lss
lssldi
ldimeh
mehgld
gldtl
tl mad
madfrf
frfuu e ifd
ifdtrf
trfvír
vírsme
sme,, ge
gess Nfies
Nfies epfmfu
epfmfu e
 pfsmáéf pepeh l i`lafu e jmrmamr ug jlirltf ef pepe Bfdmnåimf MMM,
rlifd`lildjf lxprlssegldtl f bmspf jl Rfge ifgf i`lnl jl tfje e
marlce.jfs
qulr Zehgfdfnmsmtes
pfsmáéf, deturehgldtl, déf fbtlvl dld`ug
qulr jfs iehiljfdmedfs, epfmf pere
qul jlslceveg Nfies,
gedtlr es
 prlrrfaetmves je marlce jl Ifdstedtmdfphe.
Ifdstedtmdfphe.
 

F nreiessf gmhmter lg vårmes nrldtls ifdtre fs plrses, í iherf, hlvfu f

mgpl
mg plre
rejf
jfrr e ld
ldif
ifdt
dtre
rerr bf
bfjl
jlss lx
lxpm
pmet
etùr
ùrmf
mfs,
s, l slu
slu afafvl
vlrd
rdff if
ifdt
dtmd
mduf
ufuu e
lxlliu
lx iutter ifg
ifged edje
jeddtls
tls l glg lgbr
brffs je er ermmstf
stfir
irei
eimme. Lst
Lste smtu
smtueá
eáéf
éf,,
 cudtegldtl ifg e ietåstrfnl gmhmter, epldes ldifrecfu dfves rlvfhtes. \ge
jlhes nfm e blg suiljmje lg púr nmg ef sedarldtf rlmdejf jl Nfies. Lg
>;0,
>; 0, @lrå
@lråih
ihmf
mf,, f lxlxer
erie
ie jl IeIert
rtea
eaf,
f, rlvf
rlvfht
htfu
fu-s
-sll if
ifdt
dtre
re fs Nf
Nfieiess l
jlspei`fu uge nrfte pere e iepmteh. Nfies déf tmd`e trfpes pere ldnrldter f
jlsenmf l fs prfvmdimedfs jlsifdtldtls ifgláereg e sl rludmr ef pejréf
jl rlvfhte, qul hfaf nfm tfgejf plhf nmh`f jf lxerie, tegbíg i`egejf
@lråihmf. F Lamtf sl cudtfu ë rlvfhte l mgljmetegldtl ifrtfu f suprmgldtf
jl aréfs pere Ifdst
Ifdstedtm
edtmdfphe
dfphe.. Lrau
Lrauldjf
ldjf ejlptfs, @lråihmf, f gems cfvlg,
i`lafu nfre jl Ifdstedtmdfphe lg 9 jl futubrf jl >5;, l f afvlrdf jl
Nfi
fies
es ld
ldtr
trffu lg ifhifhep
epsf
sf queuesl
sl mgljme
ljmete
teg
gldt
dtl3
l3 f mgpl
mgplre
rejjfr nf
nfmm
sugermegldtl lxliutejf l es ifrls je neiáéf Ezuh nfreg qulmgejes lg
uge fdje jl mre pfpuher er.. Lg < jl futubrf, @lråihmf ldtrfu lg
Ifdstedtmdfphe l nfm ifrfejf mgplrejfr plhf petrmerie Yíramf.

@lråihmf (>5; ’ >:5) 

E esildséf jl @lråihmf ef trfdf í uge bfe fpfrtudmjejl pere jer ug

 pessf etrås l lxegmder brlvlgldtl ehauges jes prmdimpems qulstüls l
 prfbhlges `mstùrmifs qul enlteg dfsse ifgprlldséf jfs síiuhfs ^M l ^MM,
lsplimnmiegldtl e qulstéf jf essldtegldtf lshevf jfs Båhiés l jf qulstéf
je i`egeje Mjejl jes Zrlves Bmzedtmde.
Fs Bå
Båhi
hiés
és,, if
ifgf
gf vmgf
vmgfs,
s, ls
lste
teve
vegg lssl
lssldi
dime
mehg
hgld
ldtl
tl pl
plrj
rjmj
mjfs
fs pe
pere
re f
mgpírmf, l e aulrre ifg e [írsme lsteve mdjf gumtf geh, cå qul e gfrtl jl
Nfies déf jmgmdumu
F lxírimtf f jlslcf
jf Frmldtl, jl Ifsrfls
nlhmzgldtl, gedtlvlMM pfr ugeareu
ehaug vmtùrme sfbrl Bmzâdimf.
jl iflséf l busifu
jlsvmer f evedáf plrse. [fuif jlpfms je esildséf jl @lråihmf, df ldtedtf,
fs plrses jlrrftereg f lxírimtf bmzedtmdf plrtf jl Edtmfqume, l lhls sl
gujereg pere e Åsme Gldfr l pere f suh, tfgedjf Jegesif l, lg >5:,
Clrusehíg. Lhls sequlereg e Imjejl Yedte, jlstruçreg e marlce jf Yedtf
Ylpuhirf, ifdstruç uçjje pfr Ifdstedtmdf, l hlvereg e Yedte Iruz
(s
(sup
upfs
fste
tegl
gldtdtll e ir
iruz
uz usej
usejee de ir
irui
uimn
mnmi
mieá
eáéf
éf)) pe
pere
re e ieiepm
pmte
tehh pl
plrs
rsee jl
Itlsmnfdtl.
@lråihmf usfu lssl tlgpf pere trlmder f lxírimtf lg dfves tåtmies,
lsuplrvmsmfdfu
splimehgldt
dtll mssf
f plssfehgldtl,
usf jl erqulmr
lmrfs g
ifdtre f fifdslh`f
dtejfs jl
lgslus
erg
rges
es hlvls,qull
gmdmstrfs,
 pldseveg qul lhl jlvlrme lvmter ldtrer df iegpf jl beteh`e. Lg >22,
 

@lråihmf sldtmu qul lsteve prfdtf pere f ifdtre-etequl ifdtre fs plrses.

Lhll hedá
Lh hedáfu
fu mssf
mssf etei
eteied
edjf
jf f df
dfrt
rtll de Er
Ergã
gãdm
dme,
e, nf
nfrá
ráed
edjf
jf fs pl
plrs
rses
es e
ebedjfder sues nfrtmnmieáüls de Åsme Gldfr, l f mgplrejfr nfm vmtfrmfsf
lg uge beteh`e irçtmie lg sfhf ergãdmf. Dfs edfs slaumdtls @lråihmf
 plrgedlilu de fnldsmve l ifdslaumu tfger vårmes imjejls, mdihumdjf e
mgpfrtedtl imjejl rlhmamfse plrse jl Aedzeo, fdjl jlstrumu f tlgphf jl
Sfrfes
Sfrf estr
trff lg vmda
vmdaed
edáe
áe plhe
plhe jlst
jlstru
rumá
máéf
éf jl ClClru
ruse
sehí
híg.
g. Fs pl plrs
rses
es,, df
ldtedtf, ifdtre-eteiereg, l e egleáe gems sírme vlmf lg >2>, quedjf fs
 plrses l fs åverfs sl ifgbmdereg pere eteier e prùprme Ifdstedtmdfphe. F
mgplrejfr lsteve lg iegped`e df Iåuiesf l e jlnlse je imjejl lsteve des
géfs
gé fs jf petr
petrme
meri
riee Yí
Yírram
amf.
f. Fs plplrs
rses
es,, sfb
sfb sl
sluu al
aldl
dlre
rehh Y`
Y`e`
e`rb
rber
erez
ez,,
eiegpereg-sl de Iehiljúdme, ges déf tmd`eg devmfs pere tredspfrtå-hfs
etrevís jf Bùsnfrf. Lstls lreg nfrdlimjfs plhfs lshevfs, qul ifd`limeg e
tlidfhfame je ifdstruáéf båsmie jl devmfs, lgbfre slus devmfs - lgbfre
 prfvevlhgldtl déf nfsslg iedfes (ifgf ehauds `mstfrmejfrls pldseg) -
jmnm
jmnmim
imhg
hgld
ldtl
tl sl
slrm
rmeg
eg på
pårl
rlff pe
pere
re fs dedevm
vmfs
fs je gegerm
rmd`
d`ee bmbmze
zedt
dtmd
mde.
e. Es
Gureh`es
jmrltfs jfsjlåverfs,
Ifdstedtmdfphe
l quedjf fsnfreg sunmimldtls
lshevfs pertmregpere
pere nrustrer jfmsfsetequls
tredspfrter plrses
 pere f hejf lurfplu, e germd`e bmzedtmde pertmu jf Ifrdf jl Furf l
jlvestfu e ‘ergeje‗ åvere. Futrf etequl jfs åverfs tegbíg neh`fu l f
ilrif nfm iedilhejf? Ifdstedtmdfphe `evme smjf sehve, l @lråihmf nfm iepez
jl prlssmfder sue vedtealg pere f ifreáéf je [írsme. Lhl pessfu e gemfr
 pertl jl >21 lg uge tldtetmve blg-suiljmje jl subcuaer f Iåuiesf l
jlpf
jl pfms
ms su
surp
rprl
rlld
ldjl
jluu fs plplrs
rses
es ef ge geriri`e
`err pe
pere
re e Gl Glsf
sfpf
pftâ
tâgm
gmee lg
jlzl
jlzlggbr
brf.
f. \g
\gee be
bete
teh`
h`ee pl
plrt
rtff jl DçDçdm
dmvl
vl tlvl
tlvl ug
ugee vmvmtù
tùrm
rmee bm
bmze
zedt
dtmd
mdee
jlimsmve l @lråihmf plrslaumu Ifsrfls plhf dfrtl jf Mrequl. Df edf
slaumdtl
lxliutejf.(>20) `fuvl uge rlvfhte de [írsme l I`fsrfls nfm jlrrubejf l
@lråihmf ifdqumstfu uge vmtùrme ifgphlte. F dfvf afvlrdedtl plrse,
Y`e`
Y` e`rb
rber
erez
ez,, lste
lsteve
ve jmsp
jmspfs
fstf
tf e nezl
nezlrr if
ifdi
dils
lssü
süls
ls df
dftå
tåvl
vlms,
ms, mdih
mdihum
umdj
djff e
eilmteáéf jf irmstmedmsgf l f rlifd`limgldtf jl @lråihmf ifgf prftltfr
jl slu nmh`f. Lgbfre epldes ehauds edfs edtls perlilssl qul f Mgpírmf
Bmzedtmdf pfjlrme jlseperlilr, lg >20 jlrrftere jlimsmvegldtl slu edtmaf
rmveh l lsteve jlnmdmtmvegldtl df ifdtrfhl jf Frmldtl. E Yedte Iruz nfm
hlveje jl vfhte pere Clrusehíg l lg >9; @lråihmf ldtrfu de imjejl pere
ilhlbrer f trmudnf, qul lhl ifdqumstfu lg aredjl pertl pfr sue ifrealg
 plssfeh, jltlrgmdeáéf l `ebmhmjejl
`ebmhmjejl gmhmter
gmhmter..
 

[rfbhlges Zlfhùamifs

Ifgf tfjfs fs mgplrejfrls bmzedtmdfs nmzlreg, @lråihmf tlvl qul

hmjer ifg qulstüls rlhmamfses l ifg e gedlmre ifgf f irmstmedmsgf perlime
jmvmjmr slus sójmtfs lg vlz jl udm-hfs. E qulstéf lre pertmiuhergldtl eauje
 pere lhl quedjf rliuplrfu f Frmldtl, l f gfdfnmsmsgf vfhtfu e slr uge
ifdsmj
ifds mjlre
lreáé
áéff plrg
plrged
edld
ldtl
tl.. F petr
petrme
meri
riee Yí
Yíra
ramf
mf esessu
sugm
gmuu e hmjl
hmjlre
redá
dáee de
tldtetmve jl ldifdtrer dfvegldtl ehaug ifgprfgmssf ldtrl fs jfms hejfs
tlfhùamifs. Lhl prfiurfu nezlr mssf ifg e jfutrmde jf  Gfdflr amsgf, qul
 Gfdflramsgf
ldsmdeve qul, lgbfre Irmstf tmvlssl uge deturlze `ugede l jmvmde, lhl
tmd`e uge ódmie "ldlrame". F mgplrejfr l f petrmerie lgpurrereg lsse
jfut
jf utrmd
rmdee l tm
tmvl
vlreg
reg ehau
ehaugg susuil
ilss
ssff mdmi
mdmime
meh?
h? f pepepe
pe perl
perlim
imee jmsp
jmspfst
fstff e
ifdifrjer, l vårmfs mgpfrtedtls ihírmafs gfdfnmsmstes tegbíg epfmereg.
Yfp`rfdmfs, f pfjlrfsf petrmerie jl Clrusehíg, rlsmstmu l lxmamu deje
gldf
ldfs qul e phld phldee ei
eilm
lmtteáéf
eáéf jl IeIehhil
iljú
júdm
dme,
e, l hfafaff e pfpfsm
smáé
áéff jfs
gfdfnmsmtes tegbíg sl ldjurlilu. Yíramf, pfrtedtf, rlpldsfu f essudtf l
sualrmu
"tlste
"tlstegldfutre
tf".. jfutrmde,
gldtf" @lråih mf prfpfdjf
@lråihmf epfmfu f elds
epfmfu jfutrmde
mdf jf jl
ldsmdf qul Irmstf tmd`e ug ódmif
gfdftlhmsgf  (e jfutrmde je
"ódmie vfdtejl") l lg >90 lhl jliherfu fnmimehgldtl qul lre pfhçtmie
mgplrmeh lg ug jlirltf i`egejf  Lot`lsms, qul nfm pubhmiejf pubhmiegldtl
de @eame Yfp`me. Lste ‘sfhuáéf‗ pere f prfbhlge rlhmamfsf déf tlvl gems
suil
suilss
ssff jf ququll qu
queehq
hqul
ulrr jes tl
tlddtetmv
etmves
es ededtl
tlrm
rmfr
frls
ls.. Ess
ssmg
mg ifg
ifgf f
 @ldftmofd  edtl
edtlss jl
jlhl
hl,, f LoLot`
t`ls
lsms
ms nfm
nfm rlcl
rlclmt
mtej
ejff pf
pfrr iehi
iehilj
ljfd
fdme
medf
dfss l
gfdfnmsmtes, l sù slrvmu pere ldjurlilr e pfsmáéf jfs jfms hejfs l gmdfu
emdje gems e iepeimjejl jf mgplrejfr jl jltlrgmder e irldáe rlhmamfse pfr
jlirltf mgplrmeh.

Es Mdvesüls Årebls

Í uge mrfdme mgprlssmfdedtl qul e vmtùrme tfteh jl @lråihmf sfbrl fs

 plrses tld`e smjf slaumje quesl qul mgljmetegldtl plhe plrje plrgedldtl
jl vmrtuehgldtl tfjf f Frmldtl Bmzedtmdf pere fs årebls. Ifgf rlsuhtejf
jes aulrres plrses, fs rliursfs jf lstejf bmzedtmdf nfreg lstldjmjfs ef
 pfdtf jl rupture, l f mgplrejfr jlvl tlr lsplrejf edsmfsegldtl pfr ug
hfdaf plrçfjf jl pez lg qul e prfsplrmjejl pujlssl slr rlsteureje. [lhf
ifdtrårmf, lg >9: - epldes slms edfs jlpfms je vmtùrme jl @lråihmf sfbrl fs
 plrses
Gefgíllg jfms edfs epùs
pfrtuauãs) e gfrtlmdvejmreg
fs årebls jf prfnlte Gu`eggej
f tlrrmtùrmf (i`egejf
bmzedtmdf jl
l jldtrf
jl jfms edfs lhls tmd`eg lssldimehgldtl aed`f f ifdtrfhl jf Frmldtl
 

 bmzedtmdf, mdihumdjf e Yçrme

Yçrme l [ehlstmde.
Lstl déf í f huaer pere uge jmsiusséf sfbrl es frmalds jf Msheg l f
jlsldvfhvmgldtf jf iehmnejf årebl? f hlmtfr qul déf tlg ifd`limgldtf
 båsmif jlssls lvldtfs slrme eifdslh`ejf fh`er pere ug bfg rlsugf je
`mstùrme mshâgmie prmgmtmve. Í iherf, df ldtedtf, qul f [rfnlte Gu`eggej
l e edtmae trejmáéf mshâgmie irlsilreg lg ug gudjf ifg nfrtls ifdlxüls
ifg Bmzâdimf. F prùprmf Gu`eggej lsteve phldegldtl ifdsimldtl jf
 cujeçsgf l jf irmstmedmsgf bmzedtmdf, l f [rfnlte vmvlu de nrfdtlmre jf
Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf, qul lhl quesl ilrtegldtl vmsmtfu.
Aredjl pertl je óhtmge pertl je vmje jf [rfnlte nfm jljmieje ef
lsteblhlimgldtf jl uge dfve rlhmaméf lstrmjldtlgldtl gfdftlçste ldtrl fs
 pfvfs nfrtlgldtl pfhmtlçstes je pldçdsuhe eråbmie. Lste nfm uge terlne
jmnç
nçiimh, geri
rieeje plhe vmfhãdime ifdtre fs guáuh uhg
gedfs l gum umttfs
ifdtretlgpfs pere f Msheg. De ípfie je gfrtl jl Gu`eggej lg >92, df
ldtedtf, e gemfrme je pldçdsuhe `evme plhf gldfs eilmtejf nfrgehgldtl f
Mshé,
Mshé, l Ebu
Ebu Be
Beor
or,, f pr
prmg
mglm
lmrf
rf ie
iehm
hmne
ne ("su
("suil
ilssf
ssfrr jf [rfn
[rfnlt
lte"
e"),
), pf
pfjl
jlrmrmee
rlmvmdjmier plhf
de pldçdsuhe. gldfs e jl
F suilssfr hlehjejl nfrgeh
Ebu Beor nfm je gemfrme
f iehmne jes (>9:
\ger plssfes vmvldjf
’ >::), qul
mdmimfu es iegped`es gmhmterls qul hlvereg ë råpmje jmsslgmdeáéf jf
mshegmsgf l jf iehmnejf.
Lg >9:, \ger mdvejmu e Yçrme l fbtlvl vårmes vmtùrmes ifdtre fs
lxírimtfs bmzedtmdfs, mdihumdjf e ifdqumste jl Jegesif. E prmdiçpmf, fs
 bmzedtmdfs déf hlvereg e sírmf lsse mdveséf, cå qul mdvesfrls årebls
nrlqøldtlg
nrlqøldtlgldtl
ldtl ieuseveg jmnmiuhje
jmnmiuhjejls
jls dequ
dequlhe
lhe årle. Lg >9>, df ldtedtf,
ldtedtf,
@lråihmf nmifu ehergejf, l lhl fraedmzfu uge ldfrgl nfráe
lxpljmimfdårme, tehvlz jf teged`f jl 5;;.;;; `fglds, l e jlspei`fu
ifdtre fs årebls.
uge beteh`e \ger
df vehl jl mdmimehgldtl
]erguo (ug rliufu
]erguo enhuldtljfjfdfrtl je Yçrme,
rmf Cfrjéf de ges fnlrlilu
[ehlstmde). E
jmssldséf ldtrl fs ifgedjedtls bmzedtmdfs, e lnmiåime jfs ievehlmrfs årebls
l uge sóbmte tlgplstejl jl erlme hlvereg ë jlstrumáéf jl tfjf f lxírimtf
 bmzedtmdf l jlmxereg tfje e Yçrme l e [ehlstmde eblrtes ës nfráes jl \ger\ger..
Hmjlrejfs plhf [etrmerie Yfp`rfdmfs, f pfvf jl Clrusehíg rlsmstmu ës
nfráes årebls, ges lhls tegbíg nfreg nfráejfs e sl rldjlr e \ger lg
>90. F iehmne rlsplmtfu fs huaerls irmstéfs jl iuhtf lg Clrusehíg l fs
jlmxfu lg géfs irmst stéés, lgb
lgbfre sedtuårmf rmfs guá uáuuhgedfs nfreg
repmjegldtl ifdstruçjfs de imjejl sedte. Fs årebls subcuaereg f Mgpírmf
[lrse téf jlprlsse
ifdqumster Ergãdmquedtf
e Ergãdme
e lg >:; tfgereg f hlstl
l f Lamtf bmzedtmdf, l sl gujereg pere
lg >:5.
F iehm
iehmne
ne \g
\ger
er md
mdmi
mimf
mfuu f pr
prfi
fils
lssf
sf jl irme
irmeáé
áéff jl ug lste
lstejf
jf qu
qull
 

nmdehgldtl tlrme sue iepmteh lg Jegesif, df edtmaf tlrrmtùrmf bmzedtmdf, l

ef nezã-hf nlz usf jl gumtes mdstmtumáüls bmzedtmdes l, jl netf, ifg lx-
eutfrmjejls bmzedtmdes, cå qul fs årebls déf tmd`eg trejmáéf edtlrmfr jl
alrldimer ug aredjl mgpírmf ildtrehmzejf, ges jmvlrsmnmiejf. Jl netf, fs
rlamstrfs jf iehmnejf nfreg gedtmjfs pfr edfs lg arlaf, l es prmglmres
gfljes årebls mgmtereg gfljes bmzedtmdes, etí glsgf rlprlsldtedjf ug
‘iehmne lg pí‗ lg mgmteáéf jl gfljes qul gfstreveg f mgplrejfr de
glsg
gl sgee pf
pfsm
smáé
áéf?
f? sù jljlpf
pfms
ms jl ehau
ehaug g tlgp
tlgpff ls
lsse
se nmau
nmaure
re `u
`uge
gedede nf
nfmm
rlgfvmje jes gfljes, pere slr substmtuçje pfr uge smgphls mdsirmáéf. F
glsgf pfjl slr jmtf sfbrl e erqumtlture gfdugldteh, cå qul fs årebls
tmd`eg pfuie fu dld`uge trejmáéf e lssl rlsplmtf, l fs dfvfs afvlrdedtls
lgpr
lg prla
laev
eveg
eg de detu
ture
rehg
hgld
ldtl
tl erqu
erqumt
mtlt
ltfs
fs l ififds
dstr
trut
utfr
frls
ls bm
bmze
zedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs de
ifdstruáéf jl pehåimfs, glsqumtes l futrfs ljmnçimfs póbhmifs pere jlifrer
sues imjejls l hfiems jl mdtlrlssl.. Bfds lxlgphfs je ifdtmdumjejl je
trejmáéf bmzedtmde sfb fs prmglmrfs iehmnes séf e aredjl glsqumte jl
Jegesif, e Iópuhe je Rfi`e lg Clrusehíg l fs pehåimfs fgçejes df
jlslrtf
@å cfrjedmedf.
tegbíg bfes lvmjãdimes jl ifdtmdumjejl dug dçvlh gems båsmif
des lvmjãdimes erqulfhùamies. \g lxegl gmduimfsf jes lsieveáüls l
hlvedtegldtfs je imjejl l jf iegpf sualrl ifdsmjlråvlh prfsplrmjejl de
Yçrme juredtl f quertf ef slxtf síiuhf. Mssf lstå jl eifrjf ifg f qul
seblgfs jl tfjf f Gljmtlrrâdlf Frmldteh dlstl plrçfjf. Lsieveáüls de
ehjlme jl Jl`às, df ldtedtf, eprlsldteg uge surprlse ifdsmjlråvlh. E
eperldtl prfsplrmjejl jfs prmglmrfs edfs plrgmtmu qul fs `ebmtedtls, qul
eperl
rlddtlg
lglldtl lreg nezldjlmr lmrfs, ifdstru
truçsslg ieses bestedtl
mgprlssmfdedtls (ifgphltes ifg ifhudetes ef hfdaf je nrldtl) etí f síiuhf
^M.. Lsse
^M Lsse ifds
 pretmiegldtlifdéf
dsttru
ruáé
áéff nf
nfmm vlstçamfs,
jlmxereg md
mdtl
tlrr
rrfg
fgpm
pmj
lje, ges es ifdq
eperldtlgldtlifedqu
umste
steifdtmdufu
vmje s år
åreb
eblls
slg mdtlrrupáéf plhf gldfs etí f nmdeh jf síiuhf ^MM. Déf `å lvmjãdime jl
jlst
jl stru
rumá
máéf
éf vm
vmfh
fhld
ldtete e ququeh
ehqu
qulr
lr gfg
fgldldtf
tf,, ges
ges f eifr
eifrjf
jf perl
perlil
il tlr
tlr
jmgmduçjf jl teged`f l eiebejf pfr jlseperlilr, eperldtlgldtl ifgf
rlsuhtejf je esildséf jfs ebåssmjes l je substmtumáéf jl Jegesif pfr
Beajå ifgf e sljl jf iehmnejf lg 1<;, lvldtfs qul déf tmd`eg ifdlxéf
jmrlte ifg Bmzâdimf.

Fs Yuilssfrls jl @lråihmf

@lråihmf pessfu slus óhtmgfs edfs enudjejf lg jlslsplrf, jfldáe l

tehvlz etí jlsfrjlg gldteh. F ifhepsf tfteh jf Frmldtl jlmxfu-f mdiepez
 

jl eamr, l f `fglg qul `evme tfgejf f lstejf je jlrrfte pere f trmudnf nfm
eperldtlgldtl pltrmnmiejf plhe mdjlimséf l plhf gljf. Jmssldséf ifgláfu
e suramr de iepmteh l @lråihmf nmdehgldtl gfrrlu lg nlvlrlmrf jl >:5.
Lhl jlmxfu pere slus suilssfrls ug hlaejf jmnçimh3 f mgpírmf nfm
jmvmjmjf mdtlrdegldtl l tlvl qul ldnrldter uge sírml jl jlsenmfs jf
esildjldtl iehmnejf årebl. Uul f lstejf bmzedtmdf nfm iepez jl sfbrlvmvlr
e lste ípfie jl prfbhlges í uge gljmje jl sue prfnudje nfráe mdtlrde l
je irmeáéf jl uge lstruture mdstmtuimfdeh qul iereitlrmzerme e sfimljejl
 bmzedtmde pere f prùxmgf glmf gmhãdmf. F plrçfjf í jmnçimh jl ldtldjlr, lg
 pertl pfrqul dfsses nfdtls séf téf pfbrls, ges lvldtfs jl iruimeh
mgpfrtâdime lsteveg fifrrldjf. Fs nreiessfs nmdems jfs årebls pere tfger
Ifdstedtmdfphe fu nezlr mdiursüls plrgedldtls de Åsme Gldfr nfreg f
mdçimf jf hfdaf prfilssf jl rliuplreáéf bmzedtmde.
@lråihmf iesfu-sl jues vlzls, prmglmrf ifg Nevme, qul ejftfu f dfgl
jl Lujfome, l qul h`l jlu f nuturf mgplrejfr @lråihmf Ifdstedtmdf,
tegbíg ifd`limjf ifgf Ifdstedtmdf MMM. Epùs sue gfrtl, @lråihmf sl
ie
iesf
sfuu ifg
ifg qul
egbmimfse su
suee ifdqumstfu
sf
sfbr
brmd
md`e
`e Ge
Gert
rtmd
mdee (l
(lg
e mdmgmzejlg jf
>5
>59/
9/5:
5:),
), lug
pfvf uge
jee marlce,
gu
guh`
h`lr
lr lg
ie
iepe
pez
z l
pertl
 pfrqul f iesegldtf lre alrehgldtl ifdsmjlrejf mdilstufsf. F petrmerie
Yíramf ifdjldfu e udméf, ges @lråihmf madfrfu sue fpfsmáéf l Gertmde
jlu ef mgplrejfr jlz nmh`fs? vårmfs jlhls, df ldtedtf, lsteveg
gldtehgldtl mdiepeimtejfs - ug smdeh pere _Yíramf jlW ug pfuif jf
jlsearejf jl Jlus.
@lråihmf Ifdstedtmdf desilu lg >52 l nfm ifrfejf ifgf mgplrejfr df
edf slaumdtl,
slaumdtl, pfr mssf sue suilsséf lsteve aeredtmj
aeredtmje,
e, lgbfre lhl lstmvlssl
ifg prfbhlges jl seójl de ípfie je gfrtl jl slu pem. Jl eifrjf ifg f
tlstegldtf
ifg jf lx-mgplrejfr,
slu glmf-mrgéf @lråihmf
@lreihfdes, nmh`fIfdstedtmdf
jl Gertmde,jlvlrme jmvmjmr
qul tmd`e f trfdf
epldes 5<
edffs de íp
ed ípfi
fie.
e. @l
@lrå
råih
ihmmf If
Ifdsdstted
edttmdf lre
lre pfp
fpuuher
her if
ifg
g f pfv fvff jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe, ges lhl ldifdtrfu f tlsfurf vezmf (l jl eifrjf ifg uge
nfdtl, lhl ebrmu e tugbe jl slu pem l rlgfvlu sue ifrfe pere slr vl vldjmje).
djmje).
Lhl déf tlvl suilssf gmhmter. Gertmde iheregldtl ei`fu-f ug mgpljmgldtf
 pere f afvlrdf jl slu prùprmf nmh`f, l rugfrls jl irmgl nfreg
mgljmetegldtl jmvuhaejfs quedjf @lråihmf Ifdstedtmdf gfrrlu.
Gert
Ge rtmd
mdee sldt
sldtme
me qu
qull ea
eafr
free qu
qull tmtmd`
d`ee ug
ugee fp
fpfr
frtu
tudm
dmje
jejl
jl iher
iheree jl
afvl
af vlrd
rder
er lg dfg dfgl jl sluslu nm
nmh`
h`ff pl
plqu
quld
ldf.
f. Lhe
Lhe ep
epfm
fmfu
fu fs ldldsm
smdf
dfss jf
Gfdftlhmsgf
if-mgplrejfr,lges
prfiurfu rlgfvlr
e fpfsmáéf fs slaumjfrls
suramu, tedtf pfr jf rlildtlgldtl
ieuse nehlimjf
jl slu iesegldtf
supfstegldtl mdilstufsf l tegbíg smgphlsgldtl pfrqul lhe lre uge
 

guh`lr
guh` lr qul
qul pr
prfi
fiururev
evee af
afvl
vlrd
rder
er sf
sfzm
zmd`
d`e.e. Lste
Lste fpfs
fpfsmá
máéf
éf nf
nfmm ilildt
dtre
reje
je
lsplimehgldtl jldtrf jf Yldejf l jf lxírimtf de Åsme Gldfr, l Gertmde
tldt
dtffu jmnudjm-
jm-hf, fraedmzedjf e ifrfeáéf jf nmh`f jl @lråihmf
Ifdstedtmdf, Ifdstedtl MM, qul tmd`e epldes 55 edfs jl mjejl. Mssf déf nfm
sunmimldtl, l df ldtedtf, uge rlvfhte verrlu lhe l slu nmh`f jf pfjlr.
Egbfs nfreg gutmhejfs - f prmglmrf iesf jl gutmheáéf cujmimeh jl ug
mgplrejfr fu mgplretrmz3 f dermz jl @lreihfdes l e hçdaue jl Gertmde
nfreg
nfreg ifrtej
ifrtejfs,
fs, tfrded
tfrdedjf-
jf-fs
fs mdi
mdiepe
epezls
zls jl dfv
dfvegl
egldtl
dtl ged
gedtlr
tlr f pfj
pfjlrlr
mgplrmeh, l nfreg lxmhejfs pere e mh`e jl Rfjls (sltlgbrf jl >:5).
F dfgl vlrjejlmrf
vlrjejlmrf jl Ifdst
Ifdstedtl
edtl MM (>:5->
(>:5->>0)
>0) lre Nhev
Nhevmfs
mfs @lreohlmf
@lreohlmfs, s,
ges lhl nfm ifrfejf ifgf Ifdstedtl l usfu lssl dfgl lg sues gfljes. F
dfvf mgplrejfr, prfvevlhgldtl pfr sue cuvldtujl, lre udmvlrsehgldtl
ifd`
if d`li
limj
mjff plhf
plhf eplh
eplhmj
mjff jl IfIfds
dste
tedt
dtl.
l. Ju
Jure
redt
dtll e pe
pert
rtll mdmi
mdmime
mehh jl sl
sluu
rlmdejf, f Yldejf lxlrilu ug pfjlr mdifgug, ges quedjf lhl tmd`e 50
edfs, lhl afvlrdfu lg slu prùprmf dfgl l ifgláfu e fiuper f iegpf df
ifgedjf jl sues trfpes.

år
åreb Deturehgldtl,
ebl,
l, l If
Ifds
dste dtlle if
tedt prmglmre
ifdi
dilb lu prlfiupeáéf
lblu ug
ugee pf
pfhç
hçtmiejfea
tmie mgplrejfr
earlrlss
ssmv
mve, lxlre
e, lxfrfrteedjf
tedj egleáe
f slslus
us
sfhjejfs e rlifrjer es vmtùrmes jl Ifdstedtmdf, f prmglmrf mgplrejfr
irmstéf. Mdnlhmzgldtl pere f mgplrejfr, fs årebls lsteveg ieje vlz gems
 blg fraedmzejfs, l Guewmye, f afvlrdejfr je Yçrme l jlpfms prmglmrf
iehmne fgçeje (>>5->0;), lre ug hçjlr qul phedlcfu ug phedf
iumjejfsegldtl pldsejf pere ifdqumster f Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf. Lg >:1 lhl
ifgláfu e nezlr mdiursüls eduems de Åsme Gldfr. Guewmye lre tfhlredtl
ifg
if g fs irirms
msté
téfs
fs l nl nlzz us
usff jl ejejgm
gmdm
dmst
stre
rejf
jfrl
rlss l erertl
tlsé
séfs
fs bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs,,
 prmdimpehgldtl pere ecujer de ifdstruáéf jl uge nrfte ifg e queh lhl
 busieve
ifreáéf jlsenmer e suplrmfrmjejl
jf mgpírmf. deveh bmzedtmde
Essmg, Guewmye iepturful feteier prfnudjegldtl
I`mprl (>:=), Rfjlsf
(><:) l Iùs (><:), jlsenmedjf fs bmzedtmdfs df ifdtrfhl je ifste suh je
Åsme Gldfr. Iurmfsegldtl, fs årebls déf nfreg iepezls jl gedtlr f
I`mprl, l jlste ípfie etí glejfs jf síiuhf P, I`mprl plrgedlilu ifgf
ug ‘i‘ifd
fdjf
jfgç
gçdm
dmf‗
f‗ df ququeh
eh te
tedt
dtff fs år
åreb
ebls
ls tedt
tedtff if
ifgf
gf fs bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs
lxlrimeg eutfrmjejl l je queh dld`ug jfs jfms pfjlrls jlvlrme eteier f
futrf. Lssl erredcf mdtlrlssedtl prfvevlhgldtl déf nfm ódmif dlstl plrçfjf
l mdjmie e iepeimjejl jl bmzedtmdfs l årebls jl mdtlreamr jl uge gedlmre
gldfs `fstmh.
Guew
Gu ewmy
mdtlrdfs. mye,
Fse,óhtmgfs
df ld
ldte
tedt
dtf,
edfsf, jfhf
hfaf
af sl pr
prlf
iehmnejf lfiu
jl iupf
pfuu if
\t`gedifg
g lvld
lvldtf
nfreg tfss pf
pfhç
geriejfshçtm
tmif
ifss
pfr
ifdnhmtfs imvms, l \t`ged nfm essessmdejf lg ><1. \t`ged nfm suiljmjf pfr
 

Ehm, f sfbrmd`f jf [rfnlte l germjf jl Nåtmge, nmh`e jl Gu`eggej. F

jlsifdtldtegldtf ifdtmdufu, essmg, Guewmye (qul `evme smjf slirltårmf
jf [rfnlte) nfm ug jfs prmdimpems ejvlrsårmfs jl Ehm. Ifgf rlsuhtejf jlsse
hute, Guewmye ifdihumu ug tretejf jl pez ifg Ifdstedtl lg ><=, df queh
Bmzâdimf peaerme uge ldfrgl trmbutf.

Ifdstedtmdf M^ (>>0 ’ >0<)

Jlpfms
Jlpf ms jl ehehau
aug
ge `ls lsmt
mteá
eáééf mdm
dmim
imeh
eh,, Ifd
fdst
steedt
dtmd
mdff M^
M^,, nmh
nmh`f jl
Ifdstâdimf MM, suiljlu ef trfdf. Lhl nfm ifrfejf ifgf if-mgplrejfr lg
><:, l lhl afvlrdfu e prmdiçpmf ifg slus mrgéfs gems dfvfs, @lråihmf l
Zmbírmf. Ylu prmglmrf etf nfm mr ë Ymiçhme pere eieber ifg e rlvfhte jl
Glzç
Gl zçej
ejls
ls,, ug jfs
jfs esesse
sess
ssmd
mdfs
fs jl slsluu pe
pem,
m, ges lhl
lhl hfhfaf
af tlvl
tlvl gugumt
mtes
es
jmnmiuhjejls pere hmjer ifg e nrfdtlmre frmldteh.
Lg >>0, e jmspute jldtrf jf iehmnejf `evme tlrgmdejf l Guewmye
lsteve nmrgl df pfjlr. Jlsjl >>9, fs årebls mdvejmreg e Åsme Gldfr l e
ieje
es edf
sues
su beslsjlvestereg-de,
besl s de Yçrme
Yçrme.. Guges
Guewmyeee ieje
ewmy ld
ldtl futfdf
tldj
djlu qulhls
lu qul l ldtmd`eg
ldqu
quedtf qul
edtf Ifdsrltfrder
Ifdstetedt
dtmd
mdfpës
fphe
he
 plrgedlilssl uge nfrtehlze mdlxpuadåvlh, fs årebls déf slrmeg iepezls
jl esslaurer sues vmtùrmes de Åsme Gldfr, l lhl ifdtmdufu sue pfhçtmie jl
ilrif deveh. Lg >1; sues trfpes tfgereg Oyzmofs, des geralds jf Ger jl
Gerg
Ge rgfr
fre,
e, lg nrld
nrldtl
tl e If
Ifds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he,, l lg >1;,
>1;, Lsgm
Lsgmrd
rde.
e. Lg >1:,
>1:,
Guewmye mdmimfu ug aredjl ilrif ë prùprme Ifdstedtmdfphe. F ilrif nfm
 beslejf df jfgçdmf årebl mdmimeh plhf ger ger,, cå qul es Gureh`es je imjejl
lreg lssldimehgldtl mdlxpuadåvlms. F ilrif sl errestfu pfr quetrf edfs,
ges e gerí nmdehgldtl sl tredsnfrgfu quedjf devmfs bmzedtmdfs pertmreg
jf Ifrdfvlz.
 prmglmre jl Furf l eteieregiuce
Lste substâdime, fs devmfs åreblslreifg
geduneture ug "nfaf arlaf"
slarljf plhe
jl lstejf
 bmzedtmdf déf ifd`limjf etí `fcl, nfm jmspereje pfr ug "smnéf" l mdildjmfu
uge ifdnheareáéf supfstegldtl mdseimåvlh. Lstujmfsfs prfpuslreg vårmes
substâdimes, jl pùhvfre e uge gmsture ë besl jl pltrùhlf? slu lnlmtf lre
eper
ep erld
ldtl
tlgl
gldt
dtll et
etlr
lrrf
rfrm
rmze
zedt
dtll l ln
lnmi
miez
ez pe
pere
re fs jlnl
jlnlds
dsfr
frls
ls bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs..
Lgbbfre f Nfaf Arlaf pujlssl slr usejf lg uge verml
Lg rmljejl jl
imriud
imriudstâ
stâdim
dimes,
es, lre gem
gemss ifg
ifgugl
ugldtl
dtl lg
lgprl
prlaej
aejff lg ldifdt
ldifdtrfs
rfs dev
devems
ems,,
jmsperejfs jfs ifdvlsls jl devmfs bmzedtmdfs sfbrl fs iesifs jl gejlmre
jl slus fpfdldtls.
 Df egleáesslg
årebls nmdeh, es nfráes jl Guewmye
dfvegldtl tmvlreg qul
Ifdstedtmdfphe, lsslsllre
rltmrer, lgbfre
f pfdtf fs
ehtf jf
 pfjlr årebl ifdtre Bmzâdimf l, e pertmr jl ldtéf, fs bmzedtmdfs ifgláereg
 

e sl rliuplrer, ilrtegldtl lg pertl pfr ieuse je hldte rlfraedmzeáéf jf

Lste
Ls tejf
jf l jf lx lxírírim
imtf
tf qu
qull ls
lste
teve
ve if
ifglgláe
áedj
djff ju
jure
redt
dtll ls
lssl
sl plrç
plrçfj
fjf.
f.
Guewmye plrilblu qul e fpfrtudmjejl mgljmete `evme smjf plrjmje l
essmdfu ug tretejf jl pez jl 9; edfs lg tlrgfs gumtf gems nevfråvlms e
Bmzâdimf jf qul fs eifrjejfs df mdçimf jf síiuhf. Essmg, lg tlrgfs
`mstùrmifs alrems, f ilrif jl Ifdstedtmdfphe lg >1:-0 nfm jl ifdsmjlråvlh
mgpfrtâdime, l ehauds _`mstfrmejfrlsW f ihessmnmieg ifgf gems mgpfrtedtl
jf qul e Beteh`e jl [fmtmlrs (fu Zfurs)
Zfurs) lg 192, quedjf es nfráes jl Ierhfs
Gertlh jlrrftereg fs årebls je Lsped`e. E vmtùrme bmzedtmde lg >10 nfm e
 prmglmre jlrrfte smadmnmietmve qul fs årebls lxplrmgldtereg jlsjl sue
lxphfséf df ildårmf gudjmeh :; edfs edtls, l tlg smjf vmste pfr ehauds
ifgf irçtmie de ‘jlnlse‗ je Lurfpe l je imvmhmzeáéf lurfpíme. Zeh vmséf í
lg arared
edjjl pe
pert
rtll nf
nfre
re je ls
lsir
irmmte `mst
`mstùr
ùrmmie
ie,, l í gems
ems if ifg
gug qul fs
`mst
`mstfrm
frmej
ejfr
frls
ls ld
ldnenetm
tmzl
zlgg es nfnfrt
rtls
ls mdtl
mdtlri
rifd
fdlx
lxül
ülss ld
ldtr
trll fs åreb
årebls
ls l es
 pftãdimes irmstés je Lurfpe gljmlveh, ges déf `å jóvmje jl qul e vmtùrme
 bmzedtmde dlstl gfgldtf nfm smadmnmietmve de `mstùrme l de sfbrlvmvãdime jf
 prùprmf mgpírmf. M^ tegbíg tldtfu lstebmhmzer emdje gems e smtueáéf df
Ifdstedtmdf
Fimjldtl. Lhl essmdfu ug tretejf jl pez ifg fs hfgberjfs, qul `evmeg
nlmtf prfarlssfs df suh je Mtåhme, iepturedjf vårmfs rljutfs bmzedtmdfs. Lhl
tlvl gldfs suilssf dfs Båhiés l nfm nfráejf e rlifd`lilr e ifhfdmzeáéf
jfs bóhaerfs ef suh jf Jedóbmf.

Custmdmedf MM, prmglmrf rlmdejf (>0< ’ >=<)

Ifdstedtmdf M^ gfrrlu lg >0< l jlmxfu sue lspfse Edestesme l slus

jfms
ejllnmh`fs,
mjej
mj qu
qued
edjfCustmdmedf
jf sl pemlm @lreohlmfs.
sluu pe gf
gfrr rrlu
lu,, ge
gesCustmdmedf
s su
suee lhlvMMeáéf
lhlveá tmd`e
éf _eepldes
mgpl 5>
mgplrerejfedfs
jfrW
rW lrjle
lre
eper
ep erld
ldtl
tlgl
gldtdtll mdqø
mdqølst
lstmfmfdå
dåvl vlh.
h. Ep
Epls
lser
er jl su suee cuvl
cuvldt
dtuj
ujl,
l, Custm
Custmdm
dmed
edff
lgbe
lg beri
rifu
fu lg ug ugee pf
pfhç hçttmie egegph
phee l ea earl
rlss
ssmmve lg vå vårm
rmes
es nrld
nrldtl
tls.
s.
Gmhmtergldtl, slus lxírimtfs nfreg alrehgldtl blg suiljmjfs ifdtre fs
årebls df mdçimf jl slu rlmdejf, lgbfre fs etequls årebls de Åsme Gldfr f
nfráesslg e rliuer je Ergãdme l lg futres årles, fdjl lhl `evme smjf
iepe
ie pezz jl lxlr
lxlril
ilrr f pfpfjl
jlrr bmbmze
zedt
dtmd
mdf.
f. Ls
Lsse
sess vmtù
vmtùrmrmes
es plrg
plrgmtmtmr
mreg
eg ququll
Custmdmedf nmzlssl iegped`e ifg ehaug suilssf dfs Båhiés, l ifdtmdufu e
 pfhçtmie jl mdtlriâgbmf pfpuheimfdeh, lsteblhlildjf lshevfs de Åsme
Gldfr  Lgl pfvfs
>=5-2, frmldtems
lhl i`egfudfs fBåhiés.
Ifdiçhmf Uumdmslxtug (Ifdiçhmf lg Zruhhf),
rleh
rlehmmze
zejf
jf df peh ehåi
åimmf mg
mgpplr
lrmmeh lg If
Ifds
dstted
edtm
tmdf
dfph
phe.
e. Lssl
Lssl if
ifdi
diççhmf,
hmf,
 

jmnlrl
jmnlrldt
dtlg
lgldldtl
tl jequ
jequlh
lhls
ls qu
qull f pr prli
lilj
ljlr
lreg
eg mgmgljljme
mete
tegl
gldt
dtl,
l, déf
déf sl
 prlfiupeve prmgfrjmehgldtl ifg e ifdtrfvírsme tlfhùamie, ges ifg fs
essudtfs iftmjmedfs je gfrehmjejl l jf afvlrdf je marlce. Fs jlirltfs
jlstl ifdslh`f sfbrlvmvlg l nfrdlilg uge cedlhe mgpfrtedtl pere e vmje
dlstl plrçfjf, déf epldes pere e marlce l glgbrfs jf ihlrf, ges tegbíg
 pere hlmafs ifguds.
Custmdmedf MM lre lxtrlgegldtl pmljfsf l rlehmzfu gumtfs prfcltfs
dftåvlms jl ifdstruáéf l mifdfarenme, mdihumdjf e ifdstruáéf jfs Zrmohmdfs
df [ehå
[ehåim
imff MgMgpl
plrm
rmeh
eh.. Ls
Lspl
plim
imeh
ehggld
ldtl
tl smad
smadmn
mnmi
miet
etmv
mvee nf
nfmm e jl
jlimimsé
séff jl
Custmdmedf jl user ug rltretf jl Irmstf ifgf f lhlgldtf prmdimpeh jes
gfljes jl furf bmzedtmdes. Edtls jmssf, pfr uge rezéf fu futre, fs
 bmzedtmdfs tmd`eg `lsmtejf lg ifhfier e nmaure jl Irmstf jmrltegldtl des
gfljes, ges Custmdmedf rlvlrtlu lsse pfhçtmie l rlhlafu slu prùprmf rltretf
 pere f rlvlrsf je gflje, uge mdjmieáéf ihere jf trmudnf je gflje l jf
mjl
jleh
eh lulusl
slbmbmed
edff je gfd fder
erqqum
umee bm
bmze
zeddtmd
tmde3 Ir
Irmmstf
stf lrlree f vlvlrj
rjeejl
jlmmrf
afvlrdedtl, ldquedtf f mgplrejfr lre slu vmil-rlaldtl l ifdnmjldtl.

Mgplrejfrls Nreifs l e Uuesl Eder

Ederqume
qume (>=<’151)

Eplser jf suilssf jl Custmdmedf MM, e fpfsmáéf ifgláfu e irlsilr,

lsplimehgldtl ifdtre sues rmafrfses pfhçtmies trmbutårmes. Lg >=<, uge
rlvfhte lihfjmu, hmjlreje plhf aldlreh jl gemfr suilssf jf mgplrejfr,
Hlúd
Hl údiimf
mf,, ug mse
seuurm
rmed
edff qu
qull `e
`evm
vmee ie
ieçj
çjff lg jlsa
jlsare
reáe
áe pf
pfrr ie
ieuuse jl
Cust
Custmd
mdme
medf
df.. E rl
rlvf
vfht
htee tlvl
tlvl susuil
ilss
ssff l HlHlúd
údim
imff tf
tfrd
rdfu
fu-s
-sll mg
mgpl
plre
rejf
jfrr.
Custmdmedf nfm gutmhejf tldjf slu dermz ifrtejf? jlste ípfie lg jmedtl lhl
nfre ifd`limjf ifgf "R`mdftgltfs" ("dermz ifrtejf") l pfjl slr qul lhl
tld`e usejfnfmug
mgplrejfr "substmtutf"
lxmhejf jl furfdepere
lg I`lrsfd, lsifdjlr
ifste dfrtl jfsue
Gerjlsnmaureáéf.
Dlarf. F lx-
Hlúd
Hl údim
imff (>
(>=<
=<-0
-0)) af
afvl
vlrd
rdfu
fu epepld
ldes
es brlv
brlvlg
lgld
ldtl
tl,, sl
sluu rlmd
rlmdej
ejff nf
nfmm
geriejf gems dftevlhgldtl pfr ug surtf jl plstl. Hlúdimf jlspei`fu f
ifgedjedtl deveh Epsmger pere f dfrtl je Ånrmie, duge tldtetmve jl
rl
rliu
iupl
plre
rerr e årle
årle jfjfss år
åreb
ebls
ls.. F lsnf
lsnfrá
ráff nrei
nreies
essf
sfu,
u, ge
gess Epsm
Epsmge
gerr nfm
nfm
 prfihegejf mgplrejfr
mgplrejfr,, l lhl iepturfu Ifdstedtmdfphe ifg e ecuje je
neiáéf vlrjl _jl ifrrmjeW, l nfm prfihegejf mgplrejfr ifg f dfgl jl
Zmbírmf MM (>=0-1;<). Zmbírmf nfm etmvf de prfgfáéf je jlnlse jf mgpírmf,
rlperedjf fs gurfs jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, l lhl mdtlrvlmf gmhmtergldtl df
I`mprl l de Yçrme.
Custmdmedf MM, df ldtedtf, ldquedtf lxmhejf lg I`lrsfd, ehmfu-sl ef ihé
jfs iezerls, iuce mrgé lhl sl iesfu. Fs iezerls `evmeg sl lsteblhlimjf df
 

Iåuiesf l ef dfrtl jf Ger Dlarf, plhf gldfs jlsjl e ípfie jl @lråihm

Iåuiesf @lråihmf,
f,
l lreg ehmejfs deturems jfs bmzedtmdfs ifdtre fs plrses l, gems terjl,
ifdtre fs årebls. Ehíg jmssf, nfrdlilreg efs bmzedtmdfs uge mgpfrtedtl
ecuje df ifdtrfhl jf lxtrlgf flstl jf ‘ifrrljfr jes lstlpls‗, qul me je
Åsme Ildtreh ë nrfdtlmre jf Jedóbmf, slgprl uge årle i`evl de pfhçtmie
lxtlrde bmzedtmde.
Ifg e ecuje jfs iezerls, Custmdmedf rltfrdfu e Ifdstedtmdfphe l
dfvegldtl tfgfu f trfdf (1;<-55). Custmdmedf MM nfm ug jfs pfuifs
afvlrdedtls bmzedtmdfs e rlifdqumster f trfdf l f ódmif mgplrejfr qul
rlmdfu jlpfms jl tlr smjf gutmhejf. Custmdmedf tlvl sue lspfse, Zlfjfre,
ifrfeje ifgf mgplretrmz, e prmglmre guh`lr lstredalmre e tlr lsse `fdre.
Juredtl slu slaudjf rlmdejf, Custmdmedf MM rltfgfu jl fdjl `evme perejf,
rlsteblhlildjf uge gflje jlifreje ifg f bustf jl Irmstf l prfgfvldjf
uge egbmimfse pfhçtmie lxtlrde ldvfhvldjf fs hfgberjfs, f pepejf l fs
 bóhaerfs df Fimjldtl, ldquedtf fs årebls sfb Geshege mdvejme e Åsme
Gldfr. Custmdmedf jlspei`fu uge nrfte ifdtre I`lrsfd, ges es trfpes sl
rlvfhtereg l prfihegereg
f dfgl jl Nmhmpfs. Ecujejfslu ifgedjedtl
plhfs Berjedls
iezerls, Nmhmpfs ifgf mgplrejfr
iepturfu ifg
Ifdstedtmdfphe
lg 155 l Custmdmedf MM nuamu je imjejl.
Yurp
Yu rprl
rlld
ldjl
jldt
dtlg
lgld
ldtl
tl,, Nm
Nmhm
hmpf
pfss hlve
hlvedt
dtfufu dfve
dfveggld
ldtl
tl e qu
quls
lsté
téff jf
gfdftlhmsgf l ifdvfifu ug ifdslh`f je marlce qul rlvlrtlu es jlimsüls
tfg
fgeejes rlildtlgldtl e lssl rlsp rlsplm
lmttf. F rlmdejf jl Nmhmpfs nfm
gmhmtergldtl geh suiljmjf l fs årebls tmvlreg uge sírml jl vmtùrmes
mgprlssmfdedtls. [rfvevlhgldtl pfr lsse rezéf, `fuvl futre rlvfhte gmhmter
l lg 159 Nmhmpfs nfm jlpfstf l ilaejf.
F fnmimeh je ifrtl Ertlgmfs nfm prfihegejf mgplrejfr ifgf Edeståimf
MM (159 ’ 15<).
edtlilssfr, Lhl mgljmetegldtl
rlsteblhlilu fs ifdslh`fsrlvlrtlu e pfhçtmie
qul Nmhmpfs rlhmamfse jll slu
`evme ifdjldejf, lg
15< nlz jl Alrgedfs f [etrmerie jl Ifdstedtmdfphe? Alrgedfs, qul lre
ug mgmgpf
pfrt
rted
edtl
tl tl
tlùh
ùhfa
faff l eu
eutf
tfrr jl pf
pfls
lsme
me rlhm
rlhmam
amfs
fse,
e, tlrm
tlrmee ug pe
pepl
plhh
smadmnmietmvf des ifdtrfvírsmes qul hfaf mrmeg suramr. Edeståimf eirljmtfu
ifrrltegldtl qul fs årebls lsteveg phedlcedjf futrf aredjl etequl e
Ifdstedtmdfphe, l prlperfu e imjejl pere f ilrif, nfrtehlildjf es gureh`es
l ifdstrumdjf ug nfrtl suprmgldtf jl prfvmsüls. Df ldtedtf, futre rlvfhte
gmhmter sfhltrfu f nmg jl Edeståimf MM l hlvfu Zlfjùsmf MMM ef trfdf
(15<-151). F dfvf mgplrejfr pfjl gumtf blg tlr smjf f nmh`f jl Zmbírmf
MM, pfupejf
tegbíg pfrimldtl
lsteve Custmdmedf MM efplrmaf
jf mgmdldtl rltfrder ef lpfjlr
årebl, lguge
essmdfu 1;<.ehmedáe
Zlfjùsmf
ifg
f bóhaerf O`ed Zlrvlh,
Zlrvlh, prfvevlhgldtl pere aeredtmr sue slauredáe lg iesf
 

jl ug ilrif årebl. Df ldtedtf, futre rlvfhte gmhmter lihfjmu, l ifg e

esildséf jl Hléf MMM, Zlfjùsmf
Zlfjùsmf ebjmifu l sl tfrdfu ug gfdal.
 

0
E Jmdestme Mseurmede l f Mifdfihesgf
151 ’ Hléf MMM sl tfrde mgplrejfr
mgplrejfr..
151 ’ 150 ’ Dfvf ilrif årebl e Ifdstedtmdfphe.
I fdstedtmdfphe.
12> ’ Mdçimf jf Mifdfihesgf.
101 ’ [rmglmre Rlsteureáéf jfs Çifdls.
0;; ’ Ifrfeáéf jl Ierhfs Geadf.

Hléf MMM (151 ’ 1:5)

Hléf MMM mdtlrvlmf de pfhçtmie bmzedtmde lg ug gfgldtf jlimsmvf, l

lsteblhlilu f lstejf lg uge besl sùhmje, gmhmter l pfhmtmiegldtl. Ylu
 prmglmrf prfbhlge nfm ug ilrif årebl jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, qul ifgláfu
quesl mgljmetegldtl jlpfms qul lhl tfgfu f trfdf. Jlpfms jl rlsmstmr ef
ilrif, Hléf ifgláfu e hlver e aulrre efs lxírimtfs årebls l ifdslaumu, df
nmdeh jl slu rlmdejf, hmblrter hfiems fimjldtems je Åsme Gldfr jfs etequls
årebls. Lg essudtfs jfgístmifs, lhl í gems ifd`limjf pfr sue ifjmnmieáéf
je hlm, f Lohfae l sue pfhçtmie jl mifdfihesgf. E mdvlstmaeáéf jlstl óhtmgf
í pertmiuhergldtl jmnçimh pfrqul es nfdtls Mifdùnmhes séf udmvlrsems lg sue
ifdj
if djld
ldeáeáéf
éf jf mg mgpl
plre
rejf
jfrr, l vmrt
vmrtue
uehg
hgldldtltl qu
ques
esll dé
déff lxlxms
mstl
tlg
g nfdt
nfdtlsls
Mifdihestes.
E negçhme jl Hléf tmd`e vmdjf je Yçrme l lsteve lsteblhlimje de Zråime
ifgf pertl je pfhçtmie jl tredsnlrãdimes jl pfpuheáéf jl Custmdmedf MM. E
jldfg
fgmmdeáéf ‘Mseurme rmede‗ pere Hléf l sue jmdestme í, pfrt rteedtf,
 prfvevlhgldtl ug lquçvfif. Hléf i`egfu e etldáéf jl Custmdmedf MM
quedjf ecujfu f mgplrejfr e rliuplrer slu trfdf lg 1;<, l lhl ehiedáfu
 prflgmdãdime df lxírimtf. Lhl sl tfrdfu  stretlafs  jf tlge  _udmjejl
tlrrmtfrmehW Edetfhmofd sfb Edeståimf MM, l juredtl f rlmdejf jl Zlfj Zlfjùsmf
ùsmf MMM
Hléf ehmfu-sl ifg Erjevesjfs, stretlafs jl Ergldmeofd, l tfgfu f trfdf
lg 151. Lhl ldifdtrfu e iepmteh lg uge smtueáéf jl ehaug jlsifdnfrtf
epùs 9; edfs jl mdstebmhmjejl pfhçtmie.
Jlvmjf ë ifdnuséf lg Ifdstedtmdfphe jlsjl e gfrtl jl Ifdstedtmdf
M^, fs årebls `evmeg nlmtf prfarlssfs ifdsmjlråvlms de Åsme Gldfr, l f
aldl
al dlre
rehh år
åreb
ebll Geshe
Geshege
ge (m (mrg
rgéf
éf jf
jfss ie
iehmhmne
ness Qehmj
ehmj,, Yu
Yuheheyg
ygeded l ]ez ezmj
mj
(1;<
(1;<-12
-12:):) phed
phedlc
lcfu
fu fu
futr
trff et
eteq
equl
ul jmrlt
jmrltff ifdt
ifdtre
re e ie iepm
pmte
teh.
h. F ilri
ilriff jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe
Yuheyged. Hléf ifgláfu
ifdqumstfulg eafstf
uge vmtùrmejlde151,
Åsmeepfmejf
Gldfr lplhe germd`e
eteifu jl
fs årebls
 plhe rlteauerje, ldquedtf fs bóhaerfs (sfb Zlrvlh) eteiereg e pertmr jf
 

flstl, l f nfaf arlaf dfvegldtl nlz slu trebeh`f de nrfte årebl. Ifgf
rlsu
rlsuht
htej
ejf,
f, GeGesh
sheg
egee rltm
rltmrf
rfu-s
u-sll lg eaeafs
fstf
tf jl 15
1500 jl
jlpf
pfms
ms jl ebebsf
sfrv
rvlr
lr
 plsejes plrjes.
Hléf tlvl vmtùrmes lg Dmiíme lg 12> l lg Eorfmdfd lg 1:;, jl gfjf
qul etí f nmdeh jl slu rlmdejf e Åsme Gldfr nmifu rlhetmvegldtl slaure
ifdtre mdiursüls årebls. Lg pertl, fs suilssfs jl Hléf ifdtre fs årebls
nfreg f rlsuhtejf jl sue ehmedáe ifg fs iezerls. Fs iezerls, qul vmvmeg
ef dfrtl jf Ger Dlarf, pfjmeg eteier fs årebls plhe rlteauerje, l lhls
`evm
`evmeg
eg lslste
tejf
jf ldvf
ldvfhv
hvmj
mjfs
fs de pfpfhç
hçtm
tmie
ie bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdee pl
plhf
hf gl
gldfdfss jl
jlsj
sjll f
iesegldtf jl Custmdmedf MM ifg e nmh`e jf hçjlr iezer. Hléf imgldtfu sue
 prùprme ehmedáe ifg fs iezerls ef ieser slu nmh`f Ifdstedtmdf ifg uge
 prmdilse iezer.
iezer.
Hléf lre ug ejgmdmstrejfr iumjejfsf l ug eutfirete. Egbes lstes
iereit
iereitlrç
lrçstm
stmies
ies séf gfs
gfstre
trejes
jes df  Lohfae, uge ifjmnmieáéf hlaeh, lgmtmje
 prfvevlhgldtl lg 12> (fu pfssmvlhgldtl lg 1:5). Ylaudjf f prlnåimf jf
tlxtf, Jlus `evme ifdnmejf ef mgplrejfr e prfgfáéf je custmáe lg tfjf f
gudjf, l f dfvf iùjmaf nezme pertl je tldtetmve jf mgplrejfr jl prfgfvlr
 custegldtl mssf. Lg sue fpmdméf, es etuems ifjmnmieáüls je hlm lreg
ifddnu
if nuse
sess l egph
egpheg
egld
ldttl mdi
difg
fgpr
prll
llds
dsççvl
vlms
ms (lg
(lg per
ertl
tl pfr
frqu
qull lr
lreg
eg
ifdtrejmtùrmes l emdje heraegldtl lg hetmg). Cuçzls l ejvfaejfs, déf sù
(jl eifrjf ifg f  Lohfae) de dess pr
prfv
fvçd
çdim
imes
es,, ges
ges teg
tegbí
bígg de ‘I
‘Imj
mjej
ejll
 prftlamje pfr Jlus‗ (Ifdstedtmdfphe) lreg madfredtls df qul e hlm jmzme. F
 Lohfae lre ug gedueh pråtmif prfcltejf pere usf jmårmf, lg vlz jl ug
tretejf qul nfrdlime uge besl tlùrmie pere e hlm. Rlstrmdamu f jmrlmtf ef
jmvùrimf l nfrdlilu uge hfdae hmste jl irmgls slxuems. F Lohfae tegbíg
mdtrfjuzmu ug dfvf smstlge jl pudmáéf, mdihumdjf e gutmheáéf cujmimeh,
ges pretmiegldtl ebfhmu e plde jl gfrtl.
Çifdls l e Zlfrme jfs Çifdls

Ifgf vmgfs, e ertl irmsté prmgmtmve lvmtfu egphegldtl e

rlpr
rlprls
lsld
ldteteáé
áéff jl IrmIrmst
stff l jfjfss se
sedt
dtfs,
fs, hmgm
hmgmte
tedj
djf-
f-sl
sl e rlpr
rlprlsl
lsldt
dteá
eáül
ülss
sm
smgb
gbùhùhmi
mies
es,, pr
prfv
fvev
evlhg
lhgld
ldtl
tl pf
pfrr ie
ieus
usee je prfm
prfmbm
bmáé
áéff gf
gfse
semi
miee jl ejfr
ejfrer
er
çj
çjfh
fhfs
fs.. Hldt
Hldtegegld
ldtl
tl,, pf
pfríg
ríg,, l lslspl
plim
imehg
ehgld
ldtl
tl jlpf
jlpfms
ms je if
ifdv
dvlr
lrsé
séff jl
Ifdstedtmdf, ifgláereg e slr lgprlaejes arevures rlhmamfses. Dlg tfjfs
fs ir irms
msté
téffs eieilm
lmttereg
ereg lss ssees rlpr
rlprls
lsld
ldtteá
eáül
ülss l, if ifg
gf gld ldim
imffde
dejjf
edtlrmfrgldtl,
fpuslreg ë dfveLusíbmf jl Ilseríme nfm ug jfs qul eperldtlgldtl sl
tldjãdime.
Çifdls (lmofdls, ‘mgealds‗) lreg rlprlsldteáüls nçsmies jl Jlus l jfs
 

sedtfs, dfrgehgldtl quejrfs bmjmgldsmfdems, nrlquldtlgldtl pmdtejfs lg

gejlmre, qul lreg usejfs pere prfpùsmtfs jlvfimfdems. Fs çifdls perlilg
tlr sl frmamdejf de glsge trejmáéf jfs iuhtfs jfs sedtfs l rlhçqumes? mstf í,
lh
lhls
ls dé
déff lr
lreg
eg vmstf
vmstfss pr
prmg
mger
erme
megl
gldt
dtll if
ifgf
gf ertl
ertl,, ge
gess if
ifgf
gf pfpfjl
jlrf
rfse
sess
‘nlrregldtes‗ rlhmamfses qul pfjlrmeg ecujer e `ugedmjejl e ifbrmr e
ldfrgl heiude ldtrl f `ugedf l f jmvmdf.
Eplser jl ehauges jóvmjes, f usf jl çifdls ifdtmdufu e irlsilr l e
jlifreáéf jl gumtes marlces sfbrlvmvldtls jfs síiuhfs ^ l ^M jlgfdstre
qul, cudtegldtl ifg f usf ifdtmduejf jl sçgbfhfs l rlprlsldteáüls
smgbùhmies jl Irmstf (pfr lxlgphf, Irmstf ifgf ug ifrjlmrf, f usf jf
I`rmstfareg), marmarlce
lcess lreg ifg
ifgugl
ugldtl
dtl jlifre
jlifrejes
jes ifg rlprlprls
rlsldt
ldteáü
eáüls
ls
rlehmstes jl Irmstf, je ^mralg Germe l jfs sedtfs. @å rezüls pere irlr qul
df síiuhf ^M, lsplimehgldtl de slaudje gltejl, f usf jl çifdls sl tfrdfu
gems jmnudjmjf, ë gljmje qul e jlvfáéf plssfeh eugldtfu l fs hçjlrls
 pfhçtmifs l rlhmamfsfs sl mjldtmnmiereg ieje vlz gems ifg çifdls l fs
usereg pere ecujer e eugldter slu prùprmf pfjlr. \ge gerie jmssf nfm
quedjf f Ifdiçhmf Uumsmslxt (f Ifdiçhmf jl Zruhhf) lg >=5/2 jlirltfu qul
Irmstf déf jlvlrme slr rlprlsldtejf ifgf ug sçgbfhf, ges smg "lg sue
nfrge `ugede". Zegbíg smadmnmietmve lre e rlprlsldteáéf jl Irmstf ifgf
e mgealg prmdimpeh jl Custmdmedf MM des gfljes bmzedtmdes, uge mdjmieáéf
jl qul f mgplrejfr l, slg jóvmje, gumtfs jl slus sójmtfs ifdsmjlreveg
lsses mgealds eprfprmejes l mgpfrtedtls pere gedtlr f blg-lster jf
mgpírmf.
Fs çifdls tegbíg lreg uge lxprlsséf plssfeh jl jlvfáéf qul lre
 pertmiuhergldtl mgpfrtedtl de mjejl gíjme, quedjf gumtes jes mdstmtumáüls
je ípfie lsteveg eperldtlgldtl jlsgfrfdedjf. Essmg, ug mdjmvçjuf fu
uge negçhme pfjl
lsplimehgldtl tlr ug Jlsjl
jljmiejes. çifdl prùprmf,
iljf fs ef queh estegbíg
sçgbfhfs plssfeslreg
pfjlg slr
vmstfs
ifgf gmhearfsfs l "hfiehmzeveg" f pfjlr jl Jlus, e ^mralg fu ug sedtf
mdjmvmjueh. Essmg, ug çifdl trfuxl e prlsldáe jf pfjlr jmvmdf jmrltegldtl
efs ejfrejfrls mdjmvmjuems, mdjlpldjldtlgldtl jl fdjl lhls lsteveg, l
 plrgmtmu qul lhls ‘nehesslg‗ jmrltegldtl
jmrltegldtl ef jmvmdf l busiesslg ecuje pere
tfjes es sues dlilssmjejls. Déf í jl surprlldjlr qul fs çifdls, ifgf
gedmnlsteáüls hfiehmzejes jf jmvmdf, nrlquldtlgldtl pldsesslg lg `fdrer
fs pljmjfs jfs nmíms, l fs gmhearls lreg nrlquldtlgldtl etlstejfs l
egphegldtl lhfamejfs.

F Yurtf jf Mifdfihesgf
 

Ifgf gldimfdejf eimge, ehauges plssfes slgprl sl fpuslreg ë

 prfjuáéf l vldlreáéf jfs çifdls, lg aredjl pertl pfrqul fs vmeg ifgf
uge vmfheáéf jf gedjegldtf Gfsemif ifdtre e ejfreáéf jl ‘mgealds
lsiuhpmjes‗. Lsse fpfsmáéf, df ldtedtf, dudie edtls `evme nfrgejf ug
gfvmgldtf jl quehqulr lspíiml, l fs mgplrejfrls déf sl ldvfhvlreg de
quls
qu lsté
téff jl ge
gedl
dlmr
mree sm
smad
admn
mnmi
miet
etmv
mve,
e, lxil
lxiltf
tf tehv
tehvlz
lz qu
qued
edjf
jf Cu
Custm
stmdm
dmed
edff MM
ifhfifu e mgealg jl Irmstf lg gfljes l f Ifdiçhmf Uumdmslxt prfmbmu e
rlprlsldteáéf smgbùhmie jl Irmstf.
Zujf mssf gujfu ifg Hléf MMM. Jl eifrjf ifg f gfdal Zlùnedls,
qull lr
qu lree gum
umttf `fs
fsttmh e Mi
Miffdf
dfih
ihes
esg
gf (l
(l,, pfrt
pfrted
edtf
tf,, e Hl
Hléf
éf MMM
MMM l slslus
us
suilssfrls), Hléf "ifgláfu e neher ifdtre fs çifdls" lg 12> l nmdehgldtl
frjldfu qul f aredjl çifdl jl Irmstf nfssl rlgfvmjf jf [frtéf jl I`ehol
jf pehåimf. Mssf jlsplrtfu ifdsmjlråvlh fpfsmáéf, tedtf lg Ifdstedtmdfphe
quedtf des prfvçdimes fimjldtems. Ifgf rlsuhtejf, lg 19;, Hléf ifdvfifu
uge rludméf jf ifdslh`f mgplrmeh jl slus ifdslh`lmrfs l jliherfu qul e
vldlreáéf efs çifdls lre mhlaeh l frjldfu slu ifdnmsif. Ifgf slrme jl
lsplrer, lste pfhçtmie ldifdtrfu uge fpfsmáéf ifdsmjlråvlh. F petrmerie
Alrgedfs lxprlssfu slu epfmf efs sçgbfhfs l nfm jlpfstf, ldquedtf f
afvlrdejfr jl @íhejl eprfvlmtfu e fiesméf pere gfdter uge rlvfhte, qul
eperldtlgldtl nfm neimhgldtl jlrrfteje. F pepejf slgprl nfm nfrtlgldtl e
nevfr je vldlreáéf jes mgealds, ldtéf es pfhçtmies jl Hléf hlvereg e ug
im
imsg
sgee ld
ldtr
trll es ju
jues
es marl
marlce
ces.
s. Fs fnmi
fnmime
mems
ms jf mg
mgpl
plre
rejf
jfrr ep
eper
erld
ldtl
tlgl
gldt
dtll
rlgfvlreg e jlifreáéf nmauretmve jl marlces l futrfs hfiems póbhmifs, ges
 perlil déf tlr `evmjf dld`uge plrslaumáéf rleh efs Mifdùnmhfs, ifgf
 pfjlg slr i`egejfs equlhls qul epfmeveg
epfmeveg e vldlreáéf jfs çifdls.
Zlùnedls (qul lsirlvlu df mdçimf jf síiuhf MP) jmz qul e pfhçtmie
Mifdfiheste
qul tedtf f jl Hléf nfmquedtf
cujeçsgf rlsuhtejf je mdnhuãdime
f mshegmsgf jl cujlus
nfsslg egbfs l"mifdfihåstmifs"
årebls. Glsgf
df sldtmgldtf, perlil déf `evlr rezéf pere eirljmter qul fs lxlgphfs
jlsses rlhmamüls nfreg e ieuse óhtmge jf mifdfihesgf bmzedtmdf. Zlùnedls,
ifg ilrtlze, irme uge `mstùrme ifdnuse, ifdlitedjf e pfhçtmie jl Hléf ifg
ug vmzmr årebl l ug geaf cujlu, qul supfstegldtl tlrme mdnhuldimejf f
mgplrejfr. E gemfrme jfs lstujmfsfs jl `fcl juvmje jl teh mdnhuãdime,
lxiltf df sldtmjf gems alreh, lgbfre perláe qul lstl surtf jl Mifdfihesgf
fnmimeh tld`e fifrrmjf hfaf epùs e tldtetmve jf iehmne ]ezmj jl rlgfvlr
çifdls des marlces irmstés sfb f ifdtrfhl jf iehmnejf.
E lxphmieáéf
 prùprme gems ifdvmdildtl
irldáe plssfeh. Ifgf cå pere e eáéf gumtfs
jmsslgfs, jl Hléfirmstéfs
perlil slr sue
(tehvlz
 prmdimpehgldtl df Frmldtl) ifdsmjlreveg e vldlreáéf jfs çifdls ug
 

 pliejf arevl, l prlsugmvlhgldtl sldtmeg qul Jlus lsteve ilrtegldtl

 pudmdjf f mgpírmf plhf irlsimgldtf jlsse pråtmie dfs óhtmgfs síiuhfs.
Essmg, dlste vmséf, f nreiessf jl Bmzâdimf lg jltlr e gerí årebl nfm e
rlspfste jl Jlus ë mjfhetrme jfs irmstéfs qul vldlreveg mgealds l es
ifhfieveg lg marlces l lg huaerls póbhmifs prflgmdldtls lg tfjf f
mgpírmf. Hléf, jlvl slr hlgbrejf, rlmdfu pfr quesl jlz edfs edtls jl
ifgláer e neher eblrtegldtl ifdtre fs çifdls l, quedjf jlimjmu eamr,
epeerl
ep rldt
dtlg
lgld
ldtl
tl déf
déf ea
eamu
mu jm
jmrl
rlttegld
egldtl
tl ifd
ifdtre
tre fs mdj
djmv
mvççju
juffs qul fs
vldlreveg, ges smg ifdtre e lxmbmáéf póbhmie jl çifdls - ehaf qul pfjlrme
tlr smjf usejf pere jlsearejer e Jlus gems jf qul quehqulr futre ifmse.

Ifdstedtmdf ^ (1:5 ’ 11<)

Yfb f nmh`f l suilssfr jl Hléf MMM, e jmdes

jmdestme
tme mseurme
mseurmede
de etmdamu f åpmil
jl slu pfjlr, l e pfhçtmie jfs mifdfihestes ldjurlilu de plrslaumáéf efs
Mifdùnmhfs (fu Mifdfjfuhls, ifgf ës vlzls séf i`egejfs).
Ifdstedtmdf ^ í ug jfs gems mdtlrlssedtls jl tfjfs fs mgplrejfrls
 bmzedtmdfs. Ylu afvlrdf nfm alrehgldtl blg suiljmjf l f mgplrejfr lre
mdtlhmaldtl l jltlrgmdejf, ges es nfdtls Mifdfnmhmstes f vmeg ifgf slu
gemfr mdmgmaf, ldtéf sue rlputeáéf nfm ldlarlimje ehíg jl quesl quehqulr
futrf mgplrejfr. Ifdstedtmdf desilu lg 150 l es nfdtls mifdfnmhmstes
jmzlg qul quedjf lhl lsteve sldjf betmzejf lhl jlnlifu de pme betmsgeh,
jeddjf frm
je frmal
alg
g ef sl
sluu epl
plhhmj
mjff jl  Ofprfgygfs  ("dfgl sucf"). Lhl nfm
 Ofprfgygfs
ifrfejf ifgf if-mgplrejfr lg 12; l lg 192 lhl sl iesfu ifg Mrldl, e
nmh`e jf O`ed iezer, qul jlpfms jl sue gfrtl, lhl sl iesfu jues vlzls
dfvegldtl.
Nmrgl
 pfhçtmie df pfjlr
gmhmter jl slulg
pem 1:9,
l nfm Ifdstedtmdf ^ ifdtmdufu
iepez jl rltfger e fnldsmveede
blgÅsmesuiljmje
Gldfr.
Fs årebls nfreg ldnrequlimjfs pfr slus prùprmfs prfbhlges pfhçtmifs, qul
hlvereg ef ifhepsf je jmdestme fgçeje l sue substmtumáéf plhe jmdestme
ebåssmje lg 1<;. E iepmteh
iepmteh årebl nfm tredsnlrmje jl Jegesif (de
( de Yçrme) pere
Beajå (df Mrequl) l fs ebåssmjes nfreg alrehgldtl gldfs prlfiupejfs
ifg sue nrfdtlmre fimjldteh (l aulrre ifg Bmzâdimf) jf qul fs fgçejes
tmd`eg smjf.
Essmg ifgf e egleáe årebl ifgláfu e jmgmdumr, pfríg, `fuvl ug
dfvf plrmaf, f je Buhaårme. Ifdstedtmdf mdmimfu uge pfhçtmie earlssmve
if
ifd
di`me
tr
treemehf
Edi`
Ed fss lg
hfs bó
bóha
haer
erfs
1>fs
1>9. l jlu
9. Ef lu-h
gl-h`l
glsg`lssf ug
sgf tl
tlgpaf
afhp
f, hpl
gpf, l dste
If ls
lsg
Ifds gdtmd
eae
eamdf
tedt efjf
jfr^
r dmadf
e dfrf
ma Be
Bete
teh
rfuu h`e
qu jll
ques
esl
ifgphltegldtl e smtueáéf de Mtåhme, lg pertl pfrqul plrilblu qul slu
 

epfmf ef Mifdfihesge mgpljme quehqulr eprfxmgeáéf ifg f pepejf, l mssf

hlvfu e uge gujedáe ifdsmjlråvlh df lqumhçbrmf pfhçtmif de Mtåhme. Jlsjl
12>, f pepejf jmsifrjfu je pfhçtmie bmzedtmde jl Mifdfihesgf l eafre vme
 pfuie jmnlrldáe ldtrl fs arlafs ‘imsgåtmifs‗ l fs hfgberjfs `lrítmifs qul
`evmeg egleáejf fs blds pepems dfs óhtmgfs jfms síiuhfs. Edtlrmfrgldtl,
f pepejf tmd`e fh`ejf pere f mgplrejfr bmzedtmdf ifgf ug prftltfr
gmhm
gm hmte
terr, ge
gess f mi
mifd
fdfi
fihe
hesg
sgff l e neneht
htee jl md
mdtl
tlrl
rlss
ssll jfs
jfs mgpl
mgplre
rejf
jfrl
rlss
Mseurmedfs hlvereg ef ifhepsf jlstl vçdiuhf l e aredjls gujedáes des
rlheáüls ldtrl Bmzâdimf l f pepejf.
Lg 1<5, Revlde iemu pere fs hfgberjfs l f lxeriejf jl Revlde
jlmxfu jl lxmstmr. F pepe Lstãvéf MM lsteve imldtl jlsses gujedáes ahfbems
de pfhçtmie l de nfráe gmhmter, essmg lhl prfiurfu futrf prftltfr gmhmter l
ldifdtrfu ug de plssfe jf afvlrdedtl nredif, [lpmdf, qul lre ug irmstéf
ietùhmif. Mssf tlrme regmnmieáüls jl hfdaf ehiedil pere f Fimjldtl, ë
gljmje qul fs mdtlrlssls pepems gujesslg pere f dfrtl, pere f Rlmdf jfs
Nredifs, l mssf deturehgldtl tlvl ug mgpeitf smadmnmietmvf des tldtetmves
 bmzedtmdes jl gedtlr sues pfssls de Mtåhme.
Ifds
If dste
tedt
dtmd
mdff ^ nf
nfmm f ge
gems
ms nl
nlrf
rfzz jf
jfss mg
mgpl
plre
rejf
jfrl
rlss mifd
mifdfi
fihe
hest
stes
es..
Ifdstedtmdf ^ ifdvfifu ug ifdslh`f je marlce, qul lhl deturehgldtl
lgpeiftfu ifg fs jlnldsfrls jf mifdfihesgf. Lstl sl rludmu df pehåimf
mgplrmeh jl @mlre, de ifste esmåtmie jf Bùsnfrf, lg 1<:, l prfihegfu e
tlfhfame mifdfiheste ifgf frtfjfxe, eplser je fpfsmáéf jl mgpfrtedtls
tlùhfafs, ifgf f lx-petrmerie Alrgedfs, Cféf jl Jegesif l Lstlvéf jf
gfdtl Euxãdmfs. Lgbfre e gemfrme jfs tretejfs lsirmtfs plhfs mifdfihestes
déf tld`eg sfbrlvmvmjf, es jlimsüls jf Ifdiçhmf jl @mlre séf prlslrvejes,
uge vlz qul nfreg hmjes l ifdjldejes plhf Ifdslh`f Mifdùnmhf jl Dmiíme.
Ergejf
Erg ejf ifg
Mifdùnmhfs. Lhl lste
lste jli
jlimsé
prfiurfumséf,
f, Ifd
Ifdste
stedtm
errediå-hfsdtmdf
jedf mds
mdstm
tmtum
tumuu lug
burfireime uge
jfelxírimtf,
plr
plrsla
slaumá
umáéf
l éf efs
eteifu
lsplimehgldtl fs gfstlmrfs, qul lreg fs ildtrfs jl vldlreáéf jfs çifdls.

Hléf M^, f Iezer (11< ’ 10;)

Hléf M^ lre f nmh`f jl Ifdstedtmdf ^ l sue lspfse iezer, Mrldl, ldtéf

lhl í nrlqøldtlgldtl i`egejf jl ‘f iezer‗. Lhl nfm ifrfejf if-mgplrejfr
lg 1<5, hfaf epùs slu desimgldtf, l lhl sfbrlvmvlu e uge ifdspmreáéf jl
slus glmf-mrgéfs, qul lsplreveg tlr suilssf pere essugmr f trfdf. [fuif
sl sebl
Åsme sfbrllfifdtre
Gldfr rlmdejf
fs jl Hléf, ges
bóhaerfs? lhl nlz iegped`e
de vlrjejl, ifdtre
lhl gfrrlu fs årebls
jl nlbrl de
lg 10;
ldquedtf hmjlreve f lxírimtf plssfehgldtl ifdtre fs bóhaerfs. Hléf M^ lre
 

lhl glsgf ug mifdfiheste, ges déf ifdtmdufu es vmfhldtes plrslaumáüls

jl slu pem, lg pertl ifgf rlsuhtejf je mdnhuãdime jl sue lspfse Mrldl, qul
lre mifdùnmhe.
Yfb e jmdestme mseurmede, f prmdiçpmf jf afvlrdf `lrljmtårmf mdjmvmsçvlh
ifdtmdufu e irlsilr gems nfrtl l, slaumdjf f prliljldtl jl slu pem l slu
evú, Hléf M^ ifrffu slu cfvlg nmh`f Ifdstedtmdf ^M ifgf mgplrejfr hfaf
epùs sue prùprme esildséf, esslauredjf essmg e ifdtmdumjejl je jmdestme.
F Rlmdejf jl Mrldl l e [rmglmre Rlsteureáéf jfs Çifdls

Hléf M^ gfrrlu rlpldtmdegldtl lg 10;, ifg epldes 9; edfs. Yue

lspfse Mrldl suramu ifgf rlaldtl jl slu nmh`f Ifdstedtmdf ^M, qul de
ípfie tmd`e epldes = edfs jl mjejl. E pfsmáéf jl Mrldl lre prliårme3 lhe lre
uge mifdfnmhe l cå lsteve ldvfhvmje lg ug gfvmgldtf pere trezlr fs
çifdls jl vfhte ef pehåimf mgplrmeh. Ifgf guh`lr, Mrldl deturehgldtl déf
tmd`e lxplrmãdime gmhmter,
gmhmter, l f lxírimtf `evme smjf e mdstmtumáéf jfgmdedtl jl
Bmzâ
Bm zâdi
dimf
mf plplhf
hf gl
gldf
dfss df sí
síiu
iuhf
hf pe
pess
ssej
ejf.
f. Ehíg
Ehíg jm jmss
ssf,
f, `e
`evm
vmee rmve
rmvems
ms
smadmnmietmvfs jl pfjlr des plssfes jfs nmh`fs jl Ifdstedtmdf ^, fs glmf-
mrgéfs gems dfvfs jl Hléf M^. Mrldl, df ldtedtf, lglramu ifgf uge jes
gems mdtlrlssedtls jes gumtes guh`lrls afvlrdedtls jl Bmzâdimf, l slu
ieråtlr, lgbfre tehvlz dlg slgprl ejgmråvlh plhfs pejrüls gfjlrdfs,
nfssl
nfssl il
ilrt
rteg
egldt
ldtll nfrt
nfrtll l jl
jltl
tlrg
rgmd
mdej
ejf.
f. Lg
Lgbf
bfre
re sl
sluu pr
prmd
mdim
impe
pehh fb
fbcl
cltm
tmvf
vf
slgprl perlilssl slr e rlsteureáéf jl çifdls, Mrldl tegbíg tmd`e ug
mdtlrlssl nfrtlgldtl prfetmvf lg essudtfs gmhmterls l pfhçtmifs l lhe lre e
ódmie guh`lr bmzedtmde e essugmr pfr sm glsge f tçtuhf gesiuhmdf jl
"mgplrejfr" (besmhlus).
Mrldl
çifdls l efraedmzfu ugpfhçtmie
rlvlrséf je ifdiçhmfmgplrmeh.
liugãdmif
Lstlpere rlehmzernfme eblrtf
ifdslh`f rlsteureáéf jfs
de marlce
jfs Yedtfs Epùstfhfs lg Ifdstedtmdfphe lg 10>. E lsse ehture, f gems ehtf
ifgedjf jf lxírimtf lre hleh e Mrldl, ges glgbrfs jfs teagete (trfpes
mgpl
mg plrm
rmem
emss ls
lste
teim
imfd
fdej
ejes
es lg If Ifds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he)) if
ifdt
dtmd
mdue
uere
regg e ep epfm
fmer
er
mifdfihesgf l sl rlvfhtereg nfre jf hfieh jf ifdslh`f, nfráedjf-f e sl
slperer jlstls. Mrldl plrilblu e mgpfrtâdime jlsses udmjejls gmhmterls l
frjldfu qul nfsslg tredsnlrmjes pere e Åsme Gldfr lg prlpereáéf pere
uge iegped`e df Frmldtl. Essmg qul lhls lsteveg nfre je imjejl, lhe fs
jmspldsfu jf lxírimtf. Nmrgl lg slu ifdtrfhl je smtueáéf, Mrldl frjldfu
qul [r
jf f mglm
ifdsl
ifdslh`f
[rmg rfh`fIf
lmrf sldiçh
Ifdirludmssl
rludm
mf ssl
çhmf dfvegld
dfvegldtl
Liug
Liugãd
ãdmif. tlYf
mif. lg
b 101,
Yfb e pr jlste
prls
lsmj
mjãdvlz
imee lg
ãdim jl Dmiíme,
Dmiím
Zer e,mfs,
eres
esmf hfieh
s, f
Ylaudjf Ifdiçhmf jl Dmiíme ifdjldfu jlvmjegldtl f mifdfihesgf slg
 

quehqu
queh qulr
lr rlrlsm
smst
stãd
ãdim
imee rl
rleh
eh.. Lx
Lx-m
-mif
ifdf
dfih
ihes
este
tess nf
nfre
reg
g eueutf
tfrm
rmze
zejf
jfss e sl
errlpldjlr l e gemfrme nfm iepez jl gedtlr sues pfsmáüls de marlce l df
lstejf, l Mrldl, í iherf, tmd`e ug mdtlrlssl rleh lg aeredtmr qul slu lx-
germjf l sue negçhme déf nfsslg slvlregldtl ifdjldejfs, cå qul sue
 pfsmáéf jlpldjme ifgphltegldtl
ifgphltegldtl jl slu rlheimfdegldtf ifg lhls.
lhls.
 Duge tldtetmve jl ifdslrter es rlheáüls ifg f Fimjldtl, Ifdstedtmdf
^M nfre prfgltmjf e Rftruj, e nmh`e jl Ierhfs Geadf, rlm jfs nredifs, l sù
 pfjlgfs mgeamder f qul pfjlrme tlr eifdtlimjf, f iesegldtf déf nfm
rlehmzejf. Eifdtlilu qul Mrldl mdtlrrfgplu f dfmvejf l lg 101 fraedmzfu
ug ‘s`fw jl dfmve‗ df queh slhlimfdfu uge lspfse, e sedte Germe, pere
slu nmh`f. [fr vfhte jl 1=;, quedjf lhl tmd`e 5= edfs jl mjejl, Ifdstedtmdf
tldtfu afvlrder lg slu prùprmf dfgl l, lgbfre uge ifdspmreáéf jl
Ytevreomfs neh`fu, f lxírimtf eiebfu pfr epfmå-hf, l Ifdstedtmdf essugmu f
 pfjlr lg slu prùprmf dfgl. Ifdstedtmdf ^M, df ldtedtf, déf nfm ug
afvlrdedtl blg-suiljmjf, e smtueáéf pfhçtmie lsteve jmvmjmje ldtrl vårmfs
ildtrfs jl pfjlr, l lhl eiebfu sldjf nfráejf e vfhter sue gél ef trfdf. Lg
1=<, Ifds
1=<, Ifdste
tedt
dtmd
mdff sl jmvf
jmvfrim
rimfu
fu jl sue
sue ls
lspf
pfse
se l sl ie
iesf
sfuu df
dfve
vegl
gldt
dtl,
l,
aed`edjf e fpfsmáéf jlihereje jfs jfms gfdals, [hetéf jl Yeoofujmfd l
slu sfbrmd`f Zlfjfrf (gems terjl ifd`limjf ifgf Zlfjfrf jl Ytfujmfs).
Lhls fbcltereg qul f dfvf iesegldtf jl Ifdstedtmdf lre mhlaeh sfb e hlm
je marlce l eraugldtereg qul f mgplrejfr lre, pfrtedtf, iuhpejf jl
ejuhtírmf. E fpfsmáéf jlihereje jl Zlfjfrf ef mgplrejfr rlsuhtfu lg slu
lxçh
lxçhmf
mf jl If
Ifds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he.. Ls
Lstl
tl nfm
nfm f mdçi
mdçimf
mf je i`
i`eg
egej
ejee if
ifdt
dtrf
rfví
vírsm
rsmee
gfli`mede (jf ejuhtírmf), uge qulstéf qul nfm gumtf gems egphe jf qul e
glre qulstéf je smtueáéf ifdcuaeh jl Ifdstedtmdf, uge vlz qul ldvfhvme
uge tldtetmve pfr pertl jl ilrtfs arupfs jldtrf je marlce jl jmter ef
mgplrejfr f qul lhl
ehauds jfs hçjlrls pfjme qul
je marlce l déf pfjme mgpfr
qulrmeg nezlr.pldehmjejls
Déf surprlldjldtlgldtl,
gems nfrtls efs
lx-mifdfihestes lsteveg ef hejf jl [hetéf l Zlfjfrf lg fpfsmáéf ef
slaudjf iesegldtf jl Ifdstedtmdf.
Nmdehgldtl, lg 1=1, ehauds jfs epfmejfrls jl Mrldl tfgereg f cfvlg
mgpl
mg plre
rejf
jfrr, il
ilae
aereg
reg-df
-df l If Ifds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdff gf
gfrrl
rrlu,
u, prfv
prfvevevlh
lhgl
gldt
dtll if
ifgf
gf
rlsuhtejf jlste eáéf. Df rlsiehjf Mrldl lsteve df ifdtrfhl lxihusmvf jf
lste
lstejf
jf bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdf,
f, ifgf
ifgf jmss
jmsslg
lgfs
fs,, e ód
ódmi
miee mg
mgpl
plret
retrm
rmzz e us
user
er e nfrg
nfrgee
gesiuhmde jf tçtuhf mgplrmeh, besmhlus.
Es treges ifdtmduereg e essfgbrer Mrldl, ildtredjf-sl dfs nmh`fs jl
Ifdstedtmdf
 pere ^ qul, eplser
fs jlsifdtldtls. jl gutmhejfs
Fs årebls tegbígl fbtmvlreg
lxmhejfs, nfrgeveg ug nfif
suilssfs gmhmterls,
lsplimehgldtl pfrqul es pfhçtmies jl Mrldl ldnrequlilreg f lxírimtf l
 

jrldereg fs ifnrls cå qul f iehmne @erud er-Resi`mj (10>-0;=) nfm ug jfs

afvl
af vlrd
rdeedt
dtls
ls gems ems nfnfrt
rtls
ls l gems ems blg
blg suil
suiljm jmjf
jfss qul
qul fs bm bmze
zeddtmdf
tmdfss
ldnrldteregeg.. Df Fimjldtl, f rlmdejf jl Mrldl tlstlg lguud`fu ug
jlsl
jl sldv
dvfhfhvm
vmgl
gldt dtff lslspl
plim
imeh
ehgl
gldtdtll mgmgpf
pfrtrtedt
edtl,
l, ququed
edjf
jf f pe pepe
pe Hléf
Hléf MMM
ifrffu Ierhfs Geadf ifgf mgplrejfr lg Rfge df jme jl Deteh jl 0;;.
Lssl nfm f pfdtf iuhgmdedtl jfs eifdtlimgldtfs qul ldnrequlilreg e
ifdnmedáe pepeh lg Bmzâdimf l ldifrecereg e mjíme jl qul fs nredifs lreg
fs prfrfttltf
ltfrl
rlss pfhç
pfhçttmif
ifss l gmhm hmte
terl
rlss je Mtåh
Mtåhme
me l jf pe pepe
pejf
jf.. Ifg
Ifgf cå
jmsiutmgfs eimge, f pepe alrehgldtl ifdnmeve lg Bmzâdimf ifgf ug
 pfjlr gmhmter qul pfjlrme dlutrehmzer e nfráe jfs pfvfs alrgâdmifs
er
erme
medf
dfs.
s. Dfs
Dfs óhtmóhtmgf
gfss 1; ed edfs
fs,, pf
pfríríg,
g, Ifds
Ifdste tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he dé
déff ls
lstl
tlvl
vl lg
ifgud`éf ifg Rfge? l f qul lre pmfr, Hléf MMM l Ifdstedtmdf ^ déf
tmd`eg mdtlrlssl rleh df Fimjldtl. Ef glsgf tlgpf, fs nredifs frtfjfxfs
subm
su bmreg
reg ef pf pfjl
jlrr, ls
lspl
plim
imeh
ehgl
gldtdtll sfsfbb IeIerhf
rhfss Ge
Gertl
rtlhh l jl
jlpf
pfms
ms Ie
Ierhrhfs
fs
Geadf.
Eafre, ifg e ifrfeáéf jl Ierhfs Geadf, e smtueáéf lsteve ifdnuse.
Ehauds fimjldtems ehlaereg qul uge guh`lr déf pfjme slr mgplrejfre l,
 pfrtedtf, f trfdf lg Bmzâdimf lsteve veaf. Zedtf Ierhfs Geadf ifgf f
 pepejf plrilblreg qul e ifrfeáéf smadmnmieve ug jlsenmf jmrltf e
Bmzâdimf jl uge gedlmre fu jl futre. F Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf vmu Ierhfs
Geadf ifgf ug usurpejfr, l e mdiepeimjejl jl Mrldl jl sl fpfr ë nfráe
ilrtegldtl ldnrequlilu sue pfsmáéf pfhçtmie. Ierhfs Geadf, ldquedtf mssf,
 plrilblu qul sue rlmvmdjmieáéf ef pfjlr mgplrmeh déf tmd`e sldtmjf slg
ehau
ehaugg rlif
rlifd`
d`li
limg
mgld
ldtf
tf jfs
jfs bmbmze
zedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs.. Lhl,
Lhl, pfrt
pfrted
edtf
tf,, ldvm
ldvmfu
fu ug
ugee
lgbemxeje e Ifdstedtmdfphe, fnlrlildjf-sl pere ieser ifg Mrldl, l e
eperldtl jmspfsmáéf je mgplretrmz lg ifdsmjlrer uge prfpfste téf dftåvlh
sù ieusfu gems sfnrmgldtf
sfnr mgldtf l fpfsmáéf lg Ifdstedtmdfphe.
 

=
Nfráe Ifdtmdue Ifdtre fs Çifdls
05< ’ Rlsteureáéf jf Mifdfihesgf.
0:9 ’ Nmg jf Mifdfihesgf.
0>; ’ [rmglmrf etequl russf e Ifdstedtmdfphe.
0>9 ’ Gmsséf jl Ifdstedtmdf l Gltfjmfs efs lshåvfs.
Dmiínfrf (0;2 ’ 055) 

\g ifgphú nfm nfrgejf lg 0;2, ldquedtf fs lgbemxejfrls jl Ierhfs Geadf

emdj
emdjee lste
lsteveg
veg lg Ifds
Ifdste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he.. Mr
Mrld
ldll nfm
nfm jlpfs
jlpfste
te l lhe
lhe rl
rltm
tmrf
rfu-
u-sl
sl pere
pere ug
gfdestírmf qul lhe `evme nudjejf edtlrmfrgldtl. Fs ifdspmrejfrls lsifh`lreg ifgf
f dfvf mgplrejfr Dmiínfrf (0;2’055), f hfaft`ltl tfu aldmofu  qul eperldtlgldtl
teg
tegbíg
bíg pfs pfssuçe
uçe lxpl
lxplrrmãdi
mãdime
me gmhmtehmterr per
pere eifg
eifgpe
ped`
d`er
er suesues `ebm
`ebmhhmjej
mjejls
ls
ejgm
ej gmdm
dmst
stre
retm
tmve
vess l qul,
qul, supf
supfst steg
egld
ldtl
tl,, jlsi
jlsild
ldjm
jmee je iese
iese rl
rleh
eh jfs
jfs år
åreb
ebls
ls jfs
jfs
Aessâdmjes.
 Dmiínfrf lre ug mifdùnmhf, ges ges lhl sl fpud`e nfrtlgldtl ef "pertmjf gfdåstmif",
gfdåstmif",
ës vlzls i`egejf jl zlhftls. Jlvl-sl tlr gumtf iumjejf pere déf mgeamder qul `evme
 pertmjfs pfhçtmifs df sldtmjf gfjlrdf lg Bmzâdimf, ges, pere nmds jl edåhmsl,
 pfjlgfs earuper mdjmvçjufs lg ietlafrmes qul dfs ecujeréf e ldtldjlr slus pfdtfs
jl vmste. Essmg,
Essmg, ifgf vmgfs, hfaf jlpfms qul Mrldl rlsteurfu e vldlreáéf jfs çifdls,
ug arupf jl gfdals lxmamu slvlre pudmáéf efs mifdfihestes, lstrmte ejlséf ë hlm
iedúdmie l e ifdjldeáéf jf qul lhls ifdsmjlreveg slr mgfrehmjejl df pehåimf
mgplrmeh (e qulstéf jfs gflbmedfs). Lstl pertmjf gfdåstmif fu zlhftl tegbíg sl
fpud`e ë lhlveáéf ef lpmsifpejf jfs hlmafs de ípfie, nevfrlildjf equlhls qul
`evmeg pessejf hfdafs edfs de vmje gfdåstmie. Essmg, fs zlhftls nmiereg i`etlejfs
quedjf, epùs e gfrtl jf petrmerie Zeresmfs lg 0;>, Dmiínfrf f substmtumu pfr futrf
hlmaf l lx-burfirete, tegbíg i`egejf Dmiínfrf. Zlfjfrf jl Ytfujmfs, lg pertmiuher,
sl
Ifgffpúsrlsuhtejf
ës pfhçtmies lihlsmåstmies
jl sues jf mgplrejfr
pfhçtmies rlhmamfses l nfm fdfvegldtl
gfjlrejes, mgplrejfr lxmhejf
Dmiínfrflg 0;=.
aed`fu
e `fstmhmjejl jfs lsirmtfrls gfdåstmifs (prmdimpehgldtl Zlùnedls), qul plrgedlilg
dfsse prmdimpeh nfdtl jl mdnfrgeáüls sfbrl f plrçfjf.
Ierhfs Geadf tldtfu nfráer Dmiínfrf e rlifd`lilr sue rlmvmdjmieáéf ef tçtuhf
mgplrmeh, lxlrildjf prlsséf gmhmter de Jehgåime. Dmiínfrf, df ldtedtf, trebeh`fu pere
rl
rlst
steb
eblh
lhlil
lilrr f pfjlr
pfjlr bm
bmze
zedt
dtmd
mdff df
dfss Båhi
Båhiés
és,, ifgl
ifgláed
áedjfjf ifg e rlrlifd
ifdqu
qums
mste
te jf
[lhfpfdlsf l e irmeáéf jl dfves tlges3 Zråime, Zlssehúdmie, Geiljúdme, Ilnehúdme,
Jmrråqumf l [lhfpfdlsf, tfjfs lstls dfs Båhiés. Lhl tegbíg nlz aredjl usf je
 pfhçtmie jl tredsnlrãdimes jl pfpuheáéf, ifg nfif dfs Båhiés, lsteblhlildjf arupfs l
trmbfs ‘hlems‗ plrtf jes nrfdtlmres fimjldtems l rlgfvldjf lhlgldtfs pfssmvlhgldtl
jlshlems jl årles fdjl lhls pfjlrmeg rlprlsldter ug plrmaf. Lssls ifhfdfs dfs Båhiés
 perlilg tlr nfrdlimjf e besl pfpuheimfdeh pere f rldesimgldtf bmzedtmdf dlste årle
dfs prùxmgfs edfs.
 Dmiínfrf nfm nfráejf e dlafimer tlrgfs jmedtl jl uge pfjlrfse mdveséf årebl
 

sfb @erud er-Resi`mj. Lhl nfm, df ldtedtf, dftevlhgldtl blg suiljmjf df Fimjldtl,
rlsteblhlildjf f jfgçdmf bmzedtmdf je ifste je Jehgåime l jlrrftedjf fs lshevfs df
[lhfpfdlsf l de årle jl Ylrjmie, de Buhaårme. F rlm bóhaerf O`ed Orug nmifu
ehergejf ifg lssls suilssfs bmzedtmdfs, ges es trfpes jl Dmiínfrf rlspfdjlreg
jlrrftedjf fs bóhaerfs l jlstrumdjf sue iepmteh [hmsoe. Lg 055, Dmiínfrf hmjlrfu uge
aredjl iegped`e ifdtre fs bóhaerfs, dfvegldtl tfgedjf [hmsoe l nfráedjf Orug e
 pljmr pez. Dmiínfrf, df ldtedtf, prfsslaumu ifg e aulrre, lsplredjf e jlrrfte
ifgphlte je Buhaårme. Df gfgldtf jl slu gemfr suilssf, Dmiínfrf l tfjf f slu
lxírimtf nfreg plafs lg uge lgbfsieje3 f mgplrejfr nfm gfrtf, cudtf ifg gumtfs
jl slus aldlrems l uge aredjl pertl jl slu lxírimtf. Orug gems terjl tredsnfrgfu f
irâdmf jf mgplrejfr lg uge teáe ifg e queh lhl tmd`e slus ehmejfs brmdjedjf sue
vmtùrme. Dmiínfrf nfm f prmglmrf mgplrejfr bmzedtmdf e iemr lg aulrre jlsjl e Beteh`e
jl Ejrmedùpfhms lg 910, ges sues pfhçtmies l ejgmdmstreáéf nfrtehlilreg f Lstejf jl
gedlmres mgpfrtedtls pere f nuturf.

Gmaulh M (055 ’ 059)

F suilssfr jl Dmiínfrf nfm slu aldrf, Gmaulh M, qul jltmd`e f tçtuhf jl

ofurfpehetls
nfm f prmglmrf, jedjf e lhlifg
mgplrejfr ugeug
ihessmnmieáéf hfaf ebemxf
dfgl jl negçhme je jfuge
eprfprmejf, mgplrejfr. Gmaulh
mdjmieáéf jl qulM
negçhmes ermstfiråtmies lsteveg ifgláedjf e sl nfrger ifgf rlsuhtejf je gemfr
lstebmhmje
lsteb mhmjejl
jl je lre. Gmaulh
Gmaulh nlz iegped`e ifg slu sfarf, ges ifdslaumu
ifdslaumu lsieper jf
jlsestrl de Buhaårme, l sue ejlséf nfm eilmte quedjf lhl essmdfu uge jlihereáéf,
nfrdlimje plhf petrmerie Dmiínfrf, jl qul lhl epfmerme e frtfjfxme (fu slce, e jfutrmde
mifdùnmhe).
Es pfhçtmies jl Gmaulh lsteveg lg ifdtrestl geriedtl ifg es jl Dmiínfrf M, lhl
nl
nlzz jfeá
jfeáülülss aldl
aldlrf
rfsesess pere
pere marl
marlce
ces,
s, gfst
gfstlm
lmrf
rfss l fr
frae
aedm
dmze
zeáül
áülss jl ie
ierm
rmje
jejl
jl.. Lhl
Lhl
mgljmetegldtl i`lafu e ug eifrjf ifg f pertmjf Slhftl, sl hlgbrfu jl Zlfjfrf jl
Ytfujmfs rltmredjf-f jf lxçhmf, l ifdjldfu f "ejuhtírmf" jl Ifdstedtmdf ^M (qul
emdje plrgedlime uge qulstéf vmve). E pfhçtmie jl Gmi`elh tegbíg lre ifdimhmetùrme
lg rlheáéf ef Fimjldtl, plrgmtmdjf e ifgudmieáéf jmrlte ifg f pepejf, l lhl
 phedlceve ieser slu nmh`f ifg uge dfmve nredie. Gmaulh ifdifrjfu lg rlifd`lilr e
rlmvmdjmieáéf jl Ierhfs Geadf ef tçtuhf mgplrmeh l, e pertmr jl ldtéf, fs mgplrejfrls
 bmzedtmdfs tfgereg rlauhergldtl f tçtuhf jl  Besmhlus Rfgemfd  (Mgp (Mgplrejfr
lrejfr jfs
Rfgedfs)
Rfged fs) pere sl jmstmdaumr
jmstmdaumrlglg jfs mgplrejfrls
mgplrejfrls ‘gldfrls‗
‘gldfrls‗ jf Fimjl
Fimjldtl.
dtl. Essmg,
Essmg, de
vmséf bmzedtmde, emdje `evme epldes ug mgpírmf, l fs afvlrdedtls fimjldtems lreg
smgphlsgldtl tfhlrejfs pfr uge qulstéf jl ifdvldmãdime fu dlilssmjejl. Gmi`elh
lre aldlrfsf lg sues jfeáüls jl jmd`lmrf, lsplimehgldtl pere f ihlrf, l f lstejf
lsteve lg uge smtueáéf nmdedilmregldtl jmnçimh. Dfs Båhiés, O`ed Orug trmudnfu l
 pretmiegldtl déf ldifdtrfu rlsmstãdime
rlsmstãdime jl dld`ug lxírimtf bmzedtmdf.
Etí glsgf fs irfdmstes gfdåstmifs plrilblreg qul e pfsmáéf jl Gmaulh lre
mdsustldtåvlh lg neil je nrequlze ùbvme, l fs phedfs nfreg tregejfs pfr equlhls qul
jlslceveg trezlr jl vfhte f Mifdfihesgf, mdihumdjf fs jlsenfrtudejfs nmh`fs jl
Ifdstedtmdf ^. Uuedjf Gmaulh tldtfu ldtrer lg iegpf ifdtre Orug lg 059, ug jl
sluss aldlre
slu aldlrems,ms, Hléf
Hléf,,  stretlafs  je Edetùhme, ebedjfdfu-f l tfgfu Ifdstedtmdfphe.
 

Gmaulh nfm jlpfstf l lxmhejf, l Hléf ^, f Ergãdmf (059-02;) nfm nlmtf mgplrejfr lg
slu huaer.

F Ylaudjf Mifdfihesgf

Hléf ^ iheregldtl sldtmu, cudtf ifg gumtfs jf lxírimtf, qul fs jlsestrls

gmhmterls jf óhtmgf quertf jl síiuhf nfreg e pudmáéf jl Jlus pere f mgpírmf plhe
mjfhetrme epùs f ebedjfdf jf Mifdfihesgf. F dfvf mgplrejfr ifdsimldtlgldtl
mgmtfu Hléf MMM de pfhçtmie l etí glsgf tlvl slu nmh`f gems vlh`f rldfglejf jl
Ifdstedtmdf, e nmg jl ifgphlter e mjldtmnmieáéf. Df iurtf prezf, f suilssf gmhmter jl
Hléf déf nfm gemfr jf qul f jl slus edtlilssfrls, ges ldifdtrfu ug afhpl jl sfrtl
quedjf O`ed Orug gfrrlu rlpldtmdegldtl lg ebrmh jl 05:. Hléf ifdslaumu ifdihumr
uge pez jl 9; edfs ifg f nmh`f jl Orug, Fgurtea, qul lsteve gems prlfiupejf ifg
sue nrfdtlmre fimjldteh, fdjl lhl nfm egleáejf plhfs nredifs. E nrfdtlmre ldtrl
Bmzâdimf l fs bóhaerfs nfm rlsteureje pere fdjl tmd`e lstejf lg 10;, l e pez plrgmtmu
qul Hléf nmzlssl ehaug prfarlssf de rlifdstruáéf jes imjejls je Zråime l je
Geiljúdme, qul `evmeg smjf jlvestejes dfs rlildtls ifgbetls. Ehíg jmssf, `å
ehauges lvmjãdimes jl qul Hléf jlu pessfs `lsmtedtls de jmrláéf jl mdtrfjuzmr fs
 bóhaerfs efjlsjfbregldtfs
mgpfrtedtls irmstmedmsgf.
irmstmedmsgf. Lsse tldtetmve neh`fu
qul eifdtlilrmeg ifgphltegldtl,
df nmdeh jf síiuhf. ges prldudimfu
Lg 05:,
05:, Hléf
Hléf lslste
tebl
blhl
hlil
iluu uge
uge ifgms
ifgmsséséff pere
pere mdvl
mdvlst
stma
maer
er es quls
qulstü
tüls
ls jf
mifdfihesgf, sfb e hmjlredáe jl Cféf Areggetmofs, ug cfvlg gfdal mdstruçjf, qul
slrme e prmdimpeh nfráe mdtlhlitueh pfr trås jlssl dfvf gfvmgldtf mifdfiheste. E
ifgmsséf lgmtmu ug eraugldtf lxeustmvf e nevfr jf mifdfihesgf, qul f petrmerie
 Dmiínfrf rliusfu-sl e essmder.
essmder. F mgplrejfr rlgfvlu f aredjl çifdl jl Irmstf qul
 pemreve sfbrl f [frtéf jl Brfdzl jf pehåimf, l lg 05< lhl nfráfu f petrmerie
 Dmiínfrf e ebjmier l mr pere f lxçhmf.
lx çhmf. \g ifdiçhmf nfm rlehmzejf de @eame Yfp`me qul
rlenmrgfu f Ifdiçhmf Mifdfiheste jl @mlre (1<:), l gumtfs bmspfs l gfdals nfreg
lxmhejfs, mdihumdjf Zlfjfrf jl Ytfujmfs. Jf lxçhmf, Zlfjfrf fraedmzfu fpfsmáéf
ifdtre f rldfvejf mifdfihesgf l etmvegldtl busifu e mdtlrvldáéf jf pepejf, qul, í
iherf, slgprl `evme plrgedlimjf nmrglgldtl e nevfr je vldlreáéf
v ldlreáéf jfs çifdls.
Lg 02;,
02;, ug jfsjfs edtm
edtmaf
afss ifg
ifgped`
ped`lm
lmrf
rfss jl ererg
ges jl Hléf
Hléf ^, GmGmauaulh
lh,, f
Egfrmedf,
Egfrm edf, ldvfhvlu-sl
ldvfhvlu-sl lg uge ifdspmreáé
ifdspmreáéff ifdtre
ifdtre f mgplrejfr
mgplrejfr,, eperldtlgld
eperldtlgldtl tl lg
aredjl pertl pfr gftmvfs
gftmvfs plssfems l negmhmerl
negmhmerls.
s. F ldrljf
ldrljf nfm jltlitejf
jltlitejf l Gmaulh
Gmaulh nfm
ifdjldejf ë gfrtl pere slr egerrejf e ug geieif l hedáejf des nfrdeh`es qul
equlimeg fs bed`fs jf pehåimf mgplrmeh. E sldtldáe nfm ejmeje etí jlpfms jf Deteh,
ges Gmaulh rludmu ehauds jl slus pertmjårmfs qul, vlstmjfs lg trecls ihlrmiems l
 pfsedjf ifgf glgbrfs jf ifrf, ldtrereg de @eame Yfp`me juredtl fs iuhtfs pere e
ged`é jl Deteh. Lhls mdvejmreg f ehter, essessmdereg Hléf l prfihegereg Gmaulh
ifgf mgplrejfr.

E Jmdestme Egfrmede

Gmaulh MM, f egfrmedf (02;-02=) nfm ug sfhjejf l ug afvlrdedtl pråtmif. Lhl

lre prfvevlhgldtl ug mifdfiheste, ges qulrme jlsldifrecer e jmssldséf sfbrl f
 

essudtf, pfr mssf eiebfu ifg e plrslaumáéf jfs mifdùnmhfs, hlgbrfu jfs lxmhejfs
(mdihumdjf f petrmerie Dmiínfrf l Zlfjfrf jl Ytfujmfs), l prfmbmu e jmsiusséf jf
essudtf. F rlmdejf jl Gmaulh MM nfm geriejf plhe rlvfhte jl Zfges, prfvevlhgldtl
ug lshevf lsteblhlimjf de Åsme Gldfr. Zfges, f lshevf, tlvl uge ierrlmre ldvfhvmje
lg plhf gldfs uge rlvfhte, ges fiupfu ug ehtf ieraf gmhmter df tlge _prfvçdimeW je
Edetùhme. Lhl ldtéf sl rlvfhtfu uge slaudje vlz l nuamu pere e ifrtl jf iehmne
Ge'gug (059-099, nmh`f jl @erud er-Res`mj), qul h`l prfgltlu ecuje. Zfges rludmu
uge nfráe `ltlrfaãdle dfs jmstrmtfs nrfdtlmrmáfs frmldtems jf mgpírmf. Iurmfsegldtl,
lhl enmrgfu qul lhl lre Ifdstedtmdf ^M, qul `evme smjf jlpfstf quesl ug quertf jl
síiuhf edtls. Lhl etremu pere sue ieuse gumtfs mifdùnmhfs l tfjfs fs lhlgldtfs
jlseprfprmejfs jl pfjlr de Åsme Gldfr3 lstls mdihuçeg mdjmvçjufs jf Iåuiesf, jfs
lshevfs, jfs pfbrls jf iegpf l jfs [euhmimedfs. Lstls óhtmgfs nfreg, slg jóvmje, f
gems mgpfrtedtl jfs gfvmgldtfs `lrítmifs je Åsme Gldfr df plrçfjf bmzedtmdf
gíjmf? lreg juehmstes, ifg irldáes qul ifrrlspfdjmeg lg gumtfs esplitfs efs
gfvmgldtfs rmafrmstes jfs tlgpfs edtmafs (gfdtedmstes, dfveimedfs) l pfssmvlhgldtl
etí efs edtmafs gedmqulus, lgbfre déf `ece rezéf pere pldser qul rlprlsldtesslg
ifdtmdumjejl ifg quehqulr ug jlhls. F iehmne prfvmjldimfu e ifrfeáéf jl Zfges
 plhf petrmerie jl Edtmfqume, l aredjl pertl jf lxírimtf mmgplrmeh
gplrmeh l je germd`e je Åsme
Gldfr
rlvfhte, nfm perelhef perlil
cå qul slu hejf. @mstfrmejfrls
rlprlsldter ug jfsgfjlrdfs nmiereg mdtrmaejfs
pfuifs gfvmgldtfs ifg lsse
rlvfhuimfdårmfs de
`mstùrme jl Bmzâdimf, ges prfvevlhgldtl déf sl jlvl suplrlstmger f esplitf sfimeh jf
nldúgldf, l í iherf qul f fbcltmvf jl Zfges lre prmdimpehgldtl pfhçtmif. - e tfgeje
jf trfdf mgplrmeh - l qul lhl déf tmd`e ug prfarege rleh jl gujedáe sfimeh. Zfges
ifdt
if dtrrfhfu
fhfu e gemfr emfr pert
pertll je Åsme Gldfr ldfr pfr
pfr jfms
jfms edfs
edfs (0(025
25--02
029)
9) l smtmf
mtmfuu
Ifdstedtmdfphe, ifgláedjf lg jlzlgbrf jl 025. Ifgf gumtfs edtls jlhl, df
ldtedtf, lhl nfm mdiepez jl tfger e imjejl l sues nfráes nfreg jmsplrsejes plhe
mdtlrvldáéf bóhaere jl O`ed Fgurtea, qul vlmf lg euxçhmf jl slu ehmejf Gmaulh.
Jlpfms jmssf, e rlvfhte repmjegldtl jlsgfrfdfu l Zfges nfm iepturejf l lxliutejf.
Lg 02>/0, Irlte nfm tfgeje pfr evldturlmrfs årebls je Lsped`e l, lg 021/=, fs
årebls lsped`ùms pujlreg lsteblhlilr-sl de Ymiçhme. E prlsldáe årebl dlsses jues
mh`es tlrme sírmes rlplriussüls pere Bmzâdimf. Irlte tfrdfu-sl uge besl pere fs
"pmretes" årebls qul tfrdereg f ger Lalu l sues hmd`es ifstlmres mdslaurfs pere fs
 bmzedtmdfs l prlsugmvlhgldtl tegbíg mdtlrrfgplreg f ifgírimf de årle. Es besls
årebls de Ymiçhme nfreg f mdçimf jl uge hfdae jmspute ldtrl bmzedtmdfs l årebls plhf
ifdt
if dtrrfhl
fhl jf suh je Mtåh åhme
me l je YmYmiç
içhm
hme,
e, qul
qul teg
tegbíg
bíg ldvf
ldvfhv
hvlr
lrme
me f pepe
pepejf
jf l,
lvldtuehgldtl, futres pftãdimes je Lurfpe Fimjldteh. Fs årebls tegbíg usereg
lsses besls smimhmedes pere eteier e Mtåhme l fs Båhiés.
Gmaulh MM gedtlvl e sue pfsmáéf jl gfjlreáéf rlhmamfse juredtl tfjf f slu
rlmdejf, ges es sues pfhçtmies nfreg ifgphltegldtl gmdejes plhf pertmjf zlhftl, sfb
e hmjlredáe jl Zlfjfrf jl Ytfujmfs. Lhls eilmtermeg deje gldfs jf qul uge
ifgp
if gphl hlte
te rlst
rlsteu
eurereáé
áéff jl çi çifd
fdls
ls l ifdj
ifdjld
ldeá
eáéf
éf jfs
jfs mifd
mifdfi
fihe
hest
stes
es.. Dmst
Dmstff lhls
lhls
ifdt
if dtmmduer
dueregeg e eplheplher
er pere
pere f pepepepejf
jf,, ges qued
quedjf
jf ug glds ldsealm
ealmrf
rf vlmf
vlmf e
Ifdstedtmdfphe ifg uge ierte jf pepe lg epfmf efs çifdls, f mgplrejfr gedjfu
qul lhl nfssl gehtretejf l cfaejf de prmséf. Gmaulh tegbíg prfiurfu suplrer fs
zlhftls pljmdjf epfmf jf mgplrejfr fimjldteh, Huçs, f [mljfsf.
 

Zlùnmhf (02= ’ 0:2) 

Gmaulh MM nfm suiljmjf pfr slu nmh`f, Zlùnmhf, qul `evme smjf ifrfejf ifgf if-
mgplrejfr
mgplr ejfr lg 025. Ef ifdtrårmf
ifdtrårmf jl slu pem, Zlùnmhf
Zlùnmhf nfm iuhtf l lrujm
lrujmtf,
tf, cå qul `evme
smjf ldsmdejf pfr Cféf Areggetmofs. Lg tlrgfs gmhmterls, df ldtedtf, f rlmdejf jl
Zlùnmhf nfm ug jlsestrl. Lhl aed`fu ehauges vmtùrmes df Frmldtl, ges pretmiegldtl
lg tfjfs fs huaerls lhl nfm jlrrftejf. [ehlrgf iemu pere fs årebls je Lsped`e
\ggeyej _fgçejeW lg 095 l tfjf f flstl je Ymiçhme lsteve lg géfs årebls lg 0:5.
Lg 09= fs årebls mdvejmreg f suh je Mtåhme, tfgereg Zeredtf, l essmg lnltmvegldtl
ifrtereg e Mtåhme bmzedtmde lg jfms. Zlùnmhf prfiurfu ecuje ifdtre fs årebls lsped`ùms
jf mgplrejfr ehlgéf, Huçs, f [mljfsf, l jf iehmne Ebj er-Re`ged.
Yfb Zlùnmhf, f mifdfihesgf lxplrmgldtfu sue óhtmge vlrjejlmre lnhfrlsiãdime.
Lg 091, Cféf Areggetmofs tfrdfu-sl petrmerie, l uge plrslaumáéf efs Mifdùnmhfs
ifgláfu, jmrmamje lsplimehgldtl efs gfdals. Jfms ifd`limjfs gfdals pehlstmdfs,
Zlfjfrf l Zlùnedls, nfreg trezmjfs pere Ifdstedtmdfphe, l fs vlrsfs mifdfihestes
nfreg lsirmtfs lg sues tlstes ifg nlrrfs lg brese, jedjf-h`ls f tçtuhf jl  areptfm
("equlhls qul nfreg lsirmtfs"). Í jmnçimh seblr quéf nfrtl lre f gfvmgldtf mifdfiheste
dequlhl gfgldtf, sl emdje lre uge mjíme vmbredtl l pfpuher fu sl slu epfmf `evme
jmgmduçjf.
[lssfehgldtl, Zlùnmhf
Zlùnmhf perlil tlr smjf rfgâdtmif, l lhl tmd`e uge nfrtl ejgmreáéf
 plhe iuhture årebl. Lhl etí ldvmfu lgmssårmfs e Beajå pere fbtlr mdnfrgeáüls l mjímes
erqumtltúdmies je ifrtl jl hå, l `å rezüls pere eirljmter qul e ertl l e erqumtlture
 bmzedtmdes dlstl plrçfjf nfreg mdnhuldimejes plhfs jlsldvfhvmgldtfs df iehmnejf.
Zlùnmhf perlil tlr ldifrecejf e eprldjmzealg lg Ifdstedtmdfphe. Uuedjf Hléf, f
getlgåtmif, ug pfhçgete ifg mdtlrlssls lg gliâdmie l ifgudmieáéf, blg ifgf
hmtlreture edtmae l tlfhfame, nfm ifdvmjejf pere e ifrtl jf iehmne Geºgud, Zlùnmhf
rliusfu-sl e jlmxå-hf mr, ges lsteblhlilu-f ifgf prfnlssfr ë iuste jf afvlrdf lg
uge jes prmdimpems marlces jl Ifdstedtmdfphe.

E Rlsteureáéf jfs Çifdls

Zlùnmhf gfrrlu lg 0:2, jlmxedjf pere trås sue lspfse Zlfjfre l slu nmh`f
Gmaulh MMM (0:2-0>1), qul tmd`e epldes trãs edfs jl mjejl, ges qul cå `evme smjf
ifrfejf ifgf mgplrejfr. Deturehgldtl, lsteblhlilu-sl uge rlaãdime pere afvlrder
lg dfgl jf cfvlg mgplrejfr, dlstl iesf ldiebláejf pfr Zlfjfre, cudtf ifg f
luduif Z`lfotmstfs (hfaft`ltl tfu jrfgfu), fs mrgéfs jl Zlfjfre, Berjes l [ltrfdes,
l f geaçstlr Yíramf Dmomtmetls. F prmdimpeh fbcltmvf jl Zlfjfre lre e rlsteureáéf jl
çifdls. Deturehgldtl, lre mgpfrtedtl prlslrver, tedtf quedtf pfssçvlh, e rlputeáéf jl
Zlùnmhf, cå qul f pfjlr je rlaãdime jlpldjme ifgphltegldtl jl sue rlheáéf ifg lhl, l
Zlfjf
lfjfre
re im
imri
riuh
uhfu
fu e `mst
`mstùr
ùrme
me jl qul,
qul, lg sl
sluu hlmt
hlmtff jl gfrt
gfrtl,
l, Zlùnm
lùnmhf
hf `evm
`evmee sl
errlpldjmjf jf mifdfihesgf. Lhe déf sldtmu dlilssmjejl jl ifdvfier ug ifdilh`f je
marlce, ges lg 0:9 smgphlsgldtl rludmu ug arupf jl fnmimems qul eilmtereg fs
ldsmdegldtfs jf Ylaudjf Ifdiçhmf jl Dmiíme jl 101 l jlpuslreg f petrmerie Cféf
Areggetmofs. Lstl lvldtf emdje í ilhlbrejf plhe Marlce Frtfjfxe, df prmglmrf
 

jfgmdaf je Uuerlsge, ifgf f ‘Jfgmdaf je j e Frtfjfxme‗.

Ifg f pesser jf tlgpf, fs dlaùimfs ieçreg ieje vlz gems sfb f ifdtrfhl jf
luduif Z`lfotmstfs, iuce ierrlmre l ieråtlr nfreg fbsiurlimjfs pfr `mstfrmejfrls
 pfstlrmfrls. Z`lfotmstfs ifdslaumu e rlifdqumste tlgpfrårme jl Irlte, lgbfre e mh`e
tld`e smjf repmjegldtl tfgeje jl vfhte plhfs årebls quedjf brmaes lihfjmreg jldtrf
je rlaãdime. Fs essudtfs de marlce plrgedlimeg ug pfuif ifdnusfs, uge vlz qul e
rlaãdime lsteve prlfiupeje lg lvmter e ifdjldeáéf jmrlte jfs edtmafs mifdfihestes
(mdihumdjf fs glgbrfs je jmdestme afvlrdedtl), ldquedtf fs zlhftls mdsmstmeg dmssf.
Lg 0:1, Zlfjfre lsifh`lu f gfdal Madåimf ifgf petrmerie jl Ifdstedtmdfphe? lhl
lre nmh`f jl Gmaulh M l nfre iestrejf l nfráejf e nezlr vftfs gfdåstmifs quedjf slu
 pem nfm jlpfstf lg 059. Ifgf Madåimf lre ug gfdal, sue dfgleáéf nfm blg
rlilbmje plhf pertmjf zlhftl.
Ldqu
Ld qued
edtf
tf mssf,
ssf, Gmaul
maulhh ls
lste
teve
ve ir
irls
lsil
ildj
djf.
f. \g ls lstu
tujf
jf jl slu ierå
ieråtl
tlrr í
lsplimehgldtl jmnçimh, pfrqul e gemfr pertl jf qul seblgfs sfbrl lhl vlg jl
`mstfrmejfrls pfstlrmfrls qul tmd`eg rezüls pere jldlarmr f óhtmgf jfs mgplrejfrls
egfrms l jlsirlvlreg Gmaulh sfb uge huz pfuif hmsfdclmre l h`l jlreg f eplhmjf jl
"F Bãbejf". Df ldtedtf, perlil iherf qul, lg tldre mjejl, plhf gldfs, Gmaulh déf
lsteve lsplimehgldtl mdtlrlssejf lg essudtfs jl Lstejf. Gmaulh cå tmd`e uge
u ge egedtl,
Lujfome Mdalrmde,
Jloepfhmtmsse. ges Zlfjfre
I`etlejf fraedmzfu
sfb f qul ug iesegldtf
lhl ifdsmjlrfu fdjl e dfmvejllre
ifgf mdtlrnlrãdime sueLujfome
gél, f
Gmaulh jl 5< edfs ifdspmrfu ifg slu tmf, Berjes, qul fraedmzfu f essessmdetf jl
Zlotmstf lg 0<<. Df edf slaumdtl, Gmaulh prfihegfu-sl ódmif afvlrdedtl l lxmhfu
Zlfjfre dug
du g gfdestírmf.
Ifgf gldimfdejf eimge, f rlmdejf jl Gmaulh MMM í jmnçimh jl evehmer ifg besl
des nfdtls bmzedtmdes `fstms, ges fs `mstfrmejfrls årebls nfrdlilg ug ifdtrepfstf
ótmh, uge vlz qul jlsirlvlg ifg ehaug jlteh`l es vmtùrmes gmhmterls sfb Gmaulh MMM? l
e pflsme pfpuher bmzedtmde rltrete ug afvlrdedtl, prfvevlhgldtl f prùprmf Gmaulh,
qul hutfu `lrfmiegldtl l ifg suilssf ifdtre fs årebls l iuces nfráes lgpurrereg _fs
åreblsW pere f mdtlrmfr je Åsme Gldfr.

Regmnmieáüls l Nmg jf Mifdfihesgf

F rlmdejf jl Gmaulh nfm geriejf pfr mgpfrtedtls jlsldvfhvmgldtfs rlhmamfsfs l
iuhturems qul tmvlreg rlsuhtejfs e hfdaf prezf. Fbvmegldtl, e rlsteureáéf
rlsteureáéf jfs çifdls
irmfu uge dlilssmjejl (l, pfrtedtf, ug glriejf) pere e ertl rlhmamfse lg plqulde l
herae lsiehe. Fbvmegldtl, e ertl jlifretmve ilrtegldtl déf jlseperlilre juredtl f
 plrçfjf mifdfiheste, ges ifgf e ertl rlprlsldteimfdeh `evme smjf prfmbmje, mssf lre
rlstrmtf lg lsiehe l lsifpf. Eafre, fs jfejfrls ifgpltmeg ldtrl sm pere ldifdtrer
 pmdtfrls l gfsemimstes qul pujlsslg rljlifrer marlces qul `evmeg smjf jlspfcejes jl
ertl nmauretmve l prfjuzmrlg çifdls qul fs mdjmvçjufs qulrmeg lg sues ieses l lg
huaerls póbhmifs. Déf pfjlgfs treáer lssls jlsldvfhvmgldtfs lg jlteh`ls, ges

 pfjl-sl mgeamder
nfrger dfvfs qul fs
gfjlhfs qulertmstes hutereg
etldjlsslg pere rliuplrerjeedtmaes
ës dlilssmjejls tíidmies
sfimljejl dlstllgfgldtf.
pejrüls l
Ehíg jmssf, ifg e ifdtrfvírsme jfs mifdfihestes tlrgmdeje, e marlce bmzedtmde
lsteve ifdnmedtl l prfdte pere lxpedjmr sues etmvmjejls l sl ldaecer duge etmvmjejl
 

gmssmfdår
gmssmf dårme
me slg prlilj
prliljldt
ldtls,
ls, lsplim
lsplimehg
ehgldt
ldtll ldtrl
ldtrl fs lshevfs
lshevfs,, ehauds
ehauds jfs quems
quems
jlsldvfhvmeg sfimljejls lstetems gems sfnmstmiejes l ifdsmjlreveg Bmzâdimf ug
gfjlhf jl mgmteáéf, l qulg vme e rlhmaméf fraedmzeje, lsplimehgldtl f irmstmedmsgf,
ifgf uge gerie je iuhture imvmhmzeje. Ehíg jmssf, l mauehgldtl mgpfrtedtl, ug
ifdsmjlråvlh trebeh`f gmssmfdårmf prlimseve slr rlehmzejf jldtrf jf prùprmf mgpírmf,
fu tehvlz gems ifrrltegldtl des årles qul `evmeg smjf lssldimehgldtl plrjmjes pere
f mgpírmf dfs sítmgf l fmtevf síiuhfs.
 

5;
F Mdçimf je Jmdestme Geiljúdmie
0>1 ’ Besçhmf M nudje e Jmdestme Geiljúdmie.
0=9 ’ Ymgéf sl tfrde Zser
Zser je Buhaårme.
=2; ’ Rfgedfs Hloepldfs sl tfrde mgplrejfr.
mgplrejfr.
=22 ’ [rmglmrfs lsnfráfs pere prftlalr fs iegpfdlsls.
=>5 ’ Dmiínfrf Nfies ifdqumste Irlte.

F Rlmdejf jl Besçhmf M (0>1 ’ 00>) 

Lg glmf es etmvmjejls gmssmfdårmes dfs Båhiés l ef imsge pfdimedf, Gmaulh MMM

iemu jf pfjlr l uge dfve jmdestme nfm lsteblhlimje df trfdf bmzedtmdf. Besçhmf M f
Geiljúdmf desilu de Zråime fu Geiljúdme, prfvevlhgldtl jl negçhme ergãdme qul sl
lsteblhlilu df hfieh df mdçimf jf síiuhf. Besçhmf nlz sue nfrtude lg Ifdstedtmdfphe?
sue nfráe nçsmie jlu-h`l uge pfsmáéf de ifrtl l sue vmtùrme sfbrl fs bóhaerfs nlz
i`eger e etldáéf jl Gmaulh MMM. Lhl sl iesfu ifg Lujfome Mdalrmde, l nfm `åbmh lg
suphedter f Iíser Berjes, qul lhl ifhfifu-f lg sue prùprme géf lg 0><. Besçhmf
tfrdfu-sl if-mgplrejfr ifg Gmaulh lg 0>> l df edf slaumdtl Gmaulh nfm essessmdejf
ldquedtf jfrgme, l Besçhmf tfrdfu-sl mgplrejfr lg 0>1 ifgf ódmif afvlrdedtl jf
gudjf bmzedtmdf l lsteblhlilu uge
u ge jmdestme qul jurerme _ilrie jlW 2;; edfs.
F prmglmrf etf jl Besçhmf nfm deturehgldtl ifdsfhmjer slu pfjlr l esslaurer slu
rlifd`limgldtf. Lhl tlvl jfms nmh`fs, f gems vlh`f, Ifdstedtmdf, f nmh`f jf prmglmrf
iesegldtf, l f slaudjf, Hléf, f nmh`f jl Lujfome Mdalrmde? nuturegldtl, imriuhereg
rugfrls pfr edfs jl qul rlehgldtl lhl déf lre nmh`f jl netf jl Besçhmf, ges smg jl
Gmaulh MMM, l mssf ilrtegldtl mdnhuldimfu dlaetmvegldtl es tldtetmves jl Besçhmf
 prfgfvlr e hlamtmgmjejl jl sue jmdestme, pfms Ifdstedtmdf nfm ifrfejf ifgf
mgplrejfr lg 0>= l Hléf lg 01;. Besçhmf tegbíg tldtfu dlutrehmzer e sue fpfsmáéf,
l jlstmtumu ehauds jfs Slhftls, qul lreg rlgedlsildtls jf petrmeriejf jl [`ftmfs.
Ifgf rlsuhtejf,
 petrmerie. lg 0>1,
\g ifdiçhmf nfmBesçhmf jlpús
rlehmzejf l g [`ftmfs
lg l Madetmfs
Ifdstedtmdfphe lg_MdåimfW
0>=’1;nfm ifhfiejf
fdjl ifgf
ldvmejfs jf
[epe Ejrmedf MM, nlz ifg qul [`ftmfs nfssl dfvegldtl lxifgudaejf. F ifdiçhmf
tegbíg sl rludmu ifg uge lgbemxeje je Buhaårme qul plraudteve je ihessmnmieáéf l
stetus je marlce bóhaere. Jmedtl jl prftlstfs jfs ldvmejfs jf [epe, e marlce jlimjmu
lg nevfr jl Bmzâdimf, l e marlce Bóhaere nmifu subfrjmdeje e Ifdstedtmdfphe.
Lg tlrgfs gmhmterls Besçhmf tlvl ehaug suilssf de Mtåhme, fdjl es nfráes
 bmzedtmdes déf tmd`e suilssf jlsjl e ípfie jl Hléf MMM ilrie jl ug síiuhf edtls, l
fdjl e smtueáéf
smtueáéf tmd`e gujejf jrestmiegldt
jrestmiegldtll ifg f evedáf jfs årebls l e irmeáéf
irmeáéf jf
Mgpírmf Nredif df Fimjldtl. Lhl nfm `åbmh lg esslaurer ehmedáe ifg f prçdimpl
hfgberjf jl Bldlvldtf l je imjejl jl Berm. Mdnlhmzgldtl, ldtrltedtf, de Ymiçhme l de
aredjl imjejl jl Ymreiuse, iemu pere fs årebls lg 010. Besçhmf nlz uge ehmedáe ififggf
Mgplrejfr Huçs MM ifdtre fs årebls df suh je Mtåhme ges qul déf jlu llgg deje.
Madetmfs gfrrlu lg 011, l [`ftmfs dfvegldtl sl tfrdfu petrmerie. F pepe
eilmtfu sue lhlveáéf, l ug ifdiçhmf lg 01= nfrgehgldtl jlu e tfteh vmtùrme e [`ftmfs.
 

Fs eifdtlimgldtfs sfbrl [`ftmfs déf pfjlg slr ifgprlldjmjfs epldes ifgf uge
derretmve pfhçtmie. Lhl nfm, iherf, gumtf ldvfhvmjf dfs enezlrls pfhçtmifs jl slu tlgpf
ges tlgfs slgprl jmsiutmjf sfbrl sue pertmimpeáéf ifgf petrmerie jl Ifdstedtmdfphe
l sue gmsséf efs lshevfs. Yue mdnhuãdime rlhmamfse iereitlrmzfu e marlce bmzedtmde plhfs
 prùxmgfs jfms síiuhfs. Lhl nfm gumtf mdnhuldtl df rlevmvegldtf jfs mdtlrlssls de
hmtlreture edtmae lg Ifdstedtmdfphe l slus duglrfsfs trebeh`fs prfvmjldimeg ug
vehfr iuhtureh mgpfrtedtl pere slu gudjf lg slu tlgpf. Ylu gems ifd`limjf trebeh`f
í f  Bmbhmft`loe (Hmvrerme), qul ifdtíg jlsirmáéf jl ehaug jfs 90> hmvrfs qul lhl l
slus
sl us egma
egmafs
fs hlreg
hlreg.. Fs hmvr
hmvrfs
fs ls
lsir
irmt
mtfs
fs pfr
pfr eutf
eutfrl
rlss ir
irms
msté
téfs
fs l peaé
peaéfs
fs sfgl
sfgldt
dtll
sfbrlvmvlreg areáes e [`ftmfs? l lg rlsplmtf e  Bmbhmft`loe e glsge trås gumtf sfbrl
e hmtlreture edtmae, blg ifgf gfstre f tlfr mdtlhlitueh jf dfdf síiuhf. Ylu _hmvrfW
 Gmsse jf Lspçrmtf Yedtf í uge jmsiusséf jlteh`eje je  nmhmfqul l eraugldte gumtf
sfbrl e mgpfrtâdime je rlhmaméf. [`ftmfs í rlifd`limjf ifgf sedtf plhe Marlce
Frtfjfxe.

F Rlmdejf jl Hléf ^M (00> ’ =52) 

F nmh`f nevfrmtf l prmgfaãdmtf jl Besçhmf, Ifdstedtmdf, gfrrlu lg 01=, l f

mgplrejfr
mgplr
slaudjfejfrnmh`f,
nfm nfráejf,
nfráe
Hléfjf,
^M.eperldtlgldtl
eperldtlg ldtl ifg
@evme rugfrls, qulrlhutâdime
rlhut
jlvlgâdime,, ehlgbrejfs,
slr frae
fraedmzer
dmzer equl
suilsséf
suilss
Hléféfdéf
jl slu
lre
f nmh`f detureh jl Besçhmf, ges jl Gmaulh MMM. Df ldtedtf, epùs e gfrtl jl Besçhmf (lg
ug eimj
eimjld
ldtl
tl jl ie ieáe
áe),
), Hléf
Hléf es essu
sugm
gmuu f tr trfdf
fdf slslgg jmnm
jmnmiu
iuhj
hjej
ejl,
l, l lhl
lhl ifglá
ifgláfufu
mglj
mg ljme
mete
tegl
gldt dtll e rlrlvl
vlrtrtlr
lr eh
ehau
audsds jfs
jfs etetfs
fs jl sl sluu pem.
pem. EsEssm
smg,
g, lhl
lhl pr
prfv
fvmj
mjld
ldim
imfu
fu
mgljmetegldtl f ldtlrrf jl Gmaulh MMM ifg `fdres mgplrmems ifgphltes, jedjf
fr
frma
malg
lg e dfves
dfves nfnf
nfnfies
ies sfbr
sfbrll es fr frma
maldldss jl Hléf
Hléf.. HlHléf
éf tegb
tegbíg
íg rerepm
pmjeg
jegld
ldtl
tl
 prfvmjldimfu e jlpfsmáéf jl [`ftmfs l sue substmtumáéf plhf mrgéf gems dfvf jf
mgplrejfr
mgplr ejfr,, Ytlp`ld,
Ytlp`ld, qul tmd`e epldes 5> edfs jl mjejl. mjejl. Hléf tfgfu ifgf prmdimpeh
ifdslh`lmrf f ergãdmf Ytyhmedfs Seutzls, qul tegbíg lre pem je egedtl jl Hléf (l
jlpfms guh`lr) Sfl? Seutzls rlilblu f dfvf tçtuhf jl besmhlfpetfr .
Eplser jlsses rleáüls ifdtre slu pem, e pfhçtmie lxtlrde jl Hléf slaumu e glsge
jmrláéf qul e jfs óhtmgfs egfrmedfs l Besçhmf M. Ymgléf lre eafre afvlrdedtl je
Buhaårme, l lhl nfrdlilu uge jes gems sírmes egleáes qul Bmzâdimf ldnrldterme.
Ym
Ymg
gléf
léf lre
lre ug nmh`f mh`f gem emss dfvf
dfvf jl Bfr frms
ms--Gmaul
maulh,h, l lhl
lhl nfm ldvm
ldvmej
ejff pe
pere
re
Ifdstedtmdfphe pere slr trlmdejf pere uge ieraf de marlce. Lhl nfm i`egejf jl vfhte ë
Buhaår
Buh aårme
me lg 0=9 l tfrdfu tfrdfu-s -sll izer
izer (je pehevre
pehevre rfgede-
rfgede-bmz bmzedt
edtmde
mde ielser   / oemser ))..
Ymgléf lre plrmafsf pere Bmzâdimf déf epldes pfr ieuse jl sue `ebmhmjejl detureh
ifgff afvl
ifg afvlrd rded
edtl
tl l lslstr
tret
etlam
lamststee gmhm
gmhmte
terr, ges
ges emdje
emdje gems
gems pf pfrq
rqul
ul lhl
lhl ifd`
ifd`lilime
me l
ldtldjme fs bmzedtmdfs l f pfjlr je mjlfhfame bmzedtmde.
E au
aulrlrre
re lihf
lihfjm
jmuu e pe pertrtmr
mr jl quls
qulstü tüls
ls ifglr
ifglrim imem
ems.
s. Fs bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs slslgp
gprlrl
 prfiurereg ifdtrfher fs pfdtfs lg qul glriejfrmes lstredalmres ldtreveg lg
Bmzâdimf, l fs ifglrimedtls bóhaerfs slgprl tmd`eg plrgmsséf pere rlehmzer slus

dlaùimfs lg
ifgírimf Ifdstedtmdfphe.
jlimjmreg eugldter Lg 0=9, pfríg,
fs mgpfstfs fs fs
sfbrl bmzedtmdfs ldierrlaejfs
blds bóhaerfs jlstlf
l tredsnlrmr
glriejf pere Zlssehúdmie. Ifgf rlsuhtejf, Ymgléf jlimjmu nfráer e qulstéf plhe
aulrre l mdvejmu f tlrrmtùrmf bmzedtmdf lg 0=:. Fs bmzedtmdfs ldnrldteg lssl jlsenmf
 

ef sl ehmerlg efs geamerls, ug pfvf turif qul sl lsteblhlilu df dfrjlstl je

Buhaårme, ldtrl fs rmfs Jedóbmf l Jdmlplr. Ldquedtf Ymgléf treveve uge aulrre
ifdtre fs bmzedtmdfs df suh, fs geamerls eteiereg e Buhaårme plhf dfrtl, nfráedjf
Ymgléf e ifdihumr uge tríaue ifg Bmzâdimf. Ymgléf, ldtrltedtf, eprldjlu blg sues
hm
hmáü
áüls
ls lg Ifds
Ifdste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he l rerepm
pmje
jeg
gldtl
ldtl nl
nlzz ug tret
tretej
ejff ifg
ifg fs [etz[etzmd
mdeo
eoss
([li`ldlals)
([li`l dlals),, ug pfvf jl frmalg
frmalg jmsputeje
jmsputeje (tehvlz turifgedfs)
turifgedfs) qul sl lsteblhlil
lsteblhliluu
de beime jf ^fhae
^fhae df nmdeh jf síiuhf MP. Fs geamerls vmreg-sl, essmg, prlsfs ldtrl fs
 bóhaerfs l fs petzmdeos, l nuamreg pere f flstl, fdjl sl lsteblhlilreg de beime jf
Jedóbmf, de årle je @udarme gfjlrde, fdjl slus jlsildjldtls plrgedlilreg etí fs
jmes etuems. F essldtegldtf jfs geamerls, ehmås, tlvl f lnlmtf jl ifdjuzmr uge iud`e
etrevís jes årles `ebmtejes plhfs pfvfs lshevfs, slperedjf fs lshevfs jf suh (irfetes,
sírvmfs, lti.) jfs lshevfs ef dfrtl l hlstl. Hmvrl je prlsséf jfs geamerls, Ymgléf
vfhtfu-sl dfvegldtl pere Bmzâdimf, jlrrftedjf f lxírimtf bmzedtmdf lg 0=> edtls jl
nezlrlg ug tretejf jl pez df queh fs bmzedtmdfs lreg fbrmaejfs e peaer trmbutf
substedimeh ë Buhaårme.
E etmvmjejl gmhmter bmzedtmde df Fimjldtl nfm deturehgldtl ldnrequlimje ifgf
rlsuhtejf
rlsuhtejf jf ifdnhmtf
ifdnhmtf ifg Ymgléf,
Ymgléf, l lg =;2, Zefrgm
Zefrgmde,
de, e óhtmge
óhtmge nfrtehlze
nfrtehlze bmzedtmde
bmzedtmde
de Ymiçhme, nfm plrjmje pere fs årebls. [ertmiuhergldtl plrmafse lre e smtueáéf df
Lalu, fdjlLg
fs årebls. fs =;:,
bmzedtmdfs
Hléf jldéf lreg iepezls
Zrçpfhm, jl nfrdlilr
ug lx-irmstéf, uge
hmjlrfu vmafrfse
uge aredjl jlnlse
nrfte jeifdtre
Yçrme
ifdtre Ifdstedtmdfphe, ges lhl eteifu Zlssehúdmie, e slaudje imjejl gems mgpfrtedtl
jf mgpírmf, qul déf lsteve prlpereje pere f etequl l iemu repmjegldtl. Fs årebls
gesseirere
gess eirereg
g l eprmsmfder
eprmsmfdereg
eg ilrie jl gltejl
gltejl je pfpuheáéf
pfpuheáéf l jlpfms rltmrereg-
rltmrereg-sl.
sl. F
suilssf gmhmter bmzedtmdf de Yçrme prfjuzmu prmsmfdlmrfs årebls qul jlpfms nfreg
trfiejfs pfr ehauds jfs qul nfreg hlvejfs jl Zlssehúdmie. E germd`e mgplrmeh
 bmzedtmde prfiurfu rljuzmr f plrmaf jl mdveséf pfr ger, l etequls nfreg nlmtfs lg
I`mprl l Irlte, ges lstls nfreg nmdehgldtl rlplhmjfs, l f Lalu ifdtmdufu suclmtf e
mdiursüls årebls.
Ldquedtf mssf, fs Russ pessereg e jlslgpld`er ug peplh gemfr dfs essudtfs
 bmzedtmdfs. Lg =;1, f prçdimpl russf (jl Omlv) Fhla trfuxl uge aredjl nrfte e
Ifdstedtmdfphe l aeredtmu ug tretejf ifg fs bmzedtmdfs, f qul prfpfrimfdfu efs
glriejfrls russfs uge pfsmáéf ifglrimeh nevfråvlh lg Ifdstedtmdfphe.
Lg =;<, Sfl jlu ë huz ug nmh`f, f nuturf mgplrejfr Ifdstedtmdf ^MM (=52-=<=),
l nfm iruimeh pere Hléf hlamtmger e irmedáe e nmg jl prlslrver sue rlmvmdjmieáéf ef
trfdf. Hléf ^M gfrrlu lg =52 l, pfr ieuse je cuvldtujl jl Ifdstedtmdf, Hléf nfm
suiljmjf pfr slu mrgéf Ehlxedjrl (=52 e =59), qul `evme smjf dfglejf if-mgplrejfr
ehaug tlgpf edtls. Ehlxedjrl mgljmetegldtl ifgláfu e rlvlrtlr es pfhçtmies jl slu
mr
mrg
géf,
éf, ifgl
ifgláe
áedj
djff ifg
ifg e rl rlif
ifrj
rjeá
eáéf
éf jl Dmi`
Dmi`fh
fhes
es Gyst
Gystmo
mofs
fs ifg
ifgf petr
petrme
meri
rie.
e.
Ehlxedjrl tegbíg sl rliusfu e peaer ë Buhaårme f trmbutf qul `evme smjf eifrjejf
 plhf tretejf jl 0=>, l Ymgléf mgljmetegldtl ldtrfu lg iegpf ifdtre Bmzâdimf.
 Dlste smtueáéf, Ehlxedjrl gfrrlu lg =59.

E Rlaãdime l Rfgedfs Hloepldfs

Ifds
Ifdste
tedt
dtmd
mdff ^MM
^MM lr
lree f ódmif
ódmif glgb
glgbrf
rf gesi
gesiuh
uhmd
mdff rl
rlge
gedls
dlsil
ildt
dtll je jmde
jmdest
stme
me
 

geiljúdme l fs essudtfs lreg ifdtrfhejfs pfr ug ifdslh`f jl rlaãdime, mdmimehgldtl

hmjlrejf plhf petrmerie Dmi`fhes Gystmofs, qul deturehgldtl ifdsmjlreve Ifdstedtmdf
mhlaçtmgf. E smtueáéf lre ifgphlxe l es hlehjejls lsteveg
l steveg jmvmjmjes, l lg glmf e mssf
lihfjm
lihfjmuu uge rlvfht
rlvfhte,
e, hmjlre
hmjlreje
je pfr Ifdste
Ifdstedtm
dtmdf
df Jfu
Jfuoes
oes,, ifgedje
ifgedjedtl
dtl jfs Yi`fhem  l
glgbrf jl uge mgpfrtedtl negçhme gmhmter qul `evme aed`ejf prflgmdãdime df
afvlrdf jl Hléf
H léf ^M. E rlvfhte quesl ifdslaumu slus fbcltmvfs, ges Jfuoes nfm gfrtf
df gfgldtf lg qul lhl lsteve prlstls e tfger f pehåimf. Ymgléf, ldquedtf mssf,
etrevlssfu f tlrrmtùrmf bmzedtmdf l perfu jmedtl jfs gurfs jl Ifdstedtmdfphe (df
vlréf jl =59). Ef ifdtrårmf jl futrfs afvlrdedtls lstredalmrfs, qul jlsplrjmáereg
slus lsnfráfs lg etequls nótlms ifdtre fs gurfs jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, Ymgléf ldtldjlu
e smtueáéf pfhçtmie de iepmteh l prfiurfu tmrer vedtealg jmssf pere ifdtrfher tfjf f
tlrrmtùrmf jl Bmzâdimf. Ef izer bóhaerf nfm ifdiljmjf uge ldtrlvmste ifg fs glgbrfs
je rlaãdime, qul ifdifrjereg ifg tfjes es lxmaãdimes jl Ymgléf3 uge jl sues nmh`es
lre pere sl ieser ifg Ifdstedtmdf ^MM, l f petrmerie ifrffu Ymgléf ifgf mgplrejfr
(ilrtegldtl ldtldjmjf plhfs bmzedtmdfs ifgf mgplrejfr je Buhaårme l déf jl tfjf f
mgpírmf).
[fuif jlpfms je pertmje jl Ymgléf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, df ldtedtf, `fuvl ug
afhpl. Sfl rltfrdfu ef pehåimf ifgf i`lnl je rlaãdime, l slu afvlrdf iedilhfu e
ehmedáe getrmgfdmeh
mgplrejfr l dlafu f mdvejmu
bóhaerf deturehgldtl tçtuhf mgplrmeh e Ymgléf.
f tlrrmtùrmf bmzedtmdf,Rujlgldtl rlclmtejf,
ges Sfl rliusfu tfjesf
es ifdilssüls. Fs ifgedjedtls jf lxírimtf, df ldtedtf, mdihumdjf Hléf l Berjes
[`foes, ifdspmrereg ifdtre Sfl, l f pfjlr eiebfu sldjf tfgejf pfr Rfgedf
Hloepldfs, nmh`f jl ug iegpfdãs ergãdmf l ifgedjedtl je germd`e bmzedtmde.
Uuedjf f lxírimtf je mgplretrmz déf ifdslaumu rlehmzer deje ifdtre Ymgléf, Rfgedf
ifds
if dsla
laum
umuu f ifdt
ifdtrf
rfhl
hl jl Ifds
Ifdstetedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he,, l lg =5=,
=5=, frfrae
aedmdmzf
zfuu f ieseg
iesegld
ldtf
tf jl
Ifdstedtmdf ^MM ifg sue nmh`e @lhlde. Lg =2;, Rfgedf nfm ifrfejf ifgf if-
mgplrejfr l, e pertmr jl ldtéf, lhl lre, jl netf, f sld`fr jf mgpírmf.
Ymgl
Ymgléféf perl
perlil
il tltlrr phed
phedlc
lcej
ejff dfvf
dfvfss eteteq
equl
ulss e Bmzâ
Bmzâdi
dimf
mf,, ges lhl
lhl gfrr
gfrrlulu
rlpldtmdegldtl lg =21, l slu nmh`f [ljrf prfiurfu ifdiçhmeáéf ifg f mgpírmf, plhf
gldfs pfr ldquedtf. \g iesegldtf nfm erredcejf ldtrl [ljrf l Germe Hloeplde,
dlte jl Rfgedf Hloepldfs, l f mgpírmf rlifd`lilu e hlamtmgmjejl jf petrmeriejf
 bóhaerf qul eperldtlgldtl `evme smjf lsteblhlimjf rlildtlgldtl. Lstes ifdilssüls ë
Buhaårme lreg rezfåvlms, l lhls rlifd`lilreg f pfjlr gmhmter ifdsmjlråvlh qul e
Buhaårme pfssuçe, ges tegbíg hlvereg e ug prfhfdaejf plrçfjf jl pez l mdnhuãdime
 bmzedtmde lg tfjf f suh jfs Båhiés. E Yírvme, pfr lxlgphf, ifdqumstfu e
mdjlpldjãdime je Buhaårme l f [rçdimpl Ieshev ehmfu-sl e Bmzâdimf.
Juredtl f rlmdejf jl [ljrf je Buhaårme, ug dfvf arupf rlhmamfsf eperlilu dfs
Båhiés. Lreg fs bfafgmhfs, qul lxtreçeg sues jfutrmdes jl ug pejrl i`egejf
Bfafgmh, qul eperldtlgldtl vmvlu de Buhaårme juredtl e prmglmre gltejl jf síiuhf
P. Lhls lreg juehmstes
juehmstes l eirljmteveg
eirljmteveg qul f gudjf getlrmeh,
getlrmeh, mdihumdjf
mdihumdjf e ldierdeáéf
ldierdeáéf
jl Irmstf, lre fbre jf jmebf. \g arupf slhltf jl bfafgmhfs prlaeve qul sl jlvme
lvmter rlheáüls
 peuhmimedfs slxuems,
je Åsme Gldfrierdl
qul lslvmd`f. Lhls pfjlg
lsteblhlilreg tlr smjfges
dfs Behiés, mdnhuldimejfs
lsse ifdlxéfplhfs
lstå
hfdal jl slr ihere. Ef ifdtrårmf
ifdtrårmf jfs peuhmimedfs,
peuhmimedfs, fs bfafgmhf
bfafgmhfss déf sl ldaecereg lg
eáéf gmhmter ifdtre f Lstejf, lgbfre rlsmstmsslg e tfjes es tldtetmves jl ifdvlrtã-hfs
 

lg nfrges frtfjfxes jl irmstmedmsgf, l sfbrlvmvlreg dfs Båhiés plhf gldfs etí e

ifdqumste ftfgede.
Epùs e glh`frme jes rlheáüls ifg fs bóhaerfs lg =21, Bmzâdimf nfm iepez jl
vfhter sue etldáéf gmhmter pere f hlstl, fdjl f iehmnejf ebåssmje ifdtmdueve slu
jlihçdmf. F aldlreh jl Rfgedfs, Cféf Ofurofues tlvl ug suilssf dftåvlh, hmjlredjf
lg =9: e rldjmáéf jl Glhltmdl. Ofurofues, df ldtedtf, ldifdtrfu ug ejvlrsårmf
smadmnmiet
smadmnmietmvf
mvf de plssfe
plssfe jl Yemj-ej-Jeuhe`,
Yemj-ej-Jeuhe`, f lgmr jl Ehlppf
Ehlppf l Gfsuh
Gfsuh l ug glgbrf
glgbrf
je negçhme `egjedmje. F mgpírmf nfrgfu uge ehmedáe ifg f iehmnejf l e jmdestme
slgm-mdjlp
slgm -mdjlpldjldt
ldjldtll jfs Mo`s`mjmje
Mo`s`mjmjess df Lamtf
Lamtf ifdtre
ifdtre Yemj-ej-Je
Yemj-ej-Jeuhe`.
uhe`. F `egjedmjes
`egjedmjes,,
df ldtedtf, nmzeg ug etequl blg-suiljmjf ef mgpírmf l mdvejmu e Ergãdme edtls jl
vfhter sue etldáéf pere f suh pere mdtlrvmr dfs essudtfs jf iehmnejf.
Lg =:5, fs russ jl Omlv nmzlreg futrf etequl surprlse e Ifdstedtmdfphe.
Ofurofues rltfrdfu je nrldtl frmldteh l jlrrftfu-fs lg uge mgpfrtedtl beteh`e
tlrrlstrl, ldquedtf e nrfte russe nfm jlstruçje plhf nfaf arlaf. \g tretejf essmdejf
lg =:: ldtrl Ifdstedtmdfphe l fs russfs rlprfjuzmu gumtfs jfs tlrgfs jf tretejf jl
=55, ges f lqumhçbrmf jl pfjlr iheregldtl gujfu pere Bmzâdimf.
Ifg e egleáe russe tlgpfrermegldtl rlgfvmje, Ofurofues pújl rltfrder ef
Frmldtl, fdjl fbtlvl vmtùrmes mgprlssmfdedtls df glmf jf Lunretls, tfgedjf es
imjejls jldf
 bmzedtmdfs Egmje,
síiuhfJere
M^. l Dmsmbms - lg
M^. Nmdehgldtl, huaerls
=::, qul `evmeg
lhl smtmfu smjf ifdtlstejfs
Ljlsse, plhfs
f qul rlsuhtfu de
rldjmáéf jf Gedjyhmfd, uge jes gemfrls rlhçqumes jf irmstmedmsgf.
Lg =95, Rfgedfs plrilblu qul slus nmh`fs gems cfvlds déf lsteveg rlehgldtl
quehmnmiejfs pere afvlrder, l lhl rlhutedtlgldtl perlil tlr jlimjmjf qul f pfjlr rleh
eieb
eieber
erme
me pfr
pfr rltf
rltfrd
rder
er ef mgpl
mgplre
rejf
jfrr hl
hlaç
açtm
tmgf
gf,, Ifds
Ifdste
tedt
dtmd
mdff ^MM.
^MM. Jltl
Jltlrg
rgmd
mded
edjf
jf
edtlimper mssf, fs nmh`fs gems dfvfs jl Rfgedf erqumtltereg ug afhpl df nmdeh jl
=:: lg qul jlpuslreg slu pem, l f lxmhereg lg ug gfdestírmf l tfgereg f pfjlr
lhls glsgfs. Ef
Ef nezã-hf, pfríg, lhls iehiuhereg geh, tedtf df areu jl sldtmgldtf lg
nevfr je jmdestme hlaçtmge quedtf de lsplrtlze jf prùprmf Ifdstedtmdf. \ge ifdtre-
rlvfhte lihfjmu df mdçimf jl =:<? l fs nmh`fs jl Rfgedf cudtereg-sl ef pem df lxçhmf l
f mgplrejfr hlaçtmgf essugmu f pfjlr lg slu prùprmf dfgl.
df gl.

F Rlmdejf jl Ifdstedtmdf ^MM [frp`yrfaldmtfs

Epùs 92 edfs jl lsplre ë geralg l ifg 9= edfs _jl mjejlW, Ifdstedtmdf ^MM
essugmu f pfjlr lg slu prùprmf dfgl. Lstujmfsfs gfjlrdfs alrehgldtl iereitlrmzeg
Ifdstedtmdf ifgf lstujmfsf l rltreçjf, gems mdtlrlssejf lg ertl l hmtlreture jf qul
de pfhçtmie. Lhl lsteve iheregldtl mdtlrlssejf lg iuhture l lhl lre eperldtlgldtl ug
 pmdtfr pfr gírmtf prùprmf. Lhl ifhltfu hmvrfs l evmsfs fnmimems, l nfm uge nmaure
mgpfrt
mgp frtedt
edtll de smstlg
smstlgetm
etmzeá
zeáéf
éf jf ifd`lim
ifd`limgld
gldtf
tf qul iereit
iereitlrm
lrmzfu
zfu f plrçfj
plrçfjf.
f. Lhl
ilrifu-sl
ilrifu -sl jl ug içriuhf
içriuhf jl lstujmfsfs
lstujmfsfs qul lsirlvlu
lsirlvlu `mstùrmes
`mstùrmes l fbres ldimihfpíjmies
ldimihfpíjmies
sfbr
sfbrll gumumtf
tfss tù
tùpm
pmif
ifs,
s, mdih
mdihus
usmv
mvll sfbr
sfbrll im
imãd
ãdim
imee earç
earçif
ifhe
he.. Ifg
Ifgf gldi
gldimfmfde
dejf
jf
edtl
edtlrm
rls rmfr
frgl
rlspfds gldt
pfdsåvl dtl,
h l,pfrlh
åvlh lhllfutres
futnf
nfmm pr
res prfv
fvev
evlh
lhg
ifgpmh
ifg gldtl
ld
pmheáülstl `mstùr
eáüls f tùrmie
`ms eutf
eumies
tfrrs jl uge
ugmietmv
smadmn e tmves
smadmnmie bmfa
bmfare
esrenm
nmee ulhls
jequlh
jeq jllssl
slu
u evú
ev
s. úDfl
jmes.
jme
ldtedtf, Ifdstedtmdf tegbíg lre pfhmtmiegldtl ifdsimldtl l prfvevlhgldtl lre plhf
 gldfs perimehgldtl rlspfdsåvlh plhe jlrrubeje jfs Hloepldfs. Lhl lre ug estutf

 prfpeaedjmste pfhçtmif l lsteve jltlrgmdejf e user lsse `ebmhmjejl lg slu prùprmf

dfgl l de plrpltueáéf je jmdestme.
Uues
Uu esll mglj
mgljme
mete
tegl
gldtl
dtl Ifds
Ifdsted
tedtm
tmdf
df tl
tlvl
vl sl
sluu nmh`
nmh`ff Rf
Rfge
gedf
df ifrf
ifrfej
ejff ifgf
ifgf
mgplrejfr,, aeredtmdjf essmg e sfbrlvmvãdime je jmdestme. Rfgedf, jlvl slr hlgbrejf,
mgplrejfr
lre f nmh`f jl @lhld Hloepldfs l, pfrtedtf, dltf jl Rfgedf Hloepldfs. Fs Båhiés l
f Fimjldtl plrgedlilreg peimnmiejfs juredtl f rlmdejf jl Ifdstedtmdf, essmg e eáéf
gmhmter ifdildtrfu-sl df Frmldtl, fdjl Berjes [`foes ifdtmdufu e hute ifg Yemj-ej-
Jeuhe`. Fs rlsuhtejfs nfreg gmsturejfs, ges fs bmzedtmdfs tmvlreg ug suilssf
irlsildtl epùs =<1, quedjf Dmiínfrf Nfies substmtumu slu pem ifgf jfglstmofs. Fs
lsnfráfs jmphfgåtmifs jl Ifdstedtmdf i`laereg etí fs trmbudems jf iehmne fgçeje
Ebj-er-Re`ged de Lsped`e l Fttf M de Ehlged`e. Lsplimeh mgpfrtâdime, df ldtedtf,
jlvl slr etrmbuçje ë ifdvlrséf je prmdilse russe Fhae, rlaldtl jl slu cfvlg nmh`f
^hejmgmr,, l sue vmsmte e Ifdstedtmdfphe lg =<1.
^hejmgmr
Ifdstedtmdf gfrrlu lg =<= l nfm suiljmjf pfr slu nmh`f, Rfgedf MM (=<=-=>9).
F dfvf mgplrejfr, dltf jl Rfgedf Hloepldfs, déf lsteve lsplimehgldtl mdtlrlssejf
lg essudtfs jl Lstejf, l lhl jlmxfu e gemfrme jes jlimsüls pere slu ifdslh`lmrf, f
luduif Cfsí Brmdaes, ldquedtf f jfglstmofs Dmiínfrf Nfies rlehmzfu uge sírml jl
iegped`es brmh`edtls df Frmldtl. Egbfs, Hléf ^M l Ifdstedtmdf ^MM, cå `evmeg
gfdtejf
es trfpestldtetmves mgpfrtedtls
jf jfglstmofs ges ifdqumstereg
 nmdehgldtl gehsuiljmjes ëjlmh`e
ifdqumster Irlte,
jlpfms jl ugeges lghute.
hfdae =>5
Jlpfms jmssf, Dmiínfrf Nfies vfhtfu pere f Frmldtl, fdjl tlvl ug suilssf dftåvlh,
ifdslaumdjf etí tfger Ehlpf, e iepmteh jl Yemj-ej-Jeuhe`. Dmiínfrf, e " gfrtl påhmje
påhmje
jfs serreildfs", ifgf lre ifd`limjf, aed`fu e rlputeáéf jl qul es nfráes årebls
tlrmeg sl rltmrejf ifg e smgphls gldáéf jl qul slus lxírimtfs lsterlg lg geri`e. E
rlgfáéf jf pfjlr jl Yemj-ej-Jeuhe` l e ifdqumste jl Irlte nmzlreg ifg qul fs
lxírimtfs bmzedtmdfs lstmvlsslg lg tfje pertl jlsifdtrfhejes df hlstl l qul e årle jf
ger Lalu nfssl pfupeje je jlvesteáéf jfs pmretes årebls. Lstl óhtmgf nfm jl
 pertmiuher mgpfrtâdime df irlsimgldtf je lifdfgme bmzedtmde l de iepeimjejl jl
Bmzâdimf jl ‘rlifhfdmzer‗ gumtes mh`es l årles ifstlmres qul `evmeg smjf ebedjfdejes
fu gumtf pfuif pfvfejes dfsdf s óhtmgfs jfms síiuhfs.
 

55  
F Epfalu jf [fjlr Bmzedtmdf
=>9 ’ Nudjeáéf jl Glamstm Hevre, df Gfdtl Etfs.
=1> ’ Besçhmf MM sl tfrde Mgplrejfr.
=0= ’ Ifdvlrséf jl ^hejmgmr jl Omlv.
5;5: ’ Besçhmf MM jlrrfte Yegulh je Buhaårme.
5;20 ’ Gfrtl jf óhtmgf mgplrejfr je Jmdestme Geiljúdmie.
5;<: ’ Ylpereáéf ldtrl es marlces jf fimjldtl l frmldtl.
5;15 ’ Beteh`e jl Gedtzmolrt

Dmiínfrf MM Nfies (=>9 ’ =>=) l Cféf M Zzmgmsols (=>= ’ =19)

Lg =>9, Rfgedf MM gfrrlu rlpldtmdegldtl, jlmxedjf slus cfvlds

nmh`fs, Besçhmf MM l Ifdstedtmdf ^MMM, ifgf afvlrdedtls dfgmdems3 Besçhmf
tmd`e < edfs l Ifdstedtmdf 9. E lspfse jl Rfgedfs, Zlfnede, essugmu e
rlaãdime l nmrgfu ug eifrjf ifg Dmiínfrf Nfies, qul cå `evme smjf
seujejf pfr sues trfpes ifgf mgplrejfr. Zlùnede fnlrlilu e Dmiínfrf sue
géf lg iesegldtf l Dmiínfrf MM Nfies (=>9-=>=) tfrdfu-sl mgplrejfr l,
ef glsg
glsgff tlgp
tlgpf,
f, jl
jlnl
nlds
dsfr
fr jf
jfss jmrl
jmrlmt
mtfs
fs jf
jfss jfms
jfms cfvl
cfvlds
ds mg
mgpl
plre
rejf
jfrl
rlss
"desimjfs df pórpure". Essmg, plhe prmglmre vlz de `mstùrme bmzedtmde ug
glgbrf je ermstfireime gmhmter je Edetùhme submu ef trfdf.
 Dmiínfrf substmtumu Cfsí Brmdaes ifgf  pereofmgfgldfs  (iegerlmrf)
 pfr Besçhmf, nmh`f mhlaçtmgf jl Rfgedf Hloepldfs. E pfsmáéf jf
jfglstmofs df Frmldtl nfm jeje e Cféf Zzmgmsols, qul cå `evme ifdqumstejf
ifdsmjlråvlh rlputeáéf ifgf aldlreh, ldquedtf es nfráes bmzedtmdes df
Fimjldtl lreg ifgedjejes plhf mrgéf jf mgplrejfr,
mgplrejfr, Hléf Nfies.
 Dmiínfrf lre rfbustf, nmsmiegldtl pfuif etreldtl l
lxtrefrjmdermegldtl jljmiejf efs gfstlmrfs l ef esiltmsgf. Uuedjf déf
lsteve lg iegped`e gmhmter etmve, lhl vmvme uge vmje jl freáéf l eutf-
gfrtmnmieáéf, l ehauds jl slus glh`frls egmafs lreg gfdals. Ldtrl lhls
lsteve Yedtf Etedåsmf, nudjejfr jf gfstlmrf jl Hevre, df gfdtl Etfs, l f
mgpl
mg plre
rejf
jfrr nf
nfmm ug jf
jfss pr
prmg
mglm
lmrf
rfss pe
petr
trfd
fdfs
fs jequ
jequlh
lhll neg
negfsf
fsf il
ildt
dtrf
rf jl
gfdestmimsgf bmzedtmdf.

Nudjeáéf jf Gfdtl Et`fs

Jlsjll fs prmg
Jlsj prmgùr
ùrjm
jmfs
fs jf ir
irms
mstm
tmed
edms
msg
gf, lr
lree if
ifgu
gug
g fs gfda
gfdalsls sl
rludmrlg lg aredjls arupfs lg huaerls rlgftfs l jlslrtfs. Lssls rltmrfs
 

gfdåstmifs, ldtéf, nrlqøldtlgldtl sl tfrdereg ildtrfs searejfs, efs quems

fs nmíms sl rludmeg, fu pere busier mdtlrv lrvldáüls gmhearfs fsees fu
smgphlsgldtl pere ifgpertmh`er e sedtmjejl jfs `fglds l guh`lrls sedtfs
qul vmvmeg ehm. Zems rlnóamfs des gfdted`es df mdçimf jf plrçfjf bmzedtmdf
lreg df Gfdtl Ymdem, df Gfdtl Euxldtmfs l de Gerevmh`fse Gfdted`e jl
Yéf Ymgléf, f Cfvlg Lstmhmte. Df fmtevf síiuhf, f Gfdtl Fhmgpf, de
Bmtçdme, tfrdfu-sl f gems iíhlbrl ildtrf gfdted`fsf jl gfdequmsgf. Lstl
nfm ug aredjl ifgphlxf lg \hu Jea, plrtf je gfjlrde Bruse, qul nfm
nudj
nudjej
ejee df síiu
síiuhf
hf ^, ge
gess qu
qull lv
lvld
ldtu
tueh
ehgl
gldtdtll if
ifdt
dtmd
md`e
`e il
ilri
riee jl <;
gfstlmrfs, tfjfs, gldfs ug jlhls, `ebmtejf pfr `fglds. Fs gfstlmrfs jl
Fhmg
Fh mgpf
pf lreg
lreg tftfjf
jfss ls
lste
tebl
blhl
hlim
imgl
gldt
dtfs
fs mdjl
mdjlpl
pldjdjld
ldtl
tlss l dé
déff tmd`
tmd`eg
eg
fraedmzeáéf ifgug, ges futres ifgudmjejls slglh`edtls, ifgf f Gfdtl
Hetrfs, lreg ifdnljlreáüls gfdåstmies sfb ug ódmif `lafugldfs (ebejl)
fu prft fs ("prmglmrf" gfdal).
 prftfs
F Gfdtl Et`fs, alrehgldtl i`egejf lg arlaf, smgphlsgldtl pfr
 Eamfd Frfs  (e Gfdted`e Yeareje) nfrge e prfcláéf gems frmldteh je
 pldçdsuhe jl I`ehomjmol de Geiljúdme, e hlstl jl Z Zlssehúdmie.
lssehúdmie. @fcl í uge
årle lsplteiuhergldtl blhe, lg pertl pfrqul nfm pfupeje jfs treuges jf
jlsldvfhvmgldtf gfjlrdf. E gfdted`e lg sm í plrtf je pfdte suh je
 pldçdsuhe, l f rlstf je årle í jl nhfrlste fdjuheje gmstureje ifg tlrrldfs
eråvlms, geriejfs pfr mdóglres ifrrldtls qul jlsilg jes ehtures. @å
trejmáüls jl qul fs gfdals sl lsteblhlilreg de pldçdsuhe df mdçimf jf
 plrçfjf bmzedtmdf, qul fu nuamreg pere hå jes mdvesüls årebls fu jes
 plrslaumáüls mifdfihestes, ges lstes déf pfjlg slr `mstfrmiegldtl
subs
su bste
tedi
dime
meje
jes.
s. Es pr prmg
mglm
lmre
ress rlnlr
rlnlrãd
ãdim
imes
es `mst
`mstùrm
ùrmie
iess ef
efss gfst
gfstlm
lmrf
rfss de
 pldçdsuhe jeteg jf síiuhf MP, l ug íjmtf jl Besçhmf M lg 009 nfrdlilu
 prftláéf mgplrmeh efs gfdals l jfs pestfrls
pestfrls hfiems.
F lvldtf iruimeh pere f jlsldvfhvmgldtf jf Gfdtl Et`fs, df ldtedtf,
nfm e nudjeáéf, pfr Etedåsmf, je Aredjl Hevre ( Glamstl Hevre) lg =>9
ifg f epfmf jl Dmiínfrf Nfies. Etedåsmf lre ug prfnlssfr jl Zrlbmzfdje
qull sl lste
qu lstebl
blhl
hlil
iluu lg If
Ifds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he l nfrg
nfrgfu
fu ehme
ehmedá
dáes
es nfrt
nfrtls
ls ifg
ifg
glgbrfs jes negçhmes ermstfiråtmies je ípfie, mdihumdjf e jl Dmiínfrf
Nfies. Lhl gedtlvl lsses ifdlxüls quedjf ldtrfu de vmje gfdåstmie l lg
=<00 gu
=< gujf
jfu-
u-sl
sl pe
pere
re f Gf
Gfdt
dtll Et
Et`f
`fs,
s, fdjl
fdjl pr
prfi
fiururfu
fu rlnf
rlnfrg
rger
er e vm
vmje
je
gfdåstmie, lg pertl plhe nudjeáéf jl gfstlmrfs gemfrls. Ifg e ecuje jl
 Dmiínfrf MM, lhl mdmimfu uge trejmáéf qul jurfu etí f dfssf tlgpf,
sfbrlvmvldjf ë qulje jf mgpírmf lg gems jl glmf gmhãdmf.
Iegped`es jl Dmiínfrf
 

Glsgf jlpfms jl sl tfrder mgplrejfr, Dmiínfrf ldtrfu lg iegpf _jl

 beteh`eW. Lhl hutfu uge hfdae l nmdehgldtl blg suiljmje iegped`e ifdtre
fs årebls de Imhçime l jlpfms de Yçrme. Ylus aldlrems tfgereg e mh`e jl
I`mprl lg =>< l Edtm Edtmfqume
fqume l Ehlpf lg =>0. E Yçrm Yçrmee nfm jmvmjmje ef glmf? e
 pertl dfrtl nfm edlxeje pfr Bmzâdimf, l f suh, nmifu mdjlpldjldtl, ges
lste
ls teve
ve sfsfbb ln
lnlt
ltmv
mvff ifdt
ifdtrfh
rfhll bmze
bmzedt dtmd
mdf.
f. Es
Essmsmg,
g, fs lx lxír
írim
imtf
tfss bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs
lsteveg lg tfje pertl trmudnedtls df Frmldtl, l es årles plrjmjes pere fs
årebls gems jl trãs síiuhfs edtls nfreg gems uge vlz rlsteurejes ef
mgpírmf. E smtueáéf df Fimjldtl lsteve gems ifgphmieje, lsplimehgldtl
 pfr ieuse jf rldesimgldtf jf Mgpírmf jf Fimjldtl sfb Fttf MM, qul nfm
ifrfejf mgplrejfr lg =>2 l qul sl ldvfhvlu _df pfjlrW nfrtlgldtl de
Mt
Mtåh
åhme
me.. IfIfggf IeIerh
rhfs
fs Gead
Geadff ed edtl
tlss jl
jlhl
hl,, Fttf
Fttf pr prfi
fiur
urfu
fu eieifr
frjf
jfss if
ifgg
Bmzâdimf l lg =>0 lhl ldvmfu f bmspf Hmujpredjf jl Irlgfde ifgf
lgmssårmf e Ifdstedtmdfphe, ifg f prfpùsmtf jl fraedmzer uge ehmedáe
getrmgfdmeh ldtrl slu nmh`f l uge jes mrgés jl Dmiínfrf. Dmiínfrf tretfu
Hmujpredjf jl gedlmre jure l jlimjmjegldtl rlclmtfu e fnlrte jl ehmedáe.
 Dfs Båhiés, Dmiínfrf tegbíg eamu jl nfrge jlimsmve, lgbfre df nmdeh
déf ifg aredjl suilssf. Lhl rlclmtfu es lxmaãdimes bóhaeres jl peaegldtf
jl trmbutf l pljmu ecuje jf prçdimpl russf Yvcetfshev (nmh`f jl Fhae), qul
rl
rlil
ildt
dtlg
lgldldtl
tl `e
`evm
vmee jljlst
stru
ruçj
çjff f ls lste
tejf
jf ie ieze
zerr. Yvce
Yvcetf
tfsh
shev
ev jlrr
jlrrft
ftfu
fu
neimhgldtl fs bóhaerfs lg =>0 l =>=, jlpús f izer bóhaerf Bfrms MM l
lssldimehgldtl tfgfu f peçs. Lhl eperldtlgldtl etí ifdsmjlrfu gujer sue
iepm
ie pmte
tehh pere
pere Hmtt
Hmtthl
hl [r[rls
lshe
hevv de Bu Buhahaår
årme
me.. If
Ifgf
gf rlsurlsuht
htej
ejf,
f, Bmzâ
Bmzâdidimf
mf
ldif
ld ifdtdtrf
rfuu fs russ
russfs
fs de nrfd
nrfdtltlmr
mree jf mg mgpí
pírm
rmf,
f, ugugee smtu
smtueá
eáéf
éf ququll mrme
mrme
etfrgldter fs mgplrejfrls pfr ehaug tlgpf.
Ldquedtf mssf, e mgplretrmz Zlfnede eperldtlgldtl lsteve iedseje je
eperãdime nçsmie jl Dmiínfrf l jl slus `åbmtfs gfdåstmifs, l lhe nfrgfu
uge ifdspmreáéf ifg f aldlreh-i`lnl jf mgplrejfr, Cféf Zzmgmsols. Fs
ifdspmrejfrls essessmdereg f mgplrejfr lg slu quertf lg jlzlgbrf jl
=>=.
Cféf M Zzmgmsols (=>= e =1>) nfm ifrfejf sfgldtl jlpfms jl ifdifrjer
ifg e lxmaãdime jf petrmerie jl qul lhl nmzlssl pldmtãdime plhf essessmdetf
l sl slperessl jl Zlùnede, qul nfm gedjeje pere ug gfstlmrf. Lhl ldtéf sl
iesfu ifg Zlfjfre,
Zlfjfre, e nmh`e jl Ifdstedtmdf ^MM, l, ifgf slu edtlilssfr, lhl
essugmu f peplh jl auerjméf jfs cfvlds mgplrejfrls. Fs essudtfs imvms
nfreg jlmxejfs
qul rlprmgmr desrlvfhtes
vårmes géfs jljlBesçhmf f  pereofmgfgldfs
rmvems ermstfiråtmifs, l slu.gemfr
Zzmgmsols
ehmejftlvl
nfm
slu iud`ejf, Berjes Yohlrfs. Lgbfre f prùprmf Zzmgmsols nfssl, ifgf slu
 

edtlilssfr, ug glgbrf je ermstfireime gmhmter, lhl prfiureve etmvegldtl

lvmter e ehmldeáéf jl tlrres iegpfdlses prmvejes l e tredsnfrgeáéf jfs
iegpfdlsls lg per fmofm. E hlamsheáéf pere nezlr mssf cå lsteve lg vmafr, l
 perfmofm
Zzmgmsols usfu f pfjlr gmhmter pere rludmr fs iegpfdlsls lsteblhlimjfs
lg prfprmljejls prmvejes l nfráå-hfs e vfhter pere sues ehjlmes. Dmstf, lhl
jmnmimhgldtl pfjlrme tlr smjf phldegldtl blg-suiljmjf l, ifg lnlmtf, fs
iegpfd
ieg pfdlsl
lslss essmg
essmg tre
tretej
tejfs
fs sl tfrder
tfrdereg
eg lss
lssldi
ldimeh
mehgldtl fs  perf
gldtl  perfmofm
mofm  jf
lstejf.
Zzmgmsols nmifu ifg uge smtueáéf jmnçimh dfs Båhiés, fdjl f prçdimpl
russ
russff Yvce
Yvcetf
tfsh
shev
ev `e
`evm
vmee ae
aere
redt
dtmj
mjff ug
ugee eu
eutf
tfrm
rmje
jejl
jl ir
irls
lsil
ildt
dtll sf
sfbr
brll e
Buhaårme. Lg =15, fs bmzedtmdfs fiupereg e iepmteh bóhaere jl Aredjl
[rlshev l hlvereg f izer Bfrms ietmvf. Lhl ldtéf sl gujfu pere e imjejl jl
Ymhmstrme, qul Yvcetfshev fiupere. Jlpfms jl ug ilrif jlslsplrejf l uge
rlsmstãdime mauehgldtl jlslsplreje, Zzmgmsols prlvehlilu l Yvcetfshev nfm
nfráejf e sl rltmrer. Lhl nfm gfrtf pfuif jlpfms, l Zzmgmsols lsteve df
ifdtrfhl lnltmvf je Buhaårme. Zzmgmsols tegbíg nfm iepez jl hmjer ifg
suilssf ifg f mgplrejfr fimjldteh, Fttf MM, ifdifrjedjf ifg e ehmedáe jl
iesegldtf qul slu edtlilssfr `evme rlclmtejf, ges déf ldvmedjf uge
 prmdilse mgplrmeh desimje lg Bmzâdimf, ges slu prùprmf perldtl Zlùnedl,
qul sl tfrdfu lspfse jl Fttf MM lg =12. Lstl iesegldtf tlrme ug lnlmtf
smadmnmietmvf des rlheáüls Frmldtl-Fimjldtl, lsplimehgldtl df mgpeitf jes
mjímes bmzedtmdes de ifrtl fimjldteh. Zlùnedl tlvl ifdsmjlråvlh mdnhuãdime
sfbrl slu nmh`f, Fttf MMM, qul sl tfrdfu mgplrejfr jf Fimjldtl lg =09, l
qul ifpmfu f ilrmgfdmeh bmzedtmdf l enmrgfu e suprlgeime jf mgplrejfr
sfbrl f pepe.
 Df Frmldtl, Zzmgmsols prfiurfu ifdsfhmjer _slu pfjlrW l lxpedjmr es
ifdqum
ifdq umst
stes
es nlmt
nlmtes
es pfr
pfr Dm
Dmií
iínf
nfrf
rf Nf
Nfie
ies.
s. Dm
Dmss
ssf,
f, lhl
lhl nf
nfmm if
ifgb
gbet
etmj
mjff pl
plhf
hfss
netçgmjes jf Lamtf, qul tegbíg `evmeg prfiurejf lxphfrer f våiuf jl
 pfjlr de Yçrme. Zzmgmsols, df ldtedtf, ehmvmfu e prlsséf netçgmje sfbrl
Edtmfqume l evedáfu pere e Yçrme l e Zlrre Yedte, tfgedjf Jegesif,
Zmblrç
blrçej
ejls
ls,, Ils
lser
erím
ímee l per
ered
edjjf dé
déff gum
umttf hfd
fdaal jes gureh
ureh`e
`ess jl
Clrusehíg. Lhl rltfrdfu vmtfrmfsf e Bmzâdimf, ifdqumstedjf Blmrutl l Ymjùd
df iegmd`f. Mdnlhmzgldtl pere f mgpírmf, lstl mgplrejfr vmafrfsf l blg
suiljmjf jl rlpldtl ejflilu l gfrrlu, df mdçimf jl =1>.

F Rlmdejf jl Besçhmf MM (=1> ’ 5;2<)

Nfm dlssl ifdtlxtf qul Besçhmf MM, ldtéf ifg 50 edfs jl mjejl,
nmdehgldtl tfgfu f pfjlr lg slu prùprmf dfgl. Í vlrjejl qul juredtl
 

tfjf f slu rlmdejf lhl ifgpertmh`fu f trfdf ifg slu mrgéf gems dfvf,
Ifdstedtmdf ^MMM (jfms edfs gems cfvlg), ges f pfjlr slgprl lstlvl
lnltmvegldtl des géfs jl Besçhmf, l Ifdstedtmdf sl ifdtldtfu lg jlsnruter
e vmje jf pehåimf l jlmxer f nerjf jf afvlrdf pere slu mrgéf. Juredtl
edfs, plhf gldfs jlsjl e gfrtl jl Rfgedf MM, lg =>0, glgbrfs je
ermstfireime gmhmter, qul afvlrdeveg lg dfgl jfs hlaçtmgfs mgplrejfrls
geiljúdmfs, `evmeg ifdtrfhejf f mgpírmf. Eafre, lg =1>, f jfglstmofs
Berjfss Yohl
Berjf Yohlrfs
rfs lsplreve ifdtmdu
ifdtmduerer lsse trejmáéf
trejmáéf,, l lhl sl rlvfh
rlvfhtfu
tfu quedjf
Besçhmf MM sl jliherfu eptf e afvlrder pfr ifdte prùprme. Ylaumu-sl ug
ifdn
if dnrf
rfdt
dtff gf
gfdu
dugl
gldt
dteh
eh df qu queh
eh f cfvl
cfvlgg mgpl
mgplrerejf
jfrr ge
gedm
dmnl
nlst
stfu
fu e su
suee
 prùprme jltlrgmdeáéf l nfráe jl ieråtlr,
ieråtlr, ecujejf, pfr sue prùprme lsplrtlze,
l f  pereofmgfgldf. Yohlrfs prmglmrf jlrrftfu tfjes es nfráes ldvmejes
ifdtre lhl l lg =10 l lhl gedtlvl tfje e Åsme Gldfr sfb slu ifdtrfhl. F
 pereofmgfgldfs, df ldtedtf, nfrgfu uge ehmedáe ifg f i`lnl jl uge
negçhme ermstfiråtmie rmveh, Berjes Nfies, sfbrmd`f jf mgplrejfr Dmiínfrf
Nfies, l lhls nfreg iepezls jl jlrrfter Yohlrfs l nfráå-hf e nuamr pere f
iehmnejf.
Jure
Ju redt
dtll fs prùrùxm
xmg
gfs ed edffs jl Be Besç
sçhhmf
mf,, f  pereofmgfgldfs  lsteve
lssldimehgldtl df ifdtrfhl, ifgf lstlvl juredtl edfs, ges Besçhmf MM
nm
nmde
dehg
hgld
ldtl
tl pr
prfi
fiur
urfu
fu lslste
tebl
blhl
hlil
ilrr su
suee mdjl
mdjlpl pldj
djãd
ãdim
imee l, epls
eplserer jl ug
ifgphú jf luduif pere qul Berjes Nfies tfgessl f pfjlr, f mgplrejfr
trmu
trmudn
dnfu
fu,, l f vldl
vldlrå
råvl
vlhh  pereofmgfgldfs  nfm nmdehgldtl rlgfvmjfs jf
 pfjlr l lxmhejf lg =0<.
Ldquedtf mssf, eprfvlmtedjf-sl je ifdnuse smtueáéf lg
Ifdstedtmdfphe, uge rlvfhte ifdtre f pfjlr bmzedtmdf lihfjmre dfs Båhiés,
hmjlrejfs plhfs Ofgltfpfuhfm, fs quetrf nmh`fs jl ug afvlrdejfr je
 prfvçdime de Geiljúdme. Lste rlvfhte nfm blg rlilbmje plhe pfpuheáéf
hfieh, l e hmjlredáe nfm nmdehgldtl essugmje pfr Yegulh, f gems dfvf jfs
Ofgltfpfuhfm, nudjedjf f slaudjf plrçfjf jl aredjlze bóhaere de Mjejl
Gíjm
Gí jme.
e. Lg
Lgbf
bfre
re f nf
nfif
if jf pf
pfjl
jlrr dl
dlss
ssll ls
lste
tejf
jf nf
nfss
ssll lg Fi
Fi`r
`rmj
mj,, de
Geiljúdme lsheve (hfdal jf ildtrf edtlrmfr jl [hmsoe), tedtf Yegulh
quedtf fs bmzedtmdfs f ifdsmjlreveg ifgf jlsildjldtl jmrltf jf mgpírmf
jl Ymgléf, ilrie jl 5<; edfs edtls. \ge jes prmglmres ifmses qul Yegulh
nlz nfm rlsteurer f petrmeriejf bóhaerf mdjlpldjldtl qul `evme smjf ebfhmjf
 plhfs Zzmgmsols.
Yegulh prfiurfu lxpedjmr slu tlrrmtùrmf pere f suh, ifg etequls e
Ylrrls
Zls
lsså
såhm l .Zlssehúdmie,
hme)
e). Be
Besçhmff MM lif
sçhm lg
ifdt =0<
dtre
re-e
-etefuu=0>
teif
ifu lglhl=0>,
=0ifdslaumu
>, ge sutfger
gess sues Hermsse
es nfrá
nfráes (de
es nfre
nfreg
g
jlrr
jlrrft
ftej
ejes
es.. Lg pe pert
rtll if
ifgf
gf rlrlsu
suht
htej
ejff jl
jlss
ssll nrei
nreies
essf
sf,, glg
glgbrfs
brfs je
 

ermstfireime bmzedtmde sl rlvfhtereg. Berjes Yohlrfs rltfrdfu jf lxçhmf l

dfvegldtl busifu f trfdf mgplrmeh l, ifgf edtls, nfm eteiejf pfr Berjes
Nfi
fies
es.. Dls
lsse
se fiefiesm
sméf
éf,, df ldldtted
edtf
tf,, Nfi
fiees teg
tegbí
bíg
g sl rlv rlvfh
fhtf
tfuu l sl
 prfihegfu mgplrejfr lg =01. Nfies hfaf sl tfrdfu f prmdimpeh
 prltldjldtl l, df ifgláf jl =00, lsteve prlperejf pere ug etequl ë
iepm
ie pmte
teh.
h. Dl
Dlst
stee sm
smtu
tueá
eáéf
éf,, Be
Besç
sçhm
hmff MM plpljm
jmuu es
essms
smstã
tãdi
dime
me ef prprçd
çdim
impl
pl ruruss
ssff
^hejmgmr (f nmh`f jl Yvcetfshev). Lstls óhtmgfs jlspei`ereg uge nfráe jl
>.;;; aulrrlmrfs, prlsugmvlhgldtl vmomdas je Róssme, l, hmjlrejfs plhf
mgplrejfr lg plssfe, Nfies sfnrlu uge jlrrfte jlimsmve, qul gfrrlu lg
 beteh`e df edf slaumdtl. Berjes Yohlrfs gems uge vlz sl rlvfhtfu, ges
mssf nfm repmjegldtl jlrrubejf, l f trfdf jl Besmhmf MM nfm aeredtmjf, lg
aredjl pertl plhe ecuje jl slu ehmejf russf.
Ifgf rlifgpldse pfr sue essmstãdime, ^hejmgmr rlilblu e mrgé jl
Besçhmf, Ede, ifgf sue dfmve, ifg e ifdjmáéf jl qul f prçdimpl l slu
 pfvf eilmtesslg f betmsgf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe. Ilrtegldtl, jf pfdtf jl
vmste russf, e ehmedáe nfm mauehgldtl pfsmtmve, l e ifdvlrséf jl Fhae (evù
jl ^hej
^hejmgmgmr
mr)) ehau
ehauds
ds ed
edfsfs ed
edtl
tlss l e nf nfrá
ráee jf lxlxír
írim
imtf
tf bm
bmze
zedt
dtmd
mdff sf
sfbb
Zzmgmsols slg jóvmje ifdvldilreg ^hejmgmr jl qul f nuturf jl slu
lstejf lsteve duge ehmedáe ifg Bmzâdimf. E trejmáéf pfhçtmie bmzedtmde
fnlrlime bldlnçimfs mgpfrtedtls pere e ifdsfhmjeáéf jl slu prùprmf pfjlr l
f evedáf iuhtureh jf prmdimpejf. Fs bmzedtmdfs rlpldsereg
tlgpfrermegldtl e ifdilsséf jl uge prmdilse desimje de dfbrlze e teh
afvlrdedtl, ges lg =0= ^hejmgmr nlz uge jlgfdstreáéf jl nfráe gmhmter
lg I`lrsfd, l f iesegldtf nfm sfhldlgldtl ilhlbrejf, ^hejmgmr eilmtfu f
 betmsgf l e ifdvlrséf je Róssme nfm mdmimeje.
F gemfr jlsenmf jl Besçhmf MM nfm f rldesimgldtf jf Mgpírmf Bóhaerf
 pfr Yegulh, l lhl ebfrjfu lsse hute ifg e glsge jltlrgmdeáéf gltùjmie
qul iereitlrmzfu tfjfs fs futrfs esplitfs jl slu rlmdejf. Lg ==5, Besçhmf
mdvejmu f tlrrmtùrmf jl Yegulh, ges sue iegped`e blg-suiljmje nfm hfaf
mdtlrrfgpmje pfr prfbhlges df Frmldtl, fdjl fs netçgmjes egleáereg es
 pfsmáüls bmzedtmdes df dfrtl je Yçrme. Besçhmf vmecfu pere f Frmldtl l nfm
iepez jl rlsteurer e suprlgeime bmzedtmde ifg uge vmtùrme smadmnmietmve lg
==<. Yegulh, ldtrltedtf, nfm iepez jl tmrer prfvlmtf je eusãdime jl Besçhmf
l sl
slus
us lx
lxííri
rimt
mtfs
fs ev
eved
edáe
áere
reg
g per
eree f su
suhh de Ar
Aríi
íimme, i`l
`lae
aedj
djff etí f
[lhfpfdlsf. Lg slu rltfrdf efs Båhiés, lg 5;;5, Besçhmf ebreáfu e hute
ifg Yegulh. Besçhmf gfvlu-sl prmglmrf ifdtre e edtmae iepmteh bóhaere jl
[hmsoe, l slu suilssf
F mgplrejfr dlsslpere
ldtéf vmrfu peçsf ifrtfu
suh, defGeiljúdme,
mgpírmf jl Yegulh plhe gltejl.
ifdqumstedjf vmtùrme
epùs vmtùrme. Epùs quetrf edfs jl aulrre quesl mdilssedtl, f Mgpírmf
 

Bmzedtmdf nfm gems uge vlz suprlgf dfs Båhiés, ges Yegulh emdje
rlsmstmu l e aulrre ifdtmdufu lg ug dçvlh rljuzmjf. Nmdehgldtl, lg 5;5:,
uge aredjl beteh`e lg Ohlmjmfd (df rmf Ytrygfd, ef dfrtl jl Ylrrls, de
Geiilj
Ge ljúd
údmeme)) rl
rlsu
suhhtfu de vmvmttùrm
ùrme if
ifg
gphlt
phltee jl Be
Besçsçhhmf l de iep
ieptu
ture
re,,
supfstegldtl, jl 5:.;;; prmsmfdlmrfs. Lgbfre Yegulh tld`e lsiepejf jf
jlse
jl sestr
strl,
l, déf
déf pújl
pújl sfsfbr
brlv
lvmv
mvlr
lr ef rlsu
rlsuht
htej
ejf3
f3 Be
Besçh
sçhmf
mf - jljlpf
pfms
ms slg
slgpr
prll
ifd`
if d`li
limjmjff if gf  Buhaerf
ifgf  Buhaerfotfdfs
otfdfs  (f "getejfr jl bóhaerfs") - ilafu fs
 prmsmfdlmrfs l fs ldvmfu pere Yegulh lg arupfs jl 5;; `fglds, ieje ug
hmjlrejf pfr ug aume qul ldxlraeve. Uuedjf f izer vmu lsse ilde, sfnrlu
ug jlrregl l gfrrlu quesl mgljmetegldtl jlpfms.
@fuvl ehauge rlsmstãdime ejmimfdeh, prmglmrf jf nmh`f jl Yegulh l
jlpfms jl futrfs perldtls, ges lg 5;50 e Buhaårme sl rldjlu
ifgphltegldtl l Besçhmf ldtrfu lg Fi`rmj lg trmudnf. Jlpfms jl uge hute
jl quesl 9; edfs, Besçhmf iugprmu slu fbcltmvf, l tfje e pldçdsuhe jf suh
jfs Båhiés lsteve sfb ifdtrfhl bmzedtmdf - plhe prmglmre vlz jlsjl f síiuhf
^MM. Ef ifdtrårmf jes pfhçtmies jl slus prljlilssfrls, lhl déf jlmxfu e
Buhaårme ifgf ug lstejf ihmldtl ehmejf, ges edlxfu f ildtrf jf mgpírmf
jl Yegulh, jmvmjmdjf-f lg tlges. Es årles plrmnírmies, ifgf e Irfåime l
Jmfihíe (mdihumdjf Resime l Bùsdme), ifdtmduereg e slr afvlrdejes pfr
 prçdimpls detmvfs, qul lreg vmstfs ifgf vessehfs bmzedtmdfs. Besçhmf
 prfiurfu rlsplmter e mgpfrtâdime lsplimeh je Buhaårme l, lgbfre tld`e
suprmgmjf f petrmeriejf mdjlpldjldtl jl Fi`rmj, lhl tfrdfu f erilbmspf
eutfiínehf, f qul smadmnmie qul lhl déf lsteve suclmtf ë eutfrmjejl jf
 petrmeriejf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, ges, dlstl iesf, plhf gldfs, lhl rlspfdjme
jmrltegldtl ef prùprmf mgplrejfr.
mgplrejfr. Besçhmf gfrrlu lg jlzlgbrf jl 5;2<.

Ehauds Mgplrejfrls qul Afvlrdereg pfr [fuif Zlgpf (5;2< ’

5;:2) 

Besçhmf nfm, pfrtedtf, suiljmjf pfr slu mrgéf Ifdstedtmdf ^MMM, qul pfr
gumt
umtf tlg
lgppf ififg
gpert
pertmh
mh``fu ifg lh lhll f trfrfddf mg
mgplplrm
rmeh
eh,, pl
plhhf gldldfs
fs
dfgmdehgldtl. Ifdstedtmdf cå lre vlh`f quedjf Besçhmf gfrrlu, ges lhl
rlsmstmu ë prlsséf jfs aredjls prfprmltårmfs jl tlrres l je marlce pere
ebed
eb edjf
jfde
derr es pfhç
pfhçtm
tmie
iess jl slsluu mrg
mrgéféf.. Lg 5; 5;20
20,, Ifds
Ifdste tedt
dtmd
mdff nmif
nmifuu
arev
arevlg
lgld
ldtl
tl jfld
jfldtl
tl,, l sù dl dlst
stll gf
gfggldldtf
tf lhl
lhl tf
tfg
gfu gljmgljmje
jess pere
pere e
suilsséf. Lhl tegbíg déf tlvl nmh`fs, ges trãs nmh`es, e gems vlh`e `evme
ldtrejf
ldtre
sues jf defutres
jues vmje gfdåstm
gfdåstmie.
ie. E
nmh`es, Sfl suils
suilsséf,
séf,qul,
l Zlfjfre, pfrtedtf,
e lssejlvlrme
ehture, cåslrdéf
pessej
pesseje
lrege gems
pere
 cfvlds. Lg dfvlgbrf jl 5;20, Ifdstedtmdf ifdslaumu qul Sfl sl iesessl
 

ifg Rfgedfs Erayrfs, f prlnlmtf je imjejl, l lg jlzlgbrf f óhtmgf

mgplrejfr geiljúdmf gfrrlu.
Rfg
Rf ged
edfs
fs Er
Eray
ayrf
rfss lr
lree ug gl
glg gbr
brff jf qu
qull pf
pfjl
jlg
gfs i`eg
i`eger
er jl
ermstfireime imvmh bmzedtmde, equlhes negçhmes qul - lgbfre dfrgehgldtl
 pfssuçsslg prfprmljejls earçifhes substedimems des prfvçdimes - jlvmeg
sue prflgmdãdime efs slus ierafs ejgmdmstretmvfs de ifrtl, f qul smadmnmie
qul, lg alreh, lhls déf tmd`eg lxplrmãdime gmhmter, ges nfreg ehtegldtl
ljuiejfs l tftehgldtl negmhmermzejfs ifg e iuhture ihåssmie. Eplser jl sue
lxplrmãdime ejgmdmstretmve, Rfgedfs Erayrfs jmnmimhgldtl tlrme suilssf
ifgf mgplrejfr. Eperldtlgldtl i`lmf jl jlhçrmfs jl aredjlze, lhl tldtfu
vårmfs lsqulges egbmimfsfs, mdihumdjf uge iegped`e gmhmter df Frmldtl,
fdjl e smtueáéf nfm sehve epldes plhe mdtlrvldáéf jf aldlreh Alfral
Gedmeoms.
Rfgedf MMM ifgltlu f lrrf jl madfrer Sfl, e prmdimpeh nfdtl jl sue
eutfrmjejl pfhçtmie. Ifgf rlsuhtejf, lhe nfrgfu ug eifrjf ifg Gmaulh,
ug iegpfdãs jl [ep`heafdme, qul `evme smjf hlvejf ef pehåimf pfr slu
mrgéf, f luduif Cféf, f Frp`edftrfp`fs, qul lsplreve pfr lssl glmf
aed`er gems pfjlr pere sm glsgf. Df nmdeh, Rfgedfs MMM nfm essessmdejf
lg slu bed`f (5;9:) l Sfl sl iesfu ifg Gmaulh, qul submu ef trfdf ifgf
Gmaulh M^.
Cféf, f Frp`edftrfp`fs, ejgmdmstrfu lssldimehgldtl f lstejf df dfgl
jf slu mrgéf. Lhl lre ug afvlrdedtl iepez, lgbfre sues pfhçtmies jl
trmbuteáéf mgpheiåvlms h`l rldjlsslg uge rlputeáéf jl repeimjejl. Lg
 pertl ifgf rlsuhtejf jes pfhçtmies nmsiems
n msiems jl Cféf l, lg pertl, ifgf rleáéf
ë eperldtl nrequlze gmhmter bmzedtmde, mrrfgplreg rlvfhtes dfs Båhiés. E
 prmglmre jlhes, sfb [ltlr Jlhced, qul prfiurfu rlsteurer f mgpírmf jl
Yegulh. Lgbfre mssf tld`e smjf suprmgmjf plhf prùprmf Gmaulh M^ lg
5;:5, f rlssldtmgldtf plrgedlilu ldtrl fs sójmtfs lshevfs jf mgpírmf, l f
 prmdimpejf ehmejf jl Slte (edtmae Jmfihíe) nfm iepez jl lsteblhlilr sue
mdjlpldjãdime je `lalgfdme bmzedtmde.
Ldquedtf mssf, Gmaulh M^ ejflilre l Cféf slhlimfdfu ug cfvlg
 perldtl, futrf Gmaulh, ifd`limjf ifgf Oehep`etls. Lhl suiljlu Gmaulh
M^ de gfrtl jlstl óhtmgf lg 5;:2. Gmi`elh ^ Oehep`etls (5;:5-5;:2) lre
tlmgfsf l mgprujldtl l jlstrumu sue prùprme besl jl pfjlr, prmglmrf
lxmhedjf Cféf l jlpfms ldvmedjf e mgplretrmz Sfl pere ug gfdestírmf. F
rlsuhtejf nfm uge rlblhméf quesl mdstedtâdle jf pfvf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe l
je marlce. Ifgf
jlvlrmeg rlsuhtejf,
afvlrder Gmaulh ^ug
lg ifdcudtf, nfm erredcf
jlpfstf qul
l ilaejf l Sflquesl
sl jlsnlz l Zlfjfre
qul
mgljmetegldtl.
 

Ifdstedtmdf MP Gfdfgei`fs (5;:2 ’ 5;<<) 

Jlpfms jmssf, Sfl (lgbfre ifg >: edfs jl mjejl) sl iesfu plhe
tlrilmre vlz, ifg Ifdstedtmdf Gfdfgei`fs, ug glgbrf je ermstfireime
imvmh l ug perldtl jl Rfgedfs MMM Erayrfs. E vmje je ifrtl de ípfie nfm
ilrtegldtl brmh`edtl, l Ifdstedtmdf MP nfm ilriejf pfr lstujmfsfs jl ehtf
iehmbrl,
iehmbrl, ifgf Ifdsted
Ifdstedtmdf
tmdf Hlmi`fuj
Hlmi`fujls,
ls, f pflte Cféf Gevrf
Gevrfpfus,
pfus, f curmste
curmste
Cféf Pmp`mhmdfs l f nmhùsfnf l `mstfrmejfr Gmaulh [slhhfs. Lg 5;:<, e
\dmvlrsmjejl jl Ifdstedtmdfphe nfm rlnudjeje ifg neiuhjejls jl nmhfsfnme
l jmrlmtf, l besleje sfhmjegldtl dfs prmdiçpmfs je ljuieáéf ihåssmie.
[slhhfs nfm dfglejf ifgf i`lnl je udmvlrsmjejl, ifg f tçtuhf jl "iúdsuh
jfs nmhùsfnfs". De ifrtl, es jues mgplretrmzls afvlrdereg lg ifdcudtf
ifg Ifdstedtmdf MP, ges lhes lsteveg eblrtegldtl udmjes lg nudáüls
fnmimems plhe egedtl jf mgplrejfr, Yohlrmde (sfbrmd`e jl sue slaudje
lspfse), e qulg nfm jejf f rliíg-irmejf tçtuhf jl slbestl.
E gltejl
gltejl jf síiuhf PM tlstlgud`fu f jlihçdmf jf lxírimtf bmzedtmdf, f
afvl
af vlrd
rdff jl IfIfds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdff MP lrlree jl
jlim
imjm
jmje
jegl
gldt
dtll ed
edtm
tm-g
-gmh
mhmt
mter
er lg susues
es
 pfhçtmies, l déf prfvlu nudjfs pere f lxírimtf dlg rlifgpldseve slus
ifgedjedtls plhf trebeh`f blg nlmtf. Lg sue busie pfr rldje mgljmete, f
Lstejf plrgmtmu qul fs sfhjejfs iugprmsslg ifg sue fbrmaeáéf jl slrvmr
df lxírimtf. F rlsuhtejf jmssf nfm qul f Lstejf tmd`e jl jlpldjlr ieje vlz
gems jl glrildårmfs lstredalmrfs, prmglmrf jfs verlauls je Róssme, l ieje
vlz gems jfs dfrgedjfs je Mtåhme l je Nredáe, edahf-sexüls je Mdahetlrre l
futrfs. E gems negfse jlhes nfm e Juzmde veredamede, etlsteje e pertmr jl
5;9:, qul rlirutfu vmomdas je Róssme l, lvldtuehgldtl, edahf-sexüls. Lste
auerje jl lhmtl, iucfs glgbrfs tmd`eg quertíms l udmnfrgls jmstmdtfs, tmd`e
slus epfsldtfs lg Ifdstedtmdfphe, ges tegbíg pertmimpeve jl iegped`es
jl iegpf. Ehíg jmssf, Bmzâdimf tlvl qul jlpldjlr gems jf qul edtls jl
sues
sues eh
ehme
medá
dáes
es if
ifg
g pf pfvf
vfss ls
lstr
tred
edalalmr
mrfs
fs qu
qull pfpfjl
jlrmrmeg
eg slslrr us
usej
ejes
es pere
pere
ifgb
if gbet
etlr
lr es auaulr
lrre
ress jf mgmgpípírm
rmf.
f. F jl jlih
ihçd
çdmf
mf jf lx lxír
írim
imtf
tf jf
jfgí
gíst
stmimif,
f,
 pfrtedtf, tlvl regmnmieáüls jl hfdaf ehiedil. @fuvl tegbíg rlplriussüls
ejgmdmstretmves3 f  stretlafs, if ifgged
edje
jedt
dtll jfjfss lxír
lxírim
imtf
tfss tlg
lgåt
åtmmif
ifss
_prfvmdimem
_prfvmdimemsW,
sW, jlsep
jlseperlilu
erlilu lssld
lssldimehg
imehgldtl,
ldtl, subst
substmtuçj
mtuçjff plhf afvlr
afvlrdejfr
dejfr
 prfvmdimeh (dfrgehgldtl f ormtms), qul edtlrmfrgldtl lre slu subfrjmdejf.
^årme
^å rmess rlvf
rlvfht
htes
es lilihf
hfjm
jmreg
reg if ifdt
dtre
re If
Ifds
dstetedt
dtmd
mdff MP
MP,, hmjl
hmjlre
rejf
jf pl
plhf hfss
aldlrems Alfral
ifdslaumreg Gedmeoms
jlrruber l (gems terjl)imvmh,
e ejgmdmstreáéf pfr Hléf
ges Zfrdmoms?
lg egbfsegbfs queslf
fs iesfs
jlstmdf mdtlrvlmf l es rlvfhtes neh`ereg. Ldquedtf mssf, e pez trezmje plhf
 

suilssf jfs aredjls mgplrejfrls gmhmterls plrgedlilu alrehgldtl mdteite

l fs lxírimtfs bmzedtmdfs - df gfgldtf - plrgedlilreg mdifdtlstejfs. Df
ldte
ld tedt
dtf,
f, e ilde
ilde mdmdtl
tlrd
rdei
eimf
mfde
dehh lslste
teve
ve gu
gujejedj
djff hldt
hldteg
egldldtltl,, l dfdfvf
vfss
ejvl
ej vlrs
rsårm
årmfs
fs su
sura
rame
meg,
g, fs quem quemss jljlse
senm
nmerm
ermeg
eg slslrm
rmeg
egldldtl
tl Bm
Bmzâzâdidimf
mf df
dfss
 prùxmgfs edfs. Lg glejfs jf síiuhf PM, f iehmnejf ebåssmje tmd`e
 pretmiegldtl jlseperlimjf? f pfjlr lnltmvf lsteve eafre des géfs jl
vårmfs arupfs turifs, jlsjl fs netçgmjes df Lamtf etí fs slhcóimjes de
nrfdtlmre frmldteh jf mgpírmf. Dfs Båhiés, e Buhaårme `evme lssldimehgldtl
jlseperlimjf l fs russfs vfhtereg sue etldáéf pere f dfrtl, jlmxedjf f
ifrrljfr jes lstlpls pere plssfes ifgf fs [etzmdeofs, Iugedfs l \zls.
Zehvl
ehvlzz f gems ems eg
egleleáe
áejf
jfrr jl tfj fjffs, fs dfdfrg
rgeedj
djffs, qul
qul `ev evmmeg sl
lsteblhlimjfs de Ymiçhme l df suh je Mtåhme pfr ehaug tlgpf, ifgláereg e
vfhter sue etldáéf pere Bmzâdimf l, plhe prmglmre vlz, f mgpírmf ldnrldterme
uge egleáe jmrlte jequlhe jmrláéf.
 Df nmdeh jf rlmdejf jl Ifdstedtmdf MP, e jmvmséf jlnmdmtmve ldtrl es
marl
marlce
cess fr
frml
mldt
dteh
eh l fifimj
mjld
ldte
tehh fi
fifr
frrl
rlu,
u, ug lv lvld
ldtf
tf ququll ififdt
dtmd
mdue
ue e tlrtlr
smadmnmiejf `fcl l qul mdnhuldimfu slrmegldtl es rlheáüls jl Bmzâdimf ifg
f Fimjldtl e pertmr jl ldtéf. Nfm lsplimehgldtl hegldtåvlh pere f mgpírmf
qul,
qu l, pfms
pfms e LuLurf
rfpe
pe Fi
Fimjmjld
ldte
tehh Ir
Irms
msté
té if
ifgl
gláf
áfuu e lglglrlram
amrr if
ifgf
gf uge
uge
vlrjejlmre pftãdime lifdúgmie, pfhçtmie l gmhmter. E ieuse båsmie jf imsge
nfm, ifgf edtlrmfrgldtl df tlgpf jfs [`ftmfs, f ebmsgf iuhtureh qul `evme
irlsimjf ef hfdaf jfs síiuhfs ldtrl f Frmldtl l f irmstmedmsgf fimjldteh3
lgbfre
lgb fre bmz
bmzedt
edtmdf
mdfss l fim
fimjld
jldtem
temss nfs
nfsslg
slg tfjfs
tfjfs irmsté
irmstéfs,
fs, lg plrspl
plrsplitm
itmve
ve
 båsmie l lg gumtfs esplitfs jl sue ní lhls lreg gudjfs slperejfs. Ehíg
jmssf, f ifdnhmtf nfm ebehejf pfr imriudstâdimes `mstùrmies l plrsfdehmjejls
jfss plrs
jf plrsfd
fdea
eald
ldss ld
ldvf
vfhv
hvmj
mjfs
fs.. F pe pepe
pejf
jf,, lg gl glejejfs
fs jf sí síiu
iuhf
hf PM
PM,,
ldifdtreve-sl df glmf jl slu gemfr plrçfjf jl rlnfrges l lsteve trediejf
df mdçimf jl uge hute ifg f mgplrejfr fimjldteh plhe suprlgeime de
Lurfpe Fimjldteh. Yues prltldsüls ë udmvlrsehmjejl `evmeg sl tfrdejf
uge pertl lssldimeh je pfhçtmie pepeh jl ug gfjf qul lsteve nejejf e
ifhm
if hmjm
jmrr ifg
ifg fs ififdi
dilm
lmtf
tfss bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs jl mdjl
mdjlpl
pldj
djãd
ãdim
imee li
lihl
hlsm
småst
åstmi
miee l
udmvlrsehm
udmv lrsehmjejl
jejl mgplr
mgplrmeh.
meh. E vlh`e qulst
qulstéf
éf tlfh
tlfhùamie
ùamie jf  nmhmfqul ifdtmdueve
slg sfhuáéf3 lssl lre ug sírmf jlseifrjf sfbrl e rlheáéf ldtrl es trãs
 plssfes je Zrmdjejl. E marlce hetmde eraugldtfu qul e ejmáéf jf tlrgf ‘l
jf Nmh`f‗ ef Irljf Dmildf déf gujfu sue lssãdime, ldquedtf e marlce
frmmld
fr ldte
tehh er
erau
aug
gld
ldttfu qul
qul e jm jmnl
nlrl
rldá
dáee lr
lree nu
nuddje
jeg
gldldtteh per
eree dfsfsse
se
ifgprlldséf
e qulstéf jf jl Jlus. @evme
seilrjùimf tegbíg fqulstüls
ilhmbetårmf, hmtóramies
clcug df såbejf llpråtmies,
f usf jlifgf
péf
åzmgf (fs i`egejfs ezygls), tfjfs lhls iereitlrçstmifs jf Fimjldtl, ges
 

déf jf Frmldtl. Dfs óhtmgfs síiuhfs `fuvl jlsldtldjmgldtfs

sm
smad
admn
mnmi
miet
etmv
mvfs
fs l rurupt
ptur
ures
es de if
ifgu
gud`
d`éf
éf,, gems
gems df dfte
tevl
vlhg
hgld
ldtl
tl f imsg
imsgee
eoeomedf, f mifdfiheste l f imsge jf nftmsgf. L, df alreh, es jues
 prmdimpems gltejls jf irmstmedmsgf tmd`eg sl jlsldvfhvmjf lg aredjl
 pertl lg tlrgfs jl iuhture, jl gfjf qul, lgbfre es jues pertls
eirljmtesslg lssldimehgldtl des glsges ifmses, fh`eveg f gudjf jl
gedlmre gumtf jmnlrldtl l eiuguher ereeg uge
uge aredjl rlslrve jl
jlsifdnmedáe. Nmdehgldtl, `evme e qulstéf-i`evl je suprlgeime pepeh3 e
marlce fimjldteh eraugldteve ieje vlz gems qul f pepe jlvlrme tlr f
ifdt
if dtrf
rfhl
hl ejgm
ejgmdm
dmst
stre
retm
tmvf
vf jl tfje
tfje e marl
marlce
ce irms
irmsté
té,, ld
ldqu
qued
edtf
tf fs frm
frmld
ldte
tems
ms
dlaeveg mssf l jmzmeg qul fs imdif petrmeries jlvlrmeg ifdtrfher sues
rlsplitmves årles.
F pepe Hléf MP, f prmglmrf jfs pepes rlnfrgejfrls jf síiuhf PM, lre
fbstmdejf l frauh`fsf, suplrejf e lssl rlsplmtf epldes pfr slu
rlprlsldtedtl de ifdtrfvírsme, f ierjleh @ugblrtf. F petrmerie, Gmaulh
Olrfuhermfs, lre, lg tfjfs fs esplitfs, pårlf pere slus ejvlrsårmfs? jlsjl
iljf ldvfhvmjf lg etmvmjejls pfhçtmies lg Ifdstedtmdfphe, lhl sl tfrdfu
gfdal l, petrmerie jlsjl 5;:9, trfuxl tfje e sue ifdnmedáe l mgpfrtâdime e
lssl fnçimf. Egbfs fs hejfs lsteveg mdtredsmaldtls l prfdtfs pere f
ifdnhmtf, qul prmglmrf lstfurfu sfbrl es rlmvmdjmieáüls rmvems df suh je
Mtåhme. \ge jlhlaeáéf pepeh, hmjlreje plhf ierjleh @ugblrtf, i`lafu e
Ifdstedtmdfphe lg 5;<:. Ldifrecejfs plhe nehte jl epfmf jf mgplrejfr e
Olrfuhermfs, f pertmjf pepeh ifdjldfu fs bmzedtmdfs l lxifgudafu f
 petrmerie l slus slaumjfrls. Olrfuhermfs tlvl f epfmf tfteh jl sue marlce l
jf pfvf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, l lhl repmjegldtl ifhfifu Ifdstedtmdf MP de
hmd`e, ifdvfiedjf ug ifdiçhmf qul sl rludmu df glsgf edf, lgmtmu uge
ifdjldeáéf jl tfjes es pråtmies rfgedes l lxifgudafu fs hlaejfs pepems.
E rupture ldtrl es marlces frmldtems l fimjldtems lg 5;<: dudie nfm iureje.
Ifgf gldimfdejf eimge, fs jfms arupfs eirljmteg l pretmieg gumtes jes
glsges ifmses, ges f imsge tlg smjf e ieuse jl gumte mdifgprlldséf,
`fstmhmjejl l jlrregegldtf jl sedaul jlsjl ldtéf, l tlg plrgedlimjf
ifgf
ifgf ug jfsjfs prmd
prmdim
impe
pems
ms pf
pfdt
dtfs
fs jl jmjmvm
vmsé
séff ld
ldtr
trll Lu
Lurf
rfpe
pe Fr
Frml
mldt
dteh
eh l
Fimjldteh dfs síiuhfs rlildtls.
Ifdstedtmdf MP gfrrlu lg cedlmrf jl 5;<<, l Zlfjfre rlmdfu lg slu
 prùprmf dfgl etí e sue gfrtl df edf slaumdtl. Ifg f slu nehlimgldtf, e
jmdestme geiljùdme nfm nmdehgldtl lxtmdte. Lg slu hlmtf jl gfrtl, Zlfjfre
dfglfu
Gmaulh, Gmaulh ^M (5;<<-5;<1,
f ^lh`f), ug glgbrf ifd`limjf ifgf Gmo`elh
je ermstfireime imvmh qulYtretmftmofs
ifdtmdufu fues
pfhçtmies jl Ifdstedtmdf MP. Déf surprlldjldtlgldtl, uge rlvfhte lihfjmu
  pfhçtmies jl Ifdstedtmdf MP. Déf surprlldjldtlgldtl, uge rlvfhte lihfjmu

ldtrl e ermstfireime gmhmter, hmjlreje pfr Msequl Ifgdldf, glgbrf jl uge

mgpfrtedtl negçhme gmhmter je Åsme Gldfr. Es plrturbeáüls ifgláereg
te
tegb
gbígíg lg Ifds Ifdste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he l f pe petrtrme
meri
riee Ol
Olrf
rfuh
uher
ermf
mfss cudt
cudtfu
fu-s-sll ef
efss
md
mdsu
sura
rald
ldtl
tls.
s. Gm
Gmau
aulh
lh ^M eb ebjm
jmif
ifuu l Ms Mseq
equl
ul If
Ifgdgdld
ldff (5(5;<
;<1-
1-5;
5;<=<=)) nfm
nfm
ifrfejf mgplrejfr.
Msequl
Mse qul IfgIfgdld
dldff nlz gfgfvmg
vmgldt
ldtfs
fs smasmadmn
dmnmie
mietmv
tmvfs
fs per
peree nfr
nfrteh
tehlil
lilrr es
jlnlses jf mgpírmf. \g prfbhlge jmnçimh, iherf, lre e nehte jl nudjfs pere
fs gmhmterls, l Msequl rlifrrlu e gljmjes lxtrlges, mdihumdjf f ifdnmsif jl
 prfprmljejls l pfssls je marlce. Ifgf vmgfs, f petrmerie frmamdehgldtl
epfmere Msequl, ges fs jfms hfaf ldtrereg lg ifdnhmtf, lg pertl plhe
 pfhçtmie jl ifdnmsif, ges tegbíg pfr qulstüls mjlfhùamies, cå qul
Olrfuhermfs busieve deje gldfs qul e mdjlpldjãdime tfteh je marlce, fu
sldéf f rlifd`limgldtf je suplrmfrmjejl je marlce ef lstejf. Nfm jmtf etí
glsgf qul f petrmerie, lg uge fiesméf, vlstmu es bftes rfxes qul lreg
ug jfs prmdimpems sçgbfhfs jf pfjlr mgplrmeh. F mgplrejfr l f petrmerie
i`laereg e ug ldtldjmgldtf nfrgeh jl uge jmvmséf mauehmtårme jl pfjlr,
ges egbfs lreg fbstmdejfs l jltlrgmdejfs, l egbfs nrlquldtlgldtl
vmfheveg lssl eifrjf. Nmdehgldtl, quedjf Olrfuhermfs semu jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe lg 5;<0, lhl nfm prlsf l ug ifdslh`f nfm repmjegldtl
ifdvfiejf pere ifdjldå-hf l jlpú-hf. Olrfuhermfs gfrrlu pfuif jlpfms,
ges f suilssf jl Msequl nfm jl iurte jureáéf, uge vlz qul e marlce l
gumt
gu mtfs
fs jfs
jfs `e`ebm
bmte
tedt
dtls
ls jl If Ifds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfpfphe
he nmie
nmiere
reg
g fnld
fnldjmjmjf
jfss ififg g f
tretegldtf jejf ef petrmerie, l e ermstfireime imvmh usfu mssf pere ehmgldter
e fpfsmáéf ef mgplrejfr. Jlsmhujmjf, Msequl Ifgdldf ebjmifu lg 5;<= l
rltmrfu-sl pere f gfstlmrf jl Ytfujmfs.
E ehmedáe ldtrl fs hçjlrls je marlce l glgbrfs je ermstfireime imvmh
slhlimfdfu Ifdstedtmdf P Jfuies (5;<=->1) ifgf mgplrejfr. Ifdstedtmdf
lre ug glgbrf je mhustrl negçhme jl Jfuies, qul dlsse ípfie rlprlsldteve
e ermstfireime imvmh je iepmteh. Lhl lre ug jlvftf slaumjfr jl [slhhfs, qul
sl tfrdfu f tutfr jl slus nmh`fs, l lhl rltfrdfu ë pfhçtmie nmsieh jl
Ifds
If dste
tedt
dtmd
mdff MP,
MP, mdih
mdihum
umdj
djff e jljlar
arej
ejeá
eáéf éf je iud`
iud`ea
ealg
lg l jf ae aest
stff jl
rliursfs lg Ifdstedtmdfphe, l déf df lxírimtf. F slrvmáf imvmh irlsilu lg
dóglrf l jlsplse l f lxírimtf nfm ifgphltegldtl dlahmaldimeje.
 Dfs Båhiés, f tlrrmtùrmf bmzedtmdf nfm egleáejf pfr etequls jl vårmfs
arupfs turifs3 fs `ódaerfs jf dfrflstl l fs \zls l fs iugedfs jf
dfrjlstl.
dfrjl stl. Ges, lg óhtmge mdstâdim
mdstâdime,
e, f gemf
gemfrr plrma
plrmaff nfm rlprlsldt
rlprlsldtejfejf plhfs
turifs slhcóimjes,
 pretmiegldtl tfjfqul `evmeg [rùxmgf
f Frmldtl ifdqumstejf
etí fesifdtrfhl jf Mré
nrfdtlmres jl lBmzâdimf,
jf Mrequldfl
 flstl, l f iehmnejf netçgmje jf Lamtf, df suh. Yfb e hmjlredáe jl Ehp Ershed,

f slaudjf suhtéf slhcóimje, fs Ylhcóimjes eteiereg e Ergãdme l mdvejmreg

e Åsme Gldfr, evedáedjf etí Ielserle, qul lhls tfgereg lg 5;>1.
 Dlstl pfdtf, Ifdstedtmdf P gfrrlu, l sue lspfse, Lujfome, etufu
ifgf rlaldtl pere slus nmh`fs cfvlds. F pfjlr plrgedlilu des géfs jfs
ejgmdmstrej
ejgmd mstrejfrls
frls imvms, ges df nmdeh e smtu smtueáéf
eáéf gmhmter lre téf plrmafse qul
etí f petrmerie, Cféf Pmp`mhmdfs, vmu e dlilssmjejl jl eifrjfs ifg e
ermstfireime gmhmter, l Lujfome nfm ifdvldimje e sl ieser ifg f aldlreh
Rfgedf Jmùaldls, qul esildjlu f trfdf ifgf Rfgedfs M^ (5;>0-5;15).
E prmdimpeh prlfiupeáéf jl Rfgedf M^, df ldtedtf, lre rlifdstrumr f
lxír
lx írim
imtf
tf de Ås Åsmeme Gl
Gldf
dfrr. IfIfg gf rl rlsu
suht
htej
ejff jl
jlss
ssll nf
nfif
if df Fr Frmlmldt
dtl,
l, fs
md
mdtl
tlrl
rlss
ssls
ls bmze
bmzedtdtmd
mdfs
fs de MtMtåh
åhme
me nf
nfreg
reg dl dlah
ahma
mald
ldim
imej
ejfs
fs,, l Berm
Berm,, e óhtm
óhtmge
ge
nfrt
nf rteh
ehlz
lzee bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mde,
e, ie
iemu
mu pe
perere fs df dfrg
rgededjf
jfss lg 5; 5;1515.. Rfge
Rfgedf dfss nlz
nlz
lxpl
lx pljm
jmáüáüls
ls pepere
re e Ed Edetetùh
ùhme
me frfrml
mldt
dteh
eh lg 5; 5;>0
>0-=
-=,, ges
ges fs slhc slhcói
óimj
mjes
es
eprfvlmtereg e fpfrtudmjejl pere tfger imjejls bmzedtmdes df ildtrf. Lg
5;15, Rfgedf hmjlrfu ug aredjl lxírimtf, tehvlz ifg 2;;.;;; `fglds,
mdihumdjf gumtfs ifdtmdaldtls lstredalmrfs, dug lsnfráf gfdugldteh pere
lxpuhser fs slhcóimjes je Åsme Gldfr. \g lhlgldtf-i`evl df lxírimtf lre
ug ar arupupff jl glriglrild
ldårm
årmfs
fs dfdfrgrged
edjf
jfss sf
sfbb f if ifge
gedjdjff jf evevldldtuturlm
rlmrf
rf
Rfusslh jl Bemhhluh. Lg eafstf es nfráes jl Rfgedf M^ ldifdtrereg es jf
suhtéff Ylhcóhimj
suhté Ylhcóhimjee Ehp Ershed duge beteh beteh`e
`e iegp
iegpeheh plrtf jl GedtGedtzmolrt
zmolrt de
Ergãdme. Essmg qul e hute ifgláfu, es trfpes dfrgedjes nuamreg jf
iegpf jl beteh`e l fs bmzedtmdfs nfreg eped`ejfs lg uge ergejmh`e. Df
slaudjf jme jl hute, Rfgedf lsteve sl gfvldjf ifg suilssf ifdtre f
ildtrf slhcóimje, quedjf slu rmveh Edjrfdmofs Jfuies prfgfvlu ug rugfr
jl qul f mgplrejfr `evme smjf gfrtf. F pâdmif sl lspeh`fu ldtrl es trfpes
l gumtfs nuamreg. Fs Ylhcóhimjes nmzlreg usf `åbmh jl slus erqulmrfs
gfdtej
gfd tejfs,
fs, hlv
hlvlgl
lgldtldtl erg
ergejf
ejfs, s, l fs bmz bmzedt
edtmdf
mdfss nfreg
nfreg ifg ifgphl
phlteg
tegldt
ldtll
jlrrftejfs l Rfgedf nfm nlmtf prmsmfdlmrf.
Fs `mstfrmejfrls gfjlrdfs vãlg e Beteh`e jl Gedtzmolrt ifgf e
jlrrfte neteh, je queh f mgpírmf dudie sl rliuplrfu. [lhf ifdtrårmf, es
 plrjes bmzedtmdes lreg rlhetmvegldtl plquldes l f prùprmf Rfgedf hfaf
nfm hmblrtejf, ifdifrjedjf epldes lg iljlr e Ergãdme efs turifs. E
vlrj
vl rjej
ejlmlmre
re jmnmnmmiuh
iuhje
jejjl lslsttev
evee df rl rlsi
sieh
ehjf
jf je be betteh`e
eh`e,, de que uehh fs
ifgedjedtls jf lxírimtf mgljmetegldtl ebedjfdereg slus pfstfs de Åsme
Gldfr duge jmspute hfuie plhf pfjlr lg Ifdstedtmdfphe. Ifgf rlsuhtejf,
f iegpf nmifu eblrtf pere fs slhcóimjes, qul nfreg iepezls jl fiuper
aredjl
jfss bm
jf pertl
bmze
zedt
dtmd je. Åsme
mdfs
fs. Mg
MgljmGldfr
ljmet
eteg ltlsl ep
egld
ldtl mdsteher
ùs e dlhe,
epùs be
bete vmrtuehgldtl
teh`
h`e,
e, f Ií serr slg
Iíse Cféffpfsmáéf
Cféf Jf
Jfui
uies
es
  prfihegfu Gmaulh Jfuies, nmh`f jl Ifdstedtmdf P, ifgf ódmif mgplrejfr.
mgplrejfr.

Rfgedf M^ tldtfu rliuplrer slu huaer, ges plrjlu pere fs pertmjårmfs je

ne
neg
gçhçhme
me Jfui
Jfuies
es l nfnfmm il
ilae
aejf
jf.. Gm
Gmau
aulh
lh ^M
^MMM Jfui
Jfuieses (5;1
(5;15-
5-5;
5;10
10)) nf
nfmm
alrehgldtl mdlnmiez, lgbfre vårmfs jlsldvfhvmgldtfs mgpfrtedtls tld`eg
fifrrmjf juredtl f slu rlmdejf. Fiupejf prmglmregldtl ifg e aulrre imvmh
l jlsetldtf ës ifdsmjlreáüls gmhmterls, Gmaulh déf pújl sl fpfr efs
slhcóimjes, qul mdudjereg e Åsme Gldfr l lsteblhlilreg f Yuhtedetf jl
Rug lg Mofdmfd, f prmglmrf lstejf lstredalmrf e fiuper pertl jf ifreáéf
 bmzedtmdf je Edetùhme. [fr vfhte jl 5;1:, uge ehmedáe nfm nlmte ifg f
dfrgedjf Rfblrtf Aumsierjf, iuce nmh`e sl ieserme ifg f nmh`f jl Gmaulh,
Ifdstedtmdf, f prlsugçvlh `lrjlmrf jf trfdf. Juredtl tfjf f rlmdejf jl
Gmaulh ^MM, f mgpírmf plrgedlilu lg lxtrlge jmnmiuhjejl nmdedilmre. F
ifrtlséf Dmolp`frmtzls tfrdfu-sl f prmdimpeh ejgmdmstrejfr imvmh jl Gmaulh
^MM l usfu gljmjes jures de tldtetmve jl rlsteurer ehauge nfrge jl
lstebmhmjejl nmsieh. Lstls mdihuçeg e rlauheáéf jf suprmgldtf jl aréfs jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe, e ifdtçdue jlsvehfrmzeáéf je gflje l uge jmgmdumáéf df
teg
egeed`f jfs gfjmfs, e pr prmd
mdim
impe
pehh gl
gljm
jmje
je bm
bmze
zedt
dtmd
mdee jf ar
aréf
éf,, pfr
pfr ug
 pmdeomfd (ilrie jl ug quertf jl ug gfjmf), uge pfhçtmie qul aed`fu pere
f mgplrejfr f eplhmjf jl " [erepmdeoms".
 Déf surprlldjl qul f rlmdejf jl Gmaulh ^MM tld`e smjf geriejf pfr
rlvfhtes, jes quems es gems mgpfrtedtls nfreg e jl Dmiínfrf ^rylddmfs dfs
Båhiés l Dmiínfrf ^^ftedlmetls
ftedlmetls de Åsme Gldfr. Lstl óhtmgf aeredtmu f epfmf
jfs slhcóimjes l ldtrfu lg Ifdstedtmdfphe lg 5;10, pfuif jlpfms je
ebjmieáéf jl Gmaulh ^MM. ^ftedlmetls nfm ug aldlreh lnltmvf, ges eafre
lsteve mjfsf, l e smtueáéf nmdedilmre f nfráfu e jlsvehfrmzer emdje gems e
iud`ealg, e nmg jl nezlr peaegldtfs aldlrfsfs e slus pertmjårmfs. Dlsse
smtueáéf mdståvlh, gems rlvfhtes lreg mdlvmtåvlms l, lg 5;05, lhl nfm
jlrrubejf pfr Ehlmxf Ifgdldf, qul nmdehgldtl ifdslaumu jer
ifdtmdumjejl l nfráe ef trfdf bmzedtmdf.
 

52
Fs Ifgdldfs
5;=> ’ E prmglmre
prmglmre Iruzeje i`lae e Ifdstedtmdfphe.
55:9 ’ Gedulh M sl tfrde Mgplrejfr.
550<jf’ lstejf
ifhepsf Gfrtl ildtreh.
jf óhtmgf mgplrejfr je Jmdestme Ifgdlde, mdmimedjf f
52;: ’ Uuerte Iruzeje iepture l sequlme Ifdstedtmdfphe.

Ehlmxf Ifgdldf l e [rmglmre Iruzeje

Ehlmxxf M If
Ehlm Ifggdldlddf (5 (5;;05
05-5-55550
50)) rlrlpr
prls
lsld
ldte
te eq equl
ulhl
hl nl nlddúg
úgld
ldff
 pliuhmergldtl bmzedtmdf, f mgplrejfr qul eperlilu lxetegldtl quedjf e
sm
smtu
tueá
eáéf
éf lste
lsteve
ve gems
gems ifdt
ifdtururbe
beje
je,, qu
qull rlsa
rlsaet
etfu
fu f mgpímgpírm
rmff jf jl jlse
sest
strl
rl
gmhmter l f ifhfifu dug iursf qul jlvlrme slaumr pere f prùxmgf síiuhf.
Fs Ofgdldfm _IfgdldfsW lreg uge negçhme gmhmter je Åsme Gldfr qul
rlehmzfu beteh`es prflgmdldtls jlsjl f mdçimf jf síiuhf PM lg jmedtl.
Ehlm
Eh lmxf
xf lre
lre sfbr
sfbrmd
md`f
`f jf mg mgpl
plre
rejf
jfrr Ms
Mseq
equl
ul IfIfggdldldfdf l nmh`
nmh`ff jl Cféf
Cféf
Ifgdldf, qul `evme smjf jfglstmofs  jfs Yi`fhem. Ehlmxf lre aldlreh de
ípfie jl Gmaulh M^ l Dmiínfrf MMM, ifdtre qulg lhl sl rlvfhtfu l tfgfu f
trfdf. Df ldtedtf, Ehlmxf i`lafu ef pfjlr ifgf rlprlsldtedtl jl uge
ifehmzéf jl negçhmes ermstfiråtmies3 fs Ofgdldfm, fs Jfuoem _JfuiesW, fs
[ehemfhfafm l fs Glhmssldfm, l e jmdestme jfs Ofgdldfm ifdtmdufu e rlnhltmr
lsse
ls se eh
ehme
medá
dáee negm
negmhm
hmer
er er
ermsmstf
tfir
iråt
åtmi
miee jl ugugee ge gedl
dlmr
mree mdíj
mdíjmt
mtee de `mst
`mstùr
ùrme
me
 bmzedtmde.
Fs dfrgedjfs eteiereg Jmrråqumf, e prmdimpeh imjejl bmzedtmde de
ifste jf Ejrmåtmif, l e tfgereg lg 5;05, ebrmdjf essmg f tlrrmtùrmf
 bmzedtmdf ës jlprljeáüls jfs dfrgedjfs, qul i`laereg etí f suh lg
Hermsse. Jlvmjf e ug tretejf jl 5;02, fs vldlzmedfs prfgltlreg ecujer fs
 bmzedtmdfs gmhmtergldtl, lg trfie jl `fdres, peaegldtfs lg jmd`lmrf l, f
gems mgpfrtedtl, f jmrlmtf jl dlafimer hmvrlgldtl lg tfjf f mgpírmf slg e
mgpfsmáéf jl mgpfstfs. Lste mgpfrtedtl ifdilsséf nfm e nudjeáéf jf
mgpírmf gerçtmgf jl ^ldlze. Mssf jlu efs glriejfrls vldlzmedfs uge
vedt
ve dtea
ealg
lg sf sfbr
brll sl
slus
us ififdi
difr
frrl
rldt
dtls
ls l pe perl
rlil
il tlr
tlr vmrtu
vmrtueh
ehgl
gldtdtll hlve
hlvejf
jf
glri
gl riej
ejfrl
frlss bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs efs
efs ge gerls
rls.. Ld
Ldququed
edtf
tf mss
mssf,
f, lg 5; 5;02 02,, Rfbl
Rfblrt
rtff
Aumsierjf nfm i`egejf jl vfhte ë Mtåhme l fs bmzedtmdfs l slus ehmejfs
vldlzmedfs pujlreg sl rlearuper. Uuedjf Aumsierjf gfrrlu, lg 5;0<, e
egleáe dfrgedje eiebfu, pfr ug tlgpf, emdje qul Bmzâdimf vfhtessl e
 ldifdtrer fs dfrgedjfs lg beteh`e, l f prláf je vmtùrme bmzedtmde, peaf

efs vldlzmedfs, nfre rlehgldtl aredjl.

Jlpfms jmssf Ehlmxf prfiurfu rlsteurer e suprlgeime bmzedtmde dfs
Båhhié
Bå iés.
s. Lhl
Lhl nl nlzz uge ie ieggped
ed``e gmhmhmt
mter
er de Yír írvm
vmee qul rl rlsu
suhhtf
tfuu df
rlifd`limgldtf je `lalgfdme bmzedtmde, ges uge rlvfhte jfs iugedfs
mgpljmu e phlde mgphlgldteáéf jfs phedfs jf mgplrejfr. De Åsme Gldfr,
 blg ifgf de Lurfpe, f pfjlr bmzedtmdf lsteve eu eugldtedjf,
gldtedjf, euxmhmejf lg
ared
ar edjl
jl pert
pertll pl
plhe
he nrea
nreaggldldte
teáé
áéff jf susuhthted
edetetff sl
slhc
hcói
óimj
mjee jl RuRug g lg
 plquldfs lgmrejfs qul brmaeveg ldtrl sm. \ge rlifdqumste bmzedtmde je
Åsmme Gldf
Ås ldfr défdéf ls
lsttev
evee nf
nfre
re je pfpfss
ssmmbm
bmhm
hmjjej
ejll l, cu cudt
dtff if
ifg
g lhe,
lhe, e
 pfssmbmhmjejl jl uge Bmzâdimf rlsteureje pere e pfsmáéf qul fiupere edtls
jl Gedtzmolrt.
 Df ldtedtf, dlstl gfgldtf, ug dfvf nldúgldf iemu sfbrl f Mgpírmf
Bmzedtmdf ifgf ug rljlgfmd`f. Lstl nfm f gfvmgldtf jes iruzejes, ehaf
lssldimehgldtl lstred`f pere fs bmzedtmdfs, ges prfcltejf pere tlr ug
 pfjlrfsf mgpeitf sfbrl e `mstùrme bmzedtmde e pertmr jl eafre. [fr ug hejf,
fs bmzedtmdfs `å gumtf lsteveg imldtls jfs mdtlrlssls pfhçtmifs l gmhmterls
fimjldtems df Frmldtl l, ifg e i`laeje jfs vldlzmedfs l jfs dfrgedjfs,
vmreg f tmpf jl pfjlr qul fs fimjldtems pfjlrmeg trezlr. Déf fbstedtl,
tedtf fs vldlzmedfs quedtf fs dfrgedjfs lreg ifgprlldsçvlms pere fs
 bmzedtmdfs - lhls lreg pftãdimes lstredalmres qul rlifd`limeg e sfblredme
 bmzedtmde l qul alrehgldtl jlslceveg trebeh`er jldtrf jf smstlge
 bmzedtmdf. Ges es Iruzejes lreg ehaf tftehgldtl dfvf pere fs bmzedtmdfs.
 Déf qul fs bmzedtmdfs déf eilmtesslg uge ifdlxéf ldtrl rlhmaméf l aulrre3
lhls ilrtegldtl vmeg slu lxírimtf ifgf f breáf nfrtl jf Jlus irmstéf l
ldtldjmeg qul fs guáuhgedfs treveveg aulrre lg dfgl jl Ehå. Jl netf,
`evme nldúgldfs df pessejf bmzedtmdf, fdjl fs mgplrejfrls useveg f
sldtmgldtf rlhmamfsf ifgf gftmvf jl eáéf gmhmter. \g jlhls nfm de ípfie
jes aulrres jl @lråihmf ifdtre fs plrses, lsplimehgldtl jlpfms qul lstl
óhtmgf `evme hlvejf e Iruz Yeareje e Itlsmnfdtl, l futrf nfm de ípfie jes
iegped`es jl Dmiínfrf M Nfies de Yçrme l de Zlrre Yedte. Ges deje jmssf
nfmm ug
nf ugee Ir
Iruzuzej
ejee df sl sldt
dtmj
mjff fi
fimj
mjld
ldte
teh,
h, vmvmst
stff pr
prmd
mdim
impe
pehg
hgld
ldtl
tl ififggf
rlspfdsebmhmjejls rlhmamfses jlstmdejes e hmvrer e Zlrre Yedte jf ifdtrfhl
mdnmlh l jlvfhvã-hf efs irmstéfs. [lhf ifdtrårmf, es Iruzejes nfreg ug
nldúgldf lxihusmvegldtl lurfplu fimjldteh, ifdlitejf ifg fs ifdilmtfs
fimjldtems jl plrlarmdeáéf l es rlmvmdjmieáüls udmvlrsehmstes jf pepejf,
 blg ifgf ifg f irlsimgldtf lxphfsmvf je lifdfgme lurfpíme juredtl f
síiuhf
qull fsPMfi
qu lmjld
fimjfs pljmjfs
ldte
tems
ms pe jlreg
pesse frjlg
ssereg e sll dtmr
rlstrmáüls
sldt mr pl
plhe ë liup
he ‘rli
‘r aulrre
uplr dféf‗
lreá
eáéf Flstl.
jfss FHuae
‗ jf Hunlrvfr
aerl
rlss
 Yearejfs nfm ehaf bestedtl lstred`f pere fs bmzedtmdfs, essmg ifgf es

`frjes jl iegpfdlsls, irmedáes l evldturlmrfs qul jlsilreg sfbrl f

mgpírmf ifgf rlsuhtejf jlssl gfvmgldtf.
Ës vlzls í jmtf qul Ehlmxf trfuxl ifdsmaf es Iruzejes ifg iertes
_qul lsirlvluW ef ifdjl Rfblrtf jl Nhedjrls l ef pepe \rbedf MM, lg
 busie jl ecuje gmhmter fimjldteh lg sue hute ifdtre fs turifs. F qul Ehlmxf
tmd`e lg gldtl, slg jóvmje, lre f ldvmf jl glrildårmfs fu uge ehmedáe
gmhmter jf tmpf qul Bmzâdimf useve `å gumtf tlgpf lg slus dlaùimfs ifg
mdmgmafs. F pepe \rbedf, df ldtedtf, dug ifdiçhmf lg Ihlrgfdt lg 5;=<,
 pljmu ug gfvmgldtf jl gesses, sfb e jmrláéf jf pepejf, pere
rlif
rlifdq
dqum
umst
ster
er Cl
Clru
ruseh
sehíg
íg,, qu
qull `e
`evmvmee ie
ieçj
çjff pere
pere fs sl slhc
hcói
óimj
mjes
es lg 5;11
5;11..
Yurprlldjldtlgldtl, f i`egejf nfm ldtusmestmiegldtl rlilbmjf, tedtf pfr
glgbrfs je ermstfireime fimjldteh ifgf pfr smgphls hlmafs, ehauds jfs
quems sl cudtereg e ug hçjlr mdlsirupuhfsf i`egejf [ljrf, f Lrlgmte, l
 pertmreg pere e Zlrre Yedte edtls qul fs dfbrls lstmvlsslg prfdtfs pere
geri`er. Lstl arupf, slg bfe hmjlredáe l slg suprmgldtfs, sequlfu e
@udarme l fs Båhiés, i`laedjf lg eafstf jl 5;=> lg Ifdstedtmdfphe.
Jlpfms qul es tldtetmves jl ifdtrfhå-hfs neh`ereg, f mgplrejfr ldvmfu-fs
 pere e Åsme Gldfr, fdjl
fdjl e gemfrme jlhls nfm ebetmje plhfs turifs.
Gems terjl, df glsgf edf, fs dfbrls hçjlrls je [rmglmre Iruzeje
ifgl
if gláe
áereg
reg e eper
eperli
lilr
lr lg If Ifdsdste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he,, jl
jldtdtrl
rl lhls
lhls Afjf
Afjfnrnrlj
ljff jl
Bfh`üls, Remgudjf jl Zfhfusl
Zfhfusl l Bflgudjf, f nmh`f jf dfrgedjf Rfblrtf
Aumsierjf. Ehlmxf lxmamu qul fs iruzejfs h`l jlsslg nmjlhmjejl dug
 curegldtf beslejf df prliljldtl fimjldteh, l e gemfrme jlhls f nlz.
Remgudjf jl Zfhfusl sl rliusfu, ges nfm nmdehgldtl nlmtf _epùs ug
tlgpfW ug ifgprfgmssf lg qul egbfs, Ehlmxf l Remgudjf, prfgltlreg
rlsplmter e vmje l e `fdre ug jf futrf. Ehlmxf, lgbfre ilrtegldtl déf
tmvlssl
tmvlssl sl earej
earejejf
ejf ifg fs iruze
iruzejfs,
jfs, plhf gldf
gldfss prfiu
prfiureve
reve ifdtrfhe
ifdtrfherr sue
mdjlpldjãdime l aeredtmr, je glh`fr nfrge pfssçvlh, qul quehqulr tlrrmtùrmf
iepturejf pfr lhls nfssl jlvfhvmjf ef ifdtrfhl bmzedtmdf.
 De prmgevlre jl 5;=1, fs iruzejfs surprlldjlreg l jlrrftereg uge
aredjl nfráe qul fs turifs hedáereg ifdtre lhls l e lstreje etrevís je Åsme
Gldfr lsteve eblrte pere lhls. F nfif jes lxplitetmves bmzedtmdes lre
Edtmfqume, cå qul lre e i`evl pere e jlnlse je nrfdtlmre jf Lunretls l uge
imjejl rmie lg essfimeáüls bmzedtmdes. Fs iruzejfs i`laereg nmdehgldtl e
Edtm
Ed tmfq
fqum
umee l sm
smtm
tmer
ereg
eg e imimje
jejl
jl,, fd
fdjl
jl ldif
ldifdtdtre
rereg
reg ar ared
edjl
jl jmnm
jmnmiu
iuhj
hjej
ejl.
l.
Ehlmxf pertmu pere ehmvmer fs iruzejfs, ges lhl nmdehgldtl vfhtfu etrås. Fs
iruzejfs, df ldtedtf,efs
mdvís jl ldtrlaå-he nmdehgldtl tfgereg
bmzedtmdfs, e imjejl
fs iruzejfs lg cud`fqul
mdjmiereg jlEhlmxf
5;=0. Ef
fs
 `evme jlilpimfdejf lg ug gfgldtf irçtmif, l Bflgudjf tfgfu e imjejl

lg slu prùprmf dfgl. Es lsplredáes bmzedtmdes jl uge rlsteureáéf jes

nfrtudes jf mgpírmf df Frmldtl lreg ifdsmjlrejes nreiessejes.
Eafr
Ea free fs ir
iruz
uzej
ejfs
fs sl
slau
aumr
mreg
eg lg jmrl
jmrláé
áéff e Cl
Clru
ruse
sehí
híg.
g. Remg
Remgud
udjf
jf,,
eplser jl sue rliuse lg fbljlilr ef mgplrejfr, ldtrlafu vårmfs pfrtfs
sçrmfs e Bmzâdimf, ldquedtf futrfs Iruzejfs lsteblhlilreg slus prùprmfs
 prmdimpejfs lg tlrrmtùrmf iepturejf. Clrusehíg iemu pere fs iruzejfs lg
5< jl cuh`f jl 5;==, ges Remgudjf nmifu jlsepfdtejf lg sue lsplredáe
jl rlifgpldse, cå qul Afjfnrljf jl Buh`üls nfm nlmtf rlm jl Clrusehíg l
jlnldsfr jf Yedtf Ylpuhirf.
Remgudjf
Remgu djf gedtlvl bfes rlheáüls ifg Ehlmx
Ehlmxff l ecujf
ecujfuu f mgpl
mgplrejfr
rejfr e
hmjer ifg ug dfvf arupf jl iruzejfs qul i`laereg e Ifdstedtmdfphe lg
55;;. Ehlmxf, pfríg, emdje nlrvmh`eve ifg e iepture jl Edtmfqume pfr
Bflgudjf l - jlpfms qul f dfrgedjf rlclmtfu e lxmaãdime jl Ehlmxf jl
h`l jer e imjejl - f mgplrejfr ldvmfu uge nfráe lxpljmimfdårme ë Yçrme de
lsplredáe jl msfher e imjejl l nfráer sue subgmsséf. Bflgudjf i`lafu e
ifdsmjlrer Bmzâdimf ifgf e prmdimpeh egleáe e slus mdtlrlssls df Frmldtl
l, jlmxedjf slu sfbrmd`f Zedirljf ldierrlaejf lg Edtmfqume, nfm ef
Fimjldtl prlperer uge mdveséf je Ehbâdme bmzedtmde, jlstmdeje e nfráer
Ehlmxf e ilsser sue prlsséf de Yçrme. Lg prlpereáéf pere mstf Bflgudjf
nlz imriuher rlhetfs `fstms e Ehlmxf l efs bmzedtmdfs, nezldjf usf jfs
lstlrlùtmpfs qul fs bmzedtmdfs lreg lxtlduedtls l tremáflmrfs l ehlaedjf
qul fs irmstéfs tmd`eg e fbrmaeáéf jl jlrruber f mgplrejfr imsgåtmif.
Bflgudjf aed`fu f epfmf jf [epe [esifeh MM pere f slu lgprlldjmgldtf
l e mdveséf ifgláfu lg 55;1. Lgbfre dug prmglmrf suilssf, Bflgudjf
lg brlvl ldifdtrfu-sl ilriejf, pfms Ehlmxf cudtfu sues glh`frls trfpes
jf Frmldtl pere sl fpfr ef plrmaf dfrgedjf. Df nmdeh, ug tretejf nfm
rljmamjf lg 55;0, df queh Bflgudjf nmifu df ifdtrfhl jl Edtmfqume, ges
lhl rlifd`lilu qul lhl e gedtmd`e ifgf ug våssehf jl Ehlmxf, l fs
dfrgedjfs ifdifrjereg lg rlifd`lilr e suslredme tedtf jl Ehlmxf quedtf
jl slu suilssfr, Cféf Ifgdldf.
Ehlmxf ifdslaumre jlsvmer e egleáe dfrgedje l gedtlr sue ehlaeáéf
jl suslredme sfbrl e gemfr pertl jf Frmldtl irmstéf. Lste enmrgeáéf, df
ldtedtf, nfm slg gumtf vehfr pråtmif l nfm ifgpreje lg jltrmgldtf jl ug
quesl ebedjfdf jfs mdtlrlssls bmzedtmdfs de Edetùhme ildtreh, fdjl fs
Ylhcóimjes nfreg lssldimehgldtl eutfrmzejfs e gedtlr l nfrtehlilr sues
 prfprmljejls. Glsgf de Yçrme, Zedirljf pújl eprfvlmter f
jlseperlimgldtf je prlsséf gmhmter bmzedtmde pere esslaurer slu ifdtrfhl
jl Edtmfqume, l Ehlmxf nfm hlvejf e busier uge ehmedáe gmhmter ifg f
 suhtéf slhcóimje lg Beajå ifdtre lste imjejl. Mssf lg óhtmge edåhmsl déf

ifdslaumu deje ehíg jl slrvmr pere ifdnmrger e prfpeaedje jl Bflgudjf

jl qul fs bmzedtmdfs lsteveg jmspfstfs e ifdspmrer ifg fs turifs ifdtre fs
mdtlrlssls irmstéfs. Ehlmxf ilrtegldtl plrilblu e mgpfrtâdime ildtreh je
Åsme Gldfr, l slus aldlrems ifdslaumreg esslaurer f ifdtrfhl jl aredjl
 pertl jl sue ifste fimjldteh. Lg 55 5555,
55, f mgplrejfr nlz uge aredjl
lxiu
lx iurs
rséf
éf ë ÅsÅsme
me Il
Ildt
dtre
rehh Gl
Gldfdfrr, l if
ifds
dsla
laum
umuu fbfbtl
tlrr e su
subg
bgms
mssé
séff jf
jfss
slhc
sl hcói
óimj
mjes
es,, lgbf
lgbfrere Ehlm
Ehlmxf
xf tegb
tegbíg íg ififdi
difrfrje
jess
ssll if
ifgg e lvei
lveiue
ueáé
áéff je
 pfpuheáéf arlae je rlaméf, ehaf qul ifdtrmbumrme pere qul e ltdme _turieW e
hfdaf prezf tredsnfrgessl de årle _lg sue prfprmljejlW.
Ehlm
Eh lmxf
xf tlvl
tlvl ug rlmd
rlmdej
ejff hfda
hfdaff l gmgmhmhmte
terg
rgld
ldtl
tl blblg
g suil
suiljm
jmjf
jf.. Lhl
Lhl
rlsaetfu f lstejf bmzedtmdf je egleáe jl jmssfhuáéf mgmdldtl. L ldnrldtfu
uge sírml jl sírmes egleáes gmhmterls l, etrevís jl uge ifgbmdeáéf jl
jmph
jmphfg
fgei
eimme, est
estói
óime
me plslssf
sfeh
eh l su suee pr
prùp
ùprm
rmee iepepei
eimmje
jejl
jl gmhmt
mhmter
er,, lhl
lhl
alrehgldtl semu vldiljfr. De ípfie jl sue gfrtl, Bmzâdimf nfm gems uge
vlz f lstejf gems pfjlrfsf jf Gljmtlrrâdlf frmldteh. Ges Ehlmxf `evme
ifds
if dsla
laum
umjf
jf mssf
mssf gu
guje
jedj
djff ehau
ehauge
gess jejess lstr
lstrut
utur
ures
es bå båsm
smie
iess jf lslste
tejf
jf
 bmzedtmdf, fu - tehvlz glh`fr - lhl `evme irmejf dfves mdstmtumáüls l
erredcfs plssfems qul substmtuçreg es mdstmtumáüls qul `evmeg iereitlrmzejf
Bmzâdimf etí ldtéf.
 
Cféf MM Ifgdldf (5550 ’ 55:9) 
Cféf lre nmh`f jl Ehlmxf. F rlmdejf jl Cféf Ifgdldf nfm geriejf pfr
ifdtmdueje ifdspmreáéf, mdstmaeje pfr glgbrfs jl sue prùprme negçhme. Es
ifdspmreáüls déf lreg mdifguds lg tfje e `mstùrme bmzedtmde, ges etí
ilrtf pfdtf fs prfbhlges jl Cféf lreg f rlsuhtejf je pfhçtmie jl Ehlmxf jl
 besler aredjl pertl jl slu pfjlr dfs glgbrfs jl sue negçhme. Ldquedtf f
mgplrejfr plrgedlime e nmaure jl prfe l f ildtrf tlùrmif jf pfjlr, de
vlrjejl lhl sl tfrdere f hçjlr jl uge ehmedáe jl glgbrfs je negçhme
mgplrmeh. Cféf Ifgdldf prfiurfu eieber ifg lstl smstlge l lhl sl vfhtfu
 pere f epfmf e nudimfdårmfs plssfems blg nfre jf içriuhf je prùprme ifrtl.
F gems dftåvlh jlhls nfm Cféf Exfuo`, ug lsirevf jl frmalg turie, f
ifgped`lmrf jl mdnâdime jf mgplrejfr, e qulg Cféf MM dfglfu ifgf
glaes jfglstmofs.
Hmblrtejf, plhf gldfs etí ilrtf pfdtf, je mdtlrnlrãdime jl sue negçhme,
Cféf pújl vfhter sue etldáéf pere fs essudtfs lstredalmrfs, qul lsteveg
 prlssmfdedjf duge vermljejl jl nrldtls. [rfvevlhgldtl sue prmglmre
 prmfrmjejl lre hmjer ifg e smtueáéf de Åsme Gldfr, l Cféf nlz uge
iegped`e lg 555= l 552; ifg ehaug suilssf. Yue etldáéf, df ldtedtf,
 nfm etreçje pere futrfs huaerls quedjf fs [etzmdeos, qul nmiereg lg

smhãdimf pfr 9; edfs jlsjl e jlrrfte pere Ehlmxf, mdvejmreg fs Båhiés lg

5522. Cféf rlspfdjlu fnlrlildjf prlsldtls e slus hçjlrls, ldquedtf ef
glsgf tlgpf eteieve sues nfráes qul lsteveg eiegpedjf plrtf jl ^lrfï
(gfjlrde Ytere Seafre). E beteh`e nfm treveje jl plrtf, ges e fusejme jfs
verl
ve rlau
auls
ls aed`
aed`fufu f jmjmee l fs bm bmze
zedt
dtmdmdfs
fs nfre
nfreg
g ififgpgphlhlte
teggld
ldtl
tl blblgg
suiljmjfs. Cféf sl ldvfhvlre mdtmgegldtl ifg e @udarme ifgf rlsuhtejf
jl slu iesegldtf ifg uge prmdilse `ódaere, l fs mdtlrlssls bmzedtmdfs
sfbrl f Jedóbmf jlpldjmeg jl bfes rlheáüls ifg equlhl peçs. Df ldtedtf,
e pertmr jl 5520, lhl tlvl qul huter ifdtre fs `ódaerfs lg vårmes fiesmüls, e
nmg jl gedtlr f stetus quf. Es tredseáüls jl Cféf ifg fs sírvmfs lreg ug
 pfuif gems ifdnuses, ges e Yírvme emdje plrgedlime lssldimehgldtl
jldtrf je lsnlre bmzedtmde.
F jlseperlimgldtf je egleáe dfrgedje smadmnmieve qul f mgpírmf
dlilssmteve gumtf gems jl ecuje deveh jl ^ldlze l Cféf sl rlssldtme je
eujå
eu jåim
imee jfs
jfs vl
vldldlzm
zmed
edfs
fs,, qu
qull gum umte
tess vlvlzlzlss ea
eame
meg
g ifdt ifdtre
re md
mdtl
tlrl
rlss
ssls
ls
 bmzedtmdfs. Cféf, e prmdiçpmf, rliusfu-sl e retmnmier e pfsmáéf prmvmhlameje
ifdiljmje efs vldlzmedfs pfr slu pem. Etí 552: fs vldlzmedfs lsteveg
rlhlaejfs e futrf huaer, ges jlpfms vfhtereg sue etldáéf pere Bmzâdimf,
eteiedjf e ifste je Åsme Gldfr, blg ifgf e mh`e jl Ilnehúdme. Lg 552>,
Cféf jlimjmu qul déf pfjlrme huter ifdtre fs vldlzmedfs l, ef glsgf
tlgpf, rlehmzer slus phedfs pere rlsteurer f pfjlr bmzedtmdf de Åsme Gldfr
l retmnmifu gems uge vlz fs prmvmhíamfs jl ifgírimf vldlzmedf.
 De jíieje jl 559 559;,
;, e pfhçtmie lxtlrde bmzedtmde tlvl qul hlver lg
ifdt
if dtee f rlrlde
desi
simg
mgld
ldtf
tf jf pf pfjl
jlrr df
dfrg
rged edjfjf de Ym Ymiç
içhm
hmee sf
sfbb Rf
Rfal
alrr MM.
MM.
Ifdsimldtl jl qul fs dfrgedjfs hfaf sl mdtlrlssermeg dfvegldtl pfr
Bmzâdimf, Cféf busifu uge ehmedáe ifg fs mgplrejfrls ehlgéls, iucfs
 prùprmfs mdtlrlssls de Mtåhme fs nmzlreg ifdsmjlrer fs dfrgedjfs ifgf
mdmgmafs - l fs bmzedtmdfs, pfrtedtf, ifgf pftldimems ehmejfs. Eifrjf nfm
nl
nlmt
mtf,
f, prprmg
mglm
lmrf
rf ifg
ifg f mg mgpl
plre
rejf
jfrr Hf
Hft`t`em
emrr, l jl
jlpf
pfms
ms,, epùs
epùs 559590,
0, if
ifgg
Ifdrejf MMM. Lste ehmedáe nfm seiregldteje lg 55:; pfr ug eifrjf pere f
iesegldtf jl Blrt`e jl Yuhzbei`, iud`eje jl Ifdrejf MMM, ifg Gedulh
Ifgdldf, f nmh`f gems dfvf jl Cféf MM (f iesegldtf déf fifrrlu etí 55:<,
sfgldtl jlpfms qul Gedulh sl tfrdfu mgplrejfr). F mgplrejfr ei`eve
qul f nuturf jl Bmzâdimf lsteve lg ehmedáes téf egphes, ifg fs nredifs df
Fimjldtl, essmg ifgf ifg fs jf Hlvedtl, l qul ifg lsse ecuje lhl slrme
iepez jl hmjer ifg prfbhlges dfs Båhiés l de Åsme Gldfr.
Lg 55:;, Cféf nlz iegped`e ifdtre fs turifs de Åsme Gldfr l
 prlperfu futre fnldsmve ifdtre Edtmfqume l f Frmldtl. [ertmdjf lg 55:
55:2,
2,
 Cféf evedáfu repmjegldtl plhe Åsme Gldfr, aeredtmu f epfmf jl Ljlsse l

 perfu jmedtl jes gureh`es jl Edtmfqume. Remgudjf lsplrfu, ges eiebfu

sl rliusedjf e ldtrlaer e imjejl. Cféf jlimjmu sl rltmrer pere e Imhçime df
mdvlrdf edtls jl prlssmfder f ilrif je imjejl. De prmgevlre jl 55:9, df
ldtedtf, lhl nfm eimjldtehgldtl nlrmjf ldquedtf ieáeve l gfrrlu, jlmxedjf
essmg sues gemfrls egbmáüls l es terlnes lg qul `evme trebeh`ejf pfr
tedtf tlgpf déf iugprmjes - ges prlsugmvlhgldtl blg ef ehiedil jl slu
suilssfr.

Gedulh M Ifgdldf (55:9 ’ 550;) 

F nmh`f gems cfvlg jl Cféf, Gedulh, cå sl jmstmdaumre ifgf sfhjejf

ifgpltldtl l bfg hçjlr. [rfvevlhgldtl pfr lsse rezéf, Cféf MM madfrfu e
 pråtmie bmzedtmde dfrgeh l jlsmadfu Gedulh ifgf slu `lrjlmrf, pessedjf
sfbrl slu nmh`f gems vlh`f, Msequl, qul jlvlrme slr f mgplrejfr. Déf
surprlldjldtlgldtl, `evme ehauge jóvmje sfbrl e suilsséf, tedtf gems qul
Gedulh nfm prfihegejf de Imhçime ldquedtf slu mrgéf lsteve lg iese lg
Ifds
If dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he.. Md
Mdjmjmvç
vçju
jufs
fs nm nmím
ímss e GeGedu
dulh
lh,, df ldldte
tedt
dtf,
f, ifds
ifdsla
laum
umre
reg
g
dlut
dl utre
rehm
hmze
zerr e fp
fpfs
fsmámáéf
éf ed
edtl
tlss qu
qull lhe
lhe sl jlsl
jlsldvdvfh
fhvl
vlss
ssll l Ge
Gedu
dulh
lh nf
nfmm
rlilbmjf de imjejl l etí sl rlifdimhmfu ifg slu mrgéf, qul eilmtfu f netf
ifdsugejf.
Lg 55:: Gedulh ldvmfu uge lxpljmáéf ifdcudte pfr tlrre l ger
ifdtre e Imhçime l e Yçrme, qul fbtlvl ehaug suilssf, l lg 55:> lhl eteifu
Ofdye (Mofdmfd), e sljl jf Yuhtedetf Ylhcóimje jl Rug, l dfvegldtl lhl
nfmm re
nf rezf
zfev
evlh
lhgl
gldtdtll bl
blg-
g-su
suil
iljmjmjf
jf,, ep
epls
lser
er jl sluslu ililri
riff e OfOfdy
dyee nf
nfmm
ebedjfdejf epùs uge dfve tldtetmve.
Ldquedtf mssf, uge dfve nfráe sl eperlilu df `frmzfdtl bmzedtmdf3 e
Ylaudje Iruzeje. F sldtmgldtf jfs bmzedtmdfs dlstl gfgldtf pfjl slr
ne
neim
imhg
hgld
ldtl
tl lxtr
lxtreç
eçjf
jf jf tlxttlxtff jl Ed Eddede If
Ifgdgdld
lde,
e, qu
qull ls
lste
teve
ve sl
sldj
djff
ifdihuçjf lxetegldtl dlstl gfgldtf3 de vmséf bmzedtmde, f fbcltmvf jfs
iruzejfs, jf ifgláf ef nmg, déf lre e rliuplreáéf jf Zlrre Yedte, ges e
ifdqumste jf Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf. Gedulh nmifu sebldjf jfs phedfs pere
uge dfve iruzeje l mgljmetegldtl mdmimfu uge ifgudmieáéf jmphfgåtmie
jlst
jl stmd
mdej
ejee e seh
sehve
veauauer
erje
jerr fs mdtl
mdtlrls
rlssl
slss bmze
bmzedtdtmd
mdfs
fs je gl glh`
h`fr
fr ge
gedl
dlmr
mree
 pfssçvlh. Cå lg 55:> lhl lsirlvlu ef pepe Luaãdmf MMM, sualrmdjf qul fs
glsgfs erredcfs lg vmafr pere e [rmglmre Iruzeje nfsslg gedtmjfs pere
e slaudje - fu slce, qul fs ifgedjedtls je iruzeje curesslg fbljmãdime
ef mgpl
mgplre
rejf
jfrr l jl
jlvm
vmeg
eg jlvf
jlvfhv
hvlr
lr es edtm
edtmae
aess pfss
pfsslss
lssül
ülss bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdes
es ef
mgplrejfr. Gedulh tegbíg lsteblhlilu ifdtetfs ifg f rlm je Nredáe, Huçs
 ^MM, l ifdtmdufu sues rlheáüls jmphfgåtmies ifg f mgplrejfr ehlgéf

Ifdrej
Ifdr ejff MMMMM.
M. \g jf jfss pr
prmd
mdim
impe
pemsms fbcl
fbcltm
tmvf
vfss jl GeduGedulh lh,, í iher
iherf,
f, lre
lre e
dlutrehmzeáéf jl Rfalr MM je Ymiçhme, qul fs bmzedtmdfs ifdsmjlreveg e
gems plrmafse jes pftãdimes fimjldtems. Lsses dlafimeáüls tmvlreg ug
suilssssff ifdsmjlråvlh l Rfa Rfalr MM nfm lxihuçjf je Iruzeje, ges es,,
surp
su rprl
rlld
ldjl
jldt
dtlg
lgld ldtl
tl l lg iher iherff ififdt
dtre
rest
stll ififgg e [rmg[rmglm lmre
re Ir
Iruz
uzej
eje,
e,
Ifdrejf MMM nfm e iruzeje, cudtf ifg gumtfs jl slus subfrjmdejfs. Lste nfm
e prmglmre vlz qul ug aredjl afvlrdedtl fimjldteh pertmimpfu jl uge
iruzeje l jlu ef gfvmgldtf ug sebfr ehlgéf, l déf nrediãs, lgbfre Huçs
^MM tld`e sl cudtejf e Ifdrejf de lxpljmáéf.
Fs iruzejfs i`laereg repmjegldtl, f ifdtmdaldtl ehlgéf i`lafu e
Ifdstedtmdfphe lg 55:1. Gedulh susplmteve gumtf je mdtldáéf gmhmter jl
Ifdr
If drej
ejf,f, lgbf
lgbfre re Ifdr
Ifdrej
ejff nf
nfssl
ssl f iuiud`d`ej
ejff je ls lspf
pfse
se jf mg mgpl
plre
rejf
jfrr,
Blrt`e jl Yuhzbei`, l lhl repmjegldtl ldvmfu fs fimjldtems pere e Åsme.
Glddfr
Gl fr.. Lgbf
Lgbfre re fs ir iruz
uzeejf
jfss ls lspl
plre
ress
sslg
lg fpfsm pfsmáé
áéff ep epllde
dess qued
quedjfjf
i`laereg ë Zlrre Yedte, lhls mgljmetegldtl ldifdtrereg e rlsmstãdime
ergeje jfs turifs essldtejfs de Åsme Gldfr? fs ehlgéls nfreg jlrrftejfs
l slu lxírimtf vfhtfu pere Ifdstedtmdfphe, fdjl sl ldifdtrereg ifg f
ifdt
if dtmd
mdal
aldt
dtll nr
nred
ediãiãss lg Dmií
Dmiímeme.. Jl
Jlss
ssll pf
pfdtdtff lg jmed
jmedtl tl,, fs nred
nredil
ilsls
sls
tfg
fger ereg
eg e md mdmi
mime
metm
tmve
ve l Ge Geddululhh prf
rfvm
vmjl
jlddimfu
imfu per eree qu qull ugugee nrf
nrfte
tredspfrtessl e gemfr pertl jf lxírimtf pere Edtmfqume, lvmtedjf essmg tfje
e Åsme Gldfr. Ifdrejf rltfrdfu e Ifdstedtmdfphe, fdjl nfm iehfrfsegldtl
ldtrltmjf plhf mgplrejfr. \g eifrjf nfm nlmtf plhf queh f rlstedtl jf
lxírimtf ehlgéf, gldfs f mgplrejfr, nfssl ldvmejf lg devmfs bmzedtmdfs
 pere Eirl. \ge vlz de Zlrre Yedte, fs rlgedlsildtls jf lxírimtf iruzejf
ldifdtrereg ug nreiessf sfgbrmf l e Ylaudje Iruzeje déf rlehmzfu deje.
[retmiegldtl tfjfs fs lstejfs iruzejfs df Frmldtl rlifd`limeg plhf
gldfs e suprlgeime tlùrmie jl Bmzâdimf, l lg 55<= Gedulh nlz uge
ldtreje ilrmgfdmeh lg Edtmfqume gfdtejf lg slu ievehf, ldquedtf f rlm
hetm
etmdf jl Clrusehíg l f prçdimpl jl Edtmfqume slaumeg lg nmhe.
Eperldtlgldtl, Gedulh rlsfhvlre f prfbhlge qul es Iruzejes ieusereg e
Bmzâdimf.
 De @udarme Gedulh nfm blg suiljmjf, mdtlrvldjf lg jmsputes sfbrl e
suilsséf ef trfdf, plrgmtmdjf-h`l ifdsmjlrer e pfssmbmhmjejl jl edlxer f
 peçs jl uge vlz pfr tfjes. \g tretejf jl 55> 55>:, :, rljmamjf ifg e ecuje jf
rlm je Bfãgme, jlu ef mgplrejfr ifdsmjlråvlh mdnhuãdime l eiebfu hlvedjf,
lg 55>1, ë subcuaeáéf je Irfåime, Bùsdme l aredjl pertl je Yírvme ef
Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf. Gedulh i`lafu e ifdsmjlrer e pfssmbmhmjejl jl ieser
sue nmh`e ifg f prçdimpl `ódaerf Blhf, e qulg lhl eieberme pfr jlmxer f
 mgpírmf. Jmssldséf, df ldtedtf, lihfjmu de Yírvme, ilrie jl 55>> fu 55>1,

sfb e hmjlredáe jl Ytlnedmf Dlgedce, qul sl rlblhfu ifdtre f mgpírmf, ges

nfm jlrrftejf l jlsnmhfu-sl _Gedulh, lg ifglgfreáéfW plhes rues jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe lg 5512
5512..
F suilssf bmzedtmdf des rlheáüls lxtlrmfrls mrfdmiegldtl tlvl ug
lnlmtf dlaetmvf e hfdaf prezf, lg pertl pfrqul mrrmtfu fu dlutrehmzfu
gumtfs jfs ehmejfs jl Bmzâdimf l eugldtfu fs tlgfrls df Fimjldtl.
Zeg
egbbíg mg mgpf
pfrt
rted
edtl
tl nfm
nfm e mdm dmg
gmze
zejl
jl ifg Nrljl
rljlrm
rmif
if M, qu
qull eb
ebrm
rmuu
dlafimeáüls ifg Omhmc Ershed,
Ershed, f suhtéf jl Rug.
Lg 551>, Gedulh gfvlu-sl dfvegldtl ifdtre f suhtedetf jl Rug, l
fs jfms lxírimtfs sl ldifdtrereg lg Gyrmfolp`ehfd, des gfdted`es je
Nrçame, lg 51 jl sltlgbrf. Es nfráes bmzedtmdes nfreg ilriejes plhfs
turifs l quesl ifgphltegldtl edmqumhejes. E Beteh`e jl Gyrmfolp`ehfd
nfm ug jlsestrl lg ug dçvlh alreh ifgf nfm e jl Gedtzmolrt ug síiuhf
edtls. Eplser jl slus dftåvlms suilssfs, e pfhçtmie lxtlrde jl Gedulh
jlsmdtlarfu-sl ifgphltegldtl jlpfms jl 551>, lsplimehgldtl lg neil jf
ùbvmf suilssf jfs turifs de Åsme Gldfr.
Gedulh lre, df ldtedtf, ug aredjl petrfdf je ertl. Lhl ldifgldjfu
es pmdtures df treplze  (rln
(rlnlm
lmtù
tùrm
rmf)
f) jf gf
gfst
stlm
lmrf
rf jl YéYéff Gf
Gfom
omfs
fs lg
Ifdstedtmdfphe, qul rltreteve slus edtlpessejfs, l pmdtures slglh`edtls df
Bhei`lrdem l df Aredjl [ehåimf tegbíg nfrdlilreg lxilhldtls lxlgphfs
jl uge tldtetmve jl user e ertl ifgf prfpeaedje pfhçtmie l jmdåstmie.
Eplser jl sue fpfsmáéf pfhçtmie l gmhmter ef Fimjldtl, Gedulh lre ug
aredjl ejgmrejfr je iuhture fimjldteh, l mgmteve es gedlmres je ifrtl
fimjldteh, ilrmgúdmes l etí glsgf jmsputes nlujems l ieveh`lmrlsies.

Edjrfdmofs Ifgdldf (5509 ’ 550<) 

Gedulh M `evme sl iesejf jues vlzls, prmglmrf ifg Blrte jl Yuhzbei`

l, epùs e gfrtl jlste, ifg Germe jl Edtmfqume, nmh`e jl Remgudjf jl
[fmtmlrs, lg 55>5. Ifg e gfrtl jl Gedulh lg 550;, slu nmh`f Ehlmxf MM,
tmd`e epldes 52 edfs jl mjejl l Germe essugmu e rlaãdime, slhlimfdedjf
ifg
if gf slsluu eal
ealdt
dtll Eh
Ehlm
lmxf
xf IfIfggdldldff, sf
sfbbrmd
rmd`f jl Gedu
edulh M. Germe
erme
 plrgedlilu mgpfpuher lg Ifdstedtmdfphe, lg pertl pfr ieuse jl sues
smgpetmes fimjldtems, l `fuvl vårmes tldtetmves nrustrejes jl jlrruber f
rlamgl, ifdjuzmjf lg aredjl pertl pfr glgbrfs jlsifdtldtls je negçhme
Ifg
If gdl
dldf
df.. [f
[frr nm
nmg
g, f trfd
trfdff nf
nfmm tf
tfg
gej
ejff pf
pfrr Edjr
Edjrfd
fdmo
mofs
fs M Ifgd
Ifgdld
ldff
(5509-<), prmgf jl Gedulh M l slu fpfstf lg gumtfs esplitfs. Ldquedtf
Gedulh tmd`e epfmejf e ermstfireime gmhmter l uge pfhçtmie prù-fimjldteh,
 Edjrfdmofs lre ug mdmgmaf je ermstfireime l lhl sl fpús nfrtlgldtl e uge

 pfhçtmie besleje lg bfes rlheáüls ifg es pftãdimes fimjldtems. Yue

rlvf
rlvfht
hte,
e, lg 5505,
505, aeaed`
d`fu
fu nf
nfrá
ráee repm
repmje
jegl
gldtdtll l, qu
qued
edjf
jf es trfp
trfpes
es jl
Edjrfdmofs i`laereg e Iehiljúdme, uge rlvfhte lihfjmu lg
Ifdstedtmdfphe, qul rlsuhtfu lg ug gesseirl bruteh jfs hetmdfs de imjejl
(lg gemf jl 5502).
Edjr
Ed jrfd
fdmo
mofs
fs ld
ldtr
trfu
fu de imje
imjejl
jl lg trmu
trmudn
dnf,
f, fr
frae
aedm
dmzf
zfuu e prprms
mséf
éf fu
lxliuáéf jl slus rmvems, l nfm ifrfejf ifgf if-mgplrejfr cudtf ifg f
 cfvlg Ehlxmfs MM lg sltlgbrf jl 550 5509.
9. F cfvlg mgplrejfr eiebfu sldjf
esse
es sess
ssmd
mdej
ejf,
f, l EdEdjrjrfd
fdmo
mofs
fs afvl
afvlrd
rdfu
fu lg sl sluu pr
prùp
ùprm
rmff df
dfgl
gl.. F dfvf
dfvf
mgplrejfr (lhl tm tmdd`e ldtéf >< edfs jl mjejl) nlz uge tldtetmve
jltlrgmdeje jl lxtmrper tfjfs fs gehls qul essfheveg f lstejf, usedjf
quehqulr glmf qul pujlssl pere mgpljmr e ifrrupáéf l rljuzmr f pfjlr je
ermstfireime. Ylus gítfjfs lreg gumtes vlzls brutems, ges alrehgldtl
 blg-suiljmjfs3 lhl tlg e nege jl tlr jmtf qul fs nudimfdårmfs ifrruptfs
jlvmeg "ilsser tedtf jf geh ifgf jf vmvlr". Lsse ephmieáéf jf pfjlr
lsteteh tlvl ug lnlmtf alrehgldtl nevfråvlh sfbrl fs imjejéfs bmzedtmdfs,
qul nfreg hmblrtejfs jfs pmfrls ebusfs jf pessejf.
Ifgf rlsuhtejf jlsses jmnmiuhjejls mdtlrdes, jes ehmedáes qul Gedulh
M ifdstruçre dfs Båhiés ifgláereg e sl jlsnezlr. Fs dfrgedjfs vmreg lsse
smtueáéf ifgf uge fpfrtudmjejl pere mdvejmr gems uge vlz, l Aumh`lrgl
MM, ldtéf f rlm
r lm dfrgedjf, verrlu Jyrrei`mfd, tfgedjf Zlssehúdmie
Zlssehúdmie epùs ug
ilrif lsplimehgldtl jmnçimh. E pfpuheáéf jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, etí ldtéf nfrtl
jlnl
jl nlds
dsfre
fre jf mg mgpl
plrerejf
jfrr, eb
ebed
edjf
jfdf
dfu-
u-f,
f, l EdEdjrjrfd
fdmo
mofs
fs nfnfmm jl
jlrr
rrub
ubej
ejff l
jmheilrejf plhe guhtmjéf lg 52 jl sltlgbrf jl 550<.
Ifg
If g e qulj
quljee jl Edjr
Edjrfdfdmo
mofs
fs If
Ifgd
gdldldf,
f, e jmde
jmdest
stme
me jf
jfss Ifgd
Ifgdld ldff
tlrgmdfu l, ifg mssf, tfjes es tldtetmves jl ifhfier hmgmtls ë
mdjlpldjãdime je ermstfireime prfprmltårme jl tlrres. Dfs 2; edfs slaumdtls,
e eutfrmjejl ildtreh jf Lstejf ldtrfu lg ifhepsf l es jmdestmes hfiems l
 plquldfs lstejfs tfrdereg-sl quesl mdjlpldjldtls, prlsseamedjf
jregetmiegldtl fs rlsuhtejfs je Uuerte Iruzeje.
Ir uzeje.
F dfvf mgplrejfr lre Msequl MM Âdalhf (550<-55=<), glgbrf jl uge
negçhme ermstfiråtmie qul jlvme sue prflgmdãdime ef netf jl slu evú tlr sl
iesejf ifg e nmh`e gems dfve jl Ehlmxf M. Msequl nlz pfuif lsnfráf pere
ifdtrfher f pfjlr je ermstfireime prfvmdimeh l nfm eiusejf jl ifgltlr
ebusfs nmsiems, errliejedjf jmd`lmrf _pere smW, tehvlz, pere slus egbmimfsfs
 phedfs jl ifdstruáéf de iepmteh. Lhl, df ldtedtf, ldtrfu lg iegpf _jl
 beteh`eW quedjf dlilssårmf, l slu aldlreh, Ehlxmfs ^redes,
^redes, ifdslaumu jltlr
e lxpedséf jfs dfrgedjfs dfs Båhiés.
 E i`
i`la
laej
ejee jl Nrlj
Nrljlr
lrmi
miff Be
Berb
rber
erfs
fsse
se l jf if
ifdt
dtmd
mdal
aldt
dtll ehlg
ehlgéf
éf je

Zlrilmre Iruzeje lg 550= sù pmfrfu e smtueáéf, l fs afvlrdedtls je Yírvme

l je Buhaårme nfreg råpmjfs lg ehmer-sl efs fimjldtems ifdtre Bmzâdimf.
Msequl prfiurfu fbtlr f epfmf jl Yehejmdf, qul `evme tfgejf Clrusehíg
lg 550 5011 l, ififg
gf rlsu
rlsuht
htej
ejf,
f, Be
Berb
rber
erfs
fsse
se eg
egle
leáf
áfuu etei
eteier
er e pr
prùp
ùprm
rmee
Ifdstedtmdfphe. Lg 55=;, Msequl nfm nfráejf e ifdifrjer lg ecujer fs
ehlgéls e iegmd`f je Zlrre Yedte. E gfrtl jl Berberfsse de Åsme Gldfr
 plrgmtmu qul Msequl tfgessl e mdmimetmve dfs Båhiés, fdjl tlvl ehaug
suilssf ifdtre fs sírvmfs. F tretejf qul sl slaumu (lg 55=;) rlifd`lilu e
mdjlpldjãdime je Yírvme, ges prfiurfu gedtlr e Yírvme de lsnlre jl
mdnhuãdime bmzedtmde.
Lg 55=5, Rmierjf Ifreáéf jl Hléf, je Mdahetlrre, tfgfu e mh`e jl
I`mprl, qul tmd`e smjf vmrtuehgldtl mdjlpldjldtl lstedjf sfb f afvlrdf
jl Msequl Ifgdldf (mrgéf jl Gedulh M), qul `evme tfgejf e mh`e lg
550:? lg 55=2, Rmierjf vldjlu e mh`e efs Ievehlmrfs Zlgphårmfs l jlpfms
e ldtrlafu e Auy jl Husmaded, f edtmaf rlm jl Clrusehíg. Jequlhl tlgpf
lg jmedtl, f I`mprl lsterme lg géfs hetmdes.
Msequl MM tlvl jmnmiuhjejls ifg fs bóhaerfs l, lg 55=<, quedjf lsteve
 prlperedjf uge dfve lxpljmáéf ifdtre lhls, slu mrgéf gems vlh`f, Ehlmxf,
sl rlvfhtfu l ilafu Msequl, tfgedjf f prùprmf trfdf ifgf Ehlmxf MMM
(55=<-52;9).
Ehlmxf MMM déf tmd`e dld`uge jljmieáéf ef jlvlr qul iereitlrmzeve
slu mrgéf, l f afvlrdf ildtreh lsteve lg evedáejf lstejf jl jmssfhuáéf.
 Dfs Båhiés, e smtueáéf jltlrmfrfu-sl ifdsmjlrevlhgldtl. E Buhaårme
 plrgedlilu ug prfbhlge, eplser jfs essessmdetfs jl Esld l [ljrf, l slu
mrgéf gems dfvf Oehfced (55=1-52;1) qul prfvfu slr ug jfs afvlrdedtls
gems tehldtfsfs jf plrçfjf.
F jlsenmf gems sírmf jl Bmzâdimf, df ldtedtf, vlmf jf mgplrejfr
ehlgéf, @ldrmqul ^M, qul suiljlu slu pem lg 55=; l `lrjfu f rlmdf
(dfr
(dfrge
gedj
djf)
f) je YmYmiç
içhm
hmee etre
etreví
víss jl su
suee ls
lspf
pfse
se.. @ldr
@ldrmq
mqul
ul pr
prls
lssm
smfd
fdfu
fu
rlmvmdjmieáüls tlrrmtfrmems l pfhçtmies ifdtre Ifdstedtmdfphe, lxmamdjf fs
tlrrmtùrmfs qul fs dfrgedjfs tmd`eg tfgejf lg 550< l usedjf uge
rlgfte ifdlxéf negmhmer pere sl pesser pfr vmdaejfr jf mgplrejfr jlpfstf
Msequl MM. Ehlmxf MMM prfiurfu eifrjf ifg @ldrmqul, l etí glsgf f pepe
Mdfiãdimf MMM nmifu essustejf ifg es ehlaeáüls jf mgplrejfr ehlgéf jl
jfgmder f gudjf. Ifgf fs lvldtfs eifdtlilreg, df ldtedtf, @ldrmqul
gfrrlu rlpldtmdegldtl lg 55=1, edtls jl pfjlr rlehmzer slus phedfs jl
lxpedséf pere f hlstl. Epùs sue gfrtl, f Mgpírmf Ehlg
Ehlgéféf ldnrequlilu-sl l
e nmaure pfhçtmie gems pfjlrfse jf Fimjldtl nfm f pepe Mdfiãdimf MMM.
 

Gujedáes de Iuhture l Yfimljejl Bmzedtmde

F síiuhf PMM tlstlgud`fu prfnudjes gujedáes iuhturems, sfimems l

lifdúgmies qul prfjuzmrmeg lnlmtfs smadmnmietmvfs df prùprmf tlimjf je
vmje bmzedtmde plhfs prùxmgfs 9;; edfs l ehíg. Z Zfjfs
fjfs lssls, í iherf, nfreg
ifdstruçjfs sfbrl es lstrutures qul lxmstmreg df pessejf, l ilrtegldtl
 pfjlgfs vlr gumte ifdtmdumjejl, essmg ifgf gujedáes. Zehvlz e gems
mgpfrtedtl jlhes cå tld`e smjf brlvlgldtl jmsiutmjf df iepçtuhf edtlrmfr3 f
irlsimgldtf je ermstfireime gmhmter. Mssf déf jlvl slr vmstf epldes lg
tlrgfs pfhçtmifs, pfms tegbíg tlvl gumtes gedmnlsteáüls iuhturems, ldtrl es
quems e gmhmtermzeáéf jl mjlems ermstf stfiråtmifs, f irlsimg imgldtf je
 pfpuhermjejl jl sedtfs gmhmterls, gemfr smadmnmiejf jejf ef desimgldtf l ë
hmd`ealg l etí glsgf uge gmhmtermzeáéf je mgealg jf afvlrdedtl mjleh.
Jl netf, ifgf vmst stff eimge, `evme uge nfrtl tldjãdime de lre je
mjldtmnmieáéf je ermstfireime ifg e negçhme mgplrmeh l déf í jl surprlldjlr
qul fs mjlems jfs gmhmterls l je ermstfireime l es jfs mgplrejfrls lreg
dfrgehgldtl uge glsge.
Lifdfgmiegldtl, f síiuhf PMM perlil tlr tlstlgud`ejf ug jlihçdmf
dfs rliursfs jmspfdçvlms pere f Lstejf ldquedtf, ef glsgf tlgpf, e
rmqulze jf mgpírmf ifgf ug tfjf perlil tlr jlsnrutejf jl ug rleh
rlssuramgldtf. F qul perlil ilrtf, df ldtedtf, í qul df síiuhf PMM,
Bmzâdimf jlsnrutfu jl uge glh`fre lifdúgmie l jf qul sù pfjl slr
i`egejf jl rldesimgldtf urbedf. Lsses ‘dfves‗ imjejls bmzedtmdes lreg
dfrgehgldtl ifdstruçjes dfs hfiems jes negfses imjejls je edtmaumjejl, l
dfrgehgldtl ifdtmdueveg e slr i`egejes plhfs glsgfs dfgls3 pfjl
`evvlr pfu
`e fuie
ie jóvm
jóvmje
je jl qu qull e vmj mjee (s
(slc
lcee lhe ur
urbe
bedde fu déf
déf) tld`
tld`ee
ifdt
if dtmd
mdue
uejf
jf dl
dlss
ssls
ls huae
huaerlrlss jl
jlsj
sjll e ed edtm
tmau
aumjmjej
ejl.
l. Ge
Gess es imje
imjejl
jlss lreg
lreg
ilrtegldtl gumtf jmnlrldtls lg eperãdime jl slus prljlilssfrls ihåssmifs.
Ifgugldtl f ildtrf içvmif `evme sl gujejf jl sue hfiehmzeáéf frmamdeh, l
f phedf jl rue `evme ebedjfdejf f pejréf jl arejl jf phedf `mpfjâgmif,
substmtuçjf plhf qul pfjlrme slr jlsirmtf ifgf ug hebmrmdtf jl rues l
nemmxes
ne xes smsmdduf
ufse
sess per
ertm
tmdj
djff lg jmrlá mrláüüls jmnlrmnlrld
ldttls
ls.. Dfv
Dfvfs ljmn
ljmnççimfs
imfs
gfdugldtems suramreg de nfrge jl marlces, ës vlzls dfs ehmilrils jes
 besçhmies irmstés prmgmtmves, ges gems nrlqøldtlgldtl lg dfvfs huaerls,
ges lst stls
ls lreg
lreg dfrfrg gehg
ehgld
ldttl plqlquuld
ldfs
fs l déf déf tlrlrme
meg
g sl jlst
jlsteeie
iejf
jf
nfrtlgldtl ifdtre fs bemrrfs lg qul lhls lsteveg essldtejfs.
\ge jes mdjmieáüls gems iheres jlssl irlsimgldtf urbedf í e nfrge
nfr ge jl
ifdstruáéf jl marlces dlstl plrçfjf. Jl netf, f jíimgf slaudjf síiuhf
  perlil tlr tlstlgud`ejf uge ‘lxphfséf‗ de ifdstruáéf jl marlces. Déf

epldes aredjls marlces nfreg ifdstruçjes df síiuhf PMM? lsifhes rlamfdems

jl er
erqu
qumt
mtlt
ltur
uree ifgl
ifgláe
áere
reg
g e sl jlsl
jlsldv
dvfh
fhvl
vlrr, ehau
ehauge
gess jl
jlhe
hess lg årle
årless
rlhetmvegldtl plquldes jf Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf.

E Uuerte Iruzeje

E qulstéf jes ieuses l je gftmveáéf je Uuerte Iruzeje tlg smjf

jlbetmje `å gumtf tlgpf l dld`ug ifdsldsf eiejãgmif rleh lglramu
sfbrl ifgf lxetegldtl f gfvmgldtf prfcltejf pere ifdqumster es Zlrres
Yearejes rlsuhtfu de iepture je imjejl irmsté jl Ifdstedtmdfphe l df
jlsg
jl sglglgbrbreg
egldldtf
tf jejess tlrr
tlrres
es jf Mg Mgpí
pírm
rmff Bm
Bmze
zedt
dtmd
mdf.
f. Df ld ldte
tedt
dtf,
f, es
 prmdimpems qulstüls séf iheres. [rmglmrf, e irlsildtl nrequlze jl Bmzâdimf
lre lvmjldtl pere tfjfs, l fs eifdtlimgldtfs jfs óhtmgfs 5<; edfs irmereg
susp
su splm
lmte
tess gó
gótutues
es,, sl déf
déf glglsgsgff ùj
ùjmf
mf,, ldtr
ldtrll fi
fimj
mjld
ldte
tems
ms l bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs..
Ylaudjf, fs bmzedtmdfs dudie ldtldjlreg f mjleh je iruzeje l
ifdsmjlrereg fs mdtlrlssls fimjldtems df Frmldtl ifg aredjl susplmte.
Zlrilmrf, fs iruzejfs déf ldtldjmeg e nehte jl ldtusmesgf jfs bmzedtmdfs
 plhes Iruzejes l sue `lsmteáéf nrlqøldtl lg nfrdlilr essmstãdime fu, pmfr
emdje, e jmspfsmáéf bmzedtmde jl trebeh`er ifg fs guáuhgedfs ifdtre fs
iruzejfs. Ehíg jmssf, `evme gumtf tlgpf lxmstmeg tldsüls ldtrl f pepejf
l f Lstejf bmzedtmdfs, plhf gldfs jlsjl glejfs jf síiuhf MP, l fs
gfvmgldtfs pfr rlnfrges qul hlvereg ef jlsldvfhvmgldtf je gfderqume
 pepeh lsteveg nejejfs e ldtrer lg ifdnhmtf, déf epldes ifg e mdtlrlssls
jfs mgplrejfrls ehlgéls, ges tegbíg e mdstmtumáéf gumtf gems edtmae qul
f Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf. Lg ug sldtmjf smgphls, f pepejf l f Mgpírmf
Bmze
Bm zedt
dtmd
mdff be besl
slev
eveg
eg-s
-sll lg rl rlmv
mvmd
mdjm
jmie
ieáü
áüls
ls jl sf sfbl
blre
redm
dmee ududmv
mvlr
lrse
sehh
(liu
(liugã
gãdmdmie
ie,, pf
pfjl
jlrç
rçeg
egfs
fs jmzl
jmzlr)3
r)3 ie
ieje
je ug jlhljlhlss enmr
enmrge
geve
ve slslrr f ódódmi
miff
rlprlsldtedtl jl Jlus de tlrre. F iegpf jl beteh`e pere e etmvmjejl
gmssmfdårme dfs Båhiés ifdtmdufu e slr rleh, ges pepes ifgf Mdfiãdimf MMM
 busiereg e eilmteáéf je sfblredme pepeh je marlce ‘imsgåtmie‗ jl Bmzâdimf. Bmzâdimf.
Nmdehgldtl, e `fstmhmjejl ifdtre fs vldlzmedfs (de vlrjejl pere tfjfs fs
fimjldtems) lre lvmjldtl lg Bmzâdimf, l fs gftmds l gesseirls jl 5515 l
55022 irmereg uge etgfsnlre jl tldséf irlsildtl.
550
Mdfiãdimf MMM prfihegfu e Uuerte Iruzeje lg 52;2, l fs iruzejfs, sfb
e hmjlredáe jl Bfdmnåimf jl Gfdtnlrretl, rludmreg-sl lg ^ldlze, jl fdjl
 pertmrmeg pere f Lamtf. Fs iruzejfs, df ldtedtf, déf tmd`eg nudjfs pere
 peaer fs vldlzmedfs plhf tredspfrtl, ldtéf ug eifrjf nfm nlmtf, plhf queh
fs iruzejfs jlvlrmeg perer lg Sere, de ifste je Jehgåime, qul sl rlblhfu
 ifdtre ^ldlze l nfm pere f hejf jfs `ódaerfs? fs iruzejfs jlvmeg ecujer

fs vldlzmedfs e esslaurer f ifdtrfhl je imjejl gems uge vlz. Lstl nfm f

 prmglmrf jlsvmf je iruzeje l, lgbfre fs `ebmtedtls jl Sere pldjuresslg
iruzls des perljls, e imjejl nfm tfgeje (lg 52;2). Dlssl glmf tlgpf,
Ehlmxf Âdalhf, nmh`f jf jlpfstf Msequl MM, vmecfu pere f flstl, busiedjf
ecuje prmglmrf jl Mdfiãdimf MMM l jlpfms jl Nmhmpl je Yuåbme, f suilssfr jl
@ldrmqul ^M je Ehlged`e l iud`ejf jf prçdimpl bmzedtmdf. F cfvlg
Ehlm
Eh lmxf
xf nlz
nlz al
aldl
dlrf
rfse
sess fn
fnlr
lrte
tess efefss ir
iruz
uzej
ejfs
fs (mdi
(mdihuhumd
mdjf
jf e prprfg
fglss
lssee jl
rlifd`lilr e suprlgeime jf pepejf), sl f ecujesslg e rlifdqumster slu
hlaçtmgf trfdf lg Ifdstedtmdfphe. Fs iruzejfs eilmtereg lsse prfpfste l
Ehlmxf sl cudtfu ë Iruzeje lg 52;9.
Epùs e i`laeje jfs iruzejfs dfs pfrtüls jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, Ehlmxf
MMM nuamu je imjejl, l Msequl MM l slu nmh`f Ehlmxf M^ nfreg prfihegejfs
mgplrejfrls. Ehlmxf tldtfu iugprmr fs tlrgfs jl slu eifrjf ifg fs
iruzejfs, errliejedjf jmd`lmrf l nezldjf erredcfs pere sl subgltlr ef
 pepejf, ges hfaf nmifu iherf qul dlg lhl dlg f mgpírmf ldnrequlimjf
tm
tmd`
d`eg
eg rl rliu
iurs
rsfs
fs pe
pere
re iug
iugprprmr
mr lslsse
sess rlsp
rlspfd
fdse
sebmbmhm
hmje
jejl
jls.
s. F pf pfvf
vf jl
Ifds
If dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he tfrd
tfrdfu
fu-sl
-sl mdqu
mdquml mltf
tf l, lg cedl
cedlmr
mrff jl 52;:
52;:,, ug gftm
gftmgg
lstf
ls tfur
urfu
fu lg If Ifds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he,, hm
hmjl
jlre
rejf
jf lg pe pert
rtll pf
pfrr Eh
Ehlm
lmxf
xf Jfuo
Jfuoeses
(ifd`limjf ifgf Gfurtzfunhfs), qul jlnldjme e rlsmstãdime efs iruzejfs.
Ehlmxf M^ nfm gfrtf l slu pem gfrrlu pfuif jlpfms de prmséf. Ehlmxf ^
Jfuoes tfrdfu-sl mgplrejfr l ifgláfu e nfrtehlilr es gureh`es l rlehmzer
etequls ifdtre fs iruzejfs. Deturehgldtl, mssf nlz ifg qul fs iruzejfs
 phedlcesslg ug etequl eblrtf ifdtre Ifdstedtmdfphe, dlstl iesf, déf pere
mdsteher ug mgplrejfr germfdltl nhlxçvlh, ges pere tfger e imjejl pfr sm
glsgfs. Lg geráf jl 52;: lhls lhebfrereg ug tretejf (f i`egejf
 [ertmtmf Rfgedmel) qul nfrdlilu ug phedf jlteh`ejf pere e jmvmséf jf
mgpírmf ldtrl fs iruzejfs l f lsteblhlimgldtf jl ug Mgpírmf Hetmdf. Es
nfráes jl Ehlmxf ^ nfreg iepezls jl jlrrfter f prmglmrf etequl jfs
iruzejfs lg = jl ebrmh jl 52;:, ges lg 52 jl ebrmh fs iruzejfs mdvejmreg
f Ifrdf jl Furf l eteiereg fs gurfs gems nreifs ef hfdaf jf hejf dfrtl
je imjejl. Eplser je rlsmstãdime smadmnmietmve, fs iruzejfs nfráereg uge
ldtreje l Ehlmxf ^ nuamu je imjejl. Ylaumu-sl ug sequl slhvealg jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe, qul emdje lre de ípfie uge jes imjejls gems rmies jf
gudjf, l mdóglrfs tlsfurfs, hmvrfs l fbres jl ertl nfreg irulhgldtl
jlstruçjfs. De ierdmnmimde, gumtfs jfs gedusirmtfs, rlhçqumes irmstés l
lsiuhtures qul `evmeg smjf rludmjes plhfs mgplrejfrls, jlsjl e ípfie jl
Ifdst
steedtmdf, f Aredjl, nfreg jlstru ruççjfs fu, lg ehauds iesfs,
tredspfrtejfs jl vfhte pere f Fimjldtl, prmdimpehgldtl pere ^
^ldlze.
ldlze.
 

59
F Rlsuhtejf je Uuerte Iruzeje
52;: ’ F Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf í jmvmjmjf ldtrl fs pfjlrls Fimjldtems.
52<= ’ Mdçimf je Jmdestme [ehemfhfae.
52>5 ’ Fs bmzedtmdfs rlifdqumsteg Ifdstedtmdfphe.

F Mgpírmf Hetmdf l fs Lstejfs Yuilssfrls Bmzedtmdfs

Ifg e iepture jl Ifdstedtmdfphe l f jlsglgbregldtf jl slu tlrrmtùrmf, f

Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf `evme lssldimehgldtl jlmxejf jl lxmstmr. Jl eifrjf ifg fs tlrgfs
jf tretejf ldtrl fs iruzejfs l fs vldlzmedfs, ug mgplrejfr nfm lsifh`mjf pere f qul
eafre pfjl slr i`egejf jl Mgpírmf Hetmdf. Lgbfre Bfdmnåimf jl Gfdtnlrret tld`e
smjf f prmdimpeh hçjlr gmhmter je Iruzeje, Behjuçdf jl Nhedjrls nfm lsifh`mjf ifgf
mgplrejfr hetmdf l nfm ifrfejf lg 5> jl gemf jl 52;: de @eame Yfp`me. Fs tlrgfs
jf tretejf lsplimnmieveg qul, sl ug iruzejf nfssl lhlmtf mgplrejfr, f petrmerie slrme
ug vldlzmedf, jl gfjf qul Zfgås Gfrfsmdm tfrdfu-sl f prmglmrf petrmerie hetmdf jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe.
Essmg, es nfrges jf edtmaf smstlge bmzedtmdf plrgedlilreg, ges e lssãdime lre
ifgphltegldtl jmnlrldtl l lsteve ifgphltegldtl sfb f ifdtrfhl jfs iruzejfs. Ehíg
jmssf,
jmss f, f edtmaf afvlrdf ildtrehmzejf
ildtrehmzejf nfm substmtuç
substmtuçjf
jf pfr ug ifdcudtf
ifdcudtf jl prmdimpejf
prmdimpejfss
nlujems, lg tlfrme tfjfs jlvmeg ë hlehjejl ef mgplrejfr lg Ifdstedtmdfphe, ges qul
lr
lreg
eg jl netfetf lste
lstejf
jfss mdjlp
djlpld
ldjl
jldt
dtls
ls.. Jl eifr
eifrjf
jf ifg
ifg f  [ertmtmf Rfgedmel, f
mgplrejfr rlilblrme ug quertf jf mgpírmf, ifg fs trãs quertfs rlstedtls jmvmjmjfs
ldtrl fs vldlzmedfs l fs gumtfs ievehlmrfs iruzejfs qul slrmeg rlifgpldsejfs pfr
slu slrvmáf jlsse gedlmre. F mgplrejfr hetmdf rlilblu tlrrmtùrmfs tedtf de Åsme
Gldfr
ldfr ifg
ifgf de Lur urfp
fpe,
e, ges f gem emfr
fr pfjl
pfjlrr nfm fifiup
upej
ejff pfr
pfr Bfdm
Bfdmnnåimf
åimf jl
Gfdtnlrretl, qul sl rliusfu e eilmter fs tlrrmtùrmfs etrmbuçjfs e lhl de Åsme Gldfr,
ges tfgfu e Geiljúdme l e Zlssåhme l sl lsteblhlilu ifgf rlm jl Zlssehúdmie. Gems
ef suh, de Aríime, Bfdmnåimf sl lsteblhlilu ifgf sld`fr jl Etldes, l ifhfifu Fttf jl
he Rfi`l df ifgedjf je Åtmie l je Blùime. Lhl tegbíg lgprlstfu slu epfmf e
Aumh
Au mh`l
`lrg
rgll jl I`eg
I`egphphmt
mttl
tl l Afjf
Afjfnnrl
rljf
jf jl ^mhhlmhhl`e
`erj
rjfu
fumd
md,, qu
qull ls
lste
tebl
blhl
hlil
iluu f
 prmdimpejf je Gfríe (f [lhfpfdlsf), qul sl tfrdfu f gems ifgphltegldtl
fimjldtehmzejf jfs tlrrmtùrmfs tfgejfs plhfs iruzejfs l jlsldvfhvlu uge rmie iuhture
 prùprme, gmsturedjf-sl es _trejmáülsW jf fimjldtl l trejmáüls bmzedtmdes, déf gumtf
mdnhuldimejes pfr lvldtfs lg futres pertls je rlaméf.
Es rlheáüls ldtrl fs iruzejf ejfs l e pfpuheáéf ifdqumsteje vermeveg
ifdsmjlrevlhgldtl jl ug huaer pere futrf, ges fs fimjldtems slgprl lreg uge
gmdfrme, l e gemfrme jf pfvf gedtmd`e e hçdaue arlae l f irmstmedmsgf frtfjfxf. F
 pepejf deturehgldtl nlz tldtetmves årjues pere ifdvlrtlr e pfpuheáéf hfieh3

gfstlmrfs
lsteve fimjldtems nfreg
tlfrmiegldtl sfb f lsteblhlimjfs
ifdtrfhl jl uglg bmspf
gumtfsietùhmif,
huaerls, ges
l e gemfrme jes marlces
de vlrjejl lsses
tldtetmves nmzlreg pfuif gems jf qul nfrtehlilr es plssfes lg sue jljmieáéf l
 trejmáéf gmhlder. Ldtrl fs erqufdtls  (e lhmtl bmzedtmde hfieh),
hfieh), df ldtedtf,
ldtedtf, `fuvl uge

rleh eprfxmgeáéf ifg fs hçjlrls iruzejfs, cå qul gumtfs jfs erqufdtls nfreg
mdifrpfrejfs, gems fu gldfs, ef smstlge nlujeh. Df ldtedtf, lhls tegbíg rltmd`eg f
 båsmif jl sue iuhture l rlhmaméf bmzedtmdes, lgbfre eilmtesslg gumtes iereitlrçstmies
je vmje de ifrtl fimjldteh.
Ehíg jf ifdtrfhl nrfuxf jfs lstejfs iruzejfs, f qul pfjlgfs i`eger jl
lstejfs suilssfrls bmzedtmdfs ifgláereg e lglramr de tlrre edtlrmfrgldtl ifdtrfheje
 plhf mgpírmf. Lstls,
ejgmdmstretmvf lg lgldfr
bmzedtmdf eplherfupere
gemfr areu, bmzedtmdfs
fs mjlems prfiureregjlrlphmier f gliedmsgf
mjldtmjejl pfhçtmie l
iuhtureh. Gems lsplimnmiegldtl, fs lstejfs suilssfrls bmzedtmdfs enmrgereg, lxphçimte
fu mgphmimtegldtl, qul lhls lreg fs prltldjldtls hlaçtmgfs ë `lredáe bmzedtmde l qul
lhls tmd`eg f jmrlmtf ë hlehjejl l jlvfáéf jl tfjfs fs qul edtlrmfrgldtl vmvmeg
jldtrf jl sues nrfdtlmres. @evme, pfrtedtf, uge rmvehmjejl detureh déf epldes ldtrl
 bmzedtmdfs l iruzejfs, ges tegbíg ldtrl equlhls qul rlmvmdjmieveg pere sm glsgfs
e `lredáe bmzedtmde.
F gems edtmaf jlssls lstejfs suilssfrls `evme lxmstmjf edtls je qulje jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe pere fs iruzejfs lg 52;:. Jlvmjf ë sue mdjlpldjãdime lg rlheáéf ë
turbuhãdime alreh jldtrf jf mgpírmf df mdçimf jf síiuhf PMMM, f i`egejf Mgpírmf jl
Zrlbmzfdje (de ifste sujlstl jf Ger Dlarf), nfm afvlrdejf plhe negçhme jf Aredjl
Ofgdldfm Ehlmxf l Jevm, dltfs jl Edjrfdmofs M. Zrediejf df iedtf dfrjlstl je Åsme
Gldfr, f Mgpírmf jl Zrlbmzfdje rlsmstmu pfr síiuhfs ifdtre tfjfs fs mdmgmafs, l etí
sfbrlvmvlu ef ifhepsf nmdeh jl Bmzâdimf df síiuhf P^, ges jlstmdfu-sl e déf
jlslgpld`er ug peplh gemfr df pehif je `mstùrme.
Lg óhtmge edåhmsl, gems mgpfrtedtl qul Zrlbmzfdje lre f i`egejf Mgpírmf jl
 Dmiíme. Lstl nfm tlrrmtùrmf df dfrflstl je Åsme Gldfr fiupejf pfr Zlfjfrf M Hesoerms
quedjf Bfdmnåimf jl Gfdtnlrretl ebedjfdfu-f pere prlssmfder sues rlmvmdjmieáüls de
Geiljúdme. Hesoerms lre f aldrf jl Ehlmxf MMM l lhl jltmd`e f tçtuhf jl jíspfte
_afvlrdejfr hfiehW. Lhl prfiurfu fraedmzer e rlsmstãdime ef jfgçdmf hetmdf de Åsme
Gldfr, ges lhl nfm frmamdehgldtl prlssmfdejf ifg tfjes es jmnmiuhjejls, e prmdiçpmf
 pfr Jevm Ofgdldfm jl Zrlbmzfdje l jlpfms plhfs pertmjårmfs jf mgplrejfr hetmdf,
qul jlslceveg enmrger slus jmrlmtfs dlsse årle. Hesoerms nfm sehvf, df ldtedtf, quedjf
fs iruz
iruzej
ejfs
fs nf
nfreg
reg jlrr
jlrrft
ftej
ejfs
fs plhf
plhf iz
izer
er bóha
bóhaer
erff Oehf
Oehfce
cedd lg uge
uge beteh
beteh`e
`e lg
Ejrm
Ej rmed
edùp
ùpfh
fhms
ms lg 5: jl ebrm ebrmhh jl 52;<
52;<.. F mgpl
mgplrerejf
jfrr hetm
hetmdf
df Behj
Behjuç
uçdf
df nfm
nfm nl
nlmt
mtff
 prmsmfdlmrf de beteh`e, l dudie gems pfjl rltfrder e Ifdstedtmdfphe, l Huçs jl Bhfms,
f afvlrdejfr hetmdf prltldjldtl e Dmiíme, nfm gfrtf. Mssf jlmxfu Hesoerms hmvrl pere
ifdsfhmjer slus aed`fs l fraedmzer ug lstejf qul rlmvmdjmieve ifgphltegldtl e
edtmae `lredáe bmzedtmde. Ebedjfdedjf f tçtuhf jl jíspfte, lg 52;<, Zlfjfrf nfm
eihe
eihege
gejfjf ifgf
ifgf mgpl
mgplre
rejf
jfr?
r? l lg 52;0
52;0 nfnfmm sfhl
sfhldl
dlg
gldtl
ldtl ifrf
ifrfej
ejff pfr
pfr Gmau
Gmaulh
lh
Eutfrlmedfs, qul `evme smjf lsifh`mjf ifgf petrmerie jl Ifdstedtmdfphe df lxçhmf.
Jlssl gfgldtf lg jmedtl, ug mgplrejfr l petrmerie frtfjfxf bmzedtmdf, rlsmjldtl
lg Dmiíme, fpús-sl e slus `fgùhfafs ietùhmifs fimjldtems lg Ifdstedtmdfphe.
@ldrmqul, mrgéf jl Behjuçdf l suilssfr ifgf mgplrejfr hetmdf, aed`fu ehaug
epfmf ldtrl
nrustreje plhefsrldfveje
arlafs je Zråime, ges
`fstmhmjejl sue mdveséf
jl Oehfced je ldtedtf,
(qul, df Åsme Gldfr lglg
gfrrlu 52;> nfm
52;1).
 Ef glsgf tlgpf, Zlfjfrf tlvl jl hmjer ifg e fpfsmáéf prfhfdaeje jf suhtedetf
slhcóimje
slhcóimje jl Mofdmfd
Mofdmfd (Rug),
(Rug), ifg qulg f mgplrejfr
mgplrejfr jlpfstf Ehlmxf
Ehlmxf MMM pljmre esmhf.

Fs slhcóimjes ifdihuçreg ug tretejf ifg f Mgpírmf Hetmdf ifdtre Zlfjfrf Hesoerms,

ges f óhtmgf nmdehgldtl trmudnfu, l f prùprmf suhtéf iemu lg beteh`e ifg f lstejf
 bmzedtmdf lg 5255. E aulrre ldtrl f Mgpírmf Hetmdf l f Mgpírmf jl Dmiíme ifdtmdufu
mdjlimse etí 525:, quedjf ug tretejf jl pez nfm essmdejf, prlvldjf nrfdtlmres
tlgpfrermegldtl lståvlms.
F jlspftejf jl Lpmrfs lre futrf lstejf suilssfr bmzedtmdf, l prfverme slr ug
rmve
rmvehh gems
gems jure
jurejf
Ifdstedtmdfphe jfur
lg urff efGmaulh
52;:, Mgpí
Mgpírmrmf
f jl Dmií
Edalhfs Dm iíme
me.. jl
(prmgf Mglj
Mgljme
mete
tegl
Ehlmxfgldt
MMdtl
llMsequl
epùs
epùs MM)
e essugmu
qulj
quljee jl
f
ifdtrfhl je pertl dfrflstl jf ifdtmdldtl arlaf, jl Jmrråqumf ef Afhnf jl Ifrmdtf.
Ifg sue iepmteh lg Erte, fs afvlrdedtls jl Lpmrfs tegbíg rlmvmdjmieveg e `lredáe
 bmzedtmde, l ifgpltmeg mauehgldtl ifdtre fs vldlzmedfs ef hfdaf je ifste, l f rlmdf
nredif jl Zlssehúdmie, df dfrtl, l - lg óhtmge edåhmsl - f Mgpírmf jl Dmiíme, qul lre
slu prmdimpeh ifdifrrldtl pere e trejmáéf bmzedtmde. Jlpfms jl 525<, f afvlrdedtl jl
Lpmrfs lre f glmf mrgéf jl Gmaulh, Zlfjfrf, qul frauh`fsegldtl tfgfu pere sm fs
trãs dfgls mgplrmems jl Edalhfs, Jfuofs, Ifgdldf l qulg ifdslaumu iepturer
[ljrf jl Ifurtdly, f rliíg-ifrfejf mgplrejfr hetmdf, quedjf lsteve e iegmd`f
etrevís jes gfdted`es je Ehbâdme. Zlfjfrf evedáfu ifdtre f rlmdf jl Zlssehúdmie,
qul lsteve nreif epùs e gfrtl
gfrtl jl slu nudjejfr
nudjejfr,, Bfdmn
Bfdmnåimf
åimf jl Gfdtnlrret
Gfdtnlrretl,l, gfrtf lg
52;1. Lg 522:, Zlfjfrf lre jfdf jl Zlssehúdmie, l ug jfs lstejfs iruzejfs lg
tlrrmtùrm
tlrrmtùrmff bmzedtmdf
bmzedtmdf jlmxere
jlmxere jl lxmstmr
lxmstmr.. Epùs lssl suilssf, Zlfjfrf
Zlfjfrf essugmu f gedtf
 pórpure mgplrmeh l sl mdtmtuhfu mgplrejfr,
mgplrejfr, nezldjf jlhl ug iherf rmveh pere f
mgplrejfr jl Dmiíme.

F Mgpírmf jl Dmiíme
Lg Dmiíme, Zlfjfrf
Zlfjfrf M Hesoerms gfrrlu lg 5222, pessedjf f trfdf pere slu aldrf
Cféf
Cféf MMMMMM Jfuo
Jfuofsfs ^et
etet
etzl
zlss (522
(52222 e 52<:
52<:).
). Fs mrgé
mrgéfs
fs jl Zlfjf
lfjfrf
rf pr
prfiu
fiure
rereg
reg
rlmvmdjmier f trfdf pere sm, ifg ecuje hetmde, ges Cféf fs jlrrubfu. Lhl aed`fu f
ifdtrfhl je gemfrme jes mh`es jf Lalu frmldteh l rlspfdjlu e ug eplhf jf pfvf jl
Ejrmedùpfhms, ldvmedjf trfpes pere e Zråime, lsteblhlildjf sue prlsldáe de Lurfpe l,
ifg lnlmtf, nli`edjf Ifdstedtmdfphe lg jfms hejfs. Dlstl pfdtf, ldtrltedtf, Lpmrfs l
Buhaårme, qul ifbmáereg f glsgf prãgmf, mdtlrvmlreg l ^etetzls nfm nfráejf e sl
rltmrer.
F izer je Buhaårme, Mved Esld MM, lre ug afvlrdedtl nfrgmjåvlh, l tmd`e
egbmáüls slglh`edtls ës jl Ymgléf je Buhaårme df síiuhf P3 e ifdqumste jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe l e nfrgeáéf jl ug lstejf bóhaerf-bmzedtmdf. F afvlrdedtl hetmdf,
Behjuçdf
Behju çdf MM, lre gldfr jl mjejl l nfrg
nfrgfu
fu uge ehmedáe
ehmedáe plhe queh Behjuçdf
Behjuçdf sl ieserme
ieserme
ifg e nmh`e jl Esld. Mssf hlvfu Zlfjfrf jl Lpmrfs e rfgplr sue ehmedáe ifg e
Buhaårme, ges de beteh`e jl Ohfoftdmie, lg 529;, fs bóhaerfs prlvehlilreg, l
Zlfjfrf nfm iepturejf l ilaejf. Lhl nfm suiljmjf pfr slu mrgéf Gedulh, qul
ifdslaumu esslaurer Zlssehúdmie, ges Esld essugmu _f ifdtrfhlW je gemfr pertl jes
ifdqumstes jl Zlfjfrf de Geiljúdme l de Zråime, l lglramu ifgf e nmaure gems
 pfjlrfse jfs Båhiés.
rlifdsmjlresslg Lsslifg
sue ehmedáe rugf jfsqul,
Esld, eifdtlimgldtfs nlz eifg
pfrtedtf, ehmfu-sl qulEsld
Dmiíme. fs hetmdfs
l Cféf
 ^etetzls smtmereg Ifdstedtmdfphe lg 529<->, ges Esld hfaf gujfu jl pfsmáéf gems
uge vlz, l e ehmedáe bóhaerf-bmzedtmde ldtrfu lg ifhepsf. Esld gfrrlu lg 52:5 l f

 pfjlr bóhaerf jlihmdfu, lg pertl ifgf rlsuhtejf je mdveséf jfs gfdaùms, qul
jlvestereg fs Båhiés l f Frmldtl [rùxmgf. Gumtfs jfs mdmgmafs jl Dmiíme, mdihumdjf
e Buhaårme l f suhtedetf jl Mofdmfd, nfreg fbrmaejfs e peaer trmbutf efs gfdaùms,
ges f Mgpírmf jl Dmiíme semu mhlsf.
Cféf pújl essmg ifdsfhmjer slu pfjlr dfs Båhiés, iuhgmdedjf ifg e tfgeje jl
Zlssehúdmie lg 52:> l e iepture je gemfr pertl jfs tlrrmtùrmfs qul Esld MM `evme
tfgejf jl Lpmrfs.
rlsmstãdime, ges esYfb e mdnhuãdime
nfráes jl Cféf jf mjfsf Zlfjfrf
^etetzls Edalhfs, Lpmrfs
nfreg suplrmfrls fnlrlilu ilrte
l fs afvlrdedtls jl
Lpmrfs nfreg nfráejfs e rlifd`liã-hf ifgf mgplrejfr. Z Zlfjfrf,
lfjfrf, pfr sue vlz, rlilblu
jlhl f tçtuhf jl jíspfte _afvlrdejfrW, l Lpmrfs ifdtmdufu e lxmstmr pfr ehaug tlgpf
ifgf ug prmdimpejf bmzedtmdf slgm-mdjlpldjldtl.
Cféf déf madfrfu es rlheáüls jmphfgåtmies ifg f Fimjldtl, lg ug lsnfráf pere
msfher f Mgpírmf Hetmdf pfhçtmie l gmhmtergldtl nfrgfu uge rlheáéf lsplimehgldtl
ifrjmeh ifg f mgplrejfr ehlgéf Nrljlrmif MM l rlehmzfu dlafimeáüls ifg f pepejf
 pere e udméf jes marlces. ^etetzls lsteve plhf gldfs frmamdehgldtl jmspfstf e
subcuaer e Marlce Frtfjfxe ef pepe lg trfie jl ehmedáe ifdtre f Mgpírmf Hetmdf. Df
nmdeh, df ldtedtf, lssls erredcfs déf hlvereg e deje, lg pertl pfrqul f suilssf
gmhmter jl ^etetzls
^etetzls tfrdfu e ecuje fimjldteh jlsdlilssårme. Cféf MMM pfjlrme gumtf blg
tlr tfgejf Ifdstedtmdfphe, ges lg slus óhtmgfs edfs sfnrlu jl lpmhlpsme l lg 52<:
lhl gfrrlu.
Cféf MMM nfm suiljmjf pfr slu nmh`f Zlfjfrf MM (52<:-0), qul rlilblu f dfgl
Hesoerms etrevís jl sue gél. Zlfjfrf MM lre ug lrujmtf l eutfr ifdsugejf, l ilrifu-
sl jl futrfs `fglds jl hltres. Lre jl tlgplregldtf bestedtl mrrmtåvlh l jlsifdnmeve
jes prmdimpems negçhmes ermstfiråtmies. Ifgf rlsuhtejf, `fuvl jmvlraãdimes nrlqøldtls
ldtrl e ermstfireime l f mgplrejfr, qul slhlimfdeveg ifdslh`lmrfs jl stetus `ugmhjl.
Zlfjfrf, ifgf slu pem, sfnrme jl lpmhlpsme l gfrrlu lg 52<0, jlmxedjf slu nmh`f jl 1
edfs, Cféf M^, pere suiljã-hf. Jlpfms jl ehauges gedfbres, e rlaãdime nfm tfgeje
 pfr Gmaulh [ehemfhfafs, ug glgbrf jl uge aredjl negçhme ermstfiråtmie qul `evme
aed`ejff prflgmdãdim
aed`ej prflgmdãdimee sfb f ifgedjf
ifgedjf jl Cféf ^etetzl
^etetzls.
s. [ehlùhfaf essugmu f tçtuhf
tçtuhf
jl jíspfte, ges df mdçimf jl 52<= nfm ifrfejf if-mgplrejfr ifg f cfvlg Cféf M^, e
qulg lhl lssldimehgldtl madfrfu dfs jfms edfs slaumdtls.
Gmaulhh ^MMM (52<=-5202)
Gmaul (52<=-5202) nfm mgljmetegld
mgljmetegldtl tl ifdnrfdtejf
ifdnrfdtejf ifg sírmfs
sírmfs prfbhlges
prfbhlges
gmhmterls quedjf Gednrljf je Ymiçhme, nmh`f jl Nrljlrmif MM, ehmfu-sl e Lpmrfs, f
 prmdimpejf je Eieme l rlm \rfs je Yírvme ifdtre Dmiíme. Gednrljf tfgfu Olroyre l
vårmes imjejls ef hfdaf je ifste jf Ejrmåtmif, l e ehmedáe edtm-bmzedtmde ldtrfu de
Geil
Ge iljú
júdm
dme.
e. Gmau
Gmaulhlh ldvm
ldvmfu
fu slu
slu mr
mrgé
géf,
f, f Ylbes
Ylbestf
tfor
oret
etfr
fr Cféf
Cféf [ehe
[ehemf
mfhf
hfaf
afs,
s, pere
pere
ldnrldter f mdmgmaf, l lg uge beteh`e iruimeh lg [lheafdme lg 52<= jlrrftfu
jlimsmvegldtl3 e gemfrme jfs ievehlmrfs hetmdfs plrlilreg df iegpf jl beteh`e, l f
 prçdimpl je Eieme, Qmhhmeg
Qmhhmeg ^mhhl`erjfumd,
^mhhl`erjfumd, nfm iepturejf.
Gmau
Gm aulh
lh eafr
eafree ifdn
ifdnme
medt
dtll je vmtù
vmtùrm
rme,
e, ifhf
ifhfif
ifuu sl
slus
us fh`f
fh`fss jmrl
jmrlte
tegl
gldt
dtll lg
Ifdstedtmdfphe. ^ldlze lre f ódmif pfjlr qul pfjlrme etrepeh`er slus phedfs, jl
gfjf qul,
Aãdfve, lgrmveh
eafre 52>5, Gmaulh ifdtrebehedáfu
lifdúgmif lsse
l deveh jl ^ldlze df egleáe ifg uge
Gljmtlrrâdlf ehmedáe
frmldteh? ifg
lg trfie
 jl ecuje gmhmter, e Aãdfve nfm ifdiljmje prmvmhíamfs jl dlafimeáéf l rlgmssüls nmsiems
smadmnmietmves, slglh`edtls efs ifdiljmjfs efs vldlzmedfs df mdçimf jf tretejf jl

5;02. Lg cuh`f jl 52>5, f ifgedjedtl bmzedtmdf Ehlmxf Lstretlafpfuhfs eiegpfu df

 prùxmgf e Ifdstedtmdfphe l, pere sue surprlse, ei`fu e imjejl pretmiegldtl mdjlnlse.
Lg 5< jl cuh`f jl 52>5 lhl tfgfu e imjejl l f Mgpírmf Hetmdf jlmxfu jl lxmstmr? ug
gãs jlpfms, Gmaulh ^MMM nlz sue ldtreje trmudneh lg Ifdstedtmdfphe l, lg glmf efs
ehlarls `ebmtedtls je imjejl, plrifrrlu e trejmimfdeh rfte trmudneh je @eame Yfp`me.
Lg sltlgbrf, f petrmerie rlehmzfu e slaudje ifrfeáéf jf mgplrejfr, cudtf ifg sue
lspfse Zlfjfrejmdestme.
rliíg-nudjeje l f cfvlg nmh`f Edjrfdmofs, aeredtmdjf essmg e sfbrlvmvãdime je
Gmi`elh _epùs e tfgejeW aed`fu e mdmgmzejl jl ug arupf jf ihlrf quedjf
ilaf
ilafuu slu
slu if-m
if-mgp
gplr
lrej
ejfr
fr Cféf
Cféf Heso
Hesoer
erms
ms df nmdeh
nmdeh jl 52>5
52>5.. F [etr
[etrme
meri
riee Ersl
Ersldm
dmfs
fs
Eutfrlmedfs, qul `evme ifrfejf Gmaulh df mdçimf jf edf, eafre lxifgudafu f
mgplrejfr, l f arupf irlsilu l gedtlvl e hlamtmgmjejl je hmd`e Hesoermje, lg vlz je
hmd`e [ehlùhfaede. F petrmerie ifdtmdufu sue fpfsmáéf ef mgplrejfr sfbrl lste
qulstéf l lg 52>< ug sçdfjf jlpús l lxmhfu Ersldmfs. Ylus slaumjfrls, fs i`egejfs
ersldmtes, gedtmd`eg hlehjejl ef petrmerie jlpfstf l sue eamteáéf lsteve mdtmgegldtl
rlheimfdeje ef sldtmgldtf pfhçtmif lg epfmf efs Hesoermjes. Fs ersldmedfs, pfrtedtf,
sl ldiemxeg dfs gfhjls jf hçjlr lihlsmåstmif bmzedtmdf, qul nfm gehtretejf pfr ug
mgplrejfr pfr lxmamr ug ehtf pejréf jl ifgpfrtegldtf gfreh.
\ge jes terlnes gems jmnçilms jl Gmaulh nfm e tldtetmve jl lxpedjmr f pfjlr
mgplrmeh de Aríime. Lpmrfs l Zlssåhme plrgedlimeg tlmgfsegldtl mdjlpldjldtls, l
lstl óhtmgf lre ug mdmgmaf lsplimehgldtl mdtredsmaldtl jf mgpírmf? Gmaulh tegbíg
jljmifu rliursfs ifdsmjlråvlms ë sue tldtetmve jl jlstrumr f prmdimpejf je Eieme df
[lhfpfdlsf. Lg tfjfs lssls lsnfráfs, df ldtedtf, Gmaulh nfm mgpljmjf plhe ecuje qul
Ierhfs jl Edcfu ldvmfu e slus mdmgmafs de pldçdsuhe arlae.
F pepe Arlaùrmf P, ldquedtf mssf, sl iedsfu jes tåtmies jl jlgfre jf mgplrejfr
l mdsmstmu qul f mgplrejfr ifdifrjessl ifg e udméf jes marlces l, í iherf, ifg f
rlifd`limgldtf je suprlgeime pepeh. Gmaulh nfm fbrmaejf e eilmter, l lg 521: f
Ifdiçhmf jl Hyfd nfrgehgldtl
nfrgehgldtl prfihegfu e subgmsséf je Marlce Frtfjfxe ef pepejf.
F petrmerie jl Ifdstedtmdfphe rliusfu-sl e eilmter e suprlgeime jf pepe l nfm
rlgfvmjf ë nfráe l substmtuçjf pfr ug bmspf gems nhlxçvlh, Cféf jl Bloofs. Fs
lstejfs suilssfrls arlafs l fs rlmdfs lshevfs tfjfs rlclmtereg e udméf l udmreg-sl lg
sue fpfsmáéf e Bmzâdimf. Ehíg jmssf, e rlsmstãdime ifdtmdufu e rludmr-sl lg tfrdf jf
ilaf Cféf M^ ifgf rlprlsldtedtl jfs Hesoermjes, lg fpfsmáéf ef [ehlùhfafs, l fs
ersldmtes gedtmvlreg lste qulstéf vmve.
Lg 5205, Gertmd`f M^ tfrdfu-sl pepe l epfmfu etmvegldtl es egbmáüls jl
Ierhfs, mdjf téf hfdal e pfdtf jl ifdjlder Gmaulh ifgf imsgåtmif - lgbfre lhl, í
iherf, tmvlssl fnlrlimjf sue subgmsséf ef pepejf l aed`ejf f ùjmf jl gumtfs
 bmzedtmdfs pfr lsse eáéf. E ehmedáe edtm-bmzedtmde sl nfrgfu dfvegldtl l f rlm
Lstínedf \rfs MM Gmhutmd (5202-5925) je Yírvme mdvejmu e Geiljúdme. Dlste smtueáéf
 plrmafse, Gmaulh ^MMM gems uge vlz ifdtfu ifg sues `ebmhmjejls jmphfgåtmies. Df
nmdeh jl geráf jl 5202, uge rlblhméf lstfurfu de Ymiçhme ifdtre f jfgçdmf Edalvmdf.
Ierhfs, qul
lxpljmáéf lsteve
pere prfdtf
e Ymiçhme pere tldtetmve
lg uge eteier Ifdstedtmdfphe,
vé jl eieber ifgnfme rlvfhte.
nfráejfUuedjf
e jlsvmer sue
e nrfte
 jl Ereaéf _qul `evme nlmtf eifrjf ifg GmaulhW i`lafu lg eafstf jf glsgf edf,
lxpuhsereg fs edalvmdfs je mh`e l Ierhfs déf pújl gems egleáer Ifdstedtmdfphe.

5:
F Mdçimf jf Jlihçdmf
5925 ’ Mdçimf jl uge Aulrre Imvmh.
5995 ’ Lstínedf Jused sl tfrde rlm je Yírvme.
590=
59=5 ’’ Gedulh
Beteh`e MM
jlsl
Ofsfvf.
tfrde mgplrejfr.

Edjrfdmofs MM (5202 ’ 5920) 

Gmaulh ^MMM gfrrlu lg 5202, jlmxedjf f mgpírmf df qul perlime lster

lg gumtf bfg lstejf. [ere tlr ilrtlze, Bmzâdimf rlssuramu df pehif ifgf
ug mgpfrtedtl pertmimpedtl lg essudtfs mdtlrdeimfdems. Déf fbstedtl, slus
suilssfrls nfreg ifgphltegldtl mdiepezls jl gedtlr f pfjlr pfhçtmif l
gmhmter jf mgpírmf jl Gmaulh, pfríg í uge qulstéf lg eblrtf etí queh
 pfdtf
Gmaulhsues pfhçtmies
aestere ldfrgl nfreg rlspfdsåvlms
ldlrame pfr lssl
pere rlsteurer jlihçdmf.
Bmzâdimf e uge[frpfsmáéf
ug hejf,
jl
 pfjlr,, l mssf pfssmvlhgldtl ldnrequlilre f tlimjf gems egphf je lifdfgme
 pfjlr
l jf Lst
Lstej
ejff bmze
bmzedtdtmd
mdf.
f. [f
[frr fu
futr
trff hejf
hejf,, jl
jlvl
vlgf
gfss tlr
tlr iu
iumj
mjej
ejff qu
qued
edjf
jf
iuhpegfs f suilssf jl Gmaulh ^MMM plhfs nreiessfs qul fifrrlreg sfb f
jfgçdmf jl slus suilssfrls.
Epùs e gfrtl jl Gmaulh ^MMM, f trfdf pessfu slg mdimjldtls e slu
nmh`f Edjrfdmofs MM (5202-5920), iucf hfdaf rlmdejf nfm geriejf pfr
jmnmiuhjejls l jlrrftes smadmnmietmves pere Bmzâdimf. Dlste ípfie, e pråtmie
jl user glgbrfs je negçhme mgplrmeh jfs [ehlùhfafs ifgf afvlrdejfrls
 prfvmdimems tfrdfu-sl aldlrehmzeje, jl gfjf qul lhls lreg lnltmvegldtl
afvlrd
afv lrdedt
edtls
ls slg
slgm-m
m-mdjl
djlpld
pldjld
jldtls
tls jl per
pertls
tls jf mg
mgpír
pírmf.
mf. Dlstl,
Dlstl, pfj
pfjl-s
l-sll
dfter e vmtùrme nmdeh je dfbrlze bmzedtmde, qul pfr gumtf tlgpf busifu f
 pfjlr qul lre lssldimehgldtl plssfeh l mdjlpldjldtl jf Lstejf ildtreh.
Lssl nldúgldf lsteve essfimejf e ifdilmtfs fimjldtems jl pfjlr pfhçtmif, l
f jlslcf je slaudje lspfse jf mgplrejfr, Mrldl (]fhedje) jl Gfdtnlrretl,
jl jmvmjmr f tlrrmtùrmf mgplrmeh ldtrl slus nmh`fs, f qul lre ifdsmjlrejf ug
smdeh jl mdnhu
mdnhuãdime
ãdime fimjldteh,
fimjldteh, jl eifrj
eifrjff ifg f `mstf
`mstfrmejf
rmejfrr ifdt
ifdtlgpf
lgpfrâdlf
râdlf
Arlafres. Mrldl eiebfu pfr déf ifdslaumr, eplser jl tlr ifdslaumjf ieser e
sue nmh`e Ymgfdms ifg f rlm sírvmf Gmhutmd, l ifdtmdufu e dlafimer ifg lhl
jlpfms jf enestegldtf jf germjf. Edjrfdmofs nfm iherf lg sue rlclmáéf jes
jlgedjes jl Mrldl pere f qul lqumvehme ef ebedjfdf je mjíme bmzedtmde jf
lstejf, ges lhl plrgmtmu f irlsimgldtf je mdjlpldjãdime jl netf jfs
 lstejf, ges lhl plrgmtmu f irlsimgldtf je mdjlpldjãdime jl netf jfs
aredjls hetmnudjmårmfs qul, pfr sue vlz, ldnrequlilreg lifdfgmiegldtl f

lstejf
lste jf,, cå ququll lrlreg
eg df dfrg
rgehg
ehgldldtl
tl ie
iepepezl
zlss jl lvmt
lvmter
er f pepeae
aegl
gldt
dtff jl
mgpfstfs ef afvlrdf ildtreh. F edtmaf smstlge jl prf dfme sfbrlvmvlu l nfm
 prfdfme
usejf plhfs mgplrejfrls jl Dmiíme, l Gmaulh ^MMM tfrdfu e ifdilsséf
`lrljmtårme. E pråtmie tfrdfu-sl gems jmnudjmje ldtrl slus suilssfrls, l e
fbrmaeáéf jf prlstejfr jl prlster ug slrvmáf pere f lstejf ldnrequlilu
dftevlhgldtl.
Gems jf qul e gemfrme jfs mgplrejfrls, Edjrfdmofs MM jlpldjme jl
slu nmh`f gems vlh`f, Gmaulh MP, qul tmd`e smjf dfglejf if-mgplrejfr lg
5205 l ifrfejf lg 52=: fu 52=<. Gmaulh lre ug ifgedjedtl ldlraítmif l
alrehgldtl ifgpltldtl, l Edjrfdmofs ifgpertmh`eve pfjlr ifg lhl jl bfe
vfdtejl, jlmxedjf e gemfrme jfs essudtfs gmhmterls lg sues géfs.
Edjrfdmofs lsteve lsplimehgldtl mdtlrlssejf lg essudtfs rlhmamfsfs.
Lhl sl fpud`e ë nreiesseje pfhçtmie jl udméf ifg Rfge l ebedjfdfu e
 pfhçtmie jl slu pem, qul `evme vmstf f pepejf ifgf besl pere esslaurer f
epfm
ep fmff fimj
fimjld
ldte
teh.
h. Es ^í ^íspsplr
lreses Ymim
Ymimhmhmed
edes
es _ete
_etequ
quls
ls smim
smimhm
hmed
edfs
fs e tlrr
tlrres
es
 bmzedtmdesW puslreg nmg ë vmebmhmjejl jlsse pfhçtmie l, mgljmetegldtl epùs
suee esi
su sild
ldsé
séff, Edj
Edjrf rfdm
dmof
ofss rlrlvf
vfaafu e udm dméf
éf l rl rlst
steu
eurf
rfuu e pfpfsmsmáé
áéff
trejmimfdeh je Marlce Frtfjfxe. Mdnlhmzgldtl pere Bmzâdimf, df ldtedtf,
essmg qul lssl fbståiuhf ldtrl f mgplrejfr l e marlce nfm rlgfvmjf, e
jmsp
jmspututee mr
mrrf
rfgp
gplu lu df dfve
vegl
gldtdtll ldtr
ldtrll fs er ersl
sldm
dmte
tes,
s, qul
qul if ifdt
dtmd
mdue
ueve
vegg e
rlvlrldimer e glgùrme jf petrmerie jlpfstf, l equlhls qul epfmeveg es
 pfhçtmies gems gfjlrejes jf mgplrejfr mgplrejfr.. Edjrfdmofs nlz ug alstf pere fs
ersldmtes lg 520: l plrgmtmu qul f ifrpf jl Ersldmfs nfssl hlvejf jl
vfht
vf htee e If Ifds
dsttedtm
edtmdf
dfph
phe,
e, fdjdjll nfnfmm ififddsmjl
smjlrerejjf if
ifg g `fdr
`fdree pfpfrr slslus
us
slaumjfrls. E jmspute sl errestfu, df ldtedtf, etí qul f petrmerie Dmnúdmf
nfm nmdehgldtl iepez jl dlafimer ug tretejf l f imsge i`lafu ef nmg lg
595;.
Edjrfdmofs tlvl ifdsmjlråvlh mdtlrlssl de ejgmdmstreáéf je marlce,
rlfr
rlfraeaedm
dmze
zedj
djff es jmfijmfilslsls
ls l rlaurlauhehedj
djff fs gfstgfstlmlmrf
rfs.
s. \g
\gee je jess ge
gemsms
mgpfrtedtls jlsses eáüls nfm sue jlimséf jl 5955, plhe queh fs  prf tfs  jf
 prftfs
Gfdtl Et`fs, qul prlsmjmeg tfjfs fs gfstlmrfs je Gfdted`e Yeareje, déf
jlvl
jl vlrmrmeg
eg gegemsms slslrr df
dfgl
glejejfs
fs plplhf
hf mgmgplplre
rejf
jfrr, ges
ges pl plhf
hf pepetr
trme
meri
riee jl
Ifds
If dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he.. Dl
Dlssssee l jl gu gumtmtes
es fufutr
tres
es nfnfrg
rges
es,, e marl
marlce
ce bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdee
gedtlvl fu etí egphmfu sue eutfrmjejl, gumtf ehíg jf tlrrmtùrmf ieje vlz
gems lstrlmtf ifdtrfhejf plhf Lstejf bmzedtmdf.
Yfb Gmhutmd (5202’5925), e Yírvme nfrdlilu jlsenmfs l fpfrtudmjejls
 pere Bmzâdimf dlstl gfgldtf. Fs etequls ë Geiljúdme nmzlreg ifg qul
Edjrfdmofs busiessl uge ehmedáe getrmgfdmeh ifg Gmhutmd3 uge prfpfste
 jl iesegldtf ifg e mrgé jf mgplrejfr Lujfome nreiessfu, quedjf lstl sl

rliusfu e iffplrer. Egbfs Edjrfdmofs l Gmhutmd busiereg e ehmedáe, df

ldtedtf, egbfs nmdehgldtl suplrereg e fpfsmáéf hfieh, l lg 52== f rlm
sírvmf lre iesejf e nmh`e jl Edjrfdmofs, Ymgfdms (qul tmd`e epldes < edfs
jl mjmjej
ejll de íp
ípfi
fie)
e).. Ls
Lstl
tl ie
iese
segl
gldt
dtf,
f, lg
lgbf
bfre
re dé
déff tld`
tld`ee if
ifdsdsla
laum
umjf
jf
 prfjuzmr ug `lrjlmrf, nfm f mdçimf jl ug mdtldsf plrçfjf jl mdtlreáéf df
queh e mdnhuãdime bmzedtmde de Yírvme etmdamu ug pfdtf ehtf. Erqumtltfs,
 pmdtfrls, lstujmfsfs l gmssmfdårmfs bmzedtmdfs ldifdtrereg iegmd`f pere e
Yírvme, l e ifrtl sírvme sl tfrdfu ug netfr smadmnmietmvf de jmsslgmdeáéf je
iuhture bmzedtmde dfs Båhiés sltldtrmfdems. Ifgf gumtes vlzls eifdtlilu
df pessejf, fs afvlrdedtls sírvmfs vmreg e ifdlxéf ifg Bmzâdimf ifgf
ug glmf jl ecujer e sfhmjmnmier slu ifdtrfhl sfbrl e ermstfireime hfieh l
nfrdlilr sçgbfhfs mgpfrtedtls jl slu pfjlr l ifdtrfhl jl slu prùprmf
tlrrmtùrmf.
Fs bmzedtmdfs lxplrmgldtereg uge gemfr jmnmiuhjejl de Åsme Gldfr.
Es mdvesüls gfdaùms, qul `evmeg treaf ehaug ehçvmf e Bmzâdimf lg
rlmdejfs edtlrmfrls, nmzlreg ifg qul gumtfs rlnuamejfs nfsslg pere e Åsme
Gldfr vmdjfs jf Frmldtl. Zehvlz pfr ieuse je rlifdqumste ste jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe l je gujedáe jl etldáéf pere f Fimjldtl, f mgpírmf `evme
 prlstejf gldfs etldáéf ë Åsme Gldfr dlssls edfs jlsjl 52>5. Ifgf
rlsuhtejf, Bmzâdimf nfm iepez jl fnlrlilr pfuie rlsmstãdime efs pfvfs
turifs qul sl lspeh`ereg plhf peçs l df iegpf, l df mdçimf jf síiuhf PM^,
vmrtuehgldtl tfje e Åsme Gldfr, ifg lxiláéf jes aredjls imjejls, `evme
smjf plrjmje jf ifdtrfhl bmzedtmdf. Lg vlz jmssf, e Åsme Gldfr nfm
jmvmjmje lg gumtfs prmdimpejfs turifs mdjlpldjldtls, ldtrl fs quems, f jl
Fsged (5200’592>), nudjejfr je jmdestme ftfgede, de Bmtçdme.
Edjrfdmofs déf tmd`e rliursfs gmhmterls pere ifgbetlr e egleáe turie,
ldtéf lhl busifu ecuje jfs ehmejfs. Lhl prmglmrf cudtfu nfráes ifg fs
Ehedfs, iuce mdiurséf de Åsme Gldfr nfm ug ifgphltf nreiessf. Lg 59;9,
lhl ldtéf sl ehmfu e Rfalr jl Nhfr, f ifgedjedtl je Aredjl Ifgped`me je
Ietehud`e, ug arupf jl glrildårmfs je Lsped`e qul cå `evme hutejf pfr
vårmfs hçjlrls fimjldtems. Edjrfdmofs nlz jl Rfalr ug Ielser  l   l iesfu-f
ifg sue sfbrmd`e Germe Esld. Lg 59;:, fs ietehéls fbtmvlreg ehaug
suilssf dftåvlh df dfrflstl je Åsme Gldfr, ges tegbíg eteiereg e
 pfpuheáéf bmzedtmde, lsplimehgldtl quedjf f mgplrejfr dlg slgprl
ifdslaume suprmr slus peaegldtfs eifrjejfs. Lhls etrevlssereg pere e
Lurfpe l ifdtmduereg sues jlvesteáüls, qul sù nfreg egphmnmiejes epùs f
essessmdetf jl Rfalr jl Nhfr lg 59;<, tehvlz pfr frjlg jl Gmaulh MP. F
if-mgplrejfr ldtrfu lg iegpf ifdtre fs ietehéls, ges nfm jlimsmvegldtl
 jlrrftejf, l pfr jfms edfs fs ietehéls jlvestereg e Zråime edtls jl

jlsilrlg pere e Geiljúdme.

Aulrre Imvmh

F nmh`f jl Edjrfdmofs, Gmaulh MP, gfrrlu lg 592;, efs :9 edfs.

Edttls jmss
Ed ssff, uge
uge ru rupptu
ture
re sí
sírm
rmee fi
fiffrrlr
rrlree ld
ldtr
trll f ededttma
maff mg
mgpl
plre
rejf
jfrr
Edjjrf
Ed rfdm
dmof
ofss MM l sl sluu dl
dlttf l `fg fgúd
údmgmgf,
f, Edj
Edjrf rfdm
dmof
ofss MMM.
MMM. F cfvl
cfvlgg
Edjrfdmofs, nmh`f jl Gmaulh MP, cå `evme smjf ifrfejf if-mgplrejfr, ges
slu lstmhf jl vmje nrçvfhf l slu ifgpfrtegldtf vmfhldtf nmzlreg ifg qul f
mgplrejfr gems vlh`f f lxihuçssl je suilsséf. Glgbrfs je ermstfireime,
ifgf Cféf Oedteofuzldfs, qul fiupeveg ierafs des prfvçdimes, usereg e
irms
irmsll if
ifgf
gf ugeuge fpfpfr
frtu
tudm
dmje
jejl
jl pepere
re sl rlvf
rlvfht
hter
er if
ifdt
dtre
re f af afvl
vlrd
rdff jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe, l lg 5925 Edjrfdmofs MMM essugmu e hmjlredáe jlssl
gfvmgldtf. Hmvrl jl rlspfdsebmhmjejls nmsiems, lhl fnlrlilu aldlrfsfs
 prlsldtls l msldáüls efs slus epfmejfrls, l f edtmaf mgplrejfr nfm nfráejf
e eilmter slu dltf ifgf slu if-rlaldtl lg 592<. E aulrre imvmh lstfurfu
dfvegldtl lg 5921 l i`lafu e ldvfhvlr fs rlmdfs lshevfs, ifgf e Yírvme
epfmfu f gems vlh`f l e Buhaårme qul epfmfu f Edjrfdmofs gems cfvlg.
Ehíg jmssf, e aulrre imvmh plrgmtmu qul ug aredjl dóglrf jl ehbedlsls
mdv
dvej
ejmmssl
ssl f tl tlrr
rrmt
mtùr
ùrmmf mgmgpl
plrm
rmeeh, fdj djll plplrg
rgededli
lilu
lu ls lssl
sldi
dimmehg
ehgldldtl
tl
mdjlpldjldtl pfr ehaug tlgpf. Lg aredjl pertl pfr ieuse je fpfsmáéf ës
 pfhçtmies nmdedilmres eustlres jl Edjrfdmofs MM, l e pfpuhermjejl jl
Edjrfdmofs MMM irlsilu? lg 5920 lhl nfm iepez jl ldtrer lg Ifdstedtmdfphe
slg fpfsmáéf l nfráfu slu evú e ebjmierebjmier..

Edjrfdmofs MMM (5920 ’ 59:5) 

Cféf Oedteofuzldfs, qul nf nfmm ug jfs gemf emfrls epfmejfrls jl

Edjrfdmofs MMM, gedtlvl es ríjles jf Lstejf sfb f dfvf mgplrejfr,
ldquedtf Edjrfdmofs sl jljmieve prmdimpehgldtl efs essudtfs gmhmterls.
 De Åsme Gldfr
Gldfr,, fs ftfgedfs ifdtmduereg slu evedáf, tfgedjf Burse
([rfuse), qul pessfu e slr sue iepmteh. Oedteofuzldfs ehmfu f mgpírmf ifg
fs lg
lgmr
mrls
ls slhc
slhcói
óimj
mjes
es rlge
rlgedls
dlsil
ildt
dtls
ls,, iu
iuce
ce lx
lxms
mstã
tãdi
dime
me nf
nfmm maue
mauehg
hgld
ldtl
tl
egleáeje plhfs ftfgedfs.
 Dfs Båhiés, Bmzâdimf ehmfu-sl ë Buhaårme ifdtre e Yírvme, l mssf hlvfu
e uge prfve jl nfráe ldtrl fs jfms rlmdfs lshevfs lg ^lhbuzj lg 599;. E
 beteh`e nfm uge vmtùrme ifgphlte pere fs sírvmfs, qul eafre jfgmdeveg
tfje e rlaméf suh jfs Båhiés. Hfaf jlpfms, f dfvf rlm sírvmf, Lstlnâdmf
 \re'r M^ Jused (5995-59<<), nlz es pezls ifg f dfvf izer bóhaerf Mved

Ehlxed
Ehlx edjl
jlrr (5
(599
9955 e 595915
15),
), l ififds
dsla
laum
umuu sl gf
gfvlvlrr vm
vmtf
tfrm
rmfs
fseg
egld ldtl
tl de
Geiljúdme bmzedtmde. Lg 599:, ug tretejf jl pez nfm essmdejf, slaudjf f
queh fs sírvmfs nfreg jlmxejfs df ifdtrfhl je gemfrme jl sues ifdqumstes.
E smtueáéf de Åsme Gldfr, fdjl Dmiíme l Dmifgíjme `evmeg ieçjf
 pere fs ftfgedfs, jlmxedjf epldes ehauds pfstfs evedáejfs emdje lg
géfs bmzedtmdes _nlz ifg qulW fs ftfgedfs ifdstruçsslg uge nrfte l
ifgláereg e egleáer fs blds bmzedtmdfs jf ger. [fr ldquedtf, pfríg, e
rldfveje germd`e bmzedtmde tmd`e ifgf fbcltmvf jlnldjlr e iepmteh l etí
glsgf prfarljmr
prfarljmr df ger Lalu, cå qul Uumfs l Nfie Nfielele nfreg tfg
tfgejes
ejes jfs
aldfvlsls, l uge nrfte fimjldteh jlimjmje e iepturer Hlsbfs semu je
iepm
ie pmte
teh.
h. Bmzâ
Bmzâdidimf
mf nf
nfmm ld
ldtr
trlt
lted
edtf
tf ie
iepe
pezz jl ls
lstl
tldj
djlr
lr su
suee eu
eutf
tfrm
rmje
jejl
jl de
Zlssåhme l Lpmrfs, fdjl fs óhtmgfs sfbrlvmvldtls jfs lstejfs
md
mdjl
jlpl
pldj
djld
ldtl
tlss su
suil
ilss
ssfr
frls
ls bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs rlif
rlifd`
d`li
lilr
lreg
eg e eutfeutfrmrmje
jejl
jl jl
Edjrfdmofs MMM.

Rldfveje e Aulrre Imvmh

Uuedjf Edjrfdmofs MMM gfrrlu lg 59:5, slu nmh`f l `lrjlmrf Cféf ^

tmd`e epldes = edfs jl mjejl. Uuesl mgljmetegldtl e aulrre imvmh lstfurfu
gems uge vlz. Jl ug hejf lsteve f pertmjf jf petrmerie Cféf Oehloes l
Ehlmxf Epfoevofs, qul lsteveg df ifdtrfhl je rlaãdime lg
Ifddsted
If stedttmdfp
mdfphhe? jf fu futr
trff, f pe pert
rtmmjf jf ar aréf
éf-g
-gls
lstr
trll Jfg fgls
lsttmof
ofss
Oedteofuzldfs, egmaf l ehmejf jl Edjrfdmofs MMM, iucf gemfr epfmf lsteve
ldtr
ld trll e ermsermstf
tfir
irei
eime
me prprfv
fvmd
mdim
imed
ede.
e. OedtOedteo
eofu
fuzlzldf
dfss tmd`
tmd`e-e-sl
sl ififrf
rfej
ejff
mgplrejfr, ifgf Cféf ^M, lgbfre lhl slgprl sustldtfu qul lhl lsteve
epfm
ep fmed
edjf
jf f mg mgpl
plre
rejf
jfrr hl
hlaç
açtm
tmgf
gf CfCféf
éf ^. DlstDlstll ififdt
dtlx
lxtftf jl if ifdn
dnus
uséf
éf
 pfhçtmie, uge dfve ifdtrfvírsme mrrfgplu, qul tlvl ifdslqøãdimes
rlhmamfses, sfimems l pfhçtmies.
Lsse ifdtrfvírsme tlvl reçzls prfnudjes de pråtmie l tlfrme gfdåstmie.
Fs gfdals bmzedtmdfs slgprl prfiurereg e `lsyi`me (tredqømhmjejl) ifgf
glmf jl ifgud`éf l udméf ifg Jlus. F esiesimsgf ifgf uge pråtmie
esiítmie lspliçnmie nfm prfgfvmje pertmiuhergldtl pfr Arlaùrmf jl Ymdem df
ifgláf jf síiuhf PM^ de Zråime l lsplimehgldtl dfs gfstlmrfs jf Gfdtl
Et`fs, fdjl lhl mdtrfjuzmu e i`egeje Freáéf jl Clsus (es pehevres3
‘Yld`fr Clsus Irmstf, Nmh`f jl Jlus, [mljejl jl gmg"). Fs gfdals
`lsm
`l smie
iest
stes
es vmvmvl
vlre
reg
g ug ugee vm vmje
je es
esií
iítm tmie
ie lstr
lstrmt
mte,
e, mdih
mdihum
umdjdjff lxlxlr
lriç
içim
imfs
fs
lsplimems, rlspmreáéf l rlimteáéf je freáéf jl Clsus, qul supfstegldtl
hlvereg ef ãxtesl l uge vmséf je Huz Jmvmde, qul nfm mjldtmnmieje ifg e
 Huz qul lre vmsçvlh df Gfdtl Zebfr. Lg futres pehevres, fs `lsmiestes

ehlaereg qul pfjmeg rlehgldtl vlr f prùprmf Jlus.

Es pråtmies jfs `lsmiestes l sue prltldséf jl vlr f prùprmf Jlus
aed`ereg e mdmgmzejl l e rmjmiuhermzeáéf jl gumtfs tlùhfafs, hmjlrejfs
 plhf gfdal ^erheeg je Iehåbrme. ^erheeg nfm ug pldsejfr jl `ebmhmjejl
ifdsmjlråvlh qul, lgbfre desimjf jl uge negçhme frtfjfxe df suh je Mtåhme,
nfm mdnhuldimejf plhfs smstlges hùamifs fimjldtems jf lsifhestmimsgf. Lhl sl
tfrdfu ebejl jf Gfstlmrf Eoetehlptfs lg Ifdstedtmdfphe l nfm ifdslh`lmrf
jl Edjrfdmofs MM lg essudtfs rlhmamfsfs. [fr vfhte jl 599< lhl ifgláfu e
eteier fs `lsmiestes, eraugldtedjf qul e Huz df Gfdtl Zebfr nfm irmeje
(l, pfrtedtf, déf lre ltlrde) l rmjmiuhermzedjf slus fpfdldtls plhe pråtmie
jl fh`er slus ugbmafs, i`egedjf-fs jl fdnehfpsmqum (‘plssfes ifg sues
ehges lg sues ugbmafs‗).
F prprmd
mdim
impe
pehh jl
jlnl
nlds
dsfr
fr jf `l `lsm
smie
iesg
sgff nf
nfmm Ar
Arla
laùr
ùrmf
mf [e
[ehe
heg
ges
es,, qu
qull
rlspfdjlu ës irçtmies jl ^^erheeg
erheeg nezldjf uge jmstmdáéf ldtrl e lssãdime jl
Jlus, qul í mdifadfsiçvlh l mdeilssçvlh pere fs `ugedfs, l es ‘ldlrames‗
mdirmejes jl Jlus - qul séf Jlus lxetegldtl e glsge. Lstls óhtmgfs séf
ifgprlldsçvlms plhfs `ugedfs l mdihulg e Huz jl Zebfr. Essmg, de vmséf
jl [eheges, e `ugedmjejl, lgbfre uge irmeture, pfjl ifgprlldjlr l
‘pertmimper‗ jf prùprmf Jlus. F pldsegldtf jl [eheges nfm nmrglgldtl
 beslejf de trejmáéf epfnåtmie je tlfhfame bmzedtmde, qul jmzme qul dld`ug
smstlge hùamif lre setmsnetùrmf pere ldtldjlr Jlus, ges qul Jlus pfjlrme
slr plrilbmjf etrevís je lxplrmãdime jmrlte. E lssl rlsplmtf, lhl déf sl
fpud`e tedtf ef lsifhestmimsgf quedtf ë mjíme jl qul smstlges hùamifs
 pfjlrmeg rlehgldtl jlnmdmr Jlus.
E ifdtrfvírsme ifdtmdufu pfr vårmfs edfs. Lg 59:5, Edjrfdmofs MMM
ifdvfifu ug ifdiçhmf qul prfpfrimfdfu e [eheges uge ihere vmtùrme. E
gfrtl jf mgplrejfr ehauds jmes jlpfms, df ldtedtf, ifhfifu e qulstéf lg
jóvmje dfvegldtl. ^erheeg rldfvfu slus etequls, l e jmspute rlhmamfse
ifgláfu e essugmr ug esplitf pfhçtmif, ifg Oedteofuzldfs l slu pertmjf
lg alreh epfmedjf [eheges l fs `lsmiestes, ifg f petrmerie Oehloes l
Epfo
Ep foev
evof
ofss lg fpfs
fpfsmá
máéf
éf.. If
Ifgf
gf lst
lstll óhtm
óhtmgf
gf aed`
aed`fu
fu e gé
géff su
supl
plrmrmfr
fr,,
`lsmiesgf nfm ifdjldejf, l Arlaùrmf [eheges nfm prlsf l lxifgudaejf.
E ifdtrfvírsme, df ldtedtf, hfaf tlvl regmnmieáüls sfimems l pfhçtmies
hmaejes ë hute plhf trfdf. Oedteofuzldfs lre epfmejf plhe ermstfireime, l e
rlaãdime jl Epfoevofs jlpldjme jf epfmf jfs pfbrls urbedfs, prmglmrf
lg Ifdstedtmdfphe l jlpfms des imjejls jl Zråime l Geiljúdme, fdjl f
ùjmf rleh ë ermstfireime `evme sl jlsldvfhvmjf. Lg Zlssehúdme, fs pfbrls l
fs germd`lmrfs fraedmzereg-sl ifgf ug pertmjf i`egejf fs zlhftls (déf
 ifdnudjmr ifg fs zlhftls jf síiuhf P) qul, lg 59:2, lxpuhsfu tfjfs fs

glgbrfs je ermstfireime l f afvlrdejfr dfglejf pfr Oedteofuzldfs,

lsteblhlildjf ug afvlrdf qul lre lssldimehgldtl mdjlpldjldtl. F pertmjf
zlhhft
zl ftll de
dettur
ureh
ehg
gld
ldtl
tl epf
epfmf
mfuu e rl
rlaã
aãdi
dimme lg Ifdfdst
steedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he if
ifddtre
tre
Oedteofuzldfs de hute plhe suprlgeime. Lgbfre f `mstfrmejfr Arlafres
iereitlrmzessl f rlamgl zlhftl ifgf ‘afvlrdf je guhtmjéf‗, slrme ug lrrf

ifdsmjlrå-hf prmgermegldtl
`ece ehauge lvmjãdime jl qulifgf uge aulrre
fs zlhftls jl ihessls.
jl Zlssehúdmie Essmg, lgbfree
rmjmiuhermzesslg
hm
hmtu
tura
rame
me ir
irms
msté
té,, lh
lhls
ls ilrt
ilrteg
egld
ldtl
tl dé
déff tmd`
tmd`egeg mdtl
mdtlrl
rlssl
ssl de su supr
prls
lssé
séff jf
`lsmiesgf.
F afvlrdf zlhftl jl Zlssehúdme sfbrlvmvlu pfr ehaug tlgpf, ges
irlsilu e vmfhãdime ifdtre e ermstfireime, gumtfs jfs quems nfreg cfaejfs
jes gureh`es je imjejl l gesseirejfs plhe turbe. Lg 59:=, fs zlhftls
tld
ldttereg
ereg ld ldttrl
rlae
aerr e imje
imjejl
jl e Ls Lstl
tlnâ
nâddmf Jus used
ed,, ges lste ste nenehh`f
`fuu l
Oedt
Oe dteo
eofu
fuzl
zldf
dfss ldtr
ldtrfu
fu de imimje
jejl
jl lg 59 59<;<;,, cudt
cudteg
egld
ldtl
tl if
ifgg ArArlalaùr
ùrmf
mf
[eheges, qul `evme smjf lhlmtf bmspf je imjejl.
E vmtù
vmtùrm
rmee jl Oe Oeddte
teof
ofuuzl
zldf
dfss teg
egbí bígg sma smadm
dmnm
nmif
ifuu f trmu rmudn
dnff jf
`lsmiesgf. Lg 59<5, ug ifdslh`f sl rludmu df pehåimf Bhei`lrdel jl
Ifds
If dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphehe l pr prfi
fihe
hegf
gfuu e frfrtf
tfjf
jfxmxmee je tlfhtlfhfa
fame
me jl [e [ehehege
gess l
ifdjld
ifd jldfu
fu ^erherheeg
eeg.. E ifdtrf
ifdtrfvír
vírsme
sme ifd
ifdtmd
tmdufu
ufu sfbsfbrl
rl e qul
qulsté
stéf,
f, ges f
ldsmdf `lsmieste nfm, e pertmr jl ldtéf, fnmimehgldtl rlifd`limjf l nfm e
 besl jf pldsegldtf jfs tlùhfafs gems mdnhuldtls je marlce bmzedtmde etí f
nmdeh jf mgpírmf l ehíg.
Fs mdmgmafs jl Bmzâdimf plrilblreg qul Cféf ^M Oedteofuzldfs déf
lre f mgplrejfr hlaçtmgf l, pfrtedtf, prfiurereg gmder slu pfjlr etrevís
jf epfmf e Cféf ^ [ehlùhfaf. F prùprmf mgplrejfr hlaçtmgf ifgláfu e
nmier mdqumltf ifg e tutlhe jl Oedtlofuzldfs l busifu f pfjlr lg slu
 prùprmf dfgl. Déf surprlldjldtlgldtl, df ldtedtf, e aulrre imvmh lihfjmu
dfvegl
dfv egldtl
dtl lg 59<259<2 ldt
ldtrl
rl lssls
lssls jfm
jfmss prm
prmdim
dimpej
pejfsfs slg
slgm-m
m-mdjl
djlpld
pldjld
jldtls
tls..
Ifg f epfmf jl glrildårmfs turifs, Oedteofuzldfs nfm mdmimehgldtl blg-
suiljmjf, ges Cféf ^ eplhfu ë Yírvme l Buhaårme pere essmstãdime l Jused
ldvmfu ug ifdtmdaldtl jl ieveherme, ldquedtf fs Oedteofuzldfs nfreg
euxmhmejfs plhf suhtéf ftfgedf Fri`ed (592>-59>2), f suilssfr jl Fsged.
Fs turifs eiebereg pfr jlrrfter fs sírvmfs l, lg 59<9, Oedteofuzldfs
ebedjfdfu e nmiáéf jl epfmf ë jmdestme hlaçtmge l gedjfu prfiheger slu
nmh`f Getlus ifgf if-mgplrejfr,
if-mgplrejfr, ldquedtf Cféf ^ nfm jlpfstf.
Ldtrltedtf, Fri`ed ebedjfdfu Oedteofuzlfdfs, l tfgfu e imjejl jl
Oehhmpfhms df @lhlspfdtf l prlperfu-sl pere mdvejmr e Zråime. Lg pertl
ifgf rlsuhtejf jf pâdmif qul sl slaumu lg Ifdstedtmdfphe, Cféf ^ ehmfu-
 sl ef ifrsårmf aldfvãs Nredilsif Aettmhusmf, l lg 59<: sl epfssfu jl

Ifdstedtmdfphe. Fs ifdspmrejfrls nfráereg Cféf Oedteofuzldfs e ebjmier

l ldtrer lg ug gfstlmrf. Essmg, ifg e mjejl jl 2< edfs, Cféf ^
[ehlùhfaf lre f ódmif afvlrdedtl lg Ifdstedtmdfphe.
Ifgf f gfdal Cfsí, Cféf Oedteofuzldfs lsirlvlu ug dóglrf jl
trebeh`fs mgpfrtedtls l ifdtmdufu ldvfhvldjf-sl des jmsputes pfhçtmies etí

enmier
sue des
gfrtl lg 5909. lFsGedulh
prfvçdimes, glgbrfs je negçhme jl prfiurfu
Oedteofuzldfs Oedteofuzldfs pujlreg
fraedmzer uge
ehmedáe pere jlrruber Cféf ^ l, jlpfms jl rldudimer ef trfdf lg 59<1,
jljmifu-sl ë rlfraedmzeáéf l nfrtehlimgldtf jf jíspfte jl Gfrle.

Bmzâdimf ifgf ug ^essehf

^essehf Ftfgedf3 F Rlmdejf jl Cféf ^

[fríg, nlhmzgldtl pere Cféf ^ ^,, Lstínedf Jused, ug jfs mdmgmafs gems
sírm
sí rmfs
fs jl Bm Bmzâ
zâdi
dimf
mf,, gfr
frrl
rluu rlpl
rlpldt
dtmd
mdeg
egld
ldtl
tl lg 59 59<<
<< l slsluu su
suil
ilss
ssfr
fr
Lstínedf \rfs (59<<-5915) déf tld`e ifdslaumjf gedtlr udmjf f mgpírmf
qul slu pem `evme ifdstruçjf. Ifgf rlsuhtejf, vårmfs prmdimpejfs arlif-
sírvmfs nreifs suramreg dfs Båhiés, ges Bmzâdimf déf nfm iepez jl tmrer
 prfvlmtf jf våiuf de rlaméf, l nmifu ieje vlz gems iherf qul f pfjlr rleh
_de rlaméfW lreg jfs turifs ftfgedfs, qul sl lsteblhlimeg de Zråime lg
59<:. Gurej (59>2-590=), nmh`f jl Fried, tmd`e aredjls egbmáüls pere f
lstejff ftfg
lstej ftfgedf
edf l hldteg
hldtegldtl
ldtl hlvfu e gemf
gemfrme
rme jfs afvlrded
afvlrdedtls
tls jfs Båhié
Båhiéss
 pere sue mdnhuãdime.
 Dlste smtueáéf, Cféf ^ prfiurfu ecuje fimjldteh etrevís je edtmae
lstretíame jl gedtlr e plrsplitmve jl uge udméf jes marlces. Lg 59<< lhl
ldvmfu uge ierte ef pepe Mdfiãdimf ^M lg Evmadfd, nezldjf tfjfs fs
tmpfs jl prfglsses lxtreveaedtls ifg e ifdjmáéf jl qul f pepe ldvmessl
ecuje gmhmter ef mgpírmf smtmejf. F pepe déf nlz deje l Cféf nfrgfu uge
ehmedáe ifg slu prmgf, Egejlf ^M jl Yevfy, qul phedlcfu uge iruzeje
 pere ifdqumster es tlrres searejes l ecujer Bmzâdimf de beraed`e. E
iruzeje, de vlrjejl, pertmu lg 59>> l ifdslaumu tfger Oehhmpfhms jfs
ftfgedfs. Cféf prfiurfu lsteblhlilr ug ifdslh`f je marlce pere jmsiutmr e
udmé
ud méff, ges f [epe epe \r\rbe
bedf
df ^ rlcl
rlclmt
mtfu
fu ls
lsse
se mjí
jímme, sua
sualr
lrmd
mdjf
jf qu
qull f
mgpl
mg plre
rejf
jfrr bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs nf
nfss
sslg
lg e RfgRfge. e. Zehvl
ehvlzz gf
gfvm
vmjf
jf plhe
plhe pl
plrj
rjee jl
Ejrmedùpfhms, Cféf ^ nlz uge vmealg ë Mtåhme, l lg futubrf jl 59>= lhl
nlz uge prfnmsséf plssfeh je ní ietùhmie l sl subgltlu pubhmiegldtl ë
eutfrmjejl jf pepe. Cféf plrgedlilu pfr ehaug tlgpf lg Rfge l jlpfms
lg ^ld ldlz
lze,
e, dé
déff rltf
rltfrd
rded
edjf
jf e If
Ifds dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he etí
etí f fu
futf
tfdf
df jl 5915
5915..
Mdnlhmzgldtl, e `ugmh`eáéf jf mgplrejfr déf rlsuhtfu lg dld`uge ecuje
 jf Fimjldtl.

 De eusãdime jf mgplrejfr

mgplrejfr,, e smtueáéf dfs Båhiés jltlrmfrfu-sl emdje
gems. Fs suilssfrls jl Lstínedf \rfs, ^uoesmd l slu mrgéf Cfvmedf
\ahlse, tldtereg fraedmzer e fpfsmáéf ë lxpedséf ftfgede, l lg 2> jl
sltlgbrf jl 5915 (ilrie jl ug gãs edtls jf rltfrdf jl Cféf ^) fs sírvmfs
ifdnrfdtereg f lxírimtf ftfgedf df rmf Germtse, plrtf jl Ilrdfgld. Es

nfráes sírvmes
ftfgedfs. Cféfnfreg
^ vmuedmqumhejes
e hmáéf jlstel beteh`e
tfjf f suh jfs Båhiés
l, pfuif jlpfmsnmifu
jl sueeblrtf efs
i`laeje
e Ifdstedtmdfphe, lhl busifu ug tretejf ifg f suhtéf Gurej, lsplredjf
qull jlss
qu jlssee gedlm
edlmre
re fs ftfg
ftfged
edfs
fs pujl
pujlss
sslg
lg sl slrr plrs
plrsue
uejm
jmjf
jfss e jlmx
jlmxer
er
Bmzâdimf de pfssl jl sues pfuies pfssls de Zråime. Ifgf ifdjmáéf jlstl
tretejf, df ldtedtf, Cféf tlvl jl rlifd`lilr f suhtéf ifgf slu suplrmfr l
 prlster trmbutf rlauher l ifdtrmbumr ifg trfpes pere f lxírimtf ftfgedf
quedjf sfhmimtejf e nezã-hf. Essmg, lg ug iurtf plrçfjf, Cféf `evme sl
subgltmjf e jfms jfs mdmgmafs jl Bmzâdimf, prmglmrf f pepe l jlpfms f
suhtéf ftfgedf.
Ldquedtf mssf, Gurej ifdtmdufu sue lxpedséf pere f dfrtl dfs Båhiés.
Lhl tfgfu Yfnme lg 590< l Dms lg 590>. Dlssl glsgf edf, f suhtéf nfm
nfráejf e rltfrder ë Åsme Gldfr pere hmjer ifg uge mdveséf jf hlstl.
Bmzâdimf pfjlrme rme tlr eprfvlmtejf e fiesméf pere rlenmrg nmrgeer sue
mdjlpldjãdime, ges Cféf ^ lsteve ldvlh`limjf l fs eifdtlimgldtfs jfs
óhtmgfs 5< edfs f tfrdereg lssldimehgldtl mgpftldtl. E fpfrtudmjejl, df
ldtedtf, nfm eprfvlmteje plhe dfbrlze sírvme, hmjlreje plhf prçdimpl Hezer, e
nmaure gems pfjlrfse jl 5915 lg jmedtl, l ^uo Bredofvmā, afvlrdedtl je
årle jl Ofsfvf, cudtegldtl ifg f prçdimpl je Bùsdme Zvrtof M. De
eusã
eu sãdi
dimeme jf suht
suhtéf
éf,, su
sues
es nfrá
nfráes
es tm
tmvl
vlreg
reg ehau
ehaug g susuil
ilss
ssf,
f, mdsp
mdspmr
mred
edjf
jf e
Buhaårme e prfiheger sue mdjlpldjãdime jfs ftfgedfs. Gurej rltfrdfu
efs Båhiés l hmjfu ifg e smtueáéf jl uge gedlmre iereitlrmstmiegldtl
gltùjmie. Lhl rludmu ug aredjl lxírimtf, lg pertl ifgpfstf jl mgpfstfs
jfs pfvfs irmstéfs je rlaméf, l nfráfu fs bóhaerfs e sl subgltlrlg. Fs
sírv
sí rvmf
mfss l slslus
us eh
ehme
mejf
jfss pr
prfi
fiur
urer
ereg
eg nezl
nezlrr uge
uge pf pfsm
smáé
áéff jl
jlsl
slsp
splr
lrej
ejee de
 phedçiml jl Ofsfvf (Ofsfvf [fhcl), lg 5< jl cud`f jl 590=. Lste beteh`e,
qul slhfu f jlstmdf jfs Båhiés juredtl síiuhfs, vlmf jlslgpld`er ug
 peplh irçtmif de hldje l ifdtfs `lrùmifs, lsplimehgldtl pere fs sírvmfs, l í
jmnç
jmnçim
imhh sl
slpperer
erer fs ne netf
tfss je ne nedt
dtes
esmme rf
rfg
gâdtdtmi
miee. Fs ftfgtfgededfs
fs lre reg
g
ifgedjejfs plhf prùprmf Gurej, ldquedtf f hçjlr jfs sírvmfs lre f
 prçdimpl Hezer. [erlil qul fs sírvmfs lsteveg slr slrmegldtl
megldtl lg jlsvedtealg
dugírmie l sfnrmeg jl jmssldséf mdtlrde l nehte jl ifdnmedáe. Hezer tlvl
 suilssf df mdçimf, ges lg ug gfgldtf irçtmif slaudjf e hldje, plhf
gldfs - ^uo Bredofvmi ebedjfdfu slus ifgped`lmrfs, l fs sírvmfs nfreg

 berrejfs pfr Blylzmj, nmh`f l `lrjlmrf jf suhtéf. Gurej nfm gfrtf de

 beteh`e, ges Blylzmj hlvfu fs ftfgedfs e uge vmtùrme ifgphlte l getfu
gumtfs jfs vldimjfs, mdihumdjf f prùprmf Hezer.
Ifgf suhtéf, Blylzmj (590=’5:;2) fraedmzfu iumjejfsegldtl f dfvf
tlrrmtùrmf, mgpfdjf ug mgpfstf prmdimpeh, fu `erejc, e tfjfs fs `ebmt
`ebmtedtl
edtlss

edéf-guáuhgedfs l nfráedjf
lhl. F nmh`f jl Hezer, fs prçdimpls
Lstíp`ldf irmstéfs
Hezerlvmi, lreeifdsmjlrejf
curer nmjlhmjejl plssfeh
f hçjlr jfs
sírvmfs l gedtlvl nmlhgldtl sue hlehjejl ef suhtéf etí f nmg jl slus jmes.
Epùss e Beteh`
Epù Beteh`ee jl Ofs
Ofsfvf
fvf,, Ifd
Ifdste
stedtm
dtmdfp
dfphe
he lst
lsteve
eve ifg
ifgphl
phlteg
tegldt
ldtll
msfheje l ilrieje pfr tlrrmtùrmf ftfgedf, tedtf de Lurfpe ifgf de Åsme? f
ódmif tlrrmtùrmf smadmnmietmvf qul plrgedlilu lg ifdtrfhl bmzedtmdf nfm f
Gfrle ([lhfpfdlsf), ifdtrfhejf pfr Bmzâdimf lg 52>2 l fraedmzejf ifgf
ug jí jísp
spft
ftee jlpf
jlpfms
ms jl 59:=
59:=.. Bl
Blyl
ylzm
zmjj lr
lree ug afvl
afvlrd
rded
edtl
tl jl mgmgld
ldse
se
`ebmhmjejl l egbmáéf, l, gems jf qul slu pem, lhl lre iepez. pere lxphfrer
jlsldtldjmgldtfs de negçhme jfgmdedtl bmzedtmde pere slus prùprmfs nmds.
Bmzâdimf lxplrmgldtfu ehaug ehçvmf, pfms Blylzmj sl fiupfu ifg uge
jlgfdstreáéf jl nfráe gmhmter de Åsme Gldfr, ges lhl hfaf ifdspmrfu ifg
f nmh`f jl Edjrfdmofs, Cféf ^MM, qul nfm iepez jl tfger Ifdstedtmdfphe
ifg e ecuje ftfgede. F mjfsf Cféf ^, df ldtedtf, sl rliusfu e jlsmstmr, l
lhl rltfgfu f trfdf ifg e ecuje jl slu nmh`f Gedulh. Blylzmj ifdvfifu
 plrlgptfrmegldtl fs mgplrejfrls gems cfvlds, Gedulh l Cféf ^MM, pere
ecujå-hf lg sues iegped`es de Åsme Gldfr, l fs jfms prçdimpls bmzedtmdfs
nfreg nfráejfs e mrlg e Nmhejíhnme, e óhtmge imjejl irmsté e jlsenmer f
suht
su htéf
éf de Åsme
Åsme fi
fimj
mjld
ldte
teh.
h. Cf
Cféf
éf ^, ldldtr
trlt
lted
edtf
tf,, ge
gehh sf
sfbr
brlv
lvmv
mvlu
lu e lslssl
slss
lvldtfs l gfrrlu lg 59=5, ifgf ug `fglg vlh`f l nreif.

Gedulh MM [ehlùhfaf (59=5 ’ 5:2<) 

Fuvmdjf sfbrl e gfrtl jl slu pem, Gedulh lsiepfu jf fh`er etldtf jfs
turifs l rltfrdfu e Ifdstedtmdfphe, fdjl nfm mgljmetegldtl seujejf ifgf
mgplrejfr. Blylzmj, suhtéf jlsjl 590=, eilmtfu f netf ifdsugejf, ges lhl
mgpús dfves rlstrmáüls e Ifdstedtmdfphe l nfráfu f dfvf mgplrejfr e sl
 cudter ef slu sfbrmd`f Cféf ^MM l ef lxírimtf ftfgedf lg uge hfdae l
årjue iegped`e gmhmter de Åsme Gldfr. [fr vfhte jf mdçimf jl 59=2,
Gedulh rltfrdfu e Ifdstedtmdfphe l hfaf jlpfms sl iesfu ifg @lhlde,
nmh`e jf prçdimpl sírvmf jl Ylrrls, Ifdstedtmdf Jreaes. F prùprmf Gedulh
lre ug afvlrdedtl tehldtfsf l mdtlhmaldtl qul pfjlrme tlr nhfrlsimjf lg
 jmnlrldtls imriudstâdimes. Lhl tmd`e es tldjãdimes hmtlrårmes l tlfhùamies jl
slu evú, Cféf Oedteofuzldfs, l tldtfu eprfvlmter ef gåxmgf f qul lre

uge smtueáéf pfhçtmie l gmhmter gumtf jmnçimh, gedtldjf e jmadmjejl l es

trejmá
trejmáüls
üls jf Mgp
Mgpírm
írmff Bmz
Bmzedt
edtmdf
mdf,, ted
tedtf
tf que
quedtf
dtf pfs
pfssçv
sçvlh.
lh. Fs suilss
suilssmvf
mvfss
 petrmeries jl Ifdstedtmdfphe epfmereg nfrtlgldtl f mgplrejfr l f huaer
ildtreh jl Bmzâdimf de frjlg gudjmeh lg alreh. Essmg, quedjf Besçhmf, f
[rçdimpl jl Gfsifu, prfmbmu e ifglgfreáéf jf mgplrejfr de hmturame

russe, jmzldjf3
 petrmerie rleamu‘Zlgfs uge marlce?
nfrtlgldtl ug mgplrejfr
l rlspfdjlu qul dùs
e Besçhmf déf uge
ifg tlgfsierte
‗, f
lsteblhlildjf e jfutrmde trejmimfdeh je pfsmáéf jf mgplrejfr ifgf f
afvlrdedtl jf fmofugldl.
E @udarme plrgedlilu ifgf e ódmie futre pftãdime irmsté df sujlstl
je Lurfpe qul etí ldtéf `evme lsiepejf jf cuaf ftfgedf l, lg 59=9, fs
`ódaerfs mdildtmvereg f rlm bóhaerf, Cféf Ymsged, e sl rlvfhter ifdtre fs
ftfgedfs. Blylzmj rleamu mgljmetegldtl l rlsteblhlilu slu ifdtrfhl sfbrl
e Buhaårme, eiebedjf ifg slu stetus jl vessehf l afvlrdedjf-e e pertmr jl
ldtéf ifgf uge prfvçdime ftfgede ( pes`ehmo ) - ug jlstmdf qul gumtfs
jfs vessehfs jfs Båhiés mgeamdeveg qul lg brlvl slrmeg slus. Lg 59=:,
Blylzmj mdmimfu ug bhfqulmf e Ifdstedtmdfphe l e pfpuheáéf nfm rljuzmje ë
nfg
nf gl, ehehmv
mvme
meje
je epld
epldes
es pf
pfrr ug ieierr
rrla
laeg
egld
ldtf
tf jl araréf
éfss trez
trezmj
mjff pl
plhf
hfss
vldlzmedfs. Es pftãdimes irmstés emdje ifdtrfheveg f ger, l
Ifdstedtmdfphe gems uge vlz busifu e sehveáéf jf Fimjldtl, ges e
smtueáéf lre sírme pere e imjejl.
Lg 59=2/9, fs turifs ifdqumstereg e Zlssåhme l, lg 59=<, e ^ehåqume
tfrdfu-sl trmbutårme jfs ftfgedfs. E mmdveséf
dveséf je Zlssåhme gfstrfu tedtf efs
arlafs quedtf efs hetmdfs je Aríime ildtreh l jf [lhfpfdlsf qul lhls
tegbíg lsteveg sldjf egleáejfs plhe lxpedséf ftfgede. Lssls lvldtfs
nmdehgldtl ldifrecereg f Fimjldtl e prlster ecuje, l ug dfvf lspçrmtf jl
iruzeje verrlu e Lurfpe. Hmjlrejfs pfr Ymamsgudjf je @udarme, ug
lxírimtf jl ilrie jl 5;;.;;; sfhjejfs (gumtf gemfrls qul fs jes iruzejes
edtlrmfrls), ifgpud`eg e i`egeje Iruzeje jl Dmoùpfhms qul sl rludmu de
@uda
@u darm
rmee lg 59=>
59=>.. E eprf
eprfxm
xmge
geáé
áéff jf lxlxír
írim
imtf
tf iruz
iruzej
ejff nlz
nlz ififgg qu
qull
Blylzmj rltmressl slu lxírimtf jf bhfqulmf e Ifdstedtmdfphe, l ifrrlssl
 pere f Jedóbmf. Fs iruzejfs - ifgf df pessejf - jmsifrjereg sfbrl e
ifdjuáéf je aulrre, ifg fs `ódaerfs jlnldjldjf ifg ieutlhe, ges fs
nredilsls ihegedjf pfr ug etequl jmrltf efs turifs. Mdmimehgldtl, fs
iruzejfs tmvlreg ehaug suilssf, ges lg 5< jl sltlgbrf jl 59=> f
jlse
jl sest
strl
rl fififr
frrl
rluu qu
qued
edjf
jf e ieieve
vehe
herm
rmee nred
nredil
ilse
se nfm
nfm if
ifdj
djuz
uzmj
mjee e ugugee
ergejmh`e l gesseireje, l tfjf f lxírimtf je iruzeje sl jmssfhvlu lg
 nuae.
Ifg f nmg jlsse egleáe, Blylzmj rltfgfu f ilrif e Ifdstedtmdfphe l

lg 59=1 ug lxírimtf ftfged

ftfgedff geri`fu
geri`fu je Zlssåhm
lssåhmee etí e Aríim
Aríimee ildtr
ildtreh
eh l
[lhfpfdlsf, déf ldifdtredjf pretmiegldtl dld`uge fpfsmáéf l tfgedjf
Etldes l Erafs edtls jl rltfrder ë Zlssåhme. [lhf gldfs ehauds jfs
vldlzmedfs, ldtrltedtf, perlilg tlr i`laejf e ifgprlldjlr e arevmjejl je
egleáe l prfgltlreg epfmf gmhmter l nmdedilmrf efs bmzedtmdfs. Gedulh

ldvmfu jlhlaeáüls
rlilbldjf e tfjfs fs jl
veaes prfglsses afvlrdedtls
jmd`lmrf ljflxírimtfs.
Fimjldtl, Ierhfs
busiedjf
^M,ecuje
rlm jel
Nredáe, lsteve lsplimehgldtl mdtlrlssejf, cå qul lhl `evme rlildtlgldtl sl
tfrdejf sfblredf jl Aãdfve (l, pfrtedtf, lhl ifdtrfheve fs mdtlrlssls
ifgl
if glri
rime
mems
ms l es if
ifhú
húdm
dmes
es jl Aã
Aãdf
dfve
ve df hlst
hlstl)
l).. F ger
erli
li`e
`ehh I`
I`er
erhl
hlss
Bfuimieut, ug vltlredf je Iruzeje jl Dmofpfhms qul `evme smjf iepturejf
l rlsaetejf, nfm ldvmejf ifg uge plqulde nfráe jl 5.2;; sfhjejfs qul
nfráfu slu iegmd`f etrevís jf bhfqulmf ftfgedf l jlslgberifu lg
Ifdstedtmdfphe lg 59==.
Bfuimieut plrilblu mgljmetegldtl qul uge nfráe gumtf gemfr lre
dlilssårme pere jlnldjlr e imjejl l plrsuejmu Gedulh e vfhter ifg lhl ë
Lurfpe pere busier teh epfmf. F gerli`eh tegbíg nfm iepez jl ifdvldilr
Cféf ^MM e sl rlifdimhmer ifg slu tmf l afvlrder e imjejl lg sue eusãdime.
Ifgf rlsuhtejf, Gedulh MM hlvfu sue negçhme l pertmu pere f Fimjldtl.
Lsse lstred`e lgbemxeje, ifg jureáéf jl gems jl trãs edfs, í ug jfs
lvldtfs gems mrúdmifs je hfdae `mstùrme jf mgpírmf. E vmsmte jl Gedulh
lsteve lg nfrtl ifdtrestl ifg e jl slu pem ehauds edfs edtls, déf epldes
 pfrqul e egleáe ftfgede lre gumtf gems rleh, ges tegbíg pfrqul fs
lstujmfsfs fimjldtems tmd`eg sl tfrdejf nesimdejfs plhf eprldjmzejf jl
arlaf l ifdsmjlreveg fs bmzedtmdfs ifgf fs prfvljfrls jlsse iuhture.
Ehíg jmssf, Gedulh lre ug afvlrdedtl etreldtl l frauh`fsf l, eplser jl
tlr vmdjf lg busie jl ecuje fimjldteh, lhl f nlz ifg frauh`f l déf
hlvedtfu e qulstéf je udméf je marlce dlg fnlrlilu gems uge vlz suclmter
e marlce bmzedtmde ef afvlrdf jf pepe. Gedulh vmecfu plhe Mtåhme? lg 5:;;
i`lafu e [erms l, df nmdeh jf edf, lg Hfdjrls. Hå lhl nfm iehfrfsegldtl
rlilbmjf plhf rlm @ldrmqul M^, qul nlz prfglsses aredjmfses l rlehgldtl
jlu ef mgplrejfr uge plqulde quedtme (qul prfvevlhgldtl `evme smjf
rlifh`mje pfr slu edtlilssfr). Ftmgmste jl qul lhl rlilblrme epfmf gmhmter
jfs mdahlsls, Gedulh rltfrdfu e [erms df mdçimf jl 5:;5. Hå lhl ifdtmdufu
e ifdjuzmr es dlafimeáüls jl ecuje gmhmter, ges jlpfms jl ug edf jl
nrustreáéf lhl nmdehgldtl ifgláfu e plrilblr qul deje eifdtlilrme l qul
lhl tlrme qul rltfrder e Ifdstedtmdfphe jl géfs vezmes. Ldquedtf mssf, f
 mgplrejfr pessfu slu tlgpf lsirlvldjf tretejfs jl deturlze hmtlrårme l
tlfhùamie - tlstlgud`edjf tedtf sue lrujmáéf quedtf sue ifdtçdue hlehjejl

ë Marlce Frtfjfxe.
Ldquedtf mssf, lg Ifdstedtmdfphe, es trfpes nredilses jl Bfuimieut
ifdtmduereg e rlsmstmr efs ftfgedfs, ges e pfpuheáéf nfm hlveje ef
jlslsplrf plhe nfgl. Nmdehgldtl, quedjf e smtueáéf sl tfrdfu emdje gems
jlslsp
jls lsplrej
lreje,
e, f gmh
gmhear
earll qul fs irm
irmsté
stéfs
fs lst
lsteve
eveg
g lsplre
lsplredjf
djf eif
eifdtl
dtlilu
ilu..

Rugfrls
ared
ar edjl
jl hç ifgláereg
hçjl
jlr
r jf Fr Frml edtli`laer
mldt l (t
(teh
ehvl ez Ifdstedtmdfphe
vlz ug ir irms
msté
téf)
f) `e lvme
`evmef
e Fimjldtl
su
surramjf lqul
amjf ls
lsteug
teve
ve
jlrrftedjf fs turifs. Lre Zmgur-hldo, ifd`limjf fimjldtehgldtl ifgf
Zeglrhéf, f hçjlr gfdafh iucfs lxírimtfs verrlreg jl Yegeriedje ef
Enlaedmstéf l e Çdjme, pere f dfrtl etí e Róssme l pere f flstl, pere e
Alùr
Al ùram
ame,
e, e Ergã
Ergãdm dmee l e Ås Åsmeme Gldf
Gldfrr. Hå lhls lhls tfg
tfgerereg
eg fs lg lgmr
mrej
ejfs
fs
turifgedfs mdjlpldjldtls qul emdje déf `evmeg smjf mdifrpfrejfs ef
mgpí
mg pírm
rmff jl Be Beyl
ylzm
zmj,
j, l ld ldté
téf,
f, lg 5: 5:;;
;;,, lhls
lhls ldldtr
trer
ereg
eg lg tlrr tlrrmt
mtùr
ùrmf
mf
ftfg
ftfgededf,f, tf
tfgged
edjf
jf e imje imjejljl jl Ym Ymve
vess (edt
(edtmamaee Yl
Ylbe
best
stll Bm
Bmze
zedt
dtmd
mde)
e) l
gesse
ge sseir
ired
edjf
jf slus
slus `e`ebm
bmte
tedt
dtls
ls.. Iu
Iurm rmfs
fseg
egld ldtl
tl,, `å lvmj
lvmjãd
ãdimimes
es jl qul
qul es
 pftãdimes irmstés, tehvlz etí f prùprmf Gedulh, `å gumtf tlgpf lsteveg
imldtls jf pfjlr jl Zeglrhéf, l lsplreveg qul lhl sl tfrdessl slu ehmejf
ifdtre fs ftfgedfs (l, jl netf, lhl pfjlrme sl tfrder ug irmstéf glsgf).
Zeglrhéf jlimjmu _nezlrW uge mdveséf geimáe e Edetùhme l, lg 5:;2,
Beylzmj hlvedtfu ug aredjl lxírimtf pere ldifdtrå-hf, ebedjfdedjf f
ilrif jl Ifdstedtmdfphe ifgf rlsuhtejf. E beteh`e jl Edoere lg 20 jl
 cuh`f jl 5:;2 nfm uge vmtùrme ifgphlte pere fs gfdaùms3 ilrie jl 5<.;;;
turifs l slus ehmejfs irmstéfs tlrmeg smjf gfrtfs l f prùprmf Beylzmj nfm
iepturejf. Lhl gfrrlu df edf slaumdtl lg ietmvlmrf l slu mgpírmf lsteve
lg nredaeh`fs. Zeglrhéf jlvestfu tfje e Åsme Gldfr, tfgedjf Lsgmrde l
gesseiredjf slus `ebmtedtls. Jmphfgetmiegldtl, lhl busifu f epfmf jfs
lgmrls, qul `evmeg plrgedlimjf plhf gldfs perimehgldtl mdjlpldjldtls
jfs ftfgedfs, l ldifrecfu fs nmh`fs jl Beylzmj e huterlg ldtrl sm plhe
suil
su ilss
sséf
éf.. F gem emss blblg
g su suil
iljm
jmjf
jf jl jlhl
hlss nfm
nfm Yu Yuhl
hlmg
mged
ed,, qul
qul if
ifds
dsla
laum
umuu
ldif
ld ifdt
dtrer
rer f ieg
iegmd
md`f`f peperere e Lu Lurfrfpe
pe,, qu
qull plplrg
rgededli
lilu
lu mdtf
mdtfie
iejf
jf plplhf
hfss
gfdaùms, l sl lsteblhlilu lg Ejrmedùpfhms.
Ejrmedùpfhms.
Zeglrhéf, df ldtedtf, déf lsteve mdtlrlssejf de ejgmdmstreáéf jl sues
ifdqumstes l lg 5:;9 lhl jlmxfu e Åsme Gldfr. Lhl rltfrdfu e Yegeriedje
l pertmu pere ifdqumster e I`mde, fdjl gfrrlu lg 5:;<. Zeglrhéf sl nfm,
ges f mgpírmf jl Beylzmj lsteve jlstruçjf l jmvmjmjf, l, í iherf, f ilrif
jl Ifdstedtmdfphe nfm eafre lsqulimjf. F Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf aed`ere futre
vmje, l sù f nuturf pfjlrme jmzlr sl slrme iepez jl eprfvlmter e peuse pere
 rliuplrer sue nfráe.
Gedulh nmdehgldtl i`lafu ë Ifdstedtmdfphe lg glejfs jl 5:;9.

Ldquedtf mssf, f nmh`f jl Beylzmj, Yuhlmged, i`lafu e ug ldtldjmgldtf

ifg f rlaldtl Cféf ^MM lg Ifdstedtmdfphe. E smtueáéf jfs ftfgedfs
rlnhltme-sl dfs tlrgfs jf tretejf, df queh Bmzâdimf cå déf lre fbrmaejf e
 prlster trmbutf, f gfdtl Etfs l Zlssehúdme nfreg rlsteurejfs ef mgpírmf, l
Yuhlmged i`lafu e jliherer-sl f vessehf jf mgplrejfr, prfiuredjf epldes
jlmxe-hf
l f slhfuifg sue pfsslifg
iesedjf-sl je Zråime. Ef rltfrder
sue sfbrmd`erltfrder, , Gedulh(nmh`e
mhlaçtmge ifdnmrgfu f tretejf
jl Zlfjfrf M,
jíspfte jf Gfrle) ifg Yuhlmged. E rmvehmjejl mrrfgplu dfvegldtl ldtrl
Cféf ^MM l slu tmf, ges uge eifgfjeáéf nfm nlmte l Cféf tfrdfu-sl f
afvlrdejfr jl Zlssehúdmie l je Zråime.
Gedulh gedtlvl uge rlheáéf nfrgehgldtl egmaåvlh ifg f dfvf
suhtéf, Gl`glj M (5:;2-5:25), l Gl`glj lsteve jl netf fiupejf ifg e
terlne jl rlsteurer f ifdtrfhl ftfgedf de Åsme Gldfr l jmgmdumr es
rlvfhtes gldfrls (ehauges jes quems nfreg, jl netf, ecujejes pfr Gedulh).
Gedulh rldfvfu sues dlafimeáüls ifg es pftãdimes fimjldtems, ges e
rmvehmjejl ldtrl ^ldlze l @udarme l e nrequlze jf pepejf ifdjldereg
lsses tldtetmves ef nreiessf.
F edf jl 5:25 nfm eamtejf pere Bmzâdimf. Gedulh cå lsteve vlh`f l
ifrffuu slu nmh`f Cféf ^MMM ifgf if-mg
ifrff if-mgplrej
plrejfrfr l `lrjl
`lrjlmrf.
mrf. Hfaf jlpfms, f
suhtéf Gl`glj gfrrlu rlpldtmdegldtl lg imriudstâdimes mdilrtes l nfm
suil
su iljm
jmjf
jf pfpfrr slu
slu nmh`
nmh`f,
f, GuGurerejj MM (5(5:2
:25-
5-5:
5:<5
<5).
). Gedu
Gedulhlh l slsluu nmh`
nmh`ff
jmsifrjereg sfbrl ifgf rleamr ë gujedáe jl rlamgl3 f vlh`f mgplrejfr
lre e nevfr jl uge ehmedáe ifg Gurej, ges Cféf ^MMM prfiurfu lxphfrer e
sm
smtu
tueá
eáéf
éf ep
epfm
fmed
edjf
jf ug rmvermvehh. Gu Gure
rejj re
reppmj
mjeg
egldldtl
tl pr
prlv
lveh
ehllil
iluu l lhllhl
nurmfsegldtl eteifu Ifdstedtmdfphe, jltlrgmdejf e tfger e imjejl l pudmr
fs bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdfs
fs pfr
pfr su
suee pl
plrnrnçj
çjme
me.. Ls
Lstl
tl il
ilri
riff lr
lree ar
arev
evl,
l, ges f ed edtm
tmaf
af
mgplrejfr cfafu sue óhtmge géf gems uge vlz mdimtedjf fs rmvems ef
suhtéf, nfráedjf Gurej e hlvedter f ilrif l, nmdehgldtl, lg 5:2:, e essmder
ug tretejf jl pez qul prfpfrimfdfu uge peuse tlgpfrårme, ges ifhfifu
Ifds
If dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he dfve
dfvegl
gldt
dtll du
dugege pfpfsmsmáé
áéff mdnl
mdnlrm
rmfr
fr if
ifgf
gf ug vess vessehehff
 peaejfr jl trmbutfs jf suhtéf. E smtueáéf rltfrdere, gems fu gldfs, ef qul
nfre 22 edfs edtls. E fpfrtudmjejl jl uge rliuplreáéf bmzedtmde `evme
 pessejf.
 

5<
F Nmg jf Mgpírmf
5:90 ’ 5:9= ’ Ifdiçhmf jl Nhfrldáe l udméf jes Marlces.
5::= ’ Ifdstedtmdf PM í ifrfejf mgplrejfr
mgplrejfr..
5:<9 ’ Uulje jl Ifdstedtmdfphe.
F Rlmdejf jl Cféf ^MMM [ehlùhfaf (5:2< ’ 5::0)

 Lg 25 jl Cuh`f jl 5:2< f mgplrejfr Gedulh MM [ehlùhfaf gfrrlu efs

1< edfs. Ylu nehlimgldtf nfm prfnudjegldtl hegldtejf pfr slus sójmtfs,
 pfms fs prlslrvfu, gems fu gldfs slg jedfs, ges tegbíg slg sl
subgltlr ës lxmaãdimes jf Fimjldtl fu rlssusimter f lsplitrf je subgmsséf
je marlce bmzedtmde ef pepejf.
Gedulh nfm suiljmjf pfr slu nmh`f Cféf ^MMM [ehlùhfaf (5:2<-5::0),
qul `lrjfu
mgpírmf uge
nfssl mdnmdmjejl
e Gfrle, jl prfbhlges.
fdjl, de vlrjejl,Zehvlz
trãs jleslus
pertlmrgéfs
gems lståvlh jf
rlsmjmeg.
Gess e smtu
Ge smtueá
eáéf
éf de Zråimråimee tf
tfrd
rdfu
fu-s
-sll rlil
rlildt
dtlg
lgld
ldtl
tl gu
gumtmtff ge
gemsms sírm
sírme.
e.
Zls
lsse
sehú
húdm
dmie
ie ls
lste
teve
ve lg géfsgéfs vl vldl
dlzm
zmed
edes
es jl
jlsj
sjll 5:29
5:29,, l `e `evm
vmee ehau
ehauge
ge
lsplredáe jl qul, sfb slu ifdtrfhl, lhe sl tfrdessl dfvegldtl ug rmif
ildtrf jl ifgírimf l iuhture. Ges `evme jmssldséf jldtrf je imjejl, l fs
vldlzmedfs jlslsplrereg-sl lg gedtlr sues jlnlses, ldtéf e smtueáéf sl
tfrdfu sfgbrme quedjf Gurej trfuxl sues nfráes pere fs gurfs _je
imje
imjejjlW lg gerá ráff jl 5: 5:9;
9;.. Gu
Gummtfs imje
imjejé
jéfs
fs jlsl
jlslce
cevveg sl rldj rldjlr
lr
mgljmetegldtl, ges fs vldlzmedfs lxmamreg qul e imjejl nfssl jlnldjmje -

edtls
imjejljliemu
pertmr peresuclmte
l nmifu e slauredáe ifg slus
e ug tlrrçvlh devmfs.
sequl? Epùsirmsté
e marlce ug iurtf ilrif,
prmgmtmve jfse
pfmltfs  nf
 Ei`lmrfpfmltfs
 Ei`lmrf nfmm tred
tredsn
snfr
frge
geje
je lg gl glsq
squm
umte
te.. E slau
slaudj
djee imje
imjejl
jl jf
Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf qul iemu pere fs Zurifs.
Ymded [es`e, f aldlreh-alreh ftfgedf de Lurfpe, gfvlu-sl ifdtre
Mfeddmde df Fimjldtl. Jmnlrldtlgldtl je pfpuheáéf jl Zlssehúdmie, f
 pfvf jl Mfeddmde eilmtfu e fnlrte jl rldjmáéf jl Ymded [es`e l, ifgf
rlsuhtejf, lhls trfiereg sue hmblrjejl plhe prftláéf jl sues prfprmljejls,
marlces l vmjes.
Fs jujuph
phfs
fs suil
suilssf
ssfss ftfg
ftfged
edfs
fs jl 5:5:9;
9; essu
essust
ster
ereg
eg slslrm
rmeg
egldldtl
tl es
 pftãdimes fimjldtems, lsplimehgldtl ^ldlze l @udarme. F afvlrdedtl jf
qul rlsteve je Yírvme lre eafre Cfral Bredofvmā, l eafre cureve hlehjejl
 ef rlm Ymamsgudjf je @udarme l sl prlpereve pere rlsmstmr ë mdvlstmje
ftfgede jl uge dfve iepmteh nfrtmnmieje lg Ygljlrlvf, df Jedóbmf, plrtf

jl Blharejf.

F Jlspftetf je Gfrle df síiuhf P^

F jíspftetf je Gfrle, ifg sue iepmteh lg Gystres (plrtf je edtmae

Lsperte)
ug nhfrlsilu
remf jl ftmgmsgf pfhçtmie l iuhturehgldtl
des jmnmiuhjejls df síiuhf
gmhmterls P^ lFprfpfrimfdfu
je ípfie. jíspftetf je
Gfrl
Gf rlee pe
pess
ssfu
fu e slslrr afvl
afvlrd
rdej
ejff ifg
ifgff ug epedåamf  (lssldimehgldtl ug
tlrrmtùrmf mdjlpldjldtl hmaejf pfr heáfs negmhmerls e Ifdstedtmdfphe) pfr
glgbrfs gems cfvlds je negçhme mgplrmeh. F iestlhf jl Gystres, e uge
iurte jmstâdime e flstl je edtmae Lsperte, nfm ifdstruçjf lg 52:0 pfr
Aumh`lrgl MM ^mhhl`erjfumd, f prçdimpl nredif je Eieme, pere prftlalr e
 phedçiml jl Heofdme jes trmbfs slhvealds qul `ebmteveg f Gfdtl Z Zemzfs.
emzfs. F
iestlhf nfm ldtrlaul efs bmzedtmdfs lg 52>2, l uge imjejl hfaf irlsilu
ebemxf jlhl, ifgf fs `ebmtedtls jl Lsperte qul nuamreg pere hå pere
jlsnruter
jlsnru ter je gemf
gemfrr prft
prftláéf
láéf jes nfrtm
nfrtmnmieá
nmieáüls.
üls. Mdmim
Mdmimehgl
ehgldtl
dtl afvlr
afvlrdejf
dejf pfr
afvlrdejfrls qul lreg trfiejfs tfjfs fs edfs, e pertmr jl 59;0 lhls
fiupereg f ieraf pfr plrçfjfs gems hfdafs. Cféf ^M irmfu f Jlspftejf jf
Gfrle lg 59:= l Cféf ^ ldtéf _dfglfuW Zlfjfrf M [ehlùhfaf, qul
afvlrdfu jl 5905 e 5:;1, l jehm lg jmedtl f jíspfte lre ug epedåamf je
negçhme [ehlùhfaf. Jl 5:;1 etí e sue iepture plhfs turifs, f jíspftetf nfm
afvlrdejf plhfs nmh`fs jf mgplrejfr Gedulh MM, prmglmrf Zlfjfrf MM
(5:;1-5::9), jlpfms f nuturf mgplrejfr Ifdstedtmdf PM (5::9-5::=) l,
nmdehgldtl, Zfgås l Jlgltrmfs [ehlùhfaf ( 5::=-5:>;). Lg 5:2=, f
jísp
jí spftftee ae
aed`d`fu
fu f if ifdt
dtrf
rfhl
hl jl tfjf
tfjf f [l [lhf
hfpf
pfdl
dlsf
sf,, ges
ges fs ftftfg
fgededfs
fs
eprfvlmtereg e ifgpltmáéf ldtrl fs nmh`fs jl Gedulh MM pere mdvejmr e
Gfrle, eplser jfs lsnfráfs ifdtçdufs pere nfrtmnmier l jlnldjlr f mstgf jl
Ifrmdtf.
F mgplrejfr Gedulh MM l slu nmh`f Zlfjfrf,Zlfjfrf, qul nfm jíspfte epùs 5:;0,
lreg nfrtls jlnldsfrls je vmje mdtlhlitueh lg Gystres, fdjl `evme uge
gmsture jl iuhture ihåssmie l trejmimfdeh rlhmamfse l etí glsgf gfdåstmie.
Ldtr
Ld trll fs md mdtl
tlhl
hlit
ituem
uemss qu
qull vmvm
vmvmeg
eg l treb
trebeh
eh`e
`eveg
veg de ifrt
ifrtll jl Gyst
Gystres
res
lsteveg Msmjfrf, gems terjl bmspf jl Omlv, Blssermfd, gems terjl bmspf jl
 Dmiíme (egbfs fs quems sl tfrdereg ierjlems de marlce rfgede), l Alframfs
Yi`fhermfs, qul, ifgf Alddejlmfs MM, sl tfrdfu f prmglmrf petrmerie jl
Ifdstedtmdfphe sfb f jfgçdmf ftfgedf. F gemfr jlssls mdtlhlituems, df
ldte
ld tedt
dtf,
f, nf
nfmm f nmhù
nmhùsf
sfnf
nf Al
Alfr
fram
amfs
fs Al
Algmgmst
stfs
fs,, qul
qul ej
ejft
ftfu
fu f sfbr
sfbrld
ldfg
fgll
 [hlt`fd lg mgmteáéf jl [hetéf (_f dfgl íW [hetéf lg arlaf), e qulg lhl
ejgmreve l prfiureve slaumr. [hlt`fd cå tmd`e uge ierrlmre dftåvlh pfr trås

jlhl,, if
jlhl ifgf
gf md
mdtl
tlhl
hlit
itue
uehh l if
ifds
dslh
lh`l
`lmr
mrff jf mg
mgpl
plre
rejf
jfrr, qu
qued
edjf
jf i`
i`la
lafu
fu e
Gystres lg 5:;=. Lsirlvlu gumtf, l e gemfrme jl slus trebeh`fs séf sfbrl
tlges lstrmtegldtl nmhfsùnmifs, ges, ifgf [hetéf edtls jlhl, lhl sldtmu
tmd`e ug jlvlr pfhçtmif rleh jl prfgfvlr sues mjímes pere f blg-lster (fu
glsgf e sehveáéf) je sfimljejl.

F Ifdiçhmf jl Nhfrldáe l e Iruzeje jl ^erde

^erde

Cféf ^MMM lsteve eafre ldifrecejf e lsplrer qul e ecuje jf Fimjldtl

 pujlssl rlehgldtl lster prùxmge, l lhl ldtrfu lg dlafimeáüls ifg f
 pepejf. Lstl nfm, deturehgldtl, ug plrçfjf jl jlseifrjf ifdsmjlråvlh de
marlce fimjldteh, quedjf fs i`egejfs Ifdimhmermstes tldtereg tmrer f pfjlr
jf pepe l ifhfiå-hf des géfs jfs ifdslh`fs je marlce. Lssl lre ug pfdtf
jl vmste slglh`edtl ef jfs bmzedtmdfs, l Cféf pfjme lsplrer qul lhls
nfsslg gems ifgprlldsmvfs ef hmjer ifg e marlce frmldteh. F pepe Luaãdmf
M^ ifdslaumu qul fs lgmssårmfs bmzedtmdfs pertmsslg, lg dfvlgbrf jl
5:91, pere ug ifdslh`f qul sl rludmrme lg Nlrrere, de Mtåhme.
E jlhlaeáéf bmzedtmde nfm jl netf, jmnlrldimeje3 mdihuçe f petrmerie,
Cfsí MM (f prmglmrf petrmerie jl Ifdstedtmdfphe e ifgperlilr e teh ldifdtrf
df Fimjldtl). Ldtrl fs pertmjårmfs jl ug ifdslh`f lsteveg Blssermfd, ug
jmstmdtf tlùhfaf rlildtlgldtl dfglejf bmspf jl Dmiíme, l Msmjfrf, qul
eiebere jl slr dfglejf bmspf jl Omlv l tfje e Róssme? equlhls qul sl
fpud`eg ë udméf mdihuçeg Gerifs Lualdmofs, ldtéf bmspf jl Ínlsf. E
jmsp
jmsput
utee lr
lre,
e, í ihiher
erf,
f, nu
nudj
djeg
egld
ldtetehg
hgld
ldtl
tl tlfh
tlfhùa
ùami
miee l - if ifgf
gf slg
slgpr
prll -
iuhtureh, ges de jíieje jl 5:9; suramu ug dfvf lhlgldtf, f pfjlr
mdtlhlitueh jf rldesimgldtf mtehmedf l sue nesimdeáéf pfr tfjes es ifmses
arla
ar laes
es.. Ls
Lsse
se lxim
lximte
teáé
áéff mdtl
mdtlhl
hlit
itue
uehh lre
lre etre
etreld
ldtl
tl pe pere
re ehau
ehauds
ds tlùh
tlùhfa
fafs
fs
 bmzedtmdfs, ldquedtf pere futrfs lre gems ug smdeh jl qul fs fimjldtems
lsteveg jmspfstfs e eilmter ifmses jfs arlafs, ges déf lsteveg jmspfstfs e
ldtldjlr es dlilssmjejls jf mgpírmf fu e mgpfrtâdime je trejmáéf tlfhùamie
 bmzedtmde. Fs hçjlrls hlmafs je jlhlaeáéf bmzedtmde lreg plhf gldfs téf
jmstmdtfs quedtf fs ihírmafs, mdihumdjf f prùprmf mgplrejfr Cféf, slu mrgéf
Jlgltrmfs - l, gems dftevlhgldtl, [hlt`fd? _l tegbígW lreg
eifgped`ejfs plhf egmaf l tlùhfaf jl [hlt`fd, Alframfs Yi`fhermfs, f
 phetúdmif Egmrfutzls, l f ermstftíhmif Alfr Alframfs
amfs jl ZZrlbmzfdje.
rlbmzfdje.
E ifgmtmve bmzedtmde i`lafu e ^ldlze, ifg uge aredjl eifh`mje, df
mdç
dçim
imff jl 5:9 :900, l slslaaumu
umu pereree Nlrlrre
rere
re,, l f ifd ifdsl
slh`
h`ff md
mdmi
mimf
mfuu su
sues
es
 jlhmblreáüls df mdçimf jl ebrmh jequlhl edf. E jmsiusséf nfm alrehgldtl lg
ug ehtf dçvlh, ges jmnçimh pere egbfs fs hejfs. F jlbetl errestfu-sl l f

iustf pere f pepejf eugldtfu, jl gfjf qul, df nmdeh jl 5:90, f ifdslh`f

nfm tredsnlrmjf pere Nhfrldáe, fdjl e rmie negçhme Gíjmim lsteve jmspfste e
ecujer e ifbrmr f iustf. Es prmdimpems jmnlrldáes ldtrl fs jfms hejfs lreg
lssldimehgldtl es glsges jl edtls3 e prfimsséf jf Lspçrmtf Yedtf l e
suprlgeime jf pepe. Ehauds jfs prlhejfs bmzedtmdfs fbcltereg qul lre
mdcustf
sualrlglsplrer qullsteveg
qul lhls lhls iljlsslg lg tfjfsnegmdtfs
lssldimehgldtl fs pfdtfs,pfrl ehauges
subgmsséf. nfdtls
Df
nmdeh, f petrmerie l tfjfs fs prlhejfs bmzedtmdfs - ifg lxiláéf jl Gerifs
Lvaldmofs - essmdereg uge jlihereáéf jl udméf lg < jl cuh`f jl 5:9=?
jfs rlprlsldtedtls sliuherls, epldes f mgplrejfr tlvl qul ifdifrjer.
F imsge tmd`e smjf nfrgehgldtl iurejf, ges e gemfrme jfs bmspfs l
hlmafs df Frmldtl sl fpuslreg nmrglgldtl, l Gerifs Lvaldmofs tfrdfu-sl
ug `lrùm pfpuher pfr sue rlsmstãdime. Lg trfie jl ug eifrjf pere f qul
vlmf e slr i`egejf jl \dméf jl Nhfrldáe, f pepe ifdifrjfu lg ldvmer ug
lxírimtf pere jlnldjlr Ifdstedtmdfphe jfs turifs. Uuesl mgljmetegldtl,
df ldte
ldtedt
dtf,
f, su
sura
ramr
mreg
eg jmnm
jmnmiu
iuhj
hjej
ejls
ls df Fr Frml
mldt
dtl,
l, pf
pfms
ms gu
gumtmtfs
fs bmsp
bmspfsfs sl
fpud`eg ef ifdslh`f, l ehauds qul essmdereg ifgláereg e gujer jl
mjíme. Ifgf gldimfdejf eimge, f hçjlr je rlsmstãdime nfm Lvaldmofs, ges
quedjf lhl gfrrlu Alframfs Yi`fhermfs tfgfu f slu huaer huaer..
Ldqu
Ld qued
edtf
tf ms
mssf
sf,, Gu
Gurerejj MM ififdt
dtmd
mduf
ufuu su
sues
es if
ifdq
dqum
umst
stes
es df df dfrt
rtll jf
jfss
Båhiés. Ygljlrlvf iemu lg 5:9=, Blharejf lg 5::;, l lg 5::5 fs
ftfgedfs mdvejmreg e Zredsmhvâdme. E prfgltmje iruzeje nfm eilhlreje pfr
lssls lvldtfs, l es nfráes jf pepejf, ^ldlze l f juqul jl Bfrafd`e
 prfgltlreg pertmr lg 5:::. Hçjlrls je rlsmstãdime irmsté de Lurfpe
Frmldteh lreg f rlm je [fhúdme Hejmsheu MMM, qul sl tfrdere afvlrdedtl
@udarme l f aldlreh `ódaerf Cféf @udyejm. Ehíg jmssf, ug hçjlr hfieh
`evm
`e vmee su
surram
amjf
jf de Eh Ehbâ
bâdm
dme,
e, ir
irme
mejf
jf ififggf guáu
guáuhg hged
edff l je jejf
jf f df dfgl
gl
"Msoldjlr Bla" (Ehlxedjrl) plhf suhtéf pfr sues prflzes. Yoedjlrbla,
ifgf lre ifd`limjf plhfs ehbedlsls, lsiepfu jf ifdtrfhl ftfgedf l
fraedmzfu e rlsmstãdime jes gfdted`es jl sue tlrre deteh. Ef glsgf
tlgpf, Ifdstedtmdf, jíspfte je Gfrle l mrgéf jl Cféf ^MMM, fraedmzfu es
jlnlses jf [lhfpfdlsf l tfgfu Etldes je nreie negçhme nhfrldtmde jfs
Eiimecufhm.
Lg cuh`
cuh`ff jl 5: 5::9
:9,, e téf
téf lslspl
plre
reje
je ir
iruz
uzej
ejee nmde
nmdehg
hgld
ldtltl pe
pert
rtmu
mu je
@udarme, ldquedtf e nrfte subme f Jedóbmf jlsjl f Ger Dlarf. Gurej MM
lsteve fiupejf ifg uge rlvfhte de Edetùhme, l fs iruzejfs pujlreg
geri`er repmjegldtl pere f suh l tfger Dms l Yfnme. Lg 5:::, fs hçjlrls
 je iruzeje ldvmereg lgbemxejfrls ef suhtéf l uge tríaue nfm fraedmzeje
 pfr jlz edfs. Cfral Bredofvmā, f hçjlr je Yírvme, gedtlvl sue pertl df

tretf, ges fs lgmssårmfs jf pepe, cudtf ifg f rlm Hejmshev, qulbrereg f

tretejf l geri`ereg emdje gems pere f tlrrmtùrmf ftfgedf, ehiedáedjf f
Gerr Dl
Ge Dlar
arff plrt
plrtff jl ^er
erde
de.. Gu
Gure
rejj vf
vfht
htfu
fu repm
repmje
jegl
gldt
dtll je Ed
Edet
etùh
ùhme
me,,
suplrfu e nrfte jfs iruzejfs l i`lafu e ^erde ifg ug ldfrgl lxírimtf
qul edmqumhfu e nfráe irmsté lg gldfr dóglrf. Essmg tlrgmdfu e Iruzeje
jl ^erde lEfquehqulr
Fimjldtl. lsplredáe
glsgf tlgpf, rleh bmzedtmdfs
gumtfs jl qul Bmzâdimf rlilblrme
plrilblreg qul fecuje jf
fbcltmvf
je iruzeje lre Ifdstedtmdfphe l sldtmreg uge rleh sldseáéf jl ehçvmf
quedjf i`lafu e ug nmdeh rumg. Cféf ^MMM déf pújl nezlr deje ehíg jl
 perebldmzer f suhtéf plhe vmtùrme. Cféf @udyejm plrgedlilu ë sfhte, ifg
ug lxírimtf rezfevlhgldtl aredjl, ges nfm jlimsmvegldtl jlrrftejf lg
uge slaudje beteh`e lg Ofsfvf lg 5::0. Cfral Bredofvmā sfbrlvmvlu e
lsses jmnmiuhjejls ifg aredjl pertl jl slu pfjlr mdteitf, ges Bmzâdimf
iemu e ug dçvlh jl mdsmadmnmiâdime vmrtueh de pfhçtmie gudjmeh. Fs lsnfráfs
jl Cféf ^MMM pere fbtlr epfmf jf Fimjldtl nreiessereg ifgphltegldtl l,
lg 95 jl futubrf jl 5::0, lhl gfrrlu.

E Uulje je Imjejl

Cféf ^MMM déf tlvl nmh`fs l eperldtlgldtl pldsfu gumtf sfbrl slu
suilssfr. Df nmdeh, lhl lsifh`lu slu mrgéf Ifdstedtmdf, qul tmd`e ldtéf ::
edfs l _lreW jíspfte je Gfrle. Lhl lre iheregldtl f gems tehldtfsf l
egbmimfsf jl slus mrgéfs l tmd`e jlgfdstrejf iepeimjejl lg sues eáüls
ldlr
ldlraí
aítm
tmie
iess lg jl jlnl
nldj
djlr
lr l jljlsl
sldv
dvfh
fhvl
vlrr e Gf
Gfrlrle.
e. Nr
Nrlq
lqøl
øldt
dtlg
lgld
ldtl
tl
ifd`limjf plhf sfbrldfgl jl sue gél, Jreaes fu Jreaetzls, Ifdstedtmdf
PM lsteve jlstmdejf e slr f óhtmgf mgplrejfr jl Bmzâdimf. Lg cedlmrf jl
5::=, lhl nfm prfihegejf mgplrejfr lg Gystres l dudie nfm nfrgehgldtl
ifrfejf plhf petrmerie, glsgf jlpfms jl sue i`laeje e Ifdstedtmdfphe,
lg pertl pfrqul f petrmerie emdje lre hleh ë \dméf ifg Rfge, l f dfvf
mgplrejfr déf qulrme ldifrecer gems jmsifrjmes sfbrl lste qulstéf.
Ifddstedtmdf ldtrfu lg Ifdstedtmdfphe lg geráf jl 5::= l
If
mgljmetegldtl busifu e eprfveáéf jl sue lhlveáéf _e mgplrejfrW plhf
suhtéf Gurej. F mgplrejfr ifdnmrgfu slus mrgéfs Zfgås l Jlgltrmfs
ifgf if-rlaldtls jf jlspftejf je Gfrle, ges lhls quesl mgljmetegldtl
ifgláereg e rmvehmzer plhf ifdtrfhl je rlaméf.
E prùprme
prùprme Ifdstedtmdfphe lsteve jmvmjmje sfbrl e qulstéf je udméf ifg
Rfge. F mgplrejfr eprfvfu nfrgehgldtl e \dméf, cå qul ifdtmdueve e
 lsplrer qul mssf pujlssl jl ehauge nfrge hlver ë essmstãdime gmhmter jf
Fimj
Fi mjld
ldtl
tl.. Ehau
Ehauds
ds jf
jfss glgbr
lgbrfsfs je if
ifrt
rtll ep
epfm
fmer
ereg
eg ldlr
ldlram
amie
iegl
gldt
dtll f

mgplre
mgpl rejf
jfrr dlsse
dlsse qu
quls
lsté
téf,
f, ld
ldqu
qued
edtf
tf futr
futrfs
fs sl fp
fpus
uslr
lreg
eg,, ges
ges lste
lsteve
veg
g
jmspfstfs e nmier lg smhãdimf pere f blg-lster jf Lstejf. E aredjl gemfrme
jf ihlrf l jfs hlmafs, df ldtedtf, lre nmrgl lg sue fpfsmáéf. Hçjlrls ifgf
Alframfs Yi`fhermfs, qul `evme sl tfrdejf ug gfdal ifg f dfgl jl
Alddejlmfs, l Cféf Lvaldmofs, mrgéf jl Gerifs, ifdtmduereg gedtldjf
uge pfsmáéf
Arlaùrmf `fstmh e Rfge.
MMM, iedsfu-sl Lg 5:<5,
je ifdtrfvírsme f petrmerie
l rltmrfu-sl jl Ifdstedtmdfphe,
je imjejl l rlnuamfu-sl
lg Rfge? e imjejl lsteve slg petrmerie.
 Dlsse smtueáéf, e jmphfgeime bmzedtmde ifdildtreve-sl de dlilssmjejl
jl ldifdtrer uge lspfse ejlqueje pere f mgplrejfr (sues jues lspfses
edtlrmfrls `evmeg gfrrmjf), qul pfjlrmeg trezlr ef mgpírmf ug jftl
ifdsmjlråvlh l ug `lrjlmrf ef trfdf. Lg óhtmge edåhmsl, deje rlsuhtfu
jmssf
ssf, ges lg nlvlrlmr lmrf jl 5:<5 e smt smtueáéf jf mgpírmf rmf gujfu
jregetmiegldtl quedjf f suhtéf Gurej MM gfrrlu. Lhl nfm suiljmjf pfr slu
nmh`f Gl`glj MM, qul tmd`e epldes 5= edfs jl mjejl. Lhl cå tmd`e uge
lxplrmãdime ifdsmjlråvlh, cå qul slu pem déf tmd`e futrf nmh`f sfbrlvmvldtl
l `e`evm
vmee jlmx
jlmxejejff gumumtf
tfss es
essu
sudtdtfs
fs jl lste
lstejf
jf peperere Gl
Gl`g `gljlj.. Lstl
Lstls,
s, df
ldtedtf, dlg tfjfs tmd`eg ifrrmjf blg, l gumtfs afvlrdedtls irmstéfs
lsplreveg qul sue cuvldtujl l e nehte jl suilssf edtlrmfr ehmvmesslg e
egle
eg leáe
áe,, sldt
sldtmjmjee pl
plhf
hf pfpfjl
jlrr jf
jfss ftfg
ftfged
edfs
fs.. Lhls
Lhls ls lste
teveg
veg sl slrm
rmeg
egldldtl
tl
ldaedejfs.
F afvlrdf bmzedtmdf ifgpertmh`eve lssl lquçvfif l, quedjf Gl`glj
lste
ls teve
ve fifiup
upej
ejff ififg
g ug ugee rlvf
rlvfht
htee de EdEdetetùh
ùhme
me,, pr
prfi
fiururfu
fu jlnl
jlnldjdjlr
lr es
rlmvmdjmieáüls jl ug prltldjldtl nreif ef trfdf ftfgedf. Gl`glj rleamu
repmjegldtl, jmssl efs bmzedtmdfs qul lhls tmd`eg qulbrejf f rlildtl
tre
rettejf
ejf qu qull `evevmmeg es essm
smde
dejf
jf l, de prmg rmgev
evlrlree jl 5: 5:<<2, ifgifgláfu
láfu e
ifdstruáéf jl uge aredjl nfrtehlze df hejf lurfplu jf Bùsnfrf3  Ruglhm
 @mser  ("Nfrtehlze
  ("Nfrtehlze Rfgede") nfm pere ifgbmder ifg e  Edejfhfu @mser
("Nfrtehlze je Edetùhme"), ifdstruçje plhf evú jl Gl`glj, Blylzmj, de
ifste esmåtmie, pere ifgphlter f ilrif jl Ifdstedtmdfphe plhfs turifs.
Nmifu iherf qul f suhtéf lsteve sl prlperedjf pere ug essehtf nmdeh ë
imjejl. Dlsse smtueáéf, Ifdstedtmdf déf pfjme nezlr deje ehíg jl prfiurer
auerjer prfvmsüls l nezlr quehqulr eplhf qul pujlssl ef Fimjldtl. Lhl nlz
 prfglsses pere e @udarme l Ereaéf l tldtfu fbtlr e ecuje jfs glriejfrls
jl Re Reauause
se.. Es are redj
djls
ls rl rlpó
póbbhmi
mies
es ger erççtmg
tmges mtehmtehmmed
edes
es pl plrj
rjllre
reg
g,
lssl
ls sldi
dimemehg
hgld
ldtl
tl,, f mdtl
mdtlrl
rlssl
ssl plplhf
hf jljlst
stmd
mdff jl If Ifdsdste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he,, lg pe pert
rtll
 pfrqul cå `evmeg nlmtf slus prùprmfs erredcfs pere e prfgfáéf jl slu
 ifgírimf ifg fs turifs.
Lg futubrf jl 5:<2, f ierjleh Msmjfrf i`lafu e Ifdstedtmdfphe ifg f

hlaejf pepeh. Lhl trfuxl ifdsmaf 2;; erqulmrfs jl Dåpfhls pere ecujer de
jlnlse je imjejl, ges slu fbcltmvf rleh lre tlr e \dméf jl Nhfrldáe
nfrgehgldtl prfihegeje hå. Fs edtm-ifdsmhmerls, hmjlrejfs pfr Alddejlmfs,
rlsm
rlsmst
stmr
mreg
eg nm
nmrg
rglg
lgldldtl
tl,, l lg ug
ugee rl
rlud
udmméf df peh
pehåi
åimmf mg
mgpl
plrm
rmeh
eh lg
dfvlgbrf lhls nfreg eutfrmzejfs e essmder uge jlihereáéf nfrgeh jl
 prftlstf.
jlzlgbrfGes f mgplrejfr
jl 5:<2, l f ifdslh`f
uge ilrmgúdme nfrgehpepeh plrslvlrereg
nfm rlehmzeje l, lgYfp`me,
de @eame 52 jl
de queh pertmimpereg ihírmafs frtfjfxfs l ietùhmifs, l fs jlirltfs jf
Ifdiçhmf jl Nhfrldáe nfreg hmjfs. E gemfr pertl jf pfvf ifdtmdufu e
ejfrer des marlces iucfs pejrls sl fpud`eg ë \dméf. Des pehevres jl
Ytlv
Ytlvld
ld Rudi
Rudimgmged
ed,, ‘s
‘sll e udmé
udméff tmvl
tmvlss
ssll smjf
smjf slslau
aumj
mjee repm
repmje
jeglgldt
dtll pl
plhf
hf
suramgldtf jl devmfs l sfhjejfs jf Fimjldtl, sues vedtealds pråtmies
 pfjlrmeg tlr fbtmjf f epfmf alreh. Ges, ifgf nfm, lhls peaereg f prláf
lxmamjf plhe ecuje fimjldteh, l nfreg ldaedejfs ‗(p. 12).
Jldtrf je imjejl, es plssfes lsteveg blg ifdsimldtls jf ilrif qul sl
eprfxmgeve. Fs aredjls ied`üls je Ruglhm @mser pfjmeg slr fuvmjfs df
Bùsnfrf, l lg dfvlgbrf jl 5:<2, quedjf ug devmf vldlzmedf déf jlu
etldáéf ë frjlg jl déf pesser plhfs lstrlmtfs, nfm enudjejf. E trmpuheáéf
jf devmf nfm hlveje ef suhtéf, qul frjldfu qul nfsslg jliepmtejfs? f
iepmtéf nfm lgpehejf l nfm lxmbmjf slu ifrpf ef hfdaf je lstreje. Fs
lspç
lspçrm
rmtf
tfss lg If Ifds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdfp
fphe
he jlvl
jlvlgg ls
lste
terr pe
pere
re bebemx
mxf,
f, l f `mst
`mstfrm
frmej
ejfr
fr
Jfuoes imte f fnmimeh Hfuoes Dfteres jmzldjf _lg slus lsirmtfsW3 "Glh`fr
f turbedtl jf suhtéf jf qul e gmtre jf pepe", smadmnmiedjf qul slrme glh`fr
sl rldjlr efs turifs jf qul ifdifrjer ifg e \dméf ifg f [epe. Df
ldtedtf, Ifdstedtmdf mdstmafu slus imjejéfs l trebeh`fu ifg lhls juredtl f
mdvlrdf, ldquedtf prfiureveg ifdslrter es perljls je imjejl. F gemfr
 plrmaf, ifgf lhl blg sebme, lre f ied`éf turif. E pùhvfre nfm useje de
Lurfpe dfs óhtmgfs ilg edfs, ges déf nfm gumtf lnmiez pere vmrer e gerí
je aulr
aulrrere.. Zed
edtf
tf If
Ifds
dste
tedt
dtmd
mdff qu
qued
edtf
tf Gl`g
Gl`glj lj,, df ld ldte
tedt
dtf,
f, lste
lsteve
veg
g
mdtlrlssejfs df usf jf ied`éf. Lg 5:<2, ug ldald`lmrf `ódaerf i`egejf
\rbedf vlmf e Ifdstedtmdfphe l fnlrlilu ef mgplrejfr slus slrvmáfs?
Ifdstedtmdf, df ldtedtf, déf tmd`e nudjfs pere peaer slu sehårmf dlg fs
rliu
rliursf
rsfss pe
perere pl
plrg
rgmt
mtmr
mr qu
qull lh
lhll if
ifds
dstr
truç
uçss
ssll e erge.
erge. \r \rbe
bedf
df,, pfrt
pfrted
edtf
tf,,
fnlrlilu slus slrvmáfs ef suhtéf? quedjf lhl jmssl e Gl`glj qul lhl
 pfjlrme ifdstrumr ug ied`éf qul qulbrerme fs pfrtüls je prùprme
Bebmhúdme, f suhtéf h`l fnlrlilu ug sehårmf quetrf vlzls _gemfrW jf qul lhl
lsteve pljmdjf l ifhfifu ë sue jmspfsmáéf tfjfs fs rliursfs qul lhl
  prlimserme. \rbedf ldtéf ifdstrumu f ldfrgl ied`éf qul enudjfu f devmf
vldlzmedf df Bùsnfrf l jlpfms ifgláfu e ifdstrumr ug ifg f jfbrf jf

teged`f jf edtlrmfr. E erge nfm ifdstruçje lg Ejrmedùpfhms l, jl eifrjf

ifg uge nfdtl, quedjf tlrgmdeje, tmd`e ug ifgprmgldtf jl gems jl 2>
 pís l ug jmâgltrf jl gems jl 0 pís de nrldtl? es behes jl ied`éf plseveg
5.2;; hmbres ieje! Epùs f tlstl blg suiljmjf lg Ejrmedùpfhms, df queh f
 prmglmrf tmrf vmecfu gems jl ug qumhúgltrf l glmf, f ied`éf ifgláfu sue
 cfrdeje pere Ifdstedtmdfphe,
2.;;; `fglds dlilssårmfs pere etreçjfs
gedtlrpfre aredjl
>; bfmserge
ifg lståvlh.
uge lqumpl
Futrfs jl
ied`üls nfreg ifdstruçjfs l ldvmejfs pere f ilrif, lgbfre dld`ug jlhls
nfssl téf aredjl quedtf f prmglmrf.
Ldquedtf mssf, es trfpes jf suhtéf ifgláereg e sl rludmr lg tfrdf je
imjejl, geri`edjf pfr tlrre l lhmgmdedjf tfjfs fs rlgedlsildtls je
rlsmstãdime bmzedtmde. F `mstfrmejfr arlaf Cfral Yp`redtzls enmrgfu qul f
lxírimtf turif lre jl 2;; gmh _`fgldsW, ldquedtf uge lstmgetmve gems
rezfåvlh í jl 0; gmh `fglds. Jldtrf je imjejl `evme uge sírme lsiesslz
jl jlnldsfrls3 Yp`redtzls ifhfifu f dóglrf lg :.119. Es gureh`es je
imjejl, `å gumtf tlgpf e glh`fr jlnlse jf mgpírmf, lsteveg ls teveg lg ifdjmáüls
rezfevlhgldtl bfes, ges tmd`eg jues nrequlzes sírmes3 slu ifgprmgldtf
(eprfxmgejegldtl quetrf gmh`es) jmnmiuhteve e jlnlse pfr uge plqulde
nfráe, l slu teged`f l ifdstruáéf, lgbfre emdje nfrgmjåvlh, déf tmd`e
smjf prfcltejf pere rlsmstmr e ug essehtf jl pùhvfre qul tmd`e f pfjlr jl
jlrrubå-hf etrevís jl uge nfráe slg prliljldtls.
Gl`g
Gl `glj
lj fr
frjl
jldf
dfuu qu
qull sl
sluu alaldl
dlre
rehh Zurure`
e`ed
ed ir
iruz
uzes
essl
sl e Gf
Gfrl rlee l
jlvestessl f iegpf, mgpljmdjf qul fs jíspftes ecujesslg slu mrgéf. Es
 pftãdimes irmstés rlhetmvegldtl nreies jfs Båhiés (Enfdsf jl Ereaéf, Cféf
@uddye
@u yejjm je @u@uddar
arme
me l Cf Cfrral BrBred
edif
ifvmvmāā je YíYírv
rvme
me)) déf prprllste
stere
reg
g
essmstãdime, l es pftãdimes lurfpímes fu déf ifdslaumreg nfrdlilr ecuje fu
 plrjlreg f mdtlrlssl. Imldtl jes hmáüls je `mstùrme, Gl`glj ldtldjlu qul
Ifdstedtmdfphe sù pfjlrme slr tfgeje pfr ug pfjlr qul ifdtrfhessl f ger,
ldtéf lhl ifdstrumu uge germd`e jl teged`f ifdsmjlråvlh pere ifgbetlr
queh
qu ehqu
qulr
lr et
eteq
equl
ul jes
jes pf
pftã
tãdi
dimemess ge
gerç
rçtm
tmge
gess fimj
fimjld
ldte
tems
ms.. Nm
Nmde
dehg
hgld
ldtltl,, lg
nlvlrlmrf jl 5:<9, ^ldlze jlimjmu ldvmer jfms devmfs pere Ifdstedtmdfphe,
ifg 0;; sfhjejfs, l lstls pertmreg nmdehgldtl lg ebrmh.
E jlnlse je imjejl nfm ifdnmeje ef Aréf-Juqul Hfuoes Dfteres,
Jlgltrmfs l Cféf Oedteofuzldfs, l Dmiínfrf [ehlùhfaf, tfjfs sfb f
ifgedjf alreh jf mgplrejfr. Fs vldlzmedfs je imjejl jlreg tfjf f slu
epfm
ep fmf,
f, l gum umtf
tfss glg
lgbr
brfs
fs je jess if
ifg
gududmjmjej
ejls
ls aldf
aldfvl
vlslslss l iete
ietehéhéss sl
 cudtereg efs bmzedtmdfs. ^årmfs evldturlmrfs tegbíg eperlilreg, ldtrl fs
 quems sl jlsteifu f aldfvãs Amfveddm Amustmdmedm Hfdaf, qul rlilblu
suplrvmséf alreh je jlnlse ef hfdaf jes gureh`es.

Fs bmzedtmdfs ilhlbrereg e [åsife jl 5:<9 lg rlhetmve pez, ges de

slaudje-nlmre jl [åsife, 2 jl ebrmh, fs prmglmrfs lhlgldtfs jf lxírimtf jf
suhtéf i`laereg edtl es Gureh`es? f mgplrejfr mgljmetegldtl frjldfu
qul f aredjl lstrfdjf etrevís je bfie jf I`mnrl jl Furf nfssl ifhfiejf
df huaer pere slher f pfrtf jf etequl. Lg > jl ebrmh, e berrealg jl
ertmh`erme ifgláfu des
jme l fs jlnldsfrls Gureh`es?
seçeg ë dfmtl fs
pereturifs etmreveg
ifdslrter des perljls
f lstreaf. juredtl f
Fs jlnldsfrls
tmvlreg ehauds suilssfs3 uge tldtetmve jl nfráer e lxphfséf jf I`mnrl jl
Furf nfm lspedieje l tegbíg ug etequl ës Gureh`es? lg 2; jl ebrmh, trãs
devmfs aldfvlsls ifgmssmfdejfs plhf pepe, cudtf ifg ug ieraulmrf ifg
uge ierae jl trmaf jl Enfdsf jl Ereaéf, ifdslaum ifdslaumreg reg rfgplr f bhfq
bhfqulmf
ulmf
ftfgedf l ldtrer df Ifrdf jl Furf.
Jejf
Je jf ls
lsttl lststej
ejff jl if ifmmse
ses,
s, GlGl`g`gljlj jltlr
ltlrggmd
mdfu
fu tfg
fger
er eáü
eáüls
lxtrefrjmdårmes. Lhl ifdstrumu uge lstreje etrås jl Aehete, jf Bùsnfrf ef
Ifrdf jl Furf? ierrmd`fs nfreg ifhfiejfs lg trmh`fs ef hfdaf je lstreje,
 puxejfs pfr bfms, l fs devmfs nfreg ierrlaejfs des ierrfáes l
tredspfrtejfs pere f I`mnrl. Fs lsnfráfs jfs jlnldsfrls pere mdildjmer fs
devmfs déf jlreg lg deje, l lg 22 jl ebrmh e nrfte ftfgede eperlilu df
Ifrdf jl Furf? ug ldfrgl pfdtéf nfm ifdstruçjf l ertmh`erme nfm gfdteje
dlhl. Fs jlnldsfrls eafre tmd`eg qul ifdsmjlrer e pfssmbmhmjejl jl ug
etequl lg quehqulr pfdtf ef hfdaf jl tfjf f imriuhf je imjejl, lg vlz jl
 pfjlr ifdildtrer sue etldáéf des gureh`es pfr tlrre, l jmnmiuhjejls jl
ifgudmieáéf deturehgldtl sl slaumreg. Fs ftfgedfs, lg ifdtrestl, nfreg
ieppez
ie ezlsls jl hl hlvver e susuee su
supplr
lrmf
mfrm
rmjjej
ejll dug
ugír írmmie lsgsgeeae
aejf
jfre
re l jl
 bfgberjler es gureh`es jf Ifrdf, fdjl lreg lstruturehgldtl
lstruturehgldtl mdnlrmfrls.
Fs jlnldsfrls rlsmstmreg gumtf, l f mgplrejfr ifdslaumu ifdnmsier e
marlce l e rmqulze prmveje pere ifgprer ifgmje. Ldquedtf mssf, e ecuje qul
fs bmzedtmdfs busiereg df lxtlrmfr i`lafu, déf jf Fimjldtl, ges jf
Frmldtl, de nfrge jl rlvfhtes jfs sójmtfs jf suhtéf de Åsme Gldfr. Nmifu
iherf qul f ilrif déf pfjlrme slr prfhfdaejf mdjlnmdmjegldtl l qul
Gl`glj tlrme qul tfger e imjejl fu ldnrldter uge smtueáéf jmnçimh lg slu
 prùprmf rlmdf. Lhl fnlrlilu fs tlrgfs ef mgplrejfr3 fs bmzedtmdfs
jlvlrmeg rldjlr-sl peimnmiegldtl e imjejl l plrgedlilr lg
Ifdstedtmdfphe ifg f peaegldtf jl trmbutf fu semr l sl lsteblhlilr lg
futr
fu trff hua
uaer
er.. Epls
Eplserer jf if ifds
dslh
lh`f
`f jl ehau ehaudsds jl sl sluus if
ifds
dslh
lh``lmrf
lmrfs,
s,
Ifdstedtmdf lsteve jltlrgmdejf e nmier l huter ifg slu pfvf. F suhtéf
tegb
tegbíg íg lre
lre eaeafr
free ie
iepe
pez,
z, sf
sfbb e hlm
hlm guguáuáuhg
hgedede,
e, jl prfg
prfglt
ltlr
lr e slslus
us
 sfhjejfs f jmrlmtf trejmimfdeh jl sequler e imjejl epùs slu ifhepsf.
 De slaudje-nlmre, 20 jl gemf, Gl`glj jlu efs slus sfhjejfs ug jme

jl jlsiedsf, lg prlpereáéf pere ug etequl gessmvf. De imjejl, fs

 prlssåamfs lsteveg pfr tfje pertl, ges f pfvf rludmu-sl ë dfmtl de
Besçhmie jl Yedte Yfnme l tfjfs, mdihumdjf fs pertmjårmfs l fpfdldtls je
\dméf _ifg f [epeW, f mgplrejfr l f ierjleh Msmjfrf pertmimpereg je
óhtmge hmturame irmsté de iepmteh bmzedtmde.
F etequlgeh
mrrlauherls ftfgedf ifgláfu
lqumpejes de gejruaeje
eteiereg prmglmrf lg jl 2= jl gemf.
aredjl Es trfpes
dóglrf? fdje
epùs fdje, etmdamreg fs sltfrls gems nreifs jes Gureh`es pfr tlrre, ges
Amus
Am ustm
tmdm
dmedm
edm l sl slus
us `f
`fgl
glds
ds gedt
gedtmv
mvlr
lreg
eg-sl
-sl nmrg
nmrgls
ls.. Uu
Uuededjf
jf es trfp
trfpes
es
rl
rlau
auheherl
rlss glglh`
h`fr
fr ererg
gej
ejes
es tf
tfge
gere
regg f sl sluu hu
huae
aerr, fs turi
turifs
fs etei
eteier
ereg
eg
tegbíg es gureh`es jf Ifrdf jl Furf, ges e jlnlse gedtlvl-sl nmrgl. F
suhtéf frjldfu qul fs cedçzerfs eteiesslg? lsses trfpes lsteveg blg
lqumpejes l e hute lre nurmfse. [fuif edtls jf eged`lilr, Amustmdmedm nfm
nlrmjf l hlvejf je hmd`e jl nrldtl. Lgbfre slus nlrmgldtfs déf nfsslg
netems, es trfpes aldfvlses pldsereg qul lhl lsteve gfrrldjf fu qul lhl
lsteve jlsmstmdjf je hute, l lhls rliuereg. Fs cedçzerfs eprfvlmtereg f
gfgldtf l ug jlhls i`lafu ef tfpf jf gurf. Lhl nfm mgljmetegldtl
ebet
eb etmj
mjf,
f, ges futrfutrfs
fs re
repm
pmje
jegl
gldt
dtll sl
slau
aumr
mreg
eg.. Glsg
Glsgff lssllssl eteq
etequl
ul,, df
ldtedtf, pfjlrme tlr smjf lgpurrejf pere trås, ges ef glsgf tlgpf ug
 plquldf arupf jl cedçzerfs jlsifbrmu qul f plquldf plquldf [frtéf jl Olrofpfrte
tmd`e smjf lrrfdlegldtl jlmxejf eblrtf. Lhls ifrrlreg, submreg etí f tfpf
je gureh`e l lhlvereg f lstedjertl ftfgedf. Fs turifs evedáereg etrevís
jess ju
je jues
es br brli
li`e
`es?
s? lh
lhls
ls repm
repmje
jegl
gldt
dtll eb
ebrm
rmre
regg futr
futrfsfs pfrt
pfrtül
ülss l slus
slus
iegerejes ldtrereg.
F mgplrejfr Ifdstedtmdf nlz f qul pújl pere rludmr sues trfpes.
Ehauds jlmxereg f iegpf pere tldter jlnldjlr sues negçhmes. Futrfs,
ifgff f mg
ifg mgplr
plrejf
ejfrr, eve
evedáe
dáereg
reg per
peree ldi
ldifdt
fdtrer
rer f mdmmdmgm
gmaf.
af. Ifd
Ifdste
stedtm
dtmdf
df
rlgfvlu sue rlaehme mgplrmeh l ldifdtrfu fs turifs plrtf jf [frtéf jl Yéf
Rfgedf. Lhl dudie gems nfm vmstf.
Gumtfs jfs mtehmedfs nuamreg pere slus devmfs, l ehauds nuamreg _je
 beteh`eW, ges e gemfrme jfs `ebmtedtls nmifu ifg f jlstmdf jlhls. F
lstuprf l e pmh`ealg ifgláereg mgljmetegldtl, quedjf fs sfhjejfs jf
suhtéf
suh téf rlm
rlmvmd
vmdjmi
jmiereg
ereg sue rli rlifgp
fgplds
ldse.
e. Mar
Marlce
lcess nfr
nfreg
eg jlspf
jlspfcej
cejes,
es, ies
ieses
es
nfreg sequlejes, l fs tlsfurfs qul lsiepereg ef sequl jfs iruzejfs
eaffre ieçre
ea eçregg des géf éfss jf
jfss tu
turi
rifs
fs33 f çif ifddl je ^mral algg Fjla lalt
ltrm
rme,
e,
supfstegldtl fbre jl Yéf Huies, nfm jlstruçjf, es tegpes jl cùmes nfreg
rlgfv
rlg fvmj
mjes
es,, fs hm
hmvr
vrfs
fs nf
nfreg
reg qu qulm
lmge
gejfjfs,
s, l gfse
gfsemi mifs
fs l enrl
enrlsi
sifs
fs nfre
nfreg g
 errediejfs l ifrtejfs. Fs sfbrlvmvldtls nfreg rludmjfs l hlvejfs ifgf
lsirevfs, lgbfre gumtfs tld`eg sl getejf lg vlz jl ieçrlg des géfs

jfs ifdqumststeejfrls. Déf `å rlhetf ifdnmåvlh, lh, ges lstmgetmv tmves

ifdt
ifdtlg
lgpf
pfrâ
râdl
dles
es susust
stld
ldte
teg
g qul
qul :.;;
:.;;;; pl
plss
ssfe
fess nf
nfreg
reg gf
gfrte
rtess l <;
<;.;
.;;;
;;
nfreg hlvejes ifgf lsirevfs. E hldje irmsté sustldteve qul e @eame
Yfp`me, e Aredjl Marlce jl Jlus, déf iemrme efs mdvesfrls, ges qul, ef sl
eprfxmgerlg jl sues pfrtes, f Edcf jl Jlus eperlilrme pere jlstruç-hfs.
Essmg,Uuedjf
 pfrtes. ehauds fs
jfsturifs
sfbrlvmvldtls
i`laereg, ifrrlreg
mdvejmreg pere e marlce
f príjmf, l ebrmreg
getedjf es
fs mjfsfs
l ldnlrgfs l hlvedjf fs futrfs prmsmfdlmrfs. Fs seilrjftls je marlce,
ldquedtf mssf, ifdtmduereg sue ilhlbreáéf je hmturame irmsté
mdmdtlrruptegldtl plhe qulje je imjejl. Ylaudjf e trejmáéf, quedjf fs
turifs tfgereg f ifdtrfhl je marlce, fs seilrjftls rlifh`lreg fs vesfs
searejfs, ebrmreg es perljls jf sedtuårmf l fs seilrjftls ldtrereg df
mdtlrmfr jf ljmnçimf, jf queh lglramréf uge vlz gems pere rltfger e
hmturame quedjf f ljmnçimf gems uge vlz sl tfrde-sl uge marlce irmsté.
 Df nmdeh je terjl, f suhtéf ldtrfu de imjejl l frjldfu f nmg jf sequl,
qul cå `evme smjf rlehmzejf. Lhl nfm e @eame Yfp`me l fnlrlilu gmslrmiùrjme
ëqulhls qul lhl ldifdtrfu emdje egfdtfejfs df ljmnçimf, qul
mgljmetegldtl gedjfu tredsnfrgå-he duge glsqumte. Gl`glj pljmu e ug
ih
ihírm
írmaf
af guáu
guáuhg
hged
edff qu
qull su
subm
bmss
ssll ef pó
póhphpmt
mtff l pr
prfifihe
hegf
gfuu uge
uge frfreá
eáéf
éf
guáuhgede, l lhl submu ef ehter je edtmae ietljreh l ejfrfu Ehhe`.
 Df rlsiehjf, Gl`glj lxmamu pere sm f gems lsifh`mjf jfs tlsfurfs
sequlejfs l f gems dfbrl jfs ietmvfs. Ehauds jfs óhtmgfs lhl gedtlvl lg
slu pehåimf fu jlu efs ehmejfs guáuhgedfs. Lhl jlsifbrmu uge sírml jl
ermstfiretes l ejgmdmstrejfrls bmzedtmdfs, mdihumdjf f Aréf-Juqul Hfuoes
 Dfteres l sue negçhme. E prmdiçpmf, f suhtéf tretfu tfjfs fs prmsmfdlmrfs
ifg aldlrfsmjejl, ges hfaf gujfu jl mjíme l gedjfu lxliuter tfjfs fs
`fgl
`f glds
ds.. Gl
Gl`g
`gljlj ls
lste
teve
ve lslspl
plim
imeh
ehgl
gldt
dtll pr
prlf
lfiu
iupepejf
jf lg jl jlsi
sifb
fbrm
rmrr f
_perejlmrf jfW ifrpf jf mgplrejfr Ifdstedtmdf, lg pertl pfrqul qulrme tlr
ilrtlze jl qul déf `evme lsiepejf pere hmjlrer uge mdsurrlmáéf gems terjl.
Lgbf
Lg bfre
re uge
uge busi
busiee gmd mdui
uimmfs
fsee tld
ld``e smjf
smjf nl nlmt
mtee l ie iebblá
láes
es l ififrp
rpfs
fs
jlilpejfs nfsslg hevejfs l lxegmdejfs, l lgbfre ug iejåvlr vlstmdjf
glmes ifg uge åaume bfrjeje nfssl e prmdiçpmf ifdsmjlrejf f mgplrejfr,
f ifrpf jl Ifdstedtmdf dudie nfm jlsifblrtf. F netf jl slu
jlseperlimgldtf eperldtlgldtl ifgphltf plrgmtmu qul e trejmáéf pfstlrmfr
f vmssl ifgf f "Mgplrejfr Gårgfrl", qul déf lstå gfrtf, ges lstå
lsplredjf, lg ehaug huaer nfre jf tlgpf, pere rltfrder l rlsteurer f
Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf.
  

5>
Bmzâdimf Epùs e Uulje je Imjejl
5:>5 ’ Nmg jf Mgpírmf
M gpírmf jl Zrlbmzfdje.
5<<9 ’ 5>51 ’ ^mdildzfs Ofrderfs, eutfr jl  Lrftformtfs, lsteblhlimgldtf jfs

suilssfrls jl Bmzâdimf dfs Behiés.

[fjl-sl jmzlr qul f Mgpírmf Bmzedtmdf tlrgmdfu lg 2= jl gemf jl 5:<9, quedjf
Ifdste
Ifd stedtm
dtmdfp
dfphe
he iemu
iemu pere
pere fs turifs
turifs ftfged
ftfgedfs.
fs. [fr futrf
futrf hejf,
hejf, vår
vårmes
mes ldtmje
ldtmjejls
jls
 pfhçtmies bmzedtmdes sfbrlvmvlreg ë ietåstrfnl l, ilrtegldtl gems mgpfrtedtl,
m gpfrtedtl, f mjleh
 bmzedtmdf l es trejmáüls iuhturems
iuhturems bmzedtmdes vmvlreg l emdje lstéf ifdfsif `fcl.

Fs Lstejfs Bmzedtmdfs Yfbrlvmvldtls

F jlspftetf je Gfrle sfbrlvmvlu ë qulje jl Ifdstedtmdfphe epldes pfrqul lre

jmstedtl, l f suhtéf déf vfhtfu mgljmetegldtl e etldáéf pere hå. Fs mrgéfs Zfgås l
Jlgltrmfs [ehlùhfaf, qul afvlrdereg lg jmnlrldtls pertls jf [lhfpfdlsf, vfhtereg
ei`eger
brmaer
brmaer,fsifg Zfgås
Zfgås
turifs ifgf emdje lsplredjf
ehmejfs. Gl`glj pfrnmdehgldtl
ecuje jf Fimjl
Fimjldtl
dtl eamr
jlimjmu l Jlgltrmfs
Jlglt rmfs jmspfstf
pfr ifdte jmspfs
prùprmetf le
lg 5:>; pertmu pere e Gfrle. Jlgltrmfs rldjlu-sl mgljmetegldtl, lxetegldtl sltl
edfs epùs e iepture jl Ifdstedtmdfphe. Zfgås rlsmstmu ug pfuif gems, ges lhl nuamu
 pere e Mtåhme edtls jf nmdeh jf edf, l f jíspftetf je Gfrle jlmxfu jl lxmstmr. lxmstmr. Zfgås
lre f ódmif glgbrf jl sue negçhme e tlr `lrjlmrfs, l fs [ehlùhfafs jlsildjldtls jlhl
ifdt
if dtmd
mduer
uereg
eg e vm vmvl
vlrr df Fimj
Fimjld
ldtl
tl,, fies
fiesmf
mfde
dehg
hgld
ldtl
tl sur
suramdj
amdjff pere
pere hlve
hlvedt
dter
er sue
sue
rlmvmdjmieáéf ef trfdf jl Bmzâdimf.
Ldqu
Ld quededtf
tf mssf
mssf,, ifgf
ifgf cå gldi
gldimfmfde
degf
gfs,
s, f i`eg
i`egejf
ejf Mgpí
Mgpírmrmff jl Zrl
rlbm
bmzf
zfdj
djee
ifdtmdufu e lxmstmr de geralg suh jf Ger Dlarf, df hlstl je Åsme Gldfr. Lstl
gmdósiuhf lstejf, jlvl slr hlgbrejf, tmd`e suramjf pfuif edtls je Uuerte Iruzeje l
gedtlvl sue mdjlpldjãdime jfs hetmdfs, jfs turifs l jf rlssuraldtl pfjlr jf Mgpírmf
jl Dmiíme df síiuhf PMMM. F tlrrmtùrmf jlssl lstejf lre uge plqulde nemxe ifstlmre,
 prftlamje jes aredjls pftãdimes je Åsme Gldfr plhes jlnlses je imjejl jl
Zrlbmzfdje l je aredjl gureh`e jes Gfdted`es [fdtmies. Essmg, etí glejfs jf
síiuhf P^, Zrlbmzfdje gedtlvl sue mdjlpldjãdime ifdtre fs ftfgedfs. Gurej MM
tmd`e egbmáüls jl iepturå-he, ges lstes nfreg nrustrejes plhes gedfbres jmphfgåtmies
jf mgplrejfr Cféf M^ Ifgdldf (5:2=-<= / >;). Epùs e qulje jl Ifdstedtmdfphe,
Cféf M^ nlz ehmedáes ifg slus vmzmd`fs, lsplimehgldtl fs turifgedfs jfs Zurbedtls
Bredifs, ges lhl gfrrlu edtls qul f etequl nmdehgldtl vmlssl l nfm suiljmjf pfr slu
mrgéf Jevmj Ifgdldf. Es egbmáüls jmphfgåtmies jl Jevmj lreg emdje gems egphes
jf qul es jl slu mrgéf, l lhl nlz ifdtetfs ifg f juqul jl Bfrafd`e l f pepe,
jmsiutmdjf etí glsgf e pfssmbmhmjejl jl uge dfve Iruzeje pere hmblrter Clrusehíg.
Jevmj sl eprfxmgfu
slu mrgéf. jljl
Df mdvlrdf Gl`glj MM ifg ug
5:>;, Gl`glj pljmjf
rludmu jlldfrgl
uge rlgmsséf jl trmbutf
nfráe peaf pfr
lxpljmimfdårme,
 duglredjf >;.;;; _`fgldsW
duglredjf _`fgldsW jl ieveherme
ieveherme l 0;.;;; jl mdnedterme
mdnedterme.. Epfmejf
Epfmejf plhe nrfte
ftfgede df Ger Dlarf, lste nfráe geri`fu pere f hlstl je Åsme Gldfr, tfgfu

Ymdfpl l nlz uge jlgfdstreáéf jl nfráe de Ergãdme edtls jl jlsilr pere f tlrrmtùrmf
jl Zrlbmzfdje. Déf `fuvl ehtlrdetmve e déf slr e rldjmáéf l, lg 5< jl eafstf jl
5:>5, f óhtmgf lstejf bmzedtmdf jlmxfu jl lxmstmr. F mgplrejfr Jevmj l sue negçhme
nfreg hlvejfs pere Ejrmedùpfhms l mdmimehgldtl tretejfs blg, ges f suhtéf déf pfjme
 plrgmtmr qul e hmd`ealg jfs aredjls Ofgdldfm lxmstmssl, l lg 5:>9 frjldfu qul
tfjfs nfsslg lxliutejfs.

Irmstéfs Bmzedtmdfs sfb f Afvlrdf Ftfgedf

 Dlilssmte-sl jmzlr qul es ifgudmjejls irmstés jf edtmaf mgpírmf ifdtmduereg e

lxms
lx mstm
tmrr, tedt
tedtff de Åsme
Åsme Gldf
Gldfrr ifgf
ifgf dfs
dfs Behi
Behiés
és,, lg pert
pertll pfrq
pfrqul
ul fs ftfg
ftfged
edfs
fs
guáuhgedfs lreg fbrmaejfs e rlifd`lilr fs irmstéfs ifgf uge ldtmjejl hlaçtmge,
qul slaumeg uge ‘rlhmaméf jf hmvrf‗. [ere lhls, f lvldtf gems mgpfrtedtl nfm e
jlimséf jl Gl`glj jl rlsteurer f petrmerie jl Ifdstedtmdfphe ifgf i`lnl jf gmhltf
jl Rug, ifgf lre ifd`limje e ifgudmjejl frtfjfxe jl hçdaue arlae. F edtmaf
 petrmerie, Arlaùrmf MMM,
MMM, lsteve `å gumtf tlgpf df lxçhmf l, jl quehqulr nfrge, f suhtéf
jlsifdnmeve jl ug bmspf udmfdmste, pfms ifdtmdueve e tlglr qul fs irmstéfs arlafs
 pujlsslg ifhebfrer ifg f Fimjldtl ifdtre f lstejf ftfgedf. [fr lste rezéf, lhl
 prfiurfu Cfral Yi`fhermfs, eafre f gfdal Alddejlmfs, qul sl tfrdere lsirevf.
Gl`glj fnlrlilu-h`l f trfdf petrmerieh, l jlpfms jl ehauge ifdsmjlreáéf, Yi`fhermfs
eilmtfu, l lhl nfm ldtrfdmzejf ifgf Alddejlmfs MM lg cedlmrf jl 5:<:, déf de @eame
Yfp`me (qul lre eafre uge glsqumte), ges de marlce jfs Yedtfs Epùstfhfs. F suhtéf,
essmg ifgf f mgplrejfr edtls jlhl, pertmimpfu je ilrmgúdme. Ymadmnmietmvegldtl pere
f nuturf, fs irmstéfs frtfjfxfs jf edtmaf mgpírmf `evmeg ldifdtrejf ug pfdtf jl
ldifdtrf de plssfe jf petrmerie l je marlce frtfjfxe.
Essmg, jldtrf jf Mgpírmf Ftfgedf, f peplh l f pfjlr je Marlce Frtfjfxe
eugldtereg ifgf rlsuhtejf je ifdqumste. F ihlrf déf lsteve suclmtf ë trmbuteáéf, e
fr
frae
aedmdmze
zeáéf
áéf je marl
marlce
ce plrg
plrged
edli
lime
me mdeh
mdehtl
tlre
reje
je l f ihlr
ihlrff af
afze
zeve
ve jl if
ifds
dsmj
mjlr
lråv
åvlh
lh
 prlstçamf. Jl netf, fs bmspfs l f petrmerie eafre tmd`eg rlspfdsebmhmjejls ejmimfdems,
 cå
ls
lste qul
tebm
bmhm lreg
hmjejl l hçjlrls
jejl f suilspfhçtmifs
uilssf
sf jf rl l amg
rlamrlhmamfsfs
gl ftfg
ftfgedl f.tmd`eg
edf. Ms
Mssf mdtlrlssl
sf ldif
ldifre cfuu lg
recf maesslaurer
e marl
rlce slrer
ce e sl
 pfhmtmiegldtl ifdslrvejfre l e epfmer f stetus quf. Ehíg jmssf, e marlce pessfu e
smgbfhmzer pere f pfvf frtfjfxf jfs Båhiés e ahùrme l e trejmáéf jf Mgpírmf
Bmzedtmdf. F mgpírmf `evme fbvmegldtl jlseperlimjf, ges e marlce rltmd`e déf epldes
e iuhture jl Bmzâdimf, ges tegbíg - l prfvevlhgldtl gems mgpfrtedtl - uge
lstruture pfhçtmie qul esslaureve e sue prùprme prlslrveáéf l e gedutldáéf jf pfjlr
ifgf uge mdstmtumáéf mdtmgegldtl essfimeje e Bmzâdimf. Mstf tlvl rlplriussüls
mgpfrtedtls df qul jmz rlsplmtf ë `lredáe je iuhture bmzedtmde. Lsse iuhture slgprl
nfm mdnudjmje ifg smadmnmiejfs l mdtlrprlteáüls irmstés, ges tegbíg `evme uge nfrtl
trejmáéf pråtmie l sliuher lg Bmzâdimf l etí - pfjl-sl eraugldter - uge trejmáéf qul
 pfjlrme slr i`egeje jl edtm-ihlrmieh. Lste trejmáéf sliuher de iuhture bmzedtmde lre
gldfs qul ótmh pere f ihlrf ljuiejf qul jfgmdeve fs ehtfs ierafs je marlce, l pfr
 mssf déf nfm suprmgmjf, l e plrilpáéf je iuhture bmzedtmde qul suramu dfs tlgpfs
gfjlrdfs nfm jfgmdeje quesl lxihusmvegldtl pfr ifdsmjlreáüls rlhmamfses, jl gfjf
qul Bmzâdimf tlg smjf ifdsmstldtlgldtl vmstf - etí `fcl - ifgf uge sfimljejl qul

lre ifgphlte l nudjegldtehgldtl rlhmamfse.

Róssme

 De Róssme, í iherf, e smtueáéf lre jmnlrldtl, pfrqul f dfvf ildtrf pfhçtmif jl
Gfsifu lsteve gumtf ehíg jf ifdtrfhl jf Lstejf ftfgedf, l `evme mgpfrtedtls
 pfdtfs jlifdtetf
rlaméf jl nrmiáéfdeldtrl es jues dfrjlstl
lxtrlgmjejl pftãdimes,jfprmglmrf df GerdeDlarf
pfjlr ftfgedf l, de
Lurfpe pfrRfgãdme.
nmg, de
Ifgf vmgfs, e ifdvlrséf je Róssme ef irmstmedmsgf vlmf jl Bmzâdimf l, etí f nmdeh jf
mgpírmf, e gemfrme jfs gltrfpfhmtes jl Omlv l jl tfje e Róssme lreg arlafs. Df
síiuhf P^, fs russfs lxmbmreg ehauge mdjlpldjãdime quedjf f Aredjl [rçdimpl jl
Gfsifu rlclmtfu Msmjfrf jl Omlv pfrqul lhl eilmtfu e \dméf jl Nhfrldáe l eiebfu
lhlaldjf ug gltrfpfhmtedf pfr ifdte prùprme, nmlh ë trejmáéf frtfjfxe.
Epùs e qulje jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, f Aredjl [rçdimpl Mved MMM iesfu-sl ifg Sfl
[ehlùhfae, e nmh`e gems dfve jl Zfgås [ehlùhfaf, lg 5:12. Sfl, ifd`limje plhfs
russfs ifgf Yfnme, trfuxl uge lstrlmte ifdlxéf ldtrl e óhtmge negçhme mgplrmeh jl
Bmzâdimf l e negçhme afvlrdedtl. je Róssme, l jl netf, ehauds russfs lsteveg nehedjf
 pfr ug tlgpf sfbrl f "gedtf" jl Ifdstedtmdfphe pessedjfpe ssedjf pere Gfsifu. Df mdçimf
jf síiuhf P^M, f gfdal Nmhfnlm jl [sofv lsirlvlu qul es "jues Rfge" (Rfge l
Ifdstedtmdfphe) `evmeg ieçjf l Gfsifu sl tfrdere e "Zlrilmre Rfge". Mssf lre vmstf
ih
iher
ereg
egld
ldtl
tl lg ug sl sldt
dtmj
mjff epfi
epfieh
ehçp
çptm
tmif
if,, pr
prln
lnma
maur
ured
edjf
jf f nmg
nmg jf gudj
gudjf,f, l e
ermstfireime russe dudie ejftfu e mjíme jl qul Gfsifu `evme essugmjf tfje e
mjlfhfame jl Bmzâdimf. Déf fbstedtl, `evme gumtes gedlmres plhes quems e Róssme
 pfjme sl vmste ifgf `lrjlmre je trejmáéf mgplrmeh bmzedtmde l prftltfre jf pfvf
frtfjfxf qul vmvme nfre jf ifdtrfhl ftfgedf.

E Ifdtmdueáéf
Ifdtmdueáéf l f Jlsldvfhvmgldtf je Iuhture Bmzedtmde

Mssf déf qulr jmzlr qul gumtfs lhlgldtfs

lhl gldtfs je trejmáéf bmzedtmde déf sfbrlvmvlreg
juredtl f plrçfjf
gerevmh`fses ftfgedf3
glsqumtes e erqumtlture
jl Ymded í tehvlzerqumtltfs
l fs futrfs glstrls f glh`frjflxlgphf equm,
síiuhf P^M l es
pfjlg
ilrteg
ilrtegldt
ldtll slr jlsirmt
jlsirmtfs
fs ifgf ifdtmd
ifdtmdued
uedjf
jf e trejmá
trejmáéf
éf bmzedt
bmzedtmde
mde jl ifdstr
ifdstruáé
uáéff
gfdugldteh e slrvmáf jl Jlus. Je glsge nfrge, e pmdture pùs-bmzedtmde tegbíg
ifdtmdufu, slg mdtlrrupáéf, _ifgW es tldjãdimes mdmimejes df plrçfjf bmzedtmdf.
Ldtrl es mdstmtumáüls gems mgpfrtedtls qul esslaurereg e sfbrlvmvãdime je
trejmáéf bmzedtmde lsteveg fs gfstlmrfs. Ilrtegldtl, fs gfstlmrfs lxmstmreg juredtl
tfjf f plrçfjf bmzedtmdf, l lhls slgprl jlslgpld`ereg ug peplh mgpfrtedtl de vmje
lifdúgmie, blg ifgf rlhmamfse l mdtlhlitueh. Lsse mgpfrtâdime nfm rljfbreje epùs e
qulje jl Ifdstedtmdfphe, lg pertl pfrqul fs gfstlmrfs lsteveg ldtrl es pfuies
md
mdst
stmt
mtum
umáü
áüls
ls bmbmze
zedt
dtmd
mdes
es qul
qul sfbr
sfbrlv
lvmv
mvlr
lreg
eg mdte
mdteit
ites
es l, ifgf
ifgf weqns  (nudjeáüls
rlhmamfses), alrehgldtl rlilbmeg e prftláéf tfteh je hlm ftfgede. Gumtfs tegbíg
rlilblreg prmvmhíamfs lsplimems - dfrgehgldtl rlgmsséf jl mgpfstfs fu ifdnmrgeáéf
 jl pfssl jl tlrre - jl suhtüls mdjmvmjuems. Essmg, fs gfstlmrfs gedtmvlreg, l gumtes
vlzl
vl zlss eug
eugldte
ldterreg,
eg, es tlr tlrre
ress jl pr
prfp
fprrmlje
mljejl
jl subs
ubstedi
tedime
mehh qu
qull pfss
pfssuç
uçeg
eg,, l
nrlquldtlgldtl sl jljmieveg ef ifgírimf l e futres etmvmjejls lifdúgmies.

Ilrtegldtl, f gems mgpfrtedtl jfs lsteblhlimgldtfs gfdåstmifs jf gudjf pùs-

 bmzedtmdf lreg fs jf Gfdtl Et`fs. Lstls nhfrlsilreg l irlsilreg, l e lre ftfgede
rlprlsldte sue nhfrlsiãdime. F glsgf pfjlrme slr jmtf jfs gfstlmrfs jl Gltlfre, de
Zlssåhme. Zedtf Et`fs ifgf Gltlfre lreg ifdstmtuçjfs pfr ug dóglrf jl gfstlmrfs
lssldimehgldtl mdjlpldjldtls qul fiesmfdehgldtl pfjmeg trebeh`er cudtfs lg ieuses
ifgud
ifg uds,
s, l pr
prls
lslr
lrve
veveg
veg e ie iere
reit
itlr
lrçs
çstm
tmie
ie ódmi
ódmiee jf gfdes
gfdestm
tmim
imsg
sgff bmze
bmzedt
dtmd
mdf,
f, qul
qul
ldnetmzeve e prfxmgmjejl
mdjlpldjldtls nçsmie
qul vmvmeg hejf jl vårmes ifgudmjejls gfdåstmies l edi`frmtes
e hejf.

Fs ‘@lrjlmrfs‗ jl Bmzâdimf

Fs arlafs, russfs, ergãdmfs, uiredmedfs, rfgldfs, bóhaerfs, sírvmfs l futrfs

 pfvfs lshevfs, tedtf lg slus prùprmfs peçsls quedtf de jmåspfre mdtlrdeimfdeh qul
lxplrmgldtereg, séf fs `lrjlmrfs iuhturems jmrltfs jl Bmzâdimf. Zfjfs lhls nfreg, jl
uge nfrge fu jl futre, mdtldsegldtl ifdsimldtls jlsse `lredáe l jl slu peplh lg
tfrdå-hfs qulg séf. Ifgldtermstes gfjlrdfs, tedtf jldtrf ifgf nfre je Marlce
Frtfjf
Frt fjfxe,
xe, vmreg
vmreg e trejmá
trejmáéf
éf `mstùr
`mstùrmie
mie bmzedt
bmzedtmde
mde ifgf
ifgf slpere
slperedjf
djf pfvfs
pfvfs irmsté
irmstéfs
fs
frtfjfxfs jl slus pfjlrfsfs vmzmd`fs de Lurfpe Fimjldteh ietùhmie fu prftlstedtl, jl
ug hejf, l jfs turifs l årebls guáuhgedfs, jl futrf. E etmtujl jfs ‘`lrjlmrfs‗ je
trejmáéf bmzedtmde tlg smjf nrlqøldtlgldtl egbmvehldtl, cå qul Bmzâdimf í ës vlzls
vmstf ifgf ehaf ‘gljmlveh‗ (f qul, í iherf, irfdfhfamiegldtl) l ‘etresejf‗ (f qul
déf lre)? fs gfjlrdmzejfrls tãg eraugldtejf nrlqøldtlgldtl qul e prlfiupeáéf
 bmzedtmde plhe rlhmaméf mgpljmu qul f pfvf frtfjfxf eprfvlmtessl fs
jlsldvfhvmgldtfs tlidfhùamifs l futrfs jf gudjf ifdtlgpfrâdlf l qul mssf fs hlve
e rmjmiuhermzer iuhtures gems ‘evedáejes‗.
Fs pfvfs je Róssme l jfs Båhiés déf séf, lvmjldtlgldtl, fs ódmifs `lrjlmrfs jl
Bmzâdimf.
Bmzâdi mf. Jl gedlmre
gedlmre smadmnmie
smadmnmietmve,
tmve, tfje e iuhture
iuhture fimjldteh
fimjldteh gfjlr
gfjlrde
de nfm nfrtlgldtl
nfrtlgldtl
mdnh
mdnhul
uldim
dimej
ejee pfr
pfr Bmzâ
Bmzâdi
dimf
mf,, te
tedt
dtff des
des ifdt
ifdtrm
rmbu
bumá
máül
ülss `mst
`mstùr
ùrmi
mies
es qul
qul nl
nlzz pere
pere f
jlsldvfhvmgldtf jf Fimjldtl (nldúgldfs ifgf e gmsture je iuhture irmsté l ihåssmie,
eifdqumstes
prlslrveáéf je hmtlreture
iuhturems arlae
smadmnmietmves pfrihåssmie l jejmssf,
sm sù. Ehíg eprldjmzealg),
fs pfvfs ifgl‘prfxmgmjejl‗
e irmeáéf jl
e Bmzâdimf pfjlrmeg tegbíg slr ifdsmjlrejfs `lrjlmrfs hlaçtmgfs3 fs turifs, fs
ehbedlsls, fs årebls l, etí ilrtf pfdtf, etí fs mtehmedfs. Fs årebls l fs turifs séf
iesfs lsplimems, uge vlz qul e iuhture jf prmglmrf jlsldvfhvlu-sl perehlhegldtl ë
iuhture bmzedtmde l e iuhture bmzedtmde nfm mdnhuldimeje jl vårmes gedlmres plhe iuhture
årebl lg slus óhtmgfs síiuhfs. Déf jlvl slr uge aredjl surprlse plrilblr qul
Bmzâ
Bmzâdim
dimff ifgpe
ifgpertrtmh
mh`e
`e gumt
gumtfs
fs lh
lhlg
lgld
ldtf
tfss jl sue
sue iuht
iuhtur
uree ifg sl
slus
us jfms
jfms ar
ared
edjl
jlss
ejvlrsårmfs.
 

BMBHMFARENME ALREH
E. @. G. Cfdls, Ifdstedtmdl edj t`l Ifdvlrsmfd fn f n Lurfpl. Hfdjfd, 5=:0.
E. Oez`jed
Oez`jed edj A. Ifdstebh
Ifdstebhl,l,  [lfphl edj [fwlr md Byzedtmug. Qes`mdatfd,
5=02.
Ehed
Eh ed Ieglr
Ieglrfd
fd,, Imrius Neitmfds. Bhuls edj Arllds et Rfgl edj Byzedtmug .
Fxnfrj, 5=1>.
I. Gedaf, Byzedtmdl Eri`mtliturl
Eri`mtliturl. Dlw ]fro, 5=1;.
Jevm
Je vmjj Y. [fttl
[fttlrr,  [rfp`liy edj @mstfry md t`l Irmsms fn t`l Rfged Lgpmrl.
Fxnfrj, 5==;.
J. Amhh, Byzedtmug edj t`l [epeiy, 55=0’5:;;. Dlw Brudswmio, DC, 5=1=.
[epeiy, 55=0’5:;;
J. Y. Q`mtl, [etrmeri` [`ftmfs fn Ifdstedtmdfphl. Brffohmdl, GE, 5=05.
J. Dmifh, Z`l Jlspftetl fn Lpmrfs, 52>1’5:1= (Iegbrmjal, 5=0:).
J. Dmifh, Z`l Hest Ildturmls fn Byzedtmug, 52>5’5:<9, 2dj ljd. (Iegbrmjal,
5==9).
L. Nrlyjl, Z`l Lerhy [ehelfhfaed Rldemssedil. 52>5’i.59>; (Hlmjld, 2;;;).
N. Jvfrdmo, Z`l [`ftmed Yi`msg3 @mstfry edj Hlaldj . Iegbrmjal, 5=:0.

N. Q. Iertlr,
Alfnnrly lj., Ed Rfgl
Arletrlx, @mstfrmieh Alfarep`y
edj [lrsme Qer,fn
et Qer t`l Behoeds
, <;2’<92 . Hfdjfd,
. Hlljs, 5==0.5=11.
Ahedvmhhl Jfwdly, Ifdstedtmdfphl md t`l Eal fn Custmdmed. Dfrged, FO, 5=>;.
A. Q. Bfwlrsfio, Z`l Lgplrfr Cuhmed. Iegbrmjal, GE, 5=10.
M. Y`e`äj, Byzedtmug edj t`l Erebs md t`l Ymxt` Ildtury. Qes`mdatfd, JI. 5==<.
C. Iurr
Iurred
ed,,  [eaed Imty edj I`rmstmed Iepmteh. Rfgl md t`l Nfurt` Ildtury.
Fxnfrj, 2;;;.
Cf`d C. ]meddmes,
meddmes, lj., Z`l Byzedtmdl Zrejmtmfd entlr t`l Nehh fn Ifdstedtmdfphl .
I`erhfttlsvmhhl edj Hfdjfd, 5==5.
Cf`d Gett`lws, Z`l Rfged Lgpmrl fn Eggmedus. Hfdjfd, 5=0=.
Cf`d Glyldjfrnn, Rfgl, Ifdstedtmdfphl, Gfsifw3 @mstfrmieh edj Z`lfhfamieh
Ytujmls. Irlstwffj, D], 5==>.
Cf`d Gffr`lej, Custmdmed. Hfdjfd edj Dlw ]fro, 5==:.
C. [lhmoed, Mgeaf Jlm3 Z`l Byzedtmdl Epfhfame nfr
nfr Mifds. Blrolhly, IE, 5==;.
Hfwlhh
Hfw lhh Ihuies,
Ihuies, lj.,
lj., Z`l Byzedtmdl Hlaeiy md Lestlrd Lurfpl. Lest Lurfpled
 Gfdfarep`s. Bfuhjlr, IF, 5=00.
G. Edafh
Edafhj,j, Z`l Byzedtmdl Lgpmrl, 5;2<’52;:3 E [fhmtmieh @mstfry, 2dj ljd.
Hfdjfd, 5==1.
Gmi`elh Q`mtby, Z`l Lgplrfr Geurmil edj `ms @mstfrmed. Fxnfrj, 5=00.
 D. C. A. [fudjs,  Ed @mstfrmieh Alfarep`y fn Lurfpl, :<; BI’EJ 599;.
Iegbrmjal, 5=19. C. G.
 D. U. Omda, Z`l Lgplrfr Z`lfjfsmus edj t`l Lstebhms`gldt fn I`rmstmedmty.
[`mhejlhp`me, 5=>;.
[. I`eredms, I`I`ur
uri`
i` ed
edjj Yt
Ytet
etll md t`
t`ll He
Hettlr Rfg
fged Lgpmrrl. 2dj ljd.
ed Lgpm
Z`lssehfdmom, 5=1:.
 [. Irfdl edj G. Iffo, @eaermsg3 Z`l Geomda fn t`l Mshegmi Qfrhj . Iegbrmjal,
Qfrhj 
5==1.

[ltlr Brfwd, Z`l Rmsl fn Q lstlrd I`rmstldjfg . 2dj ljd. Fxnfrj, 2;;9.
Qlstlrd
[. Hlglrhl,
H lglrhl, Byzedtmdl @ugedmsg3 Z`l Nmrst [`esl. Iedblrre, 5=0>.
[. Geajehmdf, Z`l Lgpmrl fn Gedulh M Ofgdldfs, 55:9’550;. Iegbrmjal, 5==9.
[. D. \rl, Custmdmed edj `ms Rlmad. @ergfdjswfrt`, 5=<5.
R. Ifrgeio, Qrmtmda md Afhj. Byzedtmdl Yfimlty edj mts Mifds. Fxnfrj, 5=0<.
R. Hedl Nfx, [eaeds edj I`rmstmeds. Hfdjfd, 5=0>.
Regsey Ifdstedtmdl. Dlw ]fro, 5=>=.
Regsey
Regs ey GeiGuhhld,
GeiGuhhld,
GeiGuhhld,  Rfged Afvlrdgldt”
Afvlrdgldt”ss Rlspfdsl tf Irmsms, E.J. 29<’991 .
 Dlw @evld, 5=1>.
Rfblrt Brfwdmda, Custmdmed edj Z`lfjfre. 2dj ljd. Hfdjfd, 5=01.
Rfblrt Brfwdmda, Z`l Lgplrfr Cuhmed. Iegbrmjal, 5=1<.
Y. Nredohmd edj C. Y`lperj, Z`l Lglraldil fn Rus, 1<;’52;;. Hfdjfd, 5==>.
Y. Alr
Alrf,  Byzedtmdl Mifdfihesg jurmda t`l Rlmad fn Ifdstedtmdl ^ . Hfuvemd,
5=11.
Y. @eiolh, lj., Z`l Byzedtmdl Yemdt . Hfdjfd, 5=05.
Ytlvld Rudimged, Gmstre3 Byzedtmdl Iepmteh fn t`l t`l [lhfpfddlsl. Hfdjfd, 5=0;.
Ytlvld Rudimged, Z`l Nehh fn Ifdstedtmdfphl 5:<9. Iegbrmjal, 5=><.
Ytlvld Rudimged, Z`l Hest Byzedtmdl Rldemssedil. Iegbrmjal, 5=1;.
Ytlvld Rudimged, Z`l Ymimhmed ^lsplrs. Iegbrmjal, 5=<0.
Y. Zfua`lr, Z`l Rlmad fn Hlf ^M (00>’=52)3 [fhmtmis edj [lfphl. Hlmjld, 5==1.
Y. Qmhhmegs, Jmfihltmed edj t`l Rfged Rlifvlry. Hfdjfd, 5=0<.
Ymgfd C. C. Ifrifred, Z`l Lgpmrl fn t`l Zltreri`s3 Mgplrmeh [rfdfudilgldts
edj Afvlrdgldt, EJ 20:’92:. Fxnfrj, 5==>.
Yuse
Yu sedd
ddee Lhg
Lhg, ^mramd
mramdss fn AfjAfj33 Z`l Geo
Geomda
mda fn Esi
Esiltm
ltmims
imsg
g md Het
Hetll Edtmqumty.
Edtmqumty
Fxnfrj, 5==:.
Qehtlr L. Oelam, Cr., Byzedtmug edj t`l Jlihmdl fn Rfgl. [rmdiltfd, DC. 5=>0.
Qehtlr L. Oelam,
Oelam, Cr
Cr.,.,  Byzedtmug edj t`l Lerhy Mshegmi Ifdqulsts. Iegbrmjal,
5==2.
Qehtlr L. Oelam, Cr., @lreihmus. Lgplrfr
Lgplrfr fn Byzedtmug. Iegbrmjal, 2;;9.

Zrleja fhj, Z`l Byzedtmdl Rlvmveh, 10;’0:2. Ytednfrj, IE, 5=00.

Q. Zrlejafhj,
BMBHMFARENME [FR Í[FIE
F [LRÇFJF MDMIMEH (9;> ’ 151) 

Brfwd, [ltlr, Z`l Qfrhj fn Hetl Edtmqumty. Hfdjfd, 5=15.

@ehj
@e hjfd
fd,, @. N.,
N.,  Byzedtmug md t`l Ylvldt` Ildtury3 Z`l Zredsnfrgetmfd fn e
Iuhturl. Iegbrmjal, 5==;.
Cfdls, E. @. G.,  Z` Z`ll He
Hetl
tlrr Rf
Rfge
ged d Lg
Lgpm
pmrrl3 E Yfim
Yfimeh
eh,, Li
Lifd
fdfg
fgmi
mi,, edj
edj
 Ejgmdmstretmvl Yurvly. 9 vfhs. Fxnfrj, 5=>:.

Oelam, Q.Gero,
Q`mttfw,  @lreihmus,
L., Cr.,Z`l Geomda Lgplrfr fn Byzedtmug
fn Byzedtmug, . Iegbrmjal,
>;;’5;2< . Blrolhly, 2;;2.
5==>.
 

F [LRÇFJF GÍJMF (151 ’ 52;:) 

Edafhj,, G., Z`l Byzedtmdl Lgpmrl, 5;2<’52;:. E [fhmtmieh @mstfry, 2dj ljd.
Edafhj
Hfdjfd, 5==1.
Bredj, I. G., Byzedtmug Ifdnrfdts
Ifdnrfdts t`l Qlst,
Qlst, 550;’52;:. Iegbrmjal, GE, 5=>0.
550;’52;:
@mhhh, B.,
@m B.,  Mgplrmeh Qfgld md Byzedtmug, 5;2<’52;:. [fwlr
[fwlr,, [etrfdeal edj
 Mjlfhfay. Hfdjfd, 5===.
Hmhml, R.-C., Jml byzedtmdmsi`l Rleotmfd eun jml Eusbrlmtuda jlr Ereblr
Ereblr.. Gudmi`,
5=1>.
Ytlp`ldsfd, [., Byzedtmug”
 Byzedtmug”ss Behoed Nrfdtmlr
Nrfdtmlr.. E [fhmtmieh Ytujy fn t`l Dfrt`lrd
 Behoeds, =;;’52;:. Iegbrmjal, 2;;;.
Ytlp`ldsfd, [., Z`l Hlaldj fn Besmh t`l Buhaer-Yheylr . Iegbrmjal, 2;;9.

F [LRÇFJF NMDEH (52;: ’ 5:<9)

Edafhj
Eda fhj,, G., E Byzedtmdl Afvlrdgldt md Lxmhl3 Afvlrdgldt edj Yfimlty udjlr
t`l Hesoermjs fn Dmiele (52;:’52>5). Fxnfrj, 5=1<.
Bert
Bertus
usms
ms,, G. I., Z`l Het
Hetll Byz
Byzedt
edtmdl
mdl Erg
Ergy3
y3 Ergs
Ergs edj Yfi
Yfimlt
mltyy, 52;
52;:’5:<9.
:’5:<9
[`mhejlhp`me, 5==2.
Hfio, [., Z`l Nredos md t`l Elaled, 52;:’5<;;. Hfdjfd, 5==<.
 Dmifh, J. G., Z` Z`ll He
Hest
st Il
Ildt
dtur
urml
mlss fn Byze
Byzedt
dtmu
mug,
g, 52>5
52>5’5
’5:<
:<9 9, 2dj ljd.
Iegbrmjal3 Iegbrmjal \dmvlrsmty [rlss 5==9.
Rudimged, Y., Z`l Nehh fn Ifdstedtmdfphl 5:<9. Iegbrmjal, 5=><.