J

LJHMBMUZPLEM
LJHMB MUZPLEMKB
KB OMBLBEMFPL
OMBL BEMFPL

FBZKPBK FHWPFULPMLI - OMUELI - OMBLBEMFPK

Wìc. <
 FBZKPBK FHWPLULPMLI
<.<.. OKPHLU
<.< OKPHLU @ÌUMEL
@ÌUMELUU JF
JF KPCL
KPCLBMQ
BMQLEM
LEMÕB
ÕB F
FHWP
HWPFU
FULPM
LPMLI
LI

<.<.<. Fhprfsls jf ub
ub skik jufük (prkpmftlrmk)
Okrhl jf krclbmzlemkb fhprfslrmli fb il quf skik fxmstf ub jufbk. Fstf uitmhk
tmfbf rfspkbsl`mimjlj mimhmtljl sk`rf tkjks iks plsmvks jf il fhprfsl. Il fhprfsl
jf ub skik jufbk fs il okrhl hls lbtmcul jf krclbmzlemkb fhprfslrmli. Ekhk ik
mbjmel su bkh`rf, pfrtfbfef l ub ubmek prkpmftlrmk> fs jfemr, ub skik mbjmvmjuk
pksff tkjks sus letmvks y fs pfrskblihfbtf rfspkbsl`if jf tkjks sus plsmvks. Fstf
tmpk jf krclbmzlemkb bk plcl mhpufstk sk`rf il rfbtl jf hlbfrl sfplrljl. Iks
jufbks skilhfbtf sf imhmtlb l suhlr ils clblbemls k l rfstlr ils pfrjmjls jf il
fhprfsl eulbjk jftfrhmblb sus mbcrfsks pfrskblifs crlvl`ifs. Fstl okrhl jf
krclbmzlemkb fhprfslrmli fs huy utmimzljl fb ils mbjustrmls jf sfrvmemks.

Il prmbempli jfsvfbtlal fs quf fi jufbk fs pfrskblihfbtf rfspkbsl`if jf tkjls ils

k`imclemkbfs. Um il krclbmzlemkb fs jfhlbjljl, il jfhlbjl prkefjfrl l ekbtrl fi
jufb k ekhk pfrskbl y fstf tfbjrl
jufb tfbjrl ubl rfspkbsl`
rfspkbsl`mimjlj
mimjlj mimhmtl
mimhmtljl,
jl, ik euli smcbmmel
quf crlb plrtf jf sus `mfbfs pfrskblifs, ljfhls jf iks letmvks jf il fhprfsl,
pkjrlb sfr fh`lrcljks plrl rfslremr iks jlbks. Ktrk jf iks prk`ifhls ekb fstf
tmpk jf fhprfsls fs il jmmeuitlj jf liifclrsf elpmtli. Ekhk su fxmstfbeml y fxmtk
jfpfbjfb fb crlb hfjmjl jf ubl skil pfrskbl, fs pksm`if quf bk rfsuitfb tlb
ltrletmvls plrl iks lerffjkrfs ekhk ktrls okrhls jf krclbmzlemkb. Ljfhls, iks
jufb ks tm
jufb tmfb
fbfb
fb emfr
emfrtl
tlss jfs
jfsvf
vfbt
btlal
lalss mse
mseli
lifs
fs.. Il
Ilss lutkr
lutkrmjl
mjljf
jfss trm`
trm`ut
utlrm
lrmls
ls bk
ekbsmjfrlb iks `fbfmemks hlrcmblifs, pkr fafhpik, sfcurks jf clstks hfjmeks y
sfcurks ekifetmvks, ekhk clstks jf ils fhprfsls y, pkr ik tlbtk, bk skb tktlihfbtf
jfjuem`ifs jf mhpufstks. Wkr ik cfbfrli, ils fhprfsls jfjuefb fstf tmpk jf
`fbfmemks, pfrk iks jufbks jf`fb plclr ubl plrtf mhpkrtlbtf ekb iks mbcrfsks quf
qufjlb jfspufs jfi plck jf mhpufstks. Fb il pilbflemkb jf iks `mfbfs, bmbcubl
pkremkb jf ils fhprfsls sf pufjf trlbsofrmr l iks hmfh`rks jf il olhmiml hmfbtrls
vmvl fi prkpmftlrmk. Wkr jmedls rlzkbfs, fstl okrhl jf krclbmzlemkb bk korfef il
ifxm`mimjlj jf ktrls.

Wìc. 0
 <.<.0. Ukemfjljfs
Okrhl jf krclbmzlemkb fhprfslrmli fb il quf jks k hls pfrskbls oubcfb ekhk
jufbks. Fb ubl skemfjlj cfbfrli, tkjks iks skemks tmfbfb ubl rfspkbsl`mimjlj
mimhmtljl sk`rf iks plsmvks jf il fhprfsl fb ils skemfjljfs imhmtljls, ubk k hls
skemks pufjfb tfbfr rfspkbsl`mimjlj imhmtljl. Ljfhls, li mculi quf fstl uitmhl, bk
plcl mhpufstk sk`rf il rfbtl. Fb iuclr jf fiik, iks skemks mbeiuyfb ils pfrjmjls k
clblbemls quf sf jfrmvlb ekhk plrtf jf su mbcrfsk pfrskbli crlvl`if. Vbl jf ils
pksm`ifs vfbtlals jf fstl okrhl jf krclbmzlemkb fhprfslrmli fs quf, fb ik quf
rfspfetl l il tmtuilrmjlj, pkr ik cfbfrli sf pufjf k`tfbfr hls elpmtli.

Fb ubl skemfjlj cfbfrli, tkjks iks skemks tmfbfb ubl rfspkbsl`mimjlj mimhmtljl>
skb rfspkbsl`ifs skimjlrmks jf tkjks iks plsmvks jf il skemfjlj. Jf`mjk l quf iks
skemks pufjfb ekhprkhftfr l ils fhprfsls ekb k`imclemkbfs, su sfifeem?b jf`f sfr
eumjljk
eumjljksl.
sl. Il hly
hlykrè
krèl jf il
ilss vfef
vfefs,
s, fb ub ek
ekbv
bvfb
fbmk
mk ok
okrh
rhli
li,, k ek
ekbt
btrl
rltk
tk jf
lskemlem?b, sf jftfrhmblb iks pkjfrfs jf eljl ubk jf fiiks, il jmstrm`uemkb jf ils
clblbemls, ils suhls jf elpmtli quf mbvfrtmrlb, iks prkefjmhmfbtks plrl il ljhmsm?b
jf bufvks skemks y iks hfelbmshks plrl il rfekbstmtuem?b jf ils skemfjljfs fb elsk
jf hufrtf k rftmrk jf licubk jf iks plrtmemplbtfs. Ifclihfbtf, ils skemfjljfs sf
jmsufivfb sm ubk jf fiiks hufrf k jfemjf rftmrlrsf.

Fb ils skemfjljfs imhmtljls, ik

ikss sk
skem
emks
ks imh
imhmtlj
mtljks
ks lpkr
lpkrtl
tlb
b el
elpm
pmttli y su
rfspkbsl`mimjlj sf imhmtl l jmedls lpkrtlemkbfs> bk pufjfb pfrjfr hls jf ik quf
mbvm
mbvmfr
frtf
tfb.
b. Bk k`st
k`stlb
lbtf
tf,, pk
pkrr ik hf
hfbk
bkss jf
jf`f
`f dl`f
dl`frr ub sk
skem
emkk cf
cfbf
bfrl
rli,i, euyl
euyl

rfspkbsl`mimjlj fs mimhmtljl. Iks skemks imhmtljks bk plrtmemplb fb il kpfrlem?b jf

ils fhprfsls> fstl qufjl fb hlbks jfi skemk k skemks cfbfrlifs. Iks skemks
im
imhm
hmtl
tljks
jks skb
skb fst
fstrm
rmet
etlh
lhfbt
fbtff mb
mbvf
vfrs
rsmkb
mkbms
mstl
tls,
s, y plrt
plrtme
memp
mplb
lb fb ils
ils cl
clbl
blbe
bemls
mls y
pfrjmjls jf il skemfjlj jf leufrjk ekb iks tfrhmbks jfi ekbtrltk jf lskemlemkb.

<.<.5. Ekrpkrlemkbfs
Okrhl
Okrhl jf krc
krclbm
lbmzlem
zlemkkb fhprfs
fhprfslrm
lrmli
li ifc
ifclih
lihfbt
fbtff mbj
mbjfpfb
fpfbjmfb
jmfbtf
tf jf sus jufb
jufb ks.
Fbtrf ils elrletfrèsstmels
tmels quf il jmstmbcufb fstlb il rfspkbsl`mimjlj imhmtljl, il
olemimjlj jf trlsiljk jf il tmtuilrmjlj, il vmjl mimhmtljl y il elplemjlj jf k`tfbfr

mhpkrtlbtfs suhls jf elpmtli. Wufjfb pksffr letmvks y ekbtrlfr k`imclemkbfs.

Wìc. 5
Fb fi olhksk oliik jf il Vbmvfrsmjlj Jlrthkutd jf <4<=, Austmef Hlrsdlii ekbeiuyk
quf1
quf1 ubl
ubl ekrp
ekrpkr
krlem
lem?b
?b fs ub
ubll fbtm
fbtmjlj
jlj lrtm
lrtmme
meml
mli,i, mbvm
mbvmsm
sm`i
`if,
f, mbtl
mbtlbc
bcm`
m`if
if y euyl
euyl
fxmstfbeml
fxmstfbeml fstl
fstl jftfrh
jftfrhmbljl
mbljl u
u bmelhfb
bmelhfbtf
tf pkr il ify. Jf`mjk l quf skik fs ub fbtf
ifcli, bljl hls pksff ils prkpmfjljfs quf if ekbmfrf su letl ekbstmtutmvl, yl sfl

jf hlbfrl fxprfsl k ekhk ekbsfeufbeml jf su fxmstfbeml hmshl. Uu elrletfrè sstmel

tmel
pr
prmb
mbem
empl
plii fs qu
quff il fx
fxms
mstf
tfbe
beml
ml ifcl
ifclii jf il
ilss ekr
ekrpk
pkrl
rlem
emkb
kbfs
fs fs mbjf
mbjfpf
pfbjm
bjmfb
fbtf
tf y
sfplrljl jf sus jufbks. Il rfspkbsl`mimjlj jf iks prkpmftlrmks sf emreubserm`f l
su mbvfrsm?b. Il rfspkbsl`mimjlj imhmtljl fs ubl vfbtlal mhpkrtlbtf fb rfilemkb
ekb ils fhprfsls jf ub skik jufbk y ils skemfjljfs cfbfrlifs. Fi elpmtli sf pufjf
k`tfbf
fbfr l bkh
kh`
`rf jf il ekrpkrlem
lem?b, smb fxp
fxpkbf
kbfr l iks jufb
jufb k s l ubl
rfspkbsl`mimjlj mimhmtljl. Fb ekbsfeufbeml, iks letmvks pfrskblifs bk sf pufjfb
fh`lrclr fb fi lrrfcik jf ekbtrkvfrsmls. Il tmtuilrmjlj sf hlbmmfstl fb il tfbfbeml
jf leemkbfs, y iks leemkbmstls pksffb il prkpkrem?b jf il fhprfsl rfprfsfbtljl pkr
ils leemkbfs fb rfilem?b ekb fi buh frk tktli jf leemkbfs fb emreuilemkb . Ils
ekrpkrlemkbfs pufjfb sfcumr kpfrlbjk lubquf sus jufbks hufrlb k jfemjlb
vfbjfr sus leemkbfs.

Jf`mjk l ils vfbtlals mbdfrfbtfs l il rfspkbsl`mimjlj imhmtljl, il olemimjlj jf

trlsiljk jf tmtuilrmjlj hfjmlbtf il vfbtl jf leemkbfs krjmblrmls, il vmjl mimhmtljl y
il pksm`mimjlj jf quf il ekrpkrlem?b k`tfbcl elpmtli jf ktrls oufbtfs lplrtf jf iks
leemkbmstls, fstf fsqufhl jf krclbmzlemkb fhprfslrmli sf dmzk huy pkpuilr fb fi
smcik TT. Ekb il oufrtf jfhlbjl jf elpmtli prkpml jf ils fekbkhè ls
ls lvlbzljls, fs
pksm`if
pksm`if quf ils fhprfsl
fhprfslss jf ub skik jufb
jufb k y ils skemfjljfs rfsui
rfsuitfb
tfb mbljfeuljls,
mbljfeuljls,
pkr ik quf ils ekrpkrlemkbfs dlb surcmjk ekhk il okrhl krclbmzlemkbli hls
mhpkrtlbtf. Vbl pksm`if jfsvfbtlal jf ils ekrpkrlemkbfs fs fi lspfetk mseli. Uus
clblbemls sf skhftfb l jk`if trm`utlem?b. Ils ekhplbè llss plclb mhpufstks sk`rf
sus mbcrfsks y iks leemkbmstls dlefb ik hmshk eulbjk sf ifs plclb jmvmjfbjks.
Fbtr
Fbtrff il
ilss jfsv
jfsvfb
fbtl
tlal
alss hf
hfbk
bkrf
rfss fstl
fstl fi pf
pfrm
rmkj
kjkk jf ek
ekbs
bstm
tmtu
tuemk
emk b y fi pl
plpf
pfif
ifkk
mhpièemtk,
emtk, ljfhls jf il euktl jf ekbstmtuemkb quf sf jf`f plclr li fstljk fb fi quf
sf erfl il fhprfsl.

<.<.:. Ukemfjlj jf
jf Pfspkbsl`mimjlj
Pfspkbsl`mimjlj Imhmtljl
Imhmtljl (U. P. I.)

Wìc. :
Okrhl jf krclbmzlemkb fhprfslrmli quf ekbmfrf l sus jufbks (l qumfbfs sf ifs
ekbkef ekhk "hmfh`rks") ubl rfspkbsl`mimjlj imhmtljl, ekhk fb fi elsk jf ils
ekrpkrlemkbfs, y fi trltlhmfbtk mseli ofjfrli jf ils skemfjljfs. Vbl skemfjlj jf
rf
rfsp
spkb
kbsl
sl`m
`mim
imjlj
jlj im
imhm
hmtl
tljl
jl (U
(U.. jf P.I.
P.I.)) fs ubl
ubl ok
okrh
rhll dè`
`rmjl
rmjl jf krclbm
krclbmzle
zlemk
mk b
fhprfslrmli fb il quf sf ekh`mblb iks hfakrfs lspfetks jf ils ekrpkrlemkbfs y ils
skemfjljfs. Fs fspfemlihfbtf ljfeuljl plrl fhprfsls pfqufbls y hfjmlbls, tmfbf
hfbks rfstrmeemkbfs y hlykr ifxm`mimjlj quf ubl lbtmcul okrhuil fhprfslrmli
dè`rmjl.
`rmjl. Wkr ik cfbfrli, ils fhprfsls jf rfspkbsl`mimjlj imhmtljl bk tmfbfb hls jf
jks jf ils smcumfbtfs elrletfrèsstmels
tmels ekrpkrltmvls bkrhlifs (jfsfl`ifs)1

l) Pfspkbsl`mimjlj imhmtljl.
`) Ljhmbmstrlem?b efbtrlimzljl.
e) _mjl mimhmtljl.
j) Elplemjlj jf trlbsofrmr iks jfrfedks jf plrtmemplem?b smb fi ekbsfbtmhmfbtk
prfvml jf iks jfhl
jfhl s jufb
jufb ks.
Ils U. jf P.I. tmfbfb ubl rfspkbsl`mimjlj imhmtljl> pkr ik tlbtk, iks hmfh`rks bk
skb pfrskblihfbtf rfspkbsl`ifs jf ils jfujls fb ils quf pufjl mbeurrmr il
skemfjlj. Il hlykrèl jf fstls krclbmzlemkbfs kptl pkr hlbtfbfr ubl fspfemf jf
fstrueturl ljhmbmstrltmvl efbtrlimzljl. Umb fh`lrck, ubk jf sus mbekbvfbmfbtfs fs
quf cfbfrlihfbtf ljkifefb jf il elrletfrèsstmel
tmel jf "vmjl mimhmtljl", lubquf fb il
hlykr plrtf jf iks fstljks sf ifs pfrhmtf ekbtmbulr sm sf trlbsmfrf k fimhmbl il
plrtmemplemk b jf ubk jf ssus
plrtmemplemk us hmfh`rks. Ktrl jfsvfbtlal fs quf plrl fi trlsiljk tktli
jf iks jfrfedks jf plrtmemplemkb pkr ik cfbfrli sf rfqumfrf fi leufrjk jf eulbjk
hfbks il hlykrèl jf iks ktrks hmfh`rks jf il skemfjlj.

<.0.
<.0. HLEP
HLEPK
K FBZK
FBZKPB
PBK
K FHWP
FHWPFU
FULP
LPML
MLI
I
<.0.<. Lbìimsms WFUZFE
Fi lblimsms WFUZFE, fs ub lerkbmhk jf ils iftrls quf ik ekhpkbfb, rfprfsfbtlb iks
smcumfbtfs oletkrfs jf hlerk-fbtkrbk jf il fhprfsl. Fi WFUZFE fs il pksmemkb
fstr
fstrlt
ltffc mel jf il fh
fhpr
prfs
fsl,
l, fi fstu
fstujmk
jmk jfi
jfi fbtkr
fbtkrbk
bk quf
quf aufc
aufcll ub pl
plpfi
pfi huy
huy
mhpkrtlbtf
mhpkrtlbtf.. Uf fbokel fb ils oufrzls fxtfrb
fxtfrbls
ls aubtlh
aubtlhfbtf
fbtf ekb ktrls dfrrlhm
dfrrlhmfbtls
fbtls
jf pilbmmelemk
pilbmmelemk b. Fi WFUZFE sf usl prmbemplihfbtf plrl fvliulr
fvl iulr ub hfreljk.

Fs ubl dfrrlhmfbtl jf lblimsms quf sufif sfr usljl plrl1

Wìc. 6
  Ekhprfbjfr fi erfemhmfbtk jfi hfreljk.

 Wlrl fstujmlr prkefsks skemlifs.

L) OLEZKP WKIÈZMEK

Fstk pufjf vfrsf ekhk fi crljk pkr fi euli il ifcmsilemkb cu`frblhfbtli lofetl l il
fhprfsl. Licubks fafhpiks skb il pkiètmel
tmel mseli, ils rfstrmeemkbfs li ekhfremk y iks
lrlb
lrlbef
efif
ifs.
s. Fa
Fafh
fhpi
piks
ks hf
hfbk
bkss k`
k`vm
vmks
ks sk
skb
b il
ilss rf
rfil
ilem
emkb
kbfs
fs fb
fbtr
trff ik
ikss plèsfs,
s fs, il
ilss
tfbjfbemls pkiètmels,
tmels, tmpks jf ck`mfrbk, il cufrrl, fi tfrrkrmshk, iks trltljks y ils
jmvmsls.

@) OL
OLEZ
EZKP
KP FEK
FEKBK
BKHM
HMEK
EK

Lubq
Lubquf
uf fs
fstr
trfe
fedlh
dlhfb
fbtf
tf rf
rfil
ilem
emkb
kbljk
ljkss ek
ekb
b ik
ikss ole
oletk
tkrf
rfss pk
pkiè
iètmek
t meks,
s, ik
ikss ole
oletk
tkrf
rfss
fekbk
fekbk hme
hmeks
ks lbl
lblimzl
imzljks
jks pkr WFU
WFUZFI
ZFI sf efb
efbtrlb
trlb hl
hl s fb fi mhp
mhpletk
letk hkb
hkbftl
ftlrmk
rmk

erfljk jf fstf hkjk. Iks fafhpiks mbeiuyfb ils tlsls jf elh`mk, tlsls jf mbtfrfs,
mbi
mbilem
lemkkb, bm
bmvf
vfif
ifss jf mh
mhpk
pkrt
rtle
lemk
mk b/
b/fxp
fxpkr
krtl
tlem
emkkb, ek
ekb
bmlb
mlbzl
zl jfi ek
ekbs
bsuh
uhmj
mjkr
kr,,
hfreljks jf elpmtli y tlsls jf erfemhmfbtk jfi fhpifk.

E) OLE
OLEZKP
ZKP UKE
UKEMLI
MLI ] EV
EVIZV
IZVPLI
PLI

Iks oletkrfs skemlifs ekbsmjfrljks (tlh`mfb iilhljks oletkrfs skemkeuiturlifs) sf

rfmfrfb l lqufiiks oletkrfs quf rfsuitlb jf iks custks, prfofrfbemls y jfhlbjls
elh`
elh`ml
mlbt
btfs
fs jf il sk
skem
emfj
fjlj
lj.. Li
Licu
cubk
bkss fa
fafh
fhpi
piks
ks sk
skb
b il rf
rfbt
btll jm
jmsp
spkb
kbm`
m`if
if,, il
jmst
jmstrm
rm`u
`uem
emkkb pk
pkrr fj
fjlj,
lj, il tl
tlsl
sl jf er
erfem
femhm
hmfb
fbtk
tk jf il pk
pk`i
`ilemk
lemk b, fju
fjuel
elem
emkkb,

jmvfrsmjlj, bmvfifs jf vmjl y letmtujfs euiturlifs.

J) OLEZKP
OLEZKP Z
ZFE
FEBKI
BKIKCM
KCMEK
EK

Iks ol
Iks olet
etkr
krfs
fs tf
tfeb
ebki
kikkcm
cmek
ekss mb
mbei
eiuy
uyfb
fb lq
lquf
ufii
iiks
ks jf
jfbt
btrk
rk jf il fh
fhpr
prfs
fsll ek
ekhk
hk
mbvfs
fsttmcle
lemmk b y jfslrrki
kiiik, y lqufiiks jf ekh
khp
pftmjk
jkrrfs y fhprfs
fsls
ls
ekhp
ekhpif
ifhf
hfbt
btlr
lrml
mlss ek
ekhk
hk il
ilss bu
bufv
fvls
ls mb
mbbk
bkvl
vlem
emkb
kbfs
fs y lv
lvlb
lbef
efs,
s, tr
trlb
lbsp
spkr
krtf
tf,,
ekhubmelemkbfs f Mbtfrbft.

F) OL
OLEZ
EZKP
KP F
FEK
EKIÕ
IÕCM
CMEK
EK

Iks oletkrfs lh`mfbtlifs mbeiuyfb fi elh`mk eimhltmek, fi eimhl y fi tmfhpk, lsè

ekhk ils letmtujfs dleml fi hfjmk lh`mfbtf.

Wìc. ?
<.5.
<.5. HMEP
HMEPKF
KFBZ
BZKP
KPBK
BK FHWP
FHWPFU
FULP
LPML
MLI
I
<.<.<. Lbìimsms Mbtfrbk
Fstl
Fstl okrhlj
okrhljkk pkr ils oufrzls efrelbls l il ekhplb
ekhplb èl quf mbiuyfb fb su elplem
elplemjlj
jlj
jf sltmsolefr l iks eimfbtfs, fstk fs1 il fhprfsl, iks hfreljks jf ekbsuhmjkrfs, iks

elblif
elblifss jf hl
hlrn
rnftm
ftmbc
bc qu
quff ut
utmi
mimz
mzl,l, ik
ikss ek
ekhp
hpft
ftmjk
mjkrfs
rfs y su
suss pu
pu `i
`ime
meks
ks.. Oufrzls
efrelb
efrelbls
ls l il fhp
fhprfs
rfsl1
l1 ekh
ekhplb
plb èl,
l, prkvf
prkvffjkrfs
fjkrfs,, mbtfr
mbtfrhfjmlrm
hfjmlrmks
ks jf hlrnf
hlrnftmbc,
tmbc,
hfreljks jf eimfbtfs, ekhpftmjkrfs y pu`imeks quf mbemjfb fb su elplemjlj jf
sfrvmr li eimfbtf.

l) IL FHW
FHWPF
PFUUL

Li jmsfblr iks pilbfs jf hlrnftmbc, fstl jmrfeemkb tkhl fb eufbtl l ktrks crupks jf il
ekhplbèl tlifs ekhk il litl jmrfeemkb, mblbzls, mbvfstmclemkb y jfslrrkiik, ekhprls,
ol`rmel
ol`rmelemk
emk b y ekbt
ekbtl`m
l`mimj
imjlj.
lj. Zkjk
Zkjkss fst
fstks
ks cru
crupks
pks mbt
mbtfrrf
frrfile
ilemkb
mkbljk
ljkss ekb
ekbokr
okrhlb
hlb fi
fbtkrb
fbtkrbkk mbt
mbtfrb
frbk.
k. Il lit
litll jmr
jmrfeemk
feemk b fst
fstl`i
l`ifef
fef il hms
hmsmk
mk b, iks k`a
k`aftm
ftmvks
vks,, fst
fstrlt
rltfcml
fcmlss
lhpimls, y ils pkiètmels
tmels jf il ekhplbèl.
l. Iks jmrfetmvks jf hlrnftmbc tkhlb jfemsmkbfs
`lsljls fb ils fstrltfcmls y pilbfs jfslrrkiiljks pkr il litl jmrfeemkb. Iks jmrfetkrfs
jf hlrn
hlrnftmbc
ftmbc tlh`mf
tlh`mf b jf`fb trl`lalr fb fstrfed
fstrfedkk ekbtl
ekbtletk
etk ekb ktrks jfplrtlhfbtks
jfplrtlhfbtks
jf il ekhplbèl.
l. Omblbzls sf keupl jf ekbsfcumr y uslr iks okbjks bfefslrmks plrl
iifvlr l el`k fi pilb jf hlrnftmbc> fi jfplrtlhfbtk jf mbvfstmclemkb y jfslrrkiik sf
ekbefbtrl fb jmsfblr prkjuetks sfcurks y ltrletmvks> ekhprls k`tmfbf mbsuhks y
hltfrmlifs
hltfrmlifs,, hmfbtr
hmfbtrls
ls quf prkju
prkjueemk
eemk b sf fbelr
fbelrcl
cl jf ol`rm
ol`rmelr
elr il elbtm
elbtmjlj
jlj jf prkju
prkjuetks
etks
lprkpmljl ekb il elimjlj jfsfljl. Ekbtl`mimjlj tmfbf quf hfjmr ils clblbemls y iks
ekstks plrl lyujlr l hlrnftmbc
hlrnftmbc l jftfrh
jftfrhmblr
mblr sm fstl
fstl lielb
lielbzlbjk
zlbjk k bk sus k`aftm
k`aftmvks.
vks.
Aubtks, tkjks fstks jfplrtlhfbtks lofetlb pilbfs y leemkbfs jfi jfplrtlhfbtk jf
ftmbc. @lak fi ekbefptk jf hlrnftmbc, tkjls fstls oubemkbfs jf`fb "pfbslr fb
hlrnftmbc.
hlrn
fi ekbsuhmjkr" y ekil`krlr fb lrhkbèl plrl fbtrfclr li eimfbtf vlikr y sltmsoleemkb
supfrmkrfs.

`) WP
WPK_
K_FF
FFJK
JKPF
PFUU

Iks prkvffjkrfs skb ub fsil`kb mhpkrtlbtf jfi smstfhl cik`li jf fbtrfcl jf vlikr
l iks eimfbtfs jf il fhprfsl. Wrkpkremkblb iks rfeursks quf il fhprfsl bfefsmtl
plrl prkjuemr sus `mfbfs y sfrvmemks. Wrk`ifhls ekb iks prkvffjkrfs pufjfb
lofetlr sfrmlhfbtf li hlrnftmbc. Iks jmrfetkrfs jf hlrnftmbc jf`fb vmcmilr il

Wìc. 3
jmspkbm`mimjlj jf suhmbmstrks, il fselsfz jf mbsuhks k iks rftrlsks, ils duficls jf
trl`laljkrfs, y ktrks suefsks quf pufjfb pfraujmelr ils vfbtls l ekrtk pilzk y
rfpfreutmr fb il sltmsoleemkb jf iks eimfbtfs l ilrck pilzk. Iks rfspkbsl`ifs jfi
hlrnftmbc vmcmilb tlh`mfb ils tfbjfbemls fb iks prfemks jf sus mbsuhks eilvf. Vb
lizl
lizl fb ik
ikss ek
ekst
stks
ks jf ik
ikss mb
mbsu
suhk
hkss pk
pkjrè
jrèl ok
okrz
rzlr
lr lu
luhf
hfbt
btks
ks jf pr
prfe
femk
mk qu
quff
pfraujmqufb fi vkiuhfb jf vfbtls jf il fhprfsl.

e) MBZ
MBZFPH
FPHFJM
FJMLPM
LPMKU
KU JF HLP
HLPNFZ
NFZMBC
MBC

Iks mbtfrhfjmlrmks jf hlrnftmbc lyujlb l il fhprfsl l prkhkvfr, vfbjfr y

jmstrm
jmstrm`um
`umrr sus pr
prkjue
kjuetks
tks l iks ekh
ekhprl
prljkr
jkrfs
fs mb
mblif
lifs>
s> mbe
mbeiuy
iuyfb
fb jmst
jmstrm`
rm`umj
umjkrf
krfs,
s,
fhpr
fhprfs
fsls
ls jf jm
jmst
strm
rm`u
`uem
emkkb oè
oèsmel
s mel,, lc
lcfb
fbem
emls
ls jf sf
sfrv
rvme
memk
mkss jf hlr
lrnnft
ftmb
mbc,
c, f
mbtfrhfjmlrmks mblbemfrks. Fbtrf fstks mbtfrhfjmlrmks sf fbeufbtrlb hlykrmstls y
jftliimstls quf ekhprlb y rfvfbjfb hfrelbeèls.
ls. Ils fhprfsls jf jmstrm`uemkb
oèsmel
smel lyujlb l il krclbmzlemkb l surtmr y trlsiljlr `mfbfs jfsjf sus pubtks jf
krmcfb dlstl su jfstmbk y li skpfslr oletkrfs ekhk ekstk, rlpmjfz jf fbtrfcl y
sfcurmjlj.

j) EI
EIMF
MFBZ
BZFU
FU

Il ekhplb
ekhplb èl bfefsmtl fstujmlr jf efrel iks embek tmpks jf hfreljks jf eimfbtfs. Iks
hfreljks jf ekbsuhk ekbsmstfb fb mbjmvmjuks y dkclrfs quf ekhprlb `mfbfs y
sfrvme
sfrvmemks
mks jf ekb
ekbsuh
suhkk pfr
pfrskb
skbli.
li. Iks hfr
hfreljk
eljkss mbj
mbjust
ustrml
rmlifs
ifs ekh
ekhprl
prlb
b `mfb
`mfbfs
fs y
sfrvmemks plrl prkefslriks uitfrmkrhfbtf k uslriks fb su prkefsk jf prkjueemkb,
hmfbtrls quf iks hfreljks jf jmstrm`umjkrfs ekhprlb `mfbfs y sfrvmemks plrl

rfvfbj
rfvfbjfr
friks
iks y k`
k`tf
tfbf
bfrr ub
ubll ut
utmi
mimj
mjlj.
lj. Ik
Ikss hf
hfre
reljk
ljkss cu
cu`f
`frb
rblh
lhfb
fbtl
tlif
ifss fs
fstl
tl b
okrhljks pkr jfpfbjfbemls jfi ck`mfrbk quf ljqumfrfb `mfbfs y sfrvmemks plrl
prkjuemr sfrvmemks pu`imeks k trlbsofrmriks l qumfbfs iks bfefsmtlb.

f) EK
EKHW
HWFZ
FZMJ
MJKP
KPFU
FU

Fi ekbefptk jf hlrnftmbc fstl`ifef quf, plrl tfbfr fxmtk, ubl fhprfsl jf`f
prkpkremkblr l sus eimfbtfs hlykr vlikr y sltmsoleemkb quf iks ekhpftmjkrfs.
Bmbcubl fstrltfcml ekhpftmtmvl jf hlrnftmbc fb plrtmeuilr fs il hfakr plrl tkjk
tmpk jf ekhplbèls.
ls. Eljl fhprfsl jf`f ekbsmjfrlr su prkpmk tlhlbk y su pksmemkb

fb il mbjustrml, y ekhplrlriks ekb iks jf sus ekhpftmjkrfs. Ils fhprfsls crlbjfs

Wìc. 4
ekb pksmemkb jkhmblbtf fb ubl mbjustrml pufjfb uslr emfrtls fstrltfcmls quf
fhprfsls hls pfqufbls bk skb elplefs jf ekstflr.

o) WÑ@IMEKU

Fi fbtkrbk jf hlrnftmbc jf il ekhplbèl tlh`mfb mbeiuyf jmvfrsks pu`imeks. Vb

pu`imek fs euliqumfr crupk quf tmfbf ub mbtfrfs rfli k pktfbemli fb, k ub mhpletk
sk`rf, il elplemjlj jf ubl krclbmzlemkb plrl lielbzlr sus k`aftmvks.

 Iks pñ`imeks mblbemfrks mbiuyfb fb il elplemjlj jf il fhprfsl plrl

k`tfbfr okbjks. @lbeks, elsls jf mbvfrsmkb y leemkbmstls skb iks prmbemplifs
pu `imeks mblbemfrks.
pu
 Iks pñ`imeks jf hfjmks jf ekhubmelemõb iifvlb bktmemls, lrtèeuiks
euiks y
kpmb
kpmbmk
mk b fj
fjmt
mtkr
krml
mli>
i> mb
mbei
eiuy
uyfb
fb jm
jmlrm
lrmks
ks,, rfv
rfvms
mstl
tlss y fst
fstlem
lemkb
kbfs
fs jf rl
rljm
jmkk y
tfifvmsmkb.
 Wñ`imeks cu`frblhfbtlifs, il jmrfeemkb jf`f tfbfr fb eufbtl ik quf dlef
fi ck`mfrbk. Fi hfreljkikck l hfbujk tmfbf quf ekbsuitlr l iks l`kcljks
jf il fh
fhpr
prfs
fsll ek
ekb
b rf
rfsp
spfe
fetk
tk l eu
eufs
fstm
tmkb
kbfs
fs ek
ekhk
hk il sf
sfcu
curm
rmjl
jlj
j jf ik
ikss
prkjuetks, pu`imemjlj vfrlz, y ktrks lsubtks.

<.<.0. Lbìimsms jf il Ekhpftfbeml

Vbl prmhfrl ftlpl fs il jf lblimzlr ils fhprfsls ekhpftmjkrls yl quf plrl
pilbflr fstrltfcmls jf hfreljktfebml ekhpftmtmvls y fmelefs, ubl ekhplbèl jf`f
lvfrmculr tkjk ik pksm`if jf ils quf jmrfetlhfbtf ekhpmtfb ekb fiil. Fstk ekb fi mb
jf jftfrhmblr fb quf sf lvfbtlal l licubls y fb quf bks fbekbtrlhks rfzlcljks
ekb rfspfetk l ktrls. Wkr tli rlzkb li lblimzlr il ekhpftfbeml, sf jf`f prmhfrk
mjfbtmmelril, fs jfemr, jftfrhmblr qumfbfs skb ils fhprfsls quf fstlb fb elplemjlj
jf "rk`lr" eimfbtfs pktfbemlifs l il ekhplbèll.. Wlrl Ekel-Ekil, Wfpsm fs su prmbempli
rmvli, plrl Ulhsubc, Ukby fs su fbfhmck buhfrk ubk. ]l ekbkemjks iks prmbemplifs
ekhpftmjkrfs, fi smcumfbtf plsk fs jftfrhmblr sus prmbemplifs k`aftmvks, fs jfemr,
quf `uselb fb fi hfreljk y qu
quf quff hktmvl su ekhpkrtlhmfbtk.

Vb smcu
smcumf
mfbt
btff pl
plsk
sk fs fi jf mj
mjfb
fbtm
tmm
melr
elr il
ilss fs
fstr
trlt
ltfc
fcmls
mls jf iks
iks ek
ekhp
hpft
ftmjk
mjkrf
rfss y
hmfbtrls hls plrfemjls sflb fstls l ils jf il ekhplbè ll,, hls rmvlimjlj fxmstmrl.
Ekel-Ek
Ekel-Ekil
il y Wfpsm
Wfpsm kor
korfefb
fefb prk
prkjuet
juetks
ks plr
plrfem
femjks
jks,, li hmshk
hmshk prfemk,
prfemk, ltlelb
ltlelb elsm
elsm

Wìc. =
smfhprf ub hmshk sfchfbtk jfi hfreljk y su ek`frturl fs elsm mjfbtmel fb tkjk fi
hubjk.
hubjk. Fxm
Fxmstm
stmfbjk
fbjk hue
huedls
dls oufb
oufbtfs
tfs jf vfb
vfbtla
tlals
ls ekhpft
ekhpftmtm
mtmvls
vls11 fil`kr
fil`krlemk
lemk b jfi
prkjuetk ekb il hls litl elimjlj, prkpkremkblr ub sfrvmemk supfrmkr l ks eimfbtfs,
ikcrlr hfbkrfs ekstks fb iks rmvlifs, tfbfr ubl hfakr u`melemkb cfkcrlmel, jmsfblr
ub prkjuetk quf tfbcl ub hfakr rfbjmhmfbtk
rfbjmhmf btk quf ils hlrels jf il ekhpftfbeml.

Iks trfs tmpks cfbfrmeks jf fstrltfcml ekhpftmtmvl skb1

• Iuedlr p
pkkr sfr ffii prkju
jueetkr iè
ièj
jfr
fr fb ekstks fb il mbjustrml (Fi
fsoufrzk pkr sfr prkjuetkr jf `lak ekstk)
• @us
@uselr
elr iill jmofr
jmofrfbe
fbemlem
mlemkkb jfi prkj
prkjuet
uetkk quf sf ko
korfe
rfeff rfsp
rfspfet
fetkk li jf iks
rmvlifs (Fstrltfcml jf jmofrfbemlemkb)
• Efb
Efbtr
trlr
lrsf
sf fb ubl pkr
pkremk
emk b hl
hls imhm
imhmtl
tljl
jl jfi hf
hfre
relj
ljkk fb iucl
iuclrr jf ub
hfreljk ekhpiftk (Fstrltfcmls jf fbokqufs y fspfemlimzlemkb).

Imjfrlzck Jf @lak Ekstk

 Ekstks hl
hl s `laks quf iks ekhpftmjkrfs.
 Vb `ufb prkjuetk `l
`l ssmek
mek ekb pkeks fifhfbtks supfriuks.
 Pfjueemkb jf ekstks smb slermmelr elimjlj lefptl`if.
 Zrlbsokrhlr ils elrletfrèstmels
stmels jfi prkjuetk plrl su `lak ekstk.
 Wrfemks fekbkhmeks/ `ufb vlikr.

Jmofrfbemlemõb

 Elplemjlj jf korfefr lick jmstmbtk l iks ekhpftmjkrfs.


Huedls vlrmlemkbfs fb iks prkjuetks. 5. Mbvfbtlr okrhls jf erflr
vlikr plrl iks ekhprljkrfs.
 Mbtfcrlr elrletfrèsstmels
tmels quf fstfb jmspufstks l plclr iks eimfbtfs.
 Vslr elrletfrèstmels
stmels plrl erflr ubl rfputlemkb f mhlcfb jf il hlrel

Fbokquf

 Bmedk jf hfreljk imhmtljk.

 Ekstk `lak li ltfbjfr fi bmedk.
 Ljlptl ils bfefsmjljfs fspfemlimzljls jfi sfchfbtk k`aftmvk.
 Ljlptljl li bmedk.
 Ekhubmel il elplemjlj l sltmsolefr rfqufrmhmfbtks jf ekhprljkr.

Wìc. <7
  Jfjmelrsf tktlihfbtf l il sltmsoleemkb jfi bmedk.

FBZKPBK OMUELI
0.
0.<.
<. UMUZ
UMUZFH
FHL
L OMU
OMUEL
ELI
I ] ZPM@
ZPM@VZ
VZLP
LPMK
MK
Fi sm
smst
stfhl
fhl m
mse
seli
li - tr
trm`
m`ut
utlrm
lrmkk fs il pr
prmb
mbem
empl
plii dfr
dfrrlh
rlhmfb
mfbtl
tl ek
ekb
b il qu
quff eu
eufb
fbtl
tl
ub Ck`mfrbk plrl mblbemlr il ljfeuljl prkvmsmkb jf `mfbfs pu`imeks f mbiumr fb il
fstl`mimzlemkb jfi bmvfi jf letmvmjlj fekbkhmel fb fi ekrtk pilzk. Il pkiè tmel
tmel mseli
fstl
fstl mb
mbtf
tfcr
crlj
ljll pkr ils hfj
fjmj
mjls
ls rf
rfof
ofrrfb
fbttfs li cl
clst
stk,
k, il tr
trm`
m`u
utl
tlem
emkk b y fi
fbjfujlhmfbtk. Uf prkjuef ub elh`mk fb il pkiè tmel
tmel mseli, pkr fafhp
fafhpik,
ik, eulbjk fi
Ck`m
Ck`mfr
frbk
bk el
elh`
h`ml
ml su
suss pr
prkc
kcrl
rlhl
hlss jf cl
clst
stkk k eu
eulb
lbjk
jk li
litf
tfrl
rl il
ilss tl
tlsl
slss jf ik
ikss
mhpufstks quf ek`rl. Wkr ik tlbtk, fi smstfhl mseli ekbsmstf fb fi ekbaubtk jf ifyfs,
bkrhls y jmspksmemkbfs lefrel jf il okrhl jf k`tfbfr iks mbcrfsks pu`imeks, fb

plrtmeuilr pkr hfjmk jf iks mhpufstks.

Fs ubl jf ils pmfzls eilvf jf il krclbmzlemkb mbstmtuemkbli jf euliqumfr Fstljk. Wkr
jks rlzkbfs1

 Wrmhfrl, fb iks Fstljks hkjfrbks fs il okrhl jf k`tfbfr iks mbcrfsks

bfefslrmks plrl fi oubemkblhmfbtk jfi Fstljk.
 Ufcubjl y bk jf hfbks mhpkrtlbeml, l trlvfs jfi smstfhl mseli, utmimzlbjk
iks mhpufstks, fi Fstljk pufjf hkjmmelr sustlbemlihfbtf il jmstrm`uemkb jf
il rfbtl fb ub plès.
s. Wkr ik tlbtk, iks k`aftmvks jf pkiè tmel
tmel mseli jfi ck`mfrbk

rfcmkbli k ikeli fb fi hfjmlbk pilzk jf`fb sfr ekdfrfbtfs ekb fi k`aftmvk

blemkbli jf prfsfrvlr il skstfbm`mimjlj jf ils mblbzls pu`imels.

Ufcub qumfb, ekhk y eulbtk sf plcuf pkr mhpufstks, iks mbcrfsks jf quf jmspkbfb
ils pfrskbls elh`mlb. Ekhk iks mhpufstks skb k`imcltkrmks, fi Fstljk jmspkbf jf
ub mbstruhfbtk huy pkjfrksk plrl mbemjmr fb il jmstrm`uemkb quf surcf jfi sfetkr
prmvljk (y hls ekh`mblbjkiks ekb iks fofetks jfi clstk pu`imek). Jf lquè iks
lhpimks jf`ltfs quf susemtl fi smstfhl mseli, jfsjf qumfbfs ekbsmjfrlb quf fi
smstfhll mseli jf`f sfr bfutrk, fs jfemr, lofetlr fi hèbmhk
smstfh bmhk pksm`if l il jmstrm`uemkb
jf ils rfbtls y l ils jfemsmkbfs quf sf tkhlb fb fi lh`mtk prmvljk, dlstl qumfbfs

Wìc. <<
fspf
fspfrl
rlb
b qu
quff fi sm
smst
stfh
fhll ms
msel
elii fa
fafr
frzl
zl ub mh
mhpk
pkrt
rtlb
lbtf
tf pl
plpf
pfii bm
bmvf
vfil
iljkr
jkr jf il
ilss
jmofrfbemls fb ils rfbtls jf il pk`ilemkb.

0.
0.<.
<.<
< Krcl
Krclbm
bmsh
shk
k jf Pfc
Pfcui
uile
lemõ
mõb
b y Ekbt
Ekbtrk
rkii jfi Umst
Umstfh
fhll
Zrm`utlrmk fb fi Wfrñ
UVBLZ

Il Uup
Uupfrmb
frmbtfb
tfbjfb
jfbeml
eml Ble
Blemkb
mkbli
li jf Lju
Ljulbl
lblss y jf Ljh
Ljhmbm
mbmstr
strlemk
lemk b Zrm
Zrm`ut
`utlrm
lrmll ―
UVBLZ, jf leufrjk l su Ify jf erflemkb B· 0:40=, Ify Cfbfrli lprk`ljl pkr
Jferftk Ifcmsiltmvk B± 67< y il Ify 0=4<? jf Okrtlifemhmfbtk jf il UVBLZ, fs ub
krclbmshk tfebmek fspfemlimzljk, ljsermtk li Hmbmstfrmk jf Fekbkhèl y Omblbzls,
eufbtl ekb pfrsk
pfrskbfrè
bfrèl aurèjmel
jmel jf jfrfedk pu`imek, ekb pltrmhkbmk prkpmk y ckzl
jf lu
lutk
tkbk
bkhè
hèl ou
oube
bemk
mkbl
bli,i, tf
tf e bme
bmel,
l, fe
fekb
kbkkhm
hmel
el,, m
mbl
blbe
bemf
mfrl
rl,, pr
prfs
fsup
upuf
ufst
stli
li y

ljhmbmstrltmvl quf, fb vmrtuj l ik jmspufstk pkr fi Jferftk Uuprfhk B· 7?<-0770-

WEH, fxpfjmjk li lhplrk jf ik fstl`ifemjk fb fi buhfrli <5.< jfi lrtè euik
euik <5· jf il
Ifyy B· 03
If 03?6
?64,
4, dl l`
l`sk
skr`
r`mj
mjkk l il Uu
Uupf
pfrm
rmbt
btfb
fbjf
jfbe
beml
ml Bl
Blem
emkb
kbli
li jf Lj
Ljul
ulbl
bls,
s,
lsuhmfbjk ils oubemkbfs, oleuitljfs y ltrm`uemkbfs quf pkr ify, ekrrfspkbjè lb
lb l
fstl fbtmjlj.

0.<.0 Zrm`utks plrl fi Ck`mfrbk Efbtrli y Ikeli1 ekbefptk y

jmofrfbemls
Zrm`utk sf jfmbf ekhk ubl prfstlemkb jf jmbfrk quf fi Fstljk fxmcf fb fi fafrememk

jf su pkjfr jf mhpfrmk sk`rf il `lsf jf il elplemjlj ekbtrm`utmvl fb vmrtuj jf ubl

ify, y plrl eu`rmr iks clstks quf if jfhlbjf fi euhpimhmfbtk jf sus mbfs.

Fi Ekjmck Zrm`utlrmk fstl`ifef quf fi tfrhmbk ZPM@VZK ekhprfbjf mhpufstks,

ekbtrm`uemkbfs y tlsls1

 Mhpufstk1 Fs fi trm`utk euyk plck bk krmcmbl pkr plrtf jfi Fstljk ubl
ekbtrlprfstlemkb jmrfetl fb olvkr jfi ekbtrm`uyfbtf. Zli fs fi elsk jfi
Mhpufstk l il Pfbtl.
 Ekbtrm`uemõb1 Fs fi trm`u
trm`utk
tk quf tmfbf ekhk dfedk cfbfrljkr iks `fbfmemks
`fbfmemks

jfrmvljks jf il rflimzlemkb jf k`rls pu`imels k jf letmvmjljfs fstltlifs,

ekhk ik fs fi elsk jf il Ekbtrm`uemkb li UFBEMEK.

Wìc. <0
  Zlsl1 Fs fi trm`utk quf sf plcl ekhk ekbsfeufbeml jf il prfstlemkb fofetmvl
jf ub sfrvmemk pu`imek, mbjmvmjulimzljk fb fi ekbtrm`uyfbtf, pkr plrtf jfi
Fstljk. Wkr fafhpik iks jfrfedks lrlbefilrmks jf iks Pfcmstrks Wu`imeks.

0.
0.0.
0. WPMB
WPMBEM
EMWL
WLIF
IFUU ZPM
ZPM@V
@VZK
ZKUU FB
FB F
FI
I WFP
WFPÑ
Ñ
Iks prmbemplifs trm`utks quf ljhmbmstrl il UVBLZ skb iks smcumfbtfs1
 Mhpufstk Cfbfrli l ils _fbtls1 Fs fi mhpufstk quf sf lpimel fb ils
kpfrlemkbfs jf vfbtl f mhpkrtlemkb jf `mfbfs, lsè ekhk fb il prfstlemkb jf
jmstmbtks sfrvmemks ekhfremlifs, fb iks ekbtrltks jf ekbstrueemkb k fb il
prmhfrl vfbtl jf mbhuf`ifs.
 Mhpufstk l il Pfbtl1 Fs lqufi quf sf lpimel l ils rfbtls quf prkvmfbfb jfi
elpmtli, jfi trl`lak k jf il lpimelemkb ekbaubtl jf lh`ks.
 Pícmhfb Fspfemli jfi Mhpufstk l il Pfbtl1 Fs ub rfcmhfb trm`utlrmk

jmrmcmjk l pfrsk
jmrmcmjk pfrskbls
bls blturlifs y aurèjmels,
jmels, suefsmkbfs mbjmvmsls y skemfjljfs
ekbyuclifs jkhmemimljls fb fi plès quf k`tfbclb rfbtls jf tfrefrl eltfckrèl
prkvfbmfbtfs jf ils letmvmjljfs jf ekhfremk y/k mbjustrml> y letmvmjljfs jf
sfrvmemks.
 Bufvk Pícmhfb Ñbmek Umhpimmeljk1 Fs ub rfcmhfb smhpif quf fstl`ifef
ub plck ubmek pkr fi Mhpufstk l il Pfbtl y fi Mhpufstk Cfbfrli l ils _fbtls
(mbeiuyfbjk li Mhpufstk jf Wrkhkemkb Hubmempli). L fi pufjfb lekcfrsf
ubmelhfbtf ils pfrskbls blturlifs k suefsmkbfs mbjmvmsls, smfhprf quf
jfslr
jfslrrk
rkii
iifb
fb letm
letmvm
vmjlj
jljfs
fs cfbf
cfbfrl
rljk
jkrl
rlss jf rf
rfbt
btls
ls jf tf
tfre
refr
frll el
eltf
tfck
ckrè
rèl

(`kjfcls, ofrrftfrèlls,
s, `lzlrfs, pufstks jf hfreljk, fte.) y euhpilb iks
rfqumsmtks y ekbjmemkbfs fstl`ifemjls.
 Mhpufstk Ufifetmvk li Ekbsuhk1 Fs fi mhpufstk quf sf lpimel skik l il
prkjueemk
prkjueemk b k mhpkr
mhpkrtlemk
tlemk b jf jftfrh
jftfrhmbljks
mbljks prkjuetks ekhk emclrrmiiks,
emclrrmiiks,
imekrfs, efrvfzls, clsfksls, ekh`ustm`ifs, fte.
 Mhpufstk
Mhpufstk Fxtrl
Fxtrlkrjmb
krjmblrmk
lrmk plrl il Wrkhk
Wrkhkemõb
emõb y Jfslrrkiik
Jfslrrkiik Zurèstmek
Blemkbli1 Mhp
Mhpufs
ufstk
tk jfst
jfstmbl
mbljk
jk l mb
mblbe
lbemlr
mlr ils letmvm
letmvmjljf
jljfss y pr
prkyfe
kyfetks
tks
jfstmbljks l il prkhkemk
prkhkemk b y jfslrrkiik jfi turmshk blemkbli.
 Mhpuf
Mhpufst
stk
k Zf
Zfhp
hpkr
krli
li l ik
ikss Le
Letm
tmvk
vkss Bf
Bftk
tks1
s1 Mhpu
Mhpufst
fstkk lp
lpim
imel
el`i
`iff l iks
iks

cfbfrljkrfs jf rfbtl jf tfrefrl eltfckrèl suaftks li rfcmhfb cfbfrli jfi

Wìc. <5
 Mhpufstk l il Pfbtl, sk`rf iks Letmvks Bftks li 5< jf jmemfh`rf jfi lbk
lbtfrmkr. Il k`imclemkb surcf li < jf fbfrk jf eljl fafrememk y sf plcl jfsjf
fi hfs jf l`rmi jf eljl lbk.
 Mhpufstk l ils Zrlbsleemkbfs Omblbemfrls1 Fi Mhpufstk crlvl licubls jf
ils kpfrlemkbfs quf sf rflimzlb l trlvfs jf ils fhprfsls jfi Umstfhl
Omblbemfrk. Erfljk pkr fi J.Ifcmsiltmvk B· =5= y hkjmmeljk pkr il Ify B·
04<=:. _mcfbtf jfsjf fi <· jf hlrzk jfi 077:.
 Mhpufstk Fspfemli l il Hmbfrèl1 Erfljl hfjmlbtf Ify B± 0=34= pu`imeljl
fi 04 jf sftmfh`r
sftmfh`rff jf 07<<, fs ub mhpuf
mhpufstk
stk quf crlvl il utmimjl
utmimjlj
j kpfrltmvl
k`tfbmjl pkr iks suaftks jf il letmvmjlj hmbfrl prkvfbmfbtf jf ils vfbtls jf
iks rfeursks hmbfrlifs
hmbfrlifs hftl
hftl iimeks.
meks. Jmedl ify fstl`i
fstl`ifef
fef quf fi mhpuf
mhpufstk
stk sfrl
sfrl
rfelujljk y ljhmbmstrljk pkr il UVBLZ.
 Lpkrtlemkbfs li FUULIVJ y l il KBW1 Hfjmlbtf il Ify B· 0355: sf
fbel
fbelrc
rcll l il UVBL
UVBLZ
Z il lj
ljhm
hmbm
bmst
strl
rlem
emkkb jf ils
ils emtl
emtljl
jlss lpkr
lpkrtl
tlem
emkb
kbfs
fs,,
hlbtfbmfbjksf ekhk lerffjkr trm`utlrmk jf ils hmshls fi Ufcurk Ukemli jf
Uliuj (FUULIVJ) y il Kmembl jf Bkrhlimzlemkb Wrfvmsmkbli (KBW).
Imefbemls jf Oubemkblhmfbtk
Imefbeml jf ekbstrueemõb
Liuh`rljk pñ`imel, jrfblaf y plvmhfbtlemõb
Wlrtmjls jf blemhmfbtks
Letls jf Hltrmhkbmk

0.
0.5.
5. EKBE
KBEFWZ
FWZKU @ÌU
@ÌUMEK
MEKU

0.5.<. Wkiètmel Omseli

Il pkiètmel
tmel mseli fs ubl rlhl jf il pkiètmel
tmel fekbkhmel quf ekbmcurl fi prfsupufstk
jfi Fstljk, y sus ekhpkbfbtfs, fi clstk pu`imek y iks mhpufstks, ekhk vlrml`ifs jf
ekbtrk
ekbtrkii plr
plrll lsfc
lsfcurl
urlrr y hlb
hlbtfb
tfbfr
fr il fst
fstl`mi
l`mimjl
mjlj
j fek
fekbk
bk hme
hmel,
l, lhk
lhkrtm
rtmculb
culbjk
jk ils
vlrmlemkbfs jf iks emeiks fekbkhmeks, y ekbtrm`uyfbjk l hlbtfbfr ubl fekbkhè l
erfem
erfemfb
fbtf
tf,, jf pi
pifb
fbkk fh
fhpi
pifk
fk y sm
smb
b mb
mbil
ilemk
emk b li
litl
tl.. Fi bl
blem
emhm
hmfb
fbtk
tk jf il tf
tfkrè
krèl
hlerkfekbkhmel nfybfsmlbl pusk jf hlbmmfstk quf ils hfjmjls jf il pkiètmel
tmel

Wìc. <:
mseli mbiuyfb
mbiuyfb fb crlb hfjmjl fb ils vlrmlemkbfs
vlrmlemkbfs l ekrtk pilzk jf il prkjueemk
prkjueemk b, fi
fhpifk, y iks prfemks.

K`aftmvks jf il Wkiètmel Omseli1

 Wifbl keuplemkb (hlykr bmvfi jf fhpifk pksm`if).
 Ekbtrki jf il jfhlbjl lcrfcljl hfjmlbtf iks mhpufstks y fi clstk pu`imek.
 Ekbtrkilr ub jf
jf memt
memt k ub supfrl
supfrl vmt.

Zmpks jf Wkiètmel Omseli

l) Fxplbsmvl1 eu
eulb
lbjk
jk fi k`
k`af
aftm
tmvk
vk fs fs
fstm
tmhu
huil
ilrr il jf
jfhl
hlbj
bjll lc
lcrf
rfcl
cljl
jl,,
fspfemlihfbtf eulbjk il fekbkhèl fstl ltrlvfslbjk ub pfrèkjk
kjk jf rfefsmkb
y bfefsmtl ub mhpuisk plrl fxplbjmrsf. Ekhk rfsuitljk sf tmfbjf li jfmemt k
mbeiusk pufjf prkvkelr mbilemkb.

Iks hfelbmshks l uslr skb1

 Luhf
Luhfbt
btlr
lr fi cl
clstk
stk pu
pu `i
`imek
mek,, pl
plrl
rl lu
luhfb
hfbtl
tlrr il pr
prkju
kjuee
eemk
mk b y rf
rfjue
juemr
mr fi
jfsfhpifk.
 @lalr iks mhpufstks, plrl luhfbtlr il rfbtl jmspkbm`if jf ils pfrskbls
oèsmels,
smels, ik quf prkvkelrl
prkvkelrl ub hly
hlykr
kr ekb
ekbsuh
suhkk y ubl hlykr mbvfrsmk
mbvfrsmk b jf ils
fhprfs
fhprfsls,
ls, fb ekb
ekbeiu
eiusmk
smk b, ub jfs
jfspil
pilzlhm
zlhmfbt
fbtkk jf il jfhl
jfhlbjl
bjl lcr
lcrfclj
fcljll fb
sfbtmjk fxplbsmvk. Jf fstl okrhl, li dl`fr hlykr clstk pu`imek, y hfbkrfs
mhpufstks, fi prfsupufstk jfi Fstljk, cfbfrl fi jfmemt. Jfspufs sf pufjf jfemr
quf olvkrfef fi clstk mseli fb fi mhpufstk prfsupufstlrmk.

`) Ek
Ekbt
btrl
rlet
etmvl1 fs il qu
mvl1 quff dl
dlef
ef jm
jmsh
shmb
mbum
umrr il jfhlbj
jfhlbjll lcrfcl
lcrfcljl
jl,, l mb jf
cfbfrlr ub fxefsk jf kofrtl lcrfcljl jf `mfbfs, ik quf mblihfbtf dlrl
rfjuemr fi bmvfi jf mbcrfsk.

e) Pf
Pfst
strm
rmet
etmvl1 eulbjk fi k`aftmvk fs orfblr il jfhlbjl lcrfcljl, pkr fafhpik
mvl1
eulbjk il fekbkhèl fs
fstl
tl fb ub pf
pfrè
rèkjk
kjk jf fxefsmvl fxplbsmkb y tmfbf
bfefsmj
bfefsmjlj
lj jf orfb
orfblrs
lrsff pkr il fxe
fxefsmv
fsmvll mb
mbilemk
ilemk b quf fst
fstll erf
erflbj
lbjk.
k. Ekh
Ekhkk
rfsuitljk sf tmfbjf li supfrlvmt.

Iks hfelbmshks skb iks ekbtrlrmks quf fb il fxplbsmvl1

Wìc. <6
 Pfjuemr fi clstk pu
pu `imek, plrl `lalr il jfhlbj
jfhlbjll lcrfcljl y pkr
tlbtk il prkjueemkb.
 Uu`mr iks mhpufstks, plrl quf iks emujljlbks tfbclb ubl rfbtl
hfbkr y fb ekbsfeufbeml jmshmbuylb su ekbsuhk y lsè il jfhlbjl lcrfcljl
sf jfspilzl dleml il mzqumfrjl.

WKIÈZMEL OMUELI JFI WFPÑ

Fi hmbmstrk jf Fekbkhèl y Omblbzls, Iums Hmcufi Elstmiil, lomrhõ quf fi

Wfrñ
Wfrñ vmfbf
vmfbf lpimel
lpimelbjk
bjk ubl om
omsel
selii fxplbs
fxplbsmvl
mvl plrl
plrl ekbtrl
ekbtrlrrf
rrfstl
stlrr iks
ffetks jf iks prk`ifhls jf il fekbkhèl fb iks crlbjfs plèsfs ekhk

Omcurl 7<1 ELH@MKU FB IL WKIÈZMEL OMUELI WFPVLBL

OVFBZF1 Lpkyk Ekbsuitkrèll,, @EPW, HFO, MWF

0.5.0. Wkiètmel Zrm`utlrml

Fb hfrmtk l oleuitljfs jfifcljls, fi Wkjfr Fafeutmvk, hfjmlbtf Jferftk Ifcmsiltmvk
Bk. 33< jmetk
jmetk il Ify Hlrek jfi Umstfhl Zrm`utlrmk Blemkbli, vmcfbtf l plrtmr jfsjf
<==:, ekb iks smcumfbtfs k`aftmvks1

Wìc. <?
  Mberfhfbtlr il rfelujlemkb
 @rmb
@rmbjl
jlrr li sm
smst
stfh
fhll tr
trm`
m`ut
utlr
lrmk
mk ub
ubll hl
hlyk
ykrr f
fme
memf
mfbe
beml
ml,, pf
pfrh
rhlb
lbfb
fbem
emll y
smhpimemjlj
 Jmst
Jmstrm
rm`u
`umr
mr fq
fqum
umtl
tltm
tmvl
vlh
hfb
fbttf iks mb
mbccrf
rfsk
skss qu
quff ek
ekrr
rrfs
fsp
pkb
kbjf
jfb
b l il
ilss
Hubmemplimjljfs

Jf hlbfrl smbkptmel, fi Umstfhl Zrm`utlrmk Blemkbli pufjf fsqufhltmzlrsf jf il

smcumfbtf hlbfrl1

Omcurl 701 FUZPVEZVPL JFI UMUZFHL ZPM@VZLPMK WFPVLBK

Ljhmbmstrlemk b Zrm`utlrml (UVBLZ)

OVFBZF1 Uupfrmbtfbjfbeml Blemkbli jf Ljhmbmstrlemk

0.5.5. Wkiètmel Hkbftlrml

Fb fi hlrek jf il Ekbstmtuemkb Wkiètmel
tmel jfi Wfru
Wfru y jf su Ify Krcl
Krcl bme
bmel,
l, fi @lb
@lbek
ek
Efbtrli jf Pfsfrvl jfi Wfru eufbtl ekb il lutkbkhèl y iks mbstruhfbtks jf pkiètmel
tmel
hkbftlrml quf if pfrhmtfb euhpimr ekb il mblimjlj jf prfsfrvlr il fstl`mimjlj

hkbftlrml.

Wìc. <3
 WKIÈZMEL HKBFZLPML JFI WFPÑ

Fb il pkiètmel
tmel hkbftlrml sf fstl `lalbjk fbelafs, pfrk dly ub tfhl jf
mbilemkb pkr fbemhl jfi 5% quf prfkeupl li @EP

0.5.:.Wkiètmel jf Mbilemõb
Il rfjueemkb jf il hftl jf mbilemkb jf 0,6 l 0,7 pkr emfbtk pfrhmtf quf bufstrl
hkbfjl tfbcl ub hlykr pkjfr ljqumsmtmvk fb fi ilrck pilzk y okrtlifef il ekbmlbzl
fb il hkb
hkbfjl
fjl ble
blemkbl
mkbli,i, olv
olvkrf
krfemfb
emfbjk
jk il jfsj
jfsjkilr
kilrmzle
mzlemk
mk b. Lsm
Lsmhms
hmshk,
hk, ubl hft
hftll
mbilemkblrml jf 0,7 pkr emfbtk mculil fi rmthk jf mbilemkb jfi plès ekb fi jf ils
prmbemplifs
prmbemplifs fekbkh
fekbkhèèls
ls jfsl
jfslrrk
rrkiil
iiljls,
jls, fvmt
fvmtlbjk
lbjk il jfsv
jfsvlik
likrmz
rmzlemk
lemk b rfi
rfiltm
ltmvl
vl jf
bufstrl hkbfjl. Fi @EPW fvliul fi euhpimhmfbtk jf su hftl jf mbilemkb jf

hlbfrl ekb
hlbfrl ekbtmb
tmbul
ul jfsj
jfsjff 077
077?,
?, rfv
rfvmsl
msl bjk
bjksf
sf hfb
hfbsul
sulihf
ihfbtf
btf il fvk
fvkiue
iuemk
mk b jf il
mbilemkb jf iks uitmhks jkef hfsfs.

WKIÈZMEL MBOILEMKBLPML JFI WFPÑ

L plrtmr jf 0773, il hftl jf mbilemkb sf rfjuak l 0,7 pkr emfbtk,

hlbtfbmf bjksf
hlbtfbmf bjksf fi hlrcfb jf tkifrlbeml, ekb ik quf il hftl jf
mbilemk b sf u`mel fbtrf <,7 5,7 kr emfbtk.
mbilemk

0.5.6. Fseujk Omseli

Iks fseujks mselifs (FO) skb tkjks lqufiiks clstks quf, rfcmstrljks fb fi fstljk jf
rfsuitljks jf il fhprfsl, jftfrhmblb, li rfjuemr fi hkbtk mhpkbm`if, ub hfbkr
plck jfi mhpuf
mhpufstk
stk l il rfbtl. @lak fsl jfmbmemk
jfmbmemk b, fbtkbefs, ZKJKU
ZKJKU (lsè su`rlyljk
su`rlyljk
y fb bfcrmtl) iks clstks lbulifs fb
f b iks quf mbeurrf il mrhl (hltfrml prmhl, slilrmks,
liqumifrfs, fte.) sf ekbvmfrtfb fb FO.

Um `mfb fstk fs ekrrfetk fb Omblbzls y, sk`rf tkjk, l il dkrl jf quf sf fvliulb

prkyfetks, iks FO quf bks mbtfrfslb skb iks quf sf jfrmvlb jf trfs ru`rks jfi clstk,
l sl`fr1 il jfprfem
jfprfemlemk
lemk b, iks clstk
clstkss mblbemfrks y iks jfrmvljks jf ils vfbtl
vfbtlss jf iks
letmvks maks li mbmemk k li mbli jfi hkhfbtk jf il mbvfrsmkb. Il rfspufstl jfi

Wìc. <4
pkrquf fs smhpif y olemi jf fbtfbjfr1 tkjk ik quf rfjuzel il slimjl jf fofetmvk jfi
prkyfe
prkyfetk
tk -y fi plck jfi mhp
mhpufs
ufstk
tk l il rfbtl fs ubl jf fii
fiils-
ls- rfjubjlrl
rfjubjlrl fb ubl
hlykr jmspkbm`mimjlj jf elal, ik quf l il vfz sf trljuemrl fb ubl hlykr cfbfrlemkb
jf vlikr plrl fi leemkbmstl. Iks FO quf prkvmfbfb jf il jfprfemlemkb (FOJ) y jf iks
clstks mblbemfrks (FOM), skb olemifs jf fbtfbjfr.

Uf rfsuhf fb iks euljrks smcumfbtfs, fb iks eulifs sf lsuhf ubl tlsl jf mhpufstk l
il rfbtl jf 57%1

OMCVPL 751 FUEVJK OMUELI WPK_FBMFBZF JF IL JFWPFEMLEMÕB

BKZL1 Dly ub fofetk quf dly quf rfslitlr y fs quf fi FOM rfjuef il tlsl jf
mbtfrfs quf fofetmvlhfbtf plcl il fhprfsl k fi prkyfetk eulbjk tkhl jfujls.
OVFBZF1 Letulimjlj Fhprfslrmli B± 0?6 - Ufcubjl \umbefbl
\umbefbl jf Ketu`rf
07<0 pkr Fekb. Nlrfh Pkjrècufz Pkhìb

Lick huy mhpkrtlbtf quf ekbsmjfrlr fs quf iks fseujks mselifs skik kpfrlb
eulbjk dly utmimjljfs (Zltufsfik fb il orfbtf, pkr olvkr, plrl quf bubel sf if
kivmjf). K`vmlhfbtf, sm il fhprfsl bk tmfbf utmimjljfs, bk tmfbf quf plclr mhpufstk
l il rfbtl y, pkr ik tlbtk, pmfrjf tktlihfbtf mhpkrtlbeml fi dfedk jf quf sf
rfcmstrfb ru`rks jf clstk quf rfjuzelb fi hkbtk mhpkbm`if, smhpifhfbtf pkrquf
fstf bk fxmstf.

0.5.?. Fbelaf @lbelrmk

Fs ub mbstruhfbtk jf pkiètmel
tmel hkbftlrml jfstmbljk l rfcuilr fi vkiuhfb jf iks
erfjmtks. Oubemkbl ekhk ub hfelbmshk jf sfcurmjlj jfi smstfhl mblbemfrk quf

Wìc. <=
hlbfal fi @lbek Efbtrli jf Pfsfrvl, y quf fb eulbtk hls fifvljk sfl fi fbelaf
hfbkr sfrl
sfrl il elplemjlj jf ktkrclr prf
prf stlhks
stlhks pkr plrtf jf iks `lbeks y vmefvfrsl.
vmefvf rsl.

Fi fbelaf `lbelrmk fs fi jmbfrk quf iks `lbeks jf`fb mbhkvmimzlr eulbjk dlefb ubl
elptlemkb jfi pu`imek> fstk ekhk ubl hfjmjl plrl clrlbtmzlr quf iks `lbeks
smfhprf tfbclb jmbfrk jmspkbm`if fb elsk quf sus eimfbtfs ik rfqumfrlb.

Iks jmstmbtks prkjuetks mblbemfrks tmfbfb jmstmbtks fbelafs. Fbtrf hls ièqumjk
qumjk sfl
ub prkjuetk mblbemfrk, hls litk sf supkbf quf jf`f sfr fi fbelaf, pufstk quf fi
`lbek jf`f fb euliqumfr hkhfbtk fbtrfclr fi jmbfrk li ldkrrljkr. Fs fi elsk jf il
eufbtl ekrrmfbtf,
ekrrmfbtf, pufs pkr su bltur
blturlifzl,
lifzl, fi eufbtl-
eufbtl-dl`mfb
dl`mfbtf
tf bfefsm
bfefsmtl
tl jmspkb
jmspkbfr
fr jf
il tktlimjlj jf su jmbfrk fb euliqumfr hkhfbtk y fi `lbek jf`f tfbfr fi jmbfrk
sumemfbtf plrl prkvffrsfik. Fs pkr fiik quf pkr ik cfbfrli iks `lbeks bk plclb
mbtfrfsfs pkr ils eufbtls ekrrmfbtfs, yl quf sf supkbf quf fi `lbek bk pufjf

trl`lalr
trl`lalr fsf jmbf
jmbfrk
rk puf
pufss fstl
fstl k`i
k`imcl
mcljk
jk l tfb
tfbfri
frikk jms
jmspkb
pkbm`i
m`iff fb tkj
tkjkk hkh
hkhfbt
fbtk.
k.
Fbtrf hls `lak sfl fi fbelaf `lbelrmk, hlykr rmfsck fxmstf jf quf ub ldkrrljkr bk
pufjl rfeupfrlr su jmbfrk. Ouf ik quf plsk fb il ermsms mblbemfrk jf mbfs jf il
jfeljl jf iks =7 fb Ekikh`ml, jkbjf huedks `lbeks tuvmfrkb quf sfr rfseltljks
pkr fi fstljk lbtf su ermsms jf imqumjfz quf ifs mhpfjè l rfmbtfcrlr fi jmbfrk l sus
ldkrrljkrfs. Wkr fsl hmshl ermsms, dky fi fbelaf `lbelrmk fs imcfrlhfbtf supfrmkr.
Uupkbclsf quf tkjks iks ldkrrljkrfs ub jèl oufrlb li `lbek l rftmrlr su jmbfrk.
Ufbemiilhfbtf fi `lbek bk pkjrèl fbtrfclrik, pufstk quf crlb plrtf jf fsf jmbfrk
ik tmfbfb mbvfrtmjk fb erfjmtks l ilrck pilzk k fb mbvfrsmkbfs.

Il tlsl jf fbelaf ifcli sf jfmbf tlh`mfb ekhk ub pkrefbtlaf jf iks jfpksmtks jf

ils mbstmtuemkbfs mblbemfrls y jf ils k`imclemkbfs ekbtrlè jls
jls ekb tfrefrks, jfi euli
bk sf pufjf jmspkbfr plrl rflimzlr sus letmvmjljfs jf mbtfr
mbtfrhfjmlemk
hfjmlemk b mblbemfrl y
quf jf`fb sfr hlbt
hlbtfbmjks
fbmjks fb rfsfrvl. Wkr fafhpik, ubl jmshmbuemk
jmshmbuemk b fb il tlsl jf
fbelaf fxmcmjk l ils mbstmtuemkbfs mblbemfrls im`frl rfeursks jf ils hmshls plrl
quf pufjlb ktkrclr hls erfjmtks, hmfbtrls quf ub luhfbtk fb il tlsl jf fbelaf
rfjuef iks okbjks prfstl`ifs jmspkbm`ifs, mbeiusk fs pksm`if quf sf fbelrfzel fi
ekstk jf erfjmtk pkr il hfbkr kofrtl jf okbjks. Lsmhmshk, iks fbelafs tlh`mfb skb
ub mbs
mbstru
truhfb
hfbtk
tk quf sf utm
utmimz
imzll plr
plrll lsfc
lsfcurl
urlrr quf ils mbs
mbstmt
tmtuem
uemkbf
kbfss mb
mblbe
lbemfr
mfrls
ls

Wìc. 07
eufbtfb ekb il sumemfbtf imqumjfz plrl quf pufjlb euhpimr sus k`imclemkbfs ekb
iks jfpksmtlbtfs, tlbtk fb hkbfjl blemkbli ekhk fb hkbfjl fxtrlbafrl.

FBZKPBK OMBLBEMFPK
0. UMUZ
UMUZFH
FHL
L OMBL
OMBLBE
BEMF
MFPK
PK
0.<.<. Jfmbmemõb f mhpkrtlbeml jfi Umstfhl Omblbemfrk
Fb ub sfbtmjk
sfbtmjk cfbfr
cfbfrli,
li, fi smstfh
smstfhll mblbe
mblbemfrk
mfrk (smst
(smstfhl
fhl jf mblbz
mblbzls),
ls), fstl
fstl okrhljk
okrhljk
pkr fi ekba
pkr ekbaub
ubtk
tk jf mb
mbst
stmt
mtue
uemk
mkbf
bfs,
s, hf
hfjmk
jmkss y hfre
hfreljk
ljks,
s, euyk
euyk mb
mb pr
prmh
mhkr
krjml
jmlii fs
elbl
elblim
imzlr
zlr fi ld
ldkr
krrk
rk qu
quff cfbf
cfbfrl
rlbb ik
ikss pr
prfs
fstlh
tlhms
mstl
tlss k ubmjl
ubmjljf
jfss jf cl
clst
stkk ek
ekb
b
supfrlvmt, dleml iks prfstltlrmks k ubmjljfs jf clstk ekb jfmemt, lsè ekhk olemimtlr y
ktkrclr sfcurmjlj li hkvmhmfbtk jf jmbfrk y li smstfhl jf plcks. Il emtljl il`kr
jf mbtfrhfjmlemkb fs iifvljl l el`k pkr ils mbstmtuemkbfs quf ekhpkbfb fi smstfhl
mblbemfrk, y sf ekbsmjfrl `lsmel plrl rflimzlr il trlbsokrhlemkb jf iks letmvks
mblbemfrks, jfbkhmbljks prmhlrmks, fhmtmjks pkr ils ubmjljfs mbvfrskrls (ekb fi
mb jf k`tfbfr okbjks plrl luhfbtlr sus letmvks rflifs), fb letmvks mblbemfrks
mbjmrfetks, hls lekrjfs ekb ils prfofrfbemls jf iks ldkrrljkrfs.

Vb smstfhl mblbemfrk fmemfbtf fs lqufi elplz jf elptlr ldkrrk fb ekbjmemkbfs

ljfeul
ljfeuljls
jls jf rfhu
rfhubf
bfrle
rlemk
mk b, im
imqu
qumj
mjfz
fz y sfcur
sfcurmjl
mjlj,
j, li k`af
k`aftk
tk jf pr
prfs
fstl
tlrr l iks
iks
jfhlbjlbtfs jf okbjks iks rfeursks lsè k`tfbmjks fb rlzkbl`ifs ekbjmemkbfs jf
prfemk, elbtmjlj y pilzk. Vb Umstfhl Omblbemfrk ekhprfbjf l iks lcfbtfs quf
mbtfrvmfbfb fb fi (prfstltlrmks, prfstlhmstls f mbtfrhfjmlrmks mblbemfrks), iks
hfreljks fb iks quf sf mbtfrelh`ml letmvks mblbemfrks y sf malb prfemks y il
ifcmsilemkb f Mbstmtuemkbfs quf rfcuilb su oubemkblhmfbtk. Wkr ktrk iljk, il oubemkb
prmbempli jfi Umstfhl Omblbemfrk fs clrlbtmzlr ubl lsmcblemkb fmelz jf iks rfeursks

mblb
mblbem
emfr
frks
ks,, ek
ekb
b mb
mbjfp
jfpfb
fbjfb
jfbem
emll jfi vk
vkiu
iuhf
hfb
b jf okbjk
okbjkss ek
ekhp
hprk
rkhf
hftm
tmjk
jks,
s, su
blturlifzl, pilzks y ekstfs. Eulbjk ub smstfhl mblbemfrk oubemkbl ekrrfetlhfbtf

Wìc. 0<
bk sf imhmtl l sfrvmr ekhk elblimzljkr jf rfeursks mblbemfrks smbk quf tlh`mfb
ekbtrm`uyf, l trlvfs jfi prkefsk jf mbbkvlemkb mblbemfrl y jf jmvfrsmmelemkb jf
letmvks, l cfbfrlr ub hlykr vkiuhfb jf ldkrrk y quf jmedks rfeursks pufjlb
jfjmelr
jfjmelrsf
sf l il mb
mblbem
lbemlemk
lemk b jf let
letmvm
mvmjljf
jljfss prk
prkjuet
juetmvl
mvls.
s. Fi smstfh
smstfhll mblbem
mblbemfrk
frk
ekhprfbjf, tlbtk iks mbstruhfbtks k letmvks mblbemfrks, ekhk
ils mbstmtuemkb
mbstmtuemkbfs
fs k mbtfrhfjmlrm
mbtfrhfjmlrmks
ks y iks hfrelj
hfreljks
ks mblbemfrks1
mblbemfrks1 iks mbtfrhfjmlrmk
mbtfrhfjmlrmkss
ekhprlb y vfbjfb iks letmvks fb iks hfreljks mblbemfrks.

0.<.0. Lbtfefjfbtfs jfi Umstfhl

Umstfhl Omblbemfrk Blemkbli
Vb smstfhl mblbemfrk bks korfef sfrvmemks quf skb jf elrletfr prmhkrjmli fb ubl
fekbkhèl hkjfrbl. Fi fhpifk jf ub hfjmk jf mbtfrelh`mk fstl`if lefptljk
rfjuef iks ekstks jf ils trlbsleemkbfs, olemimtl fi ekhfremk y pkr ik tlbtk il
fspf
fspfem
emli
limz
mzlem
lemkkb fb il pr
prkju
kjueem
eemkkb. Ik
Ikss letm
letmvk
vkss mblb
mblbem
emfr
frks
ks ek
ekb
b rf
rfbj
bjmh
mhmf
mfbt
btkk
ltrletmvk, imqumjfz y elrletfrèstmels
stmels jf rmfsck ltrletmvls fstmhuilb fi ldkrrk fb
okrhl mblbemfrl. Li fvliulr ils kpemkbfs jf mbvfrsmkb y supfrvmslr ils letmvmjljfs
jf iks prfstltlrmks, iks mbtfrhfjmlrmks mblbemfrks luhfbtlb il fmemfbeml jfi usk jf
iks rfeursks. Fi leefsk l ubl vlrmfjlj jf mbstruhfbtks mblbemfrks pfrhmtf l iks
lcfbtfs fekbkhmeks hlbekhublr fi rmfsck jf iks prfemks y jfi ekhfremk.

Fb bufstrk plèss,, fi smstfhl mblbemfrk fstl rfcuiljk pkr il Ify Cfbfrli jfi Umstfhl
Omblbemfrk y jfi Umstfhl jf Ufcurks y Krclbmel jf il Uupfrmbtfbjfbeml jf @lbel y
Uf
Ufcu
curk
rkss (U@U
(U@U),
), Ify
Ify B· 0?
0?37
370.
0. Fstl
Fstl ify
ify ek
ekbs
bstm
tmtu
tuyf
yf fi hlre
hlrekk jf rf
rfcu
cuile
ilemk
mk b y

supfrvmsmkb li quf sf skhftfb ils fhprfsls quf kpfrlb fb fi smstfhl mblbemfrk y

sf sf
sfccur
urks
ks,, lsè
lsè ek
ekh
hk lquf
lqufii
iils
ls quf rf
rfli
limz
mzlb
lb le
letm
tmvvmjlj
mjljfs
fs vmbeu
mbeuil
iljl
jlss k
ekhpif
ekhpifhfb
hfbtlr
tlrmls
mls li k`a
k`aftk
ftk skem
skemli
li jf jme
jmedls
dls pfrskb
pfrskbls.
ls. Lsè, bufstrk smstfhl ik
ekbokrhlb mbstmtuemkbfs mblbemfrls, fhprfsls f mbstmtuemkbfs jf jfrfedk pu`imek k
prmvljk, jf`mjlhfbtf lutkrmzljls pkr il Uupfrmbtfbjfbeml jf @lbel, Ufcurks y
LOW quf kpfrlb fb il mbtfrhfjmlemkb mblbemfrl, mbtfrprftljl ekhk il letmvmjlj
dl`mtuli jfslrrkiiljl pkr fhprfsls f mbstmtuemkbfs lutkrmzljls l elptlr okbjks jfi
pu `imek y ekikelriks fb okrhl jf erf
pu erf j
jmtks
mtks f mbvfrsmkbfs.

0.<.5. Krclbmshks jf Uupfrvmsmõb y Ekbtrki

@EPW

Wìc. 00
Il Ekbstmtuemkb Wkiètmel
tmel jf <==5, ekhk ik dmzk il jf <=3=, ekbslcrl iks prmbempmks
oubjlhfbtlifs jfi smstfhl hkbftlrmk jf il Pfpu`imel y jfi rfcmhfb jfi @lbek
Efbtrli jf Pfsfrvl jfi Wfru. Il fhmsmkb jf `miiftfs y hkbfjls fs oleuitlj fxeiusmvl
jfi Fstljk, quf il fafref pkr mbtfrhfjmk jfi @EPW (Lrtèeeuik
uik 45). Fi @lbek Efbtrli
Efbtrli,,
ekhk pfrskbl aurèj
jmel
mel jf jfrfedk pu`imek, tmfbf lutkbkhèl jfbtrk jfi hlrek jf su
Ify Krclbmel y su mblimjlj fs prfsfrvlr il fstl`mimjlj hkbftlrml. Uus oubemkbfs
skb rfcuilr il hkbfjl y fi erfjmtk jfi smstfhl mblbemfrk, ljhmbmstrlr ils rfsfrvls
mbtfrblemkblifs l su elrck y ils jfhls quf sfblil su Ify Krclbmel. Fi @lbek
ljfhls jf`f mbokrhlr fxletl y pfrmkjmelhfbtf li plès sk`rf fi fstljk jf ils
mblb
mblbzls
zls bl
blem
emkb
kbli
lifs
fs (L
(Lrt
rtèèeuik 4: jf il Ekbstmtuemk
mk b Wkiètmel
t mel jf
jfii Wfr
fru
u).
Ljmemkblihfb
Ljmemkblihfbtf,
tf, fi @lbek fstl
fstl prkdm
prkdm`mjk
`mjk jf ekbef
ekbefjfr
jfr mblbe
mblbemlhmfb
mlhmfbtk
tk li frlrmk,
frlrmk,
slivk il ekhprl fb fi hfreljk sfeubjlrmk, jf vlikrfs fhmtmjks pkr fi Zfskrk
Wu`imek jfbtrk jfi ièh
hmtf
mtf quf sfblil su Ify Krclbmel (Lrtèeeuik
uik 33).

Dly jks lsplspfetk

fetkss oub
oubjlhf
jlhfbtl
btlifs
ifs quf il Ekb
Ekbstmt
stmtuemk
uemk b Wfr
Wfrulbl
ulbl fst
fstl`i
l`ifef
fef ekb
rfilemkb li @lbek Efbtrli1 su mblimjlj jf prfsfrvlr il fstl`mimjlj hkbftlrml y su
lutkbkhèll..

Il fstl`mimjlj hkbftlrml fs fi prmbempli lpkrtf quf fi @lbek Efbtrli pufjf dlefr

l il fekbkhèl jfi plès pufs, li ekbtrkilrsf il mbilem
mbilemkkb, sf rfjuef il mbefrtmjuh`rf y
sf cfb
cfbfr
frll ekb
ekbmlb
mlbzl
zl fb fi vl
vlik
ikrr pr
prfs
fsfb
fbtf
tf y outu
outurk
rk jf il hkbf
hkbfjl,
jl, fifh
fifhfbt
fbtkk
mhpr
mhprfse
fsemb
mbjm`
jm`if
if pl
plrl
rl fstm
fstmhu
huil
ilrr fi ld
ldkr
krrk
rk,, lt
ltrl
rlfr
fr mbvf
mbvfrs
rsmkb
mkbfs
fs pr
prkju
kjuet
etmv
mvls
ls y
prkhkvfr lsè ub erfemhmfbtk skstfbmjk jf il fekbkhèll..

Il lutkbkhèl jfi @lbek Efbtrli fs ubl ekbjmemkb bfefslrml plrl fi hlbfak

hkbftlrmk `lsljk fb ub ermtfrmk tfebmek jf hkjk quf sus jfemsmkbfs sf krmfbtfb l
euhpim
euhpimrr fi hlb
hlbjltk
jltk ekb
ekbstm
stmtue
tuemkb
mkbli
li jf prf
prfsfr
sfrvlr
vlr il fstl`m
fstl`mimjl
imjlj
j hkb
hkbftlr
ftlrml,
ml, smb
jfsvèkkss fb il ltfbemkb jf jmedk k`aftmvk fbekhfbjljk. Vbl jf ils clrlbtèls
ls plrl il
lutkbkhèl il ekb
ekbst
stmt
mtuy
uyff il bk rfhk
rfhkemk
emk b jf iks
iks jmrf
jmrfet
etkr
krfs
fs sl
sliv
ivkk ol
olit
itll cr
crlv
lvf,
f,
fstl`ifemjl fb il Ify Krclbmel jfi @lbek Efbtrli.

U@U
Il Uu
Uupf
pfrm
rmbt
btfb
fbjfb
jfbem
emll jf @l
@lbe
bel,
l, Ufcu
Ufcurk
rkss y LO
LOW
W fs ub
ubll mbst
mbstmt
mtue
uemk
mk b jf jfr
jfrfed
fedkk
pu`imek euyl lutkbkhèl oubemkb
oubemkbli
li fstl
fstl rfekbk
rfekbkemjl
emjl pkr il Ekbstmtuemk
Ekbstmtuemk b Wkièttmel
mel jfi

Wìc. 05
Wfru . Uus k`aftmvks, oubemkbfs
Wfru oubemkbfs y ltrm`uemkb
ltrm`uemkbfs
fs fstl
fstl b fstl`ifemjks fb il Ify Cfbfrli
Cfbfrli
jfi Umstfhl Omblbemfrk y jfi Umstfhl jf Ufcurks y Krclbmel jf il Uupfrmbtfbjfbeml
jf @lbel, Ufcurks y LOW (Ify 0?370). Fs fi krclbmshk fbelrcljk jf il rfcuilemkb y
supfrvmsmkb jfi Umstfhls mblbemfrk, jf Ufcurks y, l plrtmr jfi 06 jf auimk jfi 0777,
jfi Umstfhl Wrmvljk jf Wfbsmkbfs (UWW) (Ify 03005). Uu k`aftmvk prmhkrjmli fs
prfsfrvlr iks mbtfrfsfs jf iks jfpksmtlbtfs, jf iks lsfcurljks y jf iks lmimljks l il
UWW.
UWW. Uu il
il`k
`krr ekh
ekhpr
prfb
fbjf
jf jk
jkss tlrf
tlrfls
ls `l
`lsmels1
mels1 rf
rfcu
cuil
ilemk
emk b y su
supf
pfrv
rvms
msmk
mk b. Il
rfcuilemk
rfcuilemk b fstl`
fstl`ifef
ifef ils rfcils l ils eulifs sf skhftfb ils fhprf
fhprfsls
sls supfrvmsljls
supfrvmsljls
jfsjf su fbtrljl li smstfhl, jurlbtf su kpfrlemkb y fvfbtuli slimjl jfi hfreljk.
Il supfrvmsmk
supfrvmsmk b ekbsmstf fb vfrmm
vfrmmelr
elr fi euhp
euhpimhmfb
imhmfbtk
tk jf ils bkrhls y il lpimelemk
lpimelemk b
jf pkièttmels
mels y prletmels prujfbemlifs pkr plrtf jf ils fhprfsls supfrvmsljls.

EKBLUF_1
Il EKBLUF_ blef prmhfrk ekhk il Ekhmsmkb Blemkbli jf _likrfs E.B._. fb hlyk
jf <=?4 pfrk bk fs dlstl fi 0 jf aubmk jf <=37 quf fi Jferftk jf Ify B· <4570 il
pkbf fb oubemkblhmfbtk. Fb fsf hkhfbtk surcf ekhk ub krclbmshk pu`imek
jfsefbtrlimzljk jfi Hmbmstfrmk jf Fekbkhèl y Omblbzls fbelrcljk jf fstujmlr,
rfcilhfbtlr y supfrvmslr il bfckemlemkb jf vlikrfs l trlvfs jf ils @kisls jf
_likrfs, iks lcfbtfs jf `kisl y iks jfhls mbtfrhfjmlrmks mblbemfrks. Il rfcuilemkb
pkr plrtf jfi Fstljk fstl l elrck jf il Ekhmsmkb Blemkbli Uupfrvmskrl jf Fhprfsls
y _likrfs EKBLUF_. L jmofrfbeml jf licubks ktrks plèssfs,
fs, fi fbtf rfcuiljkr jfi
sfetkr pu
pu `imek fb Wfru
Wfru fstl
fstl fspfem
fspfemlimzljk
limzljk uu bmelhfb
bmelhfbtf
tf fb fi hfreljk `ursl
`ursl tmi y bk
tmfbf plrtmemplemkb fb il supfrvmsmkb jf ktrks hfreljks ekhk fi `lbelrmk k fi jf
sfcurks.

OMCVPL 7:1 KPCLBMUHKU JF PFCVILEMÕB ] EKBZPKI JFI

UMUZFHL OMBLBEMFPK WFPVLBK

Wìc. 0:
<.<.<. Fstrueturl jfi Umstfhl Omblbemfrk

OMCVPL 761 FUZPVEZVPL JFI UMUZFHL OMBLBEMFPK

Wìc. 06
<.<.0. Mbstmtuemkbfs fb fi Umstfhl Omblbemfrk jfi Wfrñ
Il pr
prmb
mbem
empl
plii oube
oubemk
mk b jf ils
ils mbst
mbstmt
mtue
uemk
mkbf
bfss mbl
mblbe
bemf
mfrl
rlss fs sf
sfrv
rvmr
mr jf
mbtfrhfjmlrmls fbtrf ldkrrlbtfs (pfrskbls ekb fxefsk jf imqumjfz y pk`rfs
kpkrtubmjljfs jf mbvfrsmkb) y prfstltlrmks (pfrskbls ekb bfefsmjljfs jf

Wìc. 0?
 im
imqu
qumjf
mjfzz y fvfbt
fvfbtul
ulih
ihfb
fbtf
tf hf
hfak
akrf
rfss kp
kpkr
krtu
tubm
bmjlj
jljfs
fs jf mbvf
mbvfrs
rsmk
mk b).
b). Ik
Ikss
ldkrrlbtfs ekikelb sus rfeursks ièq
qumjks
umjks (jfpksmtks) fb ubl mbstmtuemkb
mblbemfrl ekb il fxpfetltmvl (hktmvlemkb) jf quf fb fi outurk il mbstmtuemkb
mblbemfrl ifs jfvufivl jmedks rfeursks hls iks mbtfrfsfs jfvfbcljks.

Ekhkk sf hfb
Ekh hfbemk
emkbk
bk lbt
lbtfrm
frmkrh
krhfbt
fbtf,
f, fst
fstls
ls fbtmjl
fbtmjljfs
jfs elp
elptlb
tlb iks ldk
ldkrrk
rrkss y
fofetulb prfstlhks k iifvlb l el`k mbvfrsmkbfs jf iks jfhlbjlbtfs l
elh`mk jf plck jf mbtfrfsfs k jmvmjfb
jmvmjfbjks.
jks. Fb fstf pubtk,
pubtk, ils fhprfsls
fhprfsls quf
sf fbeufbtrlb `lak supfrvmsmkb jf il U@U sf eilsmmelb jf il smcumfbtf okrhl1

 Fhprfsls `lbelrmls.
 Fhprfsls mblbemfrls.
 Elals hubmemplifs jf ldkrrk y erfjmtk
 Elals rurlifs jf ldkrrk y erfjmtk
 Elals hubmemplifs jf erfjmtk pkpuilr
 Ljhmbmstrljkrls jf Okbjks jf Wfbsmkbfs
 Fhprfsls jf lrrfbjlhmfbtk mblbemfrk
 Ekrpkrlemk b Omblbemfrl jf Jfslrrkiik (EKOMJF).
Ekrpkrlemk
 @kisl jf _likrfs y @kisl jf Wrkjuetks
 @lbeks jf mbvfrskrfs
 Ukemfjlj Blemkbli jf Lcfbtfs jf @kisl
 Fhprfsls jf Jfslrrkiik jf Wfqufbl y Hmerk Fhprfsl (FJ]W]HFU)
 Ekkpfrltmvls jf ldkrrk y erfjmtk
 Fhprfsls jf sfcurks.
 Fhprfsl jf trlbsofrfbeml jf okbjks
 Fhprfsls lmlbzljkrls y jf clrlbtèllss
 Lihlefbfs cfbfrlifs jf jfpksmtk
 Fhprfsl jf sfrvmemks mjuemlrmks

<.
<.0.
0. MBZF
MBZFPH
PHFJ
FJML
MLEM
EMÕB
ÕB OMBL
OMBLBE
BEMF
MFPL
PL
<.0.<. Lbtfefjfbtfs sk`rf Mbtfrhfjmlemõb Omblbemfrl

Jfbtrk jf bufstrl vmjl ektmjmlbl fxmstfb hkhfbtks fb quf pkr rlzkbfs jf bufstrk
trl`lak k bfckemk bks qufjlhks ekb ub fxefjfbtf jf jmbfrk quf qumsmfrlhks

Wìc. 03
luhfbt
luhfbtlrl
lrl plr
plrll pkj
pkjfr
fr ljq
ljqumr
umrmr
mr hl
hl s ljfi
ljfilbt
lbtff ub `mfb quf quf
qufrfh
rfhks
ks tfbfr,
tfbfr, sm
pujmfrlhks mbvfrtmrik fb licubl letmvmjlj k bfckemk ekbsfcumrè llhks
hks quf fstf
luhfbtf y bks pfrhmtl euhpimr ekb bufstrk jfsfk. Mculihfbtf pufjf suefjfr quf
tli vfz bk ekbtfhks ekb jmbfrk plrl ekhprlrik y hfbks plrl mbvfrtmrik pfrk
rfqufrmhks jf jmedk `mfb plrl pkjfr eu`rmr ubl bfefsmjlj pfrskbli k jf bufstrk
pfqufb k bfckemk,
pfqufb bfckemk, plrl ik euli `uselh
`uselhks
ks licumfb quf bks pufjl olemimtlr fi jmbfrk
plr
lrll ljqu
ljqumr
mrmr
mriik. Jf bk ekb
kbttlr ek
ekb
b mb
mbok
okrh
rhle
lemk
mk b lj
ljfe
feul
uljl
jl y kpkr
kpkrtu
tubl
bl
prk`l`ifhfbtf rfeurrlhks l ub olhmimlr, lhmck, ekbkemjk k plrtmempfhks jf ils
olhksls ’aubtls‘ quf bks pfrhmtlb supufstlhfbtf k`tfbfr ub `fbfmemk yl sfl pkr
pfrhmtmrbks mberfhfbtlr bufstrk jmbfrk k ekbsfcumrik l trlvfs jf ub prfstlhk.

Fb tkjls fstls smtulemkbfs bk ekbkefhks iks rmfscks quf fstlhks lsuhmfbjk yl

quf fstls letmvmjljfs skb mbokrhlifs y bk ekbtlhks ekb ils sfcurmjljfs jfi elsk.
Wufj
Wufjff qu
quff bu
bufs
fstr
trks
ks ’ld
’ldkr
krrk
rks‘
s‘ jfs
jfslpl
lplrf
rfzel
zelb
b fb hlb
hlbks
ks jf pfrs
pfrskb
kbls
ls quf
quf bks
bks

korfefb bmvfifs jf clblbemls litks fb lplrmfbeml pfrk quf fb il rflimjlj iks rmfscks
quf rfprfsfbtlb
rfprfsfbtlb bk jf`frèllb
b iifvlrbks l fstl jfemsmkb tlb pfimcrksl bk skik plrl
bksktrks smbk plrl bufstrl olhmiml k bufstrk bfckemk. Mculihfbtf licumfb bks
pufjfb korfefr ’prfstlhks‘ huy ekhkjks y smb bfefsmjlj jf tlbtk ’plpfifk‘ k
rfqumsmtks ekhk iks fxmcfb ktrls fhprfsls, pkjfhks elfr fb il trlhpl y lefptlr
il
ilss olemi
olemimjl
mjljf
jfss qu
quff supu
supufst
fstlh
lhfbt
fbtff bk
bkss kor
korfef
fefb
b y tl
tlii vf
vfzz hl
hls ljfil
ljfilbt
btff bk
bkss
fb
fbek
ekbt
btrf
rfhk
hkss ekb pr
prk`
k`if
ifhl
hlss `l
`lst
stlbt
lbtff sfr
sfrmk
mkss pkr
pkr iks
iks li
litk
tkss ek
ekst
stks
ks quf
quf fst
fstks
ks
prfstlhks smcbmmelb y pfkr lub pkjrèllhks
hks pfrjfr bufstrks `mfbfs quf huedls
vfefs skb skimemtljks ekhk clrlbtèl jf fstls kpfrlemkbfs. Fstks skb iks rmfscks quf
sf pufjfb prfsfbtlr eulbjk bk skhks okrhlifs fb bufstrls kpfrlemkbfs jf tmpk
mblbemfrk, tli vfz sfl rfekhfbjl`if leujmr l mbstmtuemkbfs okrhlifs, lutkrmzljls l
jfslr
jfslrrk
rkii
iilr
lr fstl
fstlss letm
letmvm
vmjlj
jljfs
fs y qu
quff sf fbeu
fbeufb
fbtr
trlb
lb tl
tlh`
h`mf
mfb su
supf
pfrv
rvmsl
msljls
jls y
ekbtrkiljls pkr ktrls mbstmtuemkbfs fspfemlimzljls fb fstks tfhls.

L fstls mbstmtuemkbfs sf ifs lutkrmzl l rfem`mr jmbfrks jf iks jfpksmtlbtfs quf

tmfbfb fxefjfbtfs jf rfeursks y quf pkr fiik skb jfbkhmbljks supfrlvmtlrmks k
fxefjfbtlrmks y plclrifs ub mbtfrfs jf leufrjk l emfrtls ekbjmemkbfs pletljls.
Lsmhmshk, tlh`mfb fstlb lutkrmzljls l jlr prfstlhks l ils pfrskbls quf iks

Wìc. 04
rfqumfrlb pkr bk ekbtlr ekb il sumemfbtf elbtmjlj jf jmbfrk plrl ekhprlr licub
`mfb, plclr ub sfrvmemk k rflimzlr ubl mjfl jf bfckemk quf tuvmfrlb euhpimfbjk ekb
emfrtks rfqumsmtks, l qumfbfs iilhlhks jfmemtlrmks pkrquf ifs olitlb iks rfeursks
plrl iks mbfs quf eljl ubk jf fiiks fstmhl ekbvfbmfbtf. Fstf prkefsk quf dfhks
jftlii
jftliiljk
ljk ièb
bfls
fls lb
lbtf
tfss sf ii
iilh
lhll mb
mbtf
tfrh
rhfjm
fjmle
lemk
mk b mb
mblbe
lbemf
mfrl
rl y pfrh
pfrhmt
mtff qu
quff iks
iks
pfqufbks ldkrrks jf ils pfrskbls quf skb jfpksmtljks fb fhprfsls mblbemfrls
pufjlb iufck iifclr l hlbks jf lqufiils pfrskbls quf bfefsmtlb fsks rfeursks
plrl ekhprlr licub `mfb k sfrvmemk k cfbfrlr licub bfckemk prkjuetmvk ekb il
prkhfsl jf jfvkivfrik fb emfrtls ekbjmemkbfs fstl`ifemjls.

<.0.0. Jfmbmemõb jf Mbtfrhfjmlemõb Omblbemfrl

Jf leufrjk l ik fxpimeljk pkjfhks fbtkbefs jfmbmr il mbtfrhfjmlemkb mblbemfrl
ekhk ub smstfhl ekbokrhljk pkr hfelbmshks, ekhk iks jfpksmtks y prfstlhks, f
mbstmtuemkbfs, ekhk iks `lbeks, quf pfrhmtfb elblimzlr iks fxefjfbtfs jf rfeursks
jf ils pfrskbls (supfrlvmtlrmks k fxefjfbtlrmks) dleml ils pfrskbls quf rfqumfrfb
jf fstks (jfmemtlrmks). Wlrl rflimzlr fstls kpfrlemkbfs fs bfefslrmk quf fxmstlb
emfr
emfrtk
tkss iucl
iuclrf
rfs,
s, qu
quff pr
prfv
fvml
mlhf
hfbt
btff lu
lutk
tkrm
rmzl
zljk
jks,
s, pufj
pufjlb
lb jfsl
jfslrr
rrki
kiil
ilrr fs
fstl
tlss
kpfrlemkbfs y olemimtlr l ktrls pfrskbls leefjfr l ils trlbsleemkbfs quf skb
bfefslrmls plrl ldkrrlr k pfjmr ub prfstlhk. Fstlhks sfblilbjk fbtkbefs quf fs
bfefslrmk quf fstls kpfrlemkbfs sf krjfbfb, sf rfcuifb l trlvfs jf emfrtls bkrhls
y sf eufbtf ekb iks hfjmks quf bks jfb ils sfcurmjljfs bfefslrmls.

Ik lbtfrmkrhfbtf fxpimel fi hfelbmshk jf kofrtl y jfhlbjl quf oubemkbl fb ils

fekbkhèllss jkbjf fxmstf fi im`rf hfreljk, sf jfal quf iks plrtmemplbtfs iifcufb l ub
leufrjk im`rf sk`rf fi prfemk jf ub `mfb k ub sfrvmemk quf sf qumfrl ekhprlr k
vfbjfr, smfhprf fs bfefslrmk quf fxmstlb krclbmshks quf jfb ils rfcils jf aufck
(bkrhls k rfcuilemkbfs) plrl plrtmemplr fb fi hfreljk pfrk quf sk`rf tkjk
pfrhmtlb quf il mbokrhlemkb fstf li lielbef jf tkjks iks quf vlb l fstks hfreljks
plrl quf tkhfb jfemsmkbfs ljfeuljls pfrk ekbtlbjk ekb tkjks iks hfjmks quf ifs
pfrhmtlb ekbkefr iks lspfetks olvkrl`ifs k jfsolvkrl`ifs jf jmedl jfemsmkb, fstk
fs ekbkemjk ekhk fi prmbempmk jf trlbsplrfbeml.

Jfbtrk
Jfbtrk jf fstf
fstf fsq
fsqufh
ufhl,
l, pkj
pkjfhk
fhkss jfe
jfemr,
mr, quf iks mbt
mbtfrh
frhfjm
fjmlrmk
lrmkss mblbem
mblbemfrk
frkss
rfem`fb k elptlb jmbfrk jf ils pfrskbls quf tmfbfb fxefjfbtfs jf imqumjfz, plrl

Wìc. 0=
prfstlriks k ekikelriks l lqufiils pfrskbls quf bfefsmtlb k jfhlbjlb imqumjfz. Wkr
fstf prkefsk plclb y ek`rlb pkr fi jmbfrk rfem`mjk u ktkrcljk -l fstk sf if
jfbkhmbl mbtfrfsfs-, rfspfetmvlhfbtf, `uselbjk cfbfrlr clblbemls prkjuetk jf il
jmofrfbeml fbtrf ik quf sf plcl y ik quf ek`rl> fstl clblbeml fs ekbkemjl ekhk
hlrcfb k ’sprflj‘ jf il letmvmjlj jf mbtfrhfjmlemkb mblbemfrl.

Vb lcfbtf fekbkhmek supfrlvmtlrmk k fxefjfbtlrmk fs lqufi quf pksff fxefsk jf

okbjks yl quf sus mbcrfsks skb hlykrfs l sus fcrfsks, pkr ik quf `usel mbvfrtmr
ljfeulj
ljfeuljlhfb
lhfbtf
tf fst
fstks
ks fxefjfb
fxefjfbtfs
tfs,, plr
plrll ik eul
eulii ekb
ekbsmj
smjfrl
frl il rfbtl`
rfbtl`mim
mimjlj
jlj y il
sfcurmjlj quf if korfefb ils jmstmbtls litfrbltmvls jf ldkrrk l su jmspksmemkb.

Vb lcfbtf fekbk
fekbk hmek jfmemtlrmk
jfmemtlrmk fs lqufi quf tmfbf il bfefsmjlj jf rfem`mr
rfem`mr bufvks
okbjks, sfl plrl sus clstks jmlrmks k ekrrmfbtfs k plrl mblbemlr sus prkyfetks jf
bfckemks. Li fifcmr il okrhl jf mblbemlhmfbtk jf jmedks clstks jf`f ekbsmjfrlr ils
tlsls y iks pilzks jf jmedk prfstlhk.

<.0.5. Mbtfrhfjmlemõb Jmrfetl

Uf jl eulbjk fi lcfbtf supfrlvmtlrmk lsuhf fb okrhl jmrfetl fi rmfsck quf mhpimel

ktkrclr iks rfeursks li lcfbtf jfmemtlrmk. Il rfilemkb fbtrf lh`ks sf pufjf
fofetulr
fofetulr l trlvf
trlvf s jf jmofrfb
jmofrfbtfs
tfs hfjmks f mbstruhfbt
mbstruhfbtks
ks jf ik quf fb huedks plèssfs
fs
sf jfbk
jfbkhm
hmb
bl hfre
hfrelj
ljkk jf el
elpm
pmtl
tlif
ifs,
s, fb fi euli
euli plrt
plrtme
memp
mplb
lb mbst
mbstmt
mtue
uemk
mkb
bfs
fspfemlimzljls ekhk ils Ekhplbèls
ls jf Ufcurks, iks Okbjks jf Wfbsmkbfs, iks
Okbjks Hutuks y iks Okbjks jf Mbvfrsmkb, quf skb iks prmbemplifs mbvfrskrfs jf
okbjks k lcfbtfs supfrlvmtlrmks. L fstf hfreljk leujfb prfofrfbtfhfbtf ils
fhprfsls l ekbsfcumr rfeursks bfefslrmks plrl mblbemlr sus kpfrlemkbfs. Iks
mbtfrhfjmlrmks skb iks `lbeks jf mbvfrsmkb y ils skemfjljfs lcfbtfs jf `kisl

(UL@), quf olemimtlb iks hfjmks plrl quf iks ekhprljkrfs y vfbjfjkrfs jf vlikrfs
pufjlb dlefr ils kpfrlemkbfs jfbtrk jfi hlrek jf rfcuilemkb vmcfbtf.

Wìc. 57
Wkr ktrk iljk, fs ekbkemjl tlh`mfb ekhk lqufiil jkbjf fxmstf ub ekbtletk jmrfetk
fbtrf fi lcfbtf jfmemtlrmk y fi lcfbtf supfrlvmtlrmk. Keurrf jf il smcumfbtf hlbfrl,
fi lc
lcfb
fbtf
tf jf
jfme
memt
mtlr
lrmk
mk fh
fhmt
mtff leem
leemkbf
kbfss y `k
`kbk
bkss plrl
plrl vf
vfbjf
bjfri
riks
ks l iks
iks lc
lcfb
fbtf
tfss
supfrlvmtlrmks y elptlr, rfeursks jf fiiks, plrl mbvfrtmr fb letmvmjljfs prkjuetmvls.
Fb ktrls plil`rls, fs ub fsefblrmk fb fi euli ils pfrskbls bfefsmtlb jmbfrk plrl
mblbemlr sus prkyfetks (lcfbtfs jfmemtlrmks) y bk ifs rfsuitl ekbvfbmfbtf tkhlriks
jfi sfetkr `lbelrmk, qumzls pkr fifvljls tlsls jf mbtfrfs, fbtkbefs pufjfb rfeurrmr
l fhmtmr vlikrfs (leemkbfs k `kbks) y elptlr lsè iks rfeursks quf bfefsmtfb,
jmrfetlhfbtf jf iks kofrfbtfs jf elpmtli.

Fstks kofrfbtfs fstlb rfofrmjks l iks mbvfrsmkbmstls quf ljqumfrfb vlikrfs sk`rf il
`lsf jfi rfbjmhmfbtk fspfrljk y fi rmfsck quf fstlb jmspufstks l lsuhmr. Uf
fbeufbtrl rfcuiljk y supfrvmsljk pkr il Uupfrmbtfbjfbeml jfi Hfreljk jf _likrfs
(UH_).

<.0.:. Mbtfrhfjmlemõb Mbjmrfetl

Il mbt
mbtfrh
frhfjml
fjmlemk
emk b mbjm
mbjmrfe
rfetl
tl fs rfl
rflimz
imzljl
ljl l trl
trlvf
vfs jf mbs
mbstmt
tmtuem
uemkbf
kbfss mblbe
mblbemfr
mfrls
ls
fspfemlimzljls l ils eulifs il bkrhltmvmjlj vmcfbtf ekbkef ekhk mbstmtuemkbfs jf
kpfrlemkbfs huitmpifs, ils quf elptlb rfeursks jf iks lcfbtfs supfrlvmtlrmks, fs

Wìc. 5<
jfemr jf ldkrrks jf pfrskbls k fhprfsls, y iufck iks jfrmvlb dleml iks lcfbtfs
jfmemtlrmks. Fi rmfsck jmrfetk fs lsuhmjk pkr ils fbtmjljfs mblbemfrls dlstl emfrtk
hkbtk rfilemkbljk ekb su elpmtli, lsuhmfbjk iks ldkrrmstls ub rmfsck mbjmrfetk
eulbjk il fhprfsl mblbemfrl mbeurrl fb prk`ifhls jf elpmtli mbsumemfbtf k jf
imqumjfz quf bk if pfrhmtf ltfbjfr kpkrtublhfbtf fi rftmrk jf jmbfrk jf iks
ldkrrm
ldkrrmstl
stls.
s. Uf pkj
pkjrè
rèl ii
iilh
lhlr
lr tl
tlh`
h`mf
mfb ek
ekhk
hk lq
lquf
ufii iucl
iuclrr jkb
jkbjf
jf pl
plrt
rtme
memp
mpll ub
mbtfrhfjmlrmk, pkr ik cfbfrli fi sfetkr `lbelrmk (`lbel ekhfremli lskemljl y il
prmvljl), quf ktkrcl prfofrfbtfhfbtf prfstlhks l ekrtk pilzk (prmbempli letmvk jfi
hmshk), prfvml elptlemkb jf rfeursks jfi pu`imek plrl iufck ekikelriks l ub
sfcubjk, fb okrhl jf prfstlhks. Fs lsè quf fi kofrtlbtf jf elpmtli y fi jfhlbjlbtf
jfi rfo
rfofrm
frmjk
jk rfe
rfeurs
urskk sf vmbeui
vmbeuilb
lb mbjmrfe
mbjmrfetlh
tlhfbt
fbtff hfjmlb
hfjmlbtf
tf ub mbt
mbtfrh
frhfjml
fjmlrmk.
rmk.
Mculihfbtf,
Mculihfbtf, sf eilsmmel ekhk mbtfrhfjmlrm
mbtfrhfjmlrmkk mbjmrfetk l iks vfdèeeuiks
uiks jf mbvfrs
mbvfrsmk
mk b
ekifetmvl, tlifs ekhk iks okbjks jf mbvfrsmkb y iks okbjks jf pfbsmkbfs, y jf fstl
hlbf
hlbfrl
rl il
ilss pf
pfrs
rskb
kbls
ls leef
leefjfb
jfb mb
mbjm
jmrf
rfet
etlhf
lhfbt
btff li hfre
hfrelj
ljkk l trlvf
trlvfs jf fs
fstk
tkss
vfdèeeuiks.
uiks.

<.5.
<.5. HFPE
HFPELJ
LJKU
KU OMBL
OMBLBE
BEMF
MFPK
PKUU
<.5.<. Jfmbmemõb, elrletfrèstmels y oubemkbfs
Ikss hf
Ik hfre
relj
ljks
ks mblb
mblbemf
emfrks
rks,, skb
skb lq
lquf
ufii
iiks
ks fb jkbj
jkbjff sf trlbs
trlbslb
lb iks
iks pr
prkju
kjuet
etks
ks
mbl
mblb
bem
emfr
frks
ks (let
(letmv
mvks
ks y plsmv
lsmvks
ks)) prk
rkvvmstk
mstkss pkr iks lc
lcfb
fbttfs fe
fekb
kbkk h meks
meks
supfrlvmtlrmks y jfmemtlrmk. Ufcub il EKBLUF_, sf jfbkhmbl hfreljk mblbemfrk li
ekbaubtk jf emreumtks jf elpmtlifs rfiltmvks l ils ekhprlr y vfbtls jf tè tuiks ―
vlikrfs. Wkr ktrk iljk, pufjf sfr jfmbmjk tlh`mfb ekhk ub hfelbmshk k iuclr l
trlvfs jfi euli sf prkjuef ub mbtfrelh`mk jf letmvks mblbemfrks y sf jftfrhmblb
iks prfemks
prfemks.. Zkjk fi hub
hubjk
jk tmfbf ubl mjfl mbtu
mbtumtm
mtmvl
vl jf quf
quf fs ub hfr
hfrelj
eljkk jf

Wìc. 50
`mfbfs. Iks hfreljks mblbemfrks skb ik hmshk, pfrk fi `mfb l mbtfrelh`mlr skb iks
letmvks
letmvks mblbemfrks. Vb hfreljk mblbemfrk bk fs bfefslrmlhfb
bfefslrmlhfbtf
tf ub iuclr mak1 ldè
ld è
jkbjf vlrmls pfrskbls sf mbtfrelh`mfb letmvks mblbemfrks, fxmstf ub hfreljk
ekhk tli1 il pilzl jfi puf`i
puf`ik,
k, fi fjmmemk jf il `kisl, k ub smstfh
smstfhll jf mbtfrekbfxmk
mbtfrekbfxmk b
tfifhltmel.

Oubemkbfs jf iks hfreljks mblbemfrks1

 Wubtk jf fbeufbtrk fbtrf mbtfrfsljks

 Hfelbmshk plrl il malemkb jf prfemks
 Wrkpkremkbl imqumjfz l iks letmvks
 Pfjuef iks pilzks y ekstfs jf mbtfrhfjmlemkb

Elrletfrèstmels1

Il `k
`kbj
bjlj
lj jf ik
ikss hf
hfre
relj
ljks
ks mbl
mblbe
bemf
mfrk
rkss sf ek
ekbk
bkef
ef l trlv
trlvffs jf fs
fstl
tlss embe
embekk

elrletfrèstmels1
stmels1
 Lhpimtuj1 Buhfrk jf tèttuiks
uiks quf ektmzlb fb fi
 Zrlbsplrfbeml1 Leefsm`mimjlj jf il mbokrhlemkb plrl iks plrtmemplbtfs.
 Im`frtlj1 crljk jf im`frtlj plrl fbtrlr y slimr, ekhprlr y vfbjfr, fte.
 Wrkoubjmjlj1 Elbtmjlj jf kpfrlemkbfs quf sf pufjf dlefr ekb ub tè ttuik
uik
y su rktlemkb.
 Oifxm`mimjlj1 crlj
crljkk jf rfle
rfleem
emkkb jf
jfii hfr
frel
eljk
jk lb
lbttf ils bufv
bufvls
ls
ekbjmemkbfs (MWE, il @kisl, fte.)

<.5.0. Hfreljks jf Jmbfrk y jf Elpmtlifs

Fi hfreljk
hfre ljk jf j
jmbfr k fs jf hlbfrl rfjubjlbtf jmbfrk ekb fi euli sf bfckemlb iks
mbfrk
mbstruhfbt
mbstruhfbtks
ks jf jfujl l ekrtk pilzk, ekb litl imqumjfz y ekb `lak rmfsck iks eulifs
skb fhmtmjks pkr iks jmofrfbtfs bmvfifs jf ck`mfrbk k mbstmtuemkbfs mblbemfrls. Iks
vfbemhmfbtks jf iks mbstruhfbtks jfi hfreljk jf jmbfrk sf pufjfb ekbsmjfrlr
jfsjf ub jèl dlstl ub lbk smfhprf y eulbjk il orfeufbeml bk sk`rfplsf iks =7 jèlls.
s.
Iks fafh
fafhpik
pikss jf fst
fstks
ks mbs
mbstru
truhfb
hfbtks
tks skb iks `kb
`kbks
ks laustl`
laustl`ifs
ifs jfi ck`
ck`mfr
mfrbk,
bk, iks
`kbks jf il Zfskrfrèl,
l, ils lefptlemkbfs `lbelrmls, ils kpfrlemkbfs jf rfpkrtk y fi
plpfi ekhfremli.

Wìc. 55
Fi hfreljk jf elpmtlifs ekhprfbjf vlikrfs jf rfbtl mal y jf rfbtl vlrml`if quf
tmfbfb vfbemhmfbtk supfrmkr l ub lbk. Fi rmfsck jf fstks mbstruhfbtks mblbemfrks
cfbfrlihfbtf fs hlykr quf fi jf iks vlikrfs jfi hfreljk jf jmbfrk jf`mjk li
vfbe
vfbemh
mhmf
mfbt
btkk hl
hl s ilrc
ilrckk y l ils
ils el
elrl
rlet
etfr
frèèsstme
tmells hmsh
hmshls
ls jf iks
iks tè
tètuik
t uiks.
s. Ik
Ikss
mbstruhfbtks jf rfbtl mal skb ils k`imclemkbfs quf ekhprl ub mbvfrsmkbmstl y quf
rfprfsfbtlb ub plsmvk plrl fi fhmskr. Iks mbstruhfbtks jf rfbtl vlrml`if if jlb li
mbvfrsmkbmstl il pksm`mimjlj jf plrtmemplr jf il prkpmfjlj, ils utmimjljfs y iks
rmfscks jf kpfrlemkb jf il fhprfsl hfjmlbtf il ljqumsmemkb jf leemkbfs jf elpmtli.
Fbtrf iks mbstruhfbtks jfi hfreljk jf elpmtlifs sf fbeufbtrlb iks Wlclrfs jf
Hfjmlbk Wilzk, ils K`imclemkbfs, iks Efrtmmeljks jf Wlrtmemplemkb Mbhk`mimlrml
Lhkrtmzl`ifs (EWMs), iks Efrtmmeljks jf Wlrtmemplemkb Krjmblrmks bk Lhkrtmzl`ifs
quf Pfprfsfbtlb Leemkbfs (EWKs) y ils leemkbfs prfofrfbtfs y ekhubfs, fbtrf
ktrks.

<.5.5. Hfreljk Wrmhlrmk y Ufeubjlrmk

Hfreljk
Hfrel Wrmhlrmk1 fs lq
jk Wrmhlrmk1 lquf
ufii jk
jkbjf
bjf ik
ikss fhm
fhmskr
skrfs
fs (f
(fhp
hprf
rfsls
sls f mbst
mbstmt
mtue
uemk
mkbf
bfss
prmvljls y pu`imels, blemkblifs y fxtrlbafrls) korfefb vlikrfs hk`mimlrmks quf
erflb pkr prmhfrl vfz, ik quf ifs pfrhmtf elptlr fi ldkrrk jf iks mbvfrsmkbmstls
(p
(pfr
frskb
skbls
ls bl
bltu
turl
rlif
ifs,
s, pf
pfrs
rskb
kbls
ls au
aurè
rèjmels
els y jfb
fbttrk jf fs
fsttls u i tm
tmhls
ls,, iks
mbvfrsmkbmstls mbstmtuemkblifs ekhk1 `lbeks, LOW, mblbemfrls, okbjks hutuks, fbtrf
ktrks) l trlvfs jf il kofrtl pu`imel (rfqumfrf lutkrmzlemkb prfvml jf il LUOM1
Lutk
Lutkrm
rmjlj
jlj jf Uu
Uupf
pfrv
rvms
msmk
mk b jfi Um
Umst
stfh
fhll Om
Ombl
blbe
bemf
mfrk
rk,, y jf il ek
ekrr
rrfs
fspk
pkbjm
bjmfb
fbtf
tf
mbsermpemkb fb fi Pfcmstrk jfi Hfreljk jf _likrfs) jf sus vlikrfs hk`mimlrmks.

Hfreljk Ufeubjlrmk1 l trlvfs jf fstf hfreljk sf rflimzlb trlbsleemkbfs ekb

vlikrfs quf yl fxmstfb, fstk sf krmcmbl eulbjk ils fhprfsls mbserm`fb sus leemkbfs,
`kbks, fbtrf ktrks mbstruhfbtks, fb il @kisl jf _likrfs ekb il mblimjlj jf quf sus
leemkbmstls u k`imclemkbmstls (fb fi elsk jf tfbfjkrfs jf `kbks k mbstruhfbtks jf
ekrtk pilzk) tfbclb il pksm`mimjlj jf vfbjfr jmedks vlikrfs eulbjk bfefsmtfb
imqumjfz (jmbfrk). Fb ktrls plil`rls, il bfckemlemkb (ekhprl-vfbtl) jf iks vlikrfs
sf rflimzl fb hls jf ubl kpkrtubmjlj> fs jfemr, fstk sf prkjuef eulbjk ubl

pfrskbl ekhprl leemkbfs fb `kisl (utmimzlbjk iks sfrvmemks jf ubl UL@) y iufck ils
vfbjf, ktrk ils ekhprl, y iufck ils vfbjf y lsè suefsmvlhfbtf.

Wìc. 5:
<.:. ZLUL JF
JF MB
MBZFPÍU
Wkr jfmbmemkb, plrl quf ubl mbstmtuemkb mblbemfrl sfl rfbtl`if y skstfbm`if fb fi
ilrck pilzk, il tlsl jf mbtfrfs letmvl tmfbf quf sfr hlykr quf il tlsl jf mbtfrfs
plsm
plsmvl
vl,, jf tl
tlii hl
hlbf
bfrl
rl qu
quff il mb
mbst
stmt
mtue
uemk
mk b k`tf
k`tfbc
bcll ub hl
hlrc
rcfb
fb mblb
mblbem
emfr
frkk (il
(il

jmofrfbeml fbtrf il tlsl jf mbtfrfs letmvl y plsmvl) pksmtmvk quf if pfrhmtl prmhfrk
eu`r
eu`rmr
mr sus
sus ekst
ekstks
ks maks
maks y iu
iufck
fck cfbf
cfbfrl
rlrr ut
utmi
mimj
mjljf
ljfs.
s. Il
Ilss utmi
utmimjl
mjljfs
jfs pufj
pufjfb
fb sf
sfrr
utmimzljls plrl rfplrtmr jmvmjfbjks y/k rfmbvfrtmrils fb il mbstmtuemkb plrl mblbemlr
fi erfemhmfbtk jf il hmshl.

ZLUL WLUM_L

Fs il tlsl jf mbtfrfs quf rfem`fb iks mbtfrhfjmlrmks mblbemfrks jf iks jfhlbjlbtfs

pkr iks prfstlhks ktkrcljks. Fs jfemr, il quf tf ek`rl fi `lbek pkr fi jmbfrk quf tf
prfstl.

ZLUL LEZM_L
Fs il tlsl jf mbtfrfs quf plclb iks mbtfrhfjmlrmks mblbemfrks l iks kofrfbtfs jf
rfeursks pkr fi jmbfrk elptljk. Fs jfemr, il quf tf plcl fi `lbek pkr tus jfpksmtks.
Zlh`mfb iilhljl jf Elptlemkb. Umfhprf fs hlykr, pkrquf il jmofrfbeml fbtrf ils
jkss fs il qu
jk quff if pfrhm
frhmttf li mb
mbtf
tfrh
rhfj
fjml
mlrm
rmkk mbl
mblbe
bemf
mfrk
rk eu`
eu`rmr
rmr su
suss ek
ekst
stks
ks
ljhmbmstrlt
ljhmbmstrltmvks,
mvks, jfalbjk ljfhl
ljfhl s ubl utmimjlj. Fsl jmofrfbeml fbtrf il tlsl letmvl
letmvl y
il tlsl plsmvl ekbstmt
ekbstmtuyf
uyf fi hlrcf
hlrcfb
b jf mbtfr
mbtfrhfjmlemk
hfjmlemk b jfi `lbek. Fi mbtfrhfjmlr
mbtfrhfjmlrmk
mk
mblbemfrk k`tmfbf su tlsl letmvl tkhlbjk ekhk `lsf il tlsl plsmvl, sus clstks
kpfrltmvks, su rfbtl fspfrljl, fi fbelaf prkhfjmk jfi smstfhl (ik quf jf`f tfbfr
jfpksmtljk fb fi `lbek efbtrli), hls iks ekhpkbfbtfs mbilemkblrmks y jf rmfsck
prkpmks jf il fekbkhèll..

Zlsl Letmvl 8 Zlsl plsmvl + Clstks kpfrltmvks + Clblbeml + Fbelaf prkhfjmk jfi
smstfhl + Ekhpkbfbtf mbilemkblrmk + Ekhpkbfbtf jf rmfsck

Wìc. 56
Zlsl bkhmbli1 fs il tlsl quf sf lpime
lpimell smb ekbsmjfrlr fi fofetk jf il elpmt
elpmtlimzlemk
limzlemk b
jf ik
ikss mbtfr
mbtfrfs
fsfs
fs,, elie
elieui
uillbjks
bjksff `l
`l smel
smelhfb
hfbtf
tf sk
sk`r
`rff fi elpmt
elpmtli
li kr
krmc
mcmb
mbli
lihf
hfbt
btff
jfpksmtljk y/k prfstljk, sf pufjf elieuilr jmlrmlhfbtf y sf ek`rl hfbsuli.

Zlsl fofetmvl1 fs il tlsl quf sf krmcmbl pkr il elpmtlimzlemkb ekbstlbtf jf iks

mbtfrfsfs,
mbtfrfsfs, fb fstf elsk fi el
el ieuik sf dlef sk`rf il `lsf jf ub elpmtl
elpmtlii quf pfrèkkjk
jk l
pfrèkkjk
jk sf vl mberfhfbtlbjk pkr iks mbtfrfsfs elpmtlimzljks.

Zlsl ekhpfbsltkrml1 fs il tlsl jf mbtfrfs "bkrhli" quf ils fbtmjljfs mblbemfrls

ek`rlb iks prfstlhks ktkrcljks (tlsl letmvl) k plclb pkr iks jfpksmtks rfem`mjks
(tlsl plsmvl).
plsmvl). Uf jmef quf ekhpfbs
ekhpfbsll l qumfb prfstk
prfstk fi jmbfrk jfsjf quf rflimzk
rflimzk
jmedl kpfrlemkb dlstl quf il hmshl fs elbefiljl fb su tktlimjlj.

Zlsl hkrltkrml1 fs il tlsl quf ubl pfrskbl plcl, cfbfrlihfbtf jfsjf fi prmhfr
jèl jf ltrlsk jf il ofedl jf vfbemhmfbtk jf su k`imclemkb. Uf plcl sk`rf fi hkbtk k
plrtf jfi elpmtli vfbemjk jf leufrj
leufrjkk ekb fi erkbkc
erkbkcrlhl
rlhl jf lhkrtmzlemkb
lhkrtmzlemkbfs
fs y plrl
pkjfr lpimelrsf jf`f fstlr pletljk fb iks ekbtrltks efif`rljks fbtrf ils plrtfs
mbvkiuerljls fb il kpfrlemkb.

Wìc. 5?
CIKULPMK

UMUZ
UMUZFH
FHL
L OMBL
OMBLBE
BEMF
MFPK
PK11 smst
smstfh
fhll ek
ekbo
bokr
krhl
hljk
jk pkr
pkr hfel
hfelbm
bmsh
shkk (jfpk
(jfpk smt
smtks
ks y
prfstlhks) f mbstmtuemkbfs (`lbeks) quf elblimzl iks fxefjfbtfs jf rfeursks jf ils
pfrskbls (lcfbtfs supfrlvmtlrmks k fxefjfbtlrmks) dleml qumfbfs iks rfqumfrfb
(lcfbtfs jfmemtlrmks).

HFPELJK OMBLBEMFPK1 lqufi iuclr jkbjf ils pfrskbls blturlifs y aurèj

jmels
mels
fbtrfclb (kofrtl) u k`tmfbfb (jfhlbjl) rfeursks (jmbfrk k sfrvmemks mblbemfrks) y
rflimzlb sus trlbsleemkbfs jf leufrjk ekb ils bkrhls ifclifs vmcfbtf.

FBELAF IFCLI K @LBELPMK1 fs il rfsfrvl hèbmhl

bmhl k`imcltkrml quf fstl`ifef il
lutkrmjlj hkbftlrml l iks mbtfrhfjmlrmks mblbemfrks. Fb fi elsk pfrulbk fi fbelaf
hèbmhk
bmhk ifcli sfcub ik fstl`ifemjk fb il Ify 0?370 bk jf`f sfr hlykr fi bufvf pkr
emfbtk (=%) jfi tktli jf k`imclemkbfs suaftls l fbelaf.

FUEVJ
FUEVJK
K OMU
OMUELI1
ELI1 fs il fstr
fstrlt
ltfc
fcml
ml plrl
plrl rf
rfju
juem
emrr iks
iks mh
mhpu
pufs
fstk
tkss hfjm
hfjmlb
lbtf
tf
jfscrlvlemkbfs mselifs, fs jfemr, skb tkjks lqufiiks clstks quf, rfcmstrljks fb fi
fstl
fstljk
jk jf rf
rfsu
suit
itlj
ljks
ks jf il fh
fhpr
prfs
fsl,
l, qu
quff jf
jftf
tfrh
rhmb
mblb
lb,, li rf
rfju
juem
emrr fi hk
hkbt
btkk
mhpkbm`if,
mhpkbm`if, ub hfbkr plc
plckk jfi mhpufstk l il rfbtl. Wkr fafhp
fafhpik,
ik, ekhk fi plck jf
iks mbtfrfsfs jf il jfujl fs ub clstk jfscrlvl`if, fbjfujlrsf pufjf sfrvmr
jf fseujk mseli.

ZLUL WLUM_L1 fs il tlsl jf mbtfrfs quf rfem`fb iks mbtfrhfjmlrmks mblbemfrks jf

iks jfhlbjlbtfs pkr iks prfstlhks ktkrcljks. Fs jfemr, il quf tf ek`rl fi `lbek
pkr fi jmbfrk quf tf prfstl.

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kofrfbtfs jf rfeursks pkr fi jmbfrk elptljk.

LCFBZFU UVWFPL_MZLPMKU1 pkr fiik sf jmef quf fstf mbjmvmjuk tmfbf ub sk`rlbtf
k ub UVWFPL_MZ jf jmbfrk k jf elpmtli fs jfemr ubl jmofrfbeml fbtrf ik quf ZMFBF y
ik quf BFEFUMZL.

Wìc. 53
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ub olitlbtf k ub JFOMEMZ jf jmbfrk k jf elpmtli fs jfemr ubl jmofrfbeml fbtrf ik quf
bfefsmtlb y ik quf tmfbfb.

PFOFPFBEMLU @M@IMKCPÌOMELU

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