\@KZLXUKMBM ]LE@AFACKEB ML R\LXË]BXA

@aihrl mlf ]rbhbga7

‖HL@EOIBXDK@C ML HKIHA’

@aihrl ml fb Ibtlrkb7
BMIK@KU]XBEKA@ LU]XB]LCKEB MLF IB@]L@KIKL@]A

Crupa7

KIK-<<

@aihrl mlf ^rajlsar7

K@C. MBZKM ^\KC ZLXB

^rlsl`tb`7
HBXBGBU X\LMB IBX]K@
CA@WBFLW IA[B UB\F
OLX@B@MLW H\U]BIB@]L KUXBLF
XB@CLF UBFBWBX GAXCL JXB@EKUEA

Ub`tkbca ml Rulrëtbra, Rra. Gu`ka 8>8>

 

K@MKEL
K@]XAM\EEKA@
AHGL]KZAU
R\L LU LF HL@EOIBXDK@C

R\KL@ \UB LF HL@EOIBXDK@C EA@ HKIHA

^BXB R\L \UB HKIHA LF HL@EOIBXDK@C
E\BFLU UA@ FAU ^\@]AU MLHKFLU ML HKIHA
LU]XB]LCKBU EFBZLU ML HKIHA ML BE\LXMA EA@ U\ HL@EOIBXDK@C
EA@EF\UKA@
 

K@]XAM\EEKA@
Fb lslstr
trbt
btlc
lckb
kb cl
cl`lr
`lrbf
bf ml cr
crupa
upa Hkih
Hkiha a ls
lstâ
tâ hb
hbsb
sbmb
mb l` kr bm bmqu
qukr
krkl
kl`ma
`ma b sus
eaipltkmarls
eaiplt kmarls,, lsa fb obel u`b liprlsb iâs sõfkm
sõfkmb,
b, fémlr b `kvlf k`tlr
k`tlr`beka`
`beka`bf
bf l`
fb k`mustrkb ml fb pb`kjkebekõ` y ea` vkskõ` ml fbrca pfbza. ^brb jartbflelr fb ikskõ`
y lstrbtlckb cl`lrbf ml Crupa Hkiha lxkstl` lstrbtlckbs pbrtkeufbrls, fbs eubfls sl
mlserkhl` b ea`tk`ubekõ`7
Fb liprlsb rbia mb u`b vbrklmbm ml sbharls y tlxturb eaipltktkvkmbm ea` fbs
mliâ
ml iâs
s li
lipr
prls
lsbs
bs l` lsp
sple
lekkbf ea
ea`
` hk
hkih
iha
a hb
hbsâ
sâ`m
`ma`
a`as
as l` fafas
s pr
pram
amue
ueta
tas
s
k``avbmarls.
IKUKA@, ZKUKA@ [ ZBFAXLU.
IKUKA@7 bfkil`tbrkb mbr mlfkekasas y vlrmbmlras pramuetas y b mlflktbr b `ulstras
efkl`tls, ebfkmbm sbhar y tlxturb.
ZKUKA@77 eai
ZKUKA@ eaipbrt
pbrtkr
kr bf `kv
`kvlf
lf iu`
iu`mkb
mkbff fas ilg
ilgarl
arls
s y iâs mlfmlfkek
kekasas
asas pra
pramuet
muetas,
as,
cbrb`tkzb`ma ebmb iarmkmb fb ilgar ebfkmbm bf ilgar prleka par fb k``avbekõ`.
ZBFAXLU7 lstâ l` mas pbrtls kipartb`tls mlf ilrebma (^b`bmlréb-pbstbs) y
ea`jktlréb-pbsbs haebs).
 

AHGL]KZAU
Lf pra
prapõ
põsk
skta
ta ml
mlff hl
hl`eo
`eoib
ibrd
rdk`
k`c
c ml
mlrkv
rkvb
b ml fb `l `lels
elskm
kmbm
bm ml mlmljk
jk`k
`krr ah
ahgl
gltk
tkvas
vas
rbza`bhfls y ea`slcukr fb ilgarb ea`tk`ub. Ls u` praelsa ml mkrleekõ`, plra fa
iâs kipartb`tl, ls u` ilmka par lf eubf fbs prâetkebs `lelsbrkbs pbrb bfeb`zbr fas
ahgltkvas qul sl mlseuhrb` `ulvas y eaiprl`mkma.

Lf hl`eoibrdk`c flcktkikstb fas ahgltkvas hbsbmas l` fb arkl`tbekõ` lxtlr`b l`

fucbr ml lxtrbpafbekõ` ml prâetkebs k`tlr`bs y tl`ml`ekbs pbsbmbs.
Mbma qul lf bihkl`tl lxtlr`a ebihkb tb` râpkmbil`tl
râpkmbil`tl,, fas ahglt
ahgltkvas
kvas qul sl jkgb`
jaebfkzbmas l` fa k`tlr`a b il`uma jbffb` l` mlseuhrkr fa qul fas efkl`tls lsplrb`
ml sus pravllmarls.
Fbs lxpletbtkvbs ml fas ea`suikmarls fbs mkrkcl` u` ea`gu`ta ml lstâ`mbrls ml fas
ilgarls pravllmarls ml fb k`mustrkb. Lf ÷ftkia hl`ljkeka mlf hl`eoibrdk`c ls
byumbr b bfeb`zbr u` mlsliplòa fémlr qul sbtksjbcb bipfkbil`tl fbs ea`stb`tl
lxpletbtkvbs ml fas efkl`tls.
Lf hl`eoibrdk`c ls u` k`crlmkl`tl kipartb`tl l` fb pfb`kjkebekõ` lstrbtëckeb y fb

ilgarb
bfeb`elaplrbeka`bf.
aplrbeka`b
rlquklrl` f.qul
^brb
fbsea`tk`ubr skl`masl
arcb`kzbeka`ls eaiplt
eaipltktkva,
ktkva,ea`tk`ubil`tl
bmbptl` fbs lstrbtlckbs
lstrbtlckbsbfml bipfk
bipfka
ilrebmaa
ebihkb`tl. ^brb l`lrckzbr y iatkvbr b su cl`tl, fbs arcb`kzbeka`ls mlhl`7
Lstbhflelr qul oby u`b `lelskmbm pbrb lf ebihka
Kml`tkjkebr qul mlhlréb ebihkbr 
Mkslòbr u` pfb` ml eõia fb arcb`kzbekõ` mlhlréb husebr lf ebihka
Lf hl
hl`eo
`eoib
ibrd
rdk`
k`c
c bh
bhbre
breb
b fas
fas 5 papast
stuf
ufbma
bmas.
s. Km
Kml`
l`tk
tkjk
jkeb
eb`ma
`ma fa
fas
s cb
cbps
ps l`
l`tr
trl
l fb
arcb`kzbekõ` y fb eaipltl`ekb, lf hl`eoibrdk`c lstbhflel qul oby u`b `lelskmbm.
 Byumb`ma b l`tl`mlr eaia fas fémlrls ml fb k`mustrkb obel` fbs easbs, lf

hl`eoibrdk`c byumbobelr
paskhfl, y qul mlhl` b kml`tkjkebr quë sl lf
atrbs liprlsbs, mlhl ebihkbr. [erlb
hl`eoibrdk`c iastrb`ma qul ml
u` lsel`brka ls
eõia fb arcb`kzbekõ` mlhl husebr lf ebihka.
 

R\L LU HL@EOIBXDK@C
Lf hl`eoibrdk`c ls u` praelsa ea`tk`ua par lf eubf sl taib eaia rljlrl`ekb fas
pramu
pramuet
etas
as,, sl
slrv
rvke
keka
kas
s a pra
prael
elsa
sas
s ml trbh
trbhbg
bga
a ml fbfbs
s lipr
liprlsb
lsbs
s fé
fémlr
mlrls,
ls, pbr
pbrb
b
eaipbrbrfas ea` fas ml tu prapkb liprlsb y pastlrkaril`tl rlbfkzbr ilgarbs l
kipflil`tbrfbs.

@a sl trbtb ml eapkbr fa qul lstâ obekl`ma tu eaipltl`ekb, sk `a ml bprl`mlr qul

lstâ`
lstâ` obe
obekl
kl`m
`ma
a fas
fas féml
fémlrls
rls pb
pbrb
rb kipf
kipfli
lil`
l`tb
tbrf
rfa
a l` tu li liprl
prlsb
sb bòb
bòbmk
mkë`
ë`maf
mafl
l
ilgarbs. Uk taibias eaia rljlrl`ekb b bqulffas qul mlstbeb` l` lf ârlb qul
qulrl
qu lrlia
ias s il
ilga
garbr
rbr y lstu
lstumk
mkbi
bias
as su
suss lstr
lstrbt
btlc
lckbkbs,
s, ië
iëta
tamas
mas y të tëe`
e`ke
kebs
bs pbpbrb
rb
pastlr
pas tlrkari
karil`t
l`tl
l ilg
ilgarbr
arbrfbs
fbs y bmb
bmbptb
ptbrfb
rfbs
s b `ul`ulstr
strb
b lip
liprls
rlsb,
b, ea`s
ea`slcu
lcukrl
krlias
ias
bfeb`zbr u` `kvlf bfta ml eaipltktkvkmbm.
 
]kpas ml hl`eoibrdk`c
Lxkstl`
Lxkstl ` mkjlrl`
mkjlrl`tls
tls tkp
tkpas
as ml hl`e
hl`eoib
oibrdk`
rdk`c7
c7 eai
eaiplt
pltktk
ktkva,
va, k`t
k`tlr`a
lr`a y ju`
ju`eka
eka`bf
`bf.. Lf
ahgltkva eai÷` ml fas trls tkpas ls byumbr b fas ib`bclrs b qul ikrl` obekb julrb

ml sus mlpbrtbil`tas,
sletarls l` fbs qul obyml sus arcb`kzbeka`ls,
eaipbòébs qul sa` fbsobekb su eaipltl`ekb
ilgarls l` su efbsl. a obekb atras
-Eaipltktkva
Lf hl`eoibrdk`c eaipltktkva huseb ilmkr fas pramuetas, slrvkekas, praelsas y
ju`eka`ls ml fas prk`ekpbfls eaipltkmarls pbrb rlbfkzbr u`b eaipbrbekõ` ea`
`ulstrb liprlsb y pamlr mltletbr y fflvbr b ebha ilgarbs qul suplrl` b fbs ml
`ulstras eaipltkmarls.
Rukzâs slb lf iâs eaipfkebma ml fflvbr b ebha ml fas trls tkpas, pulsta qul lf
b`âfksks y lf lstumka eaia yb ol il`eka`bma sl rlbfkzb` sahrl fas prk`ekpbfls
eaipltkmarls. Bf ea`skmlrbrsl tu eaipltl`ekb mkrletb, l` fb crb` ibyaréb ml fas

ebsas `a lstâ` k`tlrlsbmas

`a fa pambias l` eafbharbr.
fflvbr b ebha1 ±Lstaqul
^ar supulsta quklrl
`a,mlekr
plraqul sk `a eafbharb`
ahvkbil`tl l` fb
rleapkfbekõ` ml fas mbtas `lelsbrkas sl mlhlrâ` lipflbr iâs rleursas, y par 
tb`ta slrâ iueoa iâs eastasb.
-K`tlr`a
Lf hl`eoibrdk`c k`tlr`a sl fflvb b ebha ml`tra ml fb iksib liprlsb. Ul sulfl
fflvbr b ebha l` liprlsbs crb`mls qul eul`tb` ea` mkjlrl`tls mlpbrtbil`tas a
tbihkë` ea` crupas liprlsbrkbfls qul lstâ` jaribmas par vbrkbs liprlsbs. L` lf
praelsa sl kml`tkjkeb u` mlpbrtbil`ta a ârlb qul slb u` lglipfa pbrb slcukr par 
sus hul`as rlsuftbmas pbrb pamlr fflvbr b ebha u` hl`eoibrdk`c ea` fas mliâs
mlpbrtbil`tas k`tlr`as ml fb eaipbòéb.
 

Ls lf iâs jâekf ml rlbfkzbr ml`tra ml eaipbòébs ea` lstrueturbs ea` u` eklrta

tbibòa, bmliâs `aribfil`tl ls lf qul il`as rleursas `lelsktb pbrb fflvbrfa b
ebha, yb qul fb k`jaribekõ` sl ahtkl`l ml fb prapkb liprlsb.
-Ju`eka`bf
Lf hl`eoibrdk`c ju`eka`bf kml`tkjkeb fbs ilgarls prâetkebs ml u`b liprlsb qul

sl
slb
b lx
lxel
elfl
liprlsb fl`t
`tl
slb leaipltkmarb
l` lf ârlb
ârlba k`efusa
qu
qull slqul
qu
qukl
klrl
rl il
ilga
garb
rbr.
plrtl`lzeb r. @a ls sletar.
bf iksia `l
`lel
elsbr
sbrka
ka qu
qul
l lst
lstb
b

@aribfil`tl ls iuy pramuetkva, mbma qul bf `a trbtbrsl ml arcb`kzbeka`ls qul

`a sa` eaipltkmarbs mkrletbs `a lxkstl u` prahflib ml ea`jkml`ekbfkmbm y sl sulfl
ajrlelr fb k`jaribekõ` `lelsbrkb pbrb lf lstumka.
Ltbpbs mlf Hl`eoibrdk`c
^brb mkslòbr y obelr earrletbi
earrletbil`tl
l`tl u` praelsa ml hl`eoibrdk
hl`eoibrdk`c`c l` tu liprlsb,
rleaikl
rleaikl`ma
`ma slc
slcukr
ukr fas skc
skcukl
ukl`tl
`tls
s pbs
pbsas7
as7 pfb
pfb`kj
`kjkeb
kebekõ
ekõ`,
`, rlea
rleapkf
pkfbek
bekõ`
õ` ml mbt
mbtas,
as,
b`âfksks, beekõ` y slcukikl`ta.

 
2.^fb`kjkebekõ`
Lf ahgltkva prk`ekpbf ml lstb prkilrb ltbpb ls pfb`kjkebr fb k`vlstkcbekõ` qul sl vb b
rlbfkzbr. L` lstb ltbpb olias ml rlspa`mlr b trls prlcu`tbs7
±Ruë quklra ilmkr1 ]amb k`vlstkcbekõ` mlhl tl`lr u` parquë, y ëstl mlhl lstbr 
rlfbeka`bma ea` u` ârlb ml `ulstrb liprlsb qul qulrlias ilgarbr.

±B qukë` vay b ilmkr1 ^brb rlspa`mlr b lstb slcu`mb prlcu`tb olias ml

pfb`tlbr`as quë tkpa ml hl`eoibrdk`c vbias b slcukr7 eaipltktkva, k`tlr`a a
ju`eka`bf. \`b vlz obybias taibma fb mlekskõ` sbhrlias sk `as eaipbrbrlias
ea` u` mlpbrtbil`ta prapka a ea` u`b liprlsb ml ml`tra a julrb mlf sletar.
±Eõia vbias b obelrfa1 ^brb fflvbr b ebha lf prayleta olias ml erlbr u`
lqukpa ml trbhbga pbrb qul slb rlspa`sbhfl ml fb arcb`kzbekõ` y ml fb mkrleekõ`
ml lstl.
8.Mbtas
Fb rleapkfbekõ` ml mbtas ls ju`mbil`tbf pbrb lf hl`eoibrdk`c, ml lffa mlpl`mlrâ
l` crb` ilmkmb lf ëxkta a lf jrbebsa ml tama lf praelsa. ^amlias ahtl`lr mbtas
ml mkjlrl
mkjlrl`tl
`tls
s jul
jul`tl
`tls7
s7 k`tlr`b
k`tlr`b,, bsae
bsaekbe
kbeka`
ka`ls
ls pra
prajls
jlska`
ka`bfl
bfls
s a k`v
k`vlst
lstkcb
kcbeka
eka`ls
`ls
prapkbs l`trl atrbs.
 

5.B`âfksks
\`b vlz ol
\`b olia
iass rle
rleapk
apkfb
fbma
ma fb k`k`ja
jarib
ribek
ekõ`
õ` `l
`lels
elsbr
brkb
kb,, olia
olias
s ml b`
b`bf
bfkz
kzbr
br fa
fas
s
lflil`tas qul ebusb` fbs mkjlrl`ekbs l`trl `ulstrb eaipbòéb y fbs liprlsbs
lstumkbmbs, pbrb pamlr kml`tkjkebr fbs apartu`kmbmls ml ilgarb.
\`b vlz olias kml`tkjkebma fb ibc`ktum ml fbs mkjlrl`ekbs, ls lf iail`ta ml

prapa`lr
÷`ke
÷` kebi
bil`t fbs
l`tl ilgarbs
l slfl
slflee
eeka qul
ka`b
`brli
rliasvbias
as bq
bqulb ffbs
ulfffflvbr
bs il b garb
ilga ebha.
rbs Oby
s qu
qul qul
l par tl`lr
par tb
tbib
ibòal`, eul`tb
òa, rleur
rleursaqul
sas
s l
k`jrblstrueturb slb vkbhfl fflvbr b ebha par `ulstrb liprlsb.
=.Beekõ`
Lf skcukl`tl pbsa mlspuës ml b`bfkz
b`bfkzbr
br fb k`jari
k`jaribekõ`
bekõ` y ml obhlr slflee
slfleeka`bm
ka`bma
a fas
bsple
bspleta
tas
s ml rljl
rljlrl`
rl`ek
ekb
b l` fb
fbs
s li
liprprls
lsbs
bs slf
slfle
leek
eka`
a`bmb
bmbs,
s, ls lf iail
iail`t`ta
a ml
bmbptbrfas b `ulstrb liprlsb, plra skliprl kipflil`tb`ma ilgarbs.
Mkeoa ml atra iama, mlspuës ml b`bfkzbr fb k`jari
k`jaribekõ`
bekõ` y ml facrbr kml`tkjk
kml`tkjkebr
ebr fas
ilgarls bspletas ml fbs liprlsbs qul olias slfleeka`bma, fas taibias eaia
pu`t
pu `tas
as ml rljl
rljlrl
rl`e
`ekb
kb pb
pbrb
rb bm
bmbp
bptb
tbrf
rfas
as b `u `uls
lstr
trb
b li
lipr
prls
lsb,
b, pl
plra
ra sk
skli
lipr
prl
l
bòbm
bò bmkë
kë`m
`maf
afl
l bf
bfcu
cu`b
`b il
ilga
garb
rb a bf
bfcu`
cu`bb vl
vl`t
`tbg
bgbb qu
qull fl bp
bpart
artl
l vb
vbfa
farr b `ulst
`ulstras
ras
efkl`tls.
 
<.Ulcukikl`ta y ilgarb
L` lstb ÷ftkib ltbpb sl mlhl obelr u` k`jaril ea` tamb fb k`jaribekõ` mlstbebmb
mlf praelsa. Lsta byumbrâ b rltaibr lf trbhbga l` prayletas pastlrkarls. Fb kmlb
ls qul sl ea`vklrtb l` u` lglrekeka ml fb liprlsb sastl`kma l` lf tklipa pbrb
bmaptbr u`b ilgarb ea`tk`ub.
 

R\KL@ \UB LF HL@EOIBXDK@C EA@ HKIHA

Iueob ml fb eaipltl`ekb qul tkl`l hkiha sa` fbs ikeraliprlsbs eaia fa sa`7
fbs pb`bmlrébs ml fb lsquk`b, yb qul hkiha b fa fbrca ml su okstarkb y mlsml 2;=<
qul
qu l sl ju
ju`m
`mõ,
õ, ob kma
kma eai
eaiprb
prb`m
`maa li
liprl
prlsbs
sbs mlmlmk
mkeb
ebmb
mbss b fb pfpfb`
b`kj
kjke
kebe
bekõ
kõ`,
`, y
ea`safkmbrsl
ea`safkmbrsl eaia u`b ml fbs ilcbli
ilcbliprlsbs
prlsbs b `kvlf iu`mk
iu`mkbf.
bf. \`b ml fbs paebs
liprlsbs qul `a facra eaiprbr jul Cbilsb yb qul lstb jul eaiprbmb par crupa
^lpskEa. [ ob skma ml fbs paebs liprlsbs qul fl ob mbma hbtbffb b fa fbrca ml
lstas bòas.
\`b l`eulstb rlbfkzbmb par Jarltbcs l` lf bòa ml 8>23 l` 5?> tkl`mbs mlf `artl
mlf pbés mb b ea`aelr qul crupa Cbilsb maik`b b crupa hkiha ml`tra ml fb
jb
jbik
ikfkfkb
b ml fb
fbs
s cb
cbfffflt
ltbs
bs.. Cb
Cbil
ilsb
sb sl ob
obel
el prls
prlsl`t
l`tl
l ea
ea`
` ta
tama
ma su par
partb
tbja
jafkfka
a ml
ibrebs, ikl`trbs
ikl`trbs qul Hkiha fa obel b trbvës ml Ibrk`lfb. Mlspuës ml lstas mas
jbhrkeb`tls, lf rlsta ml fas eaipltkmarls sl l`eul`trb` iueoa iâs bflgbmas7
 

Ulc÷` vlias l` fb crâjkeb b`tlrkar, Cbilsb sl l`eul`trb l` prkilr fucbr y Hkiha

l` slcu`ma. L`trl bihas sl fflvb` ebsk fb tatbfkmbm ml fb pbrtkekpbekõ` mkspa`khfl,
Cbilsb eul`tb
eul`tb ea` iâs ml :>%, ebsk mupfkeb`
mupfkeb`ma
ma lf 5=% ml Hkiha
Hkiha.. L` fa qul vb
mlf bòa, fbs vl`tbs ml fbs cbffltbs sl ob` ib`tl`kma b hul` `kvlf b mkjlrl`ekb ml
atrbs jbikfkbs. Lf ils qul ob rlckstrbma ilgarls vl`tbs ls ibrza. Ea`trbrkbil`tl,
fas ilsls ea` il`ar vl`tb jul jlhrlra slcukma par gu`ka, u`a b`tlrkar y lf atra
pastlrkar bf plrkama ml eubrlsib, eaia sl iulstrb b ea`tk`ubekõ`7
 

±L` quë rbmkeb fb mkjlrl`ekb l`trl Cbilsb y Ibrk`lfb1

Ibrk`lfb
Ibrk`l fb sl ob l`ebrcbma ml erlbr u` partbjaf
partbjafka
ka ml cbfflt
cbffltbs
bs qul sl mkjlrl`ek
mkjlrl`ekb
b mlf
yb lstbhflekma par Cbilsb, su ebtlcaréb iâs papufbr ls fb ml cbffltbs «rlffl`bs´
l`ebhlzbmb par Hbrrktbs Ibrk`lfb, l` slcu`ma fucbr, sl l`eul`trb` «sâ`mwkeo´
rlprlsl`tbmb par fbs cbffltbs ^ré`ekpl. [ l` tlrelr fucbr vkl`l` fbs «trbmkeka`bfls´
eaipulstbs prk`ekpbfil`tl par Eb`lfktbs y ^afvara`ls.
^ar lf atra fbma, fbs ebtlcarébs julrtl
julrtls
s ml Cbilsb lipkl
lipklzb`
zb` l` prkil
prkilrr fucbr ea`
fb ebtlcaréb ml «Ubfbmbs´ qul eaia su `aihrl fa mkel, lstâ ea`jaribmb par fbs
cbfffflt
cb ltbs
bs jb
jbva
vark
rktb
tbs,
s, Ub
Ubfb
fbmkt
mktbs
bs.. Fl skcu
skcull fb eb
ebtl
tlca
caré
réb
b ml Ib
Ibfv
fvbv
bvks
ksea
ea ququll lstâ
lstâ
rlprlsl`tbmb par Ibiut y Breaérks. Ml bqué ls `lelsbrka mlstbebr qul bihbs
ibrebs bgustb` fas prlekas ml sus pramuetas b mkjlrl`tls sletarls, pulsta qul lf
prleka iamb ml Ibiut ls ml $2.>> plsa ikl`trbs qul lf ml Breaérks ls ml $2>.>>
plsas. [, par ÷ftkia, l` tlrelr pulsta tkl`l` b fb ebtlcaréb ml «sâ`mwkeo´, lstb
 

ebtlcaré
ebtlcaréb
b ls fb ÷` ÷`ke
keb
b qu
qull ea
eak`
k`ek
ekml
ml l` l`tr
trl
l bi
bihas
has jbjbhrk
hrkeb
eb`t
`tls.
ls. L` lf eb
ebsa
sa ml
Cbil
Cb ilsb
sb,, ls fkml
fkmlrb
rbmb
mb pa
parr fbs
fbs cb
cbfffflt
ltbs
bs LiLipl
plrb
rbma
marr qu
qull ob
ob`
` supl
suplrb
rbma
ma b su
ea`trbpbrtl ^ré`ekpl.
 

Hl`eoibrdk`c
Ibrk`lfb Zs Cbilsb
]rkdk trbdlts vs eoadks

^ramueta ]rkdk trbdls Eoadks efâskebs

^rlsl`tbekõ` l` Hkl` Hkl`
lipbqultbma
Ubhar @a ls tb` bcrbmbhfl Ibs bcrbmbhfl lf sbhar  
]bibòa ml cbffltb Il`as Ibs
Ea`tl`kma <2 c <3 c
Easta $ 2>, < $ 28, <
Ebfarébs 8<> ebfarébs 85> ebfarébs
 Bpbrkl`ekb Ilmka Ilgar 
Eokspbs ml eoaeafbtl Il`as Ibs
Crasar Ibs Il`as
Kibcl` praiaeka`bf L`cbòb Ul belreb ibs
]lxturb, a erugkl`tl Ibs murb Erugkl`tl
 

^BXB R\L \UB HKIHA LF HL@EOIBXDK@C

Hkiha usb lf hl`eoibrdk`c pbrb fb ib`ujbeturb ml sus pramuetas y fb mkstrkhuekõ`
ml ëstas.

Hkiha lst
Hkiha lstb`m
b`mbrkz
brkzb
b sus prae
praelsas
lsas aplrbt
aplrbtkva
kvas
s ml ebml
ebml`b
`b ml sui
suik`k
k`kstr
stra
a l` fas
ilrebmas ma`ml aplrb, mlsbrraffb`ma u`b ea`ekl`ekb ml ilgarb bf k`tlrkar ml fb
arcb`kzbekõ`. Betubfil`tl, Crupa Hkiha eul`tb ea` slks el`tras ml k``avbekõ`
ma`ml sl b`bfkzb` ilgarbs ml ebml`b ml suik`kstra.
Hkiha k`vlstkcb y mlsbrraffb pramuetas pbrb ajrlelr pramuetas ml ebfkmbm.
 

E\BFLU UA@ FAU ^\@]AU MLHKFLU ML HKIHA

2. Fb mkvlrs
mkvlrskmbm
kmbm ml pramuetas pulml facrbr qul fb aplrbekõ` slb mlibskbma
mlibskbma pbrb
fb ebpbekmbm ml fb liprlsb.
8. Lf erlekikl`ta betubf ml u`b eufturb mlf hul` eailr, l` fb eubf sl praoéhl
obrk`bs a pramuetas oleoa b hbsl ml trkca par fa qul lf ebihka ml eufturb
bfkil`tkekb pulml bjletbr `lcbtkvbil`tl b fbs vl`tbs mlf Crupa HKIHA, tl`kl`ma
apartu`kmbmls l` eub`ta b ebihkbr b pramuetas arcâ`keas, elra crbsbs, vlcb`as,
lte.
5. Ml
Mlsvsvl`
l`tb
tbgb
gbs
s ea
eaip
iplt
ltkt
ktkv
kvbs.
bs. Bu
Bu`q
`qul
ul pb
pbrle
rlel
l sl
slrr u`b
u`b ml susus
s jajart
rtbf
bflzb
lzbs,
s, fb
mkvlrsk
mkvlrskjke
jkebekõ
bekõ`
` ml pra
pramuet
muetarar cl`l
cl`lrb
rb u` bhb
bhb`ke
`kea
a m pask
paskhfl
hfls
s ea`
ea`tk`
tk`cl`
cl`ekb
ekbs
s iuy
bipfka
bip fka yb qul `le`lelsk
lsktbs
tbs lsplsplek
lekbfk
bfkzbe
zbekõ`
kõ` l` iue
iueobs
obs ârl
ârlbs
bs pbrb fbs mks mkstk`
tk`tbs
tbs
u`kmbmls ml `lcaeka, tl`kl`ma bsõ u` `kvlf ml lsplekbfkzbekõ` l` su plrsa`bf iuy
bfta. Lsta eaipfkeb lf k`crlsa ml u`b `ulvb pfbtbjarib ml `lcaekas a u`b `ulvb
fé`lb ml pramuetas, yb qul lsta rlquklrl ml ebpbektbekõ` ml ibyar plrsa`bf.

=. ^rlekas. Lstl tlib ls u`a ml sus crb`mls rklscas yb qul lf buil`ta l` fas
prlekas ml ibtlrkb prkib, eaihustkhfls pulml bjletbr ml ib`lrb `lcbtkvb tb`ta bf
Crup
Cr upa
a eai
eaiaa bf ea
ea`s
`sui
uikm
kmar
ar,, pa
parr fa qu
qul
l Cr
Crup
upa
a HK
HKIH
IHAA el
elfl
flhrb
hrb ea`
ea`tr
trbt
btas
as ml
eahlrturb ml trkca, cbs `bturbf y atras k`suias pbrb iktkcbr lf rklsca bf bfzb ml
prlekas.
^b`kjkebmarb ilxkeb`b Hkiha rlpartõ lf gulvls u`b hbgb ml 5.2% l` sus vl`tbs
`ltbs mlf tlrelr trkilstrl, mlhkma bf mëhkf ea`suia y bf buil`ta l` sus prlekas.
Fa b`
b`tl
tlrka
rkarr rlj
rljfl
flgõ
gõ lf më
mëhk
hkff l`
l`ta
tar`a
r`a l` lf eaea`s
`sui
uiaa y lf bu
buil
il`t`ta
a ml pr
prle
leka
kas
s
kipf
kipfli
lil`t
l`tbma
bma l` lf eu eubrt
brtaa trki
trkilst
lstrl
rl ml
mlff 8>
8>2;.
2;. @a ahahst
stb`
b`tl
tl,, fa
fas
s lsju
lsjulrz
lrzas
as
eailr
eai lrekb
ekbfl
flss y fbs
fbs k`ke
k`kekb
kbtk
tkvbs
vbs l` fasfas pu
pu`t
`tas
as ml vl`t
vl`tb
b by
byum
umbra
bra`
` b kipu
kipufs
fsbr
br lf
erlekikl`ta ml fas vaf÷il`ls l` ebtlcarébs efbvl, eaia pb` y hafflréb, k`mkeõ fb
liprlsb b trbvës ml u` eaiu`kebma l`vkbma b fb Hafsb Ilxkeb`b ml Zbfarls
(HIZ).
<. Rul lf pramueta `a fflcul b tamas fas ea`suikmarls jk`bfls, yb slb par fb
mkstb`ekb l`trl lf k`tlrilmkbrka y lf ea`suikmar skl`ma lstl u` bspleta clacrâjkea.
Atra ahstâeufa qul tl`mréb slrkb lf mlf prleka mlf pramueta mlhkma b qul fas
k`tlrilmkbrkas mlhl` tl`lr u` ibrcl` ml ea`trkhuekõ` par fb l`trlcb mlf pramueta
y l`trl iâs k`tlrilmkbrkas lxkstb`, obhrâ iâs mliarb l` fb l`trlcb y par l`ml
buil`tbréb lf prleka pbrb lf ea`suikmar jk`bf.
 

LU]XB]LCKBU EFBZLU ML HKIHA ML BE\LXMA EA@

U\ HL@EOIBXDK@C
LI^XLUB HKIHA
 Lstrbtlckb ml bmqukskeka`ls. ‖Kml`tkjkebias `ulvbs apartu`kmbmls ml
erlekikl`ta’
 Lstrbtlckb ml Clstkõ` ml ]bfl`ta . ‖Kipufsbias lf mlsbrraffa ml `ulstras
eafbharbmarls’.
 Lstrbtlckb ml ^ramueta Mlsbrraffbias pramuetas sbhrasas, sbfumbhfls l
k``avbmarls’.
 Lstrbtlckb ml Ibreb. ‖Lstbhflelias rlfbeka`ls b fbrca pfbza ea` `ulstras
ea`suikmarls’.
 Lstrbtlckb ml ^l`ltrbekõ` ml Ilrebma . ‖Fflcbias ebmb méb b iâs
ea`suikmarls’.
 Lstrbtlckb ml K`erlil`ta ml Iârcl`ls . ‖K`erlil`tbr fb ljkekl`ekb pbrb
erlbr vbfar’.
 

EA@EF\UKA@
L` lf Iu`ma lstâ` prlsl`ekb ea` 3< pfb`tbs ml pramueekõ` uhkebmbs l` Iëxkea,
Lstbmas \`kmas, Lurapb, El`tra y Uur Biërkeb, y sl ea`tbetb ea` iâs ml 5.:>>
pramuetas y ea` elreb ml 2>> ibrebs ml rlea`aekma prlstkcka y sl bpayb` lf tama
lf praelsa iâs ml 3>.>>> Eafbharbmarls.

Lf hl`eoibrdk`c
hl`eoibrdk`c ls iuy kipartb`
kipartb`tl,
tl, yb qul plriktl b fbs arcb`kzbek
arcb`kzbeka`ls
a`ls lvbfubr 
fas praelsas ml fas pramuetas y slrvkekas ml atrbs liprlsbs, a b trbvës ml fas
praelsas k`tlr`as ml fb arcb`kzbekõ`, pbrb pamlr eaipârbfas l k`tlcrbrfas pbrb fb
ilgarb ml fas iksias. ]kl`l u` crb` kipbeta l` fbs liprlsbs, yb qul fls plriktl
k``avbr ea`stb`tlil`tl, fa qul praiulvl fb ljkekl`ekb ml fbs ârlbs kipfkebmbs l`
fb li
lipr
prls
lsb,
b, fb pram
pramue
uetk
tkvk
vkmb
mbm
m l` sus
sus prae
praels
lsas
as,, y bsé
bsé pa
paml
mlrr ib
ib`t
`tl`
l`lr
lrsl
sl
eaipltktkvas l` lf ilrebma, y ajrlelr slrvkekas y pramuetas ea` lstâ`mbrls ml
ebfkmbm.