i`xb= 0
[C[V@N [ F@ KBIV_BA F@ BAB_@[

K AKPAB F@ @\PCTB F@ KBIV_BA F@ BAB_@[

Al `a`kkcûi kbrr`ktl f` ui scst`nl f` kbitrba f` babr`s vc`i` f`t`rncilfl pbr abs plrìn`trbs scjuc`it`s=
- Ubaun`i r`qu`rcfb l trltlr `i n;.
- @a iýn`rb f` r`ibvlkcbi`s l trltlr pbr hbrl
@i `a klsb f`a vbaun`i r`qu`rcfb l trltlr, plrl `a fcn`iscbilnc`itb s` kbiscf`rl `a vbaun`i f` al kcst`ril f`
:.34 n`trbs f` fcìn`trb cit`rcbr y uil laturl f` `nlilkcûi f` jls`s f` :.53 n`trbs.

_`sp`ktb la iýn`rb f` r`ibvlkcbi`s l trltlr pbr hbrl, `s ui plrìn`trb qu` ibs cifckl al klitcflf f` v`k`s
f` lcr` kbitlncilfb qu` s` f`o` `xtrl`r f` ui lnoc`it` k`rrlfb (kìnlrl hýn`fl) `i ui f`t`rncilfb
tc`npb, f` tla nli`rl qu` s` bot`ijl uil n`mbrl `i al klacflf f` lcr`.
[`jýi al ibrnl IETL 8?4 [tliflrf ebr Ecr` prbt`ktcbi ci Zlst`wlt`r tr`ltn`it lif kbaa`ktcbi elkcactc`s,
`fckcûi <333,pbr
r`ibvlkcbi`s pìjcil 8?4-;8,
hbrl ib ît`nn`ibr
f`o` s`r :-; krct`rcb
l 5. f` v`itcalkcûi, :-;.; (<) fbif` cifckl qu` `a iýn`rb f`
@a prbfuktb f`a vbaun`i r`qu`rcfb tbtla y `a iýn`rb f` r`ibvlkcbi`s pbr hbrl, fl kbnb r`suatlfb `a klufla f`
lcr` l trltlr `i n;/h b su `qucvla`ikcl `i pc` kuockb pbr nciutb (KEN).
\ > UV x I´ _/H_………………….
_/H_………………….(<)
(<)
F` abs palibs hcfrìuackbs palitl y kbrt`, `xtrl`nbs `a ìr`l f` al s`kkcûi y al laturl r`sp`ktcvln`it` plrl `a
kìakuab f` al kìnlrl hýn`fl.
Ubaun`i f` al kìnlrl hýn`fl= ;.<6<5x:.3?/6x6.5; > ??5.30 n;
@a eaumb f` jls`s l trltlr `s= 5 r`ibvlkcbi`s/hbrl (klfl <4 nciutbs).
Lpacklifb al `xpr`scûi (<) s` tc`i`=
\ > ??5.30 n; x 5 r/h > <;5<.:4 n;/h
Tbr ab tlitb, s`a`kkcbilnbs `a scst`nl f` trltlnc`itb f` babr`s plrl kbi ui eaumb nlybr b cjula l <;5<.:4
n;/h b 84<.6: KEN.

Tìjcil <|8
 

Tlrl `a trltlnc`itb f` als ltnûse`rls qu` s` j`i`rli `i als fce`r`it`s zbils, s` pu`f`i kbiscf`rlr `itr`
btrbs, abs scjuc`it`s trltlnc`itbs=
 Kbitrba f` babr`s pbr Bzbib
 Kbitrba f` babr`s pbr Klroûi Lktcvlfb
 Kbitrba f` babr`s pbr Ecatrb Ocbaûjckb

<. KB
KBIV
IV_B
_BAA F@ BA
BAB_
B_@[
@[ TB
TB_
_BB]B
]BIB
IB
@s pbscoa` `e`ktulr `a trltlnc`itb f`a lcr` f` al kcst`ril f` obno`b, kbitciuln`it` r`ibvlfb, lit`s f` s`r 
aco`rlfb plrl al ltnûse`rl. @a trltlnc`itb ouskl ib sûab al r`nbkcûi f` abs babr`s, scib tlnocãi al
f`scie`kkcûi f` abs l`rbsba`s prbv`ic`it`s f`a ljul r`scfula pr`s`it` `i `a lcr`. @stl sbaukcûi eu` lfbptlfl
pbr Hutt Ulaa`
Ulaa`y,
y, Iu`vl ]`ali
]`alifcl.
fcl. @i `sls cistlalk
cistlalkcbi`s
cbi`s,, abs tlnck`s rbtltcvbs sbi kuoc`rtbs kbi kýpua
kýpuals
ls f`
ecorl f` vcfrcb qu` prbt`j`i tlnocãi als kbrr`ls trlispbrtlfbrls y abs klila`s f` `itrlfl y slacfl f` als
ljuls r`scfula`s, `xtrly`ifb `a lcr` f` `stl plrt` f`a scst`nl y plsìifbab l trlvãs f` ui scst`nl f`
trltlnc`itb f` babr`s, lit`s f` s`r f`sklrjlfb l al ltnûse`rl, pbr n`fcb f` uil khcn`i`l. @a trltlnc`itb s`
hlk` pbr n`fcb f` aìnplrls uatrlvcba`tl qu` `nct`i rlfclkcbi`s `i fbs rlijbs `sp`kîeckbs. @a prcn`rb, kbi
uil abijctuf f` bifl f` <54 l < 844 À, prbfuk` bzbib, `itr` ? 044 l ? 544 À, pbs`` prbpc`flf`s
olkt`rckcfls
ku`itl, `itr``sp`kîeckls hlstl uilkbiscf`rlkcbi`s=
btrls, als scjuc`it`s fcstlikcl f` fbs n`trbs f` al eu`it`. @a scst`nl eu` fcs`ülfb t`ic`ifb `i

º Pocklr als aìnplrls `i ui fuktb r`ktcaîi`b plrl qu` tbfb `a lcr` pls` sbor` `aals, kbi uil v`abkcflf f` ?.0
n/s, qu` jlrlitczl uil ou`il n`zkal7
º F`trìs f` als aìnplrls, kbabklr uil kìnlrl kbi ui tc`npb f` r`t`ikcûi f` 54 s`juifbs plrl p`rnctcr al
bxcflkcûi f` als nbaãkuals r`spbisloa`s pbr abs babr`s7
º Olml v`abkcflf f`a lcr` `i al kìnlrl f` r`t`ikcûi, plrl p`rnctcr al f`klitlkcûi f` hun`flf7
º @xpbi`r `a lcr` l s`r trltlfb l al rlfclkcûi uatrlvcba`tl sbor` ui rlfcb f` ? n, plrl bot`i`r `a nìxcnb `e`ktb
olkt`rckcfl.
http=//www.ovsf`.plhb.brj/ovslkl/`/euaat`xt/ncactlnc/ncactlnc.pfe 

Tìjcil ?|8
 

?. KBI
KBIV_B
V_BAA F@ BAB
BAB_@[
_@[ TB_ K _OÛ
_OÛI
I KVC
KVCUU FB
@a p`acjrb f` lkunualkcûi f` H?[ ib sbab j`i`rl nba`stcls, sc ib pu`f` p`rmufcklr l al slauf, nìxcn` sc `st`
jls `s nìs p`slfb qu` `a lcr`, plrl `vctlr `st` prboa`nl s` fcspbifrì f` ui scst`nl f` kbitrba f` babr`s f`a
tcpb lktcvb kbi klroûi lktcvlfb kltlaîtckb plrl r`nbkcûi f` fckhbs babr`s sc`ifb als klrlkt`rîstckls prcikcpla`s
als scjuc`it`s=

[` `stcnl `i al kìnlrl l trltlr rlijbs f` H?[ qu` vli f`sf` 0 ppn `i prbn`fcb hlstl 04 ppn, furlkcûi
lprbxcnlfl `i rãjcn`i prbn`fcb f` 40 lübs. @a scst`nl f` trltlnc`itb f` babr`s, s` uocklrìi la ecila f` abs
pcpcij f` sukkcûi elorcklfbs `i TUK, ` crìi f`itrb f` al kìnlrl f` pr`trltlnc`itb.

Abs v`itcalfbr`s cnpuaslrìi `a lcr` kbitlncilfb la ecatrb f` jbtls (cikaucfb) y l trlvãs f`a a`khb kltlaîtckb
fbif` s` prbfukcrì al bxcflkcûi utcaczlifb kbnb lj`it` bxcflit` `a bxîj`ib nba`kualr ltnbseãrckb. @a scst`nl
kltlaîtckb plrl r`nbkcûi f` babr`s IB_FCK ZLV@_, utcaczl `a bxîj`ib f`a lcr` plrl bxcflr l abs suaeurbs y
n`rklptlibs. Tbr ab lit`rcbr IB s` r`quc`r`i s`rvckcbs luxcaclr`s kbnb iutrc`it`s b ljul f` hun`ktlkcûi,
kbnb r`quc`r`i abs scst`nls ocbaûjckbs. Iu`strb scst`nl `s VBVLAN@IV@ TL[CUB, fbif` ib s` r`quc`r`i
obnols, `y`ktbr`s, `tk.

Kbi `st` scst`nl qu` tc`i` ui Vc`npb f` kbitlktb f` sbab ; s`juifbs (er`it` la scst`nl ocbaûjckb f`
r`quc`r` `itr` ?4 l ;4 s`juifbs) `a r`qu`rcnc`itb f` `splkcb plrl trltlnc`itb `s <4 v`k`s n`ibr r`sp`ktb l
abs ocbecatrbs.

Als r`e`r`ikcls nìs k`rklils `i al cifustrcl p`rulil `stìi `i al palitl f` I`sta`, y TVL_ [LI LIVBICB
F@ KL_LTBIJB, p`rt`i`kc`it` l [@FLTLA, lsî kbnb `i palitls kablkla`s `i Tu`rtb Nbit, Ucaalrckl, Vlob,
\ucskb, Kbikûi Brc`it`, Hcju`rcaals (Khca`) bp`rlifb hlk` nìs f` iu`v` lübs LÝI [CI _@KLNOCB
LAJPIB F@A KLVLAC]LFB_.

F`skrcpkcûi f`a scst`nl ‛ Klrlkt`rîstckls J`i`rla`s.

@a scst`nl `stì fcs`ülfb plrl r`nbv`r nìs f`a 33% f` suaeurbs f` hcfrbj`ib, n`rklptlibs y btrbs babr`s
kluslfbs pbr kbnpbi`it`s `xcst`it`s `i palitls f` trltlnc`itb f` `eau`it`s, `stlkcbi`s f` r`obno`bs f`
aîqucfbs kablkla`s.

Abs laklik`s f` al bp`rlkcûi, sbi als scjuc`it`s=

 A`k
A`khb
hb KLV
KLVLAC
LACVCK
VCKBB f` scn
scnpa`
pa` f` bp`
bp`rlk
rlkcûi
cûi upeabw
upeabw.. Al lacn`i
lacn`itlk
tlkcûi
cûi f` als klnls fbwfbwiea
ieabw
bw sbi
cilk`ptloa`s plrl `stl lpacklkcûi, flfl al f`iscflf r`altcvl f`a suaeurb f` hcfrbj`ib kbi r`sp`ktb la lcr` (Fr 
><,<6).
 Vbfbs iu`strbs `qucpbs ku`itli kbi uil laturl f` nlitb sup`rcbr l abs ; pc`s f` laturl (3<6 nn). Al
klplkcflf bp`rltcvl f` iu`strb klroûi lktcvlfb kltlaîtckb y al laturl f` nlitb f`t`rncil al vcfl ýtca f` al
klnl, plrl ui f`t`r
f`t`rncilfb
ncilfb s`rvckc
s`rvckcb.
b. Er`it` l uil cfãitckl lpacklk
lpacklkcûi
cûi y ncsnb rlijb f` v`abkc
v`abkcflf
flf aci`la f`
plslm`, `a scst`nl sc`npr` t`ifrì nlybr vcfl ýtca yl qu` uil v`z slturlfl uil zbil f` trlise`r`ikcl f`
nlsl, `stl s` vl trlsalflifb l trlvãs f`a a`khb hlstl qu` al eujl f` r`fuktbr`s kbnc`izl. @a klroûi
kltlaîtckb ib r`quc`r` s`r alvlfb kbi ljul, ic iutrc`it`s, ic r`kcrkualkcûi ic obnols f` icijýi tcpb, pbr ab qu`
ib j`i`rl `eau`it`s aîqucfbs y `a kbstb f` nlit`icnc`itb `s prìktckln`it` iuab.

@st` scst`nl f` nbfualr kbiscst` `i kbaunil f` lfsbrkcûi kltlaîtckl (scnpa` klnl, v`itcalfbr k`itrîeujb,
klroûi lktcvlfb kltlaîtckb, ecatrb s`plrlfbr f` jbtls (cikaucfb) y kbnpbi`it`s f` cit`rkbi`xcûi kbnb ea`xcoa`s
f` cit`rkbi`xcûi, tbnl nu`strls f` nlitb lfsbro`it` y jls`s, nliûn`trb fce`r`ikcla, pu`stls l tc`rrl f` al
klnl lfsbro`it`
lfsbro`it` y `qucp
`qucpbb rbtli
rbtlit`,
t`, scst`nl f` nbict
nbictbr`b
br`b f` jls`s (bpkcbil
(bpkcbila)a) `tk., plrl s`r nbitlfb sbor`
palt`l f` hbrncjûi lrnlfb.
Tìjcil ;|8
 

@a lcr` kbitlncilfb kbi hun`flf sbor`slturlfl (nckrb jbtls f` ljul) plslrì pbr `a ecatrb f` jbtls plrl
`acncilr al hun`flf acor` f`a lcr` y au`jb `itrlrì l al kbaunil f` lfsbrkcûi y eaucrì l trlvãs f`a a`khb f`
klroûi. @a klroûi lktcvlfb cnpr`jilfb kltlaîtckb lfsbro`rì abs kbnpbi`it`s nlabac`it`s, kbitciulifb `a lcr`
trltlfb su r`kbrrcfb hlkcl `a v`it`b ecila. Pil v`z lfsbrocfbs abs r`fuktbr`s s`rìi bxcflfbs pbr `a bxîj`ib
ltnbseãrckb pr`s`it` `i `a eaumb f` lcr` kbitlncilfb.

@a nãtbfb f` trltlnc`itb f` babr`s utcaczl klroûi `sp`kclan`it` fcs`ülfb plrl tla eci= Tbr s`r nci`rla y
p`aa`tczlfb pbs`` uil r`scst`ikcl l al lorlscûi sbor`slac`it`, kbi jrli sup`reckc` cit`ril y ui jrli rlijb f`
fcstrcoukcûi `i su tlnlüb f` pbrb, ab qu` `vctl `a oabqu`b tbtla f` abs ncsnbs pbr nbaãkuals f` nlybr TN, l
fce`r`ikcl f` klrobi`s lktcvlfbs ols` v`j`tla f` kìsklrl f` kbkb, qu` pbs``i ui rlijb f` tlnlüb f` pbrb
acnctlfb l abs nckrbpbrbs. Al latl r`scst`ikcl l al ltrckkcûi n`kìickl f` iu`strb klroûi lktcvlfb `s f` nlybr 
cnpbrtlikcl `i `a klsb f` trltlnc`itb f` babr`s fbif` s` trlolml l v`abkcflf`s f` plslm` f` lcr` latls y
bovcln`it` ib hly pbscocacflf f` ui kbitrl alvlfb. Kulifb s` prbfuk` al ltrckkcûi f`a n`fcb, `a n`fcb
puav`rczlfb eujl kbi `a lcr`, ebrnl klilaczlkcbi`s `i al klnl, lun`itl al klîfl f` pr`scûi y pbr `if`
fcsnciuy` al `eckc`ikcl y vcfl ýtca f`a a`khb, kbnb s` fl `i `a klsb f`a usb f` klrobi`s lktcvlfbs jrliualr`s.

@sp`kclan`
@sp`kcl an`it`
it` fcs
fcs`ül
`ülfb
fb plr
plrll bxcflr
bxcflr jls
jls`s
`s bfb
bfbrîe
rîe`rb
`rbss r`f
r`fukt
uktbr`
br`ss (kb
(kbnb
nb suaeur
suaeurbs
bs y n`r
n`rklp
klptli
tlibs)
bs),,
lfsbrocãifbabs prcn`rb `i su sctcb lktcvb muitb kbi `a bxîj`ib ltnbseãrckb plrl pbst`rcbrn`it` r`lkkcbilr `i
ui scst`nl f` qucnc-lfsbrkcûi crr`v`rscoa`. Btrbs kbitlncilit`s pr`s`it`s `i n`ibr kbik`itrlkcûi `i `a lcr`
kbitlncilfb f` palitls f` trltlnc`itb kablkla`s, kbnb s`r pbr `m`npab kbi jrupbs quînckbs laf`hîfbs,
s`rìi r`nbvcfbs pbr lfsbrkcûi fcr`ktl (r`lkkcûi r`v`rscoa`). Lsî, iu`strb klroûi `stì pr`plrlfb plrl r`nbv`r 
cikausb p`qu`üls kbik`itrlkcbi`s f` kbnpu`stbs brjìickb vbaìtca`s qu` btrbs n`fcbs ib pu`f`i `e`ktulr y
qu` sbi nuy kbnui`s `i `a lnoc`it` f` palitls f` `eau`it`s.

Tlrl klfl abt` f` iu`strbs klrobi`s s` r`laczli pru`ols `i kbaunil t`st`lifb al r`nbkcûi f` suaeurb f`
hcfrbj`ib, bot`icãifbs` kulifb al `itrlfl f` lcr` scitãtckb kbitc`i` <4444 ppn f` H?[, uil kbik`itrlkcûi
nìxcnl f` slacfl f` 04 ppn f` H?[ qu` `s `a puitb f` kbrt` f`a `islyb. Tbr ab tlitb, s` botc`i` uil
r`nbkcûi f`a 30%, plrl als kbifckcbi`s f` usb kbrrc`it` `i palitls kablkla`s, kulifb al klnl s` `iku`itr`
klsc slturlfl.

@a tcpb f` klroûi utcaczlfb eu` `sp`kclan`it` kbik`ocfb plrl `a trltlnc`itb f` `eau`it`s jls`bsbs (r`nbv`r 
H?[ y n`rklptlibs, prcikcplan`it`) pbr ab qu` su ebrnl f` p`aa`t ls`jurl uil nîicnl p`rfcfl f` klrjl y
uil uicebrn` fcstrcoukcûi l trlvãs f` al klnl, `i ui tbfb f` lku`rfb kbi als nìs latls `xcj`ikcls f` abs
`stìiflr`s cit`rilkcbila`s.
Lf`nìs f` al `eckc`ikcl
prìktckln`it` f` r`nbkcûi
iuab f`a scst`nl (s`jýif`abskbnpbi`it`s cif`s`loa`s
klsbs y f`p`ifc`ifb f` `i
als`akbik`itrlkcbi`s
`eau`it` jls`bsb, `a kbstbalbp`rltcvb
cieau`it`s, vcfl ýtca
f`a klroûi vlrcl lnpacln`it` `itr` abs : l <4 lübs), ab hlk` sunln`it` ltrlktcvb er`it` l btrls t`kibabjîls.

Kbaunil f` fsbrkcûi
Kbiscstcrì `i 4< kbaunil f` lfsbrkcûi f` klnl scnpa`, lacn`itlkcûi upeabw. Abs tliqu`s s` elorckli y
`ivîli pbr s`plrlfb plrl `vctlr
`vctlr prboa
prboa`nls
`nls f` trlisp
trlispbrt`,
brt`, `islnoa
`islnoaìifbs`
ìifbs` ci sctu sbor` palt`l f` hbrncjûi
hbrncjûi
lrnlfb. [` kbistrucrìi `i T_EU, kbi `sp`kcecklkcbi`s f` `sp`sbr f` plr`f ebifbs y tlpls, kbi`xcbi`s f`
`itrlfl
`itrlfl y slacfl
slacfl,, f` lku`rf
lku`rfbb l al lpackl
lpacklkcûi
kcûi f`a klufla l trltl
trltlrr y l abs krct`
krct`rcbs
rcbs f` cij`ic`rîl lfbpt
lfbptlfbs
lfbs pbr 
IZ. [`rìi f` elorcklkcûi abkla.

@a klufla l trltlr s`rì PpEabw, ib r`kbn`ifìifbs` lpacklkcbi`s FbwiEabw, utcaczlifb kbaunils rîjcfls
cit`rils y olea`s f`ea`ktbr`s, plrl `a sbpbrt` f` al klnl y fcvcscûi f`a eaumb qu` ncicnczli al ebrnlkcûi f`
zbils nu`rtls.

Tìjcil 6|8
 

Al kbaunil `i su cit`rcbr pbs``rì als fcn`iscbi`s lf`kulfls plrl kbit`i`r uil klnl f` klroûi, al kula
`stlrì sbpbrtlfl pbr uil nlaal f` fcs`üb `sp`kcla n`fclit` scst`nl f` sbpbrt`.
@st` scst`nl s`rì r`nbvcoa` n`fclit` uil `itrlfl f` hbnor` (nli hba`) `xcst`it` plrl tla eci. [`
cikbrpbrlrì `i `a scst`nl f` trltlnc`itb (kbaunil f` losbrkcûi) scst`nls f` oleea`s kbi fboa` ebifb plrl
`vctlr klilaczlkcbi`s y prbpbrkcbilr uil lf`kulfl fcstrcoukcûi f`a eaumb.

@a `qucpb kbitlrì kbi abs scjuc`it`s lkk`sbrcbs=

 Nliûn`trb fce`r`ikcla
fce`r`ikcla plrl nbictbr`
nbictbr`lr
lr kbitciuln
kbitciuln`it`
`it` al pãrfc
pãrfcfl
fl f` klrjl l trlvãs f` al klnl f` klroûi
kbistrucfb `i lk`rb cibxcfloa`, kbi tuocij y kbi`ktbr`s `i lk`rb cibxcfloa`.
 Vbnl nu`strls f` klroûi f` al klnl, prbvcstls f` vìavuals f` oabqu`b
 Vbnl nu`strls f` jls`s f` `itrlfl y slacfl
 Fr`ilm` f` kbif`islfb `v`itula f` al klnl
 [cst`nl f` pu`stl l tc`rrl tlitb f` v`itcalfbr k`itrceujb kbnb f` klnl f` klroûi lktcvb kltlaîtckb.

Klroûi ktcvlfb Kltlaîtckb

Tlrl latbs kbit`icfbs f` suaeurbs y n`rklptlibs y olmls kbik`itrlkcbi`s brjìickls (tla kula al kbnpbsckcûi
jls`bsl `xcst`it` `i als ZZVT) lf`kulfl klitcflf f` klroûi lktcvlfb cnpr`jilfb s`rì prbvcstb plrl
bot`i`r al laturl nîicnl f` klnl r`qu`rcfl. @a klroûi lktcvlfb kltlaîtckb `s quînckln`it` trltlfb plrl al
r`nbkcûi f` babr`s `i palitls f` trltlnc`itb f` ljuls s`rvcfls fbnckcaclrcls.

[` r`slatl qu` s` hl t`icfb `i ku`itl qu` al kbrrc`it` jls`bsl l trltlr `stlrì slturlfl kbi suaeurbs f`
hcfrbj`ib y n`rklptlibs kbi kbitlncilkcûi brjìickl y sci pr`s`ikcl f` eaush.

U`itcalfbr K`itrîeujb
Abs v`itcalfbr`s
v`itcalfbr`s prbvcstbs sbi f` lk`rb cibxcf
cibxcfloa`
loa` u nlt`rcllaa r`scst`it
r`scst`it`` l ltnûse
ltnûse`rl
`rl slturlfl `i suaeu
suaeurb
rb f`
hcfrûj`ib, tlitb `a rbtbr ` cit`rcbr`s. _`scst`it`s la ltlqu` f` lcr` slturlfb `i ltnûse`rl f` suaeurb f`
hcfrbj`ib,

Ecatrb f` Jbtls Cikbrpbrlfb la Vliqu` Trcikcpla (cikaucfb).

[c `s pbscoa` qu` `a lcr` s` `iku`itr` sbor`slturlfb `i ljul b `i `a klsb qu` al sukkcûi tbn` fcr`ktln`it`
f` `qucpbs s`aalfbs, s`rì i`k`slrcb hlk`r plslr `a eaumb pbr ui ecatrb f` jbtls pbr n`fcb f`a kula s` `acncilrì
al hun`flf f` sbor`slturlkcûi
sbor`slturlkcûi kbit`ic
kbit`icfl
fl `i `a lcr` plrl pbf`r au`jb `a ncsnb s`r citrb
citrbfukcfb
fukcfb `i `a ecat
ecatrb
rb y
`vctlr f` `stl nli`rl qu` `a ncsnb s`
s ` klrju` f` ljul y s` lic`ju`, kbi ab kula olmlrîl kbiscf`rloa`n`it` `a
r`ifcnc`itb f`a scst`nl. Abs nlt`rcla`s f` kbistrukkcûi s`rìi T_EU/HFT@. Al cit`rkbi`xcûi s`rì f` T_EU û
HFT@. @a ncsnb s`rì prbvcstb kbi nliûn`trb fce`r`ikcla.
Fuktbs f` Cit`rkbi`xcûi.
Abs fuktbs plrl cit`rkbi`ktlr la v`itcalfbr kbi `a tliqu` f` lfsbrkcûi, s`rìi f` nlt`rcla kbnpltcoa` kbi
ltnûse`rl slturlfl `i suaeurb f` hcfrûj`ib T_EU/Lk`rb Cibxcfloa`. Vbfls als plrt`s n`tìackls `i kbitlktb
kbi `a jls, ouabi`s, lkk`sbrcbs `tk. s`rìi `i lk`rb cibxcfloa`. Vbfls als kbi`xcbi`s f` prbk`sb y obkl f`
lkk`sb s`rìi orcflfls, slavb al `itrlfl f`s-rcjcfczlfl qu` kbi`ktl kbi `a v`itcalfbr pbr n`fcb f` kbi`xcûi
ea`xcoa` f` @TFN. Als kbi`xcbi`s f` nbictbr`b ` cistrun`itbs rbsklfls.
[` kbabkli uicbi`s ea`xcoa`s plrl f`s-rcjcfczlr y f`sklrjlr t`iscbi`s n`kìickls `i al klü`rîl tlitb l al
`itrlfl f`a v`itcalfbr kbnb l al slacfl f`a ncsnb, sum`tls kbi lorlzlf`rls f` lk`rb cibxcfloa`.

  kbpalnc`itbs Ea`xcoa`s
@i abs fuktbs f` cnpuascûi y sukkcûi la v`itcalfbr s` kbabkli ea`xcoa`s plrl pbf`r lcsalr `a scst`nl f`
vcorlkcbi`s y sbackctlkcbi`s n`kìickls, kbi scst`nl f` sum`kcûi kbistrucfb `i lk`rb cibxcfloa`.

Tìjcil 0|8
 

[C[V@NL F@ KBIV_BA F@ BAB_@[

Klroûi Kltlaîtckb Nlrkl Ibrfck Zlt`r 
Nbf`ab IZLK[-L[-604
Klitcflf 4<
Kbistrukkcûi U`rtckla
Laturl f` al klnl 4.3< n.
[`itcfb f`a eaumb Pp eabw
Kbi`xcûi f` `itrlfl <04 nn.
Kbi`xcûi f` slacfl sup`rcbr <04 nn.
U@IVCALFB_ (< pbr `qucpb)
Nlrkl ‛ Nbf`ab Ibrfck Zlt`r / Lcrt`k
Tbt`ikcl ?.4 HT
Klitcflf 4< pbr `qucpb
Klufla 604 [KEN
Tr`scûi fce`r`ikcl f` f`sklrjl ;44 nn.k.l.
Nlt`rcla f` klrklzl y rbtbr 
Nlt`rcla f` ouhbi`rîl y `m` f`a rbtbr 
Muitls f` rbtbr y lflptlfbr`s
Lk`rb Cibx
[[ ;46
V`eaûi b i`bpr`i`

KL_OBI LKVCULFB KLVLACVCKB

Nlrkl
Ibrfck Zlt`r 
Vcpb Kltlaîtckb quînckln`it` cnpr`jilfb y p`aa`tczlfb
Jrlfb Jrlf`= Vyp` [VC-X/IZC-X f` brîj`i nci`rla
n ci`rla
Îifck` f` Cbfb, nîicnb f` ols` <444 nj/j
Fcìn`trb f`a p`aa`t 6 nn
Iýn`rb f` lorlscûi :0 nci.
Lfsbrkcûi f` K Ka6 Nlybr f` :4%
Fur`zl Nlybr l 30%
Kbit`icfb nìxcnb f` k`iczls <4%
F`iscflf lplr`it` 4,0-4,5 j/kn;
Ubaun`i tbtla f`a pbrb 4.84 KK/j
Or`lgthrbujh
Ìr`l sup`reckclaVcn`
304(L[VN
n?/j F-?8) 504 nci.
@nplqu`= Obasls f` lprbx. ?0 Gj b ;; gj.

;. KBI
KBIV_B
V_BAA F
F@@ BAB
BAB_@[
_@[ TB_ OCBEC
OCBECAV_
AV_B
B
@i `st` klsb al `acncilkcûi f` abs kbitlncilit`s pr`s`it`s `i `a lcr` s` kbiscju` n`fclit` `a trlolmb f`
uils olkt`rcls s`a`ktcvls qu` s` f`slrrbaali `i ui n`fcb (a`khb) l trlvãs f`a kula s` hlk` plslr al n`zkal f`
lcr` y jls.
Flfb abs kbst`s f` sustctukcûi f`a nlt`rcla y abs kbst`s f` cnpalitlkcûi f` al cistlalkcûi, `st` tcpb f` prbk`sb
tc`i` su klnpb f` lpacklkcûi `i cistlalkcbi`s f` hlstl lprbxcnlfln`it` 54.444 n»/h.

Tìjcil 5|8
 

@a prbk`sb s` f`slrrbaal f` al scjuc`it` nli`rl= `a lcr` vckclfb klptlfb `i klfl uib f` abs r`kcitbs, `s
`ivclfb pbr ui v`itcalfbr rlfcla, hlstl al kìnlrl f` lkbifckcbilnc`itb, fbif` `st` `s huncfcecklfb plrl
kr`lr als kbifckcbi`s f` trlolmb f` als kbabicls f` olkt`rcls.
Tbr ab j`i`rla `st` lkbifckcbilnc`itb s` kbiscju` `i uil tbrr`, fbif` s` fcsp`rsl ljul trltlfl f` al ncsnl
palitl.
F`spuãs f` s`r lkbifckcbilfb `a jls s` hlk` plslr l al kìnlrl f` fcstrcoukcûi f`a elasb ebifb f`a ecatrb plrl
pbst`rcbrn`it` plslr l al ocbnlsl fbif` s`rì trltlfb
@a nlt`rcla `npa`lfb (ocbnlsl) `s ui kbnpu`stb f` ecorls f` turol y lkunualkcûi f` fce`r`it`s ecorls f`
sbpbrt` `stlocaczlfbrls, qu` f`scit`jrli ocbaûjckln`it` als nlt`rcls eãtcfls, als kula`s s`rìi trlisebrnlfls
`i prbfuktbs cibe`iscvbs kbnb [ sustlikcl k`aualr +K4?+H?4.
@i `a klsb f` p`qu`ü
p`qu`üls
ls cistl
cistlalkcb
alkcbi`s
i`s al ocbnl
ocbnlsl
sl s` labml `i uils tbrr`
tbrr`ss paìstckls
paìstckls fcn`iscb
fcn`iscbilfls
ilfls l tla eci,
scncalr`s l als `npa`lfls plrl al f`sbfbrczlkcûi pbr klroûi lktcvb.
Kulifb s` trlt
trltll f` cistlalkc
cistlalkcbi`s
bi`s kbi klufla
klufla`s
`s f` kc`rt
kc`rtll `itcf
`itcflf,
lf, `a fcs`ü
fcs`übb f`a ocbecatr
ocbecatrbb s` `e`ktýl tbnlifb
kbnb ols` ui f`pûsctb r`ktlijualr loc`rtb pbr su plrt` sup`rcbr. Al ocbnlsl kbit`icfl `i `a ecatrb, `stì
kbabklfl sbor` ui `nplrrcaalfb f` nlt`rcla paìstckb, pbr fbif` plsl al kbrrc`it` f` lcr` l trltlr.
@s cnpbrtlit` n`ikcbilr qu`, flfl al kbnpr`scocacflf f`a nlt`rcla f` al ocbnlsl, al laturl f` `st` `i `a ecatrb

`stlrì lkbtlflf`l aluil

yl f`spbmlfl laturl f`
nlybrîl nìxcnl f` <,0 n. @a lcr` uil v`z hl plslfb pbr al ocbnlsl plsl l al ltnûse`rl
abs kbitlncilit`s.
@a scst`nl n`ikcbilfb `stì kbistrucfb plrl al bot`ikcûi f` ui r`ifcnc`itb `i al f`purlkcûi f`a lcr` f` ui
30-38 % Lsî qu`fl jlrlitczlfl al p`rk`pkcûi f` kbnpbi`it`s bfbrlit`s `i ui vlabr n`ibr l ?04 uicflf`s
baeltbnãtrckls.
[` f`o` f`stlklr qu` al pãrfcfl f` pr`scûi l trlvãs f` tbfb `a scst`nl f` ecatrlkcûi lskc`if` l ui prbn`fcb
f` 004 Tl, ab kula kbifuk` l ui kbisunb f` `i`rjîl `xtr`nlfln`it` olmb.
Tlrl j`i`rlr ui lnoc`it` prbpckcb plrl al f`jrlflkcûi olkt`rclil, lsî kbnb plrl j`i`rlr `a lrrlstr` f` als
sustlikcls f`rcvlfls `s i`k`slrcb `e`ktulr ui rbkclfb sup`reckcla f` al ocbnlsl kbi ljul kbi Th i`utrb. @a
ljul y abs suoprbfuktbs r`kbjcfbs `i al plrt` cie`rcbr f`a ecatrb sbi `ivclfbs l klo`k`rl f` palitl plrl su
trltlnc`itb.

Kbnb kbn`itlrcb j`i`rla s` f`o` f`kcr qu` al ocbnlsl, kbi `a plsb f`a tc`npb s` vl kbisbacflifb,
fcsnciuy`ifb lsî su klplkcflf f` kbit`i`r pboalkcûi olkt`rclil, pbr ui alfb, y kr`lifb klncibs pr`e`r`it`s
plrl `a plsb f`a jls, lun`itlifb lsî su v`abkcflf f` plsb y r`fukc`ifb pbr tlitb `a r`ifcnc`itb f`a
trltlnc`itb.
Tbr tlitb, p`rcûfckln`it` `s i`k`slrcb `e`ktulr ui r`klnocb f` al ocbnlsl, lprbv`khlifb fckhl bp`rlkcûi
plrl `a `spbimlnc`itb f` al `xcst`it`. Btrb f`tlaa` l t`i`r pr`s`it` `s qu`, plrl cistlalkcbi`s f` kc`rtl
cnpbrt
cnpbrtlik
likcl,
cl, s` `np
`npa`l
a`lii scst`n
scst`nls
ls loc`rt
loc`rtbs,
bs, fbi
fbif`
f` al ocb
ocbnlsl
nlsl `stì
`stì `i kbi
kbitlk
tlktb
tb kbi al ltn
ltnûse
ûse`rl
`rl,,
j`i`rìifbs` lsî rc`sjbs f` cik`ifcb, flfl al latl ciealnlocacflf f`a nlt`rcla.
@i kulitb l abs kbst`s f` `xpabtlkcûi s` trltl uil v`z nìs f` uil cistlalkcûi sunln`it` s`ikcaal, fbif` abs
kbst`s f` `xpabtlkcûi s` kcrkuiskrcocrìi la nlit`icnc`itb `a`ktrbn`kìickb f` abs `qucpbs cistlalfbs, y l abs
trlolmbs prbpcbs f` nlit`icnc`itb y kbst`s f`rcvlfbs f` al sustctukcûi f` al ocbnlsl y `i`rjãtckbs.

Tìjcil :|8
 

KP F_B KBNT _ VCUB F@ [C[V@N [ F@ KBIV_BA F@ BAB_@[

  at`riltcvls f` kbitrba f` babr`s
Krct`rcbs f` s`a`kkcûi   at`riltcvl <.   at`riltcvl ?.   at`riltcvl ;.
pbr Bzbib pbr Klroûi ktcvlfb pbr Ecatrb Ocbaûjckb
Ìr`l f` cistlalkcûi ?.04 n? 6.03 n? ?4.?6 n?
_`qu`rcnc`itb f` puitb ib ib sc
f` ljul
_`qu`rcnc`itb f` puitb 4.6 gw trceìsckb 6.0 gw 5.< gw trceìsckb
f` `a`ktrckcflf
T`rcbfb f` lrrliqu` ; fîls <0 fîls <4 s`nlils
Vc`npb f` `itr`jl 3 s`nlils 5 s`nlils <: s`nlils
Kbstb f` `qucpb $ 68,?34.44 $ 8;,<34.44 $ 3<,444.44
Kbstb f` cistlalkcûi $ <,?44.44 Cikaucfb $ :,;44.44

[`a`kkcûi f` scst`nl f` kbitrba f` babr`s

F`a kulfrb kbnplrltcvb als lat`riltcvls < y ? sbi r`kbn`ifloa`s f`sf` `a puitb f` vcstl f` kbstb. [ci
`nolrjb, kbiscf`rlifb `a tc`npb f` `itr`jl y `a r`qu`rcnc`itb f` ui puitb f` kbrrc`it` `aãktrckl trceìsckl, s`
r`kbnc`ifl al lfqucsckcûi f` al lat`riltcvl ?, qu` sbab r`quc`r` f` kbrrc`it` `aãktrckl nbibeìsckl.
Tbr tlitb, al lat`riltcvl s`a`kkcbilfl `s= Lat`riltcvl ?. [cst`nl f` kbitrba f` babr`s pbr Klroûi Lktcvlfb

Tìjcil 8|8