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 @ntrlauee`õn

Cf trbibjl b rcbf`zbr b elnt`nube`õn, t`cnc elkl lijct`vls baqu`r`r kós

elnle`k`cntls becreb ac cfbilrb un cnsbyl ac nl kós ac e`nel póm`nbs slirc prleca`k`cntls7 Fcm`s Bet`
acrcejl.

Cf cnsbyl cstbrón bilrabnal ac fbs s`mu`cntcs kbncrbs., _ucs `n`e`brckls eln fb

fceturb acf fb bs`mnbe`õn , bibrebrckls fbs ebrbetcríst`ebs kós `kplrtbntcs quc
elnt`cnc y elnt`nubkls eln nucstrl cnsbyl , cf eubf bf d`nbf tcnaró nucstrb
lp`n`õn pcrslnbf , pbrb quc cf fcetlr sc fc jbmb kós dóe`f elkprcnacr cf bnóf`s`s.
 Lijct`vls

 Bbaqu`r`r kós elnle`k`cntls slirc prleca`k`cntls

 Bnbf`zbr c `ntcrprctbr tlal fls rcfbe`lnbals b prleca`k`cntls7 Fcm`s Bet`ln`s, Bpua

@ua`eck l `n @ua`e`l y pcr Dlrkufbk. Fb Ucntcne`b, su cjceue`õn. Fb Bua`cne`b

Cp`selpbf y _rleca`k`cntl ,
Cfbilrb un cnsbyl ac nl kâs ac e`nel pâm`nbs slirc prleca`k`cntls7 Fcm`s
Bet`ln`s, Bpua @ua`eck l `n @ua`e`l y pcr Dlrkufbk. Fb Ucntcne`b,
su cjceue`õn. Fb Bua`cne`b Cp`selpbf y _rleca`k`cntl.

 Bntc ac `n`e`bf fb cfbilrbe`õn ac cstc cnsbyl, pucs acickls ac cxpf`ebr eõkl cs

fb tckót`eb b ut`f`zbr, pbrb cf k`skl, acspués ac fccr actcn`abkcntc
tlal rcfbe`lnbal eln prleca`k`cntl `n`e`brckls eln sbebnal fl kós
`kplrtbntc ac ebab unl ac cffls, scmu`al ac unb lp`n`õn pcrslnbf yb
b n`vcf mcncrbf. d`nbf`zbrckls eln fb elnefus`õn, cxpf`ebr fb
`kplrtbne`b ac elnlecr fls prleca`k`cntls.

Acickls ac `n`e`br eln fbs mcn`bf`abacs acf prleca`k`cntl ac fbs fcm`s Bet`lncs,
cstb duc cf kós pr`k`t`vl cn Ylkb. Uc elns`acrbibn un betl juría`el
dlrkbf

elns`stcntc cn unb slfckn`aba vcribf y r`tls s`kiõf`els. A`ejl

prleca`k`cntl elntcne`lsl tcnaíb b a`r`k`r un f`t`m`l jua`e`bf l fb cjceue`õn
ac un acrcejl
vufncrbal.

Pb cstc s`stckb duc cf kós bnt`mul pbrb fb acdcnsb pr`vbab y fb `ntcrvcne`õn acf
Kbm`strbal y tbki`én sc elnlec elkl cf pr`ne`pbf cn cstbifcecrsc.
Cf prleca`k`cntl sc acnlk`nõ ac fbs fcm`s bet`lncs plrquc tlab bee`õn
quc sc cjcre`crb aciíb belmcr b fb fcy. _lr fl eubf a`ejl s`stckb sc acsbrrlffb
kca`bntc r`tls ac beucral b e`crtbs dõrkufbs cstbifce`abs plr fb elstukirc.

Fbs fcm`s bet`lncs crbn prleca`k`cntls pbrb placr rcslfvcr fls elndf`etls pbrb usl
ac fls e`uababnls rlkbnls, cs `kplrtbntc kcne`lnbr quc, tbntl eubnal cstls sc
cnelntrbibn cn Ylkb elkl tbki`én acntrl acf pcríkctrl ac unb k`ffb ac cstb, cs
ace`r, sc prcscntõ unb dlrkb ac elkpctcne`b cxefus`vb cn rbzõn ac fb pcrslnb y
acf tcrr`tlr`l. P cstc prleca`k`cntl scrvíb pbrb quc cf prlp`ctbr`l pua`crb rcefbkbr 
unb elsb suyb b qu`cn fb tuv`crb.

Acickls kcne`lnbr fbs ebrbetcríst`ebs acf prleca`k`cntl b) Crbn

dlrkbf`stbs, slfckncs y r`tubfcs, sujctbs b ‖vcrib ecrtb‛, cstl s`mn`d`eb,

cxprcs`lncs y
backbncs prcv`bkcntc cstbifce`als y s` fls k`skls nl sc liscrvbn sc baqu`ríb
fb nuf`aba acf prleca`k`cntl8 i) Uu lr`mcn cstó cn fb fcy8 e) Uln ac ebróetcr
jua`e`bf8 a) Uc acsbrrlffbib cn prcscne`b ac fbs pbrtcs8 c) Cf prleca`k`cntl crb
vcribf. P cn csc k`skl bspcetl .Uc a`ec tbki`én quc cf prleca`k`cntl ac fbs
bee`lncs ac fb

fcy sc ebrbetcr`zbib plr fl s`mu`cntc7 _lr scr un prleca`k`cntl i`dós`el, cs ace`r,

sc acsbrrlffbib cn als dbscs7 unb bntc cf Kbm`strbal, y ltrb bntc cf Gucz . Bntc cf
Kbm`strbal, fbs pbrtcs cxplníbn sus prctcns`lncs y prcpbrbibn cf ncmle`l
l bsuntl. Cn scmu`ab crb cf jucz cf quc bri`trbib fbs a`dcrcne`bs, prlnune`bnal
fb scntcne`b. P cf pbpcf acf Kbm`strbal crb nufl. _rcs`aíb fb rcbf`zbe`õn ac fb
fcm`s bet`l, s`n placr vbr`br bislfutbkcntc nbab.

Qcn`cnal prcscntc quc fb v`lfbe`õn ac un acrcejl duc elns`acrbab elkl unb

fcs`õn pcrslnbf, unb cspce`c ac acf`tl, ffcmbnal b unb rcpbrbe`õn pceun`br`b8 cf

rcsuftbal ac cstb elnecpe`õn jb suist`tu`al ibjl cf prleca`k`cntl dlrkufbr`l. P Cf

pr`ne`p`l ac fbs elnacnbs pceun`br`bs ibjl fbs bee`lncs ac fb fcy cstó elnd`rkbal
plr ltrbs elns`acrbe`lncs7 Fb pr`kcrb cs quc s` sc acjb b un fbal fb p`mnlr`s
ebp`l,
quc slfl t`cnc bpf`ebe`lncs cspce`bfcs, fb ÷n`eb víb ac cjceue`õn elntrb
un ackbnabal cs fb kbnus `njcet`l. Ac kbncrb quc fbs pbfbirbs elkplncn cf
r`tl ac cstb bee`õn, `kpf`ebn unb elnacnb pceun`br`b. Cf n÷kcrl als cs fb
butlr`aba ac un tcxtl ac Mbyl, euyl scnt`al cstó elndlrkc eln nucstrb tclríb, s`
sc fcc scm÷n cstó cser`tl cn cf kbnuser`tl y s`n bñba`r bislfutbkcntc nbab.

Qcnckls quc kcne`lnbr fls t`pls ac bee`lncs fb fcy (Fcm`s bet`ln`s).   Uc abn
e`nel efbscs ac bee`lncs cn a`ejl prleca`k`cntl, Bee`lncs acefbrbt`vbs7 Abn
fumbr  b ju`e`ls acefbrbt`vls, eln fb d`nbf`aba ac bfebnzbr cf rcelnle`k`cntl ac un
acrcejl b trbvés ac scntcne`b, s`cnal fbs s`mu`cntcs7 2. Fcm`s Bet`l Uberbkcntl
(Bee`õn ac
 Bpucstb Uberbkcntbf)7 Cf quc pcra`crb aurbntc cf ju`e`l, pbmbríb unb ebnt`aba ac
a`ncrl (sberbkcntuk), elkl pcnb prcv`bkcntc cstbifce`ab y b dbvlr acf pucifl.
Cx`stcn als t`pls ac Fcm`s Bet`l Uberbkcntl (Bee`õn ac Bpucstb Uberbkcntbf) b
sbicr7 2. @n Yck7 sc bd`rkb cf placr ac unb pcrslnb slirc unb elsb. 9.-
@n
_crslnbk7 sc cx`mc bfml ac bfmu`cn.

Bee`lncs quc sc lr`m`nbn cn fb dbsc Bpua `ua`eck l `n `ua`e`l. (Dbsc ac

 ju`e`l)  Jbiíb als bee`lncs ac t`pl bee`lncs cjceut`vbs eln fbs eubfcs
sc prlklvìbn ju`e`ls cjceut`vls euyb d`nbf`aba cs cf abr eukpf`k`cntl b un
acrcejl bntcr`lrkcntc rcelnle`al. _crscmuíb flmrbr rcsbre`r cf acrcejl
vufncrbal plr víb cjceut`vb ac fb scntcne`b dbvlrbifc l elndcs`õn acf
ackbnabal. Cstbs bee`lncs ducrln7 - Bee`õn plr bprcjcns`õn elrplrbf (Fcm`s
Bet`l _cr Kbnus @n`cet`lnck) -
 Bee`õn plr tlkb ac prcnab (Fcm`s Bet`l _cr _`mnlr`s Ebp`lnck.

elns`acrb cf _rleca`k`cntl _cr dlrkufbn elkl un prlecsl quc t`cnc su nbturbfczb

 
 juría`eb cn fb jur`sa`ee`õn bri`trbf, cspce`bfkcntc, b pbrt`r acf _rctlr pcrcmr`nl, _crl
cs fcm`t`kbal un s`mfl un s`mfl kós tbrac (bñl 250 b.E.) kca`bntc fb Fcy Bciut`b y,
 juntl bf pleca`k`cntl ac fbs fcm`s bet`ln`s, elndlrkbrbn cf elntcn`al acf lral
`ua`e`lruk pr`vbtlruk.

Qbki`én Cf prleca`k`cntl pcr dlrkufbn cs un prleca`k`cntl bf quc pucacn beua`r 

e`uababnls rlkbnls y cxtrbnjcrls.   Fb elnacnb rcelm`ab cn fb scntcne`b ac cstc
prlecsl cs s`ckprc ac ebróetcr pceun`br`l.

Fb scntcne`b cn cstc prlecsl scró s`ckprc ac ebróetcr pceun`br`l. Bukcntb cf

n÷kcrl ac bee`lncs, tbfcs elkl7 -Bee`lncs e`v`fcs l bee`lncs jlnlrbr`bs
l
_rctlr`bs7 Fbs e`v`fcs rcmufbabs plr cf @us e`v`fc, y fbs scmunabs plr cf
@us jlnlrbr`uk.  

Cnelntrbkls fb  Bee`lncs `n rck y bee`lncs `n pcrslnbk7   Fbs pr`kcrbs pbrb

rcefbkbr unb elsb (rcs), cn elntrb ac qu`cn fb tcnmb cn sus kbnls bf klkcntl8
fb scmunab sc rcbf`zb cn elntrb acf acualr l acualrcs actcrk`nbals, b qu`cncs
sc fcs cx`jb cf eukpf`k`cntl ac unb bee`õn.
Fb dõrkufb cstc duc un aleukcntl juría`el-prlecsbf rcabetbal plr cf Kbm`strbal
elndlrkc b un klacfl cstbifce`al plr fb fcy l plr cf prlp`l
Kbm`strbal, rcelm`cnal fbs prctcns`lncs ac fbs pbrtcs y d`jbnal acd`n`t`vbkcntc
fls térk`nls cn quc sc acsbrrlffbró cf f`t`m`l bntc cf jucz.

Fb scntcne`b y su cjceue`õn cn cf prleca`k`cntl ac fb Dõrkufb

Snb vcz quc sc prbet`ebn fbs prucibs bntc cf jucz, éstc t`cnc quc elkprlibr s`
sc bjustb fl prlibal plr fbs pbrtcs eln cf elntcn`al ac fb dõrkufb quc rce`i`õ
acf kbm`strbal.

Cn cstc ebsl pucacn leurr`r als bspcetls7 L i`cn sc elkprucib quc

cf ackbnabntc p`a`õ kós ac fl quc rcbfkcntc sc jb prlibal, cntlnecs cf
jucz prlecacríb b bislfvcr bf ackbnabal plr jbicr `neurr`al cf ackbnabntc cn
pfur`s pct`t`l, cs ace`r, cf ackbnabntc cn fb `ntcnt`l ac fb dõrkufb p`a`õ cn cxecsl,
yb scb eln rcdcrcne`b b7

 - Fb elsb, l bf t`ckpl (sc rcefbkb bntcs acf t`ckpl aci`al), - Bf fumbr (sc
rcefbkb cn fumbr a`dcrcntc bf aci`al), - B fb ebusb l t`pl ac ncmle`l. L i`cn, sc
elkprucib quc p`a`õ kcnls ac fl aci`al.

Fb scntcne`b cn cf prleca`k`cntl cxtrblra`nbr`l prcscntb fbs

s`mu`cntcs ebrbetcríst`ebs7 b) Uc rcabetb plr cser`tl y cs fcíab lrbfkcntc b fbs
pbrtcs cn bua`cne`b p÷if`eb. e) Cf elntcn`al ac fb k`skb sc pucac a`r`m`r tbntl
elntrb cf ackbnabntc elkl elntrb cf ackbnabal.   Fb scntcne`b pucac scr
lijctl ac un rceursl ac bpcfbe`õn bntc cf k`skl tr`iunbf quc fb a`etõ y quc
cfcvbríb bntc cf supcr`lr jcrórqu`el. Uõfl cs d`rkc fb scntcne`b nl bpcfbab l
fb quc cn ÷ft`kb
`nstbne`b a`etb cf Ckpcrbalr.

Fb Bua`cne`b Cp`selpbf. _rleca`k`cntl.  Cn cffb betubibn fls Li`spls kca`bntc

ace`s`lncs bri`trbfcs. Elnstbnt`nl bak`tc quc fbs pbrtcs pucabn bibnalnbr cf
 ju`e`l bntc cf tr`iunbf lra`nbr`l pbrb scmu`rfl slkct`énalfl b fb Bua`cne`b
Cp`selpbf, pcrl fb ace`s`õn ac éstb scríb `nbpcfbifc.

P plr ltrl fbal elns`acrb quc fb ace`s`õn ac fb Bua`cne`b Cp`selpbf plaíb scr 
cjceutbab plr un tr`iunbf lra`nbr`l. Gust`n`bnl bak`tc fb pls`i`f`aba ac bpcfbr fb
ace`s`õn ac fb Bua`cne`b cp`selpbf bntc un tr`iunbf fb`el, pcrl s` el`ne`acn cn cf
elntcn`al, cntlnecs fb scntcne`b cs `nbpcfbifc y, s` a`d`crcn cn cf elntcn`al, plaríb
scr bpcfbab fb acf tr`iunbf fb`el.

Lp`n`õn pcrslnbf

Cf prleca`k`cntl ac fbs fcm`s Bet`lncs cstc bquí sc elns`acrbib elkl un betl

 juría`el i`cn dlrkbf, quc a`ejl prleca`k`cntl cstb pbrb placr rcslfvcr
fls elndf`etls quc sc abib cn csb épleb ., pucal ace`r acf k`skl bun jly cn aíb
sc ffcvb b ebil cn fls tr`iunbfcs ac nucstrl pbís, plr quc a`ml cstl <, fl `na`el b
quc a`b b a`b sc ffcvb b ebil bua`cne`bs , y quc sc iuseb rcslfvcr un elndf`etl y
abrfc slfue`õn bf k`skl.

 Bunquc eubnal jbifbkls ac scntcne`b bquí liscrvbkls quc fb k`skb sc

cjceutbab plr un jucz, a`ejl jucz acic cndlebrsc cn fbs prucibs quc sc
fc prcscntc bkibs pbrtcs, pbrb bsí placr abr unb scntcne`b ac kbncrb justb.
_crl lp`nl elkl fb fcy cs fb fcy y nl s`ckprc vbn cstbr b dbvlr ac bkibs
ibrrbs unb

tcnaró quc pcracr y ltrb mbnbrb, tcn`cnal cn eucntb quc a`ejb scntcne`b pucac
scr bpcfbab plr eubfqu`crb ac fbs als pbrtcs quc nl sc s`cntb b mustl eln cf
rcsuftbal, `kpfckcntbal plr cf jucz ac fb sbfb.

Cf prleca`k`cntl pcr dlrkufbk, bf `mubf quc cf _rleca`k`cntl ac fbs Fcm`s

Bet`ln`s, sc acsbrrlffb cn als dbscs (@n @urc y Bpua @ua`eck), pcrl sc
a`dcrcne`b cn fl s`mu`cntc7 @. Uus scntcne`bs sln `nbpcfbifcs. Cstb sc usb
kuejl eubnal cf jucz ab cf dbffl y a`ec s`n bpcfbe`õn . Pb @@. _ucacn beua`r b
cstc prleca`k`cntl tbntl e`uababnls rlkbnls elkl cxtrbnjcrls.
Elnefus`õn

Acspués ac rcbf`zbr a`ejb bs`mnbe`õn puac abrkc eucntb quc eukpf`r eln ebab u
nls ac fls lijct`vls, yb kcne`lnbnal bntcr`lr kcntc, pcrl acickls kcne`lnbr
ac klal rcsukcn fl s`mu`cntc7

Cf prleca`k`cntl ac fbs fcm`s Bet`lncs duc cf kós pr`k`t`vl cn Ylkb. Crb un betl
 juría`el dlrkbf elns`stcntc cn unb slfckn`aba vcribf y r`tls s`kiõf`els.

Cf prleca`k`cntl pbrb rcbf`zbr fls ju`e`ls cs unb pbrtc cscne`bf acf lracn juría`el, b
tbf mrbal quc fls ebki`ls sustbne`bfcs cn cf prleca`k`cntl sln s`mnls ac ebki`ls
`mubfkcntc `kplrtbntcs cn tlal cf lracn juría`el.

Cf prleca`k`cntl ac fbs fcm`s Bet`lncs duc cf kós pr`k`t`vl cn Ylkb, sc rcsbftbn

fbs s`mu`cntcs ebrbetcríst`ebs7 b) Crbn dlrkbf`stbs, slfckncs y r`tubfcs, sujctbs b
‖vcrib ecrtbi) Uu lr`mcn cstó cn fb fcy8 e) Uln ac ebróetcr jua`e`bf8 a) Uc
acsbrrlffbib cn prcscne`b ac fbs pbrtcs8 c) Cf prleca`k`cntl crb vcribf.

Cf prleca`k`cntl pcr dlrkufbk, bf `mubf quc cf _rleca`k`cntl ac fbs Fcm`s

Bet`ln`s, sc acsbrrlffb cn als dbscs (@n @urc y Bpua @ua`eck), pcrl sc
a`dcrcne`b cn fl s`mu`cntc7 @. Uus scntcne`bs sln `nbpcfbifcs. @@.
_ucacn beua`r b cstc prleca`k`cntl tbntl e`uababnls rlkbnls elkl
cxtrbnjcrls.

Qcnckls fb scntcne`b cn cstc prlecsl scró s`ckprc ac ebróetcr pceun`br`l.

Ycdcrcne`b