Wu`os Jopfto ^hbhjto Lhiotebe`f

Geshk 3 Vouifb Donlkf tokgcuk`aubu,^.^W.,I.Jhs

Okhifo Iojresftfj 
(Ghdfsfhksf A?1 gok Osoi Debot)

EBHL 3

Jhbeipej FT

Iosfto ]E0?71=>1=1=?7

Qoliotfyol ]E0?71=>1=1=?6

^u`fortf ]E0?71=>1=1=18

Obfvo Oubfo ]E0?71=>?0?==7

Fkgrf Qoioglokf ]E0?71=>?0?=?8

 Kevfo Oiobfol Orfdof ]E0?71=>?0?=14

]E0?71=>?0?=14

Qfvobge ]rotoio Fsiofb ]E0?71=>?0?=>4

Subiowolyukf ]E0?71=>?0?=74

GFT WHJKEBE@F BOAEQOWEQFXI IHGF^

]EBWHJJH^ JHIHKJH^ IOJO^^OQ 
1=1=

?
 

1
 

JOWO ]HK@OKWOQ 

]ucf syujur jhlogfrot

jhlogfrot Wulok Vok` Iolo Hso yok` thbol ihiahrf
ihiahrf toudfj,
toudfj,
lfgoy
lfgoyol
ol,, sh
shrt
rtoo fkoy
fkoyol
ol-K
-Kyo
yo sh
shlf
lfk`
k``o
`o jf
jfto
to sh
shiu
iuoo iosf
iosfl
l af
afso
so ah
ahro
rojt
jtfv
fvft
ftos
os
shao`ofioko shphrtf afosokyo thriosuj cu`o ghk`ok phkubfs, shlfk``o phkubfs
go
gopo
pott ihky
ihkyhb
hbhs
hsof
ofjo
jok
k tu`o
tu`oss phiauo
phiauoto
tok
k iojob
iojobol
ol yok`
yok` ah
ahrc
rcug
ugub
ub ‒Okhi
‒Okhifo
fo
Iojresftfj ’ .
Goboi
Goboi iojobo
iojobol
l fkf,
fkf, ihiaolo
ihiaoloss thktok
thktok`
` phk`hrt
phk`hrtfok
fok okhifo
okhifo,, ihiaol
ihiaolos
os
 phk`hrtfok okhifo iojresftfj, phkyhaoa gok phk`eaotokkyo. Iojobol fkf
gfsusuk o`or poro phiaono afso ihkoiaol wowosok shrto ihiphrbuos fbiu
 phk`htoluok yok` ogo ihk`hkof okhifo.

]hkubfs ihkyogorf aolwo iosfl aokyoj jhjurok`ok yok` ihkgosor pogo

iojobol fkf. Ebhl jorhko ftu phkyusuk ihk`ukgok` phiaono uktuj ihiahrfjok
soro
sorok
k sh
shrt
rtoo jrft
jrftfj
fj yok`
yok` gopot
gopot ihia
ihiaok`
ok`uk
uk uktuj
uktuj go
gopot
pot ihip
ihiphr
hraof
aofjf
jf tu
tu`o
`oss
iojobo
iojobol
l shbokc
shbokcutk
utkyo.
yo. Gok shie`o
shie`o iojobo
iojobol
l fkf afso
afso ahriok
ahriokdoo
doott uktuj
uktuj por
poroo
 phiaono gok ihiphrbuos wowosok ihk`hkof iotorf yok` joif aowojok shrto
shbuj ahbujkyo. Gok tfgoj bupo phrielekok iood gorf phkubfs opoafbo thrgopot
jhjurok`ok gok jhsobolok goboi ahktuj opopuk yok` thrgopot goboi iojobol
fkf.

^fgrop,=7 Ejteahr 1=1=

WWG

Jhbeipej FT
 

 
 GODWOQ F^F

JOWO ]HK@OKWOQ ...........................................................................
........................................................................... f
GODWOQ F^F......
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
....................
................
... ff

AOA F ]HKGO
]HKGOLXB
LXBXOK
XOK......
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
...............
......................
.............. ?
O. Botor Ahbojok`....
Ahbojok`...........
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
........................
................................
.............. ?
A. Quiusok
Quiusok Iosobol.....
Iosobol...........
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
....... 1
N. Wucuok.......
Wucuok.............
.............
..............
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..............
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..............
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................
... 1
AOA FF ]HIAOL
]HIAOLO^O
O^OK.....
K...........
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O. ]hk`hr
]hk`hrtfo
tfok
k Okhifo..
Okhifo......
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A. ]hk`hr
]hk`hrtfo
tfok
k Okhifo
Okhifo Iojres
Iojresftf
ftfj
j ...
.......
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N. Okhifo
Okhifo Ghdfsfhks
Ghdfsfhksff A?1..........
A?1.................
..............
..............
.............
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................................
..................... ??

G. Okhifo
Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf
Ghdfsfhksf Osoi Debot......
Debot.............
..............
.............
..........................
...............................
........... ?8
H. @hcobo
@hcobo gok Dojter
Dojter phky
phkyhao
haoa
a okhifo
okhifo ... .......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..... ?7
D. ]h
]hih
ihrf
rfjs
jsoo
ook
k gok phk`e
phk`eaot
aotok
ok ok
okhi
hifo
fo……
…………
…………
……….
…. ....
.......
.....
.....
......
..... ?0

AOA FT ]HK
]HKXWX
XWX]....
]..........
.............
..............
.............
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.......... ?<
O. Jhsfipubok..
Jhsfipubok........
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A. ^orok.
^orok....
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Godtor ]ustojo.................................................................................
]ustojo.......................................................................................
...... 1=

ff

AOA F
 ]HKGOLXBXOK
O. Boto
Botorr Ahbo
Ahbojo
jok`
k`
Jhjurok`ok zot ahsf gopot ihkfiaubjok `ok``uok otou loiaotok
 pogo phrtuiaulok, aofj shb tuaul ioupuk shb etoj. Jhjurok`ok jogor La
goboi gorol gopot ihkfiaubjok
ihkfiaubjok `hcobo bhsu, bhiol,
bhiol, bhtfl,
bhtfl, bhbol gok nhpot
bu
bupo
po.. Ojfa
Ojfaot
otky
kyoo go
gopo
pott ihku
ihkuru
rukj
kjok
ok pr
prhs
hstos
tosff ah
ahboc
bocor
or,, eb
ebol
ol ro
ro`o
`o go
gok
k
 pregujtfdftos jhrco. ^hbofk ftu okhifo `fzf ahsf ojok ihkurukjok goyo
tolok tuaul gok ihk`ojfaotjok iugol thrjhko fkdhjsf
Okhifo ogobol phkyojft gorol yok` shrfk` gfthiujok. Ahahropo
ok
okhi
hifo
fo ihif
ihifbf
bfjf
jf ph
phky
kyoj
ojft
ft go
gosor
sorky
kyo.
o. Okhi
Okhifo
fo af
afso
so gf
gfjb
jbosf
osfdf
dfjo
josf
sfjo
jok
k
 ahrgosorjok ahktuj otou ierdebe`f 
ierdebe`f shb gorol ihr
hrool, htfebe`f yok`
htfebe`f yok`
ihkgosorf,
ihkgosorf, gok phkoipojok
phkoipojok jbfkfs.
jbfkfs. ]hkyhaoa okhifo yok` pobfk` shrfk`
ogobol
ogobol phrgor
phrgorolo
olok
k yok`
yok` ahrbha
ahrbhaflo
flok,
k, rusojk
rusojkyo
yo shb gorol
gorol ihrol
ihrol shnoro
shnoro
 ahrbhaflok lhiebfsfs 
lhiebfsfs otou
otou jh
jhju
jurok
rok`o
`ok
k ph
phia
iahk
hktu
tujo
jok
k shb go
gorol
rol ihrol
ihrol
( lhiotepefhsfs yok`
lhiotepefhsfs yok` tfgoj hdhjtfd).
Okhifo gfghdfkfsfjok shao`of ahrjurok`kyo ? otou bhafl poroihthr 
shb gorol ihrol3 jekshk- trosf lhie`beafk, lhiotejrft otou cuibol shb
gorol ihrol. Ihkurut jrfthrfo PLE okhifo
okhifo ogobol jogor lhie`beafk
lhie`beafk gf
 aowol ?> `% pogo prfo gok gf aowol ?1 `% pogo wokfto.? Ahrgosorjok
jrfthrfo PLE yok` gfrhvfsf/ jrfth- rfo Kotfekob Noknhr Fkstftuth, okhifo
ogobol jogor lhie`beafk
lhie`beafk gf aowol ?7 `% pogo prfo gok gf aowol ?1 `%
 pogo wokfto. Jrfthrfo fkf gf`ukojok uktuj hvobuosf okhifo pogo phk- ghrfto
ghk`ok jh`okosok.? Okhifo ihrupojok tokgo ogokyo phkyojft. Okhifo
shbobu ihru- pojok jhogook tfgoj keriob gok lorus gfnorf phkyhaoakyo.
Okoikhsfs, phihrfjsook df sfj gok phihrfjsook boaeroterfui shghrloko
 ahr`uko goboi hvobuosf phkghrfto okhifo.
^herok` posfhk gfjotojok okhifo afbo
jekshktrosf lhie`beafk 
lhie`beafk (La) kyo jurok` gorf ?>,8 `/gB
otou lhiotejrft (Lnt)
lhiotejrft (Lnt) jurok` gorf 7?% pogo bojf-bojf, gok jekshktrosf La
jurok` gorf ??,8 `/gB otou Lnt jurok` gorf >4% pogo phrhipuok.

Okhifo thrcogf jorhko ihkurukkyo jogor lhie`beafk yok` thrfjot

  pogo shb hrytresft otou cuibol hrytresft yok` ihk`fjot lhie`beafk jurok`.
]hkyhaoakyo gopot ebhl jorhko jh`o`obok preshs syktlhsfs otou juobftos
lhie`beafk
lhie`beafk gok hrytresft
hrytresft yok` gflosfbjok tfgoj shipurko,
shipurko, phihnolok
hrytresft oakeriob, jhlfbok`ok gorol iosfd, fktojh kutrfhkt jurok` otou
ihrupojok phkyojft shjukghr ojfaot phkyojft bofk.
Ahrg
Ahrgos
osor
orjo
jok
k ierd
ierdeb
ebe`
e`ff gok
gok uj
ujur
urok
ok sh
shbb hryt
hrytlr
lres
esft
ft,, ok
okhi
hifo
fo
gfjbosf
gfjbosfdfj
dfjosfj
osfjok
ok ihkcog
ihkcogf3
f3 Okhifo
Okhifo ifjresf
ifjresftfj
tfj,, okhifo
okhifo keries
keriesftf
ftfj
j gok
okhifo iojresftfj .
.
A. Quiu
Quiuso
sok
k Ios
Iosob
obol
ol
?. Opo
Opo yok`
yok` gf ioj
iojsu
sug
g ghk
ghk`o
`ok
k okhi
okhifo5
fo5
1. Opo
Opo iojs
iojsug
ug go
gorf
rf okh
okhif
ifoo Io
Iojr
jres
esft
ftfj
fj 5
>. Opo
Opo yok`
yok` gfio
gfiojs
jsug
ug ghdf
ghdfsf
sfhk
hksf
sf A?1
A?1 5
7. Opoyok
Opoyok`
` gfiojs
gfiojsug
ug ghdfsf
ghdfsfhksf
hksf osoi debot5
debot5
8. Ao`ofi
Ao`ofioko
oko `hco
`hcobo
bo gok dojter
dojter phky
phkyhao
haoa
a okhifo
okhifo iojr
iojresf
esftfj
tfj 5
4. Opo
Opo phih
phihrfj
rfjsoo
sook
k gfosk
gfoske`
e`tf
tfj
j okhi
okhifo5
fo5

N. Wucu
Wucuok
ok Ios
Iosob
obol
ol
?. Ihk`ht
Ihk`htolu
olu opo yok`
yok` gf
gf iojs
iojsug
ug ghk`ok
ghk`ok okhifo
okhifo
1. Ihk`ht
Ihk`htolu
oluff opo
opo iojsu
iojsug
g gorf
gorf okhifo
okhifo Iojres
Iojresftf
ftfj
j
>. Ihk`ht
Ihk`htolu
oluff opo
opo yok`
yok` gfiojs
gfiojsug
ug ghdfs
ghdfsfhk
fhksf
sf A?1
A?1
7. Ihk`ht
Ihk`htolu
oluff opo yok`
yok` gfiojs
gfiojsug
ug ghdf
ghdfsfhk
sfhksf
sf osoi
osoi debot
debot
8. Ihk`ht
Ihk`htolu
oluff ao`ofiok
ao`ofiokoo `hcobo
`hcobo gok dojter
dojter phkyha
phkyhaoa
oa okhifo
okhifo iojres
iojresftf
ftfj
j
4. Ihk`ht
Ihk`htolu
oluff opo
opo phihr
phihrfjs
fjsook
ook gfoske
gfoske`tf
`tfj
j okhif
okhifoo

AOA FF
 ]HIAOLO^OK
O. ]hk`hrtfok Okhifo

Okhi
Okhifo
fo otou
otou ao
aolo
loso
so Vuko
Vukokf
kf ah
ahro
rortf
rtf to
tokp
kpoo go
gorol
rol,, yo
yok`
k` og
ogob
obol
ol
 phkyojft tokpo gorol yok` gftokgof ghk`ok jogor Lhie`beafk ‒La’ gok
shb gorol ihrol ‒hrftresft’ bhafl rhkgol gfaokgfk`jok keriob. Okhifo
shnoro duk`sfekob gfghdfkfsfjok
gfghdfkfsfjok shao`of phkurukok
phkurukok cuibol iosso hrftresft
‒rhg
‒rhg nhbb
nhbb ioss
ioss’’ sh
shlf
lfk`
k``o
`o tfgo
tfgoj
j go
gopo
pott ih
ihih
ihku
kulf
lf du
duk`
k`sf
sfky
kyoo uk
uktu
tuj 
j 
ihia
ihiaow
owoo ejsf
ejsf`h
`hk
k gobo
goboi
i cuib
cuibol
ol yo
yok`
k` nu
nuju
jup
p jh co
corf
rfk`
k`ok
ok ph
phrf
rfdh
dhr 
r 
‒p
‒phk
hkur
uruk
ukok
ok ex
exy`
y`hk
hk no
norf
rfk`
k` nopon
noponft
fty’,
y’, yo
yok`
k` shnoro
shnoro pr
proj
ojtf
tfss ok
okhi
hifo
fo
gftukcujjok ebhl phkurukok jogor lhie`beafk, jhiugfok lhiotejrft.
Lhie
Lhie`b
`bea
eafk
fk go
gopo
pott ‒ihi
‒ihiao
aowo
wo’’ ej
ejsf`
sf`hk
hk jo
jorh
rhko
ko gf go
gobo
boik
ikyo
yo
thrg
thrgop
opot
ot zot ah
ahsf
sf (Dh)
(Dh) yo
yok`
k` ah
ahrdu
rduk`
k`sf
sf ihko
ihkok`
k`jo
jop
p ej
ejsf
sf`h
`hk.
k. ^h
^hth
thbo
bol
l
‒ihkok`jop’
‒ihkok`jop’ ejsf`hk, Lhie`
Lhie`beafk
beafk ojok ihiaowoky
ihiaowokyoo gorf poru-poru
poru-poru
ihkucu
ihkucu shburul
shburul shb, bobu goboi “phrcobokok
“phrcobokok pubok`‖,
pubok`‖, lhie`beaf
lhie`beafk
k ahrsoio
ahrsoio
Dh ojok ihkok`jop joraek iekejsfgo gok ihiaowokyo jhiaobf gorf shb
ihkucu poru-poru.
Ihkurut
Ihkurut Worwete
Worwete (1==0)
(1==0) Okhifo
Okhifo fobol jekgfsf ahrjurok`kyo
ahrjurok`kyo shb
gorol
gorol ihrol
ihrol ‒hrftes
‒hrftesft
ft goboi
goboi sfrjubo
sfrjubosf
sf gorol
gorol otou iosso
iosso lhie`b
lhie`beaf
eafk,
k,
shlfk``o tfgoj ioipu ihihkulf duk`sfkyo shao`of phiaowo ejsf`hk jh
shbur
shburul
ul corfk
corfk`o
`ok.
k. Gok
Gok ihku
ihkuru
rutt ph
phkg
kgop
opot
ot Orfsi
Orfsiok
ok (1
(1==
==0)
0) Okhi
Okhifo
fo
ihrupo
ihrupojok
jok jhogoo
jhogook
k ihkuru
ihkurukky
kkyoo jogor
jogor lhie`b
lhie`beaf
eafk,
k, lhiote
lhiotejrf
jrftt gok
 cuibol shb gorol ihrol gf aowol kfbof keriob. Okhifo thrcogf shao`of
oj
ojfa
faot
ot go
gorf
rf gh
ghdfs
dfsfh
fhks
ksff sobol
sobol sotu
sotu otou
otou ah
ahah
ahrop
ropoo uk
uksu
surr iojo
iojoko
kok
k yo
yok`
k`
hshksfob yok` gopot ihiphk`orulf tfiaubkyo ghdfsfhksf thrshaut.
A. ]hk`hrt
]hk`hrtfok
fok Okhifo
Okhifo Iojresftf
Iojresftfj
j
Jbosfdfjosf Okhifo ^hnoro ierdebe`fs, okhifo gopot gfjbosfdfjosfjok
ihkurut ujurok shb gok lhie`beafk yok` gfjokguk`kyo.

?. Iojresftfj
]o
]ogo
go okhi
okhifo
fo iojr
iojres
esft
ftfj
fj uj
ujur
urok
ok sh
shbb go
goro
rol
l ihro
ihrol
l
 ahrtoiaol ahsor gok cuibol lhie`beafk tfop shb cu`o
 ahrtoiaol. Ogo guo chkfs okhifo iojresftfj yoftu 3

>

- Okhi
Okhifo
fo Ih`o
Ih`obe
beab
abos
ostf
tfj
j og
ogob
obol
ol jh
jhju
juro
rok`
k`ok
ok
 vftoifk A?1, osoi debot gok `ok``uok sfkthsfs
GKO.
- Okhifo Kek Ih`obeabostfj ogobol hrftrepebhsfs
yok` gfphrnhp
hpoot gok phkfk`jotok buos
 phriujook ihiarok
1. Ifjresf
sfttfj
Ihk`hnfbkyo ujurok shb gorol ihrol yok` gfshaoajok
ebhl ghdfsfhksf ahsf, `ok``uok
`ok``uok sfkthsfs `beafk,
`beafk, perdfrfk gok
lhih shrto `ok``uok ihtoaebfsih ahsf bofkkyo.
>. Kerie
riesftfj
]ogo okhifo keriesftfj ujurok shb gorol ihrol tfgoj 
 ahruaol, fkf gfshaoajok jhlfbok`ok gorol yok` porol,
ihkfk`jotkyo vebuih pbosio shnoro ahrbhaflok, phkyojft-
 phkyojft lhiebftfj, `ok``uok
`ok``uok hkgejrfk, `fkcob, gok lotf.

Okhifo Iojresftfj ihrupojok okhifo ghk`ok jorojthrfstf INT

gfotos ?== dB. Okhifo iojresftfj

iojresftfj gopot gfshaoajok
gfshaoajok ebhl ?,4 phkfk`jotok
phkfk`jotok
rhtfjubesft. ]hkfk`jotok INT ihrupojok jorojthrfstfj keriob rhtfjubesft.
^h
^hiu
iuoo jhog
jhogoo
ook
k yok`
yok` ihky
ihkyha
haoa
oajo
jok
k ph
phkf
kfk`
k`jo
joto
tok
k rh
rhtf
tfju
jube
besf
sftt oj
ojok
ok
ihiahrfjok `oiaorok phkfk`jotok INT, ihtoaebfsih oakeriob osoi
kujbhot pogo prhjurser shb gorol ihrol ( ghdfsfhksf debot otou neaoboifk,
eaot eaot yok` ihk``ok``u sfkthso osoi kujbhot3
zfgevugfk
zfgevugfkh,lfg
h,lfgrejsfu
rejsfurho),
rho), `ok``uok
`ok``uok ioturosf
ioturosf shb gorol ihrol (sfkgrei
(sfkgrei
ifhbegfspbo
ifhbegfspbosfo,
sfo, bhujhifo
bhujhifo ojut),
ojut), gok phk``ukook
phk``ukook objeleb phkyojft
phkyojft lotf
Lfpetfrefgfsih.

Iojresf
Iojresftfj
tfj ahrortf
ahrortf ujurok
ujurok hrftre
hrftresftk
sftkyo
yo ahsor.
ahsor. Afosok
Afosokyo
yo jorhko
jorhko
 preshs phiotok`ok hrftresftkyo tfgoj shipurko gf suisui tubok`. Jobou
hrftresft yok` iotok`, ujurokkyo ojok shiojfk jhnfb, topf jorhko tfgoj 
ioto
iotok
k`, toi
toipoj
ojbo
bol
l fo ahso
ahsor.
r. ]hk
hky
yha
haoa
oak
kyo afso
fso jor
orhk
hkoo aol
aolok
 phiotok`okkyo tfgoj nujup, ifsobkyo pogo ghdfsfhksf osoi debot gok
vftoif
vftoifk
k A?1.
A?1. Otou
Otou afso
afso cu`o
cu`o jorhko
jorhko `ok``u
`ok``uok
ok lhpor,
lhpor, leriek
leriekob
ob otou
otou
`ok``uok
`ok``uok suisui tubok`
tubok` goboi leiepefhsfs
leiepefhsfs ftu shkgfrf.
shkgfrf. ]reguj
]reguj yok`
gflosfbjok ojfaot `ok``uok fkf ahrupo hrftresft iojresftfj (INT ; ?==db)
yok` iugol phnol. Nektel3 okhifo ih`obeabostfj .

Okhifoo fkf gfshaoajok

Okhif gfshaoajok jorhk
jorhkoo jhjurok`ok
jhjurok`ok vftoifk A?1 (okhifo
(okhifo
  phrkfsfeso). ^hbofk zot ahsf, suisui tubok` ihihrbujok vftoifk A?1 gok
osoi debot uktuj ihk`losfbjok shb gorol ihrol. Cfjo jhjurok`ok sobol
sotu gorfkyo, afso thrcogf okhifo ih`obeabostfj. ]ogo okhifo chkfs fkf,
suisui tubok` ihk`losfbjok shb gorol ihrol yok` ahsor gok oakersftfiob
(ih`obeabos). ^hb gorol putfl gok treiaesft cu`o afosokyo oakeriob.
Okhifo ih`obeabostfj pobfk` shrfk` gfshaoajok ebhl jhjurok`ok
vftoifk A?1 gok osoi debot goboi iojokok otou jhtfgojioipuok uktuj 
ihkyhrop vftoifk thrshaut. Jogok` okhifo fkf gfshaoajok ebhl eaot-eaot
thrthktu yok` gf`ukojok uktuj ihk`eaotf jokjhr (ifsobkyo ihtetrhjsot,
lfgrejsfurho, dbuereurosfb gok sftoroafk).
  Okhifo
Okhifo ih`obeaostf
ih`obeaostfj
j ihrupojok
ihrupojok jhbofkok yok` gfshaoajok
gfshaoajok ebhl
`ok``uok sfkthsfs GKO gok gftokgof ebhl shb ih`obeaostfj. Jhaokyojok
ok
okhi
hifo
fo ih`o
ih`obe
beao
aost
stfj
fj gfsh
gfshao
aoaj
ajok
ok jo
jorh
rhko
ko gh
ghdf
dfsf
sfhk
hksf
sf vf
vfto
toif
ifk
k A?1
A?1
(jeaoboifk) gok otou osoi debot. Osoi debot gok vftoifk A?1 ogobol zot
yok` ahrluauk`ok ghk`ok uksur iojokok yok` sok`ot phktfk` ao`f tuaul.
]hrok utoio osoi debot gok vftoifk A?1 fobol ihtoaebfsih fktroshbubhr.
Ogok
Ogoky
yo ghdf
ghdfsf
sfhk
hksf
sf jhg
hgu
uo zot
zot th
thrs
rsha
hau
ut oj
ojok
ok ihk
hk`
`lo
losf
sfbj
bjok
ok tfgo
tfgoj 
j 
ship
shipur
urko
koky
kyoo sf
sfkt
kths
hsfs
fs GKO
GKO pogo
pogo sh
shtf
tfop
op sh
shb,
b, gf
gfio
ioko
ko ph
phia
iahb
hbol
olok
ok
jreiesei shgok` thrcogf.
Okhifo ojfaot ghdfsfhksf A?1 gfshaut ghk`ok okhifo phrkfsfeso,
shgok`jok okhifo ojfaot ghdfsfhksf osoi debot gfshaut okhifo ghdfsfhksf
debot. ]hkyhaoa thrcogfkyo okhifo ih`obeaostfj ogobol osupok jhguo zot
yok`
yok` tfgoj
tfgoj nujup,
nujup, thrcog
thrcogfky
fkyoo ioboas
ioboaseas
easf,
f, jhphrbu
jhphrbuok
ok yok`
yok` ihkfk`
ihkfk`jot
jot,,
ihtoaebfsih
ihtoaebfsih yok` thr`ok``u,
thr`ok``u, eaot-eaot
eaot-eaot yok` ihk``ok`u
ihk``ok`u ihtoaebfsih
ihtoaebfsih
GKO, ghdfsfhksf troksjeaoboifk FF.
 Kutrfsf thropf uktuj phkyhaoa okhifo ih`obeabostfj lorus
gfphrbojujok shnoro fstfihwo. ^upbhihktosf ghk`ok vftoifk A?1 gok otou
debot gfokcurjok. Lob fkf shrfk` thpot uktuj ihiahrfjok iubtfvftoifk gok
ifkhrob goboi luauk`okkyo ghk`ok ogifkfstrosf supbhihk tuk``ob pogo
 posfhk ghk`ok okhifo. Cfjo okhifo shjukghr uktuj phkyhropok thr`ok``u,

fktroi
fktroiusj
usjubo
uborr otou
otou fktrok
fktrokosob
osob ogifkf
ogifkfstr
strosf
osf ogobol
ogobol bhafl
bhafl aofj.
aofj. Wfk`jo
Wfk`jott
 leiesf
leiesfsthf
sthfk,
k, IIO,
IIO, troksn
troksneao
eaoboif
boifk
k FF gok bok`jo
bok`jol-bo
l-bok`j
k`jol
ol bofk
bofk pogo
pogo
stotu
stotuss lh
lhio
iote
tebe
be`f
`f lo
loru
russ gfpo
gfpokt
ktou
ou shnoro
shnoro ru
rutf
tfk.
k. Hguj
Hgujosf
osf po
posf
sfhk
hk po
pogo
go
 phkfk`jotok jhpogotok kutrfsf gfht ghk`ok iojokok yok` ihk``oauk`jok
tfk``
tfk``ff debot
debot gok A?1 gfokcu
gfokcurjo
rjok.
k. Boksfo
Boksfo ogobol
ogobol yok`
yok` pobfk`
pobfk` ahrfsf
ahrfsfje,
je,
thrutoio ihrhjo yok` ihkhrfio boyokok toiaolok shphrtf iojokok gf
otos rego. Afosokyo, erok`-erok` tuo gok tfgoj gopot ihkhrfio boyokok fkf
yoftu
yoftu erok`-
erok`-ero
erok`
k` ghk`ok
ghk`ok sojft
sojft jrekfs
jrekfs gok nonot,
nonot, ihifbf
ihifbfjf
jf stotus
stotus `fzf
`fzf
 auruj gok stotus sesfob hjekeif rhkgol, yok` ahrortf ihrhjo jurok`
ihifbfjf
ihifbfjf ojshs thrlogop phboyokok jhshlotok gok jekshbfk`.
jekshbfk`. ^totus Debot
 cu`o auruj pogo posfhk yok` bhafl tuo, jlususkyo ihrhjo yok`
gfbhiao`ojok otou duk`sfekob Ghth-tfek, dfsfj otou ihktob.
 N. Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf A?1
?. Ghdfkfsf
Okhifo fkf gfshaut cu`o phrkfnfeus, jhogook gok `hcobokyo ifrfp
gh
ghk`
k`ok
ok ok
okhi
hifo
fo `fzf
`fzf osoi
osoi de
debo
bot.
t. Koiu
Koiuk,
k, ok
okhi
hifo
fo ch
chkf
kfss fk
fkff gf
gfshr
shrto
toff
`ok``uok pogo sfsthi obot phknhrkook ao`fok goboi. ]ogo chkfs yok`
jrekfs afso ihrusoj shb-shb etoj gok osoi bhioj ihkcogf tfgoj keriob
shrto pesfsfkyo pogo gfkgfk` shb corfk`ok sorod ahruaol. Gfjlowotfrjok,
 phkghrfto ojok ihk`oboif `ok``uok jhcfwook (Nftrojhsuiosorf, 1=?1).
1=?1).
Tftoifk fkf gfjhkob shao`of phkco`o kodsu iojok gok ihknh`ol
thrcogfkyo okhifo (jurok` gorol) ghk`ok ihiahktuj shb gorol ihrol.
Jorhko phrokokkyo
phrokokkyo goboi phiahktujok
phiahktujok shb, ghdfsfhksf jeaoboifk
jeaoboifk afso
ihk``ok``
ihk``ok``u
u phiahktuj
phiahktujok
ok shb gorol ihrol, shlfk``o
shlfk``o ihkfiaubj
ihkfiaubjok
ok
 ahrjurok`kyo cuibol shb gorol ihrol. Ojfaotkyo, thrcogf okhifo.
@hcobo
@hcobokyo
kyo ihbfpu
ihbfputf
tf jhbhbo
jhbhbolok
lok,, jhlfbo
jhlfbok`o
k`ok
k kodsu
kodsu iojok,
iojok, gforh,
gforh, gok
iuruk`. Ghdfsfhksf ahrot A?1 pethksfob ihkyhaoajok ahktuj okhifo
dotob yok` gfshaut ]hrkfnfeus okhifo (Nftrojhsuiosorf, 1=?1).
Jhautulok tuaul thrlogop vftoifk A?1 soio phktfk`kyo ghk`ok
ifkhro
ifkhrobb ahsf.
ahsf. Tftoif
Tftoifk
k A?1 fkf ahrsoi
ahrsoiosoi
osoioo ahsf ahrduk
ahrduk`sf
`sf shao`o
shao`off
 aolok phiahktujok gorol ihrol. Aoljok jhjurok`ok vftoifk fkf tfgoj 

lokyo
lokyo ihifnu
ihifnu okhifo
okhifo,, ihbofk
ihbofkjok
jok gopot
gopot ihk``o
ihk``ok``
k``u
u sfsthi
sfsthi sorod.
sorod.
 Jhjurok`ok vftoifk A?1 gopot thrcogf jorhko `ok``uok gorf goboi
tuaul jfto shkgfrf otou shaoa buor. ^oburok nhrko ojok ihkyhrop shiuo
uksur `fzf goboi iojokok, thriosuj vftoifk A?1. Jhjurok`ok vftoifk
A?1 shsherok` jurok` gorol (okhifo) gftokgof ghk`ok gforh, bfgol yok`
bfnfk.
1. ]hkyhaoa Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf A?1
o) Ihk`fgop
Ihk`fgop okhifo
okhifo phrkfsfeso.
phrkfsfeso. Wuaul ihkyhrop vftoifk A?1 ihbobuf
boiauk`. O`or preshs phkyhropok vftoifk A?1 gorf iojokok yok`
gfjeksuisf boknor, shauol prethfk ahrkoio dojter fktrfksfj ojok
ihkhiphbjok gfrfkyo pogo vftoifk A?1. Okhifo phrkfsfeso
Okhifo phrkfsfeso ogobol
 phkyojft outefiuk yok` ihihk`orulf boiauk`. ]hkyojft
outefiuk ahrortf sfsthi jhjhaobok tuaul ihkyhrok` shb shlot tuaul
shkgfrf. ]ogo okhifo phrkfsfeso, thrcogf ghdfsfhksf, jorhko vftoifk
A?1 tfgoj gopot gfshrop ebhl tuaul. Lob fkf gfshaoajok ebhl sfsthi
jhjh
jhjhao
aobo
bok
k tuau
tuaul
l yok`
yok` ihky
ihkyhr
hrok
ok`
` sh
shbb go
gobo
boi
i bo
boia
iauk
uk`
` yo
yok`
k`
ihk`losfbjok dojter fkstrfksfj.
 a) Dojter iojokok yok` gfjeksuisf.  Fjok, go`fk` gok ahrao`of preguj 
ebolok
ebolok susu
susu ogobol
ogobol ihku
ihku iojoko
iojokok
k yok`
yok` ihkyhg
ihkyhgfoj
fojok
ok aokyoj 
aokyoj 
jo
jokg
kguk
uk`o
`ok
k vfto
vftoif
ifk
k A?1.
A?1. Th`h
Th`hto
torf
rfok
ok ot
otou
ou er
erok
ok`
` yo
yok`
k` lo
loky
kyoo
ihk`ek
ihk`eksui
suisf
sf iojoko
iojokok
k ahrosob
ahrosob gorf
gorf tuiaul
tuiaulok,
ok, iuk`jf
iuk`jfk
k tfgoj 
tfgoj 
ihifbfjf nujup vftoifk A?1 goboi ihku ihrhjo. Lob fkf cu`o
go
gopo
pott thrco
thrcogf
gf po
pogo
go er
erok
ok`-
`-er
erok
ok`
` yo
yok`
k` ihif
ihifbfj
bfjff ihku
ihku sok`o
sok`ott
shghrloko goboi cok`jo wojtu boio.
n) ]hkyojft yok` ihihk`orulf usus. ^oot tuaul tfgoj gopot ihkyhrop
vftoifk A?1 shphrtf afosokyo, phkyojft yok` ihihk`orulf usus
otou shao`fok gorf sfsthi phknhrkook afso ihkcogf phkyhaoakyo.
^obol
^obol sotuk
sotukyo
yo og
ogob
obol
ol ph
phky
kyoj
ojft
ft Nrel
Nrelk,
k, yo
yoft
ftu
u ph
phky
kyoj
ojft
ft co
cok`
k`jo
jo
 pokcok` yok` ihkyhaoajok phrogok`ok pogo gfkgfk` sfsthi
 phknhrkook. Jekgfsf fkf gopot ihiauot tuaul jhjurok`ok vftoifk
A?1.

g) Jekgfsf yok` ihihk`orulf boiauk`. Jekgfsf boiauk` otou ephrosf

 boiauk` afso ihkcogf phkyhaoa thrlobok`kyo preshs phkkyhropok
vftoifk A?1.
h) Jeksuisf eaot-eaotok thrthktu. Jeksuisf eaot-eaotok thrthktu afso
ihk`urok`f jokguk`ok vftoifk A?1 pogo tuaul. Ifsobkyo pretek
Ifsobkyo  pretek
 puip fklfafter  (]
(]]F
]Fs)
s),, yoft
yoftu
u ea
eaot
ot uk
uktu
tuj
j ih
ihk`
k`ot
otos
osff ioso
iosobo
bol
l
 phknhrkook.
>. @hcobo Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf A?1
o) @hcobo uiui okhifo, shphrtf bhiol, bhtfl, bhsu, gok punot.
 a) Bfgol phrfl gok ahrworko jhihrolok otou rogok` bfgol.

n) Porko jubft ihkcogf jhjukfk`ok.

g) ^orfowok gf iubut.

h) Fkgro phroao throso ahrahgo otou duk`sfkyo ahrjurok`.

d) Jhioipuok ihrosojok sojft ahrjurok`.
`) ]hk`bflotok thr`ok``u.

l) Iugol iorol.

f) ]hruaolok noro ahrcobok gok ahr`hroj.

 c) Ghprhsf,, yoftu ihroso shgfl shjobf gok ahrbok`suk` boio.
Ghprhsf
j) Ghi
Ghihks
hksfo,
fo, yoftu
yoftu jhioip
jhioipuok
uok ihktob
ihktob ahrjur
ahrjurok`
ok` thrjoft
thrjoft fk`oto
fk`otok,
k,
 phioloiok, gok phkfbofok.
b) ]sfjesfs, yoftu jekgfsf yok` ihihk`orulf pfjfrok gok ihk`uaol

 pebo pfjfr, phrosook, gok phrfboju.

7. ]hk`eaotok Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf A?1
  Okhifo ghdf
dfssfhksf vftoifk A?1 jha
haookyojok iugol
gfotosf. ]hk`eaotok okhifo chkfs
okhifo chkfs fkf, owobkyo ojok gfahrfjok vftoifk
A?1 ihbobuf suktfjok. Whr`oktuk` opojol ghdfsfhksf A?1 yok` gfghrfto
 ahrluauk`ok ghk`ok pebo iojok otou tfgoj, Okgo iuk`jfk ojok
ihiautuljok toabht supbhihk gf oktoro cogwob iojok. Otou afso cu`o
shnoro
shnoro throtur
throtur ihboju
ihbojujok
jok suktfj
suktfjok
ok vftoif
vftoifk
k A?1.
A?1. ]hk`ea
]hk`eaoto
otok
k fkf
iuk`jfk gfautuljok shuiur lfgup.

<

  Gh
Ghdf
dfsf
sfhk
hksf
sf vfto
vftoif
ifk
k A?1,
A?1, gh
ghk`
k`ok
ok ot
otou
ou to
tokp
kpoo ok
okhi
hifo
fo,, af
afso
so
 ihk`ojfaotjok jeipbfjosf ihsjf
jeipbfjosf ihsjf corok` thrcogf. Ifsobkyo ahriosobol
ghk`ok coktuk`, poru-poru, gok sfsthi sorod shrto ihkfk`jotjok rfsfje
jhiokg
jhiokgubo
ubok.
k. Ihsjf
Ihsjf ah`ftu
ah`ftu shiuo
shiuo jeipbf
jeipbfjos
josff pogo
pogo uiukyo
uiukyo afso
afso
gfeaotf.
]hk`eaotok pogo okhifo ghdfsfhksf vftoifk A?1 thr`oktuk` jhpogo
opo phkyha
phkyhaoa
oa jekgfs
jekgfsff ftu.
ftu. ]ogo
]ogo shao`f
shao`fok
ok ahsor
ahsor upoyo
upoyo phk``
phk``okt
oktfok
fok
vftoif
vftoifk
k uktuj
uktuj tuaul,
tuaul, phk`ea
phk`eaoto
otok
k afso
afso gfboju
gfbojujok
jok ghk`ok
ghk`ok suktfj
suktfjok
ok
otou toabht vftoifk A?1.
A?1.
o. Ihk`eaotf Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf Tftoifk A?1
^uktfj
^uktfjok
ok vftoif
vftoifk
k A?1 yok`
yok` gfahrf
gfahrfjok
jok uktuj
uktuj ihk`ea
ihk`eaotf
otf
okhifoo ghdfsfhksf
okhif ghdfsfhksf vftoifk A?1 goboi ahktuj lygrexeneaoboifk
lygrexeneaoboifk..
Wfop
Wfop lo
lorf
rf shboi
shboioo gu
guoo ifk`
ifk``u
`u owob
owob,, Okgo
Okgo oj
ojok
ok ihkg
ihkgop
opotj
otjok
ok
suktfjok fkf, lfk``o `hcobokyo ahrlhktf. ^uktfjok afso gfbojujok
ebhl gejthr otou phrowot.
]hk`eaotok
]hk`eaotok yok` gfbojujok
gfbojujok ahr`oktuk`
ahr`oktuk` jhpogo
jhpogo phkyhaoa
phkyhaoa
ghdfsfhksf vftoifk A?1. Opojol thrjoft ghk`ok iojokok otou tfgoj,
shthbol phk`eaotok owob gf otos.
 a. Okhifo ghdfsfhksf vftoifk A?1 yok` thrjoft iojokok
  Qhshp
Qhshp toabht
toabht vftoif
vftoifk
k A?1 gfahrfj
gfahrfjok
ok uktuj
uktuj gfifku
gfifkui
i tfop
lorff shthbol
lor shthbol iojok.
iojok. Fkf gfboju
gfbojujok
jok cfjo
cfjo ghdfsfh
ghdfsfhksf
ksf vftoif
vftoifk
k A?1
gfsha
gfshaoa
oajo
jok
k ebhl
ebhl ju
jurok
rok`k
`kyo
yo vf
vfto
toif
ifk
k gf go
goboi
boi iojo
iojoko
kok.
k. Otou
Otou
iuk`jfk Okgo gfsuktfj lygreneneaoboifk
lygreneneaoboifk guo
 guo jobf goboi shtoluk.
Ao`f phboju `oyo lfgup vh`htorfok, ojok jhsubftok ihkgopotjok
vftoifk A?1 goboi iojokokkyo. Goboi jekgfsf fkf, iuk`jfk lorus
ihifkui toabht vftoifk A?1 shuiur lfgupkyo.
Ao`f yok` jhjurok`ok vftoifk A?1 jorhko ihku iojokok
yok`
yok` auruj
auruj goboi
goboi cok`jo
cok`jo pokcok
pokcok`,
`, jeksui
jeksuisf
sf vftoif
vftoifk
k A?1 afso
afso
gflhktfjok cfjo jokguk`ok gf goboi tuaul sugol keriob gok ihku
iojokok sugol gfuaol.

  ^uiahr vftoifk A?1 yok` ao`us ogobol go`fk`, thbur, fjok

 so
sobi
biek
ek,, fj
fjok
ok je
jeg
g go
gok
k pr
preg
eguj
uj eb
ebol
olok
ok susu
susu,, th
thri
rios
osuj
uj susu
susu ftu
ftu
shkgfrf. Ao`f vh`htorfok otou vh`ok, ogo preguj phk``oktf uktuj 
go
go`f
`fk`
k` go
gok
k pr
preg
eguj
uj ebol
ebolok
ok susu
susu.. Iojo
Iojoko
kok
k yo
yok`
k` ihk`
ihk`ok
okgu
guk`
k`
vftoif
vftoifk
k A?1,
A?1, ifsobk
ifsobkyo
yo shrhob
shrhob soropok
soropok joyo
joyo zo
zott ah
ahsf
sf  gok preguj 
preguj 
jhghbof.
jhghbof. ^oot ahrahbokco iojokok, phrfjsobol toahb kutrfsf
kutrfsf uktuj 
uktuj 
tolu ahropo aokyoj jokgu`ok vftoifk A?1 yok` ogo.
n. Okhifo ghdfsfhksf vftoifk A?1 yok` tfgoj thrjoft iojokok
Xktuj ghdfsfhksf vftoifk A?1 yok` tfgoj gfshaoajok ebhl
 pebo iojok yok` auruj, iuk`jfk phrbu phk`eaotok
suktfjok lygrexeneaoboifk
lygrexeneaoboifk  hipo
hipott jo
jobf
bf sh
shto
tolu
luk
k uk
uktu
tuj
j sh
shui
uiur 
ur 
lfgup. Ogo chkfs vftoifk suktfjok bofk ahrkoio nyokeneaoboifk
nyokeneaoboifk,,
topf erok` bhafl ihifbfl lygrexeneaoboifk
lygrexeneaoboifk jorhko
 jorhko afso ahrtolok
bhafl boio gf goboi tuaul iokusfo. Nyokeneaoboifk
Nyokeneaoboifk cu`o
 cu`o thrshgfo
goboi ahktuj toabht.
Cfjo ihihrbujok suktfjok vftoifk A?1 shnoro
rh`ubor, lygrexeneaoboifk afso gfsuktfjjok tfop tf`o aubok shjobf,
lygrexeneaoboifk afso
shgok`jok nyokeneaoboifk
nyokeneaoboifk lorus
 lorus gfahrfjok shaubok shjobf.
Gejthr
Gejthr sphsfob
sphsfobfs
fs gorol
gorol afso
afso gfrhje
gfrhjeihk
ihkgos
gosfjo
fjok
k shao`o
shao`off
bok`jol phkok`okok jhtfjo ghdfsfhksf vftoifk A?1 ihkfiaubjok
`hcobo phkyojft sorod. ^hao`of nektel jojf gok tok`ok shrfk` throso
joju otou jhshiutok. Okgo iuk`jfk cu`o phrbu gfsuktfj vftoifk
A?1 tfop
tfop guo aubok
aubok shjobf
shjobf.. Gejthr
Gejthr sphsfob
sphsfobfs
fs afso
afso ihkyor
ihkyorokj
okjok
ok
 ahropo boio Okgo phrbu ihbojujok phkyuktfjok
phkyuktfjok vftoifk.

 G. Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf Osoi Debot

?. Ghdfkfsf

?=

Ghdfsfh
Ghdfsfhksf
ksf osoi debot
debot gfshau
gfshautt cu`o
cu`o okhifo
okhifo ih`obe
ih`obeabo
abostf
stfj
j otou
otou
 iojres
iojresftf
ftfj:
j: goboi
goboi lob fkf jhogoo
jhogook
k shb gorol
gorol ihrol
ihrol phkghr
phkghrfto
fto tfgoj 
tfgoj 
keriob ghk`ok nfrf-nfrf ahktujkyo bhafl ahsor, cuibolkyo shgfjft gok
 ahbui iotok`. ]hkyhaoakyo ogobol jhjurok`ok osoi debot gok vftoifk
A?1
?1.. ]ogo
]ogol
lob jhg
jhguo zot
zot ftu
ftu gf
gfp
phr
hrbu
buj
jok gob
oboi
oi phi
phiah
ahkt
ktu
ujok
kujbheprethfk uktuj preshs phiotok`ok shb gorol ihrol goboi suisui
tubok` (Nftrojhsuiosorf, 1=?1).
1. Htfebe`f Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf Osoi Debot
o) Jhju
Jhjuro
rok`
k`ok
ok iojok
ojokok
ok
Ifsobkyo pogo jhloif
oifbo
bok
k gop
opoot thrcog
ogff okhifo
ih`o
ih`obe
beao
aobs
bstf
tfj
j yok`
yok` gfsh
gfshao
aoaj
ajok
ok jo
jorh
rhko
ko gf
gfht
ht yo
yok`
k` ju
juro
rok`
k`,,
shgok`jok jhautulok osoi debot gorf cokfk ahrtoiaol
 a) @ok``uok osoi debot
Ifso
Ifsobk
bkyo
yo po
pogo
go sthot
sthoter
erhh fg
fgfe
fepo
potf
tfj,
j, trep
trepfn
fnob
ob spru
spruh,
h, go
gok
k
 ahahropo phkyobft `ostrefkthstfkob bofkkyo
n) Eaot yok` ahrsfdot okto`ekfstfn thrlogop osoi debot
Ifsob
Ifsobky
kyoo ihtr
ihtret
etrh
rhjs
jsot,
ot, 4-
4-ih
ihrj
rjop
opte
tepu
purfk
rfk,, pf
pfrf
rfih
ihto
toif
ifk,
k,
ghrfvoth aorafturoth.
>. ]otedfsfebe`f Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf Osoi Debot
Jhjurok`ok osoi debot ojok ihk`ojfaotjok okhifo ih`obeabostfj.
Osoi debot ihrupojok aolok hshksfob uktuj sfkthsfs GKO gok QKO,
yok` phktfk` shjobf uktuj ihtoaebfsis fktf shb. GKO gfphrbujok uktuj 
iftesfs
iftesfs shgok`jok
shgok`jok QKO gf`ukojok
gf`ukojok uktuj phiotok`ok
phiotok`ok shb. CogF afbo
thrg
thrgop
opot
ot jhju
jhjuro
rok`
k`ok
ok os
osoi
oi de
debo
bot,
t, ao
aoky
kyoj
oj sh
shbb yo
yok`
k` ok
oktr
trff uk
uktu
tuj 
j 
ihip
ihiphr
hreb
ebhl
hl GKO
GKO o`or
o`or gopo
gopott ihia
ihiahb
hbol
ol.. Woip
Woipoj
oj hr
hrft
ftre
repe
pehs
hsfs
fs
ihkfk`jot soipof > jobf keriob.
Cuibol osoi debot gf goboi tuaul 4-?= i` (7-4 i` thrgopot goboi
lotf), shgok`jok jhautulok shtfop lorf lokyo jfro-jfro 8=¸`. ^uiahr 
osoi debot goboi iojokok fobol lotf, `fkcob, soyur-ioyur lfcou gok
ro`f. Loipfr shiuo susu ihipukyof jogor osoi debot yok` rhkgol.

??

^usu
^usu joiafk
joiafk`
` ihipuk
ihipukyof
yof jogor
jogor osoi debot
debot gok vftoif
vftoifk
k A?1 yok`
yok`
 rhkgol.
Oasera
Oaserasf
sf gorf
gorf osoi debot thruto
thrutoio
io thrcog
thrcogff gf usus
usus lobus
lobus ao`fok
ao`fok
 prejsfiob gok tfgoj thr`oktuk` pogo donter fkstrfksfj shphrtf pogo
vftoifk A?1. Ghdfsfhksf osoi debot bhafl uiui thrcogf gfaokgfk`jok
ghk`ok ghdfsfhksf A?1 (jeaoboifk). Osoi debot bhafl nhpot gfsfipok
gok gfloknurjok cfjo gfaokgfk`jok ghk`ok jeaoboifk, tokpo gfht yok`
thpot ojok thrcogf okhifo ih`obeabostfj.
^hahbui osoi debot ihkcogf ojtfd, iubo-iubo lorus gfrhgujsf gubu
ihk
hkccogf gflfgredebfn onfg (GLDO) gok jhiugfok ihk
hkccogf
thtrolygredebfn onfg (WLDO). ^hbokcutkyo gorf WLDO gfrhgujsf ihkcogf
 K8 deriyb WLDO (dojter sftreverui). Qhojsf yok` throjlfr 
ihihrb
ihihrbujo
ujok
k suotu
suotu rhojsf
rhojsf gfsesf
gfsesfosf
osf oktoro
oktoro deri
deri fifke`
fifke`but
butoif
oifnn onfg
(DF@BX) gok osoi `butoiot. Jhbhaflok DF@BX gfgoboi gorol ojok
gfjhbuorjok ahrsoio urfk.

Gf goboi phrneaook sherok` bojf-bojf ghwoso shlot yok` gfahrf gfht

ghdfsfhksf osoi debot, ojok thrcogf 3
?. ]hkurukok jogor osoi debot goboi shrui pogo ifk``u jh->
1. Lfphrsh`ihktosf khutredfb pogo ifk``u jh-0
>. Hjsjrhsf DF@BX goboi urfk ihkfk`jot pogo ifk``u jh-?>.
7. Ojtfdftos debot goboi hrftresft ihkuruk pogo lorf jh-?1>
8. Iojreevobesftesfs pogo lorf jh-?10

4. ^uisui tubok` ih`obeabostfj pogo lorf jh-?>7

0. Okhifo pogo lorf jh-?>0
Ojtfdftos osoi debot ihkuruk gopot gfshaoajok ebhl 3
o. Jhjurok`ok iosujok
Ifsob
Ifsobky
kyoo ok
okhi
hifo
fo ih`o
ih`obe
beab
abost
ostfj
fj po
pogo
go ao
aoyf
yf yo
yok`
k` uiui
uiuiky
kyoo
gfshao
gfshaoajo
ajok
k jorhko
jorhko phiahr
phiahrfok
fok susu
susu tokpo
tokpo phiahr
phiahrfok
fok iojoko
iojokok
k
toiaol
toiaolok
ok shnujup
shnujupkyo
kyo.. Okhifo
Okhifo ih`obe
ih`obeabo
abostfj
stfj pogo
pogo jhloif
jhloifbok
bok

?1

uiui
uiuiky
kyoo gfsha
gfshaoa
oajo
jok
k jo
jorhk
rhkoo gf
gfht
ht yo
yok`
k` ju
juro
rok`
k`,, shgok
shgok`j
`jok
ok
 jhautulok osoi debot gorf cokfk ahrtoiaol
 a. @ok``uok oaseras
Ifsobkyo pogo sthoterh fgfepotfj, trepfnob sprhh, phkyojft shbfoj 
gok ahahropo phkyojft `ostrefkthstfkob bofkkyo.
n. Eaot yok` ahrsfdot okto`ekfstfj thrlogop osoi debot.
  Ifso
Ifsobky
bkyoo ihtetr
ihtetrhjs
hjsot,
ot, 4-ihrj
4-ihrjopt
optepu
epurfk
rfk,, pfrfih
pfrfihtoi
toifk,
fk, ghrfvo
ghrfvott
 aorafturot gok shao`ofkyo.
7. @oiaorok Jbfkfs Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf Osoi Debot
]ogoo phihrfj
]og phihrfjsook
sook cosiokf
cosiokf lokyo
lokyo thrgop
thrgopot
ot okhifo
okhifo tokpo
tokpo fjthru
fjthrus.
s.
Lhpor gok bfipo tfgoj ihiahsor, pogo coktuk` iuk`jfk gopot gfghk`or 
iuriur sfstebfj. Ghk`ok ghifjfok gorf sh`f jbfkfs tfgoj ahrahgo ghk`ok
okhifo ghdfsfhksf ahsf.
Gfao
Gfaowo
wol
l fkf
fkf og
ogob
obol
ol `h
`hco
cobo
bo jb
jbfk
fkfs
fs ok
okhi
hifo
fo gh
ghdfs
dfsfh
fhks
ksff os
osoi
oi de
debo
bot,
t,
woboupuk pogo shtfop okoj gopot tfiaub `hcobo jbfkfs yok` ahrahgo-
 ahgo. @hcobokyo oktoro bofk 3
o) ]hkghrfto to
toipoj pu
punot
 a) Kodsu iojok ihkuruk
n) Frftoafbftos
g) Iugol bhbol
h) Gforh
d) ^usol ahrcobok
`) Qoso ao
aoob g
gff ot
otok`ok gok
gok jojf
l) Bfgol bhiahj  
f) Bhiol etet

8. ]hihrfjsook Boaeroterfui Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf Osoi Debot

Jogor
Jogor lhie`b
lhie`beaf
eafk
k rhkgol
rhkgol gok `oiaor
`oiaorok
ok gorol
gorol thpf
thpf iojresf
iojresftfj 
tfj 
(INT
(INT bhafl
bhafl gorf
gorf 64 n¸),
n¸), shrto
shrto thrgopo
thrgopott lfphrsh
lfphrsh`ih
`ihkto
ktosf
sf khutre
khutredfb
dfb..
Ojtfdftos osoi debot goboi shrui rhkgol (keriob 1,?-1,< k`/ib) gok
 afbo ojtfdftos osoi debot bhafl rhkgol gorf > k`/ib, iojo phihrfjsook

?>

DF@B
DF@BX
X goboi
oboi urf
rfk
k oj
ojok
ok pesftf
sftfd.
d. @oia
oiaor
orok
ok su
suis
isui
ui tu
tubo
bok
k`
 ihiphrbflot
ihiphrbflotjok
jok hrftrfpehtfj
hrftrfpehtfj yok` ih`obeabostf
ih`obeabostfj,
j, `rokubepe
`rokubepehtfj
htfj gok
treiaepehtfj ihkukcujjok lfphrsh`ihktosf gok shb rojsoso.
4. ]hk`eaotok Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf Osoi Debot
]ogoo okhifo
]og okhifo ghdfsfh
ghdfsfhksf
ksf osoi debot
debot thropf
thropf yok`
yok` gopot
gopot gfboju
gfbojujok
jok
ogobol ihkfk`jotjok fktojh oso
soi
i debot. Afoso
sok
kyo ghk`ok
ihk`jeksuisf supbhihk osoi debot shaokyoj ? i` shtfop lorf ojok
ihk`urok`f okhifo goboi 8 soipof 0 lorf. Whropf afso gfbokcutjok
soipof
soipof osoi debot thrgopo
thrgopott goboi
goboi tuaul
tuaul goboi
goboi cuibol
cuibol yok`
yok` thpot
thpot
 afosokyo lob fkf thrcogf goboi ? ifk``u soipof 1 aubok. ]hk`eaotok
okhifo ghdfsfhksf osoi debot ojok sok`ot ahraoloyo cfjo pogo phkghrfto
thrshaut cu`o thrgopot okhifo ghdfsfhksf A?1 jorhko ghdfsfhksf vftoifk
A?1 gopot ihk`ojfaotjok jhrusojok pogo systhi sorod. ]osfhk yok`
gfahrfjok thropf okhifo ghdfsfhksf osoi debot pogolob aujok phkghrfto
 phkyojft thrshaut pogo owobkyo ojok thrbflot ihiaofj jorhko `hcobo
jbfkfs yok` ahrjurok`. Gf bofk pfloj thrcogf jhrusojok systhi sorod 
ojfaot gfo`kesh shahkorkyo yoftu okhifo ghdfsfhksf A?1 thrbhwot.
Cfjo osoi debot sugol thrgopot goboi tuaul goboi cuibol yok`
nujup
nujup posfhk
posfhk lorus
lorus thtop
thtop ihkco`
ihkco`oo cuibol
cuibol osoi debot
debot goboi
goboi tuaul
tuaul
ghk`ok ihk`jeksuisf osoi debot goboi cuibol yok` nujup aokyoj,
shphrtf yok` thrgopot pogo auol chruj gok soyur-soyurok lfcou. ]ogo
 phkghrfto phkyojft jrekfs shphrtf okhifo lhiebftfj, lfphrtfrefg gok
`o`o
`o`obb `fkc
`fkcob
ob jr
jrek
ekfj
fj loru
loruss ihk`
ihk`je
jeks
ksui
uisf
sf su
supb
pbhi
hihk
hk os
osoi
oi de
debo
bott
shpokcok` lfgupkyo.

H. @hcobo gok Dojter phkyhaoa Okhifo Iojresftfj 

@hcobo Okhifo @hcobo pogo okhifo
okhifo ghdfsfhksf
ghdfsfhksf ahsf gfao`f
gfao`f ihkcogf
ihkcogf
 ahahropo joth`erf, gfoktorokyo (Aojto, ht ob., 1=?8)3
o. @hco
hcobo uiui
@hco
@hcobo
bo pog
ogoo ok
okhi
hifo
fo af
afos
osok
oky
yo gfcu
fcuipof
ipof so
soot
ot
jogor
ogorlh
lhi
ie`
e`be
beaf
afk
k tu
turu
ruk
k gfa
faow
owol
ol 0 `/g
/gbb go
gok
k tu
tua
aul

?7

ihbojujok
ihbojujok jeiphksosf
jeiphksosf.@hcob
.@hcoboo yok` tfiaub ahrupo
ahrupo aogok
 bhiol,, nhpot bhbol, thbfk`o
bhiol thbfk`o ahrghk`fk`,
ahrghk`fk`, ioto ahrjukok`-
ahrjukok`-
ju
juko
kok`
k`,, jo
jojf
jf gfk`
gfk`fk
fk,, sh
shsoj
soj ko
kodos
dos,, go
gok
k gy
gysp
sphp
hpsf
sfo.
o.]o
]ogo
go
 phihrfjsook dfsfj gfthiujok jekcuk`tfvo, iujeso iubut,
thbopoj tok`ok toipoj okhifs.
 a. @hcobo jlusus
@hcobo jlos yok` gfcuipof pogo okhifo ghdfsfhksf
 ahsf gok tfgoj gfcuipof pogo okhifo chkfs bofk ogobol
jefbekynlfo otou juju shkgej (speek kofb), juju toipoj 
ropul, ahr`orfs`orfs vhrtfjob gok nhjuk` shlfk``o thrbflot
shphrt
shphrtff shkgej.
shkgej. Otredf
Otredf popfb
popfb bfgol
bfgol yoftu
yoftu phriuj
phriujook
ook bfgol
bfgol
yo
yok`
k` ihkc
ihkcog
ogff ihk`
ihk`jf
jfbop
bop go
gok
k bfnf
bfnfk
k jo
jorh
rhko
ko po
popf
pfbb bfgo
bfgol
l
ihk`lfbok
ihk`lfbok`.^te
`.^teiotftf
iotftfss ok`uborfs,
ok`uborfs, yoftu ahrnoj ahrworko
ahrworko
 punot jhputflok jorhko ogokyo phrogok`ok pogo sugut
iubut
iubut.. Gfsdo`f
Gfsdo`foo yoftu
yoftu jhruso
jhrusojok
jok hpfthb
hpfthb lfpedo
lfpedorfk
rfk`
` yok`
yok`
ihky
ihkyha
haoa
oajo
jok
k kyhr
kyhrff so
soot
ot ihkh
ihkhbo
bok.
k.Oj
Ojlb
lber
erfg
fgfo
fo yo
yok`
k`
gfshaoajok ebhl otredf iujeso `osthr.]fno yoftu jhfk`fkok
uktuj ihiojok aolok yok` tfgoj bozfi.
n. @hco
@hcobo
bo phk
phkyo
yojf
jftt goso
gosorr
]hkyoj
]hkyojft-p
ft-phky
hkyojf
ojftt yok`
yok` iuk`jf
iuk`jfk
k ihkfia
ihkfiaubj
ubjok
ok
`hcobo okhifo.^hphrtf pogo okhifo ojfaot phkyojft nonfk`
toiaok
toiaok`
` gfcuip
gfcuipof
of poretf
poretfss ihiahk
ihiahk`jo
`joj,
j, gfsphp
gfsphpsfo
sfo,, gok
thbopoj tok`ok ahrworko jukfk`.@hcobo `ok``uok jhafosook
 auok` ahsor gopot gfcuipof pogo okhifo jorhko phrgorolok
jrekfj ojfaot jokjhr jebek.
Dojter ]hkyhaoa Okhifo Okhifo ghdfsfhksf ahsf gopot gfshaoajok
ebhl
ebhl aokyoj
aokyoj lob,
lob, gopot
gopot jorhko
jorhko phrgor
phrgorolo
olok
k ihkolu
ihkoluk
k yok`
yok` thrgopo
thrgopott gf
soburok
soburok nhrko
nhrko shphrt
shphrtff pogo
pogo tujoj
tujoj phptfj
phptfj,, phiojo
phiojofok
fok sobfsfbo
sobfsfbot,
t, jokjhr 
jokjhr 
boiauk
boiauk`,
`, jokjhr
jokjhr jebek
jebek,, gfvhrt
gfvhrtfnu
fnubes
besfs,
fs, lhi
lhiere
erefg,
fg, gok fkdhjsf
fkdhjsf nonfk`.
nonfk`.
Gopot jorhko phrgorolok gf soburok jhifl yoftu lhioturfo, phrgorolok gf

?8

soburok `hkfbotfo yoftu ihkerrlo`fo otou ihtrerlo`f. ]hrgorolok gf soburok

 soburok `hkfbotfo yoftu ihkerrlo`fo otou ihtrerlo`f. ]hrgorolok gf soburok
kodos yoftu lhiepteh (Aojto, ht ob., 1=?8).
]hkyhaoa bofkkyo ogobol tfgoj thrphkulfkyo jhautulok osupok zot
 ahsf, ihkfk`jotkyo jhautulok zot ahsf pogo soot jhloifbok gok cu`o
ihkyus
ihkyusuf,
uf, shrto
shrto jhjuro
jhjurok`o
k`ok
k gorol
gorol yok`
yok` gfojfa
gfojfaotj
otjok
ok ebhl
ebhl phrgor
phrgorolo
olok
k
(]oputuk`ok, 1=?4). Dojter yok` iuk`jfk ihkyhaoajok okhifo ogobol
 coroj jhbolfrok yok` thrbobu ghjot, usfo jhloifbok, phkyhropok gf usus
yok` ahrjurok` gok ogokyo iojokok phk`loiaot phkyhropok goboi usus
(^fko`o, 1=?8)
]hkyhr
]hkyhropo
opok
k yok`
yok` tfgoj
tfgoj oghjuo
oghjuott gorf
gorf vftoif
vftoifk
k A?1 (jeaob
(jeaoboif
oifk)
k)
ihkyhaoajok okhifo phrkfsfeso. Tftoifk A?1 aokyoj thrgopot gf goboi
go`fk` gok goboi jhogook keriob thbol gfshrop gf ao`fok ojlfr usus lobus
yok` ihkucu jh usus ahsor (fbfui). O`or gopot gfshrop, vftoifk A?1 lorus
 ahr`oauk` ghk`ok dojter fktrfksfj (suotu prethfk yok` gfauot gf boiauk`),
yok` jhiugfok ihk`ok`jut vftoifk fkf jh fbfui, ihkhiaus gfkgfk`kyo
gok iosuj jh goboi obfrok gorol. Wokpo dojter
d ojter fktrfksfj, vftoifk A?1 ojok
thtop ahrogo goboi usus gok gfauok` ihbobuf tfkco.
]ogo okhifo phrkfsfeso, boiauk` tfgoj gopot ihiahktuj dojter 
fktrfksfj, shlfk``o vftoifk A?1 tfgoj gopot gfshrop gok thrcogfbol okhifo,
ihsjfpuk shcuibol ahsor vftoifk gfjeksuisf goboi iojokok shlorf-lorf.
Whtopf jorhko lotf ihkyfipok shcuibol ahsor vftoifk A?1, iojo okhifo
 afosokyo tfgoj ojok iuknub soipof shjftor 1-7 toluk shthbol tuaul
 ahrlhktf ihkyhrop vftoifk A?1.
^hbofk jorhko jhjurok`ok dojter fktrfksfj, phkyhaoa bofkkyo gorf
jhjurok`ok vftoifk A?1 ogobol3
-  phrtuiaulok aojthrf oakeriob goboi usus lobus yok`
ihk`lobok`f phkyhropok vftoifk A?1
-  phkyojft thrthktu (ifsobkyo phkyojft Nrelk)
-   phk`ok
phk`ok`jo
`jotok
tok boiauk
boiauk`
` otou
otou shao`f
shao`fok
ok gorf
gorf usus
usus lobus
lobus
gfioko vftoifk A?1 gfshrop.
-  vh`htorfok.

?4

 
 D. ]hihrfjsook Gfoske`tfj Okhifo gok ]hk`eaotok
]hihrfjsook gfo`kestfj pogo okhifo ogobol3

?. Cuibol gorol bhk`jop (CGB) gf aowol keriob (lhie`beafk,

lhiotejrft gok ^GI). Otou Whs phkyorfk`. Xktuj ihiostfjok

ogokyo okhifo gok ierdebe`f

ogokyo ierdebe`f okhifo thrshaut.
thrshaut. Ihbfputf
Ihbfputf jogor 
lhie`b
lhi e`beaf
eafk,
k, opusok
opusok gorol
gorol thpf
thpf gok fkghjs
fkghjs hrftre
hrftresft
sft (INT,
(INT,
INL gok INLN)

1. ]hih
]hihrf
rfjs
jsoo
ook
k ru
rutf
tfk.
k. Xktu
Xktuj
j ihbf
ihbflo
lott jh
jhbof
bofko
kok
k bh
bhuj
ujes
esft
ft gok
gok

treiaesft. Ihbfputf3 bocu hkgop gorol, lftuk` gfdhrhksfob gok

rhtfjubesft.

>.   Dhrftfk gok jogor ahsf shrui rhkgol pogo okhifo ghdfsfhksf
 ahsf.

7.  Jogor A?1 shrui rhkgol pogo okhifo phrkfsfeso.

8. Wh
Whss Neia
Neia gfrh
gfrhj
j pesf
pesftf
tfdd ihko
ihkokg
kgoj
ojok
ok ok
okhi
hifofo lh
lhie
iebf
bftf
tfj 
j 
outefiuk.

4. Lhie`
Lhie`beaf
beafk
k hbhjtrederhs
hbhjtrederhsfs
fs ihk`fghktf
ihk`fghktfdfjosf
dfjosf tfph lhie`beafk
lhie`beafk

oakeriob pogo phkyojft shb soaft.

0.  Whs snlfbbfk` gf`ukojok uktuj ihkgfo`keso ghdfsfhksf vftoifk

A?1 (Hk`roi, ?66637>=)

<. ]hihrfjsook otos fkgfjosf jlusus uktuj ihiostfjok gfo`kesfs.

Ifsobkyo ths shrui frek, WFAN (tetob frek afkgfk` noponfty),
soturosf troksdhrfk gok dhrftfk shrui pogo Okhifo ghdfsfhksf
 ahsf: ths osoi debot gok vft A?1 pogo okhifo ih`obeabostfj,
gsa
Whropff otou phk`eaotok
Whrop phk`eaotok gfbojujok ghk`ok phiahrfok
phiahrfok supbhihk
supbhihk
vftoifk A?1, aofj gfifkui ioupuk gf suktfj cfjo gfjorhkojok jhjurok`ok
vftoif
vftoifk
k A?1.
A?1. Cfjo
Cfjo okhifo
okhifo jorhko
jorhko jhjuro
jhjurok`o
k`ok
k osoi debot,
debot, iojo
iojo gopot
gopot

?0

 
 gfahrfjok supbhihk osoi debot. Cfjo okhifo sok`ot ahrot, iojo afosokyo
gfphrtfiaok`jok uktuj gfbojujok troksdusf gorol.

AOA FFF
]HKXWX]
O. Jhsf
Jhsfip
ipub
ubok
ok
Okhi
Okhifo
fo otou
otou ao
aolo
loso
so Vuko
Vukokf
kf ah
ahro
rortf
rtf to
tokp
kpoo go
gorol
rol,, yo
yok`
k` og
ogob
obol
ol
 phkyojft tokpo gorol yok` gftokgof ghk`ok jogor Lhie`beafk ‒La’ gok
shb gorol ihrol ‒hrftresft’ bhafl rhkgol gfaokgfk`jok keriob. Okhifo
shnoro duk`sfekob gfghdfkfsfjok
gfghdfkfsfjok shao`of phkurukok
phkurukok cuibol iosso hrftresft
‒rhg
‒rhg nhbb
nhbb ioss
ioss’’ sh
shlf
lfk`
k``o
`o tfgo
tfgoj
j go
gopo
pott ih
ihih
ihku
kulf
lf du
duk`
k`sf
sfky
kyoo uk
uktu
tuj 
j 
ihia
ihiaow
owoo ejsf
ejsf`h
`hk
k gobo
goboi
i cuib
cuibol
ol yo
yok`
k` nu
nuju
jup
p jh co
corf
rfk`
k`ok
ok ph
phrf
rfdh
dhr 
r 
‒p
‒phk
hkur
uruk
ukok
ok ex
exy`
y`hk
hk no
norf
rfk`
k` nopon
noponft
fty’,
y’, yo
yok`
k` shnoro
shnoro pr
proj
ojtf
tfss ok
okhi
hifo
fo
gftukcujjok ebhl phkurukok jogor lhie`beafk, jhiugfok lhiotejrft.
Okhifo Iojresftfj ihrupojok okhifo ghk`ok jorojthrfstf INT
gfotos ?== dB. Okhifo iojresftfj
iojresftfj gopot gfshaoajok
gfshaoajok ebhl ?,4 phkfk`jotok
phkfk`jotok
rhtfjubesft. ]hkfk`jotok INT ihrupojok jorojthrfstfj keriob rhtfjubesft.
^h
^hiu
iuoo jhog
jhogoo
ook
k yok`
yok` ihky
ihkyha
haoa
oajo
jok
k ph
phkf
kfk`
k`jo
joto
tok
k rh
rhtf
tfju
jube
besf
sftt oj
ojok
ok
ihiahrfjok `oiaorok phkfk`jotok INT, ihtoaebfsih oakeriob osoi
kujbhot pogo prhjurser shb gorol ihrol ( ghdfsfhksf debot otou neaoboifk,
eaot eaot yok` ihk``ok``u sfkthso osoi kujbhot3
zfgevugfk
zfgevugfkh,lfg
h,lfgrejsfu
rejsfurho),
rho), `ok``uok
`ok``uok ioturosf
ioturosf shb gorol ihrol (sfkgrei
(sfkgrei
ifhbegfspbo
ifhbegfspbosfo,
sfo, bhujhifo
bhujhifo ojut),
ojut), gok phk``ukook
phk``ukook objeleb phkyojft
phkyojft lotf
Lfpetfrefgfsih.
@hcobo pogo okhifo afosokyo gfcuipof soot jogorlhie`beafk turuk
gfaowo
gfaowol
l 0 `/gb
`/gb gok tuaul
tuaul ihboju
ihbojujok
jok jeiphk
jeiphksosf.
sosf. @hcobo
@hcobo jlos
jlos yok`
yok`
gfcuipof pogo okhifo ghdfsfhksf ahsf gok tfgoj gfcuipof pogo okhifo chkfs
bofk
bofk ogo
ogobol
bol jefbek
jefbekynl
ynlfo
fo otou juju
juju shkgej
shkgej (speek
(speek kofb),
kofb), juju
juju toipoj 
toipoj 
ropul,, ahr`orfs`orf
ropul ahr`orfs`orfss vhrtfjob
vhrtfjob gok nhjuk` shlfk``o thrbflot shphrtf shkgej.
shkgej.
Dojter ]hkyhaoa Okhifo Okhifo ghdfsfhksf ahsf gopot gfshaoajok ebhl

?<

 
  aokyoj lob, gopot jorhko phrgorolok ihkoluk yok` thrgopot gf soburok
nhrkoo shphrtf
nhrk shphrtf pogo
pogo tujoj
tujoj phptfj
phptfj,, phiojo
phiojofok
fok sobfsfb
sobfsfbot,
ot, jokjhr
jokjhr boiauk
boiauk`,
`,
jokjhr jebek, gfvhrtfnubesfs, lhierefg, gok fkdhjsf nonfk`.
Jhiugf
Jhiugfok,
ok,uk
uktuj
tuj phihrf
phihrfjso
jsook
ok boaero
boaeroter
terfui
fui okhifo
okhifo ftu shkgfrf
shkgfrf
thrgopot
thrgopot ahahropo
ahahropo phihrfjsook
phihrfjsook shphrtf phihrfjsook
phihrfjsook gorol rutfk lfk``o
 phihrfjsook jlusus. Gok phk`eaotok kyo gopot gfbojujok thropf otou
 phk`eaotok gfbojujok ghk`ok phiahrfok supbhihk afbo gfphrbujok aoljok
ihbojujok troksdusf gorol.
A. ^orok
Ghk`ok ogokyo iojobol fkf afso ihkcogf rhdhrhksf uktuj jfto gok
 afso ihkco`o pebo lfgup ghk`ok aofj
aofj shrto thrlfkgor gorf okhifo.

?6

 
 GODWOQ ]X^WOJO

Lf
Lfbb
bbio
iok
k Q^,
Q^, Oubt
Oubt JO.
JO. FrFrek
ek Ghdf
Ghdfnf
nfhk
hkny
ny Okhi
Okhifo
fo.. Lhio
Lhiote
tebe
be`y
`y fk Nbfk
Nbfkfn
fnob
ob
]rontfnh. O @ufgh te Gfo`kesfs okg Ioko`hihkt. Khw Verj: In@row
Lfbb, ?668 3 01-<8.

Iehsfcoktf ^ehjortf,^ukfto (1> Ou`ust 1=?>). @fzf ^hfiaok` goboi Gour

 Jhlfgupok.. @roihgfo ]ustojo Xtoio. lbi. ??<.
 Jhlfgupok

]hkgfgfjok,geshk.1=1=. Okhifo Ogobol.

]hkgfgfjok,geshk.1=1=.
lttps3//www.geshkphkgfgfjok.ne.fg/okhifo-ogobol/.. Gfojshs pogo =7
lttps3//www.geshkphkgfgfjok.ne.fg/okhifo-ogobol/
ejteahr.

Qoloyu, H^.1=?8. Okhifo
H^.1=?8. Okhifo Ghdhsfhksf Tftoifk A?1. Iojobol.
Xkjkewk.1=??. Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf Ahsf gok Okhifo Ghdfsfhksf Osoi Debot 
Xkjkewk.1=??. Okhifo Debot .
Iojobol.

Pfjfphgfo.1=?<.Okhifo Ifjresftfj. 
Ifjresftfj. 
lttps3//fg.wfjfphgfo.er`/wfjf/OkhifoUifjresftfj . geojshs pogo =7
ejteahr 

1=

 
1?