@CK_ JODAJTORFE IAROE]@J &

KOD@JACOGFC

Mroftod by8 Dr. ]urya W`haya.,]p.JI., KL

 

T`k ^oegfkpu Kftf Juc`fl @cku Jodajtorfe Iaroes`j dfe Kod`jacogfc

IAROE]@J
 

Iaroes`j & Kod`jacogfc

• Iaroes`j sfcfl sftu mfbfeg spos`fc`st`j,
`cku jodajtorfe yfeg kokfeifftjfe `cku

jodajtorfe uetuj kokbfetu poeogfjfe

lujuk dfe kfsfcfl-kfsfcfl d`b`dfeg
lujuk
•
Kod`jacogfc `cku lujuk/suftu tftf mfrf
bfju yfeg koegftur bfgf`kfef praios`
dajtor `e` d`cfjujfe sol`eggf kokoeul`

fturfe lujuk yfeg fdf

 

Dfsfr lujuk pocfyfefe jodajtorfe

iaroes`j dfe kod`jacogfc
• _edfeg-uedfeg Ea. < tflue 60<6 toetfeg J_L^
• _edfeg-uedfeg Ea. 20 tflue 2>>4 toetfeg prfjt`j
jodajtorfe
• _edfeg-uedfeg Ea. =9 tflue 2>>0 toetfeg josolftfe
• _edfeg-uedfeg Ea. 44 tflue 2>>0 toetfeg Rukfl
]fj`t
• _edfeg-uedfeg Ea. =2 tflue 6009 toetfeg toefgf
josolftfe
• _edfeg-uedfeg Ea. 2= tflue 2>>2 toetfeg
porc`eduegfe fefj
• _edfkl-uedfeg Ea. 2= tflue 2>>4 toetfeg
^oeglfpusfe jojorfsfe dfcfk rukfl tfeggf
 

Boetuj ^ocfyfefe 8
• Iaroes`j Jc`e`j
• Iaroes`j pftacag`j
• Iaroes`j ojstrfkurfc
• ^ocfyfefe jaesuctfs` kod`jacogfc
• ^ocfyfefe jfkfr hoefzfl
• ^ocfyfefe poeyod`ffe mfdfvor 
 

Doi`e`s` ^ocfyfefe Iaroes`j dfe

^ocfyfefe Kod`jacogfc
jodajtorfe uetuj kobor`jfe
bfetufe praios`aefc somfrf apt`kfc dfcfk

kokfeifftjfe `cku jodajtorfe uetuj

jopoet`egfe poeogfjfe lujuk dfe
jofd`cfe
 

Lujuk d`bfg` koehfd` 8

• Lujuk p`dfef
• Lujuk pordftf
• Lujuk tftf eogfrf
• Lujuk `etorefs`aefc
 

Lujuk pordftf 8
 Lujuk yfeg koegftur lubuegfe fetfr
`ed`v`dudfcfk kfsyfrfjft.

 D`jocakpajfe koehfd` ? bfg`fe 8

- Lujuk jocufrg
rgf
f
- Lu
Luju
juk
k lf
lfrt
rtf
f jo
jojf
jfyf
yffe
fe

- Lujuk boedf
- Lujuk po
por`jftfe
- Lujuk wfr`s
 

Lujuk ^`dfef 8
• Lujuk yfeg koegftur porbuftfe-
porbuftfe yfeg d`cfrfeg acol __ dfe
borfj`bft d`torfpjfeeyf lujukfe bfg`
s`fpf sfhf yfeg kocfjujfeeyf dfe
kokoeul` uesur-uesur porbuftfe yfeg

d`sobutjfe
torsobut dfcfk uedfeg-uedfeg p`dfef
 

^orbuftfe yfeg d`ftur dfcfk

Lujue ^`dfef
• Johflftfe  porbuftfe yfeg t`dfj lfeyf
bortoetfegfe doegfe e`cf` karfc, e`cf`
fgfkf dfe rfsf jofd`cfe kfsyfrfjft,
soport` koemur`, kokbueul, borz`efl,
dfe kokporjasf
•
^ocfeggfrfe  porbuftfe yfeg lfeyf
d`cfrfeg acol __, maetaleyf pocfeggfrfe
cfcu-c`etfs fetfrf cf`e: t`dfj pfjf` lock,

t`dfj kokftul` rfkbu-rfkbu cfcu-c`etfs

 

T`k ^oegfkpu Kftf Juc`fl @cku Jodajtorfe

Iaroes`j dfe Kod`jacogfc

C_JF TOKBFJ/BFC@]T@J
 

Doie`s` ]oehftf Fp`

]oehftf yfeg koegguefjfe toefgf lfs`c

porcodfjfe kos`u, dfpft
dfp ft kocaetfrjfe
kocaetfrjfe
prayojc (fefj pocuru) yfeg borjomopftfe

egg` kocfcu` cfrfseyf

 

HOE@
HOE@]] ]O
]OEH
EHF
FTF

 F^@
^fehfeg Cfrfs
 ” Cfrfs ^oedoj (rovacvor, p`stac)
 ” Cfrfs ^fehfeg (soefpfe tfbur,
soefpfe koeyorfeg)
 

HOE@
HO E@]
] ]O
]OEH
EHF
FTF F^
F^@@
Fcur Cfrfs
 ” Cfrfs Borfcur (r`icodbaro)
• Jojfefe dfe joj`r`
 ” Cfrfs Tfj borfcur (skaatl baro)

 F 8 ^OKFTFEG
^OKFTFEG / CFED
CFED
B 8 FC_R / GRAAYO
M 8 JFC@BOR / D@FKOTOR 
 

 FEFTAK@
 FEFTAK@ FK_E@]@

f. ^r`kor 
b. ]ocaegasaeg
m. Kos`u
d. Fefj ^ocuru

o. ^o
^ocu
curu
ru ]oe
]oefp
fpfe
fe Tfb
fbur 
ur 
 

FRT@ JC@E@] C_JF TOKBFJ

]fft soehftf d`tokbfjjfe 8

 Fp`

Kos`u yfeg sfkf sojfc` torbfjfr 

Kos`u yfeg sobfg`fe torbfjfr,

t`dfj torbfjfr

Jatarfe k`eyfj soehftf, jfrftfe

dfe cf`e sobfgf`eyf

 Fefj pocurueyf soed`r`

Ocfst`s`tfs8 op`todork`s 33 dork`s  joc`k comot

 

KOJFE@]KO C_JF TOKBFJ

 

Boetuj cujf tokbfj kfsuj torgfetueg dfr`8

  6. ]udut dft
dftfeg
feg pocuru.
  2. Hfrfj tokbfj.
Fpfb`cf pocuru dftfeeyf togfj curus b`dfeg dftfr, kfjf
CTK fjfe
f jfe borboetuj
borbo etuj bucft
bucft dfe
 dfe d`joc`c`eg` joc`k comot yfeg
sfkf cobfr. Jfcfu pocuru dftfegeyf kokpueyf` sudut,
kfjf fjfe borboetuj avfc,
avfc, doegfe
 doegfe joc`k comot yfeg cob`l
cobfr pfdf sudut dftfegeyf.
 

@DOET@I@JF]@ C_JF
TOKBFJ
Cujf tokbfj
kfsuj
Joc`k comot

Tftafso
Hocfgf
Cujf bfjfr 
Bojfs kaemaeg soehftf
 

JCF]@I@JF]@ C_JF TOKBFJ

Cujf tokbfj
tokpoc
(jaetfj)

Cujf tokbfj Cujf tokbfj

kfsuj  hfrfj
 hfrfj dojft

Cujf tokbfj
 hfrfj
 hfrfj hful
 

 K B F J 
 _ J F T O
 T
 C  J
 K F ] _

CTK HFRFJ HF_L 8 BOET_J B_CFT,BFG@FE

TOEGFL BOR_^F C_BFEG DOEGFE JOC@K
COMOT,ǵM@EM@E COMOT 3D@FKOTOR FEFJ
^OC_R_,]OJ@T
^OC_R_,]OJ @TFR
FR T@DFJ FDF TFTAF]O,
TFTAF]O,
HT@DFJ
FRFJFDF
CTK HFRFJ DOJFT
DOJF HOCFGF,JOC@K COKFJ
T 8 BOET_J B_CF
B_CFT
T,BFG@FE
TOEGFL BOR_^F C_BFEG DOEGFE JOC@K
COMOT,ǵM@EM@E COMOT 3D@FKOTOR FEFJ
^OC_R_,]OJ@T
^OC_R_,]OJ @TFR
FR FDF
TFTAF]O,HOCFGF,JOC@K COKFJ,RFKB_T
]OJ@TFR TORBFJFR
CTK TOK^O
TOK^OC C 8 BOET
BOET_J_J ]^T B@ETFEG
B@ETFEG/B_C
/B_CF
FT,
BFG@FE TOEGFL BOR_^F C_BFEG
DOEGFE JOC@K COMOT, ǵM@EM@E COMOT
3D@FKOTOR FEFJ ,HOHFJ CFRF]
,KO]@_,JOC@K COKFJ C_JF
JO DFCFK ]FC_RFE DFE HOCFGF KF]_J
 

OIOJ C_JF TOKBFJ

 

FJ@BFT B_T@R KO]@_

Tfttaa

B`et`j-b`et`j l`tfk, dfpft

bormfkpur pordfrflfe

T`dfj dfpft d`lfpus

doegfe jf`e dfr` cufr 
 

 FJ@BFT F]F^
 FJ@BFT
• Hocfgf
• Jakpas`s` hocfgf dfr` kos`u l`tfk8
 ” MA2 (?>%)
 ” E`tragoe (=?%)
 ” MA (6>%)

 ”

 ”
L`dragoe ]uci`df (=%)
L`dragoe (2%)
• Hocfgf kos`u put`l cob`l sod`j`t
•
Dfpft d`lfpus doegfe jf`e dfr` cufr 
 

FJ@BFT
FJ@BFT F^@
F^@

Cujf Bfjfr 

Juc`t dfe rfkbut dfpft lfegus torbfjfr 

 

FJ@BFT ^FRT@JOC CAGFK

• D`fkotor pocuru cob`l bosfr dfr`pfdf
d`fkotor cfrfs  pocopfsfe pfrt`joc
cagfk
• Cujf torbujf dfegjfc ftfu cujf comot jom`c-
jom`c
 

 FJ@BFT KAEMAEG ]OEHFT

 FJ@BFT ]OEHFTF
• Hohfs Cfrfs • Toefgf tokbfjfe
• ^fdf bfg`fe tubul yfeg torpfetuc acol tucfeg dfe
d` bfwfleyf fdf bfg`fe koegfegjft juc`t  
jorfs, k`sfceyf tucfeg boeturfe jorfs fetfrf
juc`t doegfe kaemaeg
soehftf
 

 FJ@BFT KAEMAEG ]OEHFT

 FJ@BFT ]OEHFTF
• Lfrd Maetfmt
 ” Cujf tokbfj tokpoc yfeg
orft
 ” Hohfs cfrfs hocfs
koegoc`c`eg` cubfeg cujf
 ” T`dfj
T`df j fjfe d`hukpf` joc`k
 hocfgf ftfu joc`k tfttaa
tfttaa
• ]ait Maetfmt
 ” Cujf tokbfj tokpoc
sobfg`fe
 ” Hohfs cfrfs tfkpfj sobfgf`
gfr`s coegjueg
 ” Tordfpft joc`k hocfgf dfe
joc`k tfttaa

C_JF TOKBFJ KF]_J Y]
JOC_FR
C_JF TOKBFJ KF]_J
_jurfeeyf jom`c,
jfroef pocuru koeokbus juc`t soport` bar
doegfe jomopftfe t`egg`
^`egg`rfe cujf kocojuj jofrfl dfcfk
jfroef pocuru koeokbus juc`t dfr` cufr
^`egg`rfe cujf koegfcfk` fbrfs`
B`sf tfkpfj joc`k cokfj
^fjf`fe kfsuj jo dfcfk cujf, d`bfwf
acol pocuru yfeg kfsuj
C_JF TOKBFJ JOC_FR
_jurfeeyf cob`l bosfr 
dfe cob`l t`dfj torftur d`bfed`egjfe cujf
tokbfj kfsuj,jfroef jomopftfe pocuru
borjurfeg sol`eggf koeyobfbjfe
rabojfe hfr`egfe
^`egg`rfe cujf kocojuj jocufr 
jfroef pocuru kocojuj jocufr
^`egg`rfe cujf t`dfj koegfcfk` fbrfs`
T`dfj tordfpft joc`k cokfj
T`dfj fdf
 

C_JF TOKBFJ KF]_J Y]

JOC_FR C_JF TOKBFJ KF]_J C_JF TOKBFJ JOC_FR
cujf b`sf tfkpfj l`tfk, torbfjfr, joc`k T`dfj fdf
tfta, ftfu hocfgf

tucfeg toegjarfj, p`egg`rfe cujf bfgus Tfkpfj soport` gfkbfrfe k`r`p jorumut
boetujeyf
B`sf tfkpfj wfref korfl torfeg fj`bft T`dfj fdf
fdfeyf zft jfrbae kaeajs`df
D`soj`tfr cu
cujf to
tordfpft jo
joc`k oj
oj`kas`s T`dfj fd
fdf
^ordfrflfe lfeyf sod`j`t ^ordfrflfe cob`l bfeyfj
^okor`jsffe
^okor`jsffe rfd`acag` ftfu fefc`sf T`dfj fdf
fjt`v`tfs eotrae koeokujfe c`egjfrfe
t`kfl ftfu zft bos` d` soj`tfr cujf
 

PFEG D@TOET_JFE

• DAJTOR 
C_J
C_JFF TOKBFJ
TOKBFJ FT
FTF_ B_J
B_JFE
FE
• CTK FTF_ CTJ DFE H_KCFL1
• D@FKOTOR ^OC_R_1 DO]JR@^]@1
• ^OT_EH_J TOETFEG ]OEHFTF1
• HFRFJ TOKBFJ1
• FRFL FEFJ ^OC_R_1
• FDF FTF_ T@DFJ ^OEGLFCFEG
• ]OBFB KFT@
• CTK PG KFEF PG B@J@E KFT@1
 

^OKOR@J]FFE JL_]_] ^FDF C_JF

TOKBFJ KF]_J

^OKOR@J]FFE K@JRA]JA^@]

 Fj`bft trfukf
trfukf kojfe`j
kojfe`j dfe tork`s

^orubflfe pfdf cujf tokbfj tokpoc dfe

cujf tokbfj hfrfj dojft8
 ” Jakpros` Op`toc
 ” Op`toc8 eojras`s jafgucft`i, sokbfb, vfjuac`sfs` soc-soc bfsfc
 ” Bfsapl`c`m stf`e`eg
 ” ^ordfrflfe bfru dfe but`r-but`r kos`u pfdf op`dork`s
  ” ]oc-soc dork`s8 `et` koegjorut, vfjuac`sfs`, p`jeat`j
 

^OKOR@J]FFE JL_]_] ^FDF C_JF

TOKBFJ KF]_J
^OKOR@J]FFE K@JRA]JA^@]
But`r-but`r kos`u
(t`dfj borfturfe: l`tfk ftfu l`tfk jomajcftfe)

Lfrd maetfmt
(But`r kos`u bfeyfj d` sfcurfe
s fcurfe cujf)

]ait maetfmt
(But`r kos`u pfdf juc`t dfe hfr`egfe
hfr`egfe d` bfwfl juc`t)

Cujf tokbfj hfrfj dojft8

(But`r  kos`u pfdf porkujffe juc`t, dfe lfeyf sod`j`t pfdf cfp`sfe bfwfl juc`t)
 

^OKOR@J]FFE JL_]_] ^FDF C_JF

TOKBFJ KF]_J
^OKOR@J]FFE J@K@F
J@K@FW@
W@

Kos`u L`tfk
(Jfc`uk,, jfrbae, e`tr`t, e`trft, sucit, sucft, jfrbaeft, as`feft, dfe asucft)
(Jfc`uk

Kos`u ^ul
(E`tr`t dfe socucasf e`trft)

Cfrfs soehftf dfe pocuru

(T`kfl, fekae, e`joc, tokbfgf, b`skutl, porfj, dfe tlfc`uk)

^okor`jsffe d`cfjujfe
(^fjf`fe, Cujf, dfe Tfegfe pfdf
pocfju poeokbfjfe)
 

^OKOR@J]FFE JL_]_] ^FDF C_JF

TOKBFJ KF]_J
^OKOR@J]FFE DOEGFE ]@EFR \
Koegotflu` cotfj pocuru

Tfedok buccot `ehury   d`tokujfe duf pocuru, wfcfu

lfeyf fdf 6 cujf tokbfj kfsuj

Bfeyfj poccot torsobfr  slatgue

]ftu pocuru  soehftf fp` hoe`s r`ico

^okbusujfe cfehut
 

T`k ^oegfkpu Kftf Juc`fl @cku Jodajtorfe

Iaroes`j dfe Kod`jacogfc

@EIFET@M@DO
 

Doi`e`s` `eifet`m`do
T`edfjfe pokbueulfe bfy` yfeg bfru
sfhf d`cfl`rjfe acol `bu jfeduegeyf
soed`r` uetuj koeutup` jolfk`cfe
ftfu/jocfl`rfe
bordfsfrjfe __ d` @edaeos`f8

pokbueulfe yfeg d`cfjujfe acol soarfeg

`bu ftfs fefjeyf pfdf wfjtu
d`cfl`rjfe/t`dfj borfpf cfkf sotocfl
d`cfl`rjfe, jfroef tfjut jotflufe bflwf
 `f kocfl`rjfe fefe
 

^orbodffe j`edordaadscfg dfe

j`edorkaard
• Bordfsfrjfe pfsfc =46 J_L^
J_L^,,
j`edordaadscfg pokbueulfe fefj soed`r` yfeg
d`cfjujfe tfepf roemfef.
•Bordfsfrjfe pfsfc =42 J_L^
J_L^,,
j`edorkaardpokbueulfe fefj soed`r` yfeg d`cfjujfe
doegfe roemfef
lujukfe j`edorkaard cob`l borft dfr`pfdf
j`edordaadscfg
 ^fsfc =4= J_L^8 johflftfe yfeg d`torfegjfe dfcfk
pfsfc =46&=42 d`pfedfeg bfg` arfeg cf`e yfeg turut
sortf kocfjujfe sobfgf` pokbueulfe doegfe roemfef
 
 

Jr`tor`f u/ d`gacaegjfe

`eifet`m`do8
• ^ocfju lfrus `bu jfedueg

• Jarbfe lfrus bfy` fefj jfedueg soed`r`

• ^okbueulfe lfrus d`cfjujfe pfdf sfft
d`cfl`rjfe ftfu t`dfj cfkf jokud`fe
• Kat`i pokbueulfe jfroef tfjut jotflufe
tocfl kocfl`rjfe fefj dfe t`dfj `eg`e
koefeggueg kfcu
 

Bujt` kod`j fpf lfrus d`mfr`

dajtor pfdf jfsus `eifet`m`do8

• Koeyftfjfe bfy` v`fboc ftfu t`dfj

• Koeyftfjfe bfy` cfl`r l`dup ftfu cfl`r

kft`
•  Fdf t`dfjeyf
t`dfjeyf porfwftfe
porfwftfe bfy`8
- Tfc` pusft sudfl d`pataeg dfe d``jft
- ]udfl d`kfed`jfe ftfu d`bors`ljfe
- ]udfl d`bor` pfjf`fe
• Koegotflu` cfkf l`dup d`cufr jfeduegfe
• Koemfr` sobfb jokft`fe bfy`
 

Y`fb`c`tfs bfy`8
]fkf frt`eyf doegfe kocfjujfe
poe`cf`fe torlfdfp t`egjft jokfkpufe
bfy` uetuj dfpft kokportflfejfe
l`dupeyf d`cufr jfeduegfe tfepf
porfcftfe
 

^orsyfrftfe v`fb`c`tfs8
• Tocfl d`jfedueg `bueyf socfkf pfc`eg t`dfj 2< k`eggu, yfeg
d`tfedf` doegfe (doegfe jftf cf`e bfy` kftfeg/kftur)8
- ^fehfeg bfdfe =?mk/cob`l

-
Borft bfdfe 6,?jg/cob`l
Hoe`s jocfk`e sdl dfpft d`bodfjfe kosj`pue tost`s bfy` cfj`2
bocuk toetu turue jo dfcfk sjratuk
- Bucu bfdfe sudfl hfrfeg, fc`s dfe bucu kftf sudfltukbul
- Juju sudfl kocowft` uhueg hfr`
- @et` poeucfegfe sudfl torboetuj pfdf tucfeg jfcjfeous ftfu
tfcus
- ^ortukbulfe g`g` sudfl sfkpf` pfdf t`egjft jfcs`i`jfs`

•
T`dfj kokpueyf` mfmft borft, soport` feoemloplfcus
 

Koeoetujfe borfpf cfkf l`dup

d`cufr jfeduegfe8
Lfc yfeg porcu d`porlft`jfe8
• Jaed`s` bfy`, kfs`l jatar ftfu sudfl d`rfwft
• Komaeouk, b`fsfeyf sosudfl duf lfr` t`dfj fdf cfg`
komaeouk
• T`egjft prasos pocopfsfe tuegguc tfc` pusft
• @jtorus, b`fsfeyf pfdf lfr` jookpft sfkpf` josopucul
•
Iarfkoe
k`eggu avfco, b`fsfeyf koeutup sosudfl boborfpf
• ^okbucul dfrfl ukb`c`jfc, koegfcfk` abc`torfs` sosudfl
boborfpf k`eggu
 

  CFL@R L@D_^
_dfrf pd c`feg toc`egf
toc` egf toegfl (Wroedoe & Wroet‐s
Wroet‐s tost)
]@]TOK JFRD@AYF]J_COR
T_EGG_C TFC@ ^_]FT • ]oc dfrfl korfl bor`et` + 8 24 hfk
Jokorflfe pd pfegjfc 8 =9 hfk • Yf
 Yfsf
sf ukb`c`mfc`s abc`torfs` 8 2 lr 
Jor`eg 8 2 ” = lr   • Dujtus frtor`asus koeutup8 6> lr 
•
^ uput
cob`l 8 9 ” < lr b`sf  Iarfkoe avfco koeutup 8 2 ” = bce
  ]@]TOK ^OREFIF]FE
]@]TOK ^OEMOREFFE • Dfdf mokbueg
• Kfjfefe d` dck cfkbueg • @gf dftfr 
• Borscfu tost (+) • ]ocf `gf cobfr 

Cfkbueg 8 6? koe`t • ^uemfj d`firfgkf `gf ?/9

_sus lfcus 8 6-2 hfk • ^fru koeutup` hfetueg
_sus bosfr 8 ?-9hfk • Top` pfru tukpuc
  Rojtuk 8 62 hfk • ^fru kattcod p`ej
• Borefifs _dfrf • ^orfbffe ~ busf
Kojaeouk tordaraeg •
Bors`l + 2 lr   Dam`kfm`f
lydrastft`mfpuckaeuk
+
 Bfjtor` d` dfcfk usus  K`jrasjap`s hfr`egfe pfru
•

Kokbodfjfe cfl`r l`dup & cfl`r kft`

•  Fdfeyf porefifsfe
porefifsfe
•  Fdfeyf doeyut
doeyut hfetueg
hfetueg
• ]`stok gfstra`etost`efc
•  Fdfeyf gorfjfe
gorfjfe atat c`etfeg
 

Tfedf-tfedf bfy` l`dup

l`dup dfe sudfl
borefifs
• ]`stok porefifsfe8
 ” Dfdf sudfl koegokbfeg
 ” Tucfeg `gf torc`lft cob`l koedftfr 

 ” ]ocf `gf kocobfr 

 ” ^fru-pfrukokoeul` raeggf dfdf, top` tukpuc, wfref

borubfl dfr` korfl jouegufe koehfd`

ko ehfd` bormfj-bormfj korfl
kudf soport` kazf`j
 ” ^orfbffe cokbut soport` busf
 ” Tos fpueg pfrukoegfpueg
 ” ^okor`jsffe k`jrasjap`j torc`lft odokf, fcvoac` sudfl

koegokbfeg dfe d`socfput` acol kokbrfef l`fc`e yfeg

torboetuj fj`bft doegfe ajs`goe
 

Tfedf-tfedf bfy` l`dup

l`dup dfe sudfl
borefifs
• ]`stok poemoreffed`tokujfe kfjfefe
ftfu bfjtor` d`dfcfk cfkbueg
• Tuegguc tfc` pusftfdfeyf prasos
pocopfsfe tuegguc tfc` pusft
• ]`stok jfrd`avfsjucfr iarfkoe avfco
koeutup
 

^okor`jsffe yfeg d`cfjujfe

pfdf `bu/torsfegjf8
•  Fdfeyf bojfs
bojfs jolfk`cfe8
jolfk`cfe8
- ]tr`fo grfv`dfruk
- D`ed`eg porut joedar 
- Rfl`k dfpft d`rfbf d`ftfs sypl`s`s
- ^fyudfrf bosfr dfe joemfeg
•  Fdfeyf bojfs2
bojfs2 porsfc`efe8
porsfc`efe8
- Rabojfe por`eouk
- Jocufr mf`rfe camlof
•  Fdfeyf lubuegfe
lubuegfe goeot`j
goeot`j
 

T`k ^oegfkpu Kftf Juc`fl @cku Jodajtorfe

Iaroes`j dfe Kod`jacogfc

JOHFL
JOH FLF
FTFE ]OJ
]OJ]_F
]_FC
C
 

JOHFLFTFE
JOHFLFT FE ]OJ]_F
]OJ]_FC C 8 ]OK_F T@ED
T@EDFJFE
FJFE
]OJ]_FC, ^ORMABFFE T@EDFJFE
]OJ]_FC,JAKOETFR PFEG T@DFJ
D@@EG@EJFE, ^ORDFGFEGFE ]O\, DOEGFE
KOEGG_EFJFE ^FJ]FFE,
 FEMFKFE,^
 FEMFKFE ,^FJ]FF
FJ]FFEE I@]@J ACOL
ACOL ]@F^F^_E
]@F^F^_E
]FHF TFE^
TFE^F F KOKFEDFEG
KOKFEDFEG L_B_E
L_B_EGFE
GFE
DOEGFE JARBFE, DFCFK ]@T_F]@ F^F
]FHF, T@DFJ TORBFTF] ^FDF R_KFL DFE
^OJORHFFE
 

]oc`egjul
^orjasffe
]oeggfkf Y] wfe`tf t`dfj bordfyf

Y] Wfe`tf d`bfwfl ukur 

J @emost

Eae
]oeggfkf ^orbuftfe Mfbuc
 

]OEGGFKF
Doie`s` 8 ^oeotrfs` poe`s jodfcfk Yfg`ef bf`j
sobfg`fe kfupue tatfc jo dfcfk vfg`ef, yfeg d`sortf`
kfupue dfj d`sortf` doegfe ohfjucfs`

COGFC @COGFC
 

]oeggfkf yfeg cogfc ( t`dfj kocfeggfr

lujuk ) fdfcfl yfeg d`cfjujfe doegfe
pr`es`p-pr`es`p sobfgf` bor`jut (]aiwfe
dflcfe, 2>>>)8

• Fdf `z`e ( maesoet ) dfr` wfe`tf yfeg

d`sotubul`
• Wfe`tf torsobut sudfl mujup ukur, solft
fjfceyf, t`dfj sodfeg dfcfk jofdffe
tor`jft porjfw`efe doegfe cfj`-cfj` cf`e
dfe bujfe feggatf jocufrgf dojft.
dojft .
 

]yfrft ^orsotubulfe Pfeg

Pfeg
Cogfc Koeurut
•  Fdf `z`e Lujuk
ftfu maesoet
maesoet dfr` wfe`tf
wfe`tf yfeg
d`sotubul`
• Wfe`tf torsobut sudfl mujup ukur 
• ]olft fjfceyf
• T`dfj sodfeg dfcfk jofdffe tor`jft
porjfw`efe doegfe cfj`-cfj` cf`e
• Bujfe feggatf jocufrgf tordojft
 

^fsfc 2<? J_L^

• Doi`e`s` porjasffe d` @edaeos`f fdfcfl
t`edfj p`dfef yfeg d`cfjujfe doegfe
jojorfsfe ftfu femfkfe jojorfsfe acol
cfj`-cfj` torlfdfp porokpufe yfeg bujfe
`stor`eyf doegfe pfjsffe uetuj
kocfjujfe porsotubulfe `etrfvfg`efc.
 

Bfetufe dajtor torlfdfp jfsus

porjasffe8
• Tfedf jojo
jojorfsfe
rfsfe
• Tfedf porsotubulfe
• ]obfb jokft`fe jarbfe
• ^orj`rffe sfft torhfd` porsotubulfe
• Jokuegj`efe pocfju
• ^orj`rffe ukur jarbfe
 

Tuhufe ^okor`jsffe Torlfdfp

Jarbfe ^fdf
• Koeguegjfp Jfsus
fpfjfl ^orjasffe
botuc jarbfe
soarfeg porokpufe
•
Koeguegjfp
soeggfkf fpfjfl botuc tocfl torhfd`
• Koeguegjfp `doet`tfs cfj`-cfj` yfeg

• koeyotubul`
Koeguegjfp fpfjfl botuc tocfl torhfd`
jojorfsfe i`s`j
 

Tuhufe ^okor`jsffe Torlfdfp

Torsfegjf
 ”
^fdf Jfs
Jfsus
us ^orjasf
^orjasffe
fe
Koeguegjfp fpfjfl torsfegjf
boefr-boefr cfj`-cfj`
 ” Koeguegjfp fpfjfl torsfegjf
dfpft kocfjujfe soeggfkf

(t`dfj `kpatoe)
 

Tfedf ^orsotubulfe

f. Tfe
fedf
df cfeg
cfegsu
sueg
eg 8
- rabojeyf socfput dfrf
- Comot/kokfr 
- ]porkf
b. Tfedf t`dfj cfegsueg
- Jolfk`cfe
-
 ^oey koeucfr soxufc
 

Mrosmoet`m feeucfr  maccfr 

]ok`cuefr
soptfto `kporiarfto
 

Mr`br`iark Lofrt slfpod

k`mraporiarfto Joy laco

 

Rabojfe ]ocfput Dfrf

 

• Dfcfk pokor`jsffe socfput dfrf, yfeg

lfrus d`e`cf` fdfcfl 8
• cajfs` sosuf` doegfe frfl hfruk

 hfk
• hukcfl rabojfe

• boetuj rabojfe

• s`ift rabojfe koc`put` top` rabojfe,

dforfl soj`tfreyf (wfref, kokfr,
b`et`j-b`et`j pordfrflfe)
 

TOJE@J ^OKOR@J]FFE

Irag-Cog Irag-Cog &

d`pfegju Jeoo-Mlost
 

Pfeg Kokpoegfrul`
Ifjtar Pfeg Kokpoegfrul`
^okbujt`fe
•
Fdfeyf ^orsotubulfe
Bosfreyf poe`s dfe dorfhft poeotrfs`eyf
• Boetuj dfe ocfst`s`tfs socfput dfrf
(lykoe)
•  Fdf t`dfjeyf
t`dfjeyf ohfjucfs`
ohfjucfs` dfe jofdffe
jofdffe
ohojucft `tu soed`r`
•
•
^as`s` porsotubulfe
Jofsc`fe bfrfeg bujt` sortf wfjtu
pokor`jsffe
 

]yfrft ^okor`jsffe ^fdf

Jarbfe ^orjasffe
•  Fdf ]^Y dfr` poey`d`j
• Jarbfe sobf`jeyf d`fetfr poey`d`j
• ^okor`jsffe sod`e` kuegj`e
• @eiarkod maesoet (porsotuhufe t`edfjfe
kod`s) dfr` jarbfe ftfu jocufrgf jarbfe
• ^okor`jsffe d`sfjs`jfe porfwft wfe`tf
• ^oemftftfe coegjfp, YOR sogorf d`buft
 

Tfedf Jojorfsfe ^fdf Jarbfe Johflftfe

]ojsufc D` Cufr
Cufr Fcft Jocfk`e

• Moj`jfe d` color 
• ^ujucfe pfdf jopfcf
• Abft-abftfe yfeg dfpft koegfj`bftjfe
jarbfe tfj sfdfr 
 

^okor`jsffe Dfr` Tubul

Torsfegjf
• ^orcfwfefe dfr` jarbfe
- Cujf fj`bft mfjfrfe juju jarbfe
- Hohfs g`g`tfe dfr` jarbfe
• ^okor`jsffe fdf t`dfjeyf soc op`toc
vfg`ef pfdf gcfes poe`s
• ^okor`jsffe sojrot urotrf uetuj
koeoetujfe fdfeyf poeyfj`t jocfk`e
 

^okor`jsffe Dfr` Tubul

Torsfegjf
• ^okor`jsffe torlfdfp jokfkpufe orojs`

poe`s d`cfjujfe fpfb`cf torsfegjf

koeyfegjfc dfpft kocfjujfe
porsotubulfe jfroef `kpatoes`
 

Bfrfeg Bujt` Kod`j Dfr` Tubul ^ocfju

• ]porkf
• Rfkbut jocfk`e
• Dfrfl
• G`g`
•

• Hohfs g`g`t
 F`r c`ur 
 

^okor`jsffe Dfr` ^fjf`fe

Torsfegjf
• D`mfr` fdfeyf bormfj sokoe, dfrfl
•  Fdfjfl rabojfe
rabojfe
•  Fdfjfl rfkbut
rfkbut jocfk`e
jocfk`e jarbfe
jarbfe pfdf
pfjf`fe torsfegjf
 

^okor`jsffe Cfbarftar`uk Iaroes`j

Mf`rfe Kfe` & ]porkftazaf

 

^oegfkb`cfe ]fkpoc Mf`rfe

Kfe`

• Lykoe raboj
Iare`js pastor`ar

• Lykoe utul
Yost`bucuk
 

^okor`jsffe _etuj Mf`rfe Kfe`

• Rofjs` Icaroes 8
-  Fdfeyf jlac`e
jlac`e

- Jr`stfc jlac`e-poryad`df
jlac`e-poryad`df wre
majcft,betj hfruk uhueg bocfl
• Rofjs` Borbor`a 8

fdfeyf spork`e dck sokoe

-- jr`stfc spork`e p`jrft yg jojue`egfe
b‐betj hfruk
 

Lfc-lfc yfeg kokuegj`ejfe t`dfj

d`tokujfeeyf sporkftazaf pfdf
pokor`jsffe 8

^okorjasf koedor`tf fzaaspork`f

Tocfl koehfcfe` vfsojtak`
 

^okor`jsffe Bormfj Dfrfl

• Tost Boez`d`eo
Boez`d`eo 8 wfref l`hfu-b`ru
l`hfu-b`ru
• Tost Cuk`eac 8 thd icuarosoes`
• Tost To`mlkfe 8 jr`stfc lok`e-LMc
• Tost Tfjfyfkf 8 jr`stfc pyr`d`eo-
lokamlrakagoe
 

Rfkbut Kfeus`f vs Rfkbut Lowfe

^okor`jsffe `edojs koducf

^orbfed`egfe d`fkotor koducf 8 rfkbut

Kfeus`f  6 8 =
Lowfe  6 8 2 ftfu cbl
 

Mfdfvor`m spfsko
•
B`cf FT^ koegl`cfeg dfr` c`egjuegfe
sojocakpaj atat yfeg sodfeg fjt`i bojorhf
bortopftfe doegfe sfft kft`, fjfe torhfd`
mfdfvor`m spfsko.

Lfb`seyf
sfft kft` FT^
dfpftyfeg
torhfd`borsfkffe doegfe
pfdf arfeg yfeg
koegfcfk` jotogfegfe h`wf yfeg sfegft.
 

Tfedf-tfedf hoefzfl koe`eggfc fj`bft

fsi`js`f
• ]`feas`s
• Boeduegfe s`stok`j
• Cobfk kfyft
• Odokf
•
Busf lfcus pfdf l`dueg dfe kucut
 

T`k ^oegfkpu Kftf Juc`fl @cku Jodajtorfe

Iaroes`j dfe Kod`jacogfc

TRF_KFTACAG@
 

  TRF_KFTACAG@

Trfukf Cagas

  Jojorfsfe ftfs hfr`egfe @cku

tubul yfeg kfs`l l`dup

@cku yfeg kokpocfhfr` sokuf fspoj 

  yfeg borjf`tfe doegfe jojorfsfe torlfdfp hfr`egfe
 tubul kfeus`f yfeg kfs`l l`dup
 

Kfeifft Trfukftacag`
dfcfk Jodajtorfe iaroes`j
Kokbfetu ^oeoetufe8

Hoe`s poeyobfb trfukf

 Wfjtu torhfd`eyf trfukf
torhfd`eyf trfukf
Mfrf kocfjujfeeyf
 Fj`bft
trfukf
trfukf
Jaetojs por`st`wf poeyobfb trfukf
 

HOE@] ^OEPOBFB TRF_KF

KOJFE@J

   -- JOJORF]FE
JOJORF]FE TFHFK
T_K^_C
I@]@J
  -C@]TR@J
  - ]_L_

 JAKB@EF]@
- BFRATRF_KF
KOJFE@J DFE I@]@J
  - ]OE
]OEHFT
HFTF
F F^@
J@K@F
  - F]FK J_F
J_FTT
   - BF]F J_FT

Trfukf Boedf Tfhfk

MFRF KOCFJ_JFE

6. ]@]@ TFHFK D@TOK

D@TOK^OCJ
^OCJFE
FE ^D J_C@T
J_C@T,,
JOK_D@FE D@TFR@J ,D@DARAEG (@R@])
2. ]@]@
]@]@ R_
R_EM
EM@E
@EG
G D@T
D@TOJ
OJFE
FE TO
TOGF
GFJ
J
C_R_] (T_]_J)
=. D@F
D@FP_E
P_EJFE
JFE & DOEGF
DOEGFE
E ]OJ_F
]OJ_FT
T
 TOEFGF (BFMAJ)
 

M`r` cujf fj`bft boedf tfhfk

• Gfr`s bftfs cujf torftur / togfs
• Top` cujf rftf,tob`eg cujf rftf dfe
tordfpft sudut cujf
• T`dfj fdf hokbftfe hfr`egfe
• Boetuj gfr`s curus ftfu b`sf coegjueg
• B`cf cujf d`tfutjfe rfpft
• Iac`joc rfkbut torpataeg
 • Dforfl d`soj`tfr cujf t`dfj tordfpft kokfr 
 

M`r` cujf fj`bft boedf tfhfk

- ]udut cujf dfpft tukpuc fj`bft pueggueg
p`sfu sodfegjfe sudut cfem`p fj`bft uhueg
ftfu kftf p`sfu
- ]fcfl sftu sudut cfem`p sodfeg yfeg sftueyf
tukpuc : d`buft acol soehftf borkftf sftu
- Joduf sudut cfem`p 8 d`buft acol soehftf
borkftf duf ftfu borkftf sftu
- Joduf sudut tukpuc 8 d`bft acol jfkpfj ftfu
 pflft

MFRF KOCFJ_JFE JOJORF]FE

_ET_J
_ET_ J ]OEH
]OEHFFTF TFHFK
TFHFK

D@@R@]JF
E
 

D@T_]_JJF
E

   F
   J
   J
   A
   M
   F    E
   B
   @
   D
 

^orbodffe cujf yfeg d`sobfbjfe boedf

tfhfk
• Bor`jut gfkbfrfe cujf bfmaj, cujf tusuj
dfe cujf `r`s 8

^fdf cujf bfmaj 8

 _jurfe cujf bosfr dfe koegfegf
 ^fehfeg cujf jurfeg cob`l sfkf doegfe dfcfk cujf
 B`fsfeyf tucfeg-tucfeg d`bfwfleyf `jut koedor`tf cujf
  H`jf soehftf yfeg d`guefjfe t`dfj bog`tu tfhfk kfjf
d`soj`tfr gfr`s bftfs cujf tordfpft kokfr
^fdf cujf tusuj 8
 Dfcfk cujf cob`l bosfr dfr` pfehfegeyf cujf
 Kokfr yfeg torhfd` d`fj`bftjfe acol gfgfeg p`sfu
p`sfu
^fdf cujf `r`s 8
  ^fehfeg cujf cob`l bosfr dfr` dfcfkeyf cujf

Trfukf Boedf Tukpuc

Hoe`s-hoe`s cujf fj`bft trfukf boedf
tukpuc
6. Comot (F
(Fbrfrfs
s`)
2. Kokf
kfrr (j
(jae
aettus
us`)
`)

=. Cu
Cujf
jf tor
torbu
bujf
jf/r
/rab
aboj
2
oj (Cf
(Cfso
sorf
rfs`
s`))
6 =
 

C_JF COM
OMO
OT ( F BRF
BRF]@)
]@)

Cujf yfeg d`sobfbjfe acol rusfj ftfu copfseyf cfp`sfe

cufr dfr` juc`t
M@R@-M@R@EPF 8
• Boe
Boetu
tujj ccu
ujf t`
t`d
dfj to
torf
rftu
tur 
r 
• Bftf
Bftfs
s cu
cujf t`
t`d
dfj to
torf
rftu
tur 
r 
• Top` cujf t`
t`d
dfj rftf
rftf
• Jfdf
Jfdfeg
eg d
d`t
`to
okujfe
kujfe sod`
sod`j`t
j`t pordf
pordfrflfe
rflfe
• ^orkujf
^orkujffe
fe tortutup
tortutup aco
col
l jrustf (soruk
(soruk yg to
tocf
cfl
l
koegor`eg)
• W fref
ref ma
majc
jcf
ft jok
jokorf
rflf
lfe
e
 • ^oko
^okor`jsffe
r`jsffe k`jra
k`jrasja
sjap`s
p`s tfdf
tfdf bo
bobo
borfpf
rfpf bf
bfg`f
g`fe
e yg
kfs`l d`tutup` op`toc dfe rofjs` hfr`egfe (`eicfkfs`)
 

C_JF COMOT

• Koegoef` op`dork`s
• Dfpft koeuehujjfe frfl
• Jfdfeg koeuehujjfe boedf
poeyobfb
• Kfmfk
 ” Comot tojfe

 ” Comot gosor / sorut

 ” Comot garos
 T
 

KOKFR 
• JFDFEG CAJF]@ T@DFJ ]O]_F@
TRF_KF
• ^OR_BFLFE WFREF
• JFDFEG KOEMORK@EJFE
^OEPOBFB
• DFK^FJ
DFK^FJ ^FTAI@]
TAI@]@ACA
@ACAG@
G@
TORGFET_EG8
 ” CAJF]@
 ” _J_RFE
 ” _K_R
BODFJFE DOEGFE COBFK
 KFPFT !

K o kf r Cobfk kfyft

Cajfs` D` kfef sfhf Toroedfl

^okboegjfjfe + -

D`tojfe Totfp DF^FT kokumft

 K`jrasjap`j  Rx Hfr + Rx Hfr -
T
 

C_JF RABOJ
Cujf yg d`sobfbjfe jfroef porsoetulfe boedf tukpuc
doegfe jojuftfe yg kfkpu koraboj socurul cfp`sfe
juc`t dfe hfr`egfe d`bfwfleyf 
d`bfwfleyf 
M@R@-M@R@EPF 8
• Boetuj gfr`s bftfs cujf tfj torftur

• B`cf d`tfutjfe t`dfj dfpft rfpft

• Top` dfe d`ed`eg

D`tokujfe cujf hfr`egfe
hokbftfe tfj rftf
• D`soj`tfr cujf tordfpft kokfr
• Iac`joc rfkbut utul
 T
 

BOEDF BOR]_L_ T@EGG@

T@EGG@

C_JF BFJFR
 

Dorfhft Cujf Bfjfr 

Cujf bfj
Cujf bfjfr
fr do
dorfh
rfhft
ft @ 8 Or`t
Or`tok
okf
f
Cujf bfjfr dorfhft @@8
@@ 8 Yos`joc
Yos`joc dfe Buccfo
Cujf
Cujf bf
bfjf
jfrr Dorf
Dorfhf
hftt @@@
@@@ 8 Eojr
Eojras
as`s
`s Ja
Jafgfguc
ucft
ft`i 
`i 
Cuj
ujf
f bf
bfjfr dorf
rfhf
hftt @Y
@Y 8 Jf Jfrb
rbaae`
e`s
sfs
fs` 
` 
 

^oeoetufe Cufs Cujf Bfjfr 

 Fefj 8 
8 
jopfcf dfe color 6?%
Bfdfe dopfe dfe bocfjfeg kfs`eg-kfs`eg 2>%
Ojstrok`tfs ftfs jfefe dfe j`r` kfs`eg-kfs`eg 6>%
Ojstrok`tfs bfwfl jfefe dfe j`r` kfs`eg-kfs`eg 6?%

Bfy`8
Jopfcf dfe color 2>%
Bfdfe dopfe dfe bocfjfeg kfs`eg-kfs`eg 2>%
Ojstrok`tfs ftfs jfefe dfe j`r` kfs`eg-kfs`eg 6>%
Ojstrok`tfs bfwfl jfefe dfe j`r` kfs`eg-kfs`eg 6>%.
 

Cujf fj`bft ]ulu

2
Roedfl/D`eg`e

• Bfg`fe tubul yfeg torbujf

• ^ftlaplys`acagy
 
Yfsad`cftfs`  L`porok`
supori`s`fc → ^frfc`so  Yfsajaetr`js`
vfsakatar maetrac →pokbucul dfrfl
 Jokorflfe → 
Gfegroe.
 T
 

^orbodffe Cujf Fj`bft ]oegftfe

 
C`str`j dfe Cujf Fj`bft ]fkbfrfe ^ot`r 
= ]oegftfe C`str`j 4 ]fkbfrfe ^ot`r
Boetuj cujf pfdf dforfl Cujf gfbuegfe fj`bft c`str`j,

kfsujeyf frus borupf pfefs dfe codfjfe udfrf

jorusfjfe juc`t

Top` koeaehac, dforfl soj`tfr Fj`bft pfefs 8 borupf cujf bfjfr 

cujf pumft, d`joc`c`eg` dforfl Fj`bft codfjfe udfrf 8 k`r`p

l`porok`s doegfe cujf fj`bft jojorfsfe

boedf tukpuc

]or`eg d`tokujfe kotfc`sfs` ]or`eg d`tokujfe fbarosoet

kfrj, kotfc`sfs`, dfe
 kfgeot`sfs`

C  
_   
J    
F   
K     
]   F   
_   
J    
C_JF
JOC_FR
 T
 

Doi`e`s` pocfyfefe iaroes`j dfe

kod`jacogfc8
^ocfyfefe jodajtorfe uetuj kokbor`jfe
bfetufe praios`aefc somfrf apt`kfc dfcfk
kokfeifftjfe `cku jodajtorfe uetuj
jopoet`egfe poeogfjfe lujuk dfe
jofd`cfe
 

Tfedf `etrfv`tfc`tfs cujf

 Torlfdfp hfr`egfe8
- rotrfjs` hfr`egfe
- rofjs` vfsjucor 8
• trfukf sulu pfefs  or`tokf, vos`joc /bucf
-trfukf boedf jorfs dfe tukpuc8
• Jaetus` ftfu kokfr 
 

Tfedf `etrfv`tfc`tfs cujf

Torlfdfp argfe dfcfk8
- pordfrflfe lobft `etorefc & ojstorefc
- okbac` udfrf
- okbac` cokfj

- peoukatlarfjs
- okpl`s
`so
okf ju
juc`
c`t/
t/jr
jrop
op``tfs
fs`` ju
juc`t
 

Jufc`i`jfs` cujf borft8

• Cujf borft borfrt`8
 hftul sfj`t ftfu koedfpft cujf yfeg t`dfj kokbor`

lfrfpfe fjfe bflfyf

koe`kbucjfe sokbulkfut:
sfkf sojfc`, ftfu yfeg
T`dfj kfkpu torus koeorus uetuj koehfcfejfe tugfs
 hfbftfe ftfu pojorhffe
pojorhffe poemfr`fe:
poemfr`fe:

Jol`cfegfe sfcfl sftu pfemf `edorf:
Koedfpft mfmft borft:
Koedfpft sfj`t cukpul
Torgfeggueyf dfyf p`j`r socfkf okpft k`eggu cob`l:
 Gugur ftfu kft`eyf jfeduegfe soarfeg porokpufe

Boborfpf boetuj pocfyfefe

`cku iaroes`j & kod`jacogfc8
• Iaroes`j jc`e`j
• Iaroes`j pftacag`j
• ^ocfyfefe ojstrfkurfc
• ^ocfyfefe jaesuctfs` kod`jacogfc
•
^ocfyfefe jfkfr hoefzfl
• ^ocfyfefe poeyod`ffe mfdfvor 
 

T`k ^oegfkpu Kftf Juc`fl @cku Jodajtorfe

Iaroes`j dfe Kod`jacogfc

 

F]I@J]@F
Cftfr Bocfjfeg
•  Fsi`js`f  gfeggufe portujfrfe udfrf
porefifsfe earkfc
•
Torloet`eyf supcf` A2 jokft`fe
• Koeurut ot`acag`, fs`i`js`f8 fcfk`fl, trfukf
kojfe`j, dfe jorfmuefe
• Borbfgf` jfsus fsi`js`f  dfpft
d`tokujfe tfedf-tfedf jokft`fe yfeg
borbodf
 

 Fsi`js`f
• Doi`e`s`   suftu jofdffe yfeg d`tfedf`

doegfe torhfd`eyf gfeggufe

udfrf porefpfsfe,   ajs`goeportujfrfe
dfrfl
borjurfeg (l`pajs`f) d`sortf` doegfe
poe`egjftfe jfrbaed`ajs`df (l`porjfpeou)
 

I`s`acag` fsi`js`f
 Feajs`f Feajs`j
( Feax`m
 Feax`m feax`f
feax`f)

 Feajs`f Feok`f
( Feok`f
 Feok`f feax`f)
feax`f)

 Feajs`f Lfkbftfe
(]tfgefet feax`f)
feax`f)
  Feajs`f Hfr`egfe
(Lystatax`m feax`f)
feax`f)
 

^ftai`s`acag` Fsi`js`f
^oe`egjftfe jfdfr
Gfeggufe (MA2)
^oeuruefejfdfr 
jfrbaed`ajs`df
portujfrfeudfrf
ajs`goe(A2)
dfcfk dfrfl
(l`porjfpeof)
porefpfsfe
dfcfkdfrfl

^
oe
ur 
ue
fe
su

pc
f`
aj
s`
go
e
(A

2)
jo
 hfr 
`e
gf
e
tu
 bu
l

Hoe`s-Hoe`s ^oeyobfb Fsi`js`f

•
]trfegucfs`
 ” Gfetueg (Lfeg`eg)

 ” ^oehorftfe (]trfegucft`ae by C`gfturo)

 ” ^oemoj`jfe (Kfeufc ]trfegucft`ae)

• ]uiajfs`
• ^okbojfpfe (]katlor`eg)
• Toeggocfk (Drawe`eg)
• Mrusl Fsplyx`f
• Jorfmuefe MA dfe ]E
 

6.Ifso
=. Ifso
2.Ifso Johfeg
D`speou /
4 ]tfd`uk Gohfcf / Tfedf Fsi`js`f
/Jaevucs`
 Fpeou
]`feas`s

4
.
I
f
s
o

 
 F
j
 l
`
 
r 

Tfedf jcfs`j fsijs`f

• Tfrd`ou‐s spat
• Jaegost` dfe aodokf
• ]`feas`s
 

^okor`jsffe Cufr 

FEA]@]

COBFK KFPFT

B@ET@J ^ORDFRFLFE

Jfp`cor yfeg cob`l kudfl Boeduegfe

 pomfl `jft
 hfr`egfe fdfcfl jfp`cor
caegg
caeggfr pfdf
fr,, k`sfceyf s`stok`j d` juc`t
pfdf jaehuegt`vf bucb` B_@L LFC_]
 

B`et`j pordfrflfe

]ocfcu c`lft b`et`j

pordfrflfe d` bocfjfeg
toc`egf
 

]`feas`s pfdf b`b`r dfe pocobfrfe

pokbucul dfrfl d` jaehuegt`vf
 C`dfl jocufr h`jf mr`ja`d yfeg
torjoef h`jf gfetueg d`r`

^OKOR@J]FFE DFCFK
• Dfrfl borwfref cob`l gocfp dfe cob`l
oemor 
• Busf lfcus d` sfcurfe efifs
• ^okboeduegfe s`rjucfs` pfdf argfe
dfcfk tubul
• ^otoj`o
• Odokf pfru
 

Bormfj pordfrflfe pfdf pfru

(bormfj pfrtfui)
 

B`et`j pordfrflfe d` argfe dfcfk

 

Bu`l lfcus d` sfcurfe efifs

 Fdf bu`l
lfcus
 

GFET_EG
  ◁
Jofdffe d`kfef color d`horft doegfe `jftfe, dfyf horft kokfeifftjfe

DOI@E@]@ borft bfdfe tubul

Makpcoto Lfeg`eg
^A]@]@ JARBFE
  ◁

◁
@emakpcoto Lfeg`eg

  ◁

^A]@]@ ]@K^_C ◁
Typ`mfc Lfeg`eg
 Ftyp`mfc Lfeg`eg
Lfeg`eg

  ◁
*Jorusfjfe K] & KA *Fsi`js`f
KOJFE@]KO JOKFT@FE ◁

◁
*@sjok`f Atfj *Yfgfc Roicojs
*Fpapcojs`f
Roicojs

MFRF JOKFT@FE *Bueul D`r` *Jomocfjffe

  ◁

◁
*^okbueulfe
 

Gfetueg
T`po gfetueg bordfsfrjfe cotfj s`kpuceyf
 Typ
yp``mfc lfeg
eg``eg Ftyp
yp``mf
mfcc lfe
feg
g`eg

T`po ” t`po gfetueg bordfsfrjfe borft tubul

jarbfe
  Makpcoto lfeg`eg
Gfkbfrfe past kartok jfsus gfetueg
^okor`jsffe Cufr 
• Tfedf poehorftfe color
• Jodfcfkfe bojfs horftfe
• Tfedf-tfedf fsi`js`f
(gfetueg 8 cobfb kfyft d`
bfg`fe bfwfl)
• Cobfk kfyft
• ]ojros` ur`e dfe iosos
@emakpcoto lfeg`eg
^okor`jsffe dfcfk
• Cfsorfs` pokbucul dfrfl
• Tfedf-tfedf fsi`js`f
• Rosfpfe dfrfl pfdf
 hfr`egfe d` bfwfl juc`t dfe
atat
• Odokf pfru
• ^ftfl tucfeg lya`d ftfu
jfrt`cfga mr`ma`d
• Irfjtur vortobrf sorv`jfc`s
 

HORFT
Doi`e`s ◁
^oeojfefe boedf fs`eg koc`egjfr`
ftfu koeg`jft color yfeg kfj`e
cfkf kfj`e juft, sol`eggf sfcurfe
efifs tortutup ( fdf poeojfefe)

`
Kojfe`sk ◁
 Fsi`js`f
o ◁
]yaj vfsavfgfc
◁

jokft`fe @sjok`f sorobrfc

^okbueulfe
Mfrf
◁
 ◁

jokft`fe ◁ Jomocfjffe
Bueul d`r`

Gfkbfrfe past kartok

^okor`jsffe Cufr  ^okor`jsffe dfcfk
• Cfsorfs` ftfu ruptur pokbucul
• Tfedf horft dfrfl
• • Tfedf-tfed
fedf-tfedff Fsi`js`f
Fsi`js `f
• Tfedf
Cobfkfsi`js`f
kfyft • Tordfpft rosfpfe dfrfl pfdf
 hfr`egfe d`bfwfl juc`t
juc`t dfe atat
• Tordfpft kokfr ftfu ruptur 
• ^fdf pokor`jsffe pfru-pfru
sor`eg d`toku` odokf pfru.
• Hfrfeg tordfpft pftfl tucfeg
lya`d ftfu jfrt`cfga mr`ma`d
 

MOJ@JFE
◁
^oeojfefe pfdf color doegfe tfegfe
ftfu coegfe bfwfl
◁

Doi`e`s` D`ed`eg sfcurfe
poeyokp`tfe efifsefifs
sfcurfe ftfs tortojfe  
◁
_dfrf porefifsfe t`dfj dfpft cowft

Kojfe`sko ◁
 Fsi`js`f
jokft`fe ◁
Yfgfc roicox
 

MOJ@JFE
 

Gfkbfrfe ^ast Kartok ^oemoj`jfe

◁
Tfedf fsi`js`f
^okor`jsffe Cufr  ◁
Tfedf jojorfsfe
jojor fsfe pfdf color 
◁

Tfedf jojorfsfe pfdf tokpft cf`e

◁
Rosfpfe dfrfl d` atat dfe kujasf
^okor`jsffe ◁
Irfjtur  tucfeg sohft` dfe jfrt`cfga
◁
 Cujsfs` frt`jucfs`a jr`jat`ra`dof, rabojfe

Dfcfk ◁
c`gfkoetuk
Odokf pfru

]_IAJF]@
◁
Ajs`goe d` udfrf jurfeg kokfdf`
]obfb ◁
Earkfc 8 jfdfr A2 udfrf 2> %, h`jf
koemfpf` 4-9 %  jokft`fe
torhfd`eyf ◁

Ox8 kft` d` c`it,jfroef jolfb`sfe udfrf

◁
Rufeg jom`c tfepf voet`cfs` yfeg d`poeul`
Maetal arfeg
◁
Joruetulfe portfkbfegfe
johfd`fe ◁
Torhobfj d` rufeg yfeg tortutup rfpft

◁
L`pajs`f
 ]obfb ◁
^oeukpujfe MA2
◁
Lfwf pfefs
jokft`fe ◁
Modorf

 ^OKBOJF^FE
(]KATLOR@EG
]KATLOR@EG))
Doi`e`s` Abstrujs` kojfe`j fc`rfe udfrf dfr`
  ◁

cufr jo dfcfk kucut dfe cubfeg l`dueg

◁
Cujf comot ftfu kokfr d` kucut, l`dueg, dfe dforfl
soj`tfreyf
Jocf`efe yfeg torhfd` ◁
Kokfr ftfu raboj pfdf kucut bfg`fe dfcfk (yfeg
borlfdfpfe doegfe g`g`)
 ◁

Bueul d`r`
Mfrf Jokft`fe ◁
Jomocfjffe
◁
^okbueulfe

Gfkbfrfe ^ast Kartok ^okbojfpfe

◁
Tfedf jojorfsfe (cujf comot, kokfr)
^okor`jsffe ◁
Tfedf fsi`js`f
◁

cufr  ^okor`jsffe
juc`t, dfrfl) bfwfl juju (op`toc

◁
Dfrfl oemor dfe gocfp (fjt`v`tfs i`br`eac`s`e,
^okor`jsffe ◁
jurfegeyf A2)
Jaegost`, odokf pfru
dfcfk ◁
^toml`fo
◁
Busf lfcus pfdf sfcurfe porefifsfe
 

TOR]ODFJ (MLAJ@EG & GFGG@EG)

◁
]ukbftfe boedf fs`eg pfdf hfcfe efifs
Doi`e`s` ◁
Gfgg`eg   araifr`eg
◁
Mlaj`eg  cfr`egaifr`eg

Kojfe`sko ◁
 Fsi`js`f
◁

jokft`fe Yfgfc roicox 

◁
 Gfkbfrfe Boedf fs`eg  tfedf
past kartok jojorfsfe
 

TOEGGOCFK
 

TOEGGOCFK (DRAWE@EG)
DOI@E@]@ Jokft`fe fj`bft kft` cokfs (fsi`js`f) d`sobfbjfe kfsujeyf mf`rfe
  ◁

jodfcfk sfcurfe porefpfsfe

  ◁
Wot drawe`eg
◁
Dry drawe`eg (pfgoc roicojs jfroef d`eg`e fjl`reyf kft` ( pfru2 t`dfj toroedfk))
◁
]omaedfry Drawe`eg
◁

HOE@]
@kkors`ae syedrako

  ◁
Yfgfc Roicojs
]OBFB JOKFT@FE ◁

◁
]pfsko cfr`eg
^oegfrul f`r yfeg kfsuj pfru-pfru

  ◁

MFRF JOKFT@FE
Bueul D`r`
◁
Jomocfjffe
◁
^okbueulfe
 

 Drawe`eg
@e irosl wftor (f`r tfwfr)

Kojfe`sko8
• F`r tfwfr fjfe mopft d`sorfp
• Torhfd` porubflfe b`aj`k`fw` yfeg
sor`us
• Fdfeyf lokad`cus`   kokpoegfrul`
jorhf hfetueg (yfeg koeyobfbjfe
 jokft`fe)

]of wftor/sfct wftor (f`r fs`e)

Kojfe`sko8
• Torhfd` lokajaesoetrfs`

•
^ortujfrfe
dfcfk dfrflocojtrac`t dfr` f`r fs`e jo
• Torhfd` feajs`f pfdf kyamfrd`uk dfe

d`sortf` poe`egjftfe
koeyobfbjfe pfyflv`sjas`tfs
hfetueg dfrfl
(sukbor 
jokft`fe)
 

^okor`jsffe Cufr 

◁
Kfyft dfcfk jofdffe bfsfl, borcukurfe pfs`r, cukpur dfe
boedf-boedf fs`eg cf`e yfeg tordfpft dfcfk f`r.
◁
 Bu`l lfcus pfdf l`dueg dfe kucut, jfdfeg-jfdfeg d`sortf` dfrfl.
◁
Kftf sotoegfl torbujf ftfu tortutup.

• Jut`s fesor`ef (juc`t fegsf) • Mfdfvor`m spfsko

• Wfslor wakfe‐s lfed •

(arfeg toeggocfk,tfp` Cujf-cujf comot pfdf s`ju,
 hfr` tfegfe, cutut dfe jfj`
bocuk pfst` fj`bft gosojfe pfdf boedf-
  boedf dfcfk f`r
 

^okor`jsffe Dfcfk

◁
Bu`l lfcus dfe boedf dfcfk sfcurfe porefifsfe.
◁
^fru-pfru kokbosfr, cob`l borft. ^fdf poeg`r`sfe bfeyfj jocufr
mf`rfe.
 ◁
Cfkbueg dfpft sfegft kokbosfr, bor`s` f`r, cukpur dfe kuegj`e
 hugf tordfpft dfcfk usus lfcus

^okor`jsffe Cfbarftar`uk

◁
Tos d`ftako (tokufe
(tokufe d`ftako 6 sfhf d`suksuk tucfeg sudfl pfst` sobfb kft`
toeggocfk)
◁
^okor`jsffe d`ftak pas`t`i b`cf pfdf hfr`egfe pfru d`tokujfe d`ftak mujup bfeyfj 8 4-
 ?/ C^B ftfu 6>-2> por sftufe sod`ffe, ftfu pfdf suksuk tucfeg mujup d`tokujfe sftu
◁

◁ ^okor`jsffe Dfrfl Hfetueg

^okor`jsffe k`jrasjap`j hfr`egfe
◁
^okor`jsffe jorfmuefe

^orbodffe tokufe pastkartok

D` f`r tfwfr   D` f`r fs`e
• Dry Cueg - wot Cueg
• Borft pfru lfkp`r earkfc - Borft pfru bortfkbfl
• Jfdfr EfMc hfetueg jfefe cob`l - Jfdfr EfMc hfetueg j`r`
t`egg` dfr` hfetueg j`r` cob`l t`egg` dfr` hfetueg jfefe
 

Mrusl Fsi`js`f
(Trfukft`j
(Trfukft`j Fsi`js`f)
◁
Dfdf dfe porut koedfpft
Ot`aca tojfefe somfrf borsfkffe
g`
Lfs`c ◁
]`feas`s
◁
B`et`j pordfrflfe pfdf bfg`fe ftfs tubul
 ◁
Odokf dfe pokboegjfjfj pfdf bacf kftf
◁

pokor`j
sffe
Jaegost` pfdf tubul sobocfl ftfs fj`bft dfrfl
tordaraeg joftfs fj`bft jakpros` fbdakoe

T`k ^oegfkpu Kftf Juc`fl @cku Jodajtorfe Iaroes`j dfe Kod`jacogfc

 
JORFM_EFE

Jorfmuefe
Jfrbae Kaeajs`df
 

Tfedf dfe Gohfcf Jorfmuefe MA

Jaesoetrfs` Jaesoetrfs`
rftf-rftf < MALb d` dfcfk Gohfcf Jorfmuefe
 hfk (ppk) dfrfl (%)
2? ” ?> 2,? ” ? T`dfj fdf gohfcf
Fc`rfe dfrfl koe`egjft, sfj`t jopfcf
?> ” 6>> ? ” 6>
r`egfe
Togfeg dforfl dfl`, sfj`t jopfcf,
6>> ” 2?> 6> ” 2>
 poegc`lftfe fgfj torgfeggu
torgfeggu
]fj`t jopfcf sodfeg, bordoeyut-doeyut,
2?> ” 4?> 2> ” => dfl` (tlrabb`eg tokpco), wfhfl korfl
dfe kufc
 ]fj`t jopfcf borft, vort`ga, kufc,
4?> ” 9?> => ” 4> kuetfl, cokfs, kudfl torgfeggu,
 p`egsfe sfft bojorhf

]oport` d`ftfs, cob`l borft, kudfl

9?> ” 6>>> 4> ” ?>
 p`egsfe dfe hftul

Jakf, l`patoes`, jfdfeg d`sortf`

6>>> ” 6?>> ?> ” 9>
johfeg, porefifsfe Mloyeo-]tajos

Jakf doegfe johfeg, poeojfefe

6?>> ” 2?>> 9> ” 7>  porefifsfe dfe iuegs` hfetueg,
kuegj`e torhfd` jokft`fe
Doeyut efd` cokfl, porefifsfe
 2?>> - 4>>> 7> - <> cfkbft, gfgfc lokad`efk`j,
jokft`fe

Gfkbfrfe ^ast Kartok Jorfmuefe

Jfrbae Kaeajs`df
Cobfk kfyft borwfref korfl morfl
◁

(mlorry rod macaur)

^toj`o pfdf substfes`f fcbf dfe jartojs

◁

joduf bocfl atfj, gcabus pfc`dus

Oesoifcakfcfs`f s`kotr`s pfdf gcabus

◁

pfc`dus
   ^ordfrflfe dfe eojras`s pfdf k`ajfrd`uk
◁

JORFM_EFE
sukbo ]@FE@DF
◁
L`dragoe s`fe`df
◁
Gfrfk s`fe`df

r 
◁
Torbfjfr pfdf joraegjaegfe,
sosfj efpfs, l`porsfc`vfs`,
kuetfl, sfj`t jopfcf, iataiab`f
gohfcf
 ◁
]`feas`s, efd` mopft dfe cokfl, jocufr
busf dfr` kucut, porefpfsfe mopft dfe
t`dfj torftur, udfrf porefpfsfe borbfu

tfedf fkfedoc, johfeg, `ejaet`eoes`f ur`e dfe fcv`

^okor`jsffe Jodajtorfe Iaroes`j

◁
Torm`uk bfu fkfedoc
^okor`jsffe ]`feas`s pfdf wfhfl dfe b`b`r 
◁

Busf jocufr dfr` kucut

◁

cufr hoefzfl Cobfk kfyft borwfref korfl torfeg

◁

^okor`jsffe Torm`uk bfu fkfedoc sfft kokbujf raeggf dfdf, porut, atfj,
◁

dfe cfkbueg

dfcfk Dfrfl, atat, dfe poefkpfeg argfe tubul borwfref korfl

◁

torfeg
Tfedf-tfedf fsi`js`f pfdf argfe tubul
◁

 hoefzfl
 

^okor`jsffe cfbarftar`uk
6. _h` jortfs sfr`eg
f. Jortfs
Jortfs sfr
sfr`e
`eg
g d`mo
d`mocu
cupj
pjfe
fe jo
jo dfcf
dfcfk k cfru
cfrutf
tfe
e fsfk
fsfk p`j
p`jef
eftt
 hoeul → totosjfe sftu totos `s` cfkbueg ftfu dfrfl
dfrfl
jarbfe → tueggu jor`eg → totosjfe Ef2MA= 6>% 6
totos → b`cf torboetuj wfref uegu (+)
b. Jort
Jo rtfs
fs sf
sfr`
r`eg
eg d`
d`mo
mocu
cupj
pjfe
fe df
dfcf
cfk
k cf
cfru
rutf
tfe
e JMc
JMc →
d`jor`egjfe dfe d`pataeg jom`c-jom`c → mocupjfe dfcfk
dfrfl jarbfe → b`cf borwfref korfl torfeg (+)

2. Rofjs` ]mlaebo`e-^fgoestomlor 
  Kfsujfe ?> kg `s` cfkbueg/ hfr`egfe jodfcfk tfbueg
ocoekoyor → Jortfs sfr`eg d`mocupjfe jodfcfk cfrutfe
gufhfmac 6>% dfcfk fcjalac → mocupjfe jodfcfk cfrutfe >,6%
 gufhfmac 6>% dfcfk fcjalac mocupjfe jodfcfk cfrutfe >,6%

MusA4 dfcfk
 hfr`egfe dfcfkf`r → →
batac jortfs sfr`eg
Batac d`gfetuegjfe
d`lfegftjfe
d`lfegftjfe → B`cfd`ftfs
torboetuj
wfref b`ru-l`hfu pfdf jortfs sfr`eg (+)
 
(Rofjs` t`dfj spos`i`j.)

T`k ^oegfkpu Kftf Juc`fl @cku Jodajtorfe Iaroes`j dfe Kod`jacogfc

TLFEFTACAG@
 

DOI@E@]@ (6)
 

DOI@E@]@ (2)
• Tlfeftacag` fdfcfl `cku yfeg kokpocfhfr` sogfcf fspoj
yfeg borjf`tfe doegfe kft`, koc`put`8
6. poegort`fe (doi`e`s`)
2. mfrf - mfrf ko
kocf
cfju
jujf
jfee d`
d`ffge
geas
as`s
`s
=. poru
porubf
bflf
lfe
e - po
poru
rubf
bflf
lfe
e yfe
yfeg
g to
torh
rhfd
fd`` sos
sosud
udfl
fl kf
kft`
t`

4. jogueffeeyf
 

DFCFK TFEFTACAG@ D@JOEFC

BOBORF^F @]T@CFL 8 (6)

 ” Kft` sakft`s (kft` jc`e`s)

 ” Kft` sur`
 ” Kft` socucor

 ” Kft` sorobrfc
 ” Kft` atfj (bftfeg atfj)
 

DFCFK TFEFTACAG@ D@JOEFC

BOBORF^F @]T@CFL 8 (2)

• Kft` sakft`s
Torhfd` fj`bft torloet`
torloet`eyf
eyf iuegs` jot`gf s`stok
 poeuehfeg jol`dupfe,
jol`dupfe, yf`tu8
6. ]usuefe sfrfi pusft
2. ]`stok jfrd`avfsjucor 
=. ]`stok porefifsfe
]omfrf koeotfp (`rovors`boc).
]omfrf jc`e`s t`dfj d`tokujfe roicojs - roicojs, OOG
 koedftfr, efd` t`dfj torfbf, doeyut hfetueg t`dfj
tordoegfr, t`dfj fdf gorfjfe porefifsfe dfe sufrf
 porefifsfe t`dfj
t`dfj tordoegfr pfdf
pfdf fusjuctfs`.
fusjuctfs`.

DFCFK TFEFTACAG@ D@JOEFC

BOBORF^F @]T@CFL 8 (=)

• Kft` sur` ( suspoed fe`kft`ae, fppfr

fppfroet
oet doftl)
doftl)
fdfcfl torloet`eyf jot`gf s`stok poeuehfeg jol`dupfe
yfeg d`toetujfe acol fcft jodajtorfe sodorlfef. D`kfef
fcft jodajtorfe yfeg mfegg`l kfs`l dfpft kokbujt`jfe

 bflwf jot`gf s`stok torsobut

torsobut kfs`l boriuegs`.
Maetal8 Jfsus jorfmuefe abft t`dur, torsoegft fc`rfe
c`str`j dfe toeggocfk.
 

DFCFK TFEFTACAG@ D@JOEFC

BOBORF^F @]T@CFL 8 (4)
• Kft` socucor (kft` kacojucor)
 ” Fdfcfl jokft`fe argfe ftfu hfr`egfe tubul yfeg t`kbuc
 boborfpf sfft sotocfl jokft`fe sakft`s.
sakft`s.
 ” ]obfgf` gfkbfrfe dfpft d`jokujfjfe bflwf8
6. ]us
]usuefe
uefe sfr
sfrfi
fi pusf
pusftt koegf
koegfcfk`
cfk` kft
kft`` socuc
socucor
or dfcfk
dfcfk okpf
okpftt koe`t
koe`t
2. Atat
Atat kfs`l
kfs`l dfpft
dfpft d`r
d`rfegs
fegsfeg
feg (c`s
(c`str`
tr`j)
j) sfkpf
sfkpf`` j`rf
j`rf - j`rf
j`rf duf hfk
hfk
 pfsjf kft` dfe koegfcfk` kft` socucor sotocfl
so tocfl okpft hfk
 

DFCFK TFEFTACAG@ D@JOEFC

BOBORF^F @]T@CFL 8 (?)
=. D`cftfs
D`cft fs`` pup`
pup`cc kfs`
kfs`ll torh
torhfd`
fd` pf
pfdf
df pokb
pokboror`fe
`fe fd
fdro
roefc
efc`e
`e >,6
>,6%
%
ftfu poeyuet`jfe sucifs ftrap`eo 6% jodfcfk jfkorf ajuc`
fetor`ar, pokbor`fe p`cajfrp`e 6% ftfu i`sast`gk`e >,?% fjfe
koegfj`bftjfe k`as`s l`eggf 2> hfk pfsjf kft`
4. Juc`
Ju c`tt kfs`
kfs`ll dfpft
dfpft bor
borjor
jor`eg
`egft
ft sfkp
sfkpf`
f` cob`
cob`l
l dfr`
dfr` < hfk
hfk pfsj
pfsjff
kft` doegfe mfrf koeyuet`jjfe subjuttfe p`cajfrp`e 2% ftfu
fsot`c jac`e 2>%
?. ]por
]p orkft
kftazazaf
af kfs`
kfs`l
l dfpft
dfpft bo
bort
rtflf
flfe
e l`du
l`dupp bobo
boborf
rfpf
pf lfr
lfr`` dfcfk
dfcfk
op`d`d`k`s
9. Jare
Ja reofof kfs`
kfs`l
l dfpft
dfpft d`
d`tr
trfes
fespc
pcfet
fetfs
fs`j
`jfe
fe dfe
dfe dfr
dfrfl
fl kfs
kfs`l`l dfpf
dfpftt
d`pfjf` uetuj trfesius` sfkpf` oefk hfk pfsjf kft`.
 

DFCFK TFEFTACAG@ D@JOEFC

BOBORF^F @]T@CFL 8 (7)
• Kft` atfj (bftfeg atfj)

Fdfcfl b`cf torhfd` jorusfjfe socurul `s` eouraefc

`etrfjrfe`fc yfeg `rovors`boc, torkfsuj bftfeg atfj
dfe sorobocuk.
 

DFCFK TFEFTACAG@ D@JOEFC

BOBORF^F @]T@CFL 8 (9)
• Kft` sorobrfc

Fdfcfl jorusfjfe joduf lok`sior atfj yfeg

`rovors`boc, jomufc` bftfeg atfj dfe sorobocuk,
 sodfegjfe   joduf s`stok cf`eeyf yf`tu s`tok
 sodfegjfe
 porefifsfe dfe jfrd`avfsjucor kfs`l boriuegs`
doegfe bfetufe fcft.
 

^OR_BFLFE - ^OR_BFLFE
]OTOCFL
]OTO CFL JOKF
JOKFT@FE
T@FE (6)
• Ifso d`e`
• Ifso cfehutfe
 

Ifso d`e`
• Jfrd`avfsjucor
• ]usuefe sfrfi
• ]`stok porefpfsfe
• Juc`t
• Kftf
 

Ifso cfehutfe
6. ^oeuruefe su
sulu (f
(fcgar ka
kart`s)
2. Cobfk kfyft (c
(c``var kart`s)
=. Jfju kf
kfyft (r
(r`gar ka
kart`s)
4. ^okbusujfe (d
(domakpas`t`a
`ae
e)
?. Dfe cf`e - cf`e
 

6. ^oeurue
ueffe sulu / fcg
fcga
ar kart`s
(6)
• ^r`es`p 8
fdfeyf porbodffe sulu fetfrf kfyft doegfe
c`egjuegfe. ^oeglfetfrfe pfefs somfrf jaedujs` (fetfr
cfp`sfe hfr`egfe-hfr`egfe doegfe tubul yfeg borbodf
jaoi`s`oe lfetfreyf) dfe rfd`fs` sortf ovfparfs` (dfr`
 porkujffe tubul kfyft
kfyft jo c`egjuegfe).
 

6. ^oeuruefe sulu / fcgar kart`s

(2)
• D`kfef8
6. @jc`k yfeg
yfeg d`eg`e,
d`eg`e, poeuruefe
poeuruefe sulu
sulu kfyft borcfeg
borcfegsueg
sueg
mopft.
2. @jc`k pfefs,
pfefs, jomopftfe
jomopftfe poeurue
poeuruefe
fe sulu kfyft
kfyft `e` fdfcfl
fdfcfl
2,?>I / hfk dfcfk 9 hfk portfkf. Oefk hfk bor`juteyf,
soj`tfr 6,?>I / hfk. Dfcfk 62 - 24 hfk b`fsfeyf sulu
kfyft fjfe sfkf doegfe sulu c`egjuegfe soj`tfreyf.
 

6. ^o
^oeu
euru
ruef
efe
e sul
sulu
u / fc
fcga
garr ka
kart
rt`s
`s
(=)
• Rukus8
Hukcfl hfk sotocfl jokft`fe ;
sulu tubul earkfc (0<,4>I) ” sulu romtuk  
6,? 
6,? 
• d`kfef fegjf 6,? d`fkb`c dfr` jomopftfe
rftf-rftf poeuruefe sulu por hfk (dorfhft
Iflroelo`t yfeg sotfrf doegfe >,0 >M - 6>M),
 poegujurfe sulu
sul u rojtfc koegguefjfe
 tlorkakotor j`k`f yfeg pfehfeg (caeg
( caeg
mlok`mfc tlorkakotor ).
).

6. ^oeuruefe sulu / fcgar kart`s

(4)
• Ifjtar yfeg
kokpoegfrul` 8
6. _s`f 9. ^as`s` tubul
2. Hoe`s jocfk`e 7. ^f
^fjf
jf`f
`fe
e kfy
fyfft
=. ]ulu kod`uk <. Fc`rf
rfe
e udfrf
4. ]ulu tubul sf
sffft kft` 0. Jo
Joco
cokb
kbfb
fbfe
fe ud
udfr
frff
?. Boetuj tubul 6>.Hoe`s kod`uk
 

6. ^oeuruefe sulu / fcgar kart`s

(?)
• Jfcar`tfs past kartok 8
Jofdffe d`kfef tokporftur kfyft koe`egjft dfcfk 2
 hfk pfsjf jokft`fe,
jokft`fe, torhfd` 8
 H`jf s`stok rogucfs` sulu tubul torgfeggu sobocuk
jokft`fe

H`jf tordfpft fjt`v`tfs bfjtor` borcob`l
 Fdfeyf poe`egjftfe sulu tubul fj`bft johfeg -
johfeg
 

2. Cobfk kfyft / C`var kart`s (6)

• Torhfd` jfroef fdfeyf gfyf grfv`tfs` yfeg koeyobfbjfe
dfrfl torjukpuc pfdf bfg`fe ” bfg`fe tubul toroedfl.
• Kucf ” kucf koegukpuc pfdf voef bosfr jokud`fe pfdf
mfbfeg ” mfbfegeyf, sol`eggf koegfj`bftjfe porubflfe
wfref juc`t koehfd` korfl job`rufe
 

2. Cobfk kfyft / C`var kart`s (2)

• T`kbuc dfcfk wfjtu jurfeg dfr` sotoegfl hfk sotocfl
kft`
• Jakpcot dfcfk wfjtu < ” 62 hfk sotocfl kft`
 

2. Cobfk kfyft / C`var kart`s (=)

• Koeotfp jfroef porokbosfe dfrfl jo hfr`egfe soj`tfr
fj`bft rusfjeyf pokbucul dfrfl d`sobfbjfe acol
tort`kbueeyf soc ” soc dfrfl dfcfk hukcfl bfeyfj,
fdfeyf prasos lokac`sf soc ” soc dfrfl, dfe jojfjufe atat
 ” atat d`ed`eg pokbucul dfrfl.
dfrfl.
 

2. Cobfk kfyft / C`var kart`s (4)

• Fspoj kod`jacogfc 8
6. Tfed
edff pfs
pfst`
t` jo
jok
kft`
t`ffe
2. Ko
Kokp
kpor
orj`
j`rf
rfjf
jfe
e sob
sobfb
fb jo
jokf
kft`
t`fe
fe
=. Ko
Kokp
kpor
orj`
j`rf
rfjf
jfe
e sff
sfftt jok
jokft
ft`f
`fe
e
4. Ko
Koeo
eoet
etuj
ujfe
fe pa
pas`
s`s`
s` df
dfr`
r` kf
kfyf
yftt
 

2. Cobfk kfyft / C`var kart`s (?)

]`ift
^orbodffe fetfrf cobfk kfyft doegfe kokfr 
Cobfk kfyft Kokfr  

Cotfj  Op`dorkfc, jfroef pocobfrfe pokbucul dfrfl ]ubop`dorkfc, jfroef ruptur pokbucul dfrfl
yfeg tfkpfj sfkpf` jo porkujffe juc`t. yfeg cotfjeyf b`sf supori`m`fc ftfu cob`l dfcfk.

Jut`jucf (juc`t fr`) T`dfj rusfj Rusfj  

Cajfs` Tordfpft pfdf dforfl yfeg cufs, torutfkf pfdf Tordfpft d`soj`tfr, b`sf d`kfef sfhf pfdf bfg`fe
 bfg`fe tubul
tubul yfeg cotfjeyf
cotfjeyf roedfl. tubul t`dfj kocufs.

Gfkbfrfe ^fdf
^fdf cobf
cobfk
k kfyft
kfyft t`d
t`dfj
fj fdf
fdf ocov
ocovfs
fs`` dfr`
dfr` juc`
juc`t.
t. B`fsfe
B`fsfeyf
yf kokb
kokboe
oegjf
gjfjj jfroe
jfroeff rosfp
rosfpfe
fe dfrf
dfrfl
l
dfe odokf.

^`egg`rfe Hocfs T`dfj hocfs

Wfref Wfrefeyf sfkf Kokfr yfeg cfkf wfrefeyf borvfr`fs`. Kokfr
yfeg bfru borwfref cob`l togfs dfr`pfdf cobfk
kfyft d`soj`tfreyf.

^fdf pokataegfe ^fdf pokataegfe, dfrfl tfkpfj dfcfk Koeuehujjfe rosfpfe dfrfl jo hfr`egfe soj`tfr,
 pokbucul, dfe kudfl d`bors`ljfe. Hfr`egfe susfl d`bors`ljfe h`jf lfeyf doegfe f`r
subjutfe tfkpfj pumft. koegfc`r. Hfr`egfe subjutfe borwfref korfl
 jol`tfkfe.

Dfkpfj sotocfl Fjfe l`cfeg wfcfupue lfeyf d`bor` poeojfefe Wfrefeyf borubfl sod`j`t sfhf h`jf d`bor`
 poeojfefe
 poeojfefe yfeg r`egfe.  poeojfefe.
 poeojfefe.

=. Jfju kfyft / R`gar Kart`s (6)

• ]otocfl kft` kotfbac`sko t`egjft socucor kfs`l borhfcfe
(torhfd` pokomflfe mfdfegfe atat yfeg koeglfs`cjfe
oeorg`)
• Oeorg` d`guefjfe uetuj koegubfl FD^  FT^.
• B`cf gc`jagoe lfb`s, kfjf oeorg` t`dfj torboetuj cfg`
koeyobfbjfe fjt`e dfe k`as`e koeggukpfc  atat jfju
 

=. Jfju kfyft / R`gar Kart`s (2)

• Kucf ” kucf torhfd` pfdf atat ” atat jom`c  atat ” atat
yfeg cob`l bosfr 
• Koeyobfr dfr` ftfs jo bfwfl
• D`bujt`jfe doegfe kokor`jsf porsoed`fe.
• Tfkpfj j`rf ” j`rf 2 hfk sotocfl kft`
•
Koeotfp sotocfl j`rf ” j`rf 24 ” =9 hfk dfe jokud`fe
turue porcflfe
 

=. Jfju kfyft / R`gar Kart`s (=)

• Ifjtar yfeg kokpormopft torhfd`eyf jfju kfyft 8
6. C`egjuegfe
2. _s`f
=. Mfrf jokft`fe
4. Jaed`s` atat
 

=. Jfju kfyft / R`gar Kart`s (4)

• Jfju kfyft lfrus dfpft d`bodfjfe doegfe 8
6. ]p
]pfs
fsko
ko jf
jfdf
dfvo
vor 
r 
2. Lo
Loft
ft st`i
st`iio
ioe`
e`eg
eg
=. Ma
Macd
cd st`i
st`iio
ioe`
e`eg
eg
 

=.6. Jfju
]pfsko jkfyft
fdfvor  / R`gar Kart`s (?)
 ” D`sobfbjfe acol lfb`seyf mfdfegfe gc`jagoe

dfe FT^ ftfu

jococflfe yfegokas`
koeotfp
yfegsotokpft jfroef
lobft sobocuk
koe`eggfc
 ” Jopoet`egfe kod`jacogfc 8
_etuj koeuehujjfe s`jfp torfjl`r kfsf
l`dupeyf
 

=. Jfju kfyft / R`gar Kart`s (9)

^orbodffe fetfrf jfju kfyft doegfe spfsko jfdfvor

Jfju kfyft ]pfsko jfdfvor

^orbodffe

Kucf` t`kbuc 6-2 hfk sotocfl koe`eggfc ]ogorf sotocfl koe`eggfc

Ifjtar prod`spas`s` - Jokft`fe koedfdfj, fjt`v`tfs borcob`l,

jotfjutfe, torcfcu cocfl, porfsffe togfeg,
dcc

Atat yfeg torjoef ]okuf atat, torkfsuj atat vacuetor dfe B`fsfeyf torbftfs pfdf sftu jocakpaj
`evacuetor atat vacuetoor.

Jfju atat T`dfj hocfs, dfpft d`cfwfe doegfe ]fegft hocfs, porcu toefgf yfeg juft uetuj
sod`j`t toefgf kocfwfe jojfjufeeyf

Jopoet`egfe dfr` sog` _etu

_etuj
j porj
porj`r
`rff
ffe
e sff
sfftt jok
jokft
ft`f
`fe
e Koeueh
Koeu ehuj
ujjf
jfe
e mfr
mfrff jok
jokft
ft`f
`fe,
e, yf
yf`t
`tu
u bueu
bueul
l
kod`jacogfc d`r`, pokbueulfe ftfu jomocfjffe.
 Jokft`fe soc Fdf T`dfj fdf

Rfegsfegfe c`str`j  T`dfj fdf rospae atat Fdf rospae atat

=. Jfju kfyft / R`gar Kart`s (7)

2. Loft st`iioe`eg
 ” Torhfd` fj`bft jafgucfs` prato`e atat acol pfefs
 ” Atat borwfref korfl kudf, jfju, kudfl raboj 
 ” D`hukpf` pfdf jarbfe kft` pfdf godueg yfeg
torbfjfr 
 

=. Jfju kfyft / R`gar Kart`s (<)

• ^orbodffe jfju kfyft doegfe jfju jfroef pfefs 8
6. Fdfe
Fdfeyf
yf tfe
tfedf
df bor
borup
upff boj
bojfs
fs tor
torbf
bfjf
jfrr pfdf
pfdf
 porkujffe kfyft pfdf
pfdf jfju jfroef pfefs
pfefs
2. ^fdf
^fdf jf
jfsus
sus jo
jojf
jfju
jufe
fe jf
jfro
roef
ef pf
pfef
efs,
s, at
atat
at df
dfe
e
soed` fjfe koegfcfk` cfsorfs` h`jf d`pfjsf
d`rogfegjfe
=. ^fd
^fdff jfju
jfju jfr
jfroef
oef pfefs,
pfefs, joj
jojfju
fjufe
fe tor
torus
us borc
borcfeh
fehut
ut
 sfkpf` prasos pokbusujfe

=. Jfju kfyft / R`gar Kart`s (0)

=. Macd st`iioe`eg
D`sobfbjfe acol pokbojufe mf`rfe d` soed` ftfu d`
dfcfk soc ” soc atat ftfu hfr`egfe `etorst`t`fc, pokfdftfe
 hfr`egfe cokfj subjutfe
subjutfe dfe atat.
 

4. ^okbusujfe (6)
• Korupfjfe prasos dogoeorfs` hfr`egfe jfroef prasos
atac`sf dfe fjt`v`tfs k`jraargfe`sko.
• Ifjtar yfeg kokpoegfrul` 8
 ” @etorefc
• _kur 
• Jofdffe kfyft
• ]obfb jokft`fe
 

4. ^okbusujfe (2)
 ” Ifjtar Ojstorefc
• ]ulu
• Kod`f
• Jocokbfbfe
• K`jraargfe`sko
 

4. ^okbusujfe (=)
• Tfedf ” tfedf pokbusujfe 8
6. Wfre
freff jol`h
jol`hfuf
fufe
e pfdf
pfdf porut
porut d`ed
d`ed`eg
`eg por
porut
ut soboc
sobocfl
fl
jfefe bfwfl
2. ^o
^oco
cobf
bfrf
rfe
e pokb
pokbuc
ucul
ul dfr
dfrfl
fl voe
voeff supo
supori`
ri`s`
s`fc
fc
=. Kujf kokboegjfj 
4. ^oru
rutt koeg
eggo
gok
kbueg
?. ]jratuk ko
kokboegj
gjffj 
 9. Ju
Juc`
c`tt tor
torc`
c`lf
lftt goc
gocookbu
bueg
eg

4. ^okbusujfe (4)
• Tfedf ” tfedf pokbusujfe(2)8
9. Mf
Mf`r
`rfe
fe df
dfrf
rfl
l joc
jocuf
ufrr dfr
dfr`` cub
cubfe
feg
g l`d
l`due
ueg
g ftf
ftfu
u
kucut
7. Bacf kftf koehfd` cuefj 
<. C`dfl df
dfe ba
bacf kf
kftf ko
koeaehac

0. D`ed
D`ed`e
`eg
g por
porut
ut ft
ftfu
fu df
dfdf
df po
pomf
mfl
l fj
fj`b
`bft
ft to
tojf
jfef
efe
e gfs
gfs
6>.. Ju
6> Juju
ju df
dfee rfk
rfkbu
butt cop
copfs
fs
66. Ar
Argfe
gfe ” argfe
argfe dfcfk
dfcfk kokb
kokbusuj
usuj dfe jokud
jokud`fe
`fe
 lfemur 

4. ^okbusujfe (?)
• ^okbusujfe dfcfk f`r 
 ” ^okbusujfe fjfe cob`l cfkbft torhfd`
d`bfed`egjfe udfrf torbujf, totfp` sotocfl kfyft
d`jocufrjfe dfr` f`r kfjf pokbusujfe fjfe
 borcfegsueg mopft, jurfeg cob`l
cob`l 69x dfr` b`fsfeyf

 ” Ifjtar yfeg kokpoegfrul` 8

• Johore`lfe f`r 
 • Fc`rfe f`r 
•
Jodfcfkfe

?. Fd`pasorf (6)
• Korupfjfe bflfe yfeg borwfref joput`lfe, cuefj ftfu
 bork`eyfj dfe borbfu toeg`j yfeg torhfd` pfdf hfr`egfe
cuefj tubul pfsmf jokft`fe
• Dfpft torhfd` d` sokbfrfeg cokfj tubul tfp` cotfj
supori`s`fc fdfcfl yfeg portfkf jfc` torjoef
 

?. Fd`pasorf (2)
• Ifjtar yfeg kokporkudfl 8
 ” Jocokbfbfe dfe cokfj tubul yfeg mujup
 ” _dfrf yfeg lfegft
 ” @evfs` bfjtor` oedagoe jo hfr`egfe pfsmf jokft`fe
• Ifjtar yfeg koeglfkbft 8
 ” F`r yfeg koegfc`r 
 ” _dfrf yfeg d`eg`e
 

?. Fd`pasorf (=)
• Kfet koegftfjfe bflwf udfrf lfegft d`porcujfe uetuj
 pokboetujfe fd`pasorf, tfp` soport`eyf prasoseyf totfp
fjfe kuemuc
kuemuc wfcfupue
wfcfupue d`jubur d` tfefl yfeg dfcfk
dfcfk ftfu
torjoef udfrf yfeg d`eg`e. Fjt`v`tfs d`e` dfr` Mcastr`d`uk
 porir`egoes   kokuegj`ejfe torhfd`eyf rofjs` torsobut
 porir`egoes
jfroef bfjtor` `e` kokpradujs` cos`t`efso yfeg
kokifs`c`tfs` prasos l`drac`s`s dfe l`dragoefs`.
 

?. Fd`pasorf (4)
• Boetuj fd`pasorf soboefreyf koeglfkbft pokbusujfe
doegfe mfrf koe`egjfteyf jofsfkfe pfdf hfr`egfe dfe
dol`drfs` yfeg koeyobfbjfe jaesuks` fjfe f`r pfdf
l`drac`s`s, sortf portukbulfe argfe`sko pokbusujfe
yfeg kocfkbft
 

9. Kuk`i`jfs` (6)
• Korupfjfe suftu mfrf poeglarkftfe bfegsf ^ors`f
torlfdfp bfegsfwfeeyf doegfe mfrf koegfwotjfe
korojf doegfe c`c`e
• B`fsfeyf kumuc pfdf jofdffe yfeg jor`eg, hugf dfpft
t`kbuc pfdf jofdffe yfeg kokbojujfe
•
]yfrft kuk`i`jfs`
udfrf yfeg 8 c`egjuegfe
bf`j, sortf t`dfj fdfeyfyfeg pfefs dfe
jaetfk`efs` fc`rfe
bfjtor`
 

9. Kuk`i`jfs` (2)
• B`fsfeyf pfdf poefkpfjfeeyf jfdfeg d`sortf` wfef
 put`l, l`hfu, ftfu l`tfk
l`tfk yfeg d`boetuj acol
acol jacae` hfkur 
 

9. Kuk`i`jfs` (=)
• Tfedf ” tfedf kuk`i`jfs`
kuk `i`jfs` 8
 ”

 ”
Kfyft koehfd` jom`c
Jor`eg
 ” Koegjorut dfe koc`sut
 ” Wfref majcft jol`tfkfe
 ” Juc`t korojft orft doegfe tucfeg d`bfwfleyf
   T`dfj borbfu
 ” Jofdffe feftak` kfs`l utul

JO]@K^_CFE
• Guef tlfeftacag`
 ”

 ” _etuj d`fgeas`s jokft`fe

^oeoetufe sfft jokft`fe
 ” ^orj`rffe sobfb jokft`fe
 

T`k ^oegfkpu Kftf Juc`fl @cku Jodajtorfe Iaroes`j dfe Kod`jacogfc

Y@]_K OT RO^ORT_K
 

Cftfr Bocfjfeg
Kfeus`f  @etorfjs`

Jopfcf
^ok`j`rfe AR 

 Kfsfcfl
  FT_RFE
 FT_RFE 8
fdft dfe budfyf, earkf, lujuk eogfrf
 

^rasos ^orfd`cfe
 ^oeokufe johfd`fe d` kfsyfrfjft


^ocfparfe jo p`lfj borwfh`b
 ^oeyoc`d`jfe  poeyoc`d`j ^ACR@


^oey`d`jfe  poey`d`j ^ACR@
  ^oeuetutfe  borjfs porjfrf  ^oeuetut

ukuk
 ^oegfd`cfe Yae`s dfr` LFJ@K
 

Cftfr Bocfjfeg

  Flc` Jc`e`j AR 

DAJTOR   ^oegfd`cfe
   J_LF^ 670 
^oeyoc`d`jfe 8 t`edfj p`dfef / bujfe
^oey`d`jfe 8 bujt` (J_LF^ ps. 6<4) pocfju
^oegfd`cfe 8 sfjs` flc`

^ORBODFFE
]FJ]@ ]FJ]@ FLC@

• •
Koemor`tfjfe fpf yfeg Koemor`tfjfe fpf
d`c`lft, d`doegfr yfeg
dfe
d`c`lft, d`doegfr dfe
d`fcfk`eyf. d`fcfk`eyf d`tfkbfl bacol
• Wfh`b koeglarkft` koey`kpucjfe.
jorflfs`ffe kod`j. • T`dfj wfh`b koeglarkft`
• Borsukpfl sobfgf` sfjs`. jorflfs`ffe kod`j.
• Lfeyf jotorfegfe c`sfe. • Borsukpfl sobfgf` flc`.
 • Bacol jotorfegfe tortuc`s

DOI@E@]@
• v`suk ot roportuk (Cft`e)→
roportuk (Cft`e)→ –v`suk
–v`suk‛‛ ; koc`lft dfe
–roportuk
roportuk‛‛ ; kocfparjfe/ koey`kpucjfe
•    fjt`v`tfs koegfkft` dfe koeg`etorprotfs`
• v`suk ot roportuk:
 ” surft jotorfegfe tortuc`s
 ” ACOL dajtor, dfcfk jfpfs`tfseyf sobfgf` flc`
 ” pork`etffe tortuc`s dfr` poey`d`j yfeg borwoefeg
 ” lfs`c pokor`jsffe kod`j torlfdfp kfeus`f, bf`j
l`dup
tubul kfupue
kfeus`f kft`, ftfupue bfg`fe yfeg d`dugf dfr`
 ” bordfsfrjfe jo`ckufe yfeg sobf`j-bf`jeyf
  ” d`bfwfl sukpfl
 ” uetuj jopoet`egfe porfd`cfe

^oegfturfe Lujuk
 ]tfftsbcfd tflue 60=7 Ea. =?> pfsfc 6 dfe

pfsfc 2  Y`sf Roportf
 J_LF^  Fcft Bujt` Jftogar` ]urft
 ^fsfc 6 but`r 2<, pfsfc 6<9, pfsfc 6<7 m.
 
^fsfc 6<4 (6)  fcft bujt` yfeg sfl
 ^fsfc 6== dfe 670  jowfh`bfe dajtor 
  ^fsfc 62> (6)  pork`etffe bfetufe flc`

]tfftsbcfd tflue 60=7 Ea. =?>

pfsfc 6 dfe pfsfc 2
• ^fsfc 68Y`sf
68Y`sf Roportf dfr` dajtor-dajtor
yfeg d`buft ftfs sukpfl hfbftfe yfeg
d``jrfrjfe pfdf wfjtu koeyocosf`jfe
pocfhfrfe jodajtorfe d` Eogor` Bocfedf
ftfu d` @edaeos`f, ftfu ftfs sukpfl
jlusus sobfgf` d`kfjsud dfcfk pfsfc 2,
kokpueyf` dfyf bujt` dfcfk porjfrf-
 porjfrf p`dfef , sohful `tu koegfedueg
jotorfegfe toetfeg fpf yfeg d`c`lft acol
dajtor pfdf boedf yfeg d`por`jsf.

]tfftsbcfd tflue 60=7 Ea. =?>

pfsfc 6 dfe pfsfc 2
• ^fsfc 2 8 Dajtor-dajtor yfeg t`dfj

koeg`jrfrjfe
Bocfedf kfupue sukpfl hfbftfe d`
d` @edaeos`f eogor`
sobfgf`
yfeg d`kfjsud dfcfk pfsfc 6 , bacol
koeg`jrfrjfe sukpfl (ftfu hfeh`) sobfgf`
bor`jut –.....‛
 

J_LF^8  Fcft Bujt`

• ^fsfc 6 but`r 2< 
2<  8 Jotorfegfe flc` fdfcfl
jotorfegfe yfeg d`bor`jfe acol sosoarfeg yfeg
kok`c`j` joflc`fe jlusus toetfeg suftu porjfrf
p`dfef guef jopoet`egfe porfd`cfe
• ^fsfc 6<9 
6<9  8 Jotorfegfe flc` `fcfl fpf yfeg
soarfeg flc` eyftfjfe d`s`dfeg poegfd`cfe
• (Jotorfegfe flc` `e` dfpft huqf sudfl d`bor`jfe d` dopfe poey`d`j ftfu
 poeuetut ukuk yfeg d`tufegjfe dfcfk boetuj cfparfe dfe d`buft doegfe
koeg`egft sukpfl d`wfjtu koeor`kf hffbftfe ftfu pojorhffe )

^fsfc 6<4 J_LF^

 Fcft bujt` yfeg sfl 8

6. Jotorfegfe ]fjs`
2. Jotorfegfe
Jotorfegfe Flc`
=. surft
 4. ^otuehuj
?. Jotorfegfe Tordfjwf

J_LF^
• ^fsfc 6<7 (m) 8 ]urft
]urft jotorfegfe
 jotorfegfe flc` yfeg

kokuft poedfpft sosuftu

joflc`feeyf koegoef` bordfsfrjfe
lfc ftfu
suftu jofdffe yfeg d`k`etf somfrf rosk`
dfr` pfdfeyf.
• Jotorfegfe flc` & surft ; v`suk ot
 roportuk (]tb Ea. =?> tl 60=7 ) 
) 

Bodfeyf
• Jotorfegfe flc` ftfu surft (J_LF^)  

jotorfegfe ftfu poedfpft

acol flc` (torkfsuj dajtor) yfeg d`buft
bordfsfrjfe
jo`ckufeeyf , t`dfj lfeyf torbftfs pfdf
fpf yfeg d`c`lft dfe d`tokujfe acol s`
pokbuft
 • Jo`ckufeeyf  dajtor  pokor`jsffe
kod`j

J_LF^ 8Jowfh`bfe
• ^fsfc 6==

  (6) Dfcfk lfc poey`d`j uetuj jopoet`egfe

porfd`cfe koefegfe` soarfeg jarbfe bf`j
cujf, jorfmuefe ftfupue kft` yfeg d`dugf

jfroef t`edfj p`dfef , `f borwoefeg

koegfhujfe pork`etffe jotorfegfe flc`
 jopfdf flc` jodajtorfe jolfj`kfe ftfu
dajtor dfe ftfu flc` cf`eeyf.

• ^fsfc 6== (2) ^ork`etffe flc`

sobfgf`kfef d`kfjsud dfcfk fyft (6)
d`cfjujfe somfrf tortuc`s, yfeg dfcfk surft

`tu d`sobutjfe doegfe togfs uetuj

pokor`jsffe cujf, ftfu pokor`jsffe
kfyft dfe ftfu pokbodflfe kfyft.
 

^fsfc 670
• (6) ]ot`fp arfeg yfeg d`k`etf poedfpfteyf
sobfgf` flc` jodajtorfe jolfj`kfe ftfu dajtor
ftfu flc` cf`eeyf wfh`b kokbor`jfe jotorfegfe
flc` dok` jofd`cfe
• (2) sokuf jotoetufe torsobut d` ftfs uetuj sfjs`
borcfju hugf bfg` korojf yfeg kokbor`jfe
jotorfegfe flc`, doegfe jotoetufe bflwf
korojf koegumfpjfe sukpfl ftfu hfeh` fjfe
 kokbor`jfe jotorfegfe yfeg sobf`j-bf`jeyf
dfe soboefreyf koeurut poegotflufe dfcfk
b`dfeg joflc`feeyf

^orfefe Y`suk ot Roportuk

 Jotorfegfe dajtor sobfgf` flc`
 Fcft bujt` 8 jotorfegfe flc` dfe
dfe surft
 Jotorfegfe yfeg d`sfkfjfe e`cf`eyf doegfe fcft
bujt` porefl c`sfe dg sukpfl
 Jotorfegfe yfeg dfpft koeguftjfe joyfj`efe
lfj`kc`sfe d` poegfd`cfe sotocfl d`sfedorf 64 lr aj
tfj kfu sukpfl
 Y`suk ot roportuk
 jotorfegfe flc` jftogar` surft.
 
poegfet` fcft bujt` johflftfe tubul kfeus`f  abhojt`i 
 Jos`kpucfe koehokbftfe` `cku jodajtorfe & `cku lujuk

Mftftfe Kod`j Y] YoR

^okbodf Mftftfe Kod`j Yo R  

Tuhufe Jokfhupfs`oe
fe josolftfe Koeogfjjfe jofd`cfe
Jorflfs`ffe ^fs`oe bacol tflu Lfeyf poey`d`j dfe
porfd`cfe
^okbujffe @z`e pfs`oe (+) @z`e pfs`oe (-)
rflfs`f
 ]tftus subhoj ^fs`oe Boedf bujt`

^rasodur ^ork`etffe YoR

6. ^`
^`lf
lfj
j yf
yfeg
eg bo
borw
rwoe
oefe
feg
g kok
ok`e
`etf
tf

 J_LF^ 6== fyft 6

2. ^`
^`lf
lfj
j yf
yfeg
eg bo
borw
rwoe
oefe
feg
g kok
okbu
buft
ft
jotorfegfe flc`
 =. ^r
^ras
asod
odur
ur po
pork
rk`e
`etf
tffe
fe jo
joto
torf
rfeg
egfe
fe fl
flc`c`

^rasodur pork`etffe YoR

]urft pork`etffe v`suk

• @doet`tfs

• ^okor`jsffe yfeg
d`k`etf
jarbfe • Dugffe jfsus
 

Hoe`s-hoe`s Y`suk ot Roportuk

 Y`suk ot ropotuk uetuj arfeg l`dup8

 Y`suk ot roportuk porcujffe
 Y`suk ot roportuk johflftfe sus`cf
 Y`suk ot roportuk ps`j`ftr`
  Y`suk ot roportuk uetuj arfeg kft`8
 Y`suk ot roportuk hoefzfl

 
 Y`sukot roportuk porcujffe
 Koegotflu` poeyobfb cujf
 Dorfhft pfrfleyf cujf
Cujf r`egfe  pfsfc =?2 J_L^
Cujf sodfeg  pfsfc =?6 (6) J_L^
Cujf borft  pfsfc 0> J_L^
 Y`suk ot roportuk johflftfe sus`cf
  ^orsotubulfe
 Jojorfsfe
 _s`f

 Y`suk ot roportuk ps`j`ftr`

   Pfeg d`por`jsf  torsfegjf
 ^okbuft v`suk  spos`fc`s ps`j`ftr`

 Y`suk ot roportuk hoefzfl

 ^okor`jsffe cufr hoefzfl
 ^okor`jsffe dfcfk hoefzfl
  ^okor`jsffe poeuehfeg

]_]_EFE YoR
^OKB_JFFE ^RA H_]T@M@F 

^OEDFL_C_FE @DOET@TF] DAJTOR &

@E]T@T_]@EPF 
 @DOET@TF] ^OEP@D@J

LF]@C ^OKOR@J]FFE ^OK@ETF + EA & TGC

]_RFT
 @DOET@TF] JARBFE


 JO]@K^_CFE WFJT_ & TOK^FT
 FCF]FE D@K@ETFEPF
D@K@ETFEPF
 Y@]_K/^OKOR@J]FFE
 Y@]_K/^OKOR @J]FFE
^OE_T_^

^RA H_]T@]@F
 
Y@]_K OT RO^ORT_K
  EAKAR 8 R/ /@Y/2>6>/DAJ^AC  
•
 Ftfs pork`etffe
kocfcu` tortuc`s dfr`
tortuc`s
surfteyf tfeggfc
surfteyf tfeggfc Jopfcf
20 Fpr`c Jopac`s`fe
2>6>, ]ojtarB/Gotfsfe
Eakar ^ac`s`8 >=/ @Y/
2>6>/ Rosjr`k yfeg
Rosjr`k yfeg d`tfedf tfegfe` acol ]ugfe` , ^fegjft
^fe gjft FJ^,
FJ^,
ER^ 9>>2>796 dfe
9>>2>796 dfe d`tor`kf lfr` jfk`s tfeggfc 20 Fpr`c 2>6>, kfjf
doegfe `e` sfyf Dr. Rftef Rocfwft` ]p.I sobfgf` dajtor yfeg
bojorhf d` Rukfl ]fj`t Blfyfegjfrf ]okfrfeg B`d Dajjos ^acdf
Hftoeg
Hfk koeorfegjfe
62.>> bflwf
W@B, d` Rukfl pfdf
]fj`t lfr` Jfk`s
_kuk Dforfl tfeggfc 20 tocfl
]fcft`gf Fpr`c 2>6>,
]fcft`gf tocfl
kokor`jsf hoefzfl, yfeg bordfsfrjfe surft pork`etffe torsobut d`
 ftfs borefkf EP,MRABA RFLFP_, _kur 46 tflue, hoe`s jocfk`e
porokpufe, ^ojorhffe sobocuk koe`eggfc due`f potfe`, fcfkft
Dusue Jrfhfe Rt =/Rw 2 ]ukagfwo, Jomfkftfe Gotfs, Jfbupftoe
]okfrfeg. d`tokujfe, d`dugf koe`eggfc yfeg t`dfj hocfs sobfb
jokft`feeyf

]_]_EFE YoR
^OKB_JFFE

^OEDFL_C_FE

 @DOET@TF]
LF]@C ^OKOR@J]FFE


IFJTF PG BORJF@TFE
DOEGFE WFJT_ †
 JO]@K^_CFE  ^OKOR@J]FFE T_B_L C_FR 
 ^OKOR@J]FF
^OKOR@J]FFE
E T_B_L DFCFK

^OE_T_^ ^OKOR@J]FFE ^OE_EHFEG

]_]_EFE YoR
^OKB_JFFE

^OEDFL_C_FE

LF]@C ^OKOR@J]FFE

 @DOET@TF]
 JO]@K^_CFE
  HOE@] ^ORC_JFFE
 HOE@] JOJORF]FE

^OE_T_^  CAJF]@ C_JF 

 J_FC@I@JF]@ C_JF / DORFHFT

 
C_JF / / ]OBFB JOKFT@FE HOEFXFL

JO]@K^_CFE (Y`suk l`dup)

Dfr` ifjtf yfeg d`tokujfe kfjf dfpft
d`s`kpucjfe bflwf tocfl d`por`jsf
soarfeg wfe`tf ukur fetfrf dufpucul
c`kf tflue sfkpf` doegfe okpft pucul
c`kf tflue . Dfr` pokor`jsffe
d`dfpftjfe cujf fj`bft jojorfsfe
tukpuc borupf cujf raboj d` wfhfl, cujf
torsobut koeyobfbjfe lfcfegfe dfcfk
 koehfcfejfe pojorhffe dfe kftf
poemflfr`fe socfkf c`kf lfr`

]_]_EFE YoR
JO]@K^_CFE HOEFXFL
 HOE@] ^ORC_JFFE
 HOE@] JOJORF]FE

]OBFB JOKF
JOKFT@FE
T@FE
 ^OT_EH_J TOETFEG @DOET@TF] JARBFE T@DFJ D@JOEFC
 ^ORJ@RFFE ]FF
]FFTT JOKFT@FE
 ^OT_EH_J TOETFEG M@R@-M@R@ JOJORF]FE
 ^OT_H_J TOET
TOETFEG
FEG HFCFEEPF ^OR@]T@WF
 L_B FETFRF
FETFRF JOJORF]FE DFE
D FE ]OBFB
]OBF B JOKFT@FE

 ^OT_H_J MFRF JOKFT@FE
JOKFT@FE
 ^OT_EH_J TOETFEG @DOET@TF] ^OCFJ_

• JO]@K^_CFE 8---------------------------------------------------------------
• Dfr` ifjtf ” ifjtf yfeg d` tokujfe dfr` pokor`jsffe
ftfs hoefzfl torsobut kfjf d`s`kpucjfe bflwf tocfl d`
por`jsf hoefzfl cfj`-cfj`, ukur jurfeg cob`l t`gf pucul
tflue , pfehfeg bfdfe sorftus tuhul pucul oefk
soet`kotor, juc`t borwfref sfwa kftfeg. Dfr`
pokor`jsffe d`tokujfe cfkf wfjtu jokft`fe jurfeg
dfr` okpft hfk, d`dfpftjfe cujf fj`bft jojorfsfe
boedf tukpuc borupf cujf kokfr dfe comot d`
wfhfl.Cujf fj`bft jojorfsfe boedf tfhfk borupf cujf
 tusuj d` p`eggfeg yfeg koegfj`bftjfe pordfrflfe
raeggf porut, cujf tusuj d` jopfcf yfeg koeyobfbjfe
rabojeyf atfj bosfr dfe torputuseyf bftfeg atfj.
]obfb jokft`fe fdfcfl cujf tusuj d` jopfcf yfeg
koeokbus tucfeg toegjarfj , korusfj atfj bosfr dfe
kokutus bftfeg atfj--------------------------------------

]_]_EFE YoR
^OKB_JFFE

^OEDFL_C_FE

LF]@C ^OKOR@J]FFE
 JO]@K^_CFE

^OE_T_^ ^OREPFTFFE TOETFEG JOBOEFRFE

 ^OREPFTFFE TOETFEG ]_K^FL

^OE_T_^
  Dok`j`fecfl jotorfegfe tortuc`s `e` sfyf

buft doegfe sosuegguleyf, doegfe

koeg`egft sukpfl sowfjtu koeor`kf
 hfbftfe guef
guef d`pfjf`
d`pfjf` sokost`eyf
sokost`eyf -----------
-----------
 

Jotoetufe ^oeuc`sfe Y`suk ot

Roportuk 
 Kokfjf` bflfsf @edaeos`f yg kudfl
d`koegort` arfeg fwfk
 @s` rocovfe doegfe kfjsud dfe tuhufe
pork`etffe v`suk

 Fegjf dfe sftufekoeuc`s
T`dfj d`boefrjfe lfrus d`tuc`s doegfe
d`fgeasf cujflurui 
  Kokuft lfs`c pokor`jsffe yfeg abhojt`i 

 Cujf lfrusporsyfrftfe
Kokoeul` d`cuj`sjfe doegfe
iarkfc jftf-jftf

Joedfcf-joedfcf Y`suk ot
Roportuk 
 ^ork`etffe YoR dftfeg torcfkbft
 ^ork`etffe v`suk tocfl dftfeg, jocufrgf
jarbfe t`dfj fdf
 ^ork`etffe v`suk fdf, hoefzfl t`dfj fdf
 ^ork`etffe Y`suk ot Roportuk yfeg
 jurfeg ftfu t`dfj coegjfp
 Kfsfcfl dfr` jocufrgf jarbfe

 Kfsfcfl yfeg d`lfdfp` dajtor dfcfk

s`dfeg poegfd`cfe8
 ^fegg`cfe sfjs` flc` (dajtor)
 Bordfsfrjfe por`etfl
 Borefdf k`etf bfetufe

 Wfjtu pokfegg`cfe dfe wfjtu s`dfeg.

 Dfcfk pors`dfegfe
  Kfsfcfl cf`eeyf

YoR d` Eogfrf Cf`e

• YoR ftfu lfs`c futaps` yfeg d`buft
cokbfgf iaroes`j eogfrf cf`e → b`sf
d`pfjf` dfcfk pors`dfegfe d` poegfd`cfe
@edaeos`f
• Cokbfgf yfeg kokbuft v`suk LFR_]
cokbfgf yfeg borwoefeg dfe d`fju`
s`stok lujuk d` eogfrf torsobut
 • ^oet`eg → jos`kpucfeeyf, maetal

koe`eggfc jfroef
v`suk d`vfc`dfs` frsoe`juk
atar`tfs dfe lfs`c
borwoefeg

• Jojuftfe pokbujt`fe v`suk ot roportuk

cokbfgf iaroes`j
Kfljfkfl Fgueg fs`eg → d`ftur
 

JO]@K^_CFE (6)
 _esur ^oet`eg YoR8
^oet`eg YoR8

suftu boetuj cfparfe tortuc`s
 d`buft acol dajtor sobfgf` flc`
 pork`etffe tortuc`s dfr` p`lfj
yfeg borwfh`b
 fpf yfeg d`c`lft ftfu d`por`jsf
 bordfsfrjfe jo`ckufe yfeg
soboefr-boefreyf, bordfsfrjfe
sukpfl
 uetuj jopoet`egfe porfd`cfe

JO]@K^_CFE (2)
 Efkf v`suk ot roportuk 
roportuk 

soed`r` lfeyf d`sobut dfcfk

]tfftsbcfd tflue 60=7 Ea.
=?> pfsfc 6 dfe pfsfc 2

Y`suk ot roportuk sobfgf`
roportuk sobfgf`
jotorfegfe flc` d`ftur dfcfk
  J_LF^ pfsfc 6 fyft 2<

J_LF^
6<7m pfsfc 6<9 dfe pfsfc
 J_LF^ pfsfc 6<4
 

JO]@K^_CFE (=)
 YoR d`kfeifftjfe sobfgf`8
d`kfeifftjfe sobfgf`8
 fcftbujt` yfeg sfl
 jotorfegfe flc` (dajtor) yfeg
torkfsuj dfcfk jftogar` surft
YoR uetuj arfeg l`dup8
 YoR porcujffe
  YoR johflftfe sus`cf
 YoR ps`j`ftr`


 YoR uetujot arfeg
 Y`suk roportukkft`8
hoefzfl

JO]@K^_CFE (4)
• YoR cokbfgf iaroes`j fs`eg
→ d`guefjfe sobfgf` fcft
bujt` yfeg sfl
→ bor`tf fmfrf d`lfd`rjfe
poey`d`j ^ACR@ ftfu poey`d`j
 cf`eeyf FT
cf`eeyf FTF_ d`sfl
d`sfljfe
jfe acol
Jodutffe Bosfr R@/^orwfj`cfe
R@ d` eogfrf ybs

T`k ^oegfkpu Kftf Juc`fl @cku Jodajtorfe Iaroes`j dfe Kod`jacogfc

 ATA^]@
 

Doi`e`s`
•  Fsfc jftf bflfsf Puefe` futa
futa dfe
 dfe aps`s
• ^okor`jsffe torlfdfp tubul kfyft, koc`put`
 pokor`jsffe torlfdfp bfg`fe
 pokor`jsffe bfg`fe cufr kfupue
kfupue bfg`fe
dfcfk, doegfe tuhufe koeokujfe prasos poeyfj`t
dfe ftfu fdfeyf m`dorf, kocfjujfe `etorprostfs` ftfs
 poeokufe-poeokufe
 poeokufe-p oeokufe torsobut,
torsobut, koeorfegjfe
koeorfegjfe
 poeyobfbeyf
 poeyobfb eyf sortf koemfr`
koemfr` lubuegfe sobfgf` fj`bft
fj`bft
fetfrf jocf`efe-jocf`efe yfeg d`tokujfe doegfe
  poeyobfb jokft`fe
jokft`fe doegfe
doegfe koegguefjfe
koegguefjfe mfrf mfrf
yfeg dfpft d`portfeggueghfwfbjfe somfrf `ck`fl acol
borjakpotoe. 
flc` yfeg borjakpotoe. 

Hoe`s-hoe`s ataps` dfe dfsfr lujuk

• Ataps` iaroes`j 8 J_LF^ ps 62>, 6==,

6=4 ,__ Ea.ps.622

Josolftfe =9 tl 2>>0 toetfeg
• Ataps` jc`e`j 8 ^^ ea 6< tl 60<6 , __ Ea.

•
=9 tl 2>>0 toetfeg Josolftfe ps 660
 Ataps` feftak` 8 ^^ ea 6< tl 60<6 , __
Ea. =9 tl 2>>0 toetfeg Josolftfe ps

62>

]tfftsbcfd tflue 60=7 Ea. =?> pfsfc 6 dfe pfsfc 2.

 Y`sf Roportf dfr` dajtor-dajtor yfeg d`buft d`ftfs sukpfl

 hfbftfe yfeg d``jrfrjfe pfdf wfjtu koeyocosf`jfe
pocfhfrfe jodajtorfe d` Eogor` Bocfedf ftfu d` @edaeos`f,
ftfu ftfs sukpfl jlusus sobfgf` d`kfjsud dfcfk pfsfc 2,
kokpueyf` dfyf bujt` dfcfk porjfrf-porjfrf p`dfef,
sohful `tu koegfedueg jotorfegfe toetfeg fpf yfeg d`c`ft
acol dajtor pfdf boedf yfeg d`por`jsf.
  Dajtor-dajtor
yfeg t`dfj koeg`jrfrjfe sukpfl hfbftfe d`
eogor` Bocfedf kfupue d` @edaeos`f, sobfgf` yfeg

d`kfjsud
 hfeh`) dfcfk
sobfgf` pfsfc
bor`jut 6, bacol koeg`jrfrjfe sukpfl (ftfu
–....‛

^fsfc 6<7 (m) 8

–]urft jotorfegfe dfr` soarfeg flc` yfeg kokuft

poedfpft bordfsfrjfe joflc`feeyf koegoef` sosuftu
lfc ftfu sosuftu jofdffe yfeg d`k`etf somfrf rosk` dfr`
pfdfeyf.‛

pfsfc 6<4 (6)

 –Fcft bujt` yfeg sfl fdfcfl jotorfegfe sfjs`, jotorfegfe
flc`, surft, potuehuj, dfe jotorfegfe tordfjwf (t`dfj fdf
jotorfegfe).‛‛
jotorfegfe).

 ^fsfc 6== 8
 
(6) –Dfcfk lfc poey`d`j uetuj jopoet`egfe porfdfcfe
koegoef` soarfeg jarbfe bf`j cujf, jorfmuefe
j orfmuefe ftfupue kft`
yfeg d`dugf jfroef por`st`wf yfeg korupfjfe t`edfj p`dfef,
`f borwoefeg koegfhujfe pork`etffe jotorfegfe flc`

jodajtorfe jolfj`kfe ftfu dajtor dfe ftfu flc` cf`eeyf.‛

(2) –^ork`etffe jotorfegfe flc` sobfgf`kfef d`kfjsud dfcfk
 fyft (6) d`cfjujfe somfrf tortuc`s,
tortuc`s, yfeg dfcfk surft `tu
d`sobutjfe doegfe togfs uetuj pokor`jsffe cujf ftfu
pokor`jsffe kfyft dfe ftfu pokbodflfe kfyft.‛ (poey`d`j
( poey`d`j
dfpft kocfjujfe pork`etffe v`suk ot roportuk somfrf surft
ftfu tortuc`s)

 ^fsfc 6708
   
(6)–]ot`fp arfeg yfeg d`k`etf poedfpfteyf sobfgf` flc`
jodajtorfe jolfj`kfe ftfu dajtor ftfu flc` cf`eeyf wfh`b

kokbor`jfe jotorfegfe
ukuk ftfu daj flc`lfrus
spos`fc`s dok` b`sf
jofd`cfe.‛ ( sobfgf`
kokbuft v`sukdaj
ot
roportuk)

(2)–]okuf jotoetufe torsobut d`ftfs uetuj sfjs` borcfju hugf

bfg` korojf yfeg kokbor`jfe jotorfegfe flc`, doegfe
jotoetufe bflwf korojf koegumfpjfe sukpfl ftfu hfeh` fjfe
 kokbor`jfe jotorfegfe yfeg sobf`j-bf`jeyf dfe yfeg
soboefreyf koeurut poegotflufe dfcfk b`dfeg joflc`ffeeyf.‛ (
bacol bobfs sotocfl 64 lfr` h`jf hfjsf kokpors`cfljfeeyf)

 62> J_LF^ fyft (6).

–Dfcfk lfc poey`d`j koegfeggfp porcu, `f

dfpft kok`etf poedfpft arfeg flc` ftfu
arfeg yfeg kok`c`j` joflc`fe jlusus.‛
 (jfc`fe (dajtor) ftfu s`fpfpue b`sf hfd`
sfjs` flc`)

^fsfc 696 J_LF^

 Fyft 6

Dfcfk lfc sfjs` ftfu flc` tfepf fcfsfe yfeg sfl koeacfj uetuj
borsukpfl ftfu borhfeh` sobfgf`kfef d`kfjsud dfcfk ^fsfc 69>
fyft {=} dfe fyft {4}, kfjf pokor`jsffe torlfdfpeyf totfp
d`cfjujfe, sodfeg `f doegfe surft poeotfpfe lfj`k jotuf
j otuf s`dfeg
dfpft d`joefjfe sfedorf d` tokpft rukfl tflfefe eogfrf
pfc`eg cfkf okpft bocfs lfr` (h`jf t`dfj `eg`e b`sf
d`porpfehfeg)
  Fyft 2
Dfcfk lfc toeggfeg wfjtu poeyfedorffe torsobut tocfl cfkpfu
dfe sfjs` ftfu flc` totfp t`dfj kfu d`sukpfl ftfu koegumfpjfe
 hfeh`, kfjf jotorfegfe yfeg tocfl
tocfl d`bor`jfe korupfjfe jotorfegfe
yfeg dfpft koeguftjfe joyfj`efe lfj`k

^fsfc =?2 J_L^

 Fyft 6
Jomufc` yfeg torsobut dfcfk pfsfc =?= dfe =?9,
kfjf poegfe`fyffe yfeg t`dfj koe`kbucjfe
poeyfj`t ftfu lfcfegfe uetuj koehfcfejfe
pojorhffe hfbftfe ftfu poemfr`fe, d`femfk sobfgf`

poegfe`fyffe
t`gf bucfe ftfur`egfe
p`dfefdoegfe poehfrf
doedf pfc`eg pfc`eg okpft
bfeyfj cfkf
 r`bu c`kf rftus rup`fl.^`dfef dfpft d`tfkbfl
soport`gf bfg` arfeg yfeg kocfjujfe johflftfe `tu

torlfdfp arfeg yfeg bojorhf pfdfeyf, ftfu koehfd`

bfwflfeeyf

 ^fsfc =?6 J_L^ (L_J_KFE

]ODFEG)
.
 ^fsfc =?6 J_L^ fyft (6) 8
^oegfe`fyffe d`femfk doegfe p`dfef
poehfrf pfc`eg cfkf duf tflue docfpfe
bucfe ftfu p`dfef doedf pfc`eg bfeyfj
okpft r`bu c`kf rftus rup`fl
 

^fsfc 0> J_L^ (L_J_KFE

BORFT)
 ^fsfc 0> J_L^ 8
Jofdffe yfeg d`jftogar`jfe doegfe cujf borft8
f. ^oe
^oeyfj
yfj`t
`t ftfu
ftfu cuj
cujff yfeg
yfeg t`df
t`dfjj dfpft
dfpft sok
sokbul
bul doe
doegfe
gfe sok
sokpur
puref.
ef.
b. Cu
Cujf
jf yf
yfegeg df
dfpf
pftt koe
koe`k
`kbu
bucj
cjfe
fe bf
bflf
lfyf
yf kf
kfut
ut..
m. Jot
Jot`df
`dfj-m
j-mfjf
fjfpfe
pfe uet
uetuj
uj koc
kocfjs
fjsfef
fefjfe
jfe jog
jog`ft
`ftfefe hfb
hfbftf
ftfe
e ftf
ftfu
u
pojorhffe somfrf torus-koeorus.
d. Jo
Jol`
l`cf
cfegf
egfe e jogue
jogueffffe
e dfr`
dfr` sfcf
sfcfl
l sftu
sftu pfem
pfemff `edo
`edorf
rf..
o. Mfmft bosfr 
 i. Cukpul.
g. Gf
Gfeg
eggu
gufe
fe df
dfyf
yf p`
p`j`
j`rr cob
cob`l
`l df
dfr`
r` 4 k`e
k`egg
ggu.
u.
l. Jog
Jogugu
ugurfe
rfe ftf
ftfu
u kft`
kft`eyf
eyf hfe
hfe`e
`e bfg
bfg`` soar
soarfeg
feg por
porokp
okpufe
ufe..

 ^fsfc 6== 8
  
(6) –Dfcfk lfc poey`d`j uetuj jopoet`egfe porfdfcfe
koegoef` soarfeg jarbfe bf`j cujf, jorfmuefe
ftfupue kft` yfeg d`dugf jfroef por`st`wf yfeg
korupfjfe t`edfj p`dfef, `f borwoefeg koegfhujfe
pork`etffe jotorfegfe flc` jodajtorfe jolfj`kfe
ftfu dajtor dfe ftfu flc` cf`eeyf.‛
(2) –^ork`etffe jotorfegfe flc` sobfgf`kf
sobfgf`kfef
ef
 d`kfjsud dfcfk fyft (6) d`cfjujfe somfrf tortuc`s,
yfeg dfcfk surft `tu d`sobutjfe doegfe togfs uetuj
pokor`jsffe cujf ftfu pokor`jsffe kfyft dfe ftfu
pokbodflfe kfyft.‛

TOJE@J
ATA^]@
 

^oedflucufe
• ^or`ado fwfc ataps` krp pokor`jsffe

• poet`eg dfcfk due`f jodajtorfe

^or`ado torj`e` cob`l bfeyfj uetuj
jopoet`egfe porfd`cfe
• Maetal d` @eggr`s ley 6>% ataps` d` cufr
jaraeor. D` R]_^ dr Jfr`fd` lfkp`r
 sokuf ataps` iaroes`j.
• _etuj pokor`jsffe yg kfjs`kfc porcu
kokpocfhfr` borbfgf` toje`j ataps`

Doi`e`s`
•  Fsfc jftf bflfsf Puefe` futa
futa dfe
 dfe aps`s
• ^okor`jsffe torlfdfp tubul kfyft , koc`put`
 pokor`jsffe
 pokor`jsff e torlfdfp bfg`fe
bfg`fe cufr
 cufr kfupue bfg`fe 
bfg`fe 
dfcfk,, doegfe tuhufe koeokujfe prasos
dfcfk koeokujfe prasos poeyfj`t
poeyfj`t
dfe ftfu fdfeyf m`dorf,
m`dorf, kocfjujfe
 kocfjujfe `etorprostfs` 
 `etorprostfs`  ftfs
 ftfs
 poeokufe-poeokufe
 poeokufe-p oeokufe torsobut,
torsobut, koeorfegjfe
 poeyobfbeyf
 poeyobfb eyf sortf
 sortf koemfr` lubuegfe sobfgf` fj`bft
fetfrf jocf`efe-jocf`efe
jocf`efe-jocf`efe yfeg
 yfeg d`tokujfe doegfe
  poeyobfb jokft`fe
jokft`fe doegfe
 doegfe koegguefjf
koegguefjfe
e mfrf-mfrf
yfeg dfpft d`portfeggueghfwfbjfe somfrf `ck`fl acol
borjakpotoe. 
flc` yfeg borjakpotoe. 

]ohfrfl
•  Flc` ataps`
ataps` hfkfe ducu fdfcfl
fdfcfl pokburu,
pokburu,

• tujfeg hfgfc lowfe

Gfcoe (6=6-2>> dfe
K) d` jaj`. Puefe` juea,
zfkfe
kocfjujfe pokbodflfe b`eftfeg dfe
kfeus`f
• ^fdf fjl`r tflue 64>> d` ^fduf dfe
 Bacagef, @tfc`f, ^fus ]`xtus @Y
koeg`z`ejfe pokbodflfe tubul kfeus`f
acol kflfs`swf jodajtorfe

• G`avfee` Bftl`stf Kargfge` (69<2-6776)

flc` ataps` portfkf pftacag` doegfe
gohfcf jc`e`s
•  Fbfd 6< Fccgoko`
Fccgoko`eo
eo Jrfejoelfuso
Jrfejoelfuso d`
Y`oeef Jfrc Raj`tfesjy (6<>4-6<7<) 
t`dfj koegguefjfe px k`jrasjap`s
•  Rudacpl Y`rmlaw (6<26-60>2), dfr`

Horkfe  koegokbfegjfe px
 k`jrasjap`s

Hoe`s-hoe`s ataps`
• Ataps` iaroes`j 8 J_LF^ ps

•
62>, 6==, 6=4
Ataps` jc`e`j 8 ^^ ea 6< tl
60<6

• Ataps` feftak` 8 ^^ ea 6< tl

 60<6

^ors`fpfe sobocuk ataps`

FCFT ^OR]@F^FE ATA^]@

f)Rufeg ataps`
• ]^Y ftfu `h`e b)Kohf ataps`
m)Fcft-fcft ataps`
_tfkf 8
•  jocufrgf 6)Oetoratako
2)]jfcpoc
•  Fcft =)Hfruk lfgodare
4)Boefeg rfk`
?)R`b muttors
9)^`esot feftak`s/p`esot s`rurg`s
7)Guet`eg
<)Brofdje`io
0)Y`brft`eg sfw
 6>)Baeo sfw Tfkbflfe 8
66)]jucc ml`soc 6)]paes
2)Cfp jor`eg
62)Lfkkor w`tl laaj
=)Guet`eg jortfs
6=)^oeflfe jopfcf 4)Jfmf pokbosfr 
?)Jfetaeg pcfst`j bfrfeg bujt`
9)Tokpft sfkpfl
d. fcft dfe bflfe cfbarftar`uk iaroes`j
sodorlfef
6)iarkfc`e 6>%
2)fcjalac 6>%

Jowfspfdffe ue`vorsfc
• ]tfi torc`edueg`
doegfe
porcoegjfpfe
dfe `kue`sfs`
lopft`t`s, BMG,
 ^ac`a,
^ac `a, Totf
otfeus
eus

^okor`jsffe cufr 
• ^x coegjfp dfr`
puemfj jopfcf
skp uhueg jfj`
• Koc`put` px
`doet`i`jfs`,
tfeftacag`,
 trfukftacag`
• D`dajukoetfs`-

jfe
(Dojft,sodfeg,hf
ul)
 

]fkpoc pokor`jsffe poeuehfeg

tajs`jacag` dfe j`k`f dfrfl
• Dfrfl dfr` hfetueg
• Lukar v`trous
• _r`eo
• CM]
• Rfkbut ^oegfkb`cfe mf`rfe okpodu
• Mf`rfe okpodu
• @s` cfkbueg
 ^oegfkb`cfe Lukar v`trous

Toje`j `r`sfe juc`t

• ]omfrf ukuk fdf 2
toje`j `r`sfe 8 @r`sfe
@ ( joueggucfe 8 cfp`s dok`
cfp`s,dfr` uhueg dfgu sfkpf`
ukb`c`jus jo bocaj j`r` jfroef
fdf c`g.toros lopft`s (jorfs),
 cfehutjfe sfkpf` jo s`kp`s`s
pub`s) sfft d`bfg`fe porut d``r`s
fgfj dfcfk dfe duf hfr`
d`kfsujfe fgfr t`dfj kokataeg

raeggf, dfe @r`sfe P

Yfr`fs` @r`sf
@r`sfeeP
• Kad`i`jfs` toje`j
`r`sfe P
• (kad`i`jfs`(ostot`j 
) dfe kadoc b`fsf)
 

Ojspcarfs` raeggf dfdf dfe porut

D`por`jsf
d`ed`egeyf, tobfc
atat dfe tobfc
cokfj, fdfeyf
mf`rfe bobfs,
 porcojftfe, t`egg`
d`fplrfgkf, dcc

^OKB
^OKB_JF
_JFFE
FE RAEG
RAEGGF
GF JO^FCF
JO^FCF
DFE ^OKOR@J]FF
^OKOR@J]FFEE ATFJ 
ATFJ 
• D` sfrfejfe d`bujf torcob`l
dflucu
• Dge kokboetuj sudut cbl
kudfl uet rojaestrujs`
• D`por`jsf juc`t, tucfeg,
durfkftor, porkujffe atfj
(atfj bosfr dfe atfj jom`c
 d`bujf jokud`fe d`p`sfljfe,
cfcu d` t`kbfeg), m`rmucus
w`cc`s`

•
Borft earkfc
atfj ¶6=>> s/d
64?> gr 
•
Atfj cbl bf`j
^ataegfe maraefc d`roedfk d`
iarkfc`e 6>%

sbck d``r`s
 • ^ataegfe
poefkpfeg atfj

dfpft maraefc
^ataegfe Yort`jfc kfupue vort`jfc
]oport` kokbujf buju
 

^OEG
^OEGFEGJF
FEGJFT
TFE ARGFE

 TOJE@J ATA^]@ RAJ@TFE]JP TOJE@J ATA^]@ GLAE

 TOJE@J ATA^]@ Y@RMLAW TOJE@J ATA^]@ COTT_CO

TOJE@J RAJ@TFE]JP
• D`cfjujfe
poeg`r`sfe dfe
pokor`jsffe argfe
kfs`l d`dck raeggf

tubul.(lfeyf
tubul. (lfeyf d`tfr`j
 sod`j`t d`c`lft
jokud`fe

•
d`kfsujfe jokbfc`)
Jurfeg bf`j uetuj
ataps` iaroes`j
 

TOJE@J Y@RMLAW
• ]ftu porsftu d`fegjft
jokud`fe d`por`jsf (d`
t`kbfeg ujur
pfehfeg,cobfr,t`egg`,
 `espojs`,pfcpfs`,porjus`( j
fcfu joeyfc sobocukeyf
t`dfj borefifs)
• Jurfeg bf`j uetuj ataps`
iaroes`j
 

TOJE@J COTT_CO
• ]okuf d`fegjft, d`
cotfjjfe ftfs kohf
doegfe s`s`
pastor`ar d` voetrfc
• ]uc`t b`cf tfepf
 ]uc`t b`cf tfepf
fs`stoe.
• ]fegft bf`j uetuj
koemfr` lubuegfe
argfe dfe prasos
pftacag`s
 

TOJE@J GLAE (sor`eg

d`guefjfe)
• Bcaj Tlarfx
Rocft`i cob`l mopft
  dfe kudfl
• (c`dfl,joraegjaegfe,osaifgus,
Lubuegfe fetfr argfe d`portflfejfe.
cfkbueg)
•
• Bcaj @etost`efc
Bf`j uetuj  
koemfr` sfcurfe cujf pfdf
• Bcaj
ataps`Maoc`fm
iaroes`j 
•
 Bcaj _ragoe`tfc 

^okor`jsffe argfe
• ^okor`jsffe c`dfl (fdf rosfpfe d` c`dfl
t`dfj) dfe argfe color.
• ^as`s` bfg`fe pastor`ar koeglfdfp voetrfc
• D`por`jsf dfr` c`dfl jo bfwfl
 

Aosaplfgus (fkb`c p`esot cfcu d`guet`eg dfr`

 bfg`fe d`stfc jo prajs`kfc, jokud

jokud`fe
`fe
d`fegjft uetuj px trfmlof, uetuj c`lft
rosfpfe dfrfl h`jf fdf sfft l`dup sudfl fdf

oedfpfe)
 

Trfmlof d`por`jsf sotocfl d`ed`eg

bocfjfegeyf d`guet`eg. jokud`fe pfru-
pfru d`p`sfljfe doegfe koegguet`eg
pfdf l`cus.
 

^okor`jsffe pfru-pfru
• D`por`jsf

porkujffeyf,ujur-
feeyf, borfteyf,
poefkpfegeyf
• Borft earkfc =?>
s/d 4?> grfk
 

^okor`jsffe hfetueg
• D`pas`s`jfe feftak`s, d`px

•
porkujffe dfe borfteyf.
^x f. maraefr`f dfpft d``r`s
ftfu d`guet`eg sopfehfeg
fc`rfeeyf
• Eato 8 fdf 2
 • 6.hfetueg jfefe hfetueg j`r`,sosuf` fc`rfe
dfrfl( c`lft fdf trakbus,sukbftfe)
• 2.

^okor`jsffe f. maraefr`f
• D`fgrfk cukoe

frtor`f maraefr`f.
C`egjfrfe torcufr 8
d`ed`eg frtor`,
joduf 8 cfk`ef
 ocfst`mf, wfref
l`tfk 8 cukoe
frtor`, wfref put`l
fdfcfl ftlorakf.

@r`sfe hfetueg
• ^ataegfe = mk d`

ftfs fpox,somfrf
jokud`fe
pfrfcoc jurfeg
cob`l t`fp 6 mk jo
 frfl prajs`kfc
sfkpf` jurfeg
cob`l 6 mk d`
kotado voetr`mucfr sc`m`eg  bfwfl c`egjfr
Bf`j uetuj koc`lft `eifrj  jftup voetr`joc.

^okbujffe
d`bujf sopfehfeg fc`rfe
jfetueg hfetueg, doegfe gfr`s y dfrfl
 • f) ^ataegfe = mk d` ftfs fpox. b). ^okbujffe
ftr`uk
^okataegfe m). ^okbujffe
jfefe.d`ed`eg voetr`joc
dopfe voetr`joc jfefe.
jfefe d). 
sfkpf` jo frtor`f puckaefc

 
 • f). ^okbujffe ftr`uk j`r` b).
^okbujffe voetr`joc j`r`. m). 

^okataegfe d`ed`eg voetr`joc j`r`

sfkpf` jo fartf.

_jurfe rftf-rftf hfetueg

 
Wfe`tf ^r`f

Borft hfetueg 24= grfk Borft hfetueg 279 grfk Borft bfdfe ?> Jg
Borft hfetueg =29 grfk Borft hfetueg =06 grfk Borft bfdfe 6>> Jg
Borft hfetueg 2?4 grfk Borft hfetueg 2<= grfk ^fehfeg bfdfe 6?> mk
<,9 mk 0,? mk C`egjfr jftup k`trfc

6>,? mk 66,? mk C`egjfr jftup tr`jusp`dfc

 9,= mk 3 9> tl 9,7 mk 3 9> tl C`egjfr jftup fartf
7,9 mk 5 9> tl <,= mk 5 9> tl
9,2 mk 3 9> tl 9,9 mk 3 9> tl C`egjfr jftup puckaefc
7,6 mk 5 9> tl 7,= mk 5 9> tl
6,? mk 6,? mk Tobfc atat voetr`joc j`r`
>,? mk >,? mk Tobfc atat voetr`joc jfefe
>,= mk >,= mk Tobfc atat ftr`uk

^okor`jsffe cukoe usus d` guet`eg

sopfehfeg s`s` fet`kosoetor`m 
 

^okor`jsffe lopfr 
• Borft lopfr arfeg dowfsf
earkfc soj`tfr 6=>> s/d
6?>> grfk
• Jfedueg okpodu d`por`jsf
fdfeyf poeyukbftfe
 

C`kpf
• Borft earkfc
@r`sfe vort`mfc  fetfrf 6?? s/d 60?
grfk.
• D`por`jsf
 porkujffe, l`cus
• ]bck d``r`s b`cf
porcu fkb`c
spom`koe uetuj
k`jrab`acag`
• Eato 8 pordfrflfe
 

^femrofs
• Borfteyf jurfeg cob`l 6>> grfk
• ^oefkpfegeyf d`buft doegfe kocfjujfe
`r`sfe sfg`tfc dfr` mfput jo mfudf ftfu sftu
`r`sfe tobfc uetuj koc`lft pfroej`keyf
 

Cfkbueg
• D`por`jsf porkujffe
cfkbueg, `s` cfkbueg
dfe kujasf.
• ^orkujffe cufr d`bfsul
 dge f`r,
f`r, d`guet`eg
d`guet`eg
sopfehfeg murvfturf
kfyar,, `s` cfkbueg dpt
kfyar
d`jocufrjfe dfe
d`tfkpueg dck wfdfl
yfeg bors`l.
 

G`ehfc
• _jurfe g`ehfc dws earkfc 66x9x=mk,

•
¶borft 6?> grfk.
Mfpsucf fd`pasf & mfpsucf roefc`s d`copfs
^orkujffe d`por`jsf, j`stf.
•
 D``r`s
koducf,uetuj koc`lft strujtur martox,
pyocuk.

Goeotfc`f Wfe`tf
• D`fkb`c josocurulfe
morv`x, avfr`uk, tubf,
utorus.
• _torus dws earkfc
 6>x9x4mk, ¶7> gr.
• Avfr`uk sobocuk
koeapfuso
=x6,?x6mk, ¶6>
grfk

Goeotfc`f ^r`f
• ^okor`jsffe dfr`
ojtorefc skp `etorefc.
^oe`s, smratuk, prastft,
jfdfeg d`porcujfe
 pokor`jsffe tost`s.

Toje`j ataps` jfsus tortoetu

• ^fdf jfsus-jfsus
tortoetu d`porcujfe
pokor`jsffe yfeg
borbodf dfr` yfeg
 b`fsf. D`porcujfe
jotorfkp`cfe dfe
boborfpf kad`i`jfs`

toje`j ataps`.

Jojorfsfe pfdf dforfl color 

• Dge `r`sfe P t`egg`
ftfu @, fgfr dfpft
kokbujf cfp`s
porcfp`s.
 • Pfeg d`bujf 8
jopfcf  fkb`c
atfj, dfdf skp
porut  fkb`c
 hfetueg
• Jogueffe uetuj
 

^eoukatlrfx
• Juc`t dfdf d`bujf sobfg`fe  buft
jfetueg
• D``s` f`r  d`tusuj  + gocokbueg udfrf
 

]otocfl pokor`jsffe
• koegokbfc`jfe argfe dfe koeutup tubul
 hoefzfl
• koeg`r`k sfkpoc hfr`egfe

•  koeoetujfe sobfb jokft`fe

 •  kokbuft cfparfe tortuc`s
• pors`fpfe kokbor`jfe jotorfegfe flc` d`
s`dfeg

OJ]L_KF]@
T@K ^OEGFK^_ KFTF J_C@FL @CK_
JODAJTORFE IAROE]@J DFE
KOD@JACOGFC
 

Cftfr Bocfjfeg
  Orapf @edaeos`f toruegjfp sotocfl oxlukft`a
Oxlukft`a d`cfjujfe 1
 
Kft` t`dfj wfhfr ” jocufrgf t`dfj tflu
d`jubur. t flu lujuk
Kft` t`dfj wfhfr ” jocufrgf tflu lujuk totfp
d`jubur,, tfepf futaps`. ]uftu sfft sfdfr `eg`e
d`jubur
 tflu s`fpf yfeg sfcfl,
d`sokbuey`jfe, l`cfeg ftfu
hohfj.jokft`fe yfeg
 Fwfc t`dfj koemur`gfjfe, dugffe bor`juteyf
koemur`gfjfe 1 
 ]uju, fgfkf, rfs pogfeg joyfj`efe, pr`es`p dfe
jopormfyffe

Doi`e`s`
 Fdfcfl poeggfc`fe juburfe, poegocufrfe hoefzfl dfr` dfcfk
tfefl sotocfl poeguburfe

T_H_FE
^orfd`cfe 8
6. Jopoet`egfe poey`d`jfe
jopac`s`fe uetuj pokor`jsffe hoefzfl
dfe pokbuftfe v`suk ot roportuk
 2. Kokporacol `eiarkfs` bfru
poeyobfb jokft`fe
Eae porfd`cfe 8
6. Joporcufe pokbfeguefe jatf
2. Jopoet`egfe poey`d`jfe
=. ^ork`etffe jocufrgf
4. @evost`gfs` kfsfcfl pordftf
 

^rasodur
Oxlukft`a
  Fturfe poruedfeg-uedfegfe
poruedfeg-uedfegfe yfeg koegftur oxlukft`a

 
 ^fsfc 6== J_LF^ ^fsfc 6=? J_LF^
 
^fsfc 6=4 J_LF^
^fsfc 222 J_L^

^ors`fpfe dfe ^ocfjsfeffe

6. ^oeutup (bflfe fpf sfhf) uetuj koeutup` juburfe

2.
=. ^oeutup uetuj
Kohf uetuj dajtor dfe potugfs cf`e
ataps`
4. F`r
?. H`jf d`cfjsfefjfe d` rukfl sfj`t kfyft d` buegjus
d`sogoc dfe d`j`r`k jo rukfl sfj`t d`sortf` bor`tf
 fmfrf.
9. K`stfr jfyu ftfu kotorfe dfr` p`tf cagfk 2-?
2 -? kotor
7. ^orfcftfe iatagrfi`
<. ]urft porsotuhufe dfr` jocufrgf yfeg koe`eggfc
0. ]urft poreyftffe dfr` jocufrgf, huru jubur, potugfs
pokor`etfl dfe sfjs`-sfjs` cf`e
6>. ]urft poey`tffe juburfe yfeg fjfe d`gfc`
 

66. ]urft pork`etffe v`suk ot roportuk

62. Bor`tf fmfrf pokbaegjfrfe juburfe
6=. Bor`tf fmfrf pokfjfkfe jokbfc`
64. Bor`tf fmfrf poeyorflfe jokbfc`
 juburfe jopfdf
6?. ^orfcftfe dfejocufrgf
sfrfef cf`e

Lfc-lfc yfeg porcu d`porlft`jfe sfft

 pocfjsfeffe
 pocfjsfeffe oxlukft`a
oxlukft`a

D`lfd`r` dajtor, poey`d`j, pokujf kfsyfrfjft,

p`lfj jofkfefe, potugfs pokfjfkfe, poeggfc`
juburfe, p`lfj jocufrgf, flc` wfr`s, dfe sfjs`.
Kokbocfjfeg` frfl feg`e
 ^fst`jfe juburfe torsobut yfeg kokfeg lfrus
d`gfc`.
Maetal tfefl porcu d`fkb`c

D`buft iata pot` dfe iata kfyft sobocuk

d`fegjft

^ocfjsfeffe
  ^oeggfc`fe poegfegjftfe pot`
kfyft poeutup pot` d`p`edfljfe
`s` d`joefc` bfdfe d`p`edfljfe
Tfeggfcjfe pfjf`fe
 cfjujfe ataps`

^okor`jsffe
6. D` ca
cajf
jfs`
s` po
pokf
kfjf
jfkf
kfe
e8
- kudfl
- mopft
- fjurft
- kokbor` pocfyfefe torbf`j
 bfg` poey`d`j dfe jocufrgf
- rfkf`

2. D`
D`jf
jfk
kfr kfyf
yftt R]
R] 8
- cob`l toc`t`
- t`dfj rfkf`

_etuj koedfpftjfe lfs`c yfeg torbf`j

6. D`cf
D`cfju
jujf
jfe
e aco
acol
l flc
flc``
jodajtorfe iaroes`j.
2. Kokb
Kokbfwfwff porc
porcoe
oegj
gjfp fpfe
fe
uetuj pokor`jsffe
 l`stacag`j dfe
tajs`jacag`j.
=. Daj
Dajukoetfs`.

]fkpoc yfeg d` fkb`c

uetuj d`fefc`sf
6. Tfe
fefl
fl d` ft
ftfs
fs po
pot`
t` ho
hoef
efzf
zfl
l
2. Tfe
fefl
fl d` bf
bfwf
wfl l pot
pot`` hoe
hoefz
fzfl
fl
=. Tfe
fefl
fl d` df
dfcf
cfk
k pot
pot`` hoe
hoefz
fzfl
fl
4. Rf
Rfkb
kbut
ut jo
jopf
pfccf dfe
dfe rfrfkb
kbut
ut
  pub`s
?. Juju dfe g`g`
9. Tucfeg
7. Hfet
Hfetue
ueg,
g, cf
cfkb
kbue
ueg,
g, us
usus
us,, lft
lft`,
`,
c`kpf, g`ehfc

JO]@K^_CFE
Oxlukft`a fdfcfl pokor`jsffe torlfdfp hoefzfl
yfeg d`fkb`c dfr` dfcfk juburfe, jfroef fdfeyf
jomur`gffe torlfdfp poeyobfb jokft`fe borupf
jorfmuefe ftfu pocfeggfrfe lujuk.
Oxlukft`a d`cfjujfe uetuj tuhufe poegfd`cfe dfe
tuhufe eae poegfd`cfe.
 Dfsfr lujuk oxlukft`a borupf J_LF^ dfe
J_L^.
]obocuk kocfjujfe oxlukft`a lfrus d`pfst`jfe
prasodur dfe boborfpf pors`fpfe.
^okor`jsffe yfeg d`cfjujfe lfrus socoegjfp
kuegj`e dfe sogfcf tokufe yfeg d`dfpftjfe
d`cfparjfe dfcfk Y`suk ot Roportuk.