LOIOFOB

XCUDIA @OG BO]OX@ @OFOL ^CGKIOMDOG OUSBOG

IC^CXO[OPOG

@AUCG ^CLHDLHDGK=

O`isuryo Uoputro,U. Icp., Gcrs., L.Icp

@DUSUSG AFCB=

1. Ofyo luz`ofijob

8>.8>>.>>12 8. Ogisso ufbusgo

8>.8>>.>>8>

5. Gur ojgi ojijob 8>.8>>.>>>4

0. Jitriyob gur ibatilob

8>.8>.5184 3. Lubollo` ruppy

8>.8>>.>>>0

:. Lubollo` iboiruzig 8>.8>.510>

;.Foifo ogiso 8>.8>.518:

 SGDZCXUDPOU EOBO HOGKUO

HOGMOXLOUDG U1 DFLS IC^CXO[OPOG

8>8>/8>81

IOPO ^CGKOGPOX 

Uckofo puji hoki Offob U[P yogk tcfob lclhcriiog ioli iclu`obog, iorcgo otos
icbcg`oigyo ioli `opot lcgycfcsoiiog loiofob `cgkog ju`uf ‖ Xcsiia `og Bozor` `ofol
 pcgkiojiog osubog icpcrowotog “.Loiofob igi `ihuot schokoi sofob sotu tukos loto iufiob I5
`ofol fcpcrowotog.

^cgufis lcgkueopiog syuiur icpo`o Offob U[P otos filpobog giilot scbotgyo, hoii 
itu hcrupo scbot jisii loupug piiirog, scbigkko pcgufis lolpu ugtui lcgycfcsoiiog
 pclhuotog loiofob schokoi tukos pralasi icscbotog `og ^cg`i`iiog icscbotog.

^cgufis lcgyc`ori loiofob igi losib joub `ori ioto sclpurgo `og losib
hogyoi  tcr`opot icscfobog scrto iciurogkog `i `ofolyo. Sgtui itu, pcgufis lcgkboropiog
iritii `og sorog `ori pclhoeo ugtui loiofob igi supoyo loiofob igi gogtigyo `opot lcgjo`i
loiofob yogk fchib hoii foki.

Oibir ioto, ioli hcrborop loiofob igi hcrlogjoot hoki iito scluo.
 HOH 1

^CG@OBSFSOG

1.1 Fotor hcfoiogk

Icscfolotog `og icscbotog icrjo lcrupoiog istifob yogk sogkot papufcr. Hobiog `i
`ofol `ugio ig`ustri istifob tcrschut fchib `iicgof `cgkog sigkiotog I5 yogk
ortigyo icscfolotog, `og icscbotog icrjo. Lcgurut Lifyog`ro (8>>4) Dstifob ‒
icscfolotog `og

lilcsgckbogto`gu gikc rojort—i, s`cohpokt o`i ispuogt`uo pgckg l` cilotpougg pycogi

`cuio tsoigsi ipflcgiokbc r(tsioegic. g^ticjgiek corptpiorga oyeobg)k ` opgc r`toislisoi foig
lclpugyoi pcgkcrtiog schokoi suotu tcropog otou suotu prakrol yogk lclpugyoi tujuog
tcrtcgtu. Iorcgo itu icscfolotog `og icscbotog icrjo `opot `ikafagkiog schokoi suotu iflu
tcropog (oppfic` seicgec). Icscfolotog `og Icscbotog Icrjo schokoi suotu prakrol `i`osori
 pcg`ciotog ifliob `ofol upoyo lcgeckob otou lclpcriceif tcrjo`igyo hoboyo (bozor`) `og
risiia (risi) tcrjo`igyo pcgyoiit `og icecfoioog, loupug icrukiog-icrukiog foigyo
yogk lugkiig tcrjo`i. Mo`i `opot `iiotoiog hobwo Icscfolotog `og Icscbotog Icrjo o`ofob
suotu
 pcg`ciotog ifliob `og proitis `ofol lcgkotosi patcgsi hoboyo `og risiia icscbotog
`og icscfolotog yogk lugkiig tcrjo`i.( Xijogta, 8>1> ).

Pcrjo`igyo icecfoioog icrjo tcgtu sojo lcgjo`iiog losofob yogk hcsor

hoki icfogksugkog suotu usobo. Icrukiog yogk `i`crito ti`oi bogyo hcrupo icrukiog lotcri
yogk

 jeuuliufopg yhoc. sIorc bigfoglkuogg fscuhlibh cr` o`rio yiot ul og`ufo soio b itgili
hlucfgruypoo iioagr hiocgr ujikwioog yyooggkk tsio`gokio t sch`cisioirt 
iorcgo logusio o`ofob sotu-sotugyo sulhcr `oyo yogk ti`oi `opot `ikogtiiog afcb tcigafaki
opopug. Uctiop tobug `i `ugio tcrjo`i 8;> juto icecfoioog icrjo, 1:> juto pcicrjo lcg`crito
 pcgyoiit oiihot icrjo, iclotiog 8.8 juto `og icrukiog jigogsiof schcsor 1.83 trifiug
SU@. Uc`ogkiog `i Dg`agcsio lcgurut `oto ^P. Molsastci (^crscra) `ofol pcria`c
8>>8-8>>3 tcrjo`i fchib `ori 5>> rihu icecfoioog icrjo, 3>>> iclotiog, 3>> eoeot tctop `og
iagpcgsosi fchib `ori Xp. 33> lifyor. Iagpcgsosi igi o`ofob schokiog `ori icrukiog fogksugk
`og ;.3 juto
 pcicrjo scitar jarlof yogk oitij schokoi pcscrto Molsastci. @ipcriiroiog icrukiog ti`oi 
fogksugk `ori scfurub scitar jarlof fchib `ori Xp. 8 trifiug, `ilogo schokiog
hcsor  lcrupoiog icrukiog `ugio usobo.(@I5G,8>>;).
1.8 Xulusog losofob

1. opo pcgkcrtiog `ori rcsiia `og bozor` itu 1

8. Hokoilogo joitar bozor`  `og rcsiia `i tclpot icrjo1

5. Hokoilogo pcrog pcrowot `ofol I51

0. Bozor` `og Xcsiia yogk hiso tcrjo`i soot prascs pcgkiojiog osubog icpcrowotog1

1.5 Pujuog pcgufisog

1. Sgtui lcgkctobui pcgkcrtiog `ori rcsiia `og bozor` itu

8. Sgtui lcgkctobui joitar rcsiia `og bozor` `i tclpot icrjo

5. Sgtui lcgkctobui pcrog pcrowot `ofol I5

0. Sgtui lcgkctobui rcsiia `og bozor` yogk hiso tcrjo`i soot prascs pcgkiojiog osubog

icpcrowotog
 HOH DD

^CLHOBOUOG

1. @cjigisi Xcsiia

Xisiia o`ofob kohugkog `ori iclugkiigog otou jrciucgsi `og oiihot otou iagsciucgsi
`ori tcrjo`igyo hoboyo tcrschut pcgifoiog risiia o`ofob pcgifoiog lcgycfurub
ugtui  lcgki`cgtijiiosi hoboyo `og lcgcgtuiog opoiob risiia `opot `itcrilo. Logojclcg
risiia o`ofob pcgkcfafoog risiia yogk lcgeoiup i`cgtijiiosi pcgifoiog `og pcgkcg`ofiog
risiia. Logojclcg risiia tcr`iri `ori tiko fogkiob pcfoisogoog yoitu i`cgtijiiosi hoboyo,
pcgifoiog risiia, `og pcgkcg`ofiog risiia (Xolfi ,8>1>).

Xisiia o`ofob hcsorgyo icrukiog otou iclugkiigog tcrjo`i iarhog logusio, icrusoiog
`og icrukiog ciagali yogk `ischohiog afcb hoboyo tcrtcgtu `i suotu `ocrob po`o
suotu woitu tcrtcgtu.

8. @cjigisi Bozor`

Bozor` o`ofob =

 1. Uuotu iag`isi sceoro ofoliob loupug iorcgo ufob logusio yogk hcrpatcgsi lcgilhufiog
icrusoiog otou icrukiog `og icbifogkog jiwo logusio (HG^H, 8>>2)

8. Hoboyo hcrpatcgsi lcgilhufiog hcgeogo tctopi ti`oi scluo hoboyo scfofu lcgjo`i
 hcgeogo.

5. Uulhcr hoboyo suotu pcristiwo yogk bchot otou iclugkiigog lcgilhufiog icrukiog otou

iarhog logusio (@irjcg yoglc`ii, 8>>;).

 5. Joitar Xcsiia `og Bozor` @i Pclpot Icrjo

Hoii ‖bozor`“ loupug ‖rcsiia“ ti`oi scfologyo lcgjo`i hoboyo, osofiog

upoyo
 pcgkcg`ofioggyo `ifoisogoiog `cgkog hoii.@itclpot icrjo, icscbotog `og iigcrjo scscarogk
 pcicrjo sogkot `ipcgkorubi afcb (cjjcg`i, Jcrry. 8>>4= 855)=

1. Hchog Icrjo hcrupo hchog jisii, lcgtof `og sasiof scbigkko upoyo pcgclpotog pcicrjo
yogk scsuoi `cgkog iclolpuoggyo pcrfu `ipcrbotiiog.

8. Iopositos Icrjo yogk hogyoi tcrkogtugk po`o pcg`i`iiog, ictcrolpifog,

icsckorog
 joslogi, uiurog tuhub, ico`oog kizi `og schokoigyo.

5. Figkiugkog Icrjo schokoi hchog tolhobog, hoii hcrupo joitar jisii, iilio,

hiafakii, crkagalii, loupug ospci psiiasasiof.

0. Bozor` `og ^cgkcg`ofiogggyo

Bozor` o`ofob scsuotu yogk lcgilhufiog icrukiog, icrukiog igi lcfiputi

po`o kogkkuog icscbotog `og ei`cro, bifogkgyo woitu icrjo, icrusoiog po`o prapcrty, orco
otou tclpot icrjo, pra`ui otou figkiugkog, icrukiog po`o prascs pra`uisi otoupug
icrusoiog ―  icrusoiog foiggyo. Jircgec (14;2) lcg`cjigisiiog bozor` schokoi suotu lotcriof
otou iag`isi yogk hcrpatcgsi `itclpot icrjo `ilogo `cgkog otou togpo igtcroisi `cgkog
voriohcf foig `opot lcgychohiog iclotiog, ec`cro, otou icrukiog foig.

Ialpagcg Hoboyo =

1. Ioroitcristii lotcriof.

8. Hcgtui lotcriof.

5. Buhugkog pcicrjoog `og cjci.

0. Iag`isi `og jrciucgsi pcgkkugoog.

3. Pigkiob foiu pcicrjo.

Bozor` otou hoboyo `opot `ibig`ori otoupug `olpoi `ori bozor` tcrschut `opot
`iligilofiog. Lcgurut ^CXLCGOICX Ga. >3/LCG/144:, pcgkcg`ofiog risiia icecfoioog
`og pcgyoiit oiihot icrjo `ifoiuiog `cgkog hcrhokoi loeol lcta`c, yoitu =

1. ^cgkcg`ofiog tcigis otou rcioyoso yogk lcfiputi cfiligosi, suhtitusi, isafosi, vcgtifosi,

bikicgc, `og sogitosi (cgkigccrigk eagtraf).

8. ^cg`i`iiog `og pcfotibog.

5. ^clhogkugog icso`orog `og lativosi yogk lcfiputi sistcl hagus, igscgtij, pcgkborkoog,
`og lativosi `iri.

0. Cvofuosi lcfofui igtcrgof ou`it, pcgycfi`iiog `og ctiafaki.

3. ^cgckoiog buiul.

:. ^clhcriog ofot pcfig`ugk `iri/ O^@

3. Xisiia

Xcsiia lcrupoiog kolhorog iuogtitotij `ori iclugkiigog icrukiog

yogk lclpcrtilhogkiog iclugkiigog suotu bozor` yogk oiog
lcgkoiihotiog suotu pcristiwo

tcrschut (@AC, SUO, 144:). Lcgurut Iaffuru (144:) o`o 3 loeol tipc risiia, yoitu

= 1 Xisiia Icscfolotog

Xisiia icscfolotog lclifiii prahohifitos rcg`ob, tigkiot poporog `og iagsciucgsi tigkki,
 hcrsijot oiut, `og jiio tcrjo`i iagtoi oiog fogksugk tcrfibot cjcigyo. ^cgychoh risiia
icscfolotog fchib `opot `iictobui scrto fchib hcrjaius po`o icscfolotog logusio
`og
 pcgeckobog icecfoioog `i tclpot icrjo.

8. Xisiia Icscbotog

Xisiia icscbotog lclifiii prahohifitos tigkki, tigkiot poporog `og iagsciucgsi rcg`ob, `og
 hcrsijot iragis. ^cgychoh risiia icscbotog sufit `iictobui scrto fchib hcrjaius po`o icscbotog
logusio.

5. Xisiia Figkiugkog `og Ciafaki

Xisiia figkiugkog `og ciafaki lcfihotiog igtcroisi yogk hcrokol ogtoro

papufosi, ialugitos. Jaius risiia figkiugkog `og ciafaki fchib icpo`o `olpoi yogk
`itilhufiog tcrbo`op bohitot `og ciasistcl yogk joub `ori sulhcr risiia.

0. Xisiia Jigogsiof
Xisiia jigogsiof lclifiii risiia jogkio pogjogk `og jogkio pcg`ci `ori icrukiog prapcrti
tcrioit `cgkog pcrbitugkog osurogsi `og pcgkclhofiog osurogsi. Jaius risiia jigogsiof
fchib icpo`o iclu`obog pcgkapcrosiog `og ospci icuogkog.

3. Xisiia Pcrbo`op Losyoroiot

Xisiia tcrbo`op losyoroiot lclpcrbotiiog pog`ogkog losyoroiot tcrbo`op

iigcrjo arkogisosi `og pra`uisi, scluo bof po`o risiia tcrbo`op losyoroiot tcrjaius po`o
pcgifoiog
`og pcrscpsi losyoroiot.

:. Logojclcg Xisiia

Lcgurut OU/G]U 05:> = 8>>0 logojclcg risiia o`ofob suotu iulpufog `ori hcrhokoi

tobopog ickiotog yogk hcrtujuog ugtui lcgkcfafo risiia ― risiia icscfolotog `og icscbotog
`ofol suotu oitivitos ickiotog.
Logjoot `ifoiuioggyo logojclcg risiia o`ofob (OU/G]U 05:> = 8>>0)

= 1. Lcgkurogki icjo`iog yogk ti`oi `opot tcr`uko

8. Lcgeori icsclpotog otou pcfuogk

5. Lcgigkiotiog pcrcgeogoog, iigcrjo, `og cjcitijitos

0. Lcgigkiotiog icugtugkog ciagalis `og cjisicgsi

3. Lcgigkiotiog igjarlosi schokoi losuiog schokoi prascs pcgkolhifog icputusog

:. Lcgigkiotiog rcputosi arkogisosi otou pcrusoboog

;. Uchokoi ialitlcg `ircisi ugtui lcfig`ugki pcicrjo

2. Uchokoi sofob sotu eoro ugtui lcgigkiotiog oiugtohifitos, icpcreoyoog,

`og kavcrgogec.

4. Lcgigkiotiog icscjobtcroog icscbotog pcrsagof `og pcicrjo foiggyo.

;. Pobopog prascs logojclcg risiia (OU/G]U 05:> = 8>>0), yoitu =

1. ^cgctopog ruogk figkiup

Lcgctopiog tujuog, ichijoiog, strotcki pcgcropog, lcta`c otou eoro pcfoisogoog logojclcg
risiia, scrto pcgeopoiog yogk `itorkctiog afcb pcrusoboog.

8. D`cgtijiiosi risiia
Lcfoiuiog i`cgtijiiosi tcrbo`op risiia yogk oiog `iicfafo, lcgeori tobu jcgis bozor` opo sojo
yogk lugkiig lcgilhufiog risiia, hokoilogo `og lcgkopo risiia tcrschut lugeuf.

5. Ogofisis risiia

Lcfoiuiog cstilosi risiia `cgkog lcgkialhigosiiog joitar prahohifitos otou fiicfibaa` `og
iagsciucgsi, `cgkog lclpcrtilhogkiog upoyo pcgkcg`ofiog risiia yogk tcfob `ifoiuiog.

0. Cvofuosi risiia
Lclhog`igkiog tigkiot risiia yogk `i`opot `ofol prascs ogofisis risiia `cgkog iritcrio
cvofuosi yogk `ikugoiog, lcgcgtuiog opoiob suotu risiia `opot `itcrilo otou ti`oi.

3. ^cgkcg`ofiog risiia

Lcfoiuiog pcgogkogog otou pcgkcg`ofiog tcrbo`op risiia, tcrutolo risiia `cgkog tigkiot
tigkki `cgkog lclpcrtilhogkiog ospci cjcitijitos `og cjisicgsi

:. Lagitarigk `og rcvicw

Lcfoiuiog pclogtouog `og pcgkiojiog utolo tcrbo`op tigkiot risiia, scrto cjcitijitos
 prakrol, pcgogkogog risiia yogk tcfob `ifoiuiog okor scfogjutgyo `opot `itcgtuiog tig`oiog
iarcisi `og pcrhoiiog yogk pcrfu `ifoiuiog.

;. Ialugiiosi `og iagsuftosi

Lcfoiuiog ialugiiosi `uo orob ogtoro piboi logojclcg `og pcicrjo ugtui lcg`opotiog
losuiog lcgkcgoi ilpfclcgtosi pcgkcfafoog risiia `i tclpot icrjo kugo pcrhoiiog systcl
 pcgkcfafoog risiia tcrschut.

2. ^cgcropog Icpcrowotog Icscbotog Icrjo

Uceoro ulul, tujuog icpcrowotog icscbotog icrjo o`ofob lcgeiptoiog tcgoko icrjo yogk
scbot `og pra`uitij. Pujuog bypcrics `opot `ipcrigei schokoi hcriiut (Xoeblog. 144>)=

1. Okor tcgoko icrjo `og sctiop arogk yogk hcro`o `i tclpot icrjo scfofu `ofol ico`oog scbot
`og scfolot

8. Okor sulhcr-sulhcr pra`uisi `opot hcrjofog sceoro fogeor togpo o`ogyo bolhotog.

4. Jugksi @og Pukos ^crowot @ofol I5

Jugksi `og tukos pcrowot `ofol usobo icscfolotog `og icscbotog icrjo (I5) o`ofob
schokoi hcriiut (Cjjcg`y, Gosruf. 1442)=

1. Jugksi pcrowot

o. Lcgkioji losofob icscbotog

 h. Lcgyusug rcgeogo osubog icpcrowotog pcicrjo

e. Lcfoisogoiog pcfoyogog icscbotog `og icpcrowotog tcrbo`op pcicrjo

`. Lcfoiuiog pcgifoiog tcrbo`op osubog icpcrowotog yogk `ifoiuiog

8. Pukos pcrowot

o. Lcgkowosi figkiugkog pcicrjo

 h. Lclcfiboro josifitos icscbotog pcrusoboog

e. Lclhogtu `aitcr `ofol pclcriisoog icscbotog pcicrjo

`. Lclhogtu lcfoiuiog pcgifoiog tcrbo`op ico`oog icscbotog pcicrjo

c. Lcrcgeogoiog `og lcfoisogoiog iugjugkog rulob `og pcrowotog `i rulob icpo`o

 pcicrjo `og icfuorko yogk lclpugyoi losofob icscbotog

j. Diut hcrpcrog `ofol pcgycfcgkkoroog pcg`i`iiog I5 tcrbo`op pcicrjo

k. Diut hcrpcrog `ofol usobo icscfolotog icrjo

b. Lclhcriiog pcg`i`iiog icscbotog lcgkcgoi IH tcrbo`op pcicrjo `og

icfuorkogyo i. Lclhogtu usobo pcgycfi`iiog icscbotog pcicrjo

 j. Lcgkiaar`igosi `og lcgkowosi pcfoisogoog I5.

1>. Bozor` `og Xcsiia @ofol ^rascs ^cgkiojiog `og ^crcgeogoog

@ofol lcfoiuiog prascs pcgkiojiog `og pcrcgeogoog po`o posicg, pcrowot borus
lclpcrbotiiog bozor` `og rcsiia yogk iclugkiigog tcrjo`i, scpcrti =

1. ^cfcecbog vcrhof soot hcrialugiiosi `cgkog posicg `og icfuorko.

8. Icicrosog jisii po`o pcrowot ictiio lcfoiuiog pcgkiojiog.

5. ^osicg `og icfuorko oeub toi oeub `cgkog pcrtogyoog yogk `iojuiog pcrowot.

0. Xcsiia tcrtufor pcgyoiit `cgkog iagtoi jisii loupug u`oro soot pclcriisoog jisii.

3. ^crowot lcgjo`i tcrfofu clpoti `cgkog ico`oog posicg `og icfuorkogyo.

 HOH DDD

^CGSPS^

Uilpufog

Icscfolotog `og Icscbotog Icrjo lcrupoiog suotu prakrol `i`osori

pcg`ciotog ifliob `ofol upoyo lcgeckob otou lclpcriceif tcrjo`igyo hoboyo (bozor`) `og
risiia (risi) tcrjo`igyo pcgyoiit `og icecfoioog, loupug icrukiog-icrukiog foigyo
yogk lugkiig tcrjo`i. Bozor` o`ofob scsuotu yogk lcgilhufiog icrukiog, icrukiog
igi lcfiputi po`o kogkkuog icscbotog `og ei`cro, bifogkgyo woitu icrjo, icrusoiog po`o
prapcrty, orco otou tclpot icrjo, pra`ui otou figkiugkog, icrukiog po`o prascs pra`uisi
otoupug icrusoiog ―  icrusoiog foiggyo. Hcr`osoriog ioroitcristii `olpoi yogk
`ioiihotiog afcb suotu jcgis
 hoboyo loio jcgis hoboyo `opot `iicfalpaiog lcgjo`i 8 yoitu hoboyo icscbotog icrjo `og
 hoboyo icscfolotog icrjo

Uc`ogkiog Xcsiia o`ofob uiurog iclugkiigog icrukiog yogk tilhuf `ori sulhcr 
 hoboyo (bozor`) tcrtcgtu yogk tcrjo`i. Lcgurut Iaffuru (144:) o`o 3 loeol tipc risiia,
yoitu = risiia icscfolotog, risiia icscbotog, risiia figkiugkog `og ciafaki, risiia jigogsiof,
`ogrisiia tcrbo`op losyoroiot.

Uorog

Uoot lcfoiuiog prascs icpcrowotog, pcrowot borus hcgor-hcgor lclpcrbotiiog bozor`

`og rcsiia yogk iclugkiigog tcrjo`i. Bof igi hcrtujuog ugtui lcgeckob `og lcgkbig`ori
tcrjo`igyo icecfoioog icrjo, scpcrti tcrigjcisi pcgyoiit, lcg`opotiog icicrosog jisii/vcrhof
soot lcgkioji posicg, `og lcg`opotiog igjarlosi yogk ti`oi scsuoi `ori posicg. Uofob sotu
eoro ugtui lcgkbig`ori `og lcgeckob tcrjo`igyo icecfoioog icrjo, loio `isorogiog ugtui 
lcgkkugoiog O^@ yogk scsuoi.
 @OJPOX ^SUPOIO

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