DO^IROG ^JGHOMZDZOG HOG OUZMOG CJ^JRO[OXOG ^OHO

Gg.O HJGKOG ^IUX EIDIUXIF\ HL RZOGK GZRL RU UORL FZDLO

BOG@ORFOULG

Zgtuc Fjgyjdjsoicog Xukos ^riajsi Cjpjrowotog Hosor ^riajsi

^rikrof ^riajsi Gjrs

Hisusug Idjm0

Hjvi Eomyogo

 GLF0 111<81<211>><:

^RIKROF UXZHL ^RIAJUL

GJRU AOCZDXOU CJUJMOXOG
ZGLQJRULXOU UORL FZDLO
BOG@ORFOULLG
2>21
 DJFBOR ^JRUJXZ@ZOG

OUZMOG CJ^JRO[OXOG ^OHO GG.O HJGKOG ^IUX EIDIUXIF\

HL RZOGK GZRL RU UORL FZDLO BOG@ORFOULG

15 Ujptjfbjr 2>2>

Hisusug

Idjm0 Hjvi

Eomyogo

 GLF0 111<81<211>><:

Bog`orfosig, 11 sjptjfbjr 2>21

Fjgkjtomui,

^rjsjptir Ocohjfic ^rjsjptir Cdigic

(Igijqij Oyu Hmjo Fogti,Gs.,F.Cjp) (Ogkjdigo

Lghriyogo,U.Cjp.,Gjrs)
 GLC. GLC.
 DJFBOR ^JGKJUOMOG

OUZMOG CJ^JRO[OXOG ^OHO Gg.O HJGKOG ^IUX EIDIUXIF\

HL RZOGK GZRL RU UORL FZDLO BOG@ORFOULG

15 Ujptjfbjr 2>2>

Hisusug

Idjm0 Hjvi

Eomyogo

 GLF0 111<81<211>><:

Bog`orfosig, 11 sjptjfbjr 2>21

Fjgkjtomui,

^rjsjptir Ocohjfic ^rjsjptir Cdigic

(Igijqij Oyu Hmjo Fogti,Gs.,F.Cjp) (Ogkjdigo

Lghriyogo,U.Cjp.,Gjrs)
 GLC. GLC.
 XLG@OZOG ^ZUXOCO

1. Cigsjp Ogotifig hog Aisiidiki Uistjf

o. Ogotifi Uistjf
Zsus Bjsor 
Zsus bjsor ohodom sodom sotu irkog pjgejrgoog yogk oho hi hodof tubum
fogusio yogk pog`ogkgyo ciro-ciro sotu sjtjgkom fjtjr. Irkog igi hifudoi
hori pogkcod usus modus hog fudoi hi cotup idjicidic otou idjisjcod sjbokoi
tjfpot djwotgyo siso focogog. Zsus bjsor otou eidig tjrdjtoc hi bokiog usus
ogtoro usus bugtu hog rjctuf. Irkog igi hopot hibjhocog hori usus modus
fjdodui ucuroggyo yogk djbim bjsor hog ohogyo tojgio eidi hog oppjghiejs

jpipdiieoj (ufboi pjritigiuf yogk fjgkoghugk djfoc poho

pjrfucoog sjcuf).

Augksi usus bjsor ogtoro doig0

1. Obsirbsi oir, korof, hog kduciso
Zsus bjsor fjgkobsirbsi oir hog jdjctridit sjbogyoc =>% sofpoi <>%
hori kifus yogk tjrsiso hog fjgkubomgyo hori eoirog fjg`ohi foso sjfi
  pohot.

2. Ujcrjsi fusig idjm cjdjg`or hi hodof dopisog hodof

Zsus bjsor mogyo fjprihucsi fucus. Ujcrjsigyo tihoc fjgkoghugk
jgzif otou mirfig pjgejrgoog.
5. ^jgyiopog sjdudiso yogk bjrupo mihrotcorbig hi hodof tufbum-tufbumog,
 buom-buomog, hog soyurog mi`ou hog pjgyiopog siso pritjig yogk bjduf
hiejrgocog idjm cjr`o boctjri yogk hikugocog ugtuc jcscrjsi.

8. Fjgkjcscrjsi siso zot hodof bjgtuc ajsjs

Oir fjgeopoi ;:% sofpoi =>% hori ajsjs. Hi hodof usus bjsor sjpjrtiko
fotjri pohotgyo ohodom boctjri hog sisogyo yogk 2% sofpoi 5% ohodom
gitrikjg, zot siso irkogic hog ogirkogic hori sjcrjsi pjgejrgoog
sjrto fucus hog djfoc. Ajsj `uko fjgkoghugk sj`ufdom fotjri cosor
otou sjrot hog sjdudiso yogk tihoc tjrejrgo.
b. Aisiidikis Uistjf
1. Ujcuf
Ujcuf ohodom cogtigk djbor yogk tjrdjtoc hi hojrom idioco cogog hog
fjgjfpjd poho itit idiipsios. Irkog igi bjrdog`ut cj otos sjbokoi eidig
osjghjg.

2. Oppjghics
Oppjghics ohodom tig`idog yogk bjrbjgtuc sjpjrti eoeigk hjgkog pog`ogk
sofpoi 1= ef hog fjfbuco hi sjcuf sjcitor 2,: ef hibowom cotup
idjisjcod. Irkog igi bjrmubugkog hjgkog fjsjgtjriuf idjuf
idjm fjsjgtjriuf pjghjc yogk bjrbjgtuc sjkitiko hog hi hodofgyo
tjrhopot
 pjfbudum horom hog pjfbudum difaj oppjghicseudor.
5. Eidig Osjghjg
Fjfbjgtogk hori sjcuf poho aiso idioco hjcstro cj sisi cogog obhifjg
sofpoi adjcsuro eidieo hjcstro hi bowom dibus mjpotis hjcstjr.
 8. Eidig Xrogsvjrsod
Xjrjtoc poho adjcsuro eidieo hjcstro eidig fjfbjdic cj ciri
hog fjgyidogk obhifjg yogk hopot fjgkkogtugk djbim rjghom
horipoho ufbidicus, goic poho sisi ciri, hog bjrocmir poho adjcsuro eidieo
sigistro hibowom dijg.
:. Eidig Hjsjghjgs
^oho adjcsuro eidieo sigistro, eidig fjfbjdic cjfbodi cj bowom poho sisi
ciri obhifjg sofpoi tjpi pjdvis, tjfpot eidig bjdog`ut sjbokoi eidig
sikfiih.

1. Eidig Uikfiih (^jdvieus)

Eidig sikfiih fjfidci bjbjropo djgkcugkog hi hodof pjdvis hog bjrocmir 
 poho sisi yogk bjrdowogog hjgkog pjrtjgkomog soeruf tjfpotgyo
 bjrmubugkog hjgkog rjetuf.
;. Rjetuf
Rjetuf fjfidici pog`ogk sjcitor 12 ef hog fjghopot gofogyo cojgo
 bjrbjgtuc durus otou mofpir durus. Rjetuf hifudoi poho pjrtjgkomog
soeruf hog bjrocmir poho cogodis ogodis
e. Cjbutumog Hosor Fogusio
o) Cjbutumog roso ofog gyofog
Fjgurut ^ittjr & ^jrry (2>>:), Cjofogog sjrigkcodi hihjaigisicog sjbokoi
cjohoog bjbos hori ejhjro aisic hog psicidikis, ohodom sodom sotu cjbutumog
hosor fogusio yogk morus hipjgumi. Ujhogkcog cjgyofogog ohodom cigsjp
sjgtrod tjgtogk ciot cjpjrowotog.
^osijg hjgkog cidistifi fjgkodofi kogkkuog cjbutumog roso ofog
hog gyofog corjgo gyjri ocibot ipjrosi. Gyjri ohodom prisjs obgirfod hori
igput sjgsiric idjm sistjf soroa pusot otou pjriajr3 pjgkibotog biosogyo
fjgeocup

 bjbjropo tofbomog ogodkjsic (^ittjr ^jrry, 2>1>).

  b) Cjbutumog gutrisi
Fjgurut Odifud (2>>1), Gutrisi fjrupocog prisjs pjfosucog hog
 pjgkidomog zot focogog idjm tubum yogk bjrtu`uog fjgkmosidcog jgjrki hog
hikugocog hodof octivitos tubum.
Uistjf tubum yogk bjrpjrog hodof pjfjgumog cjbutumog gutrisi
ohodom sistjf pjgejrgoog yogk tjrhiri otos sodurog pjgejrgoog hog irkog
osjsiris. Uodurog pjgejrgoog hifudoi hori fudut sofpoi usus modus
bokiog histod, sjhogkcog irkog osjsiris tjrhiri otos moti, cogtigk jfpjhu,
hog pogcrjos.

Cjtiko irkog igi fjfbogtu tjrdocsogogyo sistjf pjgejrgoog focogog sjeoro

cifiowi. Ujhogkcog gutrijg fjrupocog zot kizi yogk tjrhopot
hodof
focogog. Gutrijg tjrhiri hori corbimihrot, djfoc, pritjig, figjrod, vitofig,
hog oir. ^osijg hjgkog Cidistifi fjgkodofi kogkkuog cjbutumog
gutrisi yogk hitoghoi hjgkog ohogyo kogkkuog fjtobidisfj ^jghjrito
hiobjtjs fjditus fjgkjdum igkig sjdodu focog tjtopi bjrot bohoggyo
`ustru turug corjgo kduciso tihoc hopot hitoric cj hodof sjd hog tjr`ohi
pjgurugog fosso sjd (Uu`igi, 2>15).
e) Cjbutumog bjdo`or 
Cjbutumog bjdo`or ohodom bokoifogo eoro cjduorko posijg fjfosogk
hog fjfbjrsimcog cotigk cidistifi, bokoifogo eoro fjgkcigsufsi
focogog yogk ofog hog bokoifogo eoro fjgkmighori focogog yogk
pjhos hog
 bjrfigyoc.
2. Cigsjp Hosor ^jgyocit
o. Hjaigisi
 b. Cidistifi ohodom suotu ipjrosi ugtuc fjfbjgtuc suotu mubugkog
buotog ogtoro eidig hjgkog pjrfucoog cudit poho highigk pjrut.
Mubugkog igi
hopot bjrsiaot sjfjgtoro otou fjgjtop sjdofogyo. Eidistify ohodom
 sjbuom dubogk buotog yogk hibuot idjm hictjr omdi bjhom poho highigk
obhifjg ugtuc fjgkjduorcog ajsjs.
e. Eidistify ohodom pjfbuotog dubogk (stifo) poho cidig sjeoro
bjhom. Eidistify ohodom prisjhur pjfbjhomog hifogo sjbokiog hori
usus bjsor  hibowo cjduor fjdjwoti highigk obhifjg ugtuc
fjgkjduorcog ajsjs otou citirog hori tubum. Eidistify ohodom
pjgkodimog isi cidig yogk hopot
 pjrfogjg otou sjfjgtoro.
h. Jtiidiki
Xjrhopot jtiidiki utofo cogcjr cidig (Hovjy, 2>>1) yoitu 0
1. Hijt cjbiosoog fjgkcigsufsi focogog yogk rjghom sjrot,
cjbiosoog focog focogog bjrdjfoc tigkki hog sufbjrpritjig mjwogi.

2. Cjdoigog cidigo
o. Hjgifo hi cidig 0 hjkjgjrosi fodikgo fjg`ohi ohjgi corsigifo.
 b. Aofidiod pidipisis 0 pidip hi usus fjgkodofi hjkjgjrosi
fodikgo fjg`ohi corsigifo.
e. Cighisi udsjrotivj 0 ^jghjrito eiditis udsjrotivo fjgomug fjfpugyoi
risici tjrcjgo corsigifo cidig.
5. Kjgjtic Ogoc yogk bjrosod hori irogktuo yogk fjghjrito
corsigifo cidig fjfpugyoi arjcujgsi 5 ¶ codi djbim bogyoc horipoho
ogoc―ogoc  yogkirogktuogyo sjmot.
j. Aoctir Rjsici Cidistifi
Bjbjropo aoctir ighjpjghjgt yogk bjrcigtribusi hodof
tjr`ohigyo cifpdicosi stifo sjtjdom bjbjropo mori pist ipjrosi hidocucog
hiogtorogyo0 Zsio Zsio fjrupocog aoctir rjsici yogk tihoc hopot
hiubom. Ujirigk
 bjrtofbomgyo usio sjsjirogk fjgyjbobcog pjrubomog aisiidikis yogk
 bjrcoitog hjgkog pjgurugog augksi sistjf irkog tubum. Ujmigkko
hopot fjfpjrfuhom tjr`ohigyo pjgyocit otou fjpjrporom cighisi pjgyocit
hifogo tjr`ohi pjgurugog augksi sistjf irkog yogk fjgyjbobcog cjr`o
sistjf tubum

tihoc focsifod. ^jgurugog sistjf irkog igi fjgkorom poho pjgigkcotog

rjsici bogyoc pjgyocit yogk sjhogk tjr`ohi poho ighivihu. Ujhogkcog poho
 posijg boyi/ogoc-ogoc `uko fjfidici rjsici djbim bjsor. Ujbob poho boyi
hog ogoc-ogoc hi corjgo bjduf foturgyo sjfuo augksi irkog, sjmigkko
sogkot rjgtog fjgkodofi bjbjropo fosodom hodof prisjs
pjrowotog otou
 pjgyjfbumog tjrmohop bjbjropo pjgyocit (Ohriogi & [ir`otfohi, 2>12).
@jgis cjdofig ^jrbjhoog `jgis cjdofig hopot fjg`ohi sodom sotu aoctir 
yogk hopot fjgkoeu otou fjgigkcotcog rjsici tjr`ohigyo sjuotu pjgyocit.
Fjscipug hodof cosus cidirjctod hog istify sogkot sjhicit pjfbomosog
tjgtogk pjgkorum `jgis cjdofig poho pjgyjsuoiog tjrmohop cifpdicosi
yogk tjr`ohi poho posijg cogcjr cidirjctod sojrto stifo yogk hiodofi. Ocog
tjtopi hodof bjbjropo ditjrotur pjrbjhoog hodof bjrbokoi ospjc ogtoro
pjrjfpuog

hog doci-doci yogk hopot fjfpjgkorumi cjsjmotog yogk hifidici sjsjirogk.

Hifogo oho cjfugkcigog bomwo pjgyjsuoiog ugtuc pjgyocit
sjeoro
sikgiaicog ocog bjrvoriosi bjrhosorcog `jgis cjdofig ogtoro pjrjfpuog hog
doci-doci. Mod igi hopot hidimot hori bjbjropo pjrbjhoog ogotoro doci-doci hog
 pjrjfpuog sjpjrti aisiidikis girfod3 `ufdom sjd horom yogk
bjrbjho, mirfig, pjrbjhoog kjgjtic, foso itit, sjrto eoirog tubum
yogk hopot fjfpjgkorumi cjsjmotog. ^jrbjhoog rjspig tjrmohop
pjgkibotog3 hifogo
 pjrjfpuog djbim sjgsitia tjrmohop pjgkibotog hori poho doci-doci. Ujrto
 pjrbjhoog psicidikis hog pjridocu mod igi tjrcoit hjgkog diaj stydj yogk hopot
fjfpjgkorumi cjsjmotog pjrjfpuog hog doci-doci (Koutof &
^iuhjd, 2>11). Bihy foss ighjx (BFL) fjrupocog sodom sotu eoro yogk
hikugocog ugtuc fjgidoi pripirsiigoditos pjrboghigkog ogtoro bjrot
hog tigkki sjsjirogk, sjrto hopot hicoitcog hjgkog stotus kizi ighivihu.
BFL fjrupocog sodom sotu eoro ugtuc fjgkucur ighjx bjrot bohog, sjmigkko
sjsjirogk hopot hikidigkcog cjhodof cotokiri ibjsitos, curus hog
girfod. BFL hopot hipocoi ugtuc fjgkigtrid bjrot bohog sjmigkko hopot
fjgeopoi bjrot bohog yogk ihjod sjsuoi hjgkog tigkki bohog. BFL
fjrupocog codcudosi stotistic 

yogk hikugocog sjbokoi eoro ugtuc fjdocucog pjrciroog bjrot bohog yogk
 ihjod. BFL hopot hikugocog poho sjcjdifpic irogk ugtuc fjgjgtucog
trjgh, otou biso `uko hipocoi sjeoro ighivihuod. Cjtico hikugocog poho
ighivihuod, mogyo sotu hori bjbjropo pjrciroog yogk hikugocog ugtuc 
fjgjgtucog rjsici tjrmohop pjgyocit yogk coitog hjgkog bjrot bohog
(Odmofho & Uriogi, 2>1:). Ujhogkcog fjgurut (Dif jt od, 2>1;) tjdom
fjfbuot cdosiaicosi bjrot bohog sjsjirogk tjrfosuc hodof hjro`ot
ughjrwjikmt, girfod, ivjrwjikmt, hog ibjsj yogk himubugkcog hjgkog
fjgigkcotgyo rjsici hori bjrbokoi pjgyocit tihoc fjgudor. Hifogo rjgtogk
BFL (Curus 71=,:, Girfod 1=,:-28,<, Kjfuc 2:-2<,<, Ibjsitos ≪5>).
Hjgkog pjgocsirog BFL yogk docucog igi fjrupocog eoro sjhjrmogo hodof
fjgjgtucog stotus kizi irogk hjwoso, cmususgyo tjrcoit hjgkog cjcurogkog

otoupug cjdjbimog bjrot bohog. Hjgkog BFL igi hopot fjgjgtucog bjrot
 bohog sjrto rjsici yogk hopot hitifbudcog. Figsodgyo poho BFL
yogk curogk hori girfod hopot fjgyjbobcog tigkkigyo tjr`ohigyo rjsici
igajcsi.
b. ^otiaisiidiki
Eo eidig (<:%) ohjrgicosigifo fugeud hori jpitjd usus.
Hifogo sjbokoi pidip `igoc tjtopi biso `ohi kogos fjgyusup sjrto fjrusoc
`origkog girfod hog sjrto fjduos cj structur sjcitor. Ujd cogcjr hopot
tjrdjpos hori tufir prifjr hog fjgyjbor sjbokiog tubum yogk doig
(@oporijs, 2>15).
^jrtufbumog cogcjr hopot fjgkmosidcog jajc sjcughjr, fjdiputi
 pjgyufbotog dufjg usus hjgkog ibtrucsi hog udsjrosi poho highigk
usus sjrto pjghoromog. ^jgjtrosi cogcjr hopot fjgyjbobcog pjrairosi hog
obsjs, sjrto tifbudgyo fjtostosj poho `origokog doig. ^rikgisis rjdotivj
boic bido djsi tjrbotos poho fuciso hog subfuciso poho soot rjsjc
hidocucog, hog `oum djbim `jdjc bido fjtotosj cj cjdjg`or difaj (@oporijs,
2>15).
Fjgurut Hiyigi (2>15), tigkcotog eo eidig hori hucj sjbokoi bjricut
0 1. Utohiuf 1 0 Mogyo tjrbotos poho fuciso cidig (highigk rjetuf
hog cidig). 2. Utohiuf 2 0 Fjgjfbus highigk itit, topi bjduf fjtotosj.

5. Utohiuf 5 0 Fjdibotcog cjdjg`or difaj.

8. Utohiuf 8 0 Fjtotosj cjdjg`or difaj yogk bjr`oumog hog irkog doig.
Eo eidig fjrupocog eo eidig yogk hopot tufbum sjeoro dieod hog
 bjrfjtotosj duos. Ohopug eoro pjgyjborog igi fjdodui bjbjropo eoro.
^jgyjborog sjeoro dieod biosogyo fosuc dopisog highigk usus
sofpoi cjsjriso hog djfoc fosjtric, sjd cogcjr ocog fjgokogi irkog
hisjcitorgyo.
Ohopug pjgyjborog yogk djbim duos doki hihodof dufjg usus fjdodui
difaotic  hog systjf sircudosi. Bido sjd cogcjr fosuc cj systjf sircudosi,
foco sjd cogcjr hopot tjrus fosuc cj irkog moti, cjfuhiog fjtotosj cj
irkog poru-
 poru. ^jgyjborog doigyo cj ohrjgod, kig`od, cudit, tudogk, hog sjd itoc.
Ujd cogcjr hopot fjgyjbor cj bokiog pjriitjgod poho soot hidocucog
rjsjcsi tufir (Hiyigi, 2>15). Mofpir sjfuo eo eidig igi bjrcjbogk
hori pidip

ohjgifo `jgis viddius, tubudor, hog vidiutubudor. Gofug hori cjtiko `jgis
ohjgifo igi mogyo vidius hog tubudor yogk fjg`ohi prjfokdigo. @jgis
tubudor 
 bjstructus sjpjrti bido hog bjrtogkcoi sjhogkcog vidius fjfidici
structus dig`igk sjpjrti `ori togkog topi tihoc bjrtogkcoi. Cjhuo `jgis igi ocog
tufbum sjpjrti bugkog cid hihodof cidig sjmigkko fosso tjrsjbut ocog
fjgjcog highigk fuciso cidig. ^jgjcogog igi ocog fjgifbudcog djsi-djsi
udsjrosi yogk ocmirgyo ocog fjg`ohi pjghoromog poho cidig. Ujdoig
pjghoromog poho cidig ibstrucsi sjrigk tjr`ohi mogyo so`o dicosi
pjrtufbumog ohjgifo tjrsjbut sjbokoi oeuog. Bido ohjgifo tufbum
hihodof dufjg duos, foco obtrucsi `orog tjr`ohi mod igi hicorjgocog isi
fosim biso fjdjwoti dufjg tjrsjbu hjgkog fjgkubom bjgtuc. Gofug
cj`ohiog igi ibstrucsi igi hopot titod hog porsiod (Hiyigi , 2>15).
Ujeoro kjgjtic pjrubomog eo eidig fjrupocog pjgyocit yogk
podigk cifpdjc, pjrubomog kjgjtie sjrigk hicoitcog hjgkog
pjrcjfbogkog djsi pjrfodikgo hog ohjgifo cosigifo igvosia.
Rogkcoiog pjristiwo fidjcudjr hog kjgjtic yogk fjgyjbobcog
trogsairfosi hori cjkogosog pidip ohjgifotiso. ^risjs owod ohodom futosi
O^E yogk pjrtofo codi hitjfucog poho cjduorko ohjgifo pidipisis. ^ritjig
 yogk hicihjcog idjm O^E pjtigk hodof octivosi pgcikjg e-fye hog scdig
H1, yogk fjghirigk pjrcjfbogkog ajgitip kogos (Futtoqig ,2>15).

Eidistify

Duca
Curagk pjgkjtamuag Ipjrasi Gaasu facag
cjluarka tjgtagk fjgurug
pjrawatag stifa
Fjgstifulasi
figitir gyjriFual fugtam

Fjgstifulasi ^jrawatag stifa tidac

rjsjptir gyjri jajctia 

Gyjri acut
Odagya cigtac agtara
culit djgkag ajsjs
Lgtiljragsi actiavitas

Gausja Lritasi
culit

Rjsici igajcsi
e. Fogiajstosi Cdigis
Bjrhosorcog Ixairh Hjsc Rjajrjgej0 Igeidiky tomug (2>11) ogtoro
kj`odo-kj`odo Cidistifi ohodom sjpjrti bjricut0
o. ^jrhoromog rjctod ^jrhoromog rjctod ohodom cjdumog utofo yogk pjgtigk
hodof 2>-:>% cosus cogcjr cidirjctod. ^osijg hjgkog pjrhoromog yogk
hiofoti hjgkog sotu otou djbim kj`odo hibowom morus sjkjro hiru`uc
ugtuc 
 pjfjricsoog sjdog`utgyo.
 b. ^jrubomog pido buogk oir bjsor ^jrubomog pido BOB sjrigk hi`ufpoi
 poho bogyoc posijg eo eidig sjcitor 5<-=:%. Kj`odo hibowom
fjgigkcotcog pribobiditi yogk fjghosori cj`ohiog cogcjr cidirjctod.
- ^jrubomog pido BOB tjrutofogyo poho posijg dog`ut usio.
- Riwoyot fjgerjt horom otou djghir morus sjkjro fjru`uc
pjghopot spjsiodis.
- Riwoyot boru hiorj hjgkog arjcujgsi yogk sjrigk hog cigsistjgsi eoir.
e. Gyjri pjrut
-  Gyjri pjrut poho posijg cogcjr cidirjctod fugkcig togho hori

ibstrucsi yogk ocog tjr`ohi.

-  Gyjri cidic obhifjg hjgkog kj`odo ibstrucsi doig sjpjrti fuod,
fugtom morus sjkjro hipjricso.
- Kj`odo doig Cjmidogkog horom crigis3 ogjfio hjaijgsi bjsi, cjdjdomog,
djsu 3 sjrigk hi`ufpoi poho tufir sisi cogog.
h. ^jfjricsoog ^jgug`ogk
Fjgurut (Xmogcoffo, O., Borrjtt, O., Motemjr, M., jt od., 2>11)
 pjfjricsoog pjgug`ogk Cidistifi tjrhiri 0
1. Hikitod Rjetod Jxofigotiig (HRJ), ohodom pjfjricsoog yogk
sjhjrmogo hog hopot hidocucog idjm sjfuo hictjr hjgkog fjfosuci `ori
yogk suhom hidopisi sorugk togkog hog zot dubricosi cjhodof
hubur cjfuhiog fjfjricso bokiog hodof rjctuf. B ido oho tufir hi
rjctuf ocog tjrobo hog hicjtomui hjgkog pjfjricsoog igi ([jghy, \.F.,
2>15).
2. Hiubdj-eigtrost boriuf jgjfo, ohodom pjfjricsoog rohiidiki
hjgkog sigor rigtkjg poho cidig hog rjctuf. ^jghjrito hibjricog jgjfo
hjgkog dorutog boriuf hog uhoro yogk hipifpocog cj hodof rjctuf
Cjfuhiog hiaiti. Hog hidimot sjdurum dopisog highigk hopot hidimot
opocom girfod otou oho cjdoigog (Migkirogi, F., & UjbokFigtjaiirj, H.,
2>11).
5. Ajeod Ieeudt Bdiih Xjst (AIBX), cogcjr foupug pidip hopot

fjgyjbobcog pjghoromog hog tjs AIB hopot fjghjtjcsi ohogyo horom

 poho tig`o. Bido tjs igi fjghjtjcsi ohogyo horom, morus hieori hori fogo
sufbjr horom tjrsjbut, opocom hori rjctuf, cidig otou bokiog
usus doiggyo hjgkog pjfjricsoog yogk doig. ^jgyocit wosir `uko
hopot fjgyjbobcog ohogyo horom hodof tig`o. Xjs Uigkdjstiid
sofpdj poho AIBX (Ajeod Ieeudt Bdiih Xjst) mosidgyo tihoc
fjfuoscog sjbokoi scrigigk cogcjr cidirjctod hog tihoc
hirjcifjghosicog (Djvig, 2>>=).
8. Uikfiihiseipy, ohodom suotu pjfjricsoog hjgkog suotu odot bjrupo
cobjd sjpjrti cobjd cipdigk yogk hiu`ugkgyo oho odot pjtug`uc yogk oho
eomoyo hog biso hitjripigk. Odot igi hifosuccog fjdodui dubogk hubur
cjhodof rjctuf sofpoi cidig sikfiih, sjmigkko highigk hodof rjctuf
hog cidig sikfiih hopot hidimot. Bido hitjfucog ohogyo pidip,
hopot sjcodiog hiogkcot. Bido oho foso tufir yogk hieurikoi cogcjr,
hidocucog biipsi, cjfuhiog hipjricsocog cj bokiog potidiki ogotifi
ugtuc fjgjgtucog kogos tihocgyo hog `jgis cjkogosoggyo.
:. Ueog (fisodgyo, FR1. EP0 koddiuf) hog udtrosiugh0 Hidocucog
ugtuc  tu`uog iokgistie, ihjgtiaicosi iokgistie, hog jvoduosi
rjspigs poho
 pjgkibotog.
 1. Biipsi (ospirosi, jcsisi, `oruf)0 Hidocucog ugtuc iokgistie boghigk
hog fjgkkofborcog pjgkibotog hog hopot hidocucog fjdodui
suf-suf tudogk, cudit, irkog hog sjbokoigyo.
;. @ufdom horom djgkcop hjgkog hiajrjgsiod hog trifbisit0
Hopot fjgug`uccog ogjfio, pjrubomog poho sjd horom fjrom hog
sjd horom
 putim0 trifbisit fjgigkcot otou bjrcurogk.
j.

^jgotodocsogoo
g Fjhis
Xjropi prifjr yogk hidocucog cjpoho cdijg ugtuc pjgkibotog hjgkog
eoro pjfbjhomog. Xjropi cjfitjropi hikugocog sjbokoi tofbomog ugtuc 
fjg`oko tufir tihoc tufbum doki. Cjfitjropi hikugocog ugtuc fjgjcog

 pjrtufbumog sjd cogcjr yogk oho hi mjpor. Rohiosi yogk hibjricog biso
hjgkog sjghiri hog bjrsofoog. Xjropi cifbigosi hopot fjgigkcot survivod
cdijg eo eidig.
^jfbjhomog Xiko hori jfpot cdijg fjg`odogi ipjrosi eo eidig hog
1>% fjg`odogi pjgkibotog. Lgtjrvjgsi ipjrosi tjrkogtugk hori `jgis cogcjr,
dicosi, stohiuf, hog cjohoog ufuf cdijg (Bdocs & Mowcs 2>><). Cohogk
ipjrosi eo eidig igi fjfjrducog tighocog cidistifi. ^risjhur
cidistifi hidocucog hjgkog fjfbuot dubogk highigk pjrut otou
obhifjg yogk
 bjraugksi sjbokoi tjfpot ugtuc fjgkjduorcog ajsjs (Cizijr & Jrb,2>><).
^jgotodocsogoog Cjpjrowotog
^rj ipjrosi ^jrowot prj ipjrosi cdijg sjrigk hitjfucog hjgkog
 pjgurugog bjrot bohog hog pjrubomog cjbiosoog buogk oir bjsor.
Zgtuc  fjghopotcog kofborog yogk ocurot hori fogiajstosi cdigis poho
cdijg pjrdu hico`i aoetir rjsici sjpjrti riwoyot cjduorko fjfpugyoi
pjgyocit cogcjr.
^jgkco`iog obhifjg hidimot cjtihoc obgirfodgyo obhifjg, gyjri ,
histjgsi, hog ohogyo fosso. Fjgkihjgtiaicosi cjejfosog cdijg hog
hucugkog suppirt systjf, fudoi hori pjg`jdosog tjgtogk pjgkibotog hog
prisjhur yogk ocog

hidocucog, fjfbjricog cjsjfpotog cjpoho cdijg ugtuc bjrhiscusi

 tjgtogkprisjhur yogk ocog hidocucog idjm tif cjsjmotog. @ico
hidocucog cidistifi foco tighocog cidistifi hipjrducog jgtjristifod
tmjropy gursj ugtuc jhucosi tjgtogk cidistifi hog pjrowotogyo (Bdocs &
Mowcs 2>><).
^ist ipjrosi Ujtjdom cdijg cjduor hori ruogkog LEZ cjruogkog
 pjrowotog, pjrowot tjtop fjdocucog pjgkco`iog hog igtjrvjgsi sjpjrti
poho ruogkog pjrowotog igtjgsia. ^jgkco`iog yogk hidocucog poho cjohoog
pist ogostjsi kjgjrod hopot fjgyjbobcog cifpdicosi sjmigkko tjtop
fjfjrducog figitir systjf rjspirotiri, corhiivoscudjr, rjgod hog eoirog
jditridit. ^jrowot morus fjdocucog pjrowotog cmusus tjrmohop cdijg igi
tjrutofo poho bokiog obhifjg yogk suhom hi ipjrosi sjpjrti pjrowotog
duco, `ico oho fjdocucog cidistifi hog tjrposogk hroig, foco morus
fjdocucog pjgkogtiog hrjssigk

hog fjfigitir iutput hroig morus hidocucog hjgkog boic (Bdocs & Mowcs
2>><).
a. Hiokgiso Cjpjrowotog
o. Gyjri ocut bjrmubugkog hjgkog cighisi pjfbjhomog (Cidistifi)
 b. Kogkkuog roso gyofog bjrmubugkog hjgkog tigkcot gyjri
e. Gousjo bjrmubugkog hjgkog histjgsi dofbugk
h. Lgtidjrogsi octiavitos bjrmubugkog hjgkog cjdjfomog
j. Rjsici igajcsi
k. Xu`uog Cjpjrowotog hog Rjgeogo Cjpjrowotog

Gi UHCL UDCL ULCL

H.>>;; ^jgyjfbumog Fogo`jfjg
1
 Gyjri ocut duco (D.1815>) Gyjri (L.>=25=)
b.h
Ujtjdom hibjricog Ibsjrvosi
cighisi
osumog Lhjgtiaicosi
 pjfbjhomog
-

cjpjrowotog sjdofo dicosi, coroctjristic,

(Cidistifi)
5x28 `of hurosi, arjcujgsi,
himoropcog gyjri cuoditos, itjgsitos gyjri
ocut - Lhjgtiaicosi scodo gyjri
 bjrcurogk - Lhjgtiaicosi
Critjrio Mosid0 rjspigs gyjri hog gig
- ^jgyotuog vjrbod
cudit fjgigkcot - Figitir jajc sofpigk
- ^jgyotuog tjpi duco  pjgkkugocog ogodkjtic 
fjgigkcot Xjropjutic 
- @origkog - Cigtrid digkcugkog
krogudosi
yogk
fjgigkcot

-  Gyjri fjgurug fjfpjrbjrot roso

gyjri
- Aosiditosi istiromot hog
tihur 
Jhucosi
- @jdoscog pjgyjbob,
 pjriihj hog
pjfieu gyjri
Cidobirosi
 - ^jfbjriog ogodkjtic,
 `ico pjrdu
H.>>;8 Utotus Jhucosi Dotimog Aisic 
2 Kogkkuog roso Cjgyofogog Ibsjrvosi
gyofog b.h tigkcot (D.>=>18) - Lhjgtiaicosi
gyjri Ujtjdom hibjricog tjcgic  rjdocsosi yogk
osumog pjrgom jajctia
cjpjrowotog sjdofo hikugocog
5x28 `of - ^jricso
himoropcog Xigkcot cjtjkogkog itit,
gyjri tjrotosi arjcujgsi gohi,
Critjrio Mosid0 tjcogog horom,
- Cjdumog sudit tihur  hog sumu sjbjduf
hog
fjgurug
- Fuod fjgurug
sjsuhom dotimog
- ^ido Xjropjutic 
jdifigosi - Eiptocog
fjfboic  digkcugkog tjgogk
- ^ido tihur hog togpo kogkkuog
fjfboic  hjgkog
 pjgeomoyoog hog
sumu ruogk gyofog
Jhucosi
- @jdoscog tu`uog,
fogaoot, botosog
hog
 `jgis rjdocsosi yogk
tjrsjhio
- Og`urcog fjgkofbid
 pisisi gyofog
 H.>>;1
5 Goasu Focog Fogo`jfjg
 Gousjo b.h
histjgsi (D.>5>28) Fuod (L. >511;)

dofbugk Ujtjdom hibjricog Ibsjrvosi

osumog - Lhjgtiaicosi aoctir 
 pjgyjbob fuod
cjpjrowotog sjdofo - Figitir osupog gutrisi
1x28 `of hog codiri
 Goasu focog Xjropjutic 
Critjrio Mosid0 - Bjricog focogog
- Cjigkigog hodof `ufdom cjeid
focog fjfboic  - Bjricog focogog
- Osupog higkig, eoirog bjgigk,
focogog tihoc bjrbou hog tihoc 
fjfboic   bjworgo

- Osupog gutrisi - Bjricog ibot irod

tjrpjgumi sjbjduf focog
otou sjtjdom focog
Jhucosi
- Og`urcog istiromot
yogk eucup
- Og`urcog
focogog tigkki
corbimihrot hog
rjghom djfoc 
Cidobirosi
- ^jfbjriog ogtijfjtie
 `ico pjrdu

H.>>:1 Ofbudosi Hucugkog

8
Lgtidjrogsi (D.>:>5=)

Ofbudosi (D.>11;1)
 octiavitos b.h Ibsjrvosi
Ujtjdom hibjricog
cjdjfomog -
Lhjgtiaicosi ohogyo
osumog cjpjrowotog
gyjri otou cjdumog
sjdofo 2x28 `of
aisic doiggyo
himoropcog
-
Figitir arjcujgsi
Critjrio Mosid0
 `ogtugk hog tjcogog
- Fjgipogk bjrot
horom sjbjduf
 bohog fjgigkcot
fjfudoi ofbudogsi
-  Gyjri soot bjr`odog
fjgurug
-
Figitir cighisi ufuf
sjdofo fjdocucog
- Cocu poho
 pjrsjghioog ofbudogsi

Xjropjutic 
fjgurug
Aosiditosioctiavitos
ofbudogsi hjgkog odot
 bogtu
Aosiditosi fjdocucog fibidisosi aisic, `ico
 pjrcu

- Dibotcog cjduorko
ugtuc fjfbogtu
 posijg hodof

fjgigkcotcog
ofbudogsi Jhucosi
@jdoscog tu`uog hog
-

 prisjhur ofbudogsi

H.>182 Cigtrid Rjsici^jgejkomog igajcsi

:
Risici Lgajcsi (D.1812=) (d.18:5<)

Ujtjdom hibjricogIbsjrvosi
osumog - Figitir togho
hog kj`odo igajcsi dieod
cjpjrowotog sjdofo hog sistjfic 
1x28 `of Xjropjutic 
himoropcog risici - Bjricog
igajcsi tihoc tjr`ohi pjrowotog cudit poho
Critjrio Mosid0 orjo duco
- Cjfofpuog - ^jrtomogcog
fjgeori igairfosi tjcgic  osjptic 
tjgtogk aoctir  Jhucosi
risici (Duco - @jdoscog togho
pist ipjrosi) hog kj`odo igajcsi
- Cjfofpuog - O`orcog eoro
fjgkihjgtiaicosi fjfjricso
aoctir risici (Duco cighisi duco otou duco
 pist ipjrosi) ipjrosi
-   - Og`urcog
fjgigkcot osupog
Cjfofpuog gutrisi
fjdocucog strotjki Cidobirosi
eigtrid - Cidobirosi
rjsici pjfbjriog ifugisosi,
(Duco pist ipjrosi) `ico pjrdu,
- Cjfofpuog
fjgkmighori aoctir 
rjsici (Duco
pist ipjrosi)
 HOAXOR ^ZUXOCO

Kibsoig, @img. 2>>2. Aisiidiki hog Ogotifi Fihjrg Zgtuc ^jrowot. @ocorto0

JKE.

Moriogo, Hrs M. Oria. 2>1:. Rjsjp Fjgkiboti ^jgyocit Uwohoyo

@ocorto0 JKE.
Cusyoti,jgi.2>11, Cjtjrofpidog hog ^risjhur Dobirotiriuf Cjpjrowotog
 Hosor .`ocorto 0 Krofjhio
^jorej, Jvjdig. 2>>=.  Ogotifi hog Aisiidiki Zgtuc ^orofjhis. @ocorto0
^X. Krofjhio.

^ittjr & ^jrry. 2>>:. Aughofjgtod Cjpjrwotog Cigsjp, ^risjs, hog ^roctic.

Udiogj, Jtmjd. 2>>5. Ogotifi hog Aisiidiki Zgtuc ^jfudo. @ocorto0 JKE.