PDF Constitutional Law I Readings Compress

4.Dbb dkùt tlf (M)[ffc Kdng1 Jr`h Jfrcondnc Hdre`s Ur. t` Dbkfrt cfb
[`sdro`1 Udss [`mdnc` Uds`t.
Djtfr tlf Drkotrdto`n Cfeoso`n wds rfbfdsfc, j`rhfr VU Ufndt`r dnc V.U. V.U. Uferftdry `j Cfjfnsf
Elueg Ldmfb wds ontfrvofwfc. Lf sdoc tldt ky somnonm VNEB@U, Elond mdvf up ots lost`roedb
romlts, dnc tlf Drkotrdb Cfeoso`n ‒movfs
‒ movfs dbb tl`sf eùntrofs on tldt pdrt `j tlf w`rbc tlf loml
mrùnc lfrf dnc lds os`bdtfc Elond.‘
Elond. ‘ Ldmfb‟s rfefnt pr`nùnefhfnt oncoedtfs tldt tlf VU lds
dbrfdcy dkdnc`nfc ots p`soto`n on tlf =9s `n tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd tfrrot`rodb cosputfs.
Dee`rconm t` tlf Hfh`rdncuh Jr`h tlf Yrfsocfnt‟s Dssostdnt j`r Ndto`ndb

Ndto`ndb Ufeuroty Djjdors
(Ue`wer`jt) t` Yrfsocfnt J`rc, curonm tlf =9‟s, tlf Ylobopponfs dnc `tlfr ebdohdnts, fxefpt
Elond, ‒ldvf
‒ldvf hobotdroby èeupofc `nf `r h`rf `j tlf Uprdtby Osbdncs
Osbdncs.‘Aust
.‘Aust bogf tlf U`voft Vno`n,
‒tlf Vnotfc Utdtfs os n`t onv`bvfc7‘ dnc cfebdrfc tldt1 Slf VU lds ‒n` ebdohs dnc wf supp`rt
n`k`cy fbsf‟s ebdohs.‘ [fdetonm t` summfsto`ns t` cfpb`y tr``ps curonm tlf ndvdb kdttbf
kftwffn Elond dnc Uùtl Zoftndh j`r tlf Ydrdefbs dnc tlf Uprdtby Drelopfbdm`, tlfn VU
Uferftdry `j Utdtf Lfnry Gossonmfr cocn‟t dppr`vf `j hobotdry ontfrvfnto`n on tlf cosputfs.
Yfrldps kfedusf `j los ontohdtf gn`wbfcmf `j Elond, lf dbs` cocn‟t rfmdrc ‒ tlf Elonfsf ebdohs
t` tlf Ydrdefbs dnc Uprdtbys ds fvocfnef tldt Yfgonm woslfc t` c`hondtf tlf rfmo`n. ‘
Slf Hfh`rdncuh dbs` rfvfdbfc tldt Ylobopponf Yrfsocfnt Jfrcondnc Hdre`s wdsn‟t s` ldppy
dkùt tlf nfutrdb stdnef `j tlf Dhfroedns. Hdre`s usfc tlf [ffc Kdng, `nf `j tlf cosputfc
jfdturfs on tlf Uprdtby‟s dnc `nf `j tlf efntrdb jfdturfs `j tlf sukafet `j tlf Ylobopponfs vs
Elond drkotrdto`n edsf, ds d kdrmdononm elop.
On tlf =9‟s, curonm tlf rf-nfm`todto`ns `j tlf VU kdsfs on tlf Ylobopponfs, Hdre`s wdntfc tlf
Dhfroedns t` onebucf tlf [ffc Kdng uncfr tlf 4?64 Hutudb Cfjfnsf Srfdty. Ot wds `nf `j tlf
tw` ossufs tldt stdbfhdtfc tlf hobotdry kdsf nfm`todto`ns – tlf `tlfr `nf os ‒tlf dhùnt `j
hobotdry dssostdnef Wtlf VUX wobb `jjfr on fxeldnmf j`r usf `j Ylobopponf kdsfs.‘ Hdre`s wdntfc
tlf Dhfroedns ‒j`r
‒j`r d ebfdr wrottfn stdtfhfnt `j wlftlfr wf wobb rfsp`nc uncfr tlf Hutudb
Cfjfnsf Srfdty oj los j`refs drf dttdegfc wlobf `pfrdtonm on tlf [ffc Kdng. ‘
Cfspotf tlf [ffc Kdng kfonm d cosputfc jfdturf, Hdre`s ‒mrdntfc
‒ mrdntfc e`nefsso`ns t` d provdtf
e`ns`rtouh lfdcfc ky WVU-kdsfcX DH@E@ t` fxpb`rf dnc crobb j`r òb.‘òb .‘ Slf ]dslonmt`n Y`st
rfp`rtfc tldt ‒sfvfrdb bfdconm Hdnobd fntrfprfnfurs, onebuconm Hdre`s‟ jrofnc dnc on-bdw
Lfrhono` Cosono, ldvf onvfstfc on tlf òb fxpb`rdto`n‘ e`ncuetfc wotl tlf Uwfcosl dnc
Dhfroedns (43 Hdrel 4?=<, ]dslonmt`n Y`st). Slf VU Fhkdssy on Hdnobd detudbby detudbby
‒coseùrdmfc V.U. jorhs jr`h fxpb`rdto`n on WtlfX cosputfc drfd.‘ Slf VU Utdtf Cfpdrthfnt
detudbby rfqufstfc ‒DH@E@ t` usf n`n-V.U. crobb slop.‘ Jrdng @shfnt, tlf Zoef Yrfsocfnt `j
DH@E@,
slop.‘‘
slop. ‒coc n`t e`hhot lohsfbj…kut sdoc tldt ot sl
‒coc slùbcn‟t
ùbcn‟t kf t`` cojjoeubt t` jonc j`rfomn-jbdm
Ds d wdy ùt `j tlf nfm`todto`n stdbfhfnt,

stdbfhfnt, k`tl tlf VU Utdtf dnc Cfjfnsf cfpdrthfnt
rfe`hhfncfc tldt tlf VU ‒wùbc e`nsocfr Ylobopponf unots `pfrdtonm on tlf [ffc Kdng ds
e`vfrfc ky…trfdty “ds b`nm ds tlfor prfsfnef os e`nsostfnt wotl tlf pr`voso`ns `j tlf Hutudb
Cfjfnsf Srfdty, pdrtoeubdrby Drtoebf O rfmdrconm pfdefjub sfttbfhfnt `j cosputfs dnc rfjrdononm
jr`h tlf tlrfdt `r usf `j j`ref.‘ Slos p`soto`n mdvf tlf VU s`hf ‒jbfxokoboty.‘ Ot ‒nfotlfr
‒ nfotlfr fxpdnc
n`r e`ntrdet Wtlf Cfjfnsf SrfdtyX `kbomdto`ns7 dnc dbb`w Wtlf VUX t` dvòc tlf somnojoednt rosgs
tldt k`tl `j tlf `tlfr `pto`ns prfsfnt.‘
prfsfnt. ‘

Slf [ffc Kdng os `nef dmdon ohpboedtfc on tlf cosputfs. Dnc `nf `j tlf gfy pbdyfrs on tlf
Ylobopponf h`vf t` jobf dn drkotrdto`n edsf dmdonst Elond os e`nnfetfc t` tlf e`hpdny tldt m`t
mds dnc òb fxpb`rdto`n on tlf [ffc Kdng1 j`rhfr j`rfomn djjdors sferftdry, Dbkfrt cfb [`sdro`.
Hdnufb Z. Ydnmobondn os tlf eldorhdn `j Ylobfx Hononm E`rp`rdto`n, tlf e`hpdny tldt lds
:9.3?% stdgfs on J`ruh Fnfrmy. J`ruh Fnfrmy os B`nc`n-kdsfc òb w`n d e`ntrdet t` fxpb`rf
j`r òb on tlf [ffc Kdng. Ot lds d =9% ontfrfst on Ufrvoef E`ntrdet =; , wloel e`vfrfc pdrt `j
tlf [ffc Kdng7 Fnroquf [dz`n‟s H`ntf @r` [fsùrefs dnc Fnfrmy One. lds tlf rfhdononm 59
pfrefnt. Dbkfrt cfb [`sdro` wds pr`jobfc ky Onquorfr ds d ‒b`nmtohf kusonfss dbby `j tye``n
Hdnufb Ydnmobondn, ds fvocfnefc ky los corfet`rslops Won sfvfrdb Ydnmobondn-e`ntr`bbfc
e`hpdnofs onebuconmX Ylobfx Hononm E`rp.‘ Hdr [`xds, `nf `j tlf ;94: prfsocfntodb edncocdtf,
detudbby lds cfebdrfc jondneodb ontfrfsts on Ylobfx Hononm E`rp`rdto`n. (lttp1//kot.by/;?LZLOm
( lttp1//kot.by/;?LZLOm).
).
On Adnudry ;945, tlf Onquorfr rfp`rtfc tldt tlf Cfpdrthfnt `j Fnfrmy ‒ cfjfrrfc t` tlf
Cfpdrthfnt `j J`rfomn Djjdors tlf cfeoso`n t` mrdnt pfrhots e`nefrnonm tlf fxpb`rdto`n dnc
crobbonm detovotofs dt tlf lomlby e`ntfstfc [fet` Kdng kfedusf tlf drfd wds pdrt `j tlf cosputfc
wdtfrs kfonm ebdohfc ky Elond.‘
Elond. ‘ Slos fjjfetovfby mdvf tlf dutl`roty t` mrdnt e`nefsso`ns `n
[ffc Kdng t` Dbkfrt cfb [`sdro`, tlf j`rhfr corfet`r `j Ylobfx Hononm E`rp`rdto`n, tlf pdrtnfr
`j tlf e`hpdny tldt m`t tlf e`nefsso`ns, tlf B`nc`n-kdsfc J`ruh Fnfrmy!
Dbkfrt cfb [`sdro` os tùtfc ds ‒tlf
‒tlf gfy strdtfmost
strdtfmost‘‘ `j tlf Ylobopponfs dppr`del t`wdrcs Elond.
On Cfefhkfr ;94;, uncfr los bfdcfrslop, tlf Ylobopponfs ‒str`nmby‘ supp`rtfc ‒ d rfdrhfc
Adpdn sl`rn `j ots pdeojost e`nstotuto`n ds d eùntfrwfomlt t` tlf mr`wonm hobotdry dssfrtovfnfss
`j Elond.‘
Elond.‘ Lf lds kffn edbbfc ‒‒tlf
tlf krdon `j jobonm dn drkotrdto`n edsf dmdonst Elond,‘
Elond, ‘ wloel tlf
Ylobopponfs jobfc on Adnudry ;945. Lf dbs` spfdrlfdcfc dnc cfjfncfc ‒ tlf YL-VU Fnldnefc
YL-VU Fnldnefc Cfjfnsf E``pfrdto`n Dmrffhfnt (FCED),‘ (FCED) ,‘ e`nebucfc on Dprob ;943. Slf
Hobotdry Sohfs rfp`rtfc tldt FCED pdvfc ‒tlf ‒ tlf wdy j`r d nfw pfrhdnfnt Dhfroedn hobotdry
prfsfnef der`ss jovf kdsfs tldt wobb supp`rt r`tdto`ndb cfpb`yhfnts nfdr tlf e`ntfstfc Uùtl
Elond Ufd.‘ Dnt`no` Kdutostd Dor Kdsf os dh`nm tlfh, dnc ot os ‒strdtfmoedbby bèdtfc nfdr tlf
e`ntfstfc Uprdtby Osbdncs on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd.‘Ufd. ‘
Dbkfrt cfb [`sdro` dee`hpboslfc wldt Hdre`s jdobfc t` delofvf j`r tlftlf [ffc Kdng. Slf Ldmuf
trokundb cfebdrfc tlf [ffc Kdng wotlon tlf Fxebusovf Fe`n`hoe Q`nf `j tlf Ylobopponfs dnc
jùnc tldt ‒Elond ldc ontfrjfrfc wotl Ylobopponf pftr`bfuh fxpb`rdto`n dt [ffc Kdng‘ dnc ot
e`nebucfc tldt ‒Elond ldc vo`bdtfc tlf Ylobopponfs‟ s`vfrfomn romlts wotl rfspfet t` ots
fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf dnc e`ntonfntdb slfbj.‘ Slos mdvf tlf VU, wloel n`w lds dn dorkdsf
nfdr tlf [ffc Kdng, d bfmotohdtf rfds`n t` ontfrvfnf hobotdroby on edsf Elond e`ntonufc ots
ontfrjfrfnef.
Jr`h tlf VU‟s nfutrdb dnc prucfnt dppr`del on tlf =9‟s, tlf VU os n`w h`rf kfbbomfrfnt dnc
p`ssfssfs d rfds`n, bfmotohdtfc ky tlf Srokundb on Slf Ldmuf, t` mft onv`bvfc on tlf e`njboet.
Dnc tlf h`st pr`kdkbf jbdslpònt `j VU-Elond drhfc e`njboet tldt wùbc dbs` onv`bvf Adpdn os
tlf [ffc Kdng, wloel os kfonm fxpb`rfc dnc fxpbòtfc ky Ydnmobondn‟s Ylobfx Hononm
E`rp`rdto`n, j`rhfrby lfbhfc ky Dbkfrt cfb [`sdro`. Dnc oncffc, Ydnmobondn os `nf `j tl`sf
wl` rfaòefc `n tlf ùte`hf `j tlf drkotrdto`n edsf1 lf sdoc los e`hpdny os rfdcy dnytohf t`
rfsuhf `pfrdto`ns on tlf [ffc Kdng, dnc tlfy wùbc p`ssokby b``g j`r d nfw ‒j`rfomn
pdrtnfr.‘ VU
pdrtnfr.‘ VU mfts d prfsfnef on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd, tlf tlr`dt `j Elond‟s hdrotohf-
cfpfncfnt fe`n`hy, Ydnmobondn mfts t` fxpbòt tlf òb on tlf [ffc Kdng, wotl tlf mudrdntffc
pr`tfeto`n `j Dhfroedn dnc Adpdnfsf hobotdry, [`xds mfts roelfr.

;. Dssfrt ot `r B`sf ot. Dnd Hdrof Ydhontudn. Ylob Utdr, Cfefhkfr 4=, ;94<.
Slf st`ry os e`rrfet1 Dnt`no` Edrpo` tlongs tlf Cutfrtf dchonostrdto`n coc tlf romlt tlonm on
somnonm d hfh`rdncuh t` w`rg ùt dn dmrffhfnt wotl d Elonfsf stdtf-run e`hpdny t`
cfvfb`p mds rfsfrvfs on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd.
Slf vofws `j tlf sfno`r dssèodtf austoef `j tlf Uuprfhf Eùrt hdttfr n`t `nby kfedusf lf os
dn fxpfrt `n tlf ossuf, kut dbs` kfedusf lf wds pdrt `j tlf tfdh tldt sueefssjubby drmufc tlf
Ylobopponfs‟ edsf dmdonst Elond kfj`rf tlf Yfrhdnfnt Eùrt `j Drkotrdto`n on Slf Ldmuf.
Ot lds kffn ebdrojofc tldt wldt wds somnfc ky tlf tw` eùntrofs on Hdnobd bdst h`ntl, wotnfssfc
ky Yrfsocfnt Cutfrtf dnc los Elonfsf eùntfrpdrt \o Aonponm, wds d hfh`rdncuh `j
uncfrstdnconm t` e`hf up wotl dn H@V tldt wobb pdvf tlf wdy j`r d sfrvoef e`ntrdet kftwffn
stdtf-`wnfc Elond Ndto`ndb @jjsl`rf @ob E`rp. (EN@@E) dnc Jobopon` provdtf jorh J`ruh
Fnfrmy t` fxtrdet ndturdb mds jr`h [fet` `r [ffc Kdng.
Slf kdng os `nf `j tlrff drfds on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd tldt tlf Vnotfc Ndto`ns-kdegfc drkotrdb
eùrt cfebdrfc uncfr ontfrndto`ndb rubfs t` kf wotlon tlf Ylobopponfs‟ ;99-hobf fxebusovf
fe`n`hoe z`nf (FFQ), `vfr wloel tlf eùntry lds s`vfrfomn romlts dnc fxebusovf hdrotohf
fntotbfhfnts.
Slf `tlfr tw` drfds drf Dyunmon `r Ufe`nc Sl`hds Ul`db, wlfrf tlf rusty, wdr-vontdmf
Ylobopponf Ndvy bdnconm erdjt Uofrrd Hdcrf sots bogf d kfdelfc wldbf, mudrconm tlf eùntry‟s
FFQ sonef 4???, dnc Ydnmdnokdn `r Hoselofj [ffj `jj Ydbdwdn, sdoc t` kf tlf h`st lfdvoby
j`rtojofc `j Elond‟s drtojoeodb osbdncs on tlf Uprdtbys.
Dn`tlfr drfd, Uuko [ffj, wds cfebdrfc pdrt `j tlf tfrrot`ry `j Ydm-dsd
Ydm-dsd Osbdnc, wloel tlf
Ylobopponfs dchonostfrs ds d kdrdnmdy `j Ydbdwdn. Ydndtdm `r Uedrk`rùml Ul`db `jj
Qdhkdbfs, wl`sf èeupdto`n ky Elond j`bb`wonm d stdnc`jj on ;94; pr`hptfc tlf Ylobopponfs t`
turn t` ontfrndto`ndb drkotrdto`n, wds cfebdrfc d e`hh`n joslonm mrùnc `vfr wloel n` eùntry
edn fxfreosf e`ntr`b.
Dnc yft tlf Elonfsf drf on e`ntr`b `j tlf sl`db, wotl tlfor hdrotohf hobotods
hobotods crovonm dwdy
wlfnfvfr tlfy sff jot Jobopon` joslfrhfn dnc pfsgy aùrndbosts.
Edrpo` kfbofvfs tldt wotl tlf kobbo`ns Elond lds pùrfc ont` erfdtonm dn drtojoeodb osbdnc `n
Ydnmdnokdn, ot wùbc kf unrfdbostoe t` fxpfet Kfoaonm t` dkdnc`n tlf rffj dnytohf s``n, fvfn
curonm tlf prfsocfney `j Elond-jrofncby [`crom` Cutfrtf.
U` ot‟s somnojoednt tldt Elond lds somnfc dn H@V t` e`hf up wotl dn H@V `n tlf mds pràfet.
D sfrvoef e`ntrdet ― oj EN@@E dmrffs t` ot ― wùbc fntotbf tlf e`hpdny t` 69 pfrefnt `j tlf
pr`jots jr`h tlf ndturdb mds pràfet. Kut ot wùbc e`nstotutf rfe`mnoto`n `j Ylobopponf s`vfrfomn
romlts `vfr [fet` Kdng.
Edrpo`, wl` wds ùr jondb mufst j`r tlf yfdr `n @nf Nfws / Eomndb SZ‟s ‒Slf Elofjs‘ bdst
Jrocdy, t`bc us tldt on ;945, EN@@E dnc J`ruh Fnfrmy ldc dbrfdcy coseussfc tlf e`hhfreodb
dspfet `j tlf mds pràfet. Kut tlf tdbgs jfbb tlrùml djtfr Elond dsgfc oj ot eùbc e`bbfet tdxfs
jr`h tlf vfnturf. Sdxdto`n os d s`vfrfomn det.
D aònt fxpb`rdto`n hfdns EN@@E wùbc ldvf pdrt e`ntr`b `j tlf pràfet, wloel os
une`nstotuto`ndb, Edrpo` fxpbdonfc. D sfrvoef e`ntrdet, `n tlf `tlfr ldnc, wobb kf sohobdr t` tlf
vfnturf on Hdbdhpdyd wotl Ulfbb, wloel os ?9 pfrefnt j`rfomn-`wnfc.

Oj Elond dmrffs t` d sfrvoef e`ntrdet uncfr tlf H@V tldt os stobb kfonm w`rgfc ùt, ‒on fjjfet ot
wobb kf dchottonm tldt wf ldvf s`vfrfomn romlts. Sldt‟s wly O bogf tlos,‘ Edrpo` t`bc us.
Kfedusf tlf dchosso`n eùbc sft d prfefcfnt j`r Elond‟s ebdohs on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd,
l`wfvfr, Edrpo` os unsurf oj tlf sfrvoef e`ntrdet wobb pusl tlrùml1 ‒Elond eùbc stobb wdbg
kdeg.‘
Kut lf sdys ‒yù edn‟t fdt s`vfrfomn romlts,‘ dnc mfttonm 69 pfrefnt `j tlf one`hf jr`h tlf
pràfet eùbc kf fdsofr j`r Kfoaonm t` sfbb t` ots pf`pbf.
\o‟s prfsfnef dt tlf somnonm `j tlf H@V ― e`nsocfrfc d stdhp `j dppr`vdb ― edn dbs` hdgf ot
troegy j`r Kfoaonm t` rfvfrsf wldt b``gs bogf d s`jtfnonm `j ots stdnef `n tlf hdrotohf cosputf.
* * *
Slf dptby ndhfc Hoselofj [ffj os d cojjfrfnt st`ry. ‒Elond os tlfrf ds d squdttfr,‘ Edrpo` sdoc,
kut strfssfc tldt Jobopon`s ldvf t` kf rfdbostoe dkùt tlf sotudto`n. Slf Elonfsf, lf n`tfc, w`n‟t
fdsoby dkdnc`n d rffj wlfrf tlfy ldvf pùrfc on kobbo`ns t` erfdtf d j`rtojofc drtojoeodb osbdnc.
Lf jdv`rs tlf pr`p`sdb `j Dhfroedn hdronf fe`b`most A`ln HeHdnus, wloel os t` cfebdrf d 69-
yfdr h`rdt`rouh `n dbb hdrotohf ebdohs dnc erfdtf hdronf pr`tfetfc drfds on tlf Uùtl Elond
Ufd, t` kf aòntby hdndmfc ky d hubtondto`ndb tfdh. Slos wobb kf sohobdr t` d pr`tfetfc ‒hdronf
pfdef pdrg‘ on tlf [fc Ufd aòntby hdndmfc ky Osrdfb dnc A`rcdn.
Slos wobb dbb`w josl t` tlrovf, wotl Elond tlf kommfst kfnfjoeodry, sonef ots 4.3 kobbo`n pf`pbf
e`nsuhf 69 pfrefnt `j dbb tlf josl edumlt on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd. On tohf, tlf Elonfsf edn kf
e`nvonefc tldt tlos edn kf on tlfor b`nm-tfrh kfst ontfrfst, Edrpo` sdoc.
Fvfn oj hdrotohf ebdohs drf suspfncfc, lf fxpbdonfc, tlf drkotrdb rubonm wobb rfhdon vdboc, ds
b`nm ds tlf Ylobopponfs c`fsn‟t wdovf ots voet`ry, wlftlfr j`rhdbby `r ky deeocfnt tlrùml d
pukboe stdtfhfnt.
Edrpo` wdrns tldt b``sf bops edn song tlos voet`ry. Vncfr ontfrndto`ndb rubfs, oj tlf prfsocfnt `r
tlf j`rfomn sferftdry dnnùnefs tldt tlf eùntry os ‒sfttonm dsocf‘ tlf drkotrdb rubonm dnc Elond
dnnùnefs tldt ot os deefptonm tlos, ot wobb e`nstotutf d wdovfr `n tlf pdrt `j tlf Ylobopponfs.
Fvfn oj tlf prfsocfnt sdys tlf nfxt cdy tldt s`hftlonm m`t b`st on trdnsbdto`n `r lf wds sohpby
a`gonm, Elond‟s deefptdnef wùbc sfdb tlf wdovfr. D wotlcrdwdb
wotlcrdwdb `j tlf wdovfr wùbc ldvf t` kf
vdbocdtfc ky tlf drkotrdb eùrt.
Fdel yfdr, Edrpo` sdoc, tlf eùntry hust dbs` c` s`hftlonm t` j`rtojy ots s`vfrfomn romlts dnc
voet`ry.
Edn wdr frupt `vfr tlf cosputf0 Edrpo` sdoc tlos m`fs dmdonst tlf E`nstotuto`n dnc tlf Vnotfc
Ndto`ns Eldrtfr, wloel dbs` koncs Elond. Lf strfssfc tldt fvfn d vfrkdb tlrfdt `j wdmonm wdr
t` sfttbf d cosputf wobb vo`bdtf tlf VN Eldrtfr.
‒]dr os nfvfr dn `pto`n,‘ Edrpo` sdoc.

5. Drkotrdb Dwdrc. ]ldt wf w`n wldt wf b`st. Bàd/ Kdmdrfs. Onquorfr, Hdy
4?, ;9;4.
Yrfsocfntodb sp`gfspfrs`n Ldrry [`quf‟s rfefnt stdtfhfnts `vfr Aubodn Jfbopf [ffj (AJ[) fv`gfs dn
urmfnt nffc t` tdgf stèg `j wldt wf w`n dnc b`st kfj`rf tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd (UEU) Drkotrdb Srokundb.
[`quf os e`rrfet tldt tlf Ylobopponfs c`fs n`t plysoedbby p`ssfss AJ[.
On jdet, ùr bdwyfrs fvfn sdoc on Dnnfx ?= `j ùr Hfh`rodb on tlf UEU drkotrdb prèffconms tldt AJ[ os
èeupofc ky Elond wlobf dbs` kfonm ebdohfc ky Zoftndh dnc tlf Ylobopponfs.
Lf os dbs` e`rrfet tldt, pfr tlf e``rcondtfs ùr bdwyfrs sukhottfc t` tlf Drkotrdb Srokundb, AJ[ os pdrt `j
tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd (SU) `j tw` Loml Socf Fbfvdto`ns (LSFs)ʈZoftndh-lfbc Uon E`wf Osbdnc dnc Elond-
lfbc HeGfnndn [ffj.
LSFs drf règs undkbf t` sustdon luhdn ldkotdto`n dnc `nby mfnfrdtf d SU.
Kut dmdonst los stdtfhfnt tldt tlfrf os dn `vfrbdp on hdrotohf ebdohs sukafet t` cfbohotdto`n, wf sdy tldt
tlf SU `j HeGfnndn/Uon E`wf ednn`t kf cfbohotfc ky tlf FFQ `j tlf Ylobopponfs, kfedusf tlf SU os
tfrrot`ry wlobf tlf FFQ os n`t. Ydrdmrdpl 4== `j tlf Noedrdmud v. E`b`hkod drkotrdto`n kfj`rf tlf
Ontfrndto`ndb Eùrt `j Austoef (;94;) djjorhs tlos. E`nsfqufntby, tlf Drkotrdb Srokundb dssuhfc
auroscoeto`n `vfr tlf edsf on tlf dksfnef
dksfnef `j d cfbohotdto`n ossuf.
]f dbs` cosdmrff wotl loh tldt ùr ebdoh t` AJ[ edn stobb kf hdontdonfc uncfr Yrfsocfntodb Cferff (YC)
46?:, tlf 4?=< bdw erfdtonm tlf Gdbdyddn Osbdnc Mrùp (GOM).
YC 46?: erfdtfc tlf GOM ds dn `jjsl`rf drelopfbdm` ky fneb`sonm ot wotl strdomlt bonfs. L`wfvfr, YC
46?: coc n`t ndhf tlf jfdturfs kfonm ebdohfc ds pdrt `j tlf GOM.
Ufeto`n 4 `j tlf bdw stdtfs tldt wotlon tlf GOM kdsfbonfs, ‒tlf sfd-kfc, suk-sòb, e`ntonfntdb hdrmon dnc
dor spdef sldbb kfb`nm dnc kf sukafet t` tlf s`vfrfomnty `j tlf Ylobopponfs. ‒ _ft tlf Drkotrdb Srokundb
nubbojofc tlf kdsfbonfs fneb`sonm tlf GOM uncfr YC 46?:.
Ydrdmrdpls 6=3-6=6 `j tlf Drkotrdb Dwdrc cfebdrfc tldt dny Ylobopponf kdsfbonfs fneb`sonm tlf Uprdtby
Osbdncs wùbc vo`bdtf tlf VN E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf Ufd (Vneb`s). S` hdontdon tlf strdomlt
kdsfbonfs `j GOM uncfr YC 46?: os t` m` dmdonst tlf Drkotrdb Dwdrc. Slfrf kfonm n` h`rf strdomlt
kdsfbonfs ocfntojyonm tlf GOM ds dn `jjsl`rf drelopfbdm`, tlfrf os dbs` n` h`rf plysoedb kdsos j`r d
Ylobopponf ebdoh t` AJ[ ds pdrt `j tlf wdtfrs `r sfdkfc `j tlf GOM. AJ[ os pdrt `j tlf sfdkfc `j tlf SU
`j HeGfnndn/Uon E`wf.
Edn tlf Ylobopponfs hdgf d ebdoh t` AJ[ kdsfc `n tlf GOM ds d rfmohf `j osbdncs uncfr Drtoebf 4;4 `j
Vneb`s0
Slf ;99? kdsfbonfs bdw ([D ?6;;) fnebdvfc tlf GOM ds d rfmohf `j osbdncs. Slos hfdns tldt tlf
oncovocudb jfdturfs on tlf GOM sldbb mfnfrdtf oncovocudb hdrotohf z`nfs. Vnj`rtundtfby, pdrdmrdpl 39= `j
tlf Drkotrdb Dwdrc cfebdrfc Ydm-dsd Osbdnc ds d règ wl`sf 4;-ndutoedb-hobf tfrrot`rodb sfd wùbc n`t
fne`hpdss AJ[.
]f mdvf up ùr ebdohs t` lost`roe totbf on jdv`r `j tlf Vneb`s. Sldt onebucfs tlf S@Y bonfs t` wloel YC
46?: tdegfc tlf GOM kdsfbonfs. Slf Drkotrdb Dwdrc n`tfc on pdrdmrdpl ;;5 tldt dt tlf Vneb`s OOO
E`njfrfnef, tlf Ylobopponfs ‒wds tlf proneopdb pr`p`nfnt `j tlf e`nefpt `j lost`roe totbf,‘ fhpb`yonm ot
‒wotl rfspfet t` d ebdoh (wloel ot lds sonef dkdnc`nfc) t` d tfrrot`rodb sfd wotlon tlf bonfs joxfc ky tlf
Srfdty `j Ydros `j 4<?< kftwffn Updon dnc tlf WVUX tldt m`vfrnfc tlf efsso`n `j tlf Ylobopponfs.‘
Movonm tlfh up wds tlf `nby wdy t` e`nvonef tlf ontfrndto`ndb e`hhunoty `j tlf austnfss `j ùr edusf
dmdonst Elond‟s fxpdnsovf ebdohs `vfr tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd.

Ot wds tlf `nby wdy j`r us t` won on tlf Drkotrdb Srokundb dmdonst Elond‟s nonf-cdsl bonf. Ot os nfvfr t``
bdtf j`r tlf Cutfrtf dchonostrdto`n dnc ots `pp`soto`n t` erdjt d e`lfrfnt strdtfmy t` ohhfcodtfby
ohpbfhfnt ùr mdons jr`h tlf Drkotrdb Dwdrc.
Kut suel d strdtfmy ednn`t kf hdcf ùt `j d jdntdkubost‟s dpprfeodto`n `j tlf jdets dnc bdw `j tlf
Drkotrdb Dwdrc.
3. Drelopfbdmoe dnc N`rhdb Kdsfbonfs. Dnt`no` Edrpo`. YCO,

Dumust 4;, ;9;4.
Slf Ylobopponfs lds dc`ptfc tw` typfs `j kdsfbonfs jr`h wloel ots hdrotohf z`nfs – tfrrot`rodb sfd,
e`ntomuùs z`nf, fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf, dnc fxtfncfc e`ntonfntdb slfbj – drf hfdsurfc.
Slfsf tw` kdsfbonfs drf tlf drelopfbdmoe kdsfbonfs j`r tlf Ylobopponf drelopfbdm` dnc tlf n`rhdb
kdsfbonfs j`r `jjsl`rf osbdncs uncfr tlf [fmohf `j Osbdncs `j tlf VN E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf
Ufd (Vneb`s). [fpukboe Det N`. ?6;; cfbonfdtfs tlf sfmhfnts `j ùr drelopfbdmoe kdsfbonfs, tlf
costdnefs kftwffn sfmhfnts, tlfor kdsfpònts dnc mf`mrdploedb e``rcondtfs – dbb e`hprosonm tlf
juncdhfntdb systfh j`r ùr drelopfbdmoe kdsfbonfs. [D ?6;; dbs` ocfntojofs ùr tw` osbdnc
tfrrot`rofs tldt drf m`vfrnfc ky tlf [fmohf `j Osbdncs, ndhfby tlf Gdbdyddn Osbdnc Mrùp (GOM)
dnc Uedrk`rùml Ul`db.
Slf crdwonm `j drelopfbdmoe kdsfbonfs rfquorfs bfmosbdto`n kfedusf tlf joxonm `j tlf sfmhfnts dnc
kdsfpònts t` hdxohozf ùr drelopfbdmoe wdtfrs os d stdtf p`boey ossuf wloel jdbbs uncfr tlf
bfmosbdtovf p`wfr `j E`nmrfss. Slf crdwonm `j n`rhdb kdsfbonfs t` hdxohozf ùr ontfrndb wdtfrs
wlfrf b`w-tocf jfdturfs fxost dbs` rfquorfs bfmosbdtovf dutl`roty. Sldt bfmosbdtovf dutl`roty os
fhk`cofc on Vneb`s, wloel tlf Ylobopponfs rdtojofc on 4?<3 dnc n`w j`rhs pdrt `j Ylobopponf
c`hfstoe bdw. Drtoebf 6 `j Vneb`s pr`vocfs tldt ‒tlf n`rhdb kdsfbonf xxx os tlf b`w-wdtfr bonf db`nm
tlf e`dst ds hdrgfc `n bdrmf-sedbf eldrts `jjoeodbby dppr`vfc ky tlf e`dstdb stdtf.‘ H`rf`vfr,
Drtoebf : `j
`j Vneb`s pr`vocfs, ‒On tlf edsf
edsf `j osbdncs
osbdncs sotudtfc
sotudtfc `n dt`bbs
dt`bbs xxx, tlf kdsfbonf
kdsfbonf xxx os
os tlf
sfdwdrc b`w-wdtfr bonf `j tlf rffj, ds sl`wn ky tlf dppr`prodtf syhk`b `n eldrts `jjoeodbby
rfe`mnozfc ky tlf e`dstdb stdtf.‘
Vncfr Drtoebf 4;4 `j Vneb`s, tlf cftfrhondto`n `j tlf kdsfbonfs `j mf`b`moe jfdturfs uncfr tlf
[fmohf `j Osbdncs sldbb kf tlf sdhf ds tldt ‒dppboedkbf t` `tlfr bdnc tfrrot`ry,‘ wloel hfdns tlf
n`rhdb kdsfbonfs uncfr Drtoebf 6 `r : `j Vneb`s. Uonef Vneb`s j`rhs pdrt `j Ylobopponf c`hfstoe
bdw, wf ldvf dbrfdcy dn fxostonm bdw dutl`rozonm tlf crdwonm `j n`rhdb kdsfbonfs j`r tlf GOM
osbdncs dnc Uedrk`rùml Ul`db. Slfrf os dks`butfby n` nffc j`r nfw bfmosbdto`n t` crdw tlf
kdsfbonfs j`r tlf GOM osbdncs dnc Uedrk`rùml Ul`db. Dbb tldt os nffcfc os j`r tlf rfbfvdnt
Ylobopponf dmfney t` ossuf tlf ndutoedb eldrts sl`wonm tlf n`rhdb kdsfbonfs `j tlf GOM osbdncs dnc
Uedrk`rùml Ul`db.
Vncfr tlf Eldrtfr `j tlf Ndto`ndb Hdpponm dnc [fsùref Onj`rhdto`n Dmfney (Ndhrod), tlf dmfney
os tdsgfc t` ‒pr`cuef tlf lycr`mrdploe dnc ndutoedb eldrts votdb t` sfd dnc wdtfr trdvfb ds wfbb ds
tlf fxpbòtdto`n `j ùr hdronf rfsùrefs.‘ Ndhrod os tlf pr`pfr m`vfrnhfnt dmfney tldt slùbc kf
hdgonm tlf ndutoedb eldrts sl`wonm tlf n`rhdb kdsfbonfs `j tlf GOM osbdncs dnc Uedrk`rùml
Ul`db. Vneb`s rfquorfs tldt tlfsf ndutoedb eldrts slùbc kf cuby pukboslfc dnc cfp`sotfc wotl tlf
Uferftdry-Mfnfrdb `j tlf Vnotfc Ndto`ns t` konc dbb pdrtofs t` Vneb`s. Slf crdwonm `j n`rhdb
kdsfbonfs on ndutoedb eldrts, onebuconm tlfor `jjoeodb pukboedto`n dnc cfp`sot wotl tlf Vnotfc Ndto`ns,
os dbs` pdrt `j eust`hdry ontfrndto`ndb bdw dnc wobb konc fvfn tl`sf jfw stdtfs tldt ldvf n`t rdtojofc
Vneb`s, bogf tlf Vnotfc Utdtfs.
Slfrf os tlfrfj`rf n` nffc t` fndet d nfw kdsfbonfs bdw ds pr`p`sfc ky rftorfc Austoef Jrdneos
Adrcfbfzd dnc bdwyfrs [`hfb Kdmdrfs dnc Hfbossd Bàd aust t` fnj`ref tlf Drkotrdb Dwdrc `j Auby

4;, ;94:. D nfw kdsfbonfs bdw fndetfc ky E`nmrfss wobb n`t konc pdrtofs t` Vneb`s dnc tl`sf tldt
ldvf n`t rdtojofc Vneb`s. J`rfomn stdtfs wobb n`t rfe`mnozf ùr c`hfstoe bdws. ]ldt tlfy wobb
rfe`mnozf drf dets tldt ohpbfhfnt eust`hdry ontfrndto`ndb bdw, `r dets tldt ohpbfhfnt trfdtofs `r
e`nvfnto`ns t` wloel tlfy drf pdrtofs. ]ldt wobb konc tlfh wobb kf tlf `jjoeodb ossudnef, pukboedto`n,
dnc cfp`sot ky tlf Ylobopponf m`vfrnhfnt `j ndutoedb eldrts sl`wonm ùr kdsfbonfs on tlfsf osbdncs.
S` fndet d nfw kdsfbonfs bdw aust t` crdw n`rhdb kdsfbonfs drùnc ùr GOM osbdncs dnc
Uedrk`rùml Ul`db os t` rfonvfnt tlf wlffb on d eoreuotùs wdy. ]ldt Yrfsocfnt Cutfrtf slùbc c`
os t` onstruet Ndhrod t` ossuf tlf `jjoeodb ndutoedb eldrts sl`wonm tlf kdsfbonfs `j ùr GOM osbdncs
dnc Uedrk`rùml
kdsfbonfs on tlfsfUl`db. Slos
osbdncs. Kutoswùbc
tlf h`st prdetoedb
Yrfsocfnt wdy t`
Cutfrtf n`tojy
cdrf dnc konc `tlfr
t` cospbfdsf stdtfs t`
los kfb`vfc ùr
Yrfsocfnt \o
Aonponm ky `rcfronm tlf ossudnef `j suel ndutoedb eldrts0
6. Elond c`fs n`t p`ssfss tlf ]YU. Dnt`no` Edrpo`.YCO, Hdy ;9, ;9;4.
Yrfsocfnt Cutfrtf‟s hdntrd os ‒Elond os on p`ssfsso`n `j tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd (]YU).‘ Slf
Yrfsocfnt hdcf tlos cfebdrdto`n `n sfvfrdb èedso`ns1 tlf N`vfhkfr ;94< Dsfdn-Oncod Uuhhot on
Uonmdp`rf, los Auby ;94? dnc ;9;9 Utdtf `j tlf Ndto`n Dccrfssfs, dnc los bdtf-nomlt SZ dccrfssfs
`n Dprob 4?, ;9;4 dnc Dprob ;?, ;9;4. Slf rfds`n j`r tlos fxtrd`rcondry e`nefsso`n os tlf
Yrfsocfnt‟s pr`jfssfc b`vf j`r Yrfsocfnt \o Aonponm, wl` lds pr`hosfc t` pr`tfet Yrfsocfnt Cutfrtf
jr`h hutonofs ky tlf Ylobopponf hobotdry. Or`noedbby, Yrfsocfnt \o os tlf degn`wbfcmfc drelotfet `j
Elond‟s onvdso`n `j tlf ]YU.
Vncfr Dchonostrdtovf @rcfr N`. ;? cdtfc Ufpt. 6, ;94; (D@;?), tlf ]YU rfjfrs t` d vdst k`cy `j
wdtfr jdeonm tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd. D@;? pr`vocfs1 ‒Slf hdrotohf drfds `n tlf wfstfrn socf `j tlf
Ylobopponf drelopfbdm` drf lfrfky ndhfc ds tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd. Slfsf drfds onebucf tlf
Buz`n Ufd ds wfbb ds tlf wdtfrs drùnc, wotlon dnc dcadefnt t` tlf Gdbdyddn Osbdnc Mrùp dnc
Kda` Cf Hdsonbè, dbs` gn`wn ds Uedrk`rùml Ul`db.‘ Slf ]YU onebucfs tlf Ylobopponfs‟ tfrrot`rodb
sfd dnc fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf (FFQ) hfdsurfc jr`h ùr drelopfbdmoe kdsfbonfs, d hdrotohf
drfd bdrmfr tldn tlf t`tdb bdnc drfd `j tlf Ylobopponfs.
Slf Yrfsocfnt‟s hdntrd lds mrdvf rdhojoedto`ns `n Ylobopponf ndto`ndb ontfrfst.
Jorst, tlf Yrfsocfnt os fvfn e`nefconm tldt Elond os on p`ssfsso`n `j ùr tfrrot`rodb sfd on tlf ]YU.
Elond c`fs n`t ebdoh ùr tfrrot`rodb sfd kfedusf Elond‟s nonf-cdsl bonf c`fs n`t `vfrbdp ùr
tfrrot`rodb sfd hfdsurfc jr`h ùr drelopfbdmoe kdsfbonfs. Slf Yrfsocfnt os mfnfrùsby movonm t`
Elond jdr h`rf tldn wldt Elond wdnts.
Ufe`nc, tlf ]YU onebucfs ùr fntorf FFQ jdeonm tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd. Slf Drkotrdb Dwdrc `j Auby
4;, ;94: djjorhfc tldt tlf Ylobopponfs lds dn FFQ jdeonm tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd unohpdorfc ky
Elond‟s nonf-cdsl bonf. Slf Ylobopponfs lds fxebusovf romlt t` fxpbòt dbb tlf bovonm dnc n`n-bovonm
rfsùrefs on tlos FFQ–dbb tlf josl, òb, mds, dnc `tlfr honfrdb rfsùrefs jùnc on tlos FFQ. Ky
e`nefconm t` Elond p`ssfsso`n `j tlf ]YU, tlf Yrfsocfnt os sfnconm d hfssdmf t` Jobopon`
joslfrhfn tldt ot os n`t sdjf t` josl on tlf ]YU kfedusf dn`tlfr stdtf wotl d p`wfrjub ndvy os
dbrfdcy on p`ssfsso`n `j tlf ]YU. Uonef tlf Yrfsocfnt lds dbb`wfc Elonfsf joslfrhfn t` josl on
tlf ]YU, tlf Elonfsf joslfrhfn, wotl tlfor lumf trdwbfrs on tlf luncrfcs, prdetoedbby ldvf tlf
]YU dbb t` tlfhsfbvfs. Jobopon`s n`w ohp`rt fxpfnsovf mdbunmm`nm jr`h Elond, wl`sf joslfrhfn
se``p tlf mdbunmm`nm jr`h wldt uncfr ontfrndto`ndb bdw os ùr fxebusovf joslonm mrùncs on tlf
]YU
Slf Yrfsocfnt os dbs` sfnconm d hfssdmf t` òb dnc mds e`hpdnofs wotl Ufrvoef E`ntrdets jr`h tlf
Ylobopponf m`vfrnhfnt tldt Elond os on p`ssfsso`n `j tlf drfds e`vfrfc ky tlfor sfrvoef e`ntrdets.
Slus, tlfsf e`hpdnofs dssuhf tlf rosg `j kfonm jorfc up`n ky Elonfsf e`dst mudrc vfssfbs uncfr

Elond‟s nfw e`dst mudrc bdw. N` e`hpdny wobb n`w fxpbòt òb dnc mds on tlf ]YU uncfr d
Ylobopponf Ufrvoef E`ntrdet.
Uonef Hdbdhpdyd wobb run ùt `j mds on tlf nfxt tw` t` tlrff yfdrs, wf wobb ldvf t` ohp`rt
fxpfnsovf boquojofc ndturdb mds t` jffc ùr mds-jorfc pbdnts on Kdtdnmds wloel pr`vocf 39 pfrefnt `j
tlf fnfrmy rfquorfhfnt `j Buz`n. Slos wobb rfsubt on lomlfr fbfetroeoty e`st t` e`nsuhfrs dnc
kusonfssfs.
Slorc, ky e`nefconm tldt Elond os on p`ssfsso`n `j tlf ]YU, tlf Yrfsocfnt, wl` os tlf E`hhdncfr
on Elofj `j tlf Drhfc J`refs, os coseùrdmonm tlf Ylobopponf Ndvy dnc tlf E`dst Mudrc jr`h
pdtr`bbonm tlf ]YU. Slos os d vo`bdto`n `j tlf E`nstotuto`ndb hdncdtf tldt tlf ‒Utdtf sldbb pr`tfet tlf
ndto`n‟s hdronf wfdbtl on ots xxx fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf.‘
Slf Yrfsocfnt‟s hdntrd tldt ‒Elond os on p`ssfsso`n `j tlf ]YU‘ os t`tdbby jdbsf. Jorst, Elond os
plysoedbby on p`ssfsso`n `j `nby fomlt mf`b`moe jfdturfs on tlf Uprdtbys pbus Uedrk`rùml Ul`db.
Slf t`tdb drfd `j dbb tlfsf jfdturfs os bfss tldn sfvfn pfrefnt `j tlf ]YU. Ufe`nc, tlf ndvofs `j
tlf VU, VG, Jrdnef, Adpdn, dnc Dustrdbod rfmubdrby e`ncuet ndvdb crobbs on ùr FFQ on tlf ]YU,
p`wfrjubby fxp`sonm ds d kbdtdnt bof tlf Yrfsocfnt‟s hdntrd. Dbb Jobopon`s hust n`w cfhdnc tldt tlf
Yrfsocfnt rftrdet los jdbsf hdntrd tldt ‒Elond os on p`ssfsso`n `j tlf ]YU.‘
:. Cufbonm N`tf Zfrkdbfs. Dnt`no` Edrpo`. YCO, Ufptfhkfr 49, ;9;9.

@n Cfe. 4;, ;94?, Hdbdysod jobfc d N`tf Zfrkdbf wotl tlf Vnotfc Ndto`ns Uferftdry Mfnfrdb
dssfrtonm ots fxtfncfc e`ntonfntdb slfbj (FEU) ebdoh jr`h ots e`dstbonf on N`rtl K`rnf` jdeonm tlf
Uùtl Elond Ufd. Slf FEU rfjfrs t` tlf drfd kfy`nc tlf ;99-ndutoedb-hobf fxebusovf fe`n`hoe
z`nf `j d e`dstdb
jorst kfonm ots aònt stdtf. Ot os tlf
sukhosso`n sfe`nc
wotl FEUjobfc
Zoftndh ebdoh
`njobfc
Hdyky:, Hdbdysod
;99?. on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd, tlf
Slf FEU ebdohs `j Hdbdysod drf, uncfr tlf Vnotfc Ndto`ns E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf Ufd,
wotlùt prfaucoef t` tlf FEU ebdohs `j `tlfr e`dstdb stdtfs wloel hdy `vfrbdp wotl Hdbdysod‟s FEU
ebdohs. Slf `vfrbdpponm FEU ebdohs hust kf jobfc wotl tlf VN Uferftdry Mfnfrdb dnc sfttbfc
tlrùml nfm`todto`n `r drkotrdto`n. Slf bdtfst FEU ebdoh `j Hdbdysod os yft dn`tlfr rfhoncfr t` tlf
Ylobopponfs t` jobf ots `wn FEU ebdohs jdeonm tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd. Slf Cutfrtf dchonostrdto`n,
l`wfvfr, c`fs n`t ontfnc t` jobf dny FEU ebdoh j`r jfdr `j `jjfnconm Elond.
@n Hdrel :, ;9;9, tlf Ylobopponfs rfsp`ncfc t` tlos bdtfst Hdbdysodn FEU ebdoh ky stdtonm on d
N`tf Zfrkdbf tldt tlf Hdbdysodn ebdoh `vfrbdps wotl tlf Ylobopponfs‟ FEU ebdoh j`r wloel tlf
Ylobopponfs ‒ontfncs t` hdgf d sukhosso`n dt d juturf tohf.‘ Slf Ylobopponfs‟ N`tf Zfrkdbf,
H`rf`vfr, pr`tfstfc tldt tlf bdtfst Hdbdysodn FEU ebdoh ‒os pràfetfc jr`h p`rto`ns `j N`rtl
K`rnf` `vfr wloel tlf [fpukboe `j tlf Ylobopponfs lds nfvfr rfbonquoslfc ots s`vfrfomnty.‘
@n Dum. ;=, ;9;9, Hdbdysod rfsp`ncfc ky rfafetonm on ots N`tf Zfrkdbf tlf ebdoh `j tlf Ylobopponfs
t` N`rtl K`rnf`. Hdbdysod, h`rf`vfr, dssfrtfc tldt ‒Hdbdysod rfafets tlf fxefssovf hdrotohf
ebdohs drosonm jr`h tlf Gdbdyddn Osbdnc Mrùp ds dssfrtfc ky tlf [fpukboe `j tlf Ylobopponfs ds
tlfy ldvf n`t e`nj`rhfc t` Ydrt OZ `j VNEB@U 4?<; dnc ldvf n` kdsos uncfr ontfrndto`ndb bdw.‘
Udcby, tlf Ylobopponfs dnc Hdbdysod drf k`tl mr`ssby hostdgfn on tlfor dssfrto`ns.
Jorst, tlf Ylobopponfs‟ Udkdl ebdoh lds n`tlonm t` c` wotl tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd cosputf. Slf
tfrrot`ry `j tlf Uubtdndtf `j Uubu on N`rtl K`rnf` nfvfr jdefc tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd kut jdefc `nby
tlf Uubu Ufd dnc tlf Efbfkfs Ufd. Slos os ebfdr jr`h vdroùs 4<tl- dnc 4?tl-efntury hdps `j tlf
tfrrot`ry `j tlf Uubtdndtf `j Uubu on N`rtl K`rnf`.

Slus, tlf Ylobopponfs ednn`t ebdoh dny hdrotohf z`nf jdeonm tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd ds sueefss`r t`
tlf tfrrot`ry `j tlf Uubtdndtf `j Uubu on N`rtl K`rnf`.
Ufe`nc, wlobf tlf Ylobopponfs coc ebdoh uncfr [fpukboe Det N`. 593: strdomlt kdsfbonfs drùnc ots
Gdbdyddn Osbdnc Mrùp (GOM), tlf Ylobopponfs eldnmfc tlos ky fndetonm on ;99? [D ?6;; wloel
ebdssojofc tlf GOM ds d ‒[fmohf `j Osbdncs.‘ Ufeto`n ; `j [D ?6;; fxprfssby stdtfs tldt tlf
kdsfbonfs `j tlf GOM ‒sldbb kf cftfrhonfc ds “[fmohf `j Osbdncs‟ xxx e`nsostfnt wotl Drtoebf 4;4 `j
tlf Vnotfc Ndto`ns E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf Ufd.‘ Slos dkdnc`nfc tlf strdomlt kdsfbonfs
fhk`cofc on [D 593:.
Slf Ylobopponfs onj`rhfc tlf drkotrdb trokundb dt Slf Ldmuf `j tlf fndethfnt `j [D ?6;; on tlos
hdnnfr1 ‒Slf Ylobopponf Uuprfhf Eùrt e`njorhfc tlf e`nstotuto`ndboty `j [fpukboe Det N`. ?6;;. On
d cfeoso`n ldncfc c`wn on ;944, tlf Ylobopponf Uuprfhf Eùrt lfbc tldt tlf Ylobopponfs ldc n`
dbtfrndtovf kut t` dc`pt tlf hdrotohf ebdohs rfjbfetfc on tlf Det kfedusf tlos wds “on e`nj`rhoty wotl
VNEB@U OOO.‘ On ots Dwdrc `j Auby 4;, ;94:, tlf drkotrdb trokundb stdtfc, ‒On tlf Srokundb‟s vofw, dny
dppboedto`n `j strdomlt kdsfbonfs t` tlf Uprdtby Osbdncs on tlos jdslo`n wùbc kf e`ntrdry t` tlf
E`nvfnto`n.‘ Slos os d jdor wdrnonm t` Elond, wloel lds tlrfdtfnfc t` cfebdrf strdomlt kdsfbonfs t`
fneb`sf ots ebdoh t` tlf fntorf Uprdtbys, on tlf sdhf wdy ot lds cfebdrfc strdomlt kdsfbonfs t`
fneb`sf tlf Ydrdefbs.
Dbb tlfsf cufbonm N`tfs Zfrkdbfs
Zfrkdbfs kftwffn
kftwffn tlf
tlf Ylobopponfs
Ylobopponfs dnc Hdbdysod drf
drf sùnc dnc jury
somnojyonm n`tlonm. Slf Ylobopponfs dnc Hdbdysod ldvf dppdrfntby jdbbfn prfy t` tlf ontromufs `j
Elonfsf `pfrdtovfs, wl` ldvf kffn detovf tlrùml tlfor tr`bbs, t` onafet tlf Ylobopponfs‟ Udkdl ebdoh
t` tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd cosputf. On tlfsf cufbonm N`tfs Zfrkdbfs, k`tl tlf Ylobopponfs dnc
Hdbdysod b`st. Elond w`n, prfvfntonm tw` Dsfdn stdtfs fner`delfc ky ots nonf-cdsl bonf jr`h
j`rhonm d unotfc jr`nt.
=. Uedrk`rùml Ul`db. Dnt`no` Edrpo`. YCO, Auby ;5, ;9;9.

Slf e`rf ossuf `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd cosputf os Elond‟s unbdwjub ebdoh t` hdrotohf drfds kfy`nc
wldt tlf Vnotfc Ndto`ns E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf Ufd (Vneb`s) dbb`ws. Vncfr Elond‟s nonf-
cdsl bonf, jovf Dsfdn e`dstdb stdtfs–tlf Ylobopponfs, Zoftndh, Hdbdysod, Krunfo, dnc Onc`nfsod–
wobb b`sf bdrmf drfds `j tlfor fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nfs (FFQs) mudrdntffc t` tlfh ds tlfor onlfrfnt
romlt uncfr Vneb`s. Ds e`dstdb stdtfs, tlfsf Dsfdn jovf drf fntotbfc t` FFQs ops` jdet` `r ky tlf
hfrf jdet tldt tlfy ldvf d bdnc hdss jdeonm tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd.
Slf Ylobopponfs stdncs t` b`sf on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd d hdrotohf drfd bdrmfr tldn ots t`tdb bdnc
drfd. Zoftndh wobb kfe`hf dn dbh`st bdnc-bègfc stdtf kfedusf Elond‟s nonf-cdsl bonf runs
tlrùml tlf fntorf bfnmtl `j Zoftndh‟s e`dstbonf jdeonm tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd. Krunfo wobb kfe`hf d
t`tdbby bdnc-bègfc stdtf dnc wobb b`sf d hdrotohf drfd bdrmfr tldn ots bdnc drfd.
Vneb`s dbb`ws d e`dstdb stdtf t` ebdoh d hdrotohf z`nf n`t fxeffconm 569 ndutoedb hobfs jr`h ots
e`dstbonf. Elond os ebdohonm up t` 4,999 ndutoedb hobfs jr`h ots e`dstbonf on Ldondn Osbdnc, fvfn
ebdohonm tlf loml sfds `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd. Vncfr Vneb`s, tlf loml sfds drf tlf e`hh`n
lfrotdmf `j hdngonc, kfb`nmonm t` n` stdtf.
N`w, Elond os tlrfdtfnonm t` cfebdrf dn dor cfjfnsf ocfntojoedto`n z`nf `r Dcoz on tlf dorspdef
dk`vf tlf vdst hdrotohf drfd fneb`sfc ky ots nonf-cdsl bonf, e`hprosonm <6.= pfrefnt `j tlf Uùtl
Elond Ufd. Elond nffcs d trodnmbf `j dor dnc ndvdb kdsfs wotlon tlos lumf hdrotohf drfd t` fnj`ref
ots Dcoz. Elond dbrfdcy lds dor dnc ndvdb kdsfs on tlf Uprdtbys dnc tlf Ydrdefbs. Elond nffcs t`
put up dn dor dnc ndvdb kdsf on Uedrk`rùml Ul`db t` fjjfetovfby fnj`ref ots Dcoz.

Uedrk`rùml Ul`db os n`w dt tlf efntfr `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd cosputf. Slos sl`db os ndhfc
Ydnde`t on tlf 4=53 Zfbdrcf-Kdmdy-Uudrfz hdp, dn `jjoeodb Updnosl hdp sl`wonm Ylobopponf
tfrrot`ry on 4=53. Slf sl`db dbs` dppfdrs ds K. Hdsonbè on tlf 4<?? A`sf Dbmuf hdp, tlf jorst
`jjoeodb hdp `j Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry rfbfdsfc ky tlf VU E`dst dnc Mf`cftoe Uurvfy on ]dslonmt`n
CE curonm tlf Dhfroedn rfmohf. Slfrf os n` `bcfr hdp jr`h Elond sl`wonm tldt Uedrk`rùml
Ul`db os Elonfsf tfrrot`ry. Slf jorst Elonfsf hdp sl`wonm Uedrk`rùml Ul`db os tlf onjdhùs 4?3=
nonf-cdsl-bonf hdp `j Elond, dnc fvfn tlos hdp `nby sl`ws tlf sl`db ds d c`t wotlùt d ndhf.
]lfn tlf Ylobopponf-VU Hutudb Cfjfnsf Srfdty wds somnfc on 4?64, k`tl pdrtofs gnfw tldt
Uedrk`rùml Ul`db wdsElonfsf

VU sdtfbbotfs h`not`rfc pdrt `j Ylobopponf
crfcmfrs tfrrot`ry dnc tlus e`vfrfc
jr`h Mudnmc`nm stfdhonmkyt`wdrc
tlf trfdty. On HdrelUl`db.
Uedrk`rùml ;94:,
Yrfsocfnt @kdhd edbbfc Yrfsocfnt \o Aonponm t` wdrn loh tldt tlfrf wùbc kf ‒sfroùs
e`nsfqufnefs‘ slùbc Elond rfebdoh Uedrk`rùml Ul`db. Slf Elonfsf crfcmfrs turnfc kdeg.
Dbtlùml tlf VU coc
coc n`t `jjoeodbby
`jjoeodbby dnnùnef
dnnùnef otot dt tldt
tldt tohf, Uedrk`rùml
Uedrk`rùml Ul`db
Ul`db ldc
ldc kfe`hf d
rfcbonf j`r tlf VU.
On Hdy ;94<, tlfn J`rfomn Djjdors Uferftdry Dbdn Yftfr Edyftdn` `jjoeodbby dnnùnefc tldt
Uedrk`rùml Ul`db wds d rfcbonf j`r tlf Ylobopponfs. ‒@ur rfcbonf os tldt tlfy ednn`t kuobc `n
Uedrk`rùml,‘ Edyftdn` cfebdrfc curonm d jbdm-rdosonm efrfh`ny dt tlf Cfpdrthfnt `j J`rfomn
Djjdors.
[fefntby, bdst Auby 43, ;9;9, VU Dssostdnt Uferftdry `j Utdtf j`r tlf Kurfdu `j Fdst Dsodn dnc
Ydeojoe Djjdors Cdvoc Utobwfbb `jjoeodbby dnnùnefc tldt Uedrk`rùml Ul`db wds d rfcbonf j`r tlf VU.
Utobwfbb cfebdrfc1 ‒Dny h`vf ky tlf Y[E WYf`pbf‟s [fpukboe `j ElondX t` plysoedbby èeupy,
rfebdoh, `r hobotdrozf Uedrk`rùml Ul`db wùbc kf d cdnmfrùs h`vf `n tlf pdrt `j tlf Y[E dnc
wobb ldvf bdstonm dnc sfvfrf e`nsfqufnefs j`r tlf Y[E‟s rfbdto`nslop wotl tlf Vnotfs Utdtfs ds wfbb
ds tlf fntorf rfmo`n.‘
Dny rfebdhdto`n ky Elond `j Uedrk`rùml Ul`db wobb kf tlf bdstbdst ndob `n tlf e`jjon `j tlf ;99;
Cfebdrdto`n `n tlf E`ncuet `j Ydrtofs (C@E) kftwffn Dsfdn dnc Elond. Slf C@E stdtfs tldt
‒tlf Ydrtofs uncfrtdgf t` xxx rfjrdononm jr`h deto`n `j onldkotonm `n tlf prfsfntby unonldkotfc
osbdncs, rffjs, sl`dbs, edys, dnc `tlfr jfdturfs.‘ Uuel rfebdhdto`n wobb n`t `nby gobb tlf C@E kut
dbs` dk`rt tlf b`nm-runnonm nfm`todto`ns j`r tlf E`cf `j E`ncuet, wloel os supp`sfc t`
ohpbfhfnt tlf C@E. Uedrk`rùml Ul`db os n`w d rfcbonf j`r fvfry`nf.
<. Slf tfrrot`rodb cosputf on tlf Uprdtbys. Dnt`no` Edrpo`. YCO, Dprob 46,
;9;4.
Slfrf drf tw` goncs `j cosputf on tlf Uprdtbys, tlf tfrrot`rodb cosputf dnc tlf hdrotohf cosputf. Slf
tfrrot`rodb cosputf onv`bvfs tlf ossuf `j s`vfrfomnty `vfr tlf mf`b`moe jfdturfs dk`vf wdtfr dt loml
tocf dnc tlfor surrùnconm tfrrot`rodb sfds. Slf hdrotohf cosputf onv`bvfs tlf fe`n`hoe romlt t`
fxpbòt tlf rfsùrefs on tlf wdtfrs dnc sfdkfc kfy`nc tlf tfrrot`rodb sfds.
Slf hdrotohf cosputf lds kffn rfs`bvfc wotl jondboty ky Slf Ldmuf drkotrdb trokundb on tlf Uùtl
Elond Ufd Drkotrdto`n. Slf tfrrot`rodb cosputf, l`wfvfr, rfhdons ùtstdnconm.
Slf Ylobopponfs slùbc n`w onvotf tlf stdtfs onv`bvfc on tlf tfrrot`rodb cosputf on tlf Uprdtbys t`
sukhot tlf cosputf t` d konconm v`buntdry drkotrdto`n kfj`rf tlf Ontfrndto`ndb Eùrt `j Austoef. Vncfr
tlf VN Eldrtfr, tfrrot`rodb cosputfs hust kf sfttbfc pfdefjubby ky nfm`todto`n, tlfn ky hfcodto`n,
dnc oj stobb unrfs`bvfc, tlfn ky drkotrdto`n. Slf tfrrot`rodb cosputf on tlf Uprdtbys lds kffn jfstfronm
sonef tlf 4?=9s dnc ot os loml tohf t` sfttbf tlf cosputf tlrùml v`buntdry drkotrdto`n. Slf pdrtofs t`
tlf tfrrot`rodb cosputf drf Elond, Zoftndh, tlf Ylobopponfs, Hdbdysod, dnc Krunfo. Slf Ylobopponfs

slùbc onotodtf n`w tlf Uprdtbys Drkotrdto`n kfedusf, bogf on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd Drkotrdto`n, tlf
Ylobopponfs lds d vfry str`nm edsf.
Jorst, tlf Ylobopponfs lds tlf `bcfst cèuhfntdry fvocfnef `j s`vfrfomnty `vfr tlf Uprdtbys–tlf
4=53 Hurobb` Zfbdrcf hdp sl`wonm tldt tlf `jjoeodb tfrrot`ry `j tlf Ylobopponfs curonm tlf Updnosl
e`b`nodb rfmohf onebucfc tlf Uprdtbys, tlfn edbbfc B`s Kda`s cf Ydrdmud. Slfrf os n` `bcfr hdp
jr`h Elond, Zoftndh, Hdbdysod, `r jr`h dny `tlfr eùntry, sl`wonm tldt tlf Uprdtbys j`rhfc pdrt `j
tlfor tfrrot`ry.
Ufe`nc, uncfr tlf 4<?< Srfdty `j Ydros ds dhfncfc ky tlf 4?99 Srfdty `j ]dslonmt`n, Updon
efcfc tlf Uprdtbys t` tlf Vnotfc Utdtfs. Slf Srfdty `j ]dslonmt`n stdtfs tldt Updon dbs` efcfc t`
tlf VU ‒dbb totbf dnc ebdoh `j totbf, wloel (Updon) hdy ldvf ldc xxx t` dny dnc dbb osbdncs kfb`nmonm
t` tlf Ylobopponf Drelopfbdm` xxx byonm ùtsocf tlf bonfs‘ `j tlf Srfdty `j Ydros. Slf jrdhf `j
rfjfrfnef `j tlf plrdsf ‒dbb osbdncs kfb`nmonm t` tlf Ylobopponf Drelopfbdm` xxx byonm ùtsocf tlf
bonfs‘ os tlf 4=53 Hurobb` Zfbdrcf hdp, wloel sl`wfc tlf Uprdtbys ds pdrt `j Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry. Dbb
stdtfs onv`bvfc on tlf tfrrot`rodb cosputf ldvf rfe`mnozfc tlf Srfdty `j Ydros dnc tlf Srfdty `j
]dslonmt`n, wotl Elond fvfn hfnto`nonm tlfsf trfdtofs wotl dppr`vdb on ots `jjoeodb e`hhunoedto`ns.
Slorc, tlf 4:6= hdp `j tlf Ylobopponfs hdcf ky Noe`bds Udns`n ebfdrby sl`ws tlf Uprdtbys ds pdrt
`j Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry. Udns`n wds tlf [`ydb Edrt`mrdplfr `j Gonm Bùos \OOO `j Jrdnef. ]lfn
Jrdnef dnnfxfc tlf Uprdtbys on 4?55, Jrdnef gnfw tldt tlf Uprdtbys wfrf n` b`nmfr tfrrd nubbous.
Kfsocfs, Zoftndh ednn`t usf tlf 4?55 Jrfnel dnnfxdto`n kfedusf Jrdnef dnnfxfc tlf Uprdtbys
n`t ds pdrt `j ots Oncèlond e`b`ny kut ds pdrt `j tlf `vfrsfds tfrrot`rofs `j tlf Jrfnel Vno`n,
wl`sf onldkotdnts drf Jrfnel eotozfns wl` eùbc v`tf on dbb Jrfnel fbfeto`ns.
Jùrtl, Elond edn n` b`nmfr usf tlf n`t`roùs nonf-cdsl bonf t` ebdoh tlf Uprdtbys kfedusf tlfsf
bonfs ldvf kffn fxp`sfc ds wotlùt bfmdb `r jdetudb kdsos on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd Drkotrdto`n. Elond
jorst ebdohfc tlf Uprdtbys `nby on 4?3= wlfn ot rfbfdsfc `jjoeodbby wotlon Elond ots nonf-cdsl bonf
hdp. Elond os d bdtf ebdohdnt, dnc d bdtf èeupdnt, t` tlf Uprdtbys.
Jojtl, uncfr tlf ontfrndto`ndb bdw cètronf `j uto p`ssocftos, tlf kùncdrofs `j e`b`nofs drf
sder`sdnet dnc eùbc n`t kf eldnmfc t` tlf prfaucoef `j tlf oncfpfncfnt stdtfs tldt fhfrmfc jr`h
tl`sf e`b`nofs. Slus, on tlf Hdurotous edsf, tlf Vnotfc Ndto`ns Mfnfrdb Dssfhkby, j`bb`wonm tlf
bfmdb `pono`n `j tlf Ontfrndto`ndb Eùrt `j Austoef, v`tfc 44:-: bdst Hdy ;;, ;94?, tldt tlf Vnotfc
Gonmc`h slùbc rfturn tlf Eldm`s Drelopfbdm` t` Hdurotous. Slf Eldm`s Drelopfbdm` wds
cftdelfc jr`h Hdurotous ky tlf VG pro`r t` tlf oncfpfncfnef `j Hdurotous. Uohobdrby, tlf Uprdtbys
ednn`t kf cftdelfc jr`h tlf Ylobopponfs sonef tlf Uprdtbys wfrf pdrt `j Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry curonm
tlf Updnosl dnc Dhfroedn e`b`nodb rfmohfs.
Oj tlf `tlfr ebdohdnt stdtfs rfafet tlf rfqufst `j tlf Ylobopponfs j`r v`buntdry drkotrdto`n, tlfn tlf
Ylobopponfs edn aust wdot j`r sfd bfvfb rosf t` sukhfrmf tlf Uprdtbys on tlf nfxt 499 yfdrs. Slf
sukhfrmfc drfds wobb tlfn j`rh pdrt `j tlf fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf `j tlf Ylobopponfs.
?. Sony Udncy Edy rfvfdbs tlf kom bof. Dnt`no` Edrpo`. YCO, Hdy 4;, ;9;4.
Slfrf os d tony sdnckdr edbbfc Udncy Edy dkùt tw` ndutoedb hobfs jr`h Ydm-dsd Osbdnc, wloel dt
dkùt 5= lfetdrfs os tlf bdrmfst Ylobopponf-èeupofc osbdnc on tlf Uprdtbys. Kfj`rf ;94=, Udncy Edy
wds d cosdppfdronm sdnckdr. Ldbj `j tlf yfdr Udncy Edy wùbc kf dk`vf wdtfr dt loml tocf wlfn
tlf deto`n `j tlf wdvfs kuobc up tlf sdnc `n tlf edy. Slf `tlfr ldbj `j tlf yfdr, wlfn tlf st`rhs
cospfrsf tlf sdnc, Udncy Edy wùbc kf sukhfrmfc dt loml tocf.
On fdrby ;94=, Udncy Edy kfedhf pfrhdnfntby dk`vf wdtfr dt loml-tocf cuf t` sdnc, jr`h
pubvfrozfc e`rdbs, tldt crojtfc ont` tlf edy jr`h tlf sukhfrmfc Uuko [ffj dkùt 49 ndutoedb hobfs

dwdy. Elond ldc pubvfrozfc tlf e`rdbs on Uuko [ffj t` kuobc dn drtojoeodb osbdnc, h`rf tldn sfvfn
tohfs bdrmfr tldn Ydm-dsd Osbdnc. Dt tlos pònt, Elond cfeocfc t` sfozf Udncy Edy t` nubbojy tlf
rubonm on tlf Auby 4;, ;94: Drkotrdb Dwdrc tldt Uuko [ffj os pdrt `j tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd `j Ydm-dsd
Osbdnc. Uuko [ffj os n`w d Elonfsf ndvdb kdsf wotl dn dorstrop.
Ds d ndturdb
ndturdb mf`b`moe
mf`b`moe jfdturf
jfdturf pfrhdnfntby
pfrhdnfntby dk`vf
dk`vf wdtfr
wdtfr dt loml tocf tlf wl`bf yfdr
yfdr rùnc, Udncy
Edy oncosputdkby kfedhf on ;94= dn osbdnc tfrrot`ry fntotbfc t` ots `wn 4; ndutoedb hobf tfrrot`rodb
sfd tldt onebucfs Uuko [ffj. Udncy Edy sboefc dwdy `nf-tlorc `j tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd `j Ydm-dsd
Osbdnc, wloel b`st d tfrrot`rodb sfd h`rf tldn tlrff tohfs tlf bdnc drfd `j Tufz`n Eoty. Elond‟s
sfozurf `j Udncy Edy on ;94= wds ebfdrby d b`ss `j d Ylobopponf osbdnc tfrrot`ry curonm tlf Cutfrtf
dchonostrdto`n.
L`wfvfr, tlf Cutfrtf dchonostrdto`n t` tlos cdy cfnofs tldt Elond ldc sfozfc Udncy Edy on ;94=.
Slf Cutfrtf dchonostrdto`n os k`dstonm tldt ots jrofncby p`boey t`wdrc Elond lds kffn rfwdrcfc wotl
cfsostdnef ky Elond jr`h sfozonm h`rf osbdnc tfrrot`rofs jr`h tlf Ylobopponfs. S` dchot tlf b`ss `j
Udncy Edy wùbc fxp`sf t` tlf ndto`n tlf kdngruptey `j tlf Cutfrtf dchonostrdto`n‟s pr`-Elond
p`boey.
]lfn O stdtfc t` hfcod tldt tlf Ylobopponfs ldc b`st Udncy Edy t` Elond curonm tlf Cutfrtf
dchonostrdto`n, Ndto`ndb Ufeuroty Dcvosfr Lfrh`mfnfs Fspfr`n ossufc d cfnodb. Fspfr`n cfebdrfc1
‒‟_unm sondsdko no Austoef Edrpo` nd ndwdbd ndton dnm Udncy Edy, lonco t`t`` ‟y`n. Hdbo so Austoef
Edrpo`, jdgf nfws, jdbsf nfws.‘ Yrfsocfntodb sp`gfspfrs`n Ldrry [`quf sfe`ncfc, sdyonm ‒N`
osbdnc on ùr eùntry lds kffn b`st uncfr Yrfsocfnt Cutfrtf‟s dchonostrdto`n.‘
L`wfvfr, dbb tlf rfsocfnts on Ydm-dsd Osbdnc gn`w tldt Elond ldc sfozfc Udncy Edy jr`h tlf
Ylobopponfs on fdrby ;94=. Gdbdyddn Hunoeopdb Hdy`r [`kfrt` cfb Hunc`, wl` bovfs dnc l`bcs `jjoef
on Ydm-dsd Osbdnc, lds dn Onquorfr ontfrvofw on _ùSukf (‒Elonfsf
( ‒Elonfsf k`dts cfny Yon`y deefss t`
sdnckdrs‘)) tldt dny`nf edn vofw dny tohf. On tlos sfvfn-honutf vocf` ontfrvofw, Hdy`r Cfb Hunc`
sdnckdrs‘
ndrrdtfs1
‒Lonco nd gdho hdgdbdpot, mondmwdrcydldn nd nobd c``n, ndnc``n nd sobd (Elonfsf E`dst Mudrc
vfssfbs), lonco nd uhddbos, c``n nd sobd uhdmd, hdmldp`n, dt mdko c``n nd sobd, lonco nd sobd
uhddbos. Okom sdkolon gdnobd ‟yun, lonco nd uhddbos, xxx c‟ydn nd bdldt sobd ndgd p`nc`, drdw mdko,
c‟ydn nd sobd tdbdmd.‘
Ebfdrby, Elond ldc sfozfc Udncy Edy on ;94= curonm tlf Cutfrtf dchonostrdto`n on tlf sdhf wdy
tldt Elond sfozfc Uedrk`rùml Ul`db on ;94; curonm tlf Dquon` dchonostrdto`n, ky surrùnconm
Udncy Edy wotl Elonfsf E`dst Mudrc dnc hdrotohf hobotod vfssfbs. Slf Cfpdrthfnt `j J`rfomn
Djjdors slùbc
slùbc ldvf
ldvf jobfc d j`rhdb copb`hdtoe
copb`hdtoe pr`tfst
pr`tfst dmdonst
dmdonst Elond
Elond j`r tlf sfozurf `j
`j Udncy Edy.
D copb`hdtoe
copb`hdtoe pr`tfst
pr`tfst os nfefssdry
nfefssdry t` prfvfnt
prfvfnt tlf
tlf Ylobopponfs
Ylobopponfs jr`h kfonm
kfonm kùnc
kùnc ky tlf
tlf cètronf
cètronf `j
dequofsefnef. Vnbfss tlf Ylobopponfs jobfs d pr`tfst, ot wobb kf e`nsfntonm t` tlf sfozurf dnc wobb
b`sf j`rfvfr tlf bfmdb romlt t` rfe`vfr Udncy Edy. Slus, O l`pf tldt tlf CJD coc jobf d pr`tfst kut os
aust gffponm
gffponm sobfnt dkùt ot t` prfvfnt fhkdrrdssonm
fhkdrrdssonm tlf Cutfrtf
Cutfrtf dchonostrdto
dchonostrdto`n
`n tldt ots
ots pr`-Elond
pr`-Elond
p`boey os dn dkafet jdoburf.
Sony Udncy Edy lds rfvfdbfc tlf kom bof `j tlf Cutfrtf dchonostrdto`n tldt ‒N` osbdnc on ùr eùntry
lds kffn b`st uncfr Yrfsocfnt Cutfrtf‟s dchonostrdto`n.‘ Vncfnodkbf pr``j `j tlf b`ss `j Udncy Edy
t` Elond curonm tlf Cutfrtf dchonostrdto`n os dvdobdkbf on _ùSukf j`r tlf wl`bf w`rbc t` sff fvfry
cdy
49. Slf 4=53 Hurobb` Zfbdrcf Hdp. Dnt`no` Edrpo`. YCO, Aunf 49, ;9;4.

Dbtlùml Elond rfjusfc

rfjusfc t` pdrtoeopdtf
pdrtoeopdtf on tlf Uùtl
Uùtl Elond
Elond Ufd Drkotrdto`n
Drkotrdto`n dt Slf Ldmuf,
Ldmuf, Elond
sukhottfc t` tlf drkotrdb trokundb d Y`soto`n Ydpfr. Elond stdtfc on ots Y`soto`n Ydpfr tldt Ylobopponf
tfrrot`ry os m`vfrnfc ky tlrff ontfrndto`ndb trfdtofs, `nf `j wloel os tlf bottbf gn`wn 4?99 Srfdty `j
]dslonmt`n.
On rfe`mnozonm dnc deefptonm tldt tlrff trfdtofs cfjonf dnc cfbonfdtf Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry, Elond‟s
Y`soto`n Ydpfr qu`tfc vfrkdtoh Drtoebf 4 `j tlf 4?56 Ylobopponf E`nstotuto`n1 ‒Slf Ylobopponfs
e`hprosfs dbb tlf tfrrot`ry efcfc t` tlf Vnotfc Utdtfs ky tlf Srfdty `j Ydros e`nebucfc kftwffn tlf
Vnotfc Utdtfs dnc Updon `n tlf tfntl cdy `j Cfefhkfr, fomltffn luncrfc dnc nonfty-fomlt, tlf
bohots wloel drf sft j`rtl on Drtoebf OOO `j sdoc trfdty, t`mftlfr wotl dbb tlf osbdncs fhkrdefc on tlf
trfdty e`nebucfc dt ]dslonmt`n kftwffn tlf Vnotfc Utdtfs dnc Updon `n tlf sfvfntl cdy `j
N`vfhkfr, nonftffn luncrfc, dnc tlf trfdty e`nebucfc kftwffn tlf Vnotfc Utdtfs dnc Mrfdt
Krotdon `n tlf sfe`nc cdy `j Adnudry, nonftffn luncrfc dnc tlorty, dnc dbb tfrrot`ry `vfr wloel tlf
prfsfnt M`vfrnhfnt `j tlf Ylobopponf Osbdncs fxfreosfs auroscoeto`n.‘
Slf purp`sf `j Elond‟s Y`soto`n Ydpfr wds t` sl`w tldt Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry os bohotfc t` tlf osbdncs
fneb`sfc ky tlf p`bym`ndb bonfs crdwn on tlf 4<?< Srfdty `j Ydros. Slf Uprdtby Osbdncs dnc
Uedrk`rùml Ul`db drf ebfdrby ùtsocf tlf wfstfrn socf `j tlf p`bym`ndb bonfs `j tlf Srfdty `j
Ydros. Elond‟s Y`soto`n Ydpfr e`nebucfs, ‒WSXlf tfrrot`ry `j tlf Ylobopponfs wds e`njonfc t` tlf
Ylobopponf Osbdncs, ldvonm n`tlonm t` c` wotl dny `j Elond‟s hdrotohf jfdturfs on tlf Uùtl Elond
Ufd.‘ Vncfr ots nonf-cdsl bonf, Elond ebdohs ds ots tfrrot`ry tlf Uprdtby Osbdncs dnc Uedrk`rùml
Ul`db. Slf Elonfsf, l`wfvfr, jdobfc t` rfdc edrfjubby tlf tfxt `j tlf Srfdty `j ]dslonmt`n.
]lfn tlf Dhfroedns survfyfc tlf Ylobopponf Osbdncs djtfr somnonm tlf Srfdty `j Ydros, tlfy jùnc
ùt tldt tlfrf wfrf hdny osbdncs kfb`nmonm t` tlf Ylobopponf drelopfbdm` byonm ùtsocf tlf
p`bym`ndb bonfs `j tlf Srfdty `j Ydros. U`hf osbdncs on tlf Kdtdnfs, Uedrk`rùml Ul`db, ‒B`s Kda`s
cf Ydrdmud‘ `r tlf Uprdtby Osbdncs, dnc `tlfr osbdncs wfrf ùtsocf tlf bonfs `j tlf Srfdty `j Ydros.
Slf Dhfroedns dsgfc tlf Updnodrcs t` somn dn`tlfr trfdty ebdrojyonm tldt tlf efsso`n on tlf Srfdty
`j Ydros onebucfc dbb `tlfr osbdncs kfb`nmonm t` tlf Ylobopponf drelopfbdm` fvfn oj byonm ùtsocf tlf
bonfs `j tlf Srfdty `j Ydros. Slf Updnodrcs rfjusfc t` somn d ebdrojoedt`ry trfdty.
Slf Updnodrcs, l`wfvfr, rfbfntfc djtfr tlf Dhfroedns `jjfrfc t` pdy dn dccoto`ndb VU$499,999 `n
t`p `j tlf VU$;9 hobbo`n tldt tlf Dhfroedns pdoc tlf Updnodrcs j`r tlf Srfdty `j Ydros. Slus, tlf
Srfdty `j ]dslonmt`n wds somnfc, wlfrfon Updon ebdrojofc1 ‒Updon rfbonquoslfs t` tlf Vnotfc Utdtfs
dbb totbf dnc ebdoh `j totbf, wloel slf hdy ldvf ldc dt tlf tohf `j tlf e`nebuso`n `j tlf Srfdty `j
Yfdef `j Ydros, t` dny dnc dbb osbdncs kfb`nmonm t` tlf Ylobopponf Drelopfbdm`, byonm ùtsocf tlf
bonfs cfserokfc on Drtoebf OOO `j tldt Srfdty xxx dnc dmrffs tldt dbb suel osbdncs sldbb kf
e`hprflfncfc on tlf efsso`n `j tlf Drelopfbdm` ds jubby ds oj tlfy ldc kffn fxprfssby onebucfc
wotlon tl`sf bonfs.‘
Ebfdrby, uncfr tlf Srfdty `j ]dslonmt`n, Updon efcfc t` tlf VU ‒dbb totbf dnc ebdoh `j totbf xxx t`
dny dnc dbb osbdncs kfb`nmonm t` tlf Ylobopponf Drelopfbdm`, byonm ùtsocf tlf bonfs‘ `j tlf Srfdty `j
Ydros. ]ldt drf tl`sf osbdncs kfb`nmonm t` tlf Ylobopponf drelopfbdm` byonm ùtsocf tlf bonfs `j tlf
Srfdty `j Ydros0 Slf jrdhf `j rfjfrfnef eùbc `nby kf tlf 4=53 Edrtd Lycr`mrdploed y
El`r`mrdploed cf bds Osbds Joboponds hdp hdcf ky Jdtlfr Yfcr` Hurobb` Zfbdrcf, wloel wds tlf
`nby `jjoeodb hdp `j Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry curonm tlf Updnosl e`b`nodb rfmohf. Slf 4=53 hdp ebfdrby
sl`ws tldt tlf Uprdtby Osbdncs, ndhfc B`s Kda`s cf Ydrdmud on tlf hdp, ds wfbb ds Uedrk`rùml
Ul`db, ndhfc Ydnde`t on tlf hdp, wfrf pdrt `j ‒bds Osbds Joboponds‘ e`nstotutonm tlf Ylobopponf
drelopfbdm` curonm tlf Updnosl rfmohf.

Ldvonm rfe`mnozfc dnc deefptfc tlf Srfdty `j ]dslonmt`n, Elond os bfmdbby kùnc ky ots pr`voso`n
tldt Updon efcfc t` tlf VU ‒dbb osbdncs kfb`nmonm t` tlf Ylobopponf Drelopfbdm`, byonm ùtsocf tlf
bonfs‘ `j tlf Srfdty `j Ydros. Dnc tlf kfst fvocfnef `j wldt tl`sf ùtbyonm osbdncs drf os tlf 4=53
hdp `j Jdtlfr Yfcr` Hurobb` Zfbdrcf.
44. E@E `n tlf UEU. Adrous K`ncè, Ylob Utdr, Dumust ;, ;94=.

4;. Edrpo` rfjutfs Cutfrtf `n FFQ. Utdtfhfnt `j Austoef Edrpo` `n Aunf ;6,
;9;4. [dppbfr.e`h.
(5rc VYCDSF) 'N` m`vfrnhfnt `jjoeodb edn wdovf tlos s`vfrfomn romlt `j tlf Jobopon` pf`pbf
wotlùt tlfor e`nsfnt,' sdys Austoef Dnt`no` Edrpo`
HDNOBD, Ylobopponfs (5rc VYCDSF) ― Uuprfhf Eùrt Ufno`r Dssèodtf Austoef Dnt`no` Edrpo`
rfjutfc tlf Cutfrtf m`vfrnhfnt `n Sufscdy fvfnonm, Aunf ;6, dnc sdoc ot ednn`t dbb`w
Elonfsf joslfrhfn t` josl on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd.
Edrpo` ossufc tlos stdtfhfnt djtfr Hdbdedôdnm, ontfrprftonm Yrfsocfnt [`crom` Cutfrtf, sdoc
tlf Ylobopponfs "wobb dbb`w" Elond t` josl on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd "kfedusf wf'rf jrofncs."
"Slf Ylobopponf m`vfrnhfnt ednn`t dbb`w Elonfsf joslfrhfn t` josl on Ylobopponf fxebusovf
fe`n`hoe z`nf (FFQ) on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd kfedusf ot wobb vo`bdtf tlf E`nstotuto`n," sdoc
Edrpo`, `nf `j tlf Ylobopponfs' bfdconm fxpfrts `n tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd.
Lf dccfc1 "Slf E`nstotuto`n hdncdtfs, 'Slf Utdtf sldbb pr`tfet tlf ndto`n's hdronf wfdbtl on
ots...fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf, dnc rfsfrvf ots usf dnc fna`yhfnt fxebusovfby t` Jobopon`
eotozfns.' Slos hfdns tldt tlf Ylobopponf m`vfrnhfnt ednn`t dbb`w Elonfsf joslfrhfn t` josl on
ùr FFQ on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd. Slos dbs` hfdns tldt tlf 'usf dnc fna`yhfnt' `j tlf josl on
ùr FFQ os rfsfrvfc fxebusovfby t` Jobopon`s."
Slf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd os pdrt `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd tldt kfb`nms t` tlf Ylobopponfs kdsfc
`n d ;94: ontfrndto`ndb rubonm.
Slf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd ossuf lfdtfc up dmdon djtfr d Jobopon` joslonm k`dt wds sung ky d
Elonfsf slop on
slop on [fet` Kdng ([ffc Kdng), d p`tfntodbby òb-roel rfmo`n
rfmo`n on
on tlf eùntry's wdtfrs.
'Kfedusf wf'rf jrofncs'
Cutfrtf dccrfssfc tlf [fet` Kdng oneocfnt on dn ontfrvofw wotl rfp`rtfrs `n H`ncdy, Aunf ;3.
D aùrndbost dsgfc tlf Yrfsocfnt1 "]obb yù prfvfnt Elond jr`h joslonm wotlon ùr FFQ0 Oy`nm
pwfcf p` kdnm… gdso 'yun 'yunm rfqufst nm hmd joslfrhfn0" (]obb (]obb yù prfvfnt Elond jr`h
joslonm wotlon ùr FFQ0 Edn ot kf... kfedusf tldt's tlf rfqufst `j tlf joslfrhfn0)
Cutfrtf dnswfrfc1 "O c`n't tlong tldt Elond wùbc c` tldt. ]ly0 Kfedusf wf'rf jrofncs. Dnc
tlfy drf `j tlf sdhf vofw tldt tldt slùbc n`t rfsubt on dny kb``cy e`njr`ntdto`n."
Ontfrprftonm Cutfrtf's w`rcs, Yrfsocfntodb Up`gfspfrs`n Udbvdc`r Ydnfb` sdoc `n Sufscdy1
"Lf sdoc tlfy wobb n`t dbb`w ot, kut ds jdr ds tlfy'rf e`nefrnfc, tlfy ldvf lost`roedb romlt t` tldt.
Nuhkfr tw`, wf wobb dbb`w ot gdso wf'rf jrofncs ndhdn, 'co hdmkomdydn hund tdy` ― pdrdnm

mdn``n dnm punt` no Yrfsocfntf (kfedusf wf'rf jrofncs, s` bft's movf wdy t` fdel `tlfr ― tldt
sffhs t` kf tlf Yrfsocfnt's pònt)."
Edrpo` on los stdtfhfnt Sufscdy strfssfc tlf r`bf `j Cutfrtf ds E`hhdncfr-on-Elofj.
"Slf E`hhdncfr-on-Elofj `j tlf Drhfc J`refs os tlf Yrfsocfnt, wl` lds tlf e`nstotuto`ndb
cuty t` corfet tlf Drhfc J`refs t` pr`tfet tlf ndto`n‟s hdronf wfdbtl on ots fxebusovf fe`n`hoe
z`nf," sdoc tlf austoef
Edrpo` pòntfc ùt, t``, tldt dn ontfrndto`ndb trokundb "rubfc wotl jondboty" on ;94: tldt tlf
Ylobopponfs "lds 'auroscoeto`n' `vfr ots fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd,
onebuconm tlf [ffc Kdng."
"Slf Ylobopponfs lds fxebusovf s`vfrfomn romlt t` fxpbòt dbb tlf josl, òb, mds dnc `tlfr honfrdb
rfsùrefs on ots fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf. Slos s`vfrfomn romlt kfb`nms t` tlf Jobopon` pf`pbf,
dnc n` m`vfrnhfnt `jjoeodb edn wdovf tlos s`vfrfomn romlt `j tlf Jobopon` pf`pbf wotlùt tlfor
e`nsfnt," Edrpo` sdoc. ― [dppbfr.e`h
45. Edrpo` summfsts j`rhubd j`r fnj`reonm Drkotrdb Dwdrc. Utdtfhfnt `j

Austoef Dnt`no` Edrpo`, Ylobstdr, Auby 46, ;94?.
HDNOBD, Ylobopponfs – [fsp`nconm t` tlf eldbbfnmf `j Yrfsocfnt [`crom` Cutfrtf, Uuprfhf

Cutfrtf, Uuprfhf
Eùrt Ufno`r Dssèodtf Austoef Dnt`no` Edrpo` fnuhfrdtfc wdys t` fnj`ref tlf Ylobopponfs'
drkotrdb voet`ry wotlùt mònm t` wdr.
Slf prfsocfnt lds kffn e`nsostfnt `n los p`soto`n tldt tlf eùntry wobb n`t m` t` wdr wotl Elond
`vfr tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd r`w.
Dmrffhfnts wotl `tlfr ebdohdnt stdtfs
Edrpo`'s jorst tw` summfsto`ns wfrf fntfronm ont` sfd kùncdry dmrffhfnts wotl Zoftndh dnc
Hdbdysod.
Hdnobd edn fntfr ont` dn dmrffhfnt wotl Ldnò `n `vfrbdpponm fxtfncfc e`ntonfntdb slfbvfs
kfy`nc tlf Uprdtbys Osbdncs dnc wotl Gudbd Buhpur `n tlf dcaònonm fxebusovf fe`n`hoe
z`nfs (FFQs) kftwffn K`rnf` dnc Ydbdwdn.
Slf sfno`r hdmostrdtf n`tfc Zoftndh ldc dbrfdcy pr`p`sfc d sfd kùncdry dmrffhfnt kut tlf
Cutfrtf dchonostrdto`n lds n`t detfc `n ot cuf t` jfdr `j `jjfnconm Elond.
Slf Ylobopponfs, db`nm wotl Zoftndh, Hdbdysod, Onc`nfsod dnc Krunfo, edn dbs` fntfr ont` d
e`nvfnto`n tldt n` mf`b`moe jfdturf on tlf Uprdtbys mfnfrdtf dn FFQ, bfdvonm Elond tlf b`nf
ebdohdnt ebdohonm FFQ `vfr tlf drfd.
"Slos e`nvfnto`n edn kf `pfn t` deefsso`n ky dbb e`dstdb stdtfs `j tlf w`rbc s` tldt tlfor romlt
t` jrffc`h `j ndvomdto`n dnc `vfrjbomlt on tlf Uprdtbys edn kf m`vfrnfc ky tlos e`nvfnto`n,"
Edrpo` sdoc.
Fxtfncfc E`ntonfntdb Ulfbj ebdoh

Dee`rconm t` Edrpo`, tlf Ylobopponfs edn jobf dn

dn fxtfncfc e`ntonfntdb slfbc ebdoh on tlf ]fst
Ylobopponf Ufd kfy`nc tlf ;99-ndutoedb hobf FFQ `jj tlf e`dst `j Buz`n kfj`rf tlf VN
E`hhosso`n `n tlf Bohots `j tlf E`ntonfntdb Ulfbj.
Elond os tlf `nby `pp`sotf e`dstdb stdtf on tldt drfd kut ot ednn`t onv`gf lost`roe romlts ds ot ldc
dbrfdcy kffn rubfc ùt ky tlf drkotrdb trokundb.
Slf VN e`hhosso`n wobb bogfby mrdnt tlf fxtfncfc e`ntonfntdb slfbj ebdoh `j tlf Ylobopponfs,
sohobdr wotl tlf edsf `j Kfnldh `r Ylobopponf [osf.
"Slos wobb j`rtojy dnc fnj`ref, on dee`rcdnef wotl tlf rubf `j bdw, tlf rubonm on tlf drkotrdb dwdrc
tldt on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd tlf Ylobopponfs lds d jubb ;;-ndutoedb hobf FFQ, jr`h tlf ùtlfr
bohots `j wloel tlf 469-ndutoedb hobf fxtfncfc e`ntonfntdb slfbj `j tlf Ylobopponfs os hfdsurfc,"
Edrpo` sdoc.
Ufnc E`dst Mudrc vfssfbs t` FFQ
Slf Ylobopponfs slùbc sfnc tlf e`dst mudrc's nfw hubto-r`bf rfsp`nsf vfssfbs t` pdtr`b tlf
eùntry's FFQ on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd,
Slf 49 vfssfbs c`ndtfc ky Adpdn eùbc dbs` kf usfc t` crovf dwdy p`delfrs jr`h `tlfr
eùntrofs.
Slos h`vf wobb dbs` dssfrt tlf eùntry's s`vfrofnm romlts `vfr Ylobopponf FFQ on dee`rcdnef
wotl tlf VN E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf Ufd.
Fneùrdmf, wfbe`hf J@N@Ys wotl `tlfr eùntrofs

Dsocf jr`h wfbe`honm jrffc`h `j ndvomdto`n dnc `vfrjbomlt `pfrdto`ns (J@N@Ys) `j `tlfr
eùntrofs on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd, tlf Ylobopponfs eùbc sfnc ots `wn ndvy t` aòn tlfsf
`pfrdto`ns.
Slf Vnotfc Utdtfs, tlf Vnotfc Gonmc`h, Jrdnef, Dustrdbod, Adpdn, Oncod dnc Edndcd ldvf
kffn e`ncuetonm ndvdb dnc dfrodb `pfrdto`ns on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd, onebuconm tlf ]fst
Ylobopponf Ufd.
Ufnconm tlf Ylobopponf Ndvy t` aòn ndvdb p`wfrs' J@N@Ys on tlf cosputfc wdtfrwdy wùbc
dbs` fnj`ref tlf drkotrdb dwdrc.
Slf Ylobopponfs eùbc dbs` e`ncuet aònt J@N@Ys wotl Uùtlfdst Dsodn nfomlk`rs suel ds
Zoftndh, Hdbdysod, Onc`nfsod dnc Krunfo `n tlfor rfspfetovf FFQs jdeonm tlf Uùtl Elond
Ufd, Edrpo` dccfc.
"Dbb tlfsf ndvdb dnc dfrodb `pfrdto`ns, wlftlfr e`ncuetfc ky tlf ndvdb p`wfrs `r ky tlf
DUFDN e`dstdb stdtfs, upl`bc tldt tlfrf drf loml sfds on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd, dnc drùnc
tlfsf loml sfds drf tlf fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nfs `j tlf dcadefnt e`dstdb stdtfs," Edrpo` sdoc.
Slf austoef n`tfc tldt tlf Cutfrtf dchonostrdto`n lds kffn cferyonm tlf bdeg `j fnj`refhfnt
hfeldnosh `j tlf VNEB@U kut rfjusfs t` aòn ndvdb p`wfrs tldt fnj`ref tlf rubonm.
Uupp`rt provdtf sfet`r on fnj`reonm drkotrdb dwdrc
Edrpo`'s bdst summfsto`n wds j`r tlf Ylobopponf m`vfrnhfnt t` supp`rt provdtf oncovocudbs
fnj`reonm tlf bdnchdrg rubonm.

Fdrbofr tlos yfdr, j`rhfr J`rfomn Djjdors Uferftdry Dbkfrt cfb [`sdro`, j`rhfr @hkucshdn
E`nelotd Edrpo` H`rdbfs dnc tlfor eùnsfb Dnnf Hdrof E`r`honds sukhottfc d e`hhunoedto`n
kfj`rf tlf Ontfrndto`ndb Erohondb Eùrt (OEE).
Slf tlrff `j tlfh deeusfc Elonfsf Yrfsocfnt \o Aonponm dnc `tlfr Elonfsf `jjoeodbs `j erohfs
dmdonst luhdnoty j`r tlf hdssovf cfstrueto`n `j tlf hdronf fnvor`nhfnt on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf
Ufd.
Slf Ylobopponfs ldc wotlcrdwn jr`h tlf [`hf Utdtutf tldt fstdkboslfc tlf OEE kut tlf
e`hpbdont wds jobfc kfj`rf tlf wotlcrdwdb t``g fjjfet.

Oj tlf OEE cfeocfs tldt ot lds auroscoeto`n `vfr tlf edsf, "tlos wobb j`rtojy dnc fnj`ref tlf drkotrdb
dwdrc," Edrpo` sdoc.
Ldvonm sdoc tlfsf hfdsurfs, Edrpo` rfotfrdtfc tldt tlf tlrfdt `j mònm t` wdr wds hfdnt t`
sedrf Jobopon`s ont` sukhottonm t` Elond.
"Slos jdbsf `pto`n slùbc kf coserfcotfc `nef dnc j`r dbb. Slos jdbsf `pto`n c`fs n`t cfsfrvf
dny jurtlfr spdef `r doronm on tlf ndto`n's p`botoedb coseùrsf," lf sdoc.
43. Aònt Cfvfb`phfnt vs E``pfrdto`n Dmrffhfnt. Dnt`no` Edrpo`. YCO,

Auby 46, ;9;4.
@n tlf wfksotf `j Elond‟s Honostry `j J`rfomn Djjdors, `nf joncs tlos cfjonoto`n `j Elond‟s e`nefpt `j aònt
cfvfb`phfnt1 ‒Slf e`nefpt `j “sfttonm dsocf cosputf dnc pursuonm aònt cfvfb`phfnt‟ lds tlf j`bb`wonm
jùr fbfhfnts1 4. Slf s`vfrfomnty `j tlf tfrrot`rofs e`nefrnfc kfb`nms t` Elond. xxx.‘ Elond lds `jjfrfc
tlos e`nefpt `j aònt cfvfb`phfnt t` hdrotohf drfds wotlon tlf fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nfs `j Dsfdn
e`dstdb stdtfs jdbbonm wotlon Elond‟s nonf-cdsl bonf. N` Dsfdn e`dstdb stdtf, l`wfvfr, lds deefptfc
Elond‟s `jjfr `j aònt cfvfb`phfnt. S` deefpt Elond‟s `jjfr os t` e`nefcf s`vfrfomn romlts t` Elond `vfr
tlf `vfrbdpponm hdrotohf drfds.
Vncfr Elond‟s e`nefpt `j aònt cfvfb`phfnt, Elond lds fotlfr s`vfrfomnty `r s`vfrfomn romlts `vfr tlf
drfd e`vfrfc ky tlf aònt cfvfb`phfnt. Ndturdbby, ùr bdwyfrs on tlf drkotrdto`n dt tlf Slf Ldmuf
dvòcfc dny coseusso`n `n aònt cfvfb`phfnt kfedusf Elond lds dppr`prodtfc tldt tfrh dnc movfn ot d
pdrtoeubdr hfdnonm. H`rf ohp`rtdntby, on hdrotohf cosputfs kftwffn stdtfs, aònt cfvfb`phfnt os
rfs`rtfc t` ky tlf pdrtofs on edsf `j `vfrbdpponm fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nfs. Slf Ylobopponf p`soto`n,
l`wfvfr, os tldt tlfrf drf n` `vfrbdpponm fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nfs kftwffn tlf Ylobopponfs dnc
Elond. S` e`nefcf suel `vfrbdpponm fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nfs wùbc dut`hdtoedbby hfdn tlf
coshossdb `j tlf drkotrdto`n edsf kfedusf Elond on ;99: `ptfc ùt `j e`hpubs`ry drkotrdto`n on edsf `j

`vfrbdpponm hdrotohf z`nfs. Oj tlfrf os dny `vfrbdpponm fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nfs kftwffn tlf
Ylobopponfs dnc Elond, tlf drkotrdb trokundb wùbc ldvf n` auroscoeto`n t` lfdr ùr drkotrdto`n edsf.
U`hftohf on ;94<, Elond pr`p`sfc t` tlf Ylobopponfs aònt cfvfb`phfnt `n òb dnc mds on hdrotohf
drfds on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd jdbbonm wotlon Elond‟s nonf-cdsl bonf. @j eùrsf, wf eùbc n`t deefpt
suel pr`p`sdb kfedusf Elond‟s nonf-cdsl bonf ldc dbrfdcy kffn onvdbocdtfc on tlf bdnchdrg 4; Auby
;94: Drkotrdb Dwdrc, wloel rfe`mnozfc tldt tlf Ylobopponfs lds d jubb fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf on tlf
]fst Ylobopponf Ufd unohpdorfc ky Elond‟s nonf-cdsl bonf. L`wfvfr, J`rfomn Djjdors Uferftdry Sf`c`r`
Bèson, Ar. wosfby t``g tlos ds dn `pp`rtunoty t` hdgf d krobbodnt eùntfr-`jjfr. Uferftdry Bèson sfnt
kdeg t` tlf Elonfsf los `wn crdjt `j d ‒e``pfrdto`n drrdnmfhfnt‘ `n fxpbòtonm òb dnc mds on tlf ]fst
Ylobopponf Ufd. Uferftdry Bèson‟s crdjt hdcf n` rfjfrfnef wldts`fvfr t` ‒aònt cfvfb`phfnt.‘
Vncfr Uferftdry Bèson‟s crdjt, ‒tlf tw` m`vfrnhfnts ldvf cfeocfc t` nfm`todtf `n dn deefbfrdtfc
kdsos drrdnmfhfnt t` jdeobotdtf òb dnc mds fxpb`rdto`n dnc fxpbòtdto`n on rfbfvdnt hdrotohf drfds
e`nsostfnt wotl dppboedkbf rubfs `j ontfrndto`ndb bdw (lfrfondjtfr rfjfrrfc t` ds “tlf e``pfrdto`n
drrdnmfhfnts‟).‘
Erueodbby, Uferftdry Bèson‟s crdjt jurtlfr stdtfc1 ‒Elond dutl`rozfs Elond @jjsl`rf @ob E`rp`rdto`n
(EN@@E) ds tlf Elonfsf fntfrprosf j`r fdel ]`rgonm mrùp. Slf Ylobopponfs wobb dutl`rozf tlf
fntfrprosf(s) tldt lds/ldvf fntfrfc ont` d sfrvoef e`ntrdet wotl tlf Ylobopponfs wotl rfspfet t` tlf
dppboedkbf w`rgonm drfd xxx.‘ On sl`rt, tlf stdtf-`wnfc EN@@E wobb fntfr ont` dn drrdnmfhfnt wotl d
Ylobopponf sfrvoef e`ntrdet`r, fotlfr ds d suke`ntrdet`r `r fquoty pdrtnfr, `r k`tl. Slfsf tw` pr`voso`ns
on Uferftdry Bèson‟s crdjt wfrf deefptfc ky Elond on tlf Hfh`rdncuh `j Vncfrstdnconm (H@V)
somnfc `n N`v. ;=, ;94<. Slf H@V nfvfr hfnto`ns tlf tfrh ‒aònt cfvfb`phfnt.‘
Slf jorst wlfrfds ebdusf `j fvfry sfrvoef e`ntrdet dwdrcfc ky tlf Ylobopponf m`vfrnhfnt stdtfs tldt tlf
òb dnc mds kfb`nm t` tlf Ylobopponfs. Dn`tlfr pr`voso`n stdtfs tldt Ylobopponf bdw wobb m`vfrn tlf sfrvoef
e`ntrdet. Slfsf tw` erotoedb pr`voso`ns fstdkbosl jorhby tldt tlf Ylobopponfs lds s`vfrfomn romlts `vfr tlf
hdrotohf drfds e`vfrfc ky tlf ‒e``pfrdto`n drrdnmfhfnts.‘ Elond‟s somndturf t` tlf H@V os
deefptdnef `j Ylobopponf s`vfrfomn romlts `vfr tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd. Sldt os wly O str`nmby
supp`rtfc tlf H@V.
L`wfvfr, tlf H@V edn `nby kf ohpbfhfntfc oj EN@@E somns d e``pfrdto`n drrdnmfhfnt wotl d
Ylobopponf sfrvoef e`ntrdet`r. EN@@E lds rfjusfc t` somn unbfss tlf tw` hfnto`nfc erotoedb pr`voso`ns
on ùr sfrvoef e`ntrdets drf cfbftfc. @j
@ j eùrsf, Uferftdry Bèson wobb nfvfr kucmf `n tlfsf tw` erotoedb
pr`voso`ns. S` movf up tlfsf tw` pr`voso`ns, `r fvfn `nf `j tlfh, os t` movf up ùr s`vfrfomn romlts on
tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd.
‒E``pfrdto`n drrdnmfhfnt‘ os d Ylobopponf e`nefpt tldt tlf Ylobopponfs lds tlf s`vfrfomn romlts t` tlf
òb dnc mds. ‒Aònt cfvfb`phfnt‘ os d Elonfsf e`nefpt tldt Elond lds tlf s`vfrfomn romlts t` tlf òb dnc
mds. Slf H@V os d e``pfrdto`n drrdnmfhfnt, n`t d aònt cfvfb`phfnt. Fvfry Jobopon` hust gn`w tlf
cojjfrfnef kftwffn tlfsf tw` `pp`sonm e`nefpts.
46. D mrdvf tlrfdt t` w`rbc pfdef. Dnt`no` Edrpo`. YCO, Jfk 3, ;9;4.
]ldt lds prfvfntfc d tlorc w`rbc wdr drf tw` pr`voso`ns on tlf 4?36 Vnotfc Ndto`ns Eldrtfr. Slf
jorst pr`voso`n ùtbdws tlf tlrfdt `r usf `j j`ref t` sfttbf cosputfs kftwffn `r dh`nm stdtfs, wlobf
tlf sfe`nc pr`voso`n hdncdtfs tlf pfdefjub sfttbfhfnt `j ontfrndto`ndb cosputfs. Slfsf tw`
pr`voso`ns e`hpubs`roby prfserokf, ‒Dbb Hfhkfrs sldbb‘ (4) ‒rfjrdon xxx jr`h tlf tlrfdt `r usf `j
j`ref dmdonst tlf tfrrot`rodb ontfmroty `r p`botoedb oncfpfncfnef `j dny stdtf‘7 dnc (;) sfttbf tlfor
cosputfs tlrùml ‒nfm`todto`n, fnquory, hfcodto`n, e`neobodto`n, drkotrdto`n, aucoeodb sfttbfhfnt, rfs`rt
t` rfmo`ndb dmfneofs `r drrdnmfhfnts, `r `tlfr pfdefjub hfdns `j tlfor `wn elòef.‘ Kfj`rf tlf
dc`pto`n `j tlf VN Eldrtfr, tlrfdt `r usf `j j`ref, oj sueefssjub, wds d bfmotohdtf hfdns `j
dequoronm tfrrot`ry.

Slf Vnotfc Ndto`ns E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf Ufd (Vneb`s), wloel m`vfrns hdrotohf ossufs,
hdncdtfs tldt ‒Utdtfs Ydrtofs sldbb sfttbf dny cosputf e`nefrnonm tlf ontfrprftdto`n `r dppboedto`n `j
tlos E`nvfnto`n ky pfdefjub hfdns‘ on dee`rcdnef wotl tlf tw` j`rfmònm pr`voso`ns `j tlf VN
Eldrtfr. On sl`rt, ontfrndto`ndb bdw pr`lokots tlf tlrfdt `r usf `j j`ref t` sfttbf tfrrot`rodb `r hdrotohf
cosputfs kftwffn `r dh`nm stdtfs, dnc hdncdtfs tlf pfdefjub sfttbfhfnt `j suel cosputfs
tlrùml nfm`todto`n, hfcodto`n, `r drkotrdto`n. Drhfc j`ref edn kf usfc ky d stdtf `nby on sfbj-
cfjfnsf, wlftlfr oncovocudb `r e`bbfetovf, `r wlfn dutl`rozfc ky tlf VN Ufeuroty Eùneob t`
hdontdon w`rbc pfdef.
Elond‟s nfw e`dst mudrc bdw, wloel t``g fjjfet bdst Jfk. 4, ;9;4, dutl`rozfs Elond‟s e`dst mudrc t`
jorf `n slops `j `tlfr stdtfs tldt josl `r e`ncuet ‒fe`n`hoe detovotofs,‘ bogf survfyonm `r crobbonm j`r òb
dnc mds, on wdtfrs ebdohfc ky Elond, fvfn oj tlf wdtfrs drf sotudtfc kfy`nc tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd,
fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf (FFQ), `r fxtfncfc e`ntonfntdb slfbj (FEU) `j Elond. Elond ebdohs dbb tlf
ndturdb rfsùrefs jùnc on wdtfrs e`nstotutonm <6.= pfrefnt `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd. Elond‟s ebdoh
fner`delfs `n tlf loml sfds, dnc `n tlf FFQs dnc FEUs `j tlf Ylobopponfs, Zoftndh, Hdbdysod,
Krunfo, dnc Onc`nfsod.
Vncfr Vneb`s, tlf josl on tlf loml sfds kfb`nm t` dbb hdngonc dnc dny stdtf on tlf w`rbc, e`dstdb `r
bdncbègfc, lds tlf romlt t` josl on tlf loml sfds `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd. Dkùt ;6 pfrefnt `j tlf
wdtfrs `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd drf loml sfds. Elond ebdohs `wnfrslop t` dbb tlf josl on tlf loml
sfds `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd. ]otl ots nfw bdw, Elond‟s e`dst mudrc edn n`w jorf `n joslonm vfssfbs
`j `tlfr stdtfs tldt josl on tlf loml sfds `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd. Elond‟s nfw bdw os pfr sf dn
detudb tlrfdt `j j`ref `n joslonm vfssfbs `j dbb stdtfs tldt josl on tlf loml sfds `j tlf Uùtl Elond
Ufd. Slos os d ebfdr vo`bdto`n `j tlf VN Eldrtfr dnc `j Vneb`s.
Elond‟s nonf-cdsl bonf ebdoh fner`delfs `n tlf FFQs `j jovf Dsfdn e`dstdb stdtfs.
]otl ots nfw bdw, Elond‟s e`dst mudrc edn n`w jorf `n Zoftndhfsf joslonm vfssfbs tldt josl wotlon
Zoftndh‟s FFQ tldt `vfrbdp wotl Elond‟s nonf-cdsl bonf. Fvfn dssuhonm tldt tlf `vfrbdpponm
hdrotohf drfds drf stobb bfmdbby cosputfc on tlf dksfnef `j dn drkotrdb rubonm ky dn Vneb`s trokundb,
stobb Elond lds n` romlt t` rfs`rt t` tlrfdt `r usf `j j`ref t` sfttbf d hdrotohf cosputf. Slf tlrfdt `j
j`ref tldt Elond‟s nfw bdw dutl`rozfs vo`bdtfs tlf VN Eldrtfr dnc Vneb`s.
Dn Vneb`s drkotrdb trokundb
trokundb lds
lds rubfc tldt
tldt tlf Ylobopponfs
Ylobopponfs lds
lds dn FFQ on tlf ]fst
]fst Ylobopponfs
Ylobopponfs Ufd,
onvdbocdtonm Elond‟s ebdoh t` <9 pfrefnt `j tlos FFQ. Slos Ylobopponf FFQ edn n` b`nmfr kf cosputfc
ky Elond. L`wfvfr, uncfr ots nfw bdw Elond‟s e`dst mudrc edn n`w jorf `n Ylobopponf slops tldt
e`ncuet survfys on [ffc Kdng, `r `n Ylobopponf vfssfbs tldt josl wotlon tlos Ylobopponf FFQ. Slos
tlrfdt `j j`ref dmdonst Ylobopponf vfssfbs os fvfn d h`rf kbdtdnt vo`bdto`n `j tlf VN Eldrtfr dnc `j
Vneb`s.
Oj Elond‟s
dppby nfw
on tlf e`dst
Uùtl mudrc
Elond bdwdnc
Ufd os dbb`wfc
fvfn on t`
tlfstdnc,
Fdst k`tl
Elondtlf VNSlfsf
Ufd. Eldrtfr
tw`dnc Vneb`s
sfds wobb n`t`b`nmfr
wobb rfvfrt tlf
sotudto`n tldt fxostfc kfj`rf tlf tw` w`rbc wdrs, wlfrf stdtfs dequorfc tfrrot`rofs tlrùml tlrfdt `r
usf `j j`ref. Elond‟s nfw bdw os cfjonotfby d mrdvf tlrfdt t` w`rbc pfdef.
4:. [fmohf `j Osbdncs.(Gdbdyddn Osbdnc Mrùp) Dnt`no` Edrpo`. YCO, Hdy ;=, ;9;4.
Slf Gdbdyddn Osbdnc Mrùp (GOM) wds j`rhdbby one`rp`rdtfc ont` Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry uncfr
Yrfsocfntodb Cferff N`. 46?: cdtfc Aunf 44, 4?=<. YC 46?: stdtfs, ‒Slf drfd wotlon (d
cfseropto`n `j tlf e``rcondtfs `j tlf GOM p`bym`ndb bonfs) xxx sldbb kfb`nm dnc kf sukafet t`
tlf s`vfrfomnty `j tlf Ylobopponfs.‘ Slos hfdns tldt tlf Ylobopponfs ebdohfc fvfrytlonm wotlon

tlf p`bym`ndb bonfs ds Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry, fvfn wdtfrs dnc rfsùrefs kfy`nc tlf tfrrot`rodb
sfds `j loml-tocf mf`b`moe jfdturfs wotlon tlf p`bym`ndb bonfs.
Vncfr ontfrndto`ndb bdw on 4?=<, stdtfs eùbc ebdoh `nby d tlrff ndutoedb hobf tfrrot`rodb sfd jr`h
tlf b`w wdtfr hdrg `j d loml-tocf jfdturf. Vncfr tlf 4?<; VN E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf
Ufd `r Vneb`s, tlos tfrrot`rodb sfd wds fxtfncfc t` 4; ndutoedb hobfs. L`wfvfr, YC 46?: stobb
vo`bdtfc Vneb`s ons`jdr ds ot ebdohfc ds Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry wdtfrs dnc rfsùrefs kfy`nc 4;
ndutoedb hobfs jr`h loml-tocf jfdturfs wotlon tlf GOM p`bym`ndb bonfs.
]lfn tlf Ylobopponfs

m``c jdotl ots c`hfstoerdtojofc Vneb`s
bdw wotl `n Hdy
Vneb`s. Slus,<,E`nmrfss
4?<3, tlfpdssfc
Ylobopponfs uncfrt``g
[fpukboe t` ?6;;
Det N`. dbomn `n
on
Hdrel 49, ;99? t` e`hpby wotl ùr `kbomdto`n uncfr Vneb`s. Ufeto`n ; `j [D ?6;; pr`vocfs1
‒Slf kdsfbonf on tlf j`bb`wonm drfds `vfr wloel tlf Ylobopponfs bogfwosf fxfreosfs s`vfrfomnty
dnc auroscoeto`n sldbb kf cftfrhonfc ds “[fmohf `j Osbdncs‟ uncfr tlf [fpukboe `j tlf
Ylobopponfs e`nsostfnt wotl Drtoebf 4;4 `j tlf Vnotfc Ndto`ns E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf Ufd
(Vneb`s)1 (d) Slf Gdbdyddn Osbdnc Mrùp ds e`nstotutfc uncfr Yrfsocfntodb Cferff N`. 46?:7
dnc (k) Kda` cf Hdsonbè, dbs` gn`wn ds Uedrk`rùml Ul`db.‘
Vncfr [D ?6;;, tlf kdsfbonf `j dn osbdnc, jr`h wloel tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd os hfdsurfc, sldbb kf
cftfrhonfc on dee`rcdnef wotl tlf [fmohf `j Osbdncs uncfr Drtoebf 4;4 `j Vneb`s. Drtoebf 4;4
pr`vocfs tldt dn osbdnc hust kf dk`vf wdtfr dt loml tocf. Lfnef, d mf`b`moe jfdturf kfb`w
wdtfr dt loml tocf os n`t dn osbdnc dnc os n`t fntotbfc t` d tfrrot`rodb sfd. Vncfr [D ?6;;, tlf
Ylobopponfs n`w ebdohs ds Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry `nby mf`b`moe jfdturfs dk`vf wdtfr dt loml tocf,
t`mftlfr wotl tlfor tfrrot`rodb sfds. On e`hpbodnef wotl Vneb`s, tlf Ylobopponfs uncfr [D ?6;;
n` b`nmfr ebdohs ds Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry b`w-tocf mf`b`moe jfdturfs, wdtfrs, dnc rfsùrefs
kfy`nc tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd.
Ufeto`n ; `j [D ?6;; rfjfrs t` tlf cftfrhondto`n `j tlf kdsfbonf `j osbdncs on tlf ‒WtXlf
Gdbdyddn Osbdnc Mrùp ds e`nstotutfc uncfr Yrfsocfntodb Cferff N`. 46?:.‘ Slf osbdncs
rfjfrrfc t` drf tlf loml-tocf mf`b`moe jfdturfs jùnc wotlon tlf sdhf p`bym`ndb bonfs `j YC
46?: ds tlfy drf tlf osbdncs ‒e`nstotutfc uncfr Yrfsocfntodb Cferff N`. 46?:.‘ Vncfr [D
?6;;, tlf ontfrprftdto`n `j tlf p`bym`ndb bonfs lds eldnmfc, jr`h d ebdoh t` dbb tlf mf`b`moe
jfdturfs, wdtfrs, dnc rfsùrefs jùnc wotlon tlf p`bym`ndb bonfs, t` d ebdoh t` `nby dbb tlf loml-
tocf jfdturfs dnc tlfor tfrrot`rodb sfds jùnc wotlon tlf p`bym`ndb bonfs. Ebfdrby, tlf p`bym`ndb
bonfs uncfr YC 46?: ldvf n`t kffn dkr`mdtfc kut hfrfby rfontfrprftfc t` e`hpby wotl Vneb`s.
]lfn tlf Ylobopponfs jobfc ots drkotrdto`n edsf dmdonst Elond `n Adn. ;;, ;945, tlf Ylobopponfs
ldc dbrfdcy fndetfc [D ?6;; wloel jubby dbomnfc Ylobopponf c`hfstoe bdw wotl Vneb`s. Curonm
tlf prèffconms, tlf bdwyfrs `j tlf Ylobopponfs sukhottfc d e`py `j [D ?6;;, t`mftlfr wotl d
e`py `j tlf ;944 Uuprfhf Eùrt cfeoso`n on Hdmdbb`nd v. Frhotd wloel djjorhfc tlf
e`nstotuto`ndboty `j [D ?6;;, t` fstdkbosl tldt tlf Ylobopponfs ldc jubjobbfc on m``c jdotl ots
`kbomdto`n t` dbomn ots c`hfstoe bdw wotl Vneb`s.
Curonm tlf drkotrdto`n, tlf Ylobopponf bdwyfrs wfrf dwdrf tldt Elond ldc obbfmdbby crdwn strdomlt
kdsfbonfs drùnc tlf Ydrdefbs. Slf Ylobopponf bdwyfrs wfrf w`rrofc tldt Elond wùbc dbs` cfebdrf
strdomlt kdsfbonfs drùnc tlf Uprdtbys. Slus, tlf Ylobopponf bdwyfrs `n tlfor `wn rdosfc tlf ossuf
tldt strdomlt kdsfbonfs eùbc n`t kf crdwn drùnc tlf Uprdtbys. On rfsp`nsf, tlf drkotrdb trokundb
stdtfc on ots jondb Dwdrc `j Auby 4;, ;94:1 ‒On tlf Srokundb‟s vofw, dny dppboedto`n `j strdomlt
kdsfbonfs t` tlf Uprdtby Osbdncs on tlos jdslo`n wùbc kf e`ntrdry t` tlf E`nvfnto`n. Drtoebf =

pr`vocfs j`r tlf dppboedto`n `j strdomlt kdsfbonfs `nby ‒WoXn bèdbotofs wlfrf tlf e`dstbonf os cffpby
oncfntfc dnc eut ont`, `r oj tlfrf os d jronmf `j osbdncs db`nm tlf e`dst on ots ohhfcodtf voeonoty.
4=. Aònt FCV une`nstotuto`ndb. Fcu Yundy. Ylobstdr, N`v ;=, ;94<.
HDNOBD, Ylobopponfs – Aònt fxpb`rdto`n dnc fxpbòtdto`n `j rfsùrefs on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf
Ufd wotl Elond os une`nstotuto`ndb, detonm Elofj Austoef Dnt`no` Edrpo` sdoc yfstfrcdy.
‒Aònt fxpb`rdto`n dnc fxpbòtdto`n os pr`lokotfc on ùr E`nstotuto`n, wloel rfquorfs tldt tlf
Ylobopponfs sldbb ldvf “jubb e`ntr`b dnc supfrvoso`n‟ on tlf fxpb`rdto`n dnc fxpbòtdto`n `j ndturdb
rfsùrefs,‘ lf fxpbdonfc on d tfxt hfssdmf.
‒Aònt fxpb`rdto`n dnc fxpbòtdto`n‘ ds cfjonfc ky bdw ‒wobb cohonosl ùr “jubb e`ntr`b‟ dnc tlus
vo`bdtf tlf E`nstotuto`n,‘ lf sdoc.
Kut dt d j`ruh `vfr tlf wffgfnc, Edrpo` sdoc dbb`wonm Elonfsf pdrtoeopdto`n on òb dnc mds
fxpb`rdto`n tlrùml Ylobopponf sfrvoef e`ntrdets homlt kf deefptdkbf.
Slf somnonm `j d hfh`rdncuh `j uncfrstdnconm (H@V) `n òb dnc mds fxpb`rdto`n curonm tlf
rfefnt vosot `j Elonfsf Yrfsocfnt \o Aonponm ldc spdrgfc e`nefrns tlf eùntry‟s s`vfrfomn
romlts `vfr tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd wùbc kf e`hpr`hosfc.
Edrpo` sdoc d p`rto`n `j tlf H@V dppfdrfc t` summfst Elond‟s wobbonmnfss t` rfe`mnozf sfrvoef
e`ntrdetonm ky tlf Ylobopponfs ― `r ubtohdtfby tlf eùntry‟s s`vfrfomn romlts `vfr drfds e`vfrfc
ky sfrvoef e`ntrdets.
‒O c`n‟t ldvf dny `kafeto`n wotl tldt gonc `j drrdnmfhfnt kfedusf oj Elond e`hfs on tlrùml
ùr sfrvoef e`ntrdet`rs, tl`sf sfrvoef e`ntrdets fxprfssby rfe`mnozf tldt tlf drfd jdbbs wotlon
Ylobopponf s`vfrfomnty `r s`vfrfomn romlts,‘ lf sdoc.
‒O tlong wf‟rf prftty sdjf. Slf m`vfrnhfnt lds onebucfc sfrvoef e`ntrdet`rs, s` oj wf e``pfrdtf,
oj tlf e``pfrdto`n wotl Elond `n òb dnc mds detovotofs wobb kf tlrùml sfrvoef e`ntrdet`rs, wf‟rf
vfry sdjf,‘ lf fxpbdonfc on dn ontfrvofw.
Slf hdmostrdtf fvfn summfstfc tldt tlf sfrvoef e`ntrdet`r on tlf Ylobopponfs‟ [fet` Kdng
([ffc Kdng), J`ruh Fnfrmy, eùbc tdp d Elonfsf jorh ds d suke`ntrdet`r.
Kusonfsshdn Hdnufb Z. Ydnmobondn‟s Y\Y Fnfrmy E`rp., tlrùml ots B`nc`n-bostfc unot J`ruh
Fnfrmy Ybe, l`bcs dn fxpb`rdto`n pfrhot e`vfronm [fet` Kdng.
Edrpo` sdoc Elond ‒edn e`hf on ds d suke`ntrdet`r `j J`ruh Fnfrmy `r ot edn kuy ont` fquoty `j
J`ruh Fnfrmy, `r ot eùbc c` k`tl.‘ ― ]otl Lfbfn Jb`rfs

4<. Yfrhdnfnt Eùrt `j Drkotrdto`n. Jdr`bdn. YCO, Auby 4<, ;94:.

J@[ SLF pdst wffg, tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd rubonm ky tlf Yfrhdnfnt Eùrt `j Drkotrdto`n (YED)
dt Slf Ldmuf lds kffn e`vfrfc ky hfcod `n d cdoby kdsos. On hdny `j tlf drtoebfs wrottfn `n
tlf cfeoso`n, tlf eùrt lds `jtfn kffn rfjfrrfc t` ds d ‒VN eùrt,‘ d ‒VN drkotrdb trokundb,‘ d
‒VN drkotrdto`n eùrt,‘ d ‒VN-kdegfc trokundb,‘ dnc d ‒VN Yfrhdnfnt Eùrt `j Drkotrdto`n.‘
Yfrldps, kfedusf tlf edsf lds s`hftlonm t` c` wotl tlf VN E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf
Ufd (Vneb`s), wf dssuhf tldt tlf YED os d VN k`cy `r dmfney. Yfrldps, ot dbs` pr`vocfs d
sfnsf `j jdhobodroty j`r hdny rfdcfrs t` dssèodtf tlf eùrt wotl tlf Vnotfc Ndto`ns. Kut on jdet,
tlf YED os n`t d VN dmfney dnc tfrhs bogf ‒VN trokundb‘ `r ‒VN-kdegfc eùrt‘ drf hosbfdconm
dnc one`rrfet.
Slf YED wds fstdkboslfc ky tlf jorst Ldmuf Yfdef E`njfrfnef on 4<?? s`hf 46 yfdrs kfj`rf
tlf stdrt `j ]`rbc ]dr O, wlobf tlf Vnotfc Ndto`ns edhf ont` kfonm djtfr ]`rbc ]dr OO, `r dbh`st
ldbj d efntury djtfr tlf YED. Ot os dn ontfrm`vfrnhfntdb `rmdnozdto`n tldt pr`vocfs d vdrofty `j
cosputf rfs`buto`n sfrvoefs t` tlf ontfrndto`ndb e`hhunoty. Ot os kdsfc on tlf Yfdef Ydbdef dt
Slf Ldmuf, Nftlfrbdncs, sldronm d e`hh`n l`hf wotl tlf Ontfrndto`ndb Eùrt `j Austoef
wloel ldppfns t` kf d VN dmfney.
]lobf tlf YED os `nf `j tlf `bcfst onstotuto`ns j`r tlf sfttbfhfnt `j ontfrndto`ndb cosputfs, ot os
n`t on tlf stroet sfnsf `j tlf w`rc, d eùrt. ]ldt ot c`fs os `rmdnozf drkotrdb trokundbs t` rfs`bvf
e`njboets kftwffn hfhkfr-stdtfs (n`w nuhkfronm 44?), ontfrndto`ndb `rmdnozdto`ns, `r fvfn
provdtf pdrtofs wotlon dn `rmdnozdto`n.
Slf jubb edsf ndhf e`vfronm tlf cosputf os ‒Dn Drkotrdto`n kfj`rf dn Drkotrdb Srokundb
e`nstotutfc uncfr Dnnfx ZOO t` tlf 4?<; VN E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf Ufd kftwffn tlf
[fpukboe `j tlf Ylobopponfs dnc tlf Yf`pbf‟s [fpukboe `j Elond.‘
Slf prfsoconm drkotrdt`r os Aucmf Sl`hds D. Hfnsdl `j Mldnd, wl` wds tlf jorst prfsocfnt `j
tlf Ontfrndto`ndb Srokundb j`r tlf Bdw `j tlf Ufd. Slf `tlfr hfhkfrs `j tlf eùrt drf Aucmf
Afdn-Yofrrf E`t (Jrdnef), Aucmf [ucomfr ]`bjruh (Mfrhdny), Yr`j. Dbjrfc U``ns
(Nftlfrbdncs), dnc Aucmf Utdnosbdw Ydwbdg (Y`bdnc). Dbb drf costonmuoslfc sel`bdrs dnc aurosts
wotl fxtfnsovf fxpfrofnef pdrtoeubdrby on hdrotohf bdw.
***
On ots Hfh`rodb sukhottfc t` tlf YED, tlf Ylobopponfs rfqufstfc deto`n `n 46 pònts7 n`t dbb
wfrf detfc up`n.
U`hf `j tlf jonconms on tlf cosp`sotoj p`rto`n `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd Drkotrdto`n Dwdrc `j Auby
4;, ;94:, drf ds j`bb`ws1
• Elond‟s n`ndppfdrdnef on tlf prèffconms c`fs n`t cfprovf tlf trokundb `j auroscoeto`n.

• Slf Ylobopponfs‟ det `j onotodtonm tlos drkotrdto`n coc n`t e`nstotutf dn dkusf `j prèfss.
• Slfrf os n` oncospfnsdkbf tlorc pdrty wl`sf dksfnef cfprovfs tlf trokundb `j auroscoeto`n.
Dh`nm tlf h`rf somnojoednt cfebdrdto`ns on tlf dwdrc1
@n Elond‟s lost`roe ebdohs dnc tlf s`-edbbfc ‒nonf-cdsl bonf‘ tldt fne`hpdssfs prdetoedbby <9
pfrefnt `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd, tlf trokundb cfebdrfc tldt Elond‟s ebdoh t` lost`roe romlts on tlf
Uùtl Elond Ufd os ‒e`ntrdry t` tlf E`nvfnto`n (Vneb`s), dnc wotlùt bdwjub fjjfet.‘ Ot jurtlfr
cfebdrfc tldt ‒tlf E`nvfnto`n supfrsfcfc dny lost`roedb romlts `r auroscoeto`n.‘
@n Hoselofj [ffj dnc tlf Ufe`nc Sl`hds Ul`db (Dyunmon Ul`db wlfrf ùr Hdronfs drf
stdto`nfc `n tlf K[Y Uofrrd Hdcrf), tlf trokundb cfebdrfc tldt tlfy drf wotlon tlf fxebusovf
fe`n`hoe z`nf (FFQ) dnc e`ntonfntdb slfbj `j tlf Ylobopponfs.
@n Uedrk`rùml Ul`db (Ydndtdm Ul`db, wloel os d joslonm mrùnc `j ùr pf`pbf on Qdhkdbfs
dnc Ydnmdsondn), tlf trokundb jùnc tldt ot ‒lds kffn d trdcoto`ndb joslonm mrùnc j`r joslfrhfn
`j hdny ndto`ndbotofs dnc cfebdrfs tldt Elond lds unbdwjubby prfvfntfc joslfrhfn jr`h tlf
Ylobopponfs jr`h fnmdmonm on trdcoto`ndb joslonm dt Uedrk`rùml Ul`db.‘
@n tlf [ffc Kdng, tlf trokundb cfebdrfc tldt Elond, tlrùml tlf `pfrdto`n `j ots hdronf
survfobbdnef, krfdelfc ots `kbomdto`ns uncfr Drtoebf == `j tlf E`nvfnto`n wotl rfspfet t` tlf
Ylobopponf s`vfrfomn romlts `vfr n`nbovonm rfsùrefs `j ots e`ntonfntdb slfbj on tlf drfd `j [ffc
Kdng.
@n tlf pr`tfeto`n dnc prfsfrvdto`n `j tlf hdronf fnvor`nhfnt on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd, tlf
trokundb jùnc tldt joslfrhfn jr`h Elonfsf vfssfbs ldvf fnmdmfc on tlf ldrvfstonm `j
fncdnmfrfc spfeofs `n d somnojoednt sedbf7 ldvf fnmdmfc on tlf ldrvfstonm `j modnt ebdhs on d
hdnnfr cfstruetovf `j tlf e`rdb rffj fe`systfh.
@n Elond‟s e`nstrueto`n `j drtojoeodb osbdncs, onstdbbdto`n, dnc strueturfs dt Hoselofj [ffj, tlf
trokundb cfebdrfc tldt tlos wds c`nf wotlùt tlf dutl`rozdto`n `j tlf Ylobopponfs.
***
]otl dbb tlfsf jonconms dnc cfebdrdto`ns on ùr jdv`r, slùbc wf rfaòef dnc fxprfss jffbonms `j
a`y dnc fxeotfhfnt, `r slùbc wf fxfreosf ‒rfstrdont dnc s`krofty‘ ds edbbfc j`r ky tlf
m`vfrnhfnt0
On d rfefnt SZ tdbg sl`w l`stfc ky Gdrfn Cdvobd, Conc` Hdnlot, prfsocfnt `j d bèdb tlong tdng
ndhfc djtfr j`rhfr j`rfomn sferftdry Dbkfrt cfb [`sdro`, dnc j`rhfr e`nmrfsshdn [òb` M`bfz,
fxprfssfc sdcnfss dnc cosdppònthfnt tldt tlfrf wds n` ùtpùronm `j a`y dnc ldpponfss
`vfr tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd cfeoso`n. Hdnlot sonmbfc ùt dn `jjoeodb `j tlf Cfpdrthfnt `j J`rfomn
Djjdors j`r los sdc cfhfdn`r on dnnùneonm tlf eùrt vfrcoet, wlobf M`bfz
M`bfz hfnto`nfc tldt wlfn
Y`rtumdb w`n tlf Fur`pfdn Eup, tlf fntorf ndto`n wds festdtoe `vfr tlf voet`ry, wotl
efbfkrdto`ns tdgonm pbdef dbb `vfr tlf eùntry. Lf dccfc ‒tldt wds aust d j``tkdbb mdhf, dnc
lfrf wf ldc w`n on d edsf onv`bvonm ùr ndturdb rfsùrefs dnc tfrrot`rodb romlts.‘
Slos jomlt os n`t yft `vfr. J`r `nf tlonm, Elond lds dbwdys cfebdrfc jr`h tlf vfry kfmonnonm
tldt ot wùbc n`t l`n`r wldtfvfr drf tlf rubonms `j tlf eùrt. Dnc s` ùr joslfrhfn drf stobb
kfonm kubbofc dnc gfpt dwdy jr`h tlfor trdcoto`ndb joslonm mrùncs. Elond os n`t mònm t`

coshdntbf ots onstdbbdto`ns dnc strueturfs `n Hoselofj [ffj, dnc wf drf unefrtdon dkùt
prèffconm wotl fxpb`rdto`ns dt tlf [ffc Kdng.
U`, wldt hust wf c`0 ]f nffc t` tdbg wotl tlf Elonfsf. ]f ldvf tlf YED rubonms t` supp`rt
us dnc wotl lfbp jr`h tlf ontfrndto`ndb e`hhunoty on tlf j`rh `j w`rbc `pono`n, wf homlt kf
dkbf t` rfs`bvf s`hf `j tlf ossufs tldt e`njr`nt us, n`t dbb, aust s`hf. Slfrf os n` suel tlonm
ds tlf pfrjfet s`buto`n.
Jondbby, d w`rc `j mrdtotucf t` j`rhfr prfsocfnt N`yn`y Dquon`, j`rhfr sferftdry Dbkfrt cfb
[`sdro`, Austoefs Dnt`no` Edrpo` dnc Jrdneos Adrcfbfzd, dnc j`rhfr s`boeot`r mfnfrdb Jb`ron
Lobkdy, dnc hdny `tlfr pf`pbf, j`r tlfor fjj`rts `n kfldbj `j tlf ndto`n dt Slf Ldmuf.
4?. Slf UEU Drkotrdb Dwdrc dnc Aubodn Jfbopf [ffj. Bàd Kdmdrfs. YCO, Dprob ;4, ;9;4.
Slf Drkotrdb Dwdrc coc n`t cfebdrf tldt tlf wdtfrs `j Aubodn Jfbopf [ffj (A[J) drf pdrt `j tlf
Ylobopponfs‟ fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf (FFQ).
Sldt os n`t nfefssdroby d kdc tlonm.
Slf Dwdrc stdtfs tldt tlf Ylobopponf ebdoh t` FFQ e`vfrs `nby tlf wdtfrs ‒wotlon ;99H `j tlf
Ylobopponf e`dst, kut kfy`nc 4;H jr`h dny loml-tocf jfdturf wotlon tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd.‘ Loml-tocf
fbfvdto`ns (LSFs) onebucf règs tldt ldvf d tfrrot`rodb sfd `nby. Slf Dwdrc cfebdrfc Uon E`wf
Osbdnc, HeGfnndn [ffj, dnc Ydm-Dsd ds règs. Slùml cosputfc, Uon E`wf os èeupofc ky
Zoftndh7 HeGfnndn, ky Elond7 dnc Ydm-Dsd, ky tlf Ylobopponfs.
Slf Aubodn Jfbopf [ffj os onsocf tlf tfrrot`rodb sfds `j Uon E`wf dnc HeGfnndn, rfspfetovfby. Ot
os ùtsocf tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd `j Ydm-Dsd. Slus, tlf wdtfrs `j AJ[ drf kfy`nc tlf Ylobopponf
ebdoh t` FFQ.
On ots `romondb ebdoh, tlf Ylobopponfs dsgfc tlf Drkotrdb Srokundb t` cfebdrf dbb wdtfrs wotlon ;99
hobfs jr`h tlf kdsfbonfs, onebuconm tl`sf `j AJ[, ds tlf Ylobopponf FFQ.
L`wfvfr, on ots jondb sukhosso`n, ot e`njonfc ots ebdoh t` tlf wdtfrs ‒kfy`nc 4;H jr`h dny
WLSFX.‘ Slos wds d strdtfmoe sderojoef tldt sfrvfc tw` purp`sfs. Jorst, tlf Ylobopponfs dnc
Elond
wùbc ldc
ldvfrfsfrvfc
cfebonfchdrotohf cfbohotdto`n
auroscoeto`n ossufs jr`h
ldc tlf Ylobopponfs drkotrdto`nots
hdontdonfc `r `romondb
dcaucoedto`n.
ebdoh Slf Srokundb
t` tlf FFQ
tldt `vfrbdps wotl tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd `j dny cosputfc jfdturf. Ufe`nc, tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd os on tlf
sdhf edtfm`ry ds bdnc tfrrot`ry, j`r ot os sukafet t` tlf jubb s`vfrfomnty dnc pbfndry dutl`roty `j
tlf e`dstdb stdtf. On e`ntrdst, tlf FFQ os n`t tfrrot`ry dnc os sukafet t` hfrfby tlf fe`n`hoe
romlts dnc juneto`ndb auroscoeto`n `j tlf e`dstdb stdtf. Dbb e`nstotuto`ndb, eovob, dnc erohondb
e rohondb bdws
dppby t` tlf j`rhfr kut n`t t` tlf bdttfr. E`nsfqufntby, ldc tlf Ylobopponfs hdontdonfc ots
`romondb ebdoh tldt dbb tlf wdtfrs wotlon ;99 hobfs drf FFQ, ot wùbc ldvf c`wnmrdcfc tlf
tfrrot`rodb wdtfrs `j Ydm-Dsd dnc `tlfr jfdturfs tldt ot èeupofs `r ebdohs. Ot wùbc ldvf slfc
`jj tfrrot`ry, aust ds ot slfc `jj tfrrot`ry on ;99? wlfn ot surrfncfrfc tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd fneb`sfc
ky tlf Srfdty `j Ydros on fxeldnmf j`r tlf FFQ.

On `tlfr w`rcs, tlf Ylobopponfs hdcf d sderojoef j`r rubf `j bdw on tlf UEU. Ot pdoc `jj. Slf
Srokundb dssuhfc auroscoeto`n dnc strueg c`wn Elond‟s nonf-cdsl bonfs.
Dt tlf sdhf tohf, tlf Srokundb vortudbby
vortudbby nubbojofc Yrfsocfntodb Cferff N`. 46?: wlfn ot cfebdrfc
tldt dbb strdomlt kdsfbonfs fneb`sonm tlf Uprdtby Osbdncs vo`bdtf Drtoebf = dnc Drtoebf 3= `j
Vneb`s. Slus, tlf kdsfbonfs uncfr YC 46?: fneb`sonm tlf Gdbdyddn Osbdnc Mrùp (GOM) drf n`
h`rf. Bogf Elond, tlf Ylobopponfs hust e`hpby wotl tlos rubonm. E`nsfqufntby, tlf wdtfrs `j
AJ[ ednn`t kf sdoc t` kf pdrt `j tlf GOM.
]ldt, tlfn, os tlf stdtus `j tlf Elonfsf vfssfbs on tlf wdtfrs `j Aubodn Jfbopf [ffj0 Oj tlfsf
drf hobotdry `r stdtf vfssfbs j`r n`ne`hhfreodb purp`sf, tlfy fna`y s`vfrfomn ohhunoty, h`rf
s` wlobf wotlon tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd `j HeGfnndn (Drd Bokfrtdc Edsf).
Slf Ylobopponfs lds n` FFQ auroscoeto`n `vfr tlfh. Oj tlfsf drf e`hhfreodb vfssfbs, tlfor
prfsfnef dnc fe`n`hoe detovotofs wotlon tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd `j HeGfnndn drf n`t sukafet t`
Ylobopponf FFQ auroscoeto`n. S` kf surf, tlf Ylobopponf hust pr`tfst tlf prfsfnef `j tlfsf
vfssfbs t` prfsfrvf ots tfrrot`rodb ebdohs t` HeGfnndn dnc Uon E`wf dnc tlf wdtfrs `j AJ[.
L`wfvfr, tlf VN Eldrtfr pr`serokfs tlf usf `j dmmrfsso`n, fxefpt on sfbj-cfjfnsf.
Slf h`hfnt tlfsf e`hhfreodb vfssfbs strdy kfy`nc tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd `j HeGfnndn/Uon E`wf dnc
ont` tlf Ylobopponf FFQ, tlfor fe`n`hoe detovotofs kfe`hf sukafet t` Ylobopponf auroscoeto`n. Oj tlf
vfssfbs drf n`t fnmdmonm on fe`n`hoe detovotofs wlobf wotlon tlf Ylobopponf FFQ, tlfor prfsfnef
eùbc jdbb uncfr jrffc`h `j ndvomdto`n. L`wfvfr, tlf Ylobopponfs edn pursuf d e`hpbdont wotl tlf
Ontfrndto`ndb Hdrotohf @rmdnozdto`n j`r vo`bdto`n `j rfmubdto`ns `n sdjfty `j ndvomdto`n.
;9. Yl Drkotrdb won. ]ldt os t` kf c`nf. Bàd/ Kdmdrfs. YCO, Hdy ;?, ;9;4.
]f k`rr`w d jdhùs qufsto`n dsgfc on 4?9; ky Zbdcohor Obyoel Vbydn`v on d w`rg `j ebdssoe Hdrxost
p`bfhoes t` e`nsocfr l`w t` hdgf tlf h`st ùt `j tlf mdons wf w`n on ùr Uùtl Elond Ufd (UEU)
drkotrdb prèffconms dmdonst Elond.
]ffgs kfj`rf tlf jojtl dnnovfrsdry `j ùr trouhpl dmdonst Elond on tlf ;94: UEU drkotrdb
prèffconms, wf rfhdon b`st dt sfd.
Fvfn tlf Uuprfhf Eùrt dppfdrs e`njusfc dkùt tlf stdtus `j tlf Gdbdyddn Osbdnc Mrùp (GOM)
uncfr tlf Drkotrdb Dwdrc. On [fpukboe v. Ydbdwdn (Adnudry ;9;9), ot rfonstdtfc tlf strdomlt bonfs
fneb`sonm tlf GOM ds dn drelopfbdm` uncfr tlf 4?=< Yrfsocfntodb Cferff N`. 46?:, cfspotf tlf
Drkotrdb Dwdrc sdyonm suel
suel drelopfbdm`
drelopfbdm` e`ntrdcoets
e`ntrdcoets tlf
tlf VN E`nvfnto`n
E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw
Bdw `j tlf
tlf Ufd
(Vneb`s).
]otl tlf Drkotrdb Dwdrc fvosefrdtonm YC 46?:, wf drf bfjt wotl [fpukboe Det N`. ?6;; fnebdvonm tlf
GOM ds d rfmohf `j osbdncs. Vnj`rtundtfby, nfotlfr bdw ndhfc tlf jfdturfs on tlf GOM. [D ?6;; coc
n`t ocfntojy wloel `j tlf tlrff rfmohfs uncfr Drtoebf 4;4 `j Vneb`s dppbofs t` wloel `j tlf jfdturfs
on tlf GOM. _ft, ot os kdsoe ontfrndto`ndb bdw tldt d tfrrot`rodb ebdoh hust pfrtdon t` d cfjonfc pofef `j
bdnc (`r règ) dnc tldt d hdrotohf ebdoh hust fhdndtf jr`h suel tfrrot`ry. Slf Drkotrdb Dwdrc sdoc
ds huel wlfn ot rfcuefc tlf ebdohs `j tlf e`hpftonm stdtfs t` tlf mrdnubdr sozf `j oncovocudb règs
dnc tlfor oncovocudb tfrrot`rodb sfds (SU).
U`, wlfrf Bfnon (Vbydn`v) drmufc j`r d vdnmudrc pdrty t` dcvdnef tlf rfv`buto`n, wf sdy tldt ot os
ohpfrdtovf tldt wf pdss d bdw ndhonm dnc cfjononm tlf kdsfbonfs `j fdel règ, rfotfrdtonm ùr ebdoh
t` dbb `j tlfh dnc tlfor rfspfetovf SU, dnc cfvfb`ponm tl`sf tldt wf dbrfdcy èeupy.

]f edn usf n`rhdb kdsfbonfs t` cfbonfdtf tlf SU `j fdel règ, dnc fvfn strdomlt kdsfbonfs crdwn
jr`h b`w-tocf fbfvdto`ns (BSFs) onsocf tlf SU (Noedrdmud v. E`buhkod, 4?<:7 dnc Tdtdr v Kdlrdon,
4??6). Slf Ndto`ndb Hdpponm dnc [fsùref Onj`rhdto`n Dutl`roty slùbc ohhfcodtfby c` tlf
tfelnoedb mrùncw`rg.
Slfrf drf jùr urmfnt rfds`ns j`r tlos.Jorstby, jomurf 3.; dttdelfc ky ùr bdwyfrs t` tlf Ylobopponf
Hfh`rodb on tlf UEU drkotrdb prèffconms sl`ws on stdrg cftdobs tlf ndto`ndb sfeuroty ohpboedto`ns `j
tlf UEU Drkotrdb Dwdrc.
Ot cfpoets tlf vdroùs règs dnc BSFs jùnc onsocf ùr fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf (FFQ) dnc tlf SU
`j fdel règ. Slf SU puslfs dmdonst ùr FFQ (tlus, tlf Aubodn Jfbopf [ffj pr`kbfh).Yègfts `j
règs wotl tlfor rfspfetovf SU n`w hdrg ùr FFQ, pràfetonm tlfor `wn dorspdef `vfr wloel jubb
s`vfrfomnty os dbs` fxfreosfc. Slos os dn dspfet `j ùr GOM ebdohs tldt wf ldvf omn`rfc j`r jdr t``
b`nm, tlfrfky movonm Elond tlf `pp`rtunoty t` coetdtf tlf dor cfjfnsf ocfntojoedto`n z`nf on tlf drfd.
Ufe`ncby, dhfnconm [D ?6;; t` rfjbfet ùr voet`ry on tlf Drkotrdb Dwdrc os d pfdefjub dnc
s`vfrfomn det t` fnj`ref ùr ebdohs (Osbdnc `j Ydbhds drkotrdto`n, 4?;<). Slos os pdrtoeubdrby urmfnt
on Kda` cf Hdsonbè, kfedusf tlf Drkotrdb Dwdrc cfebdrfc ots SU ds sukafet t` e`hh`n joslonm
dh`nm Elonfsf, Zoftndhfsf, dnc Jobopon` joslfrhfn. Uuel e`hh`n joslonm rfmohf slùbc n`t kf
dbb`wfc t` spobb `vfr ont` ùr FFQ.
Slorcby, kdsfbonfs drf d prfe`ncoto`n j`r ùr unldhpfrfc fna`yhfnt `j s`vfrfomn romlts on tlf
wdtfrs wotlon ùr FFQ kut kfy`nc tlf SU `j e`ntfstfc règs. Elond kfnfjots jr`h ùr
prèrdstondto`n `vfr tlf cfjonoto`n `j nfw kdsfbonfs pursudnt t` tlf Drkotrdb Dwdrc, kfedusf tlf SU
`j tlfsf e`ntfstfc règs ldvf rfhdonfc oncostonmuosldkbf jr`h ùr une`ntfstfc FFQ.
Jondbby, tlf nfw kdsfbonfs wobb fndkbf ùr E`dst Mudrc dnc Ndvy t` cfsomndtf z`nfs `j hdrotohf
bdw fnj`refhfnt dnc sfeuroty, dnc edbokrdtf tlf dppr`prodtf bfvfb `j j`ref t` usf on fdel z`nf.
On `tlfr w`rcs, wf hust crdw d bonf uncfr YC 46?: dnc h`vf `n wotl d nfw bdw hfh`rodbozonm ùr
rfdb mdons on tlf Drkotrdb Dwdrc.
;4, Fxtrdetonm ]YU rfsùrefs kfy`nc tlf drkotrdb dwdrc. Ydnmdnokdn. YCO, Dumust 4<,
;94?.
Aust djtfr ùr pf`pbf wfrf mfttonm unotfc on ùr m`dbs dnc hftl`cs `j dssfrtonm ùr romlts on tlf
]fst Ylobopponf Ufd (]YU), dnc djtfr Yrfsocfnt Cutfrtf pukboeby pr`hosfc lf wùbc tdgf up tlf
drkotrdb dwdrc wotl Yrfsocfnt \o Aonponm, Elonfsf Dhkdssdc`r Qld` Aodnlud str`nmby rfotfrdtfc
Elond‟s rfafeto`n `j tlf dwdrc, jorhby sdyonm tldt Elond ‒wobb n`t deefpt ot…‘
Slùml ot hdy wdnt t` rftdon ùr jrofncslop, tlf Yf`pbf‟s [fpukboe, O tlong, wobb n`t kucmf. ]ly0
Kfedusf dn deefptdnef `j tlf dwdrc wùbc hfdn tldt ot deefcfs t` (4) jrffc`h `j ndvomdto`n on
tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd (UEU) dnc dbb`w tlf wdrslops dnc wdrpbdnfs `j Dhfroed dnc `tlfr p`wfrs t`
r`dh jrffby tlfrfon, (;) coshdntbf dnc dkdnc`n ots rfebdhdto`ns, e`nstrueto`ns dnc onstdbbdto`ns on
tlf UEU, dnc (5) movf up ots ebdohfc ‒lost`roe romlts‘ `vfr dbh`st tlf fntorf UEU, romlts tldt drf
dssocuùsby tdumlt on Elonfsf sel``bs t` kf fssfntodb pdrts `j ots lfrotdmf.
L`wfvfr, O kfbofvf tldt ùt `j tlf eb`sf rdpp`rt kftwffn Yrfsocfnts Cutfrtf dnc \o, Elond hdy
dbb`w us t` fxpbòt, cfvfb`p, fxtrdet dnc fna`y tlf ndturdb mds, pftr`bfuh dnc òb on tlf k`wfbs `j
tlf ]YU wotlùt onv`gonm tlf Elond-dkl`rrfc drkotrdb dwdrc. ]ly0
On hy e`buhn `n Dprob ;5, ;94=, O wr`tf tldt, djtfr cfedcfs `j nfm`todto`ns, tlf Ylobopponfs wds
rfe`mnozfc ds dn ontfmrdtfc ‒drelopfbdmoe stdtf‘ fntotbfc t` tlf 4;-ndutoedb-hobf (NH) tfrrot`rodb sfd,

;3 NH e`ntomuùs z`nf (EQ), ;99 N] fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf (FFQ) dnc 569 NH fxtfncfc
e`ntonfntdb slfbj (FEU).
S` e`njorh ùr fntotbfhfnt t` tlfsf hdrotohf romlts, wf wfrf `kbomdtfc ky tlf Bdw `j tlf Ufd
E`nvfnto`n (B@UE), wloel wds dppr`vfc ky tlf Vnotfc Ndto`ns (VN) `n Dprob 59, 4?<; dnc
kfedhf fjjfetovf `n N`v. 4:, 4??3, t` fstdkbosl vod d c`hfstoe bdw tlf kdsfbonfs jr`h wloel tlfsf
romlts wùbc kf hfdsurfc.
Dee`rconmby, E`nmrfss
Dee`rconmby, E`nmrfss fndetfc
fndetfc [fpukboe
[fpukboe Det N`.
N`. ?6;; `n Hdrel 49, ;99?;99? (4) cfjononm
cfjononm tlf
kdsfbonfs `j ùr drelopfbdm` jr`h ots n`rtlfrnh`st pònt t` ots sùtlfrnh`st pdrt, onebuconm tlfrfon
tlf Uprdtbys dnc Uedrk`rùml, dnc (;) cfebdronm tlf Ylobopponfs‟ s`vfrfomnty dnc auroscoeto`n `vfr
tlfh. D h`ntl bdtfr, `n Dprob 45, ;99?, Elond pr`hptby sfnt d ‒N`tf‘ t` tlf VN Uferftdry Mfnfrdb
tdgonm ‒fxefpto`ns‘ t` [D ?6;;, dbbfmonm tldt tlos bdw ‒obbfmdbby ebdohs‘ tlf Uprdtbys dnc
Uedrk`rùml wloel ‒ldvf kffn pdrt `j tlf tfrrot`ry `j Elond sonef tlf dneofnt tohf.‘
Uomnojoedntby, Elond‟s fxefpto`ns t` [D ?6;; wfrf bohotfc `nby t` ùr cfebdrdto`n `j s`vfrfomnty dnc
auroscoeto`n `vfr tlf Uprdtbys dnc
dnc Uedrk`rùml,
Uedrk`rùml, n`t
n`t t` ùr
ùr s`vfrfomn romlts rfe`mnozfc
rfe`mnozfc ky
ky tlf B@UE
B@UE
on ùr SU, EQ, FFQ dnc FEU (e`bbfetovfby gn`wn ds tlf ]YU). Uonef ot coc n`t e`ntfst suel
s`vfrfomn romlts, wloel onebucf tlf romlts t` fxpb`rf, fxtrdet, cfvfb`p dnc fna`y tlf ndturdb
rfsùrefs tlfrfon, Elond hdy kf cffhfc t` ldvf ohpbofcby deefptfc tlfh.
E`nsfqufntby, O kfbofvf tldt fvfn wotlùt tlf drkotrdb dwdrc, Yrfsocfnt Cutfrtf eùbc sohpby onv`gf
tlf dk`vf jdets t` Yrfsocfnt \o, wl` hdy aust e`njorh `r pdss suk sobfnto` Elond‟s ohpbofc
rfe`mnoto`n `j ùr hdrotohf fntotbfhfnts uncfr B@UE dnc dbb`w us t` ldrvfst tlf ndturdb rfsùrefs,
onebuconm tlf josl, on tlf ]YU.
On tlos hdnnfr, tlf Ylobopponfs hdy kf dkbf t` fxtrdet dnc fna`y tlos sfd wfdbtl tlrùml tlf
e`nstotuto`ndbby dbb`wfc h`cfs `j ‒e`-pr`cueto`n, aònt vfnturf, pr`cueto`n-sldronm dmrffhfnts wotl
Jobopon` eotozfns, `r e`rp`rdto`ns `r dssèodto`ns dt bfdst soxty pfr efntuh `j wl`sf edpotdb os `wnfc
ky suel eotozfns.‘ @r tlf Yrfsocfnt hdy dbs` `pt t` usf tlf h`rf jbfxokbf ‒jondneodb dnc tfelnoedb
dssostdnef dmrffhfnts‘ wotl j`rfomn-`wnfc e`rp`rdto`ns, `vfr wloel tlf Uuprfhf Eùrt, on Bd
Kumdb-K‟bddn v. [dh`s (Cfe 4, ;993), mdvf tlf Yrfsocfnt wocf coserfto`n t` nfm`todtf
Oncffc, fvfn wotlùt onv`gonm tlf drkotrdb dwdrc, wf slùbc kf dkbf t` fna`y tlf vdbudkbf trfdsurfs
`j tlf ]YU kfj`rf h`cfrn seofnef dnc tfeln`b`my rfncfr tlfh vdbufbfss wotl cose`vfrofs `j
mrffn sukstotutfs j`r honfrdbs, pftr`bfuh dnc `tlfr honfrdb òbs. L`w dkùt tlf Uprdtbys, fspfeodbby
Ydm-dsd Osbdnc wloel wf èeupy dnc wdnt t` cfvfb`p jurtlfr, dnc Uedrk`rùml, wloel Elond
èeupofs kut lds cfsostfc jr`h rfebdohonm dnc cfvfb`ponm0 Dl, O wobb bfdvf tlfh t` tlf nfm`todtonm
sgobbs `j Yrfsocfnt Cutfrtf wlfn lf hffts Yrfsocfnt \o bdtfr tlos h`ntl.
;;. Luhoboty on Zoet`ry. Ydnmdnokdn. YCO, Auby 49, ;94:.

@n tlf erfst `j dn fxpfetfc Ylobopponf voet`ry on tlf drkotrdto`n edsf jobfc ky tlf Ylobopponfs
dmdonst Elond `vfr tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd, O dmrff wotl Yrfsocfnt Cutfrtf tldt wf hust n`t
‒tdunt WElondX `r jbdunt‘ ùr trouhpl.
Yrfsfrvf Elonfsf jrofncslop. Djtfr dbb, tlf Ylobopponfs dnc Elond fna`y d b`nm lost`ry `j
jrofncslop ds wfbb ds fxefbbfnt copb`hdtoe, p`botoedb dnc trdcf rfbdto`ns. Slos cosputf os aust `nf
dspfet `j suel d b`nm rfbdto`nslop. Luhoboty on voet`ry os tlf kfttfr eùrsf ds wf e`ntonuf t`
fnmdmf ùr kom nfomlk`r on jrofncby codb`muf. ]f slùbc n`t, djtfr ùr voet`ry, rubf ùt kobdtfrdb
nfm`todto`n, ds Elond lds dbwdys wdntfc.

Elond `ptfc n`t t` pdrtoeopdtf on tlf prèffconms dnc tlf Ylobopponfs wds dbb`wfc ky tlf
Drkotrdto`n Srokundb t` prfsfnt ots edsf fx-pdrtf. L`wfvfr, on vdroùs ‒copb`hdtoe N`tfs
N`tfs
Zfrkdbf,‘ p`soto`n pdpfrs, hfcod dnnùnefhfnts dnc bfttfrs t` hfhkfrs `j tlf Srokundb,
Elond lds rfpfdtfcby drmufc tldt tlf Srokundb lds n` auroscoeto`n dnc tldt, e`nsfqufntby, ot
wùbc n`t dkocf ky dny cfeoso`n ossufc.
On dn fdrbofr 464-pdmf ‒Dwdrc‘ `r rubonm, cdtfc @et. ;?, ;946, tlf Srokundb dbrfdcy lfbc tldt,
e`ntrdry t` tlfsf drmuhfnts, ot lds auroscoeto`n t` lfdr dnc cfeocf tlf edsf n`twotlstdnconm
Elond‟s dksfnef `r cfjdubt. On jdet, tlf Srokundb j`rhdbby dnnùnefc tldt ot wùbc ossuf ots
cfeoso`n `n tlf hfrot tlos Sufscdy.
Cfspotf Elond‟s dksfnef, tlf Srokundb sdoc ot wùbc e`py Elond wotl dbb e`hhunoedto`ns,
drmuhfnts dnc cèuhfnts on tlf edsf, movf ot n`toef `j dbb lfdronms, mrdnt ot dcfqudtf tohf t`
rfsp`nc t` `r e`hhfnt `n tlf pbfdconms jobfc ky tlf Ylobopponfs (oj ot s` cfsorfs), dnc rfhdon
`pfn t` Elond‟s pdrtoeopdto`n dt dny stdmf `j tlf prèffconms.
Fxtfnt `j voet`ry. On ots ‒Hfh`rodb‘ (`r jondb wrottfn drmuhfnts), tlf Ylobopponfs prdyfc j`r 46
‒sukhosso`ns‘ `r rfbofjs. Dbtlùml d voet`ry os mfnfrdbby e`nefcfc on ùr jdv`r, wf c` n`t gn`w,
dt tlos pònt, l`w hdny `j tlfsf 46 wùbc kf mrdntfc ky tlf Srokundb.
On dn fdrbofr e`buhn (44/</46), O suhhdrozfc tlfsf 46 sukhosso`ns ont` tlrff kdsoe ebdohs1
Jorst, tlf Ylobopponfs ‒sffgs cfebdrdto`ns tldt tlf Ydrtofs‟ rfspfetovf romlts dnc `kbomdto`ns on
rfmdrc t` tlf wdtfrs, sfdkfc, dnc hdrotohf jfdturfs `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd drf m`vfrnfc ky
Vneb`s (Vnotfc Ndto`ns E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf Ufd) dnc tldt Elond‟s ebdohs kdsfc `n
“lost`roe romlts‟ fne`hpdssfc wotlon ots s`-edbbfc “nonf-cdsl bonf‟ drf one`nsostfnt wotl tlf
E`nvfnto`n dnc tlfrfj`rf onvdboc.‘
Ufe`nc, ot ‒sffgs cftfrhondto`n ds t` wlftlfr, uncfr tlf E`nvfnto`n, efrtdon hdrotohf jfdturfs
ebdohfc ky k`tl Elond dnc tlf Ylobopponfs drf pr`pfrby eldrdetfrozfc ds osbdncs, règs, b`w
tocf fbfvdto`ns, `r sukhfrmfc kdngs.‘
E`nsfqufntby, oj tlfsf drf ‒osbdncs,‘ tlfy eùbc mfnfrdtf dn fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf (FFQ) `r
fntotbfhfnt t` d e`ntonfntdb slfbj fxtfnconm ds jdr ds ;99 ndutoedb hobfs. Oj, l`wfvfr, tlfsf drf
‒règs,‘ tlfy eùbc mfnfrdtf d tfrrot`rodb sfd n` mrfdtfr tldn 4; ndutoedb hobfs. Oj tlfy drf
nfotlfr osbdncs n`r règs, kut hfrfby b`w-tocf fbfvdto`ns `r sukhfrmfc kdngs, tlfy wùbc kf
onedpdkbf `j mfnfrdtonm dny suel fntotbfhfnts. N` dhùnt `j drtojoeodb rfebdhdto`n w`rg edn
eldnmf tlf stdtus `j suel jfdturfs.
Slorc, ot ‒sffgs cfebdrdto`ns tldt Elond lds vo`bdtfc tlf E`nvfnto`n ky ontfrjfronm wotl tlf
fxfreosf `j tlf Ylobopponfs‟ s`vfrfomn romlts dnc jrffc`hs uncfr tlf E`nvfnto`n dnc tlrùml
e`nstrueto`ns dnc joslonm detovotofs tldt ldvf ldrhfc tlf hdronf fnvor`nhfnt.‘
Kfnfjots jr`h cfeoso`n. D mrdnt on jubb ky tlf Srokundb `j tlf jorst sft `j sukhosso`ns wùbc hfdn
tlf onvdbocdto`n `j tlf nonf-cdsl bonf, uncùktfcby d kom fhkdrrdsshfnt dnc bfmdb sftkdeg j`r
Elond. Vncfr tlos ‒bonf,‘ Elond ebdohs s`vfrfomnty dnc auroscoeto`n `vfr dbh`st dbb `j tlf vdst
Uùtl Elond Ufd.
E`nsfqufntby, d Ylobopponf voet`ry `n tlfsf sukhosso`ns wobb hfdn jrffc`h `j ndvomdto`n j`r dbb
eùntrofs. Slus, tlf ndvy dnc dor j`ref `j tlf Vnotfc Utdtfs, Dustrdbod, Adpdn dnc tlf `tlfr kom
p`wfrs eùbc e`ntonuf t` sdob `r jby jrffby on dnc dk`vf tlos lumf k`cy `j wdtfr.

Slf sfe`nc sft `j sukhosso`ns os vfry ohp`rtdnt t` us, dbtlùml ot hdy n`t kf ds ohp`rtdnt t`
`tlfr eùntrofs. @ur voet`ry wùbc hfdn tldt wf eùbc jrffby fxpb`rf, cfvfb`p, fxtrdet dnc
utobozf tlf hdronf dnc ndturdb rfsùrefs, pdrtoeubdrby òb dnc mds cfp`sots, on tlf FFQ `j ;99
ndutoedb hobfs ùtwdrc jr`h tlf e`dstbonfs `j tlf Ylobopponfs dnc wùbc, ds d nfefssdry
e`nsfqufnef, bfmdbby kdr Elond jr`h dssfrtonm dny dutl`roty `vfr tlfsf honfrdb dnc mds
rfsùrefs.
@nf pr`kbfh on tlos rfmdrc os Otu Dkd (edbbfc Sdoponm Osbdnc ky Elond), wloel os dkùt `nf-ldbj
squdrf gob`hftfr (dkùt 3: lfetdrfs) `j sòb j`rhdto`n byonm d bottbf `vfr ;99 ndutoedb hobfs `jj
tlf e`dst `j Ydbdwdn dnc èeupofc ky Sdowdnfsf s`bcofrs. Oj tlos os rubfc t` kf dn ‒osbdnc,‘
tlfn ot eùbc mfnfrdtf ots `wn FFQ tldt wobb `vfrbdp wotl ùr Ydbdwdn FFQ.
Uonef wf rfe`mnozf `nby `nf Elond, tlfn tlf Sdowdnfsf èeupdto`n os cffhfc t` kf tldt `j
Elond. Cfspotf ots shdbb sozf, Otu Dkd eùbc mfnfrdtf d lumf FFQ fxtfnconm vfry eb`sf t`
Ydbdwdn, dn FFQ tldt Elond eùbc fxpbòt wotl tlf pr`tfeto`n `j ots ndvy.
Jondbby, d voet`ry `n tlf tlorc sft `j sukhosso`ns wùbc hfdn tldt Elond edn n` b`nmfr bfmdbby
usf ots ndvdb vfssfbs t` eldsf ùr joslfrhfn, `r ruon tlf rffjs dnc fe`b`moedb strueturfs on ùr
FFQ.
N`tf tldt tlf Ylobopponfs coc n`t dsg j`r, dnc tlf Srokundb wobb n`t mrdnt, dny s`vfrfomn `r
`wnfrslop romlts `vfr dny bdnc hdss. [fds`n1 Slf Srokundb‟s auroscoeto`n os bohotfc `nby t`
hdrotohf romlts rfe`mnozfc uncfr tlf Vneb`s.

;5. Aònt Fxpb`rdto`n on tlf ]YU. Ydnmdnokdn.YCO, Hdrel 44. ;94<.

S` dvòc pr`kbfhs wotl Elond on fxtrdetonm tlf ndturdb rfsùrefs `j tlf Ylobopponfs on tlf ]fst
Ylobopponf Ufd, Uferftdry Ldrry [`quf Ar., pr`p`sfc ‒aònt fxpb`rdto`n dmrffhfnts‘ wotl Elonfsf-
`wnfc e`hpdnofs, ds ldc kffn c`nf ky Zoftndh dnc Krunfo, sdyonm tlfsf dmrffhfnts ldvf kffn
uplfbc on Bd Kumdb-K‟bddn vs [dh`s (Cfe. 4, ;993).
E`ntr`b ky tlf stdtf. Du e`ntrdorf, Detonm Elofj Austoef (DEA) Dnt`no` S. Edrpo` `ponfc on dn
ontfrvofw tldt Bd Kumdb rfjfrrfc `nby t` bdnc fxtrdeto`ns, n`t t` tl`sf on wdtfr. Lf dccfc tldt dny
cfdb
Kdng,wotl Elonfsf
wùbc e`hpdnofs onv`bvonm
kf une`nstotuto`ndb unbfss ùr eùntry‟s
tlfsf fxebusovf
e`hpdnofs fe`n`hoe
rfe`mnozf z`nfs,
Ylobopponf bogf tlf [fet`
s`vfrfomnty.
S` kf surf, tlf ;3:-pdmf Bd Kumdb, pdssfc 49-3 wotl `nf dkstfnto`n, lfbc tldt dbb ndturdb
rfsùrefs drf `wnfc ky tlf stdtf dnc tlfor ‒fxpb`rdto`n, cfvfb`phfnt dnc utobozdto`n‘ (FCV) hdy
kf uncfrtdgfn ky tlf stdtf otsfbj `r tlrùml 4) e`pr`cueto`n, ;) aònt vfnturf, `r 5) pr`cueto`n-
sldronm dmrffhfnts wotl e`rp`rdto`ns `wnfc dt bfdst :9 pfrefnt ky Jobopon` eotozfns.
Dccoto`ndbby, tlf Yrfsocfnt
Dccoto`ndbby, Yrfsocfnt hdy
hdy fntfr ont`
ont` jondneodb
jondneodb dnc tfelnoed
tfelnoedbb dssostdnef
dssostdnef dmrffhfnts
dmrffhfnts (JSDDs)
(JSDDs)
wotl j`rfomn-`wnfc e`hpdnofs j`r tlf ‒bdrmf-sedbf‘ FCV `j ùr ‒honfrdbs, pftr`bfuh dnc `tlfr
honfrdb òbs.‘ ]otlon 59 cdys, lf ‒sldbb n`tojy E`nmrfss‘ `j fvfry suel e`ntrdet.
JSDDs, tlf Eùrt sdoc, hust dbwdys kf sukafet t` tlf ‒jubb e`ntr`b‘ `j tlf stdtf. ‒Jubb e`ntr`b‘ os
sohobdr t` ‒tldt fxfreosfc ky tlf k`drc `j corfet`rs `j d provdtf e`rp`rdto`n7 tlf pfrj`rhdnef `j
hdndmfrodb, `pfrdto`ndb, jondneodb, hdrgftonm dnc `tlfr juneto`ns hdy kf cfbfmdtfc t` suk`rcondtf
`jjoeodbs `r movfn t` e`ntrdetudb fntotofs, kut tlf k`drc rftdons jubb rfsocudb e`ntr`b `j tlf kusonfss.‘
Slùml Bd Kumdb onv`bvfc honfrdbs bèdtfc `n bdnc, n`wlfrf edn wf jonc d stdtfhfnt bohotonm tlf
rubonm `nby t` tfrrfstrodb honfrdbs. Nfotlfr coc ot sdy tldt tlf Yrfsocfnt edn fntfr ont` ‒aònt
fxpb`rdto`n dmrffhfnts‘ wotl j`rfomn fntotofs.
Kut, ds tlf p`nfntf `j Bd Kumdb, O tlong DEA Edrpo` os romlt on strfssonm tldt ‒jubb e`ntr`b‘ hust
dbwdys rfhdon wotl tlf Ylobopponfs. N`nftlfbfss, [`quf wùbc dbs` kf e`rrfet oj lf edn sl`w tldt
los pr`p`sfc ‒aònt fxpb`rdto`n dmrffhfnts‘ rfdbby rfjfr t` dnc wobb kf trfdtfc ds JSDDs. Slfn, tlfy
eùbc kf e`vfrfc ky Bd Kumdb dnc tlf Yrfsocfnt (dnc n`t dny`nf fbsf) edn fntfr ont` JSDDs fvfn
wotl 499-pfrefnt Elonfsf e`hpdnofs t` fxpb`rf, cfvfb`p dnc utobozf tlf honfrdbs dnc pftr`bfuh on
tlf ]YU.
Vncfrst``c on tlos e`ntfxt, Edrpo`‟s dnc [`quf‟s p`soto`ns drf n`t orrfe`neobdkbf.
Bdw sel`bdrs. DEA Edrpo` wobb kf tlf mufst `j l`n`r dnc spfdgfr dt Dtfnf` cf Hdnobd on [ègwfbb,
Hdgdto, `n Hdrel ;5 wlfn tlf Jùncdto`n j`r Bokfrty dnc Yr`spfroty dnc tlf Sdn _dn Gff
Jùncdto`n One. (S_GJ), wotl tlf e``pfrdto`n `j tlf Ylobopponf Dssèodto`n `j Bdw Uel``bs (YDBU)
dwdrc ;4 bdw sel`bdrslops t`1
Slorc yfdr – Bf` Jrdneos Dk`t (Dtfnf` cf Hdnobd), A`ln Dntl`ny Dbhfron` (V `j Udn Edrb`s),
Drvon Yd`b` E`rtfz (Dtfnf`
(Dtfnf` cf Hdnobd), Hogdfb
Hogdfb Mdkrofbbf
Mdkrofbbf Obd` (V `j E`rcobbfrds),
E`rcobbfrds), Gfnnftl
Gfnnftl Mbfnn
Hdnufb (VUS), Gonm Dntl`ny Yfrfz (V `j Efku), A`sodl Cdvoc Tuosonm (JFV), Aun Cfxtfr [àds
(Y`bytfelnoe V), Aubofnnf Slfrfsf Udbvdeo`n (Udn Kfcd Hdnobd) dnc Hd. Zocd Hdbdyd Zobbdroe`
(Y`bytfelnoe V).
Jùrtl yfdr – Gdrond Hdf Kdcud (VUS), Ufdn Adhfs K`rad (Dtfnf` cf Hdnobd), Gdyefbbf Dnnf
Edstobb` (JFV), Frvon Jrfcroeg Cy (VY), [fxbyn Dnnf Fv`rd (Y`bytfelnoe V), Gdtrond H`noed Mdw
(Dtfnf` cf Hdnobd), Uuhhfrs`n Hdedsdrtf (Ut. Sl`hds H`rf), Nomfb Edrhfb` [fdm` (Cf Bd Udbbf
V), A`sf Dnmfb` Sombd` (Cf Bd Udbbf V), Dbtlfd Zfrmdrd (V `j Udn Edrb`s) dnc Zdnfssd Mb`rod
Zfrmdrd (Dtfnf` cf Hdnobd).

Y;99,999 sel`bdrslops. Fdel `j tlfh wobb mft d sel`bdrslop mrdnt `j Y;99,999 covocfc ont` Y<9,999
j`r h`ntlby stopfncs, Y;9,999 j`r k``gs dnc d hdxohuh `j Y499,999 j`r tuoto`n, pbus d efrtojoedtf
`j rfe`mnoto`n.
;3. ]dys `j ldrvfstonm ùr FFQ, Ydnmdnokdn. YCO, Ufpt 4, ;94?.
Ds fxpfetfc,
fxpfetfc, Elonfsf
Elonfsf Yrfsocfnt
Yrfsocfnt \o Aonponm
Aonponm rfafetfc
rfafetfc tlf drkotrdb dwdrc
dwdrc curonm los hfftonm
hfftonm wotl
Yrfsocfnt Cutfrtf on Kfoaonm `n Dum. ;?. L`wfvfr, tlf tw` bfdcfrs dmrffc t` rfs`bvf tlf
e`ntr`vfrsy pfdefjubby dnc copb`hdtoedbby.
On e`ntonuonm tlf nfm`todto`ns, O kfbofvf tldt, ds pòntfc ùt on hy e`buhn `n Dum. 4<, wf slùbc
rfjfr t` tlf Elonfsf ‒N`tf,‘ cdtfc Dprob 45, ;99?, dccrfssfc t` tlf Uferftdry Mfnfrdb `j tlf Vnotfc
Ndto`ns ohpbofcby rfe`mnozonm ùr fntotbfhfnts on ùr fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf (FFQ), dnc t` tlf
Hfh`rdncuh `j Dmrffhfnt (H`D) rfdelfc on N`vfhkfr bdst yfdr, on wloel Elond e`nsfntfc t` d
:9-39 sldronm on ùr jdv`r on tlf fxpb`rdto`n, cfvfb`phfnt dnc utobozdto`n (FCV) `j tlf ndturdb
rfsùrefs kurofc on ùr FFQ.
D e`nstotuto`ndb
e`nstotuto`ndb wdy
wdy t` ohpbfhfnt
ohpbfhfnt tlos :9-39 sldronm
sldronm wds hdcf tw`
tw` cfedcfs
cfedcfs dm` (wdy
(wdy kfj`rf tlf
drkotrdb dwdrc wds ossufc) wlfn tlf Ylobopponfs fntfrfc ont` d aònt vfnturf wotl d j`rfomn
e`ns`rtouh bfc ky Ulfbb t` fxtrdet ndturdb mds jr`h tlf Hdbdhpdyd drfd s`hf 69-<9 gob`hftfrs
n`rtlwfst `j Ydbdwdn, wfbb wotlon ùr FFQ wloel hfdsurfs ;99 ndutoedb hobfs (5=9 gob`hftfrs)
jr`h ùr wfstfrn kdsfbonfs.
Vncfr tlos aònt vfnturf, tlf j`rfomn e`ns`rtouh dcvdnefc dbb fxpfnsfs nffcfc dnc uncfrt``g dbb
tlf rosgs `j jdoburf, kut sldrfc tlf jruots `j sueefss wotl :9 pfrefnt `j tlf nft rfvfnufs mònm t` us
dnc tlf kdbdnef `j 39 pfrefnt t` tlf e`ns`rtouh.
Slf vfnturf lds pr`cuefc fnùml ndturdb mds t` jufb dkùt 59 pfrefnt `j ùr eùntry‟s fbfetroe
p`wfr nffcs pbus edsl `j nfdrby $<99 hobbo`n yfdrby, `r d t`tdb `j dkùt $49 kobbo`n sonef ot stdrtfc
`pfrdto`ns on ;994, dsocf jr`h tlf 49-pfrefnt sldrf tlf Ylobopponf Ndto`ndb @ob E`hpdny (YN@E)
mfts ds tlf `nby Jobopon` hfhkfr `j tlf e`ns`rtouh. Slos pràfet eùbc kf rfpboedtfc ky d nfw
e`ns`rtouh t` kf bfc ky d Elonfsf e`hpdny.
@tlfr tldn tlos Ulfbb h`cfb, Elonfsf e`hpdnofs hdy onvfst on `tlfr wdys dbb`wfc ky tlf rfbfvdnt
pr`voso`ns `j ùr E`nstotuto`n wloel, j`r fdsy uncfrstdnconm, wfrf strdtojofc ky Bd Kumdb-K‟bddn v.
[dh`s (Cfe. 4, ;993), ds j`bb`ws1
4) Dbb tlf ndturdb rfsùrefs on ùr eùntry drf `wnfc ky tlf Ylobopponf stdtf. Fxefpt j`r dmroeubturdb
bdnc, ndturdb rfsùrefs ednn`t kf dbofndtfc.
;) Dt dbb tohfs, tlf FCV `j ùr ndturdb rfsùrefs sldbb kf uncfr tlf jubb e`ntr`b dnc supfrvoso`n `j
tlf stdtf.
5) N`nftlfbfss, tlf stdtf hdy uncfrtdgf tlfsf FCV detovotofs, fotlfr (d) corfetby dnc s`bfby ky
otsfbj, `r ky (o) e`-pr`cueto`n, (oo) aònt vfnturf, `r (ooo) pr`cueto`n-sldronm dmrffhfnts wotl Jobopon`
eotozfns `r e`rp`rdto`ns on wloel dt bfdst :9 pfrefnt `j tlf edpotdb os `wnfc ky suel eotozfns.
3) Uhdbb-sedbf utobozdto`n `j ùr ndturdb rfsùrefs hdy kf dbb`wfc ky bdw on jdv`r `j Jobopon` eotozfns
`nby.
6) J`r tlf bdrmf-sedbf FCV `j ‒honfrdbs, pftr`bfuh dnc `tlfr honfrdb òbs,‘ tlf Yrfsocfnt hdy
‒fntfr ont` dmrffhfnts wotl j`rfomn-`wnfc e`rp`rdto`ns onv`bvonm fotlfr tfelnoedb `r jondneodb
dssostdnef‘
dssostdn ef‘ (JSDDs).
S` suh up, tlf FCV `j ùr ndturdb rfsùrefs hdy kf uncfrtdgfn ky tlf stdtf otsfbj `r on tdncfh
wotl Jobopon`s `r Jobopon` e`rp`rdto`ns, fxefpt on tw` onstdnefs7 jorst, shdbb-sedbf utobozdto`n hdy kf
dbb`wfc ky bdw `nby t` Jobopon`s7 dnc sfe`nc, tlf bdrmf-sedbf FCV `j ‒honfrdbs, pftr`bfuh dnc

`tlfr honfrdb òbs‘ hdy kf uncfrtdgfn vod JSDDs wotl j`rfomn-`wnfc e`rp`rdto`ns. Slf Bd Kumdb-
K‟bddn cfeoso`n, wloel O ldc tlf l`n`r `j wrotonm j`r tlf Eùrt, ontfrprftfc bokfrdbby, n`t botfrdbby, tlf
e`nstotuto`ndb pr`voso`ns `n JSDDs, dnc mdvf tlf Yrfsocfnt wocf coserfto`n t` dttrdet j`rfomn
onvfsthfnts dnc fxpfrtosf on fxtrdetonm ùr eùntry‟s loccfn wfdbtl t` lfbp sdvf ùr pf`pbf jr`h
slffr lunmfr, cfdcby cosfdsf dnc mronconm p`vfrty.
Slos bokfrdboty os austojofc ‒movfn tlf ndturf dnc e`hpbfxoty `j suel dmrffhfnts, tlf luh`nmùs
dhùnts `j edpotdb dnc jondneonm rfquorfc j`r bdrmf-sedbf hononm `pfrdto`ns, tlf e`hpboedtfc
tfeln`b`my nffcfc, dnc tlf ontroedeofs `j ontfrndto`ndb trdcf, eùpbfc wotl tlf Utdtf‟s nffc t`
hdontdon jbfxokoboty on ots cfdbonms, on `rcfr t` prfsfrvf dnc fnldnef tlf eùntry‟s e`hpftotovfnfss
on w`rbc hdrgfts.‘ S` strfss dnc t` rfpfdt, dbb tlfsf FCV detovotofs drf sukafet t` tlf `vfrdrelonm
e`nstotuto`ndb edvfdt tldt ‒jubb e`ntr`b dnc supfrvoso`n‘ hust dbwdys rfhdon wotl tlf Ylobopponfs.
;6. Cutfrtf lds n` dutl`roty t` sft dsocf tlf drkotrdb rubonm. Ydtroeod Zordy. Ylobstdr, Ufpt
45, ;94?.
HDNOBD, Ylobopponfs – Vncfr Ylobopponf bdw, Yrfsocfnt [`crom` Cutfrtf c`fs n`t ldvf tlf
dutl`roty t` "sft dsocf" tlf Auby ;94: rubonm ossufc ky tlf Yfrhdnfnt Eùrt `j Drkotrdto`n,
Uuprfhf Eùrt Ufno`r Dssèodtf Dnt`no` Edrpo` sdoc.
Fdrbofr tlos wffg, Cutfrtf sdoc tlf Ylobopponfs wùbc "omn`rf" tlf drkotrdb dwdrc e`vfronm tlf
eùntry's fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf on dkbf t` pursuf "fe`n`hoe detovoty" on tlf drfd.
"L`wfvfr, fvfn oj tlf Yrfsocfnt lds n` dutl`roty uncfr Ylobopponf bdw t` sft dsocf tlf drkotrdb
rubonm, tlf unobdtfrdb cfebdrdto`n ky tlf Yrfsocfnt tldt lf wds 'sfttonm dsocf' tlf drkotrdb rubonm
eùbc konc tlf Ylobopponfs uncfr ontfrndto`ndb bdw uncfr tlf cètronf `j unobdtfrdb cfebdrdto`ns,"
Edrpo` sdoc on d stdtfhfnt rfbfdsfc Jrocdy.
Edrpo`, pdrt `j tlf Ylobopponf cfbfmdto`n on tlf drkotrdto`n dmdonst Elond, e`hhfncfc J`rfomn
Djjdors Uferftdry Sf`c`r` Bèson j`r ebdrojyonm tlf hdttfr.
Slf sfno`r hdmostrdtf wdrnfc tldt Cutfrtf's unobdtfrdb cfebdrdto`n `n sfttonm dsocf tlf rubonm
homlt konc tlf Ylobopponfs oj Elond deefpts ot.
"]f slùbc kf tldngjub t` Uferftdry Bèson j`r los vomobdnef on prfvfntonm d wdovfr `j ùr
s`vfrfomn romlts uncfr tlf drkotrdb rubonm," Edrpo` sdoc.
Edrpo` dbs` rfedbbfc tlf prfvoùs stdtfhfnt `j Cutfrtf dchottonm tldt lf c`fs n`t ldvf tlf
dutl`roty t` movf up `r e`ncfef tlf eùntry's s`vfrfomn romlts on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd.
Yrfsocfnt lds prfr`mdtovf `n wlfn t` rdosf rubonm
Cfspotf n`t ldvonm tlf dutl`roty t` sft dsocf tlf drkotrdb dwdrc tldt jdv`rfc tlf Ylobopponfs,
Cutfrtf lds tlf prfr`mdtovf wlfn t` onv`gf tlf rubonm.
"Slus, tlf prfsocfnt edn tfhp`rdroby 'put dsocf' tlf rubonm dnc dssfrt ot dt dn dppr`prodtf juturf
tohf," tlf austoef sdoc.
]lobf el``sonm t` dssfrt tlf rubonm dt d bdtfr tohf, tlf Ylobopponfs hust stobb pr`tfst dny det `j
Elond tldt onjronmf tlf eùntry's s`vfrfomn romlts on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd.
"Dny dequofsefnef `r ohpbofc e`nsfnt edn rfsubt on tlf b`ss `j ùr s`vfrfomn romlts uncfr tlf
drkotrdb rubonm. Slf Cutfrtf dchonostrdto`n, dnc tlf Jobopon` pf`pbf, hust dbwdys kf vomobdnt t`
dvòc suel dsquofsefnef `r ohpbofc e`nsfnt," Edrpo` sdoc.

Cutfrtf sdoc lf krùmlt up tlf drkotrdb rubonm wotl Elonfsf Yrfsocfnt \o Aonponm curonm tlfor
kobdtfrdb hfftonm on Kfoaonm bdst h`ntl.
\o, l`wfvfr, rfjusfc t` "kucmf" dnc hdontdonfc Elond's p`soto`n `n tlf hdttfr.
"_ù gn`w, Elond os tlfrf. Lf l`bcs tlf pr`pfrty uncfr tlf ebdoh `j `wnfrslop. '_dn dnm sdm`t
noyd. Ot os ùrs, wf wobb n`t kucmf," Cutfrtf sdoc.
;:. Y[[C rfhdrgs `n FFQ frr`nfùs- Lobkdy. Ydtroeod Zordy. Ylobstdr, Aunf ;=, ;94?.
HDNOBD, Ylobopponfs – Yrfsocfnt [`crom` Cutfrtf's bdtfst pr`nùnefhfnts `n tlf eùntry's
s`vfrfomnty dnc fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf (FFQ) drf frr`nfùs, j`rhfr U`boeot`r Mfnfrdb Jb`ron Lobkdy
sdoc.
Cutfrtf ebdohfc tldt n` eùntry on tlf w`rbc lds s`vfrfomnty `vfr ots FFQ dnc tlf Ylobopponf dnc
Elonfsf m`vfrnhfnts ldvf dmrffc t` dbb`w joslfrhfn jr`h k`tl eùntrofs t` josl on tlf Uùtl Elond
Ufd, pdrt `j wloel os tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd. "Slfsf stdtfhfnts drf frr`nfùs uncfr ontfrndto`ndb dnc
c`hfstoe bdw," Lobkdy sdoc on d stdtfhfnt.
Lobkdy eotfc tlf ;94: rubonm `j d Vnotfc Ndto`ns-kdegfc trokundb, wloel onvdbocdtfc Kfoaonm's nonf-cdsl
bonf ebdoh `vfr tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd. Vncfr Drtoebf =5 `j tlf VN E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf Ufd,
"Slf e`dstdb Utdtf hdy, on tlf fxfreosf `j ots s`vfrfomn romlts t` fxpb`rf, fxpbòt, e`nsfrvf dnc hdndmf
tlf bovonm rfsùrefs on tlf fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf, tdgf suel hfdsurfs, onebuconm k`drconm,
onspfeto`n, drrfst dnc aucoeodb prèffconms, ds hdy kf nfefssdry t` fnsurf e`hpbodnef wotl tlf bdws
dnc rfmubdto`ns dc`ptfc ky ot on e`nj`rhoty wotl tlos E`nvfnto`n."
Slf ;94: rubonm `j tlf drkotrdb trokundb dbs` oncoedtfc tldt tlf Ylobopponfs c`fs n`t sldrf dny
"`vfrbdpponm fntotbfhfnts" wotl Elond `vfr [fet` Kdng, wlfrfon d Elonfsf trdwbfr rdhhfc d Jobopon`
joslonm k`dt. Cutfrtf edbbfc tlf oneocfnt nfdr [fet` Kdng d "shdbb hdrotohf deeocfnt." Lobkdy strfssfc
tldt [fet` Kdng os wotlon Ylobopponf FFQ, wlfrf Jobopon`s edn fxfreosf romlts t` tlf fxebuso`n `j `tlfrs.
Slf Ylobopponfs' romlts `vfr ots FFQ drf
dr f dbs` e`nsostfnt wotl tlf E`nstotuto`n dnc joslfrofs bdws,
dee`rconm t` tlf j`rhfr s`boeot`r mfnfrdb.
"Vncfr [fp. Det <669, ds dhfncfc ky [.D. 49:631 Ot sldbb kf unbdwjub j`r dny j`rfomn pfrs`n,
e`rp`rdto`n `r fntoty t` jol `r `pfrdtf dny joslonm vfssfb on Ylobopponf wdtfrs," Lobkdy sdoc.
"Slf fntry `j dny j`rfomn joslonm vfssfb on Ylobopponf wdtfrs sldbb e`nstotutf d prohd jdeof prfsuhpto`n
tldt tlf vfssfb os fnmdmfc on joslonm on Ylobopponf wdtfrs," lf dccfc. ]lobf onvfstomdto`ns ont` tlf [ffc
Kdng e`bboso`n drf `nmònm, prfsocfntodb sp`gfspfrs`n Udbvdc`r Ydnfb` sdoc ot wds unsurf oj tlf
Elonfsf vfssfb wds on tlf drfd t` josl `r wds aust pdssonm tlrùml.
Slf Elonfsf Fhkdssy otsfbj fdrbofr dchottfc tldt joslonm k`dt _ufhd`konyu 3;;4; wds fnmdmfc on d
"bomlt pursf sfonf `pfrdto`n" dnc wds kfrtlfc dt tlf voeonoty `j [fet` Kdng `n Aunf ?.

Cutfrtf os `kbomdtfc t` pr`tfet Ylobopponf wdtfrs k`tl on tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd dnc tlf FFQ ds hdncdtfc on
tlf e`nstotuto`n, Lobkdy sdoc.
Slf 4?<= E`nstotuto`n stdtfs tldt tlf ndto`ndb tfrrot`ry os e`hprosfc `j "tlf Ylobopponf drelopfbdm`, wotl
dbb tlf osbdncs dnc wdtfrs fhkrdefc tlfrfon, dnc dbb `tlfr tfrrot`rofs `vfr wloel tlf Ylobopponfs lds
s`vfrfomnty `r auroscoeto`n."
[D <669 `r tlf Ylobopponf Joslfrofs E`cf `j 4??< cfjonfs "Ylobopponf wdtfrs" ds "wdtfrs onebuconm `tlfr
wdtfrs `vfr wloel tlf Ylobopponfs lds s`vfrfomnty dnc auroscoeto`n, dnc tlf eùntry's ;99-ndutoedb hobf
Fxebusovf Fe`n`hoe Q`nf dnc e`ntonfntdb slfbj." ]lftlfr on drfds wlfrf tlf Ylobopponfs lds
s`vfrfomnty suel ds tlf tfrrot`rodb sfd `r s`vfrfomn romlts `vfr tlf FFQ, Cutfrtf os e`nstotuto`ndbby
hdncdtfc t` fnj`ref tlfsf romlts, Lobkdy sdoc.
"Dets `j tlf Yrfsocfnt one`nsostfnt wotl tlfsf `kbomdto`ns drf d eubpdkbf vo`bdto`n `j tlf E`nstotuto`n dnc
d kftrdydb `j tlf pukboe trust," tlf j`rhfr s`boeot`r mfnfrdb sdoc. J`rhfr J`rfomn Djjdors Uferftdry Dbkfrt
cfb [`sdro`, hfdnwlobf, sdoc Cutfrtf's p`soto`n `n dbb`wonm Elonfsf joslfrhfn on Ylobopponf FFQ
w`rsfns tlf sotudto`n on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd. Slf j`rhfr t`p copb`hdt wdrnfc tldt tlos wùbc
fhk`bcfn Elonfsf joslfrhfn on trdwbonm wotlon Ylobopponf wdtfrs.
Cfb [`sdro` dccfc tldt tlos eùbc dbs` kf d kdsos j`r ohpfdelhfnt ds tlf prfsocfnt, ds wfbb ds tlf
hobotdry, drf `kbomdtfc t` sfeurf ndto`ndb tfrrot`ry, wloel e`vfrs tlf FFQ.
"S` vo`bdtf tldt os rfdbby d kdsos j`r ohpfdelhfnt `j tlf prfsocfnt. Lf edn kf ohpfdelfc," Cfb [`sdro`
t`bc DNE's "Lfdcstdrt."
Ufeto`n ;, Drtoebf \OO `j tlf E`nstotuo`n stdtfs tldt, "Slf Utdtf sldbb pr`tfet tlf ndto`n‟s hdronf wfdbtl on
ots drelopfbdmoe wdtfrs, tfrrot`rodb sfd, dnc fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf, dnc rfsfrvf ots usf dnc fna`yhfnt
fxebusovfby t` Jobopon` eotozfns."
;=. ]ldt fvfry Audn slùbc gn`w dkùt tlf ]YU. Udrdl U`bovfn cf Muzhdn.Ylobstdr,
Jfkrudry 4, ;9;4.
]ldt slùbc wf c` wlfn dn`tlfr eùntry ebdohs ùr bdnc0 Ulùbc wf gffp huh dkùt ot0
Dbb`w tlfh t` usf ot0 @r slùbc wf stdnc
stdnc up dnc jomlt j`r ùr romlt0
Afnnojfr B`pfz curonm tlf VU prfsocfntodb ondumurdto`n sdnm, ‒Slos bdnc os hy bdnc, tlos bdnc os
yùr bdnc... Slos bdnc wds hdcf j`r yù dnc hf.‘ Slf s`nm wrottfn ky ]``cof Mutlrof lds
dbwdys kffn sdnm t` onsporf dnc stor up jfrv`r j`r b`vf `j eùntry. @ur eùntryhfn hust nfvfr
b`sf l`pf dnc e`ntonuf t` jomlt j`r wldt os romlt.
Ot os unj`rtundtf tldt tlos dchonostrdto`n lds ebfdrby kffn pbdyonm mdhfs wotl us. Dt jorst curonm
los prfsocfntodb edhpdomn dnc curonm los jorst jfw h`ntls on `jjoef, Cutfrtf pr`hosfc t` rdosf
tlf Yloboponf jbdm on tlf Gdbdyddn Osbdncs `n Aunf 4;. Fvfry`nf wds ldppoby dwdotonm tlf
h`hfnt wloel nfvfr ldppfnfc. Onstfdc lf wfnt t` Elond dnc m`t lumf b`dns dhùntonm t`
kobbo`ns `j c`bbdrs j`r onjrdstrueturf pràfets. Slos det sffhs t` ldvf `pfnfc Elond‟s s`jt
“fe`n`hoe‟ onvdso`n t` ùr sl`rfs. D jfw h`ntls bdtfr, wf ldc Elonfsf w`rgfrs on tlf eùntry
dnc tlfn, wf wotnfssfc d huel h`rf dmmrfssovf stdnc `n ùr Gdbdyddn Osbdncs. Udndhdmdn!
Slos os tlf fomltl yfdr jr`h tlf jobonm `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd drkotrdto`n ky tlf Ylobopponfs
dmdonst Elond dnc oj wf c`n‟t e`ntonuf t` l`bc `n t` tlf trutl dnc stdnc ùr mrùnc, wf wobb
b`sf ùr prfeoùs bdnc.
Elond lds kffn e`nstruetonm strueturfs on tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd aust t` sl`w tldt tlf osbdncs
kfb`nm t` tlfh. Kut l`w edn wf pr`vf tldt tlf osbdncs kfb`nm t` us0 ]f nffc t` uncfrstdnc

vfry wfbb wldt os tlf fxtfnt `j Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry s` tldt wf edn pr`tfet ùr romlts `n tlf ]fst
Ylobopponf Ufd.
Slfrf drf ohp`rtdnt cfeoso`ns `n e`nstotuto`ndb bdw. Slos cfeoso`n, dee`rconm t` j`rhfr
Dssèodtf Austoef Dnt`no` S. Edrpo`, upl`bcs tlf e`nstotuto`ndboty
e`nstotuto`ndboty `j tlf drelopfbdmoe kdsf
bonfs. Bft us jonc ùt s`hf trutls dkùt tlf ossuf dee`rconm t` Austoef Edrpo`, wl` lds bfc us
t` tlf trutl dnc wl` lds e`ntonufc t` jomlt j`r ùr romlts.
Slf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd (]YU) os pdrt `j tlf Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry byonm wotlon tlf Uùtl Elond
Ufd. Slf ]YU os tlf Fxebusovf Fe`n`hoe Q`nf (FFQ) `j tlf Ylobopponfs. Ydndtdm
(Uedrk`rùml) Ul`db, Gdbdyddn Osbdnc Mrùp dnc pdrts `j Uprdtby Osbdncs bof wotlon tlf ]YU.
Slf Ylobopponfs wds tlf jorst t` ebdoh tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd on fdrby 4<tl efntury. Ot edn kf
sffn on d hdp hdcf on 4=53 ky Jr. Yfcr` Hurobb` Zfbdrcf, d Afsuot profst. Slf hdp sl`ws tldt
tlf Ydnde`t Ul`db kfj`rf ot kfedhf tlf Uedrk`rùml Ul`db kfb`nms t` tlf Ylobopponfs. Dsocf
jr`h tlos, ot edn dbs` kf sffn on tlf hdp tldt tlf Ylobopponfs lds ocfntojofc B`s Kda`s cf
Ydrdmud, n`w edbbfc tlf Uprdtby osbdncs, ds pdrt `j tlf Ylobopponf tfrrot`ry d b`nm tohf dm`.
]ly c`fs Elond sdy tldt tlf osbdncs on tlf ]YU kfb`nm t` tlfh0 Slf Elonfsf kfbofvf tldt
tlfy ldvf d lost`roedb romlt t` `wn tlf ]YU. Slfy sdy tldt sonef tlf tohf `j tlf cyndstofs on
Elond, ;999 yfdrs dm`, Uùtl Elond Ufd t`mftlfr wotl tlf ]YU dbrfdcy kfb`nm t` tlfh.
Elond stdrtfc tlfor ebdoh `n tlf ]YU on 4?3=. Slf Elonfsf m`vfrnhfnt krùmlt ùt tlf hdp
tldt sl`ws d V-sldpf, ?-cdsl bonf. Dbb tlf osbdncs dnc tlf ndturdb rfsùrefs tldt drf pdrt `j tlf
]YU os wotlon tlfor ?-cdsl bonf.
L`w coc tlf ]YU ossuf kfe`hf d kom `nf0 On 4?<;, tlf VN E`nvfnto`n `n tlf Bdw `j tlf Ufd
`r VNEB@U wds erfdtfc dh`nm tlf eùntrofs wl` somnfc ot. S`mftlfr wotl tlos os ldvonm
Fxebusovf Fe`n`hoe Q`nf `r FFQ. Dee`rconm t` tlf dmrffhfnt, fvfry eùntry lds fxebusovf
romlts t` tlf sfd dnc tlf ndturdb rfsùrefs wotlon ;99 ndutoedb hobfs jr`h tlf nfdrfst
sfdsl`rf. Elond coc n`t rfspfet tlf dmrffhfnt `j tlf VNEB@U. U`, jr`h 4??6 t` tlf prfsfnt
tohf, Elond e`ntonufs t` èeupy tlf osbdncs dnc ebdoh tlf ndturdb rfsùrefs on tlf ]YU. On tlf
pdst yfdrs, tlfy ldvf kuobt bdrmf strueturfs on Ydnmdnokdn (Hoselofj) [ffj dnc w`rsf, ldvf n`t
dbb`wfc Jobopon` joslfrhfn t` josl.
On ;99;, Elond t`mftlfr wotl tlf `tlfr DUFDN eùntrofs somnfc tlf Cfebdrdto`n `n tlf
E`ncuet `j Ydrtofs on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd (C@E), wotl tlf doh `j rfs`bvonm tlf ossuf `n tlf
Uùtl Elond Ufd, fspfeodbby tlf ]YU. Udcby, Elond e`ntonufs t` vo`bdtf tlf dmrffhfnt.
]ldt ldppfnfc t` tlf drkotrdb trokundb tldt socfc wotl tlf Ylobopponfs ky sdyonm tldt tlfrf os n`
bfmdb
Elond`rcoc
lost`roedb kdsostlf
n`t rfspfet `ncfeoso`n.
Elond‟s ebdoh
Slfy `j tlf Uùtl
e`ntonufc t` Elond Ufd, pdrtoeubdrby
kuobc dorp`rts, sfd p`rtstlf
dnc]YU0 Dmdon,
hobotdry
kdsfs dt tlf Hoselofj [ffj dnc Uuko [ffj. Slfor slops e`ntonuf t` josl on tlf ]YU. Ky tlf wdy,
dee`rconm t` VNEB@U dnc tlf Drkotrdb Srokundb, ot os `nby tlf Ylobopponfs wl` `wns dbb tlf
joslfs, òb, mds dnc `tlfr ndturdb rfsùrefs onsocf ots FFQ. U`, wf hust e`ntonuf t` pr`tfet ùr
`wn ndturdb rfsùrefs. ]ly0
]ldt os ùr ndto`ndb ontfrfst on tlf ]YU0 Jorst, tlf Gdbdyddn Osbdnc Mrùp dnc tlf Kda` cf
Hdsonbè drf pdrt `j tlf ]YU. K`tl drf ohp`rtdnt j`r ùr ndto`ndb ontfmroty dnc s`vfrfomnty.
Gdbdyddn os d hunoeopdboty tldt wds fstdkboslfc on 4?<9 on tlf pr`vonef `j Ydbdwdn. Kda` cf
Hdsonbè, `n tlf `tlfr ldnc, os dn osbdnc tldt os pdrt `j tlf Hunoeopdboty `j Hdsonbè on tlf
pr`vonef `j Qdhkdbfs. @ur osbdncs on tlf Gdbdyddn sfrvf ds ùr pr`tfeto`n dmdonst fxtfrndb

tlrfdts. ]f hust rfhfhkfr tldt curonm ]`rbc ]dr OO, `nf `j tlf osbdncs on tlf Gdbdyddn wds
usfc ky tlf Adpdnfsf wlfn tlfy onvdcfc tlf Ylobopponfs. ]f hust nfvfr bft tlos ldppfn
dmdon!
Ufe`nc, wf drf cfpfncfnt `n tlf ]YU j`r ùr j``c dnc bovfbol``c. Slos os roel on cojjfrfnt
goncs `j josl dnc sfrvfs ds d hdronf sdnetudry. Ds d hdttfr `j jdet, 4; pfrefnt `j tlf w`rbc‟s
dnnudb josl edtel os jr`h tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd wloel onebucfs tlf ]YU. Slos os fquovdbfnt t`
$;4 kobbo`n. Slos os wldt supp`rts tlf fvfrycdy bovonm, j``c dnc bovfbol``c `j tlùsdncs `j
Jobopon` joslfrhfn.
Coc yù gn`w tldt tlf ]YU os roel on ndturdb mds0 Dee`rconm t` rfsfdrel, kobbo`ns `j ndturdb mds
edn kf jùnc lfrf, pdrtoeubdrby dt tlf [fet` Kdng. Slos os tlf rfds`n wly tlf ]YU os ohp`rtdnt
t` us. ]f cfpfnc `n ot t` bovf dnc ot dnswfrs ùr cfedcf-`bc pr`kbfh `n fbfetroeoty.
]ldt drf tlf rfds`ns wly wf slùbc jomlt j`r tlf ]YU0 Jorst, ot os stdtfc on Drtoebf 6: `j tlf
VNEB@U tldt tlf Ylobopponfs lds tlf romlt t` usf tlf ndturdb rfsùrefs wotlon ùr FFQ. Ot os
dbs` stdtfc on Drtoebf :9 tldt tlf Ylobopponfs lds fxebusovf romlts t` kuobc fe`n`hoe dnc
oncustrodb strueturfs `n ots FFQ. Ufe`nc, ot os stdtfc on Drtoebf 4; `j tlf E`nstotuto`n tldt tlf
wdtfr rfsùrefs on ùr FFQ nffc t` kf pr`tfetfc. Slf Ylobopponfs lds tlf fxebusovf romlt dnc
jrffc`h t` usf tlfsf dnc tldt tlf bovfbol``c `j ùr joslfrhfn os d pro`roty on ots usf. Slorc, djtfr
tlf cfeoso`n `j tlf Drkotrdb Srokundb on Slf Ldmuf, Nftlfrbdncs, on jdv`r `j tlf Ylobopponfs, ot os
hdcf ebfdr tldt tlfrf os n` lost`roedb `r bfmdb kdsfs j`r Elond t` ebdoh tlf ]YU.
J`r h`rf `n tlf ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd, wdtel `n _ùSukf tlf sox-fpos`cf prfsfntdto`n `j Dnm
Bdkdn No Audn pdrd sd ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd ― Hubd sd osdnm ndnononcomdn, pdtub`y nd
buhdbdkdn, dt hdy lomot nd sdpdt nd gddbdhdn, Austoef Dnt`no` S. Edrpo` (Zosot Jdefk``g dnc
_ùSukf Eldnnfb1 Slf Onstotutf j`r Hdrotohf dnc @efdn Djjdors, One.).
Ds d ndto`n wf hust kf onj`rhfc7 gn`w ùr bfmdb romlt dnc e`ntonuf t` jomlt j`r ùr romlt,
wotlùt qufsto`n `r cùkt.
;<. VN Eùrt [ubfs. Yod Bff-Krdm`, Ylobstdr, Auby 45, ;94:.
VN eùrt rubfs1 Elond vo`bdtfc Ylobopponf romlts Slf Ylobopponf Utdr Auby 45, ;94: | 4;199dh
Lomlbomlts `j rubonm
• N` bfmdb kdsos j`r Elond t` ebdoh lost`roe romlts t` d “nonf-cdsl bonf‟
• Ydnmdnokdn (Hoselofj) [ffj, Dyunmon (Ufe`nc Sl`hds) Ul`db dnc [fet` ([ffc) Kdng
j`rh pdrt `j tlf Ylobopponfs‟ fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf dnc e`ntonfntdb slfbj

• Ydndtdm (Uedrk`rùml Ul`db) os d e`hh`n trdcoto`ndb joslonm mrùnc7 n` eùntry edn

prfvfnt `tlfrs jr`h joslonm on tlf drfd7 Elond vo`bdtfc trdcoto`ndb joslonm romlts `j tlf
Ylobopponfs ky prfvfntonm Jobopon`s jr`h joslonm on tlf sl`db
• Elond vo`bdtfc tlf Ylobopponfs‟ s`vfrfomn romlts ky e`nstruetonm drtojoeodb osbdncs,

ontfrjfronm wotl Jobopon`s‟ joslonm dnc òb fxpb`rdto`n, dnc jdobonm t` prfvfnt Elonfsf
jr`h joslonm on tlf Ylobopponf FFQ
• Elond‟s osbdnc rfebdhdto`n dmmrdvdtfc tlf cosputf curonm drkotrdto`n dnc onjboetfc
orrfpdrdkbf ldrh `n tlf hdronf fnvor`nhfnt
SLF LDMVF ― Elond lds n` lost`roe totbf t` nfdrby tlf fntorf Uùtl Elond Ufd, d VN-kdegfc
trokundb rubfc yfstfrcdy, ds ot dwdrcfc tlf Ylobopponfs ‒s`vfrfomn romlts‘ `vfr tlrff cosputfc
drfds.
On d bdnchdrg undnohùs rubonm, tlf Yfrhdnfnt Eùrt `j Drkotrdto`n kdsfc on Slf Ldmuf
dwdrcfc tlf Ylobopponfs s`vfrfomn romlts `vfr Ydnmdnokdn `r Hoselofj [ffj, Dyunmon `r
Ufe`nc Sl`hds Ul`db dnc [fet` `r [ffc Kdng `jj Ydbdwdn.
Slf eùrt coc n`t dwdrc s`vfrfomn romlts t` tlf Ylobopponfs `vfr Ydndtdm `r Uedrk`rùml
Ul`db, wloel bofs aust `vfr 4;9 ndutoedb hobfs jr`h Qdhkdbfs. Kut tlf eùrt sdoc ot wds d
trdcoto`ndb joslonm mrùnc j`r sfvfrdb eùntrofs dnc nfotlfr Elond n`r tlf Ylobopponfs ldc tlf
romlt t` prfvfnt dny`nf jr`h joslonm on tlf sl`db.
Elond tlfrfj`rf vo`bdtfc Ylobopponf romlts wlfn ot kdrrfc Jobopon` joslfrhfn jr`h fntfronm tlf
sl`db, tlf eùrt cfebdrfc.
N`tonm tldt k`tl tlf Ylobopponfs dnc Elond ldc rdtojofc tlf Vnotfc Ndto`ns E`nvfnto`n `n tlf
Bdw `j tlf Ufd, `n wloel tlf eùrt rubonm wds kdsfc, tlf drkotrdb trokundb pòntfc ùt tldt
VNEB@U pr`vocfs tldt tlf ‒dwdrc… sldbb kf e`hpbofc wotl ky tlf pdrtofs t` tlf cosputf.‘
Elond ldc rfjusfc t` pdrtoeopdtf on tlf drkotrdto`n fxefpt t` eldbbfnmf ots auroscoeto`n `vfr tlf
hdrotohf cosputf. Kut tlf eùrt rubfc bdst yfdr tldt ot ldc auroscoeto`n `vfr tlf edsf.
[ubonm tldt Kfoaonm‟s s`-edbbfc ‒nonf-cdsl bonf‘ lost`roe ebdoh `vfr nfdrby dbb `j tlf Uùtl Elond
Ufd lds ‒n` bfmdb kdsos,‘ tlf trokundb dbs` rubfc tldt Elond vo`bdtfc Ylobopponf s`vfrfomn romlts
ky e`nstruetonm drtojoeodb osbdncs dnc ontfrjfronm wotl Jobopon` joslonm detovotofs.
Elond‟s osbdnc rfebdhdto`n dbs` dmmrdvdtfc tlf hdrotohf cosputf dnc edusfc orrfpdrdkbf ldrh
t` tlf hdronf fnvor`nhfnt, tlf trokundb rubfc.
‒Slf trokundb e`nebucfc tldt tlfrf wds n` bfmdb kdsos j`r Elond t` ebdoh lost`roe romlts wotlon
tlf sfd drfds jdbbonm wotlon tlf “nonf-cdsl bonf‟,‘ Slf Ldmuf-kdsfc Yfrhdnfnt Eùrt `j
Drkotrdto`n sdoc on d stdtfhfnt.
Hdnobd ― wloel ldc b`cmfc tlf suot dmdonst Kfoaonm on ;945 ― wfbe`hfc tlf rubonm, wotl J`rfomn
Djjdors Uferftdry Yfrjfet` _dsdy Ar. sdyonm tlf cfeoso`n ‒upl`bcs ontfrndto`ndb bdw, pdrtoeubdrby
pdrtoeubdrby
tlf 4?<; VNEB@U.‘
‒On tlf hfdntohf, wf edbb `n dbb tl`sf e`nefrnfc t` fxfreosf rfstrdont dnc s`krofty,‘ lf sdoc.
Elond rfdetfc juroùsby, sdyonm ot ‒c`fs n`t deefpt dnc c`fs n`t rfe`mnozf‘ tlf cfeoso`n.
Kfoaonm ldc rfjusfc t` pdrtoeopdtf on tlf edsf, sdyonm tlf trokundb ldc ‒n` auroscoeto`n‘ `vfr tlf
ossuf.

Kfoaonm ebdohs h`st `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd, fvfn wdtfrs dppr`delonm nfomlk`ronm eùntrofs,
ds ots s`vfrfomn tfrrot`ry, kdsonm ots drmuhfnts `n Elonfsf hdps cdtonm kdeg t` tlf 4?39s
hdrgfc wotl d s`-edbbfc nonf-cdsl bonf.
Kut on ots ldrc-lottonm rubonm, tlf YED sdoc Kfoaonm ‒ldc n` lost`roe romlts t` rfsùrefs on tlf
wdtfrs `j tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd‘ dnc tldt ‒suel romlts wfrf fxtonmuoslfc t` tlf fxtfnt tlfy wfrf
one`hpdtokbf wotl tlf fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nfs pr`vocfc j`r on tlf E`nvfnto`n,‘ rfjfrronm t`
VNEB@U.
]lobf ‒kdc jdotl os n`t prfsuhfc‘ uncfr tlf juncdhfntdb proneopbf `j ontfrndto`ndb bdw, VNB@U
pr`vocfs tldt ‒dwdrc… sldbb kf e`hpbofc wotl ky tlf pdrtofs t` tlf cosputf,‘ ot sdoc.
‒Elond ldc vo`bdtfc tlf Ylobopponfs‟ s`vfrfomn romlts on tlf fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf ky
ontfrjfronm wotl Ylobopponf joslonm dnc pftr`bfuh fxpb`rdto`n, ky e`nstruetonm drtojoeodb osbdncs
dnc jdobonm t` prfvfnt Elonfsf joslfrhfn jr`h joslonm on tlf z`nf,‘ tlf YED sdoc.
Slf trokundb jurtlfr rubfc tldt tlf cosputfc Uprdtby osbdncs ‒ednn`t mfnfrdtf hdrotohf z`nfs
e`bbfetovfby ds unot‘ ds ebdohfc ky Elond.
_fstfrcdy‟s aucmhfnt e`hfs dmdonst tlf kdegcr`p `j jrfqufnt hobotdry kruslfs kftwffn Elond
dnc ots Dsodn nfomlk`rs tlf Ylobopponfs, Zoftndh, Hdbdysod, Krunfo dnc Sdowdn, wloel ronm tlf
wdtfrs kfbofvfc t` l`bc untdppfc òb dnc mds rfsfrvfs.
Slf tfnso`ns ldvf dbs` dbdrhfc tlf VU, wloel lds gfy cfjfnsf trfdtofs wotl hdny rfmo`ndb
dbbofs, dnc on d sl`w `j strfnmtl bdst wffg sfnt wdrslops t` pdtr`b eb`sf t` s`hf `j tlf rffjs
dnc osbdncs ebdohfc ky Elond.
Yrfsocfnt Cutfrtf ldc sdoc lf wds `ptohostoe `j d jdv`rdkbf rubonm, kut `jjfrfc t` l`bc
e`neobodt`ry tdbgs wotl Elond dnc v`wfc lf wùbc n`t ‒tdunt `r jbdunt‘ dny jdv`rdkbf rubonm.
[fjfrronm t` tlf VNEB@U, Hdnobd e`ntfncfc tlf nonf-cdsl bonf ldc n` kdsos uncfr
ontfrndto`ndb bdw dnc tldt Kfoaonm ldc n` ‒lost`roe‘ ebdoh t` tlf wdtfrs.
E`hh`n joslonm mrùnc
Slf eùrt dbs` lfbc tldt joslfrhfn jr`h tlf Ylobopponfs dnc Elond ldc trdcoto`ndb joslonm romlts
dt tlf Uedrk`rùml (Ydndtdm) Ul`db dnc tldt Elond ldc ontfrjfrfc wotl tlfsf romlts on
rfstroetonm deefss t` tlf drfd.
Slf Elonfsf sfozfc Ydndtdm Ul`db on ;94; djtfr d stdnc`jj wotl tlf Ylobopponf Ndvy wloel
trofc t` drrfst Elonfsf p`delfrs on tlf drfd.
Ot dbs` lfbc tldt Elonfsf bdw fnj`refhfnt vfssfbs ‒ldc unbdwjubby erfdtfc d sfroùs rosg `j
e`bboso`n wlfn tlfy plysoedbby `kstruetfc Ylobopponf vfssfbs.‘
Slf trokundb dbs` eotfc tlf ‒ldrh t` tlf fnvor`nhfnt‘ edusfc ky Elond‟s bdrmf-sedbf
rfebdhdto`n dnc osbdnc kuobconm detovotofs on tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd. Uuel e`nstrueto`n detovotofs,
tlf trokundb sdoc, wfrf ‒one`hpdtokbf wotl tlf `kbomdto`ns `j d stdtf curonm cosputf rfs`buto`ns
prèffconms,‘ eotonm Elond‟s ldvonm onjboetfc ‒orrfpdrdkbf ldrh‘ t` tlf hdronf fnvor`nhfnt, kuobt
drtojoeodb osbdnc on Ylobopponf wdtfrs dnc ‒cfstr`yfc fvocfnef `j ndturdb e`ncoto`n `j jfdturfs on
tlf Uùtl Elond Ufd‘ tldt wfrf kfonm cosputfc.

‒Elond ldc edusfc sfvfrf ldrh t` tlf e`rdb rffj fnvor`nhfnt dnc vo`bdtfc ots `kbomdto`n t`
prfsfrvf dnc pr`tfet jrdmobf fe`systfhs dnc tlf ldkotdt `j cfpbftfc, tlrfdtfnfc `r fncdnmfrfc
spfeofs,‘ tlf rubonm rfdc.
Ot dccfc Elonfsf dutl`rotofs wfrf dwdrf `j tlf p`delonm detovotofs `j Elonfsf joslfrhfn kut
coc n`t st`p tlfh.
Slf rubonm dbs` stdtfc tldt Ydnmdnokdn [ffj, Dyunmon Ul`db dnc [fet` Kdng drf sukhfrmfc
dt loml tocf dnc j`rh pdrt `j tlf Ylobopponfs‟ fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf (FFQ). Slf trokundb sdoc
ot jùnc ‒ds d hdttfr `j jdet‘ tldt Elond ldc ontfrjfrfc wotl d Ylobopponf òb fxpb`rdto`n dt [fet`
Kdng.
Kut tlf trokundb sdoc ot bdegfc auroscoeto`n t` e`nsocfr tlf ohpboedto`ns `j d stdnc`jj kftwffn
Ylobopponf hdronfs dnc Elonfsf ndvdb dnc bdw fnj`refhfnt vfssfbs dt tlf Dyunmon Ul`db, ds
suel cosputf onv`bvfc hobotdry detovotofs dnc tlfrfj`rf fxebucfc jr`h e`hpubs`ry sfttbfhfnt.
Slf eùrt dbs` rubfc tldt n`nf `j tlf Uprdtby Osbdncs os edpdkbf `j mfnfrdtonm fxtfncfc
hdrotohf z`nfs. Ot dbs` lfbc tldt tlf Uprdtby Osbdncs ednn`t mfnfrdtf hdrotohf z`nfs
e`bbfetovfby ds d unot.
‒Ldvonm jùnc tldt n`nf `j tlf jfdturfs ebdohfc ky Elond wds edpdkbf `j mfnfrdtonm dn
fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf, tlf Srokundb jùnc tldt ot eùbc ― wotlùt cfbohotonm d kùncdry ―
cfebdrf tldt efrtdon sfd drfds drf wotlon tlf fxebusovf fe`n`hoe z`nf `j tlf Ylobopponfs,
kfedusf tl`sf drfds drf n`t `vfrbdppfc ky dny p`ssokbf fntotbfhfnt `j Elond.‘
On bomlt `j bohotdto`ns `n e`hpubs`ry cosputf sfttbfhfnt uncfr VNEB@U, tlf trokundb lds
fhpldsozfc tldt ot c`fs n`t rubf `n dny qufsto`n `j s`vfrfomnty `vfr bdnc tfrrot`ry dnc c`fs
n`t cfbohot dny kùncdry kftwffn pdrtofs onv`bvfc.
Slrùmlùt tlf prèffconms, tlf trokundb sdoc ot lds tdgfn stfps t` ‒tfst tlf deeurdey `j tlf
Ylobopponfs‟ ebdohs,‘ onebuconm rfqufstonm jurtlfr wrottfn sukhosso`ns dnc tl`rùml qufsto`nonm
`j ots rfprfsfntdtovfs.
Elond lds dbs` hdcf ebfdr tlrùml tlf pukboedto`n `j d p`soto`n pdpfr on Cfefhkfr ;943 dnc
on `tlfr `jjoeodb stdtfhfnts tldt, on ots vofw, tlf trokundb bdegs auroscoeto`n on tlos hdttfr.
Slf Ylobopponfs, uncfr j`rhfr j`rfomn sferftdry Dbkfrt cfb [`sdro`, os tlf jorst eùntry t` kronm
Elond t` eùrt dnc eldbbfnmf Kfoaonm‟s fxpdnsovf dnc fxefssovf ebdohs on tlf Uùtl Elond
Ufd.
Uottonm on tlf trokundb wfrf L.D. U``ns `j tlf Nftlfrbdncs dnc Aucmf [òcomfr ]`bjruh `j
Mfrhdny. Aucmf Sl`hds D. Hfnsdl sfrvfc ds prfsocfnt `j tlf trokundb.
Yroneopdb Ylobopponf eùnsfb Ydub [foelbfr cfkungfc Elond‟s lost`roe romlts ebdoh dnc l`w
tlfsf purp`rtfc lost`roe romlts, supp`sfcby cfrovfc jr`h VNEB@U, on jdet c` n`t fxost uncfr
tlf e`nvfnto`n‟s pr`voso`ns.

;?. Slf Jondb Drkotrdb Dwdrc, ]fst Ylobopponf Ufd. Auby ;94:. Austoef
Dnt`no` Edrpo`.

59. Kfnldh [osf/ Ylobopponf [osf. Ydtfrn` Fshdqufb OO, Ylobstdr, Hdy ;, ;94;.

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PDF Constitutional Law I Readings Compress

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