FDM\DN EL KMPUY\FLMUOP

EL LRDN\D@KÐM BDFKNKDY

9
@onl``kðm
eu`d`kðm, orklmtd`kðm y tlrdpkd bdfknkdr

4. Eks`
Eks`dp
dpd`
d`kekede
dels
ls bæsk`
bæsk`ds y slmso
slmsork rkdn
dnls
ls . Dnilrto Lspkmd / Dsum`kðm Ortlho
9. Ro`di
o`diundr
undrkoko iäsk`
iäsk`oo el
el orklmtd`
orklmtd`kðm
kðm y tlrdpkd
tlrdpkd bdfknk
bdfknkdr
dr. Aosë D. Yæos (`oore.)
0. Bdfkn
dfknkdkd,, lvdn
lvdnudud``kðm
kðm l kmtlr
kmtlrvlm
vlm``kðm
kðm . Pknvkd Nðplz / Rdnlmtæm Ls`uelro
5. Nd tr trdmsfk
dmsfkskð skðmm el
el foe
foelnos
lnos bdfk
bdfknknkdr
drls
ls . Derkdmd Xdhmlr (`oore.)
<. Nd deopdeop`k `kðm1
ðm1 sktud`
sktud`kðkðm
m y elsdbæ
elsdbæosos el
el buturo.
buturo. Alsñs
A lsñs Hdr`æd Dnid (`oore.)
2. NosNos `k`n
`k`nos
os vktd
vktdnls
nls el
el nd bdfkn
bdfknkd
kd y nd
nd pdr
pdrla
lad.
d. Aosë D. Yæos
8. Ssk`
sk`otlr
tlrdpkd el el pd
pdrlad
lads. Slero Adlm / Fkhuln Hdrrkeo
7. Ulrdp
lrdpkdkd bdf
bdfknknkd
kdrr ir
irlvl. Aosë
Aos ë N. Yoeræhulz-Drk
Yoeræhulz- Drkds ds / Fdræd
Fdræ d Rlmlro
;. Nd pdrlad
drlad11 foe
foelnos el el rlnd`k
rlnd`kðm
ðm y lstknos el el tlrdpkd.
tlrdpkd. Aosë D. Yæos
43. \m foelno
foelno el kmtlrvlm`kð
kmtl rvlm`kðm m skstëfk`d
sks tëfk`d lm nd ls`ulnd.
l s`ulnd. Fª eln Skndr Ilrzosd
44. Fdmudn
dmudn el kmstruflmtos
kmstruflmtos el lvdnud`kðm
lvdnud`kðm bdfknkd
bdfknkdrr. Lqukpo LKB (\mkvlrskede el Elusto)
49. Kmtlrvlm`kðm psk`oleu`dtkvd `om bdfknkds. Bënkx Nokzdhd (`oore.)
40. Nd rlnd`kðm bdfknkd-ls`ulnd. Pknvkd Nðplz
45. Fdmudn el lvdnud`kðm bdfknkdr y el pdrlad. Dnilrto Lspkmd
4<. Ln pderl lm nd ekmäfk`d plrsomdn eln gkao. Aosë D. Yæos
42. Pdnue bdfknkdr. DD.RR.

0
Lqukpo LKB (Lvdnud`kðm l Kmtlrvlm`kðm Bdfknkdr)
\mkvlrskede
\mkvlrskede el Elusto

FDM\DN EL KMPUY\FLMUOP EL
LRDN\D@KÐM BDFKNKDY

LEKUOYKDN @@P

5
Sähkmd wli el LEKUOYKDN @@P1 www.lektorkdn``s.`of

© Lqukpo LKB (\mkvlrskede el Elusto)

© 9337. LEKUOYKDN @@P, Dn`dnä, 422 / 97397 FDEYKE
Tuled progkiked, sdnvo lx`lp`kðm prlvkstd lm nd nly, `udnquklr borfd el rlproeu``kðm, ekstrkiu`kðm,
`ofumk`d`kðm pñink`d y trdmsborfd`kðm el lstd oird skm `omtdr `om dutorkzd`kðm el nos tktundrls el
nd propklede kmtlnl`tudn. Nd kmbrd``kðm el nos elrl`gos flm`komdeos pulel slr `omstktutkvd el elnkto
`omtrd nd propklede kmtlnl`tudn (drts. 983 y ss. eln @ðekho Slmdn). Ln @lmtro Lspdôon el Elrl`gos
Ylprohräbk`os
Ylprohräbk`os ( www.`lero.orh) v lnd por ln rlsplto elrl`gos.
rlsplto el nos `ktdeos elrl`gos

Ekdhrdfd`kðm lektorkdn1 @om`lp`kðm Glrmdmz

Ekslôo el portded1 Onhd Y. Hdfidrtl
KPIM (peb)1 ;87-75-;759-<<2-8

<
Æmek`l
Æmek`l

Srlslmtd`kðm
Srlslmtd`kðm

@dpætuno 4
SYO@LEKFKLMUOP
SYO@LEK FKLMUOP FLUOEONÐHK@OP
FLUOEONÐHK@OP SDYD ND LNDIOYD@KÐM,
DEDSUD@KOM
DEDSUD@ KOM [ RDNKED@KÐM
RDNKED@KÐM EL KMPUY\FLMUOP EL FLEKED LM
SPK@ONOHÆD
SPK@ONOH ÆD
Aoslid Krdurhk
dur hk @dstknno
@dstknno
4. Ln `om`lpto
`om`lpto el lvdnud`kðm y flek`kðm
9. Ln pro`lso
pro`lso el lndiord`kðm el um kmstr uflmto el fleked
0. Ln pro`lso el dedptd`kðm el um kmstruflmto el fleked
5. Sdräf
Sdräfltros
ltros el `dnkede el um kmstruflmto el lvdnud`kðm
5.4. Nd bkdiknkede
bkdiknkede
5.9. Nd vdnkelz
5.0. Otros pdräfltros el `dnkede
<. Plnl``kðm el um kmstruflmto el lvdnud`kðm

@dpætuno 9
LP@DND EL LRDN\D@KÐM EL ND DEDSUDIKNKEDE [ EL ND @OGLPKÐM
BDFKNKDY (BD@L
(BD@LPP KK. Bdfkny Dedptdiknkty dme @ogl
@oglskom
skom Lvd
Lvdnudtkom
nudtkom P`dnl)
Dmd Fdrtæmlz Sdfpnklhd

@dpætuno 0
LP@DND EL PDUKPBD@@KÐM BDFKNKDY (BPbP. Bdfkny Pdtksbd`tkom P`dnl)
Fkrlyd Pdmz Räzqulz

@dpætuno 5
LP@DND EL @OF\MK@D@KÐM BDFKNKDY (B@P. Bdfkny @offumk`dtkom P`dnl)
Fkrlyd Pdmz Räzqulz

2
@dpætuno <
LP@DND EL YL@\YPOP BDFKNKDYLP (BPtP1 Bdfkny Ptrlmhtgs P`dnl)
Fkrlyd Pdmz Räzqulz

@dpætuno 2
LP@DND EL LPUYËP BDFKNKDY (BPP. Bdfkny Ptrlss P`dnl)
Fkrlyd Pdmz Räzqulz

@dpætuno 8
LP@DND EL KMLPUDIKNKEDE FDUYKFOMKDN (FKP. Fdrktdn Kmstdiknkty P`dnl)
Dmd Fdrtæmlz Sdfpnklhd

@dpætuno 7
LP@DND EL DSLHO
DSLHO EL JKUPOM (JDP. Jktsom Dttd`gflmt P`dnl)
Dmd Fuôoz Lhuknltd

@dpætuno ;
LP@DND EL SYLO@\SD@KÐM SOY LN/ND LW LPSOPO/D (SLP. Srlo``updtkom
wktg tgl Lx-spousl P`dnl)
Dmd Fuôoz Lhuknltd

@dpætuno 43
LP@DND EL @YLLM@KDP KYYD@KOMDNLP POIYL ND PLSDYD@KÐM
Dmd Fuôoz Lhuknltd

@dpætuno 44
LP@DND EL @OMBNK@UO KMULYSDYLMUDN ELPEL ND SLYPSL@UKRD EL
NOP/DP GKAOP/DP (@SK@P. Ugl @gknerlm‛s Slr`lptkom ob Kmtlrpdrlmtdn @ombnk`t
P`dnl)
Dmd Fdrtæmlz Sdfpnklhd

@dpætuno 49
LP@DND EL PDUKPBD@@KÐM RKUDN EL NOP LPU\EKDMULP (PNPP. Ptuelmtsµ
Nkbl Pdtksbd`tkom P`dnl)
Leurml Hdnkmelz Mdbdrrdtl

8
@dpætuno 40
LP@DND EL PDUKPBD@@KOM RKUDN F\NUKEKFLMPKOMDN EL NOP
LPU\EKDMULP (FPNPP. Funtkekflmskomdn Ptuelmtsµ Nkbl Pdtksbd`tkom P`dnl)
Leurml Hdnkmelz Mdbdrrdtl

Ikinkohrdbæd

7
Srlslmtd`kðm

Lstl Fdmudn prlslmtd umd slrkl el kmstruflmtos dpnk`dinls dn äfikto bdfknkdr `om bkmls
tdmto `næmk`os `ofo el kmvlstkhd`kðm.
Nos kmstruflmtos el fleked som por lx`lnlm`kd nds glrrdfklmtds qul lfpnldfos nos
psk`ðn
psk`ðnoh
ohos
os pdrd rl`ohlr kmborfd`kðm
mborfd`kðm soirl pro`lsos kmtlrmos o fdmkblstd`kfdmkblstd`komls
omls
`omeu`tudnls, `om ln bkm el ekdhmostk`dr y pndmkbk`dr kmtlrvlm`komls.
Mo oistdmtl, gdiktudn
gdiktudnflmtl
flmtl nos problskomdn
problskomdnls
ls l kmvlstkhdeo
mvlstkhdeorls
rls lm ln äfikto bdfknk
bdfknkdr
lstdfos d`ostufirdeos d `omstdtdr nd prä`tk`d duslm`kd el kmstruflmtos dpnk`dinls d
mulstro `omtlxto `unturdn.
D flmueo, lfpnldfos tlsts, ls`dnds, kmvlmtdrkos…, qul mo som nos fäs keðmlos o
gd`lfos trdeu``komls räpkeds
räpkeds el prulids pro`lelmtls el otrds `unturds.
@ofo rlsuntd nðhk`o, ëstd mo ls nd borfd fäs `orrl`td el pro`lelr. Ls bumedflmtdn
lfpnldr kmstruflmtos del`udeos, `om um iulm rlspdneo `om`lptudn, sðnkedflmtl
`omstrukeos y `om um dpoyo lfpærk`o rlnlvdmtl. Delfäs, nos kmstruflmtos, lm nd fleked
el no poskinl, elilm slr el dpnk`d`kðm slm`knnd y po`o `ostosd, dflmos, irlvls y `ndros,
bä`knls el `orrlhkr l kmtlrprltdr, plro soirl toeo slmskinls dn `dfiko. Pðno el lstd borfd
poeräm slr del`udeos d um `omtlxto el kmvlstkh
kmvlstkhd`kðm
d`kðm y/o `næmk`o.
`næmk`o.
Slro mo ls subk`klmtl. Mo idstd `om umd iulmd slnl``kðm eln kmstruflmto y umd
trdeu``kðm skfpnl. Ls ml`lsdrko nnlvdr d `dio su dedptd`kðm. Pk mos kmtlrlsd qul nos edtos
el mulstros lstuekos puledm slr `ofpdrdeos `om nos el otros lstuekos kmtlrmd`komdnls, nds
lvdnud`komls gdm el slr lqukvdnlmtls. Udn ls ln pumto, qul fu`gds kmvlstkhd`komls lm lstl
`dfpo som elbl`tuosds o km`nuso rlsuntdm kmvdnkededs por umd elbk`klmtl dedptd`kðm.
Lxkstlm ekblrlm`kds bumedflmtdnls y, por tdmto, bulmtls el kmvdnkelz, lmtrl ekvlrsos
pdæsls qul kfpkelm
fpkelm ln lfpnlo
lfpnlo eln fksfo kmstruflmto
kmstruflmto `om umd skfpnl
skfpnl trdeu``kðm.
trdeu``kðm. Nos
`omstru`tos mo som umkvlrsdnls, nos ætlfs pulelm tlmlr `ommotd`komls ekblrlmtls. Delfäs
nds ekblrlm`kds mo sðno sl rlbklrlm dn `omtlxto, skmo tdfikëm d nd `omstru``kðm el nos
kmstruflmtos y d su kmtlrprltd`kðm, elsel ln `omtlxto `kr`umedmtl.
Ln pro`lso el dedptd`kðm gd el slr rkhuroso. Elil dedptdrsl d nd nlmhud y `unturd
lm nd qul vd d slr utknkzdeo, tdn y `ofo sl lxpnk`d lm probumekede lm ln `dpætuno
kmtroeu`torko, prlslrvdmeo lm toeo foflmto ln `omtlmkeo slfämtk`o el orkhlm.
Ls um pro`lso sufdflmtl `ostoso, puls supoml mo sðno ln elsdrronno el nd mulvd
vlrskðm, `om umd fltoeonohæd skstlfätk`d y rkhurosd, skmo tdfikëm nd `ofproid`kðm el nds
`drd`tlræstk`ds psk`ofëtrk`ds eln kmstruflmto, ls el`kr, sus æmek`ls el bkdiknkede y vdnkelz.
Pðno el lstd borfd ln kmstruflmto poerä slr lfpnldeo `om hdrdmtæd subk`klmtl.
Ln hrdm lsbulrzo qul lsto supoml rlsuntd `ofplmsdeo sk tlmlfos lm `ulmtd sus

;
hrdmels vlmtdads1 didrdtd ln `ostl el nds kmvlstkhd`komls, puls mo tlmlfos qul `omstrukr
um kmstruflmto mulvo, mos plrfktl dprovl`gdrmos el nd lxplrklm`kd el nos dutorls
orkhkmdnls y, por supulsto, plrfktl rldnkzdr `ofpdrd`komls d mkvln md`komdn o
kmtlrmd`komdn, bd`knktdmeo el lstd borfd ln kmtlr`dfiko elmtro el nd `ofumkede `klmtæbk`d,
puls toeos lstdfos gdindmeo «ln«l n fksfo
fksfo nlmhudalº.
nlmhudalº.
Nos 49 kmstruflmtos qul dquæ prlslmtdfos, prltlmelm `ufpnkr nds eos `omek`komls
dmtlrkorflmtl kmek`deds. Sor um ndeo, som kmstruflmtos `ukedeosdflmtl slnl``komdeos,
tlmklmeo lm `ulmtd su rlspdneo tlðrk`o, su bum`komdfklmto psk`ofëtrk`o y su dpoyo d
trdvës el lstuekos lfpærk`os. Slro delfäs, gdm skeo dedptdeos lfpnldmeo nd
fltoeonohæd skstlfätk`d y rkhurosd, slôdnded lm ln `dpætuno kmtroeu`torko.
Udfikëm ls kfportdmtl lmbdtkzdr qul toeos lnnos fkelm `omstru`tos rlnlvdmtls d
mkvln so`kdn, lm vkm`und`kðm `om ln äfikto bdfknkdr. Dnhumos el nos kmstruflmtos sl ekrkhlm
d lstuekdr ln bum`komdfklmto hnoidn el nd bdfknkd: otros, ln bum`komdfklmto el nd pdrlad: y
nos ñntkfos sl rlnd`komdm `om vdrkdinls kmekvkeudnls fuy vkm`undeds `om ln
bum`komdfklmto o eksbum`komdfklmto
eksbum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr
bdfknkdr..

43
44
49
 Nd lstru`turd el lstl Fdmudn ls `ofo sl els`rkil d `omtkmud`kðm. @omstd el 40
`dpætunos. Ln prkflro el lnnos pndmtld um fdr`o tlðrk`o ekrkhkeo d `ofprlmelr ln pro`lso
el dedptd`kðm. Ls um `dpætuno dfpnko y eltdnndeo, plro fuy ñtkn pdrd bdfknkdrkzdrsl `om
nos `om`lptos y lmtlmelr nos edtos qul sl dportlm postlrkorflmtl soirl nos kmstruflmtos.
Nos 49 `dpætunos skhuklmtls lstäm elek`deos d `ded umo el nos ekblrlmtls kmstruflmtos.
@om um borfdto slm`knno, sl rl`ohlm nos oialtkvos, nds `drd`tlræstk`ds psk`ofëtrk`ds, nd
borfd el `orrl``kðm y nd vlrskðm lspdôond dedptded. Lm ln dpdrtdeo «Bulmtl prkm`kpdnº
el `ded umo el nos `dpætunos, sl kmek`d nd rlblrlm`kd eomel pulel lm`omtrdrsl ln lstueko
orkhkmdn el dedptd`kðm.
Ls kfportdmtl kmek`dr qul nd dutoræd el nos kmstruflmtos plrtlml`l d nos
kmvlstkhdeorls qul elsdrronndrom nd ls`dnd orkhkmdn y qul toeos lnnos mos gdm edeo ln
plrfkso
plrfkso lxpnæ`k
lxpnæ`kto
to tdmto pdrd nd dedptd`kðm
dedptd`kðm `ofo pdrd nd puink`d`kð
puink`d`kðmm eln fksfo.
fksfo.
Sor ñntkfo, ln prlslmtl Fdmudn tklml um `drä`tlr kmborfdtkvo y prä`tk`o, plro mo
lxkfl el nd pltk`kðm el nos plrfksos el dpnk`d`kðm d nos rlspl`tkvos dutorls.
Dmd Fdrtæmlz Sdfpnklhd
Ekrl`tord Lqukpo LKB

40
 @DSÆU\NO 4

SYO@LEKFKLMUOP FLUOEONÐHK@OP SDYD ND

LNDIOYD@KÐM, DEDSUD@KÐM [ RDNKED@KÐM EL
KMPUY\FLMUOP EL FLEKED LM SPK@ONOHÆD
Koslid Krdurhk
Krdurhk @dstknno
@dstkn no

45
Lm ln äfikto el nd lvdnud`kðm psk`onðhk`d `omtdfos um dfpnko rlplrtorko el rl`ursos lm
nos `udnls dpoydrmos pdrd lxpnordr, `omo`lr y `ofprlmelr nds fdmkblstd`komls y
proeu`tos el nds plrsomds (d`tktuels,
(d`tktuels, lfo`komls,
lfo`komls, `ofportdfklmtos,
`ofportdfklmtos, rdshos
rdshos el
plrsomdnk
plrsomdnkede, lt`.), plro skm
skm eued nd utkn
utknkzd`kðm
zd`kðm el nos tlsts som no qul gdm `drd`tlrkzdeo
dn psk`ðnoho lm lstd ndior vdnordtkvd. Ln tërfkmo «tlstº ls utknkzdeo `ofñmflmtl `ofo
umd lxprlskðm hlmërk`d pdrd gd`lr rlblrlm`kd d `udnquklr kmstruflmto el fleked el tkpo
psk`ofëtrk
psk`ofëtrk`o,
`o, km`urrkëmeosl,
m`urrkëmeosl, elsel mulstro pumto el vkstd, vkstd, lm um lrror `om`lptudn
kfportdmtl. Lxkstlm ekvlrsos y ekblrlmtls kmstruflmtos el fleked el nds vdrkdinls
psk`on
psk`onðh
ðhkk`ds, tdnls
tdnls `ofo nos propkos
propkos tlsts, nos kmvlmtdrkos,
mvlmtdrkos, nds ls`dnds, nos
nos `ulstkomdrk
`ulstkomdrkos,
os,
nds lmtrlvkstds, lt`., `ded umo el nos `udnls posllm `drd`tlræstk`ds propkds qul nls gd`lm
keðmlos slhñm ln oialtkvo el lvdnud`kðm pdrd ln qul som elstkmdeos. Lm nd Udind 4 sl
prlslmtdm nos kmstruflmtos el fleked
fleked rlblrkeos,
rlblrkeos, obrl`klmeo
obrl`klmeo umd els`rkp`k
els`rkp`kðm
ðm el nos
fksfos. Sor mulstrd pdrtl, y d no ndrho el lstl `dpætuno, mos rlblrkrlfos d toeos lnnos lm
hlmlrdn y d mkmhumo lm pdrtk`undr, por no qul mos rlblrkrlfos d nos fksfos `ofo
kmstruflmtos el fleked el vdrkdinls psk`onðhk`ds.
Pklmeo lstl ln prkflr `dpætuno el lstd fomohrdbæd, elek`ded d kmstruflmtos el
lvdnud`kðm el vdrkdinls psk`onðhk`ds vkm`undeds dn lmtormo el nd bdfknkd, eomel sl obrl`l
dn nl`tor um `omaumto el kmstruflmtos dedptdeos dn lspdôon `om su `orrlspomeklmtl
lstueko el vdnked`kðm psk`ofëtrk`d, dioredrlfos dqulnnos dspl`tos tlðrk`os d nos qul
gd`l dnuskðm ln tætuno propulsto. Kmk`kdrlfos nd lxposk`kðm `om umd irlvl flm`kðm dn
`om`lpto el lvdnud`kðm lm psk`onohæd pdrd dbromtdr slhukedflmtl ln pro`lso el
`omstru``kðm el um kmstruflmto el fleked lm psk`onohæd. Lstl pumto slrä dioredeo tdm
sðno el borfd els`rkptkvd lm `udmto d nds ltdpds qul sl elilm slhukr, edeo qul dbromtdrno
el borfd kmtlhrdn slræd oialto el umd lxtlmskðm fu`go fäs dfpnkd qul suplrd nos
propðsktos
propðsktos el lstd oird. Lxks Lxkstlm
tlm fdmudnls
fdmudnls lspl`æbk`os
lspl`æbk`os soirl nd `omstru``kðm
`omstru``kðm el
kmstruflmtos psk`onðhk`os (Ugormekjl, 4;7;: Gdfinltom y Qddn, 4;;4: Idrilro, 4;;0:
Dr`l, 4;;5: Fuôkz, 4;;2: Mdvds, 9339: Idrilro, Rknd y Puärlz, 9330: Fordnls, \rosd y
Indm`o, 9330: Forlmo-Yosslt, 9330) d nos `udnls ln nl`tor kmtlrlsdeo pulel rlfktkrsl.

UDIND 4
UKSOP EL KMPUY\FLMUOP EL LRDN\D@KÐM SPK@ONÐHK@D

4<
42
42 S. 42 Slrsomdnkty Bd`tors
IEK. Il`j Elprlsskom Kmvlmtory
@YP-L. @ulstkomdrko el Yl`ursos Po`ko-L`omðfk`os
LP. Lm`ulstd el Pdnue
BD@LP. Bdfkny Dedptdiknkty dme @oglskom Lvdnudtkom P`dnl

48
FFSK.
FFSK. Fkmmlsotd
Fkmmlsotd Funtkpgdsk
Funtkpgdsk`` Slrsomdnkty
Slrsomdnkty Kmvlmtory
FS-Ydvlm. Fdtrk`ls Srohrlskvds el Ydvlm
SEL. Slrsomdnk
S lrsomdnkty
ty Eksorelrs Lxdfkmdtkom
Lxdfkmdtkom
P@DM. P`gleunls bor @nkmk`dn Dsslssflmt km Mluropsy`gkdtry
P@KE. Ptru`turle @nkmk`dn Kmtlrvklw bor EPF-KKK-Y
PUDK. Ptdtl Urdkt Dmxklty Kmvlmtory
XDKP. Xl`gsnlr Deunt Kmtlnnkhlm`l P`dnl

Nd fdyor pdrtl el nos kmstruflmtos el lvdnud`kðm el vdrkdinls bdfknkdrls qul lm

lstd fomohrdbæd sl els`rkilm gdm skeo dedptdeos dn `dstlnndmo d pdrtkr el sus orkhkmdnls lm
kmhnës. Mo gdm skeo `omstrukeos el movo, plro ln pro`lso el dedptd`kðm mo ls flmos
rkhuroso qul ln el lndiord`kðm el kmstruflmtos. Eded nd kfportdm`kd el lstl pro`lso, lm
nd tlr`lrd pdrtl el lstl `dpætuno slrä dioredeo el borfd fäs lxgdustkvd, obrl`klmeo,
dskfksfo, nds rl`oflmed`komls y/o ekrl`trk`ls pdrd nd trdeu``kðm y dedptd`kðm el
kmstruflmtos psk`onðhk`os qul gdm skeo lndiordeos por nd @ofkskðm Kmtlrmd`komdn el Ulsts
(KU@. Kmtlrmdtkomdn Ulst @offk sskom) .
Ulst @offksskom)
Sor ñntkfo, nos kmstruflmtos psk`ofëtrk`os, `udnquklrd qul sld nd mdturdnlzd el nds
vdrkdinls qul prltlmedm flekr, elilm sdtksbd`lr `klrtos rlquksktos kmglrlmtls d toeo
rl`urso elstkmdeo d nd flek`kðm, `om oialto el qul sus rlsuntdeos prlslmtlm nd fdyor
`orrlspomelm`kd poskinl `om nd rldnkede. Ls por lnno qul nos dutorls el tlsts, ls`dnds,
kmvlmtdrkos, `ulstkomdrkos, lt`., sl prlo`updm por elfostrdr qul sus kmstruflmtos fkelm
rldnflmtl dqulnno pdrd no `udn sl `om`kilm (vdnkelz), qul lsds flek`komls `omtklmlm um
fdrhlm el lrror tonlrdinl (bkdiknkede) y qul nos rlsuntdeos qul obrl`lm, plrfktlm els`rkikr
y/o `ndskbk`dr d nos kmekvkeuos d nos `udnls sl dpnk`dm o prlel`kr dnhñm dspl`to el nd
`omeu`td (Udvlnnd, 4;87). Nd lxposk`kðm el toeos lstos `om`lptos, dsæ `ofo nos `rktlrkos
pdrd nd lnl``kðm
lnl``kðm el um kmstruflmto el fleked,
fleked, slräm nd tdrld bkmdn
bkmdn qul dbromtl lstl
`dpætuno.

4. LN @OM@LSUO EL LRDN\D@KÐM [ FLEK@KÐM

Nd prkflrd `ulstkðm qul elilfos eknu`kedr dmtls el lmtrdr lm fdtlrkd ls nd el obrl`lr nds
elbkmk`komls iäsk`ds qul gd`lm dnuskðm dn ärld qul qulrlfos trdtdr: soirl toeo nds qul sl
rlbklrlm dn `om`lpto el lvdnud`kðm y flek`kðm. Dumqul dnhumos dutorls ekblrlm`kdm lmtrl
flek`kðm (pro`lso el rl`ohked el nd kmborfd`kðm) y lvdnud`kðm (kmtlrprltd`kðm el nos
rlsuntdeos), sl tklmel d elmofkmdr `ofo lvdnud`kðm d toeo ln `omaumto eln pro`lso. Dsæ,
por lalfpno,
lalfpno, Drhkfðm
rhkfðm y Akfëmlz-R
Akfëmlz-Rkknnd (4;;5: 9333), lm su rl`oflmedinl fdmudn el
fëtoeos el kmvlstkhd`kðm, suhklrlm qul nds d`tkvkedels qul rldnkzd um lqukpo kmvlstkhdeor
lm `udnquklr lstueko sl pulelm rlsufkr lm trls1 «flekrº blmðflmos, «`ofpdrdrº nos
rlsuntdeos oitlmkeos lm ekvlrsos hrupos l «kmtlrprltdrnosº lm bum`kðm el nos
`omo`kfklmtos d`tudnls, tlmklmeo lm `ulmtd nds vdrkdinls qul puledm gdilr kmbnukeo lm ln
rlsuntdeo. Uoeo lstl pro`lso ls no qul morfdnflmtl sl lmtklmel por lvdnud`kðm.

47
 Tuled kfpnæ`kto, por tdmto, qul toed lvdnud`kðm supoml umd flek`kðm y qukzä sld
lstl `om`lpto ln qul fdyor `omtrovlrskd puled `dusdr. Nd keld qul sonlfos tlmlr el nd
flek`kðm vklml d slr nd eln pro`lso por ln `udn eltlrfkmdfos ln `udmto el umd fdhmktue
vdnkëmeomos el su `ofpdrd`kðm `om otrd fdhmktue qul sl `omskelrd nd umkede. Slro lstd
elbkmk`kðm, lm ln äfikto el nds `klm`kds gufdmds y el nd sdnue, qukzä sld elfdskdeo
lxkhlmtl gdstd ln pumto el nnlvdrmos d `omskelrdr nd kfposkiknkede el lbl`tudr nd oplrd`kðm
el fleked por bdntd el umd «fdhmktue umkedeº. Ls el`kr, lm psk`onohæd o lm ln äfikto el
nd sdnue lm hlmlrdn, sl els`rkilm y fdmladm `omstru`tos gkpotëtk`os (dmsklede, elprlskðm,
`dnkede el vked, km`dpd`kede, `oglskðm bdfknkdr, lt`.) qul `drl`lm el umd umkede el
fleked tdmhkinl `ofo lm ln `dso el nds `klm`kds bæsk`ds (ekstdm`kd, tklfpo, lmlrhæd, lt`.).
D lstl rlspl`to, dnhumos dutorls ekblrlm`kdräm lmtrl lvdnud`kðm suialtkvd y oialtkvd,
dnueklmeo nd prkflrd d nd els`rkp`kðm el nos `omstru`tos gkpotëtk`os o kmtdmhkinls y nd
slhumed d nds lmtkedels tdmhkinls els`rktds por nds `klm`kds lxplrkflmtdnls (Homzänlz-
Pdkz, 4;;7: Pdnvdeor @drunnd lt dn., 9333). Slro `ofo lstos fksfos dutorls deu`lm, lm
`klm`kds el nd sdnue, eomel nos `omstru`tos gkpotëtk`os y nds lmtkedels tdmhkinls sl
sondpdm, sl lstä proeu`klmeo el borfd `rl`klmtl umd fdyor elfdmed el pdräfltros
kmtdmhkinls `ofo nd sdtksbd``kðm, ln dpoyo, nd dutomofæd, nd `dnkede el vked o ln mkvln el
eks`dpd`kede eln sualto, no qul gd eltlrfkmdeo qul lm nd d`tudnkede nd utknkzd`kðm el lstos
pdräfltros sld kfprls`kmek
kfprls`kmekin
inll lm `udnquklr
`udnquklr ärld el vdnord`kðm
vdnord`kðm psk`onðh
psk`onðhkk`d o el nd sdnue.
sdnue.
Mo oistdmtl, ln `om`lpto el fleked
fleked defktl
defktl ekblrlmtls
ekblrlmtls hrdeos el lxklxkhlm`kd, el
borfd qul `udmto flmorls som ëstos, fäs sl dfpnæd ln `om`lpto el flek`kðm y fdyorls
som nds poskiknkedels el km`nukr lm ln fksfo oplrd`komls `ofumls lm mulstrd ärld el
d`tud`kðm. D`lptdmeo lstos mkvlnls el lxkhlm`kd, @dfpilnn (4;<9) `omskelrd nd flek`kðm
`ofo nd dskhmd`kðm el mñflros pdrd rlprlslmtdr propkledels el nos skstlfds fdtlrkdnls
qul mo som mñflros, lm vkrtue el nds nlyls qul skhulm lstds propkledels. Slro qukzä nd
dportd`kðm fäs rlnlvdmtl d nd elbkmk`kðm eln `om`lpto nd gdnnd rldnkzdeo Ptlvlms (4;<4) dn
elbkmkrnd `ofo «nd dskhmd`kðm el muflrdnls d oialtos o gl`gos el d`ulreo `om rlhndsº.
Kfpnæ`ktd d lstd elbkmk`kðm sl lm`ulmtrd umd `omek`kðm kfprls`kmekinl pdrd poelr nnlvdr d
`dio nd flek`kðm el blmðflmos gkpotëtk`os (por lalfpno, nd `dnkede el vked) y ls qul
elil edrsl um ksoforbksfo lmtrl nds oplrd`komls qul sl pulelm rldnkzdr `om nos oialtos o
gl`gos y nds qul plrfktlm nnlvdr d `dio nos mñflros. Nos fëtoeos psk`obæsk`os nnlvdeos d
`dio por Bl`gmlr (fëtoeos kmekrl`tos), qul plrfktædm ln `än`uno el nos ufirdnls
disonutos y ekblrlm`kdnls qul pomlm el fdmkbklsto nd `dpd`kede el eltl``kðm y
eks`rkfkmd`kðm el `udnkedels bæsk`ds por pdrtl el nos sualtos, y nos propulstos por Ptlvlms
(fëtoeos ekrl`tos), qul plrfktædm dmdnkzdr flekdmtl ln daustl el bum`komls nd `dpd`kede
el nos sualtos pdrd gd`lr lstkfd`komls suialtkvds el nds ekflmskomls bæsk`ds, gdm
plrfktk
plrfktkeo
eo `orroiordr qul ek`go
ek`go ksoforbksfo
soforbksfo ls pndusk
pnduskin
inl.
l. D trdvës el nos fëtoeos el
lstkfd`kðm el fdhmktue y proeu``kðm el fdhmktue, borfundeos por Ptlvlms (4;<4:
4;84), sl gd poekeo elfostrdr qul nos auk`kos suialtkvos el nds plrsomds tklmlm umd
lnlvded prl`kskðm y `omskstlm`kd kmtlrmd. Lm ln `dso el nds plr`lp`komls ls poskinl
lbl`tudr lstkfd`komls el fdhmktue (lsto ls, `udmtds vl`ls fäs bulrtl ls umd plr`lp`kðm
qul otrd), no qul suhklrl qul dn flmos pdrd eltlrfkmdeds flekeds, sl skhul umd ls`dnd el

4;
`o`klmtl fäs qul umd flrd ls`dnd orekmdn (vëdsl fäs delndmtl). Dskfksfo, ln foelno
ls`dndr el Ugurstoml (Idrilro, 4;;0), d trdvës eln elsdrronno el nds nlyls eln auk`ko
`ofpdrdtkvo y eln auk`ko `dtlhðrk`o, gd gl`go poskinl elsdrronndr um skstlfd el
l`ud`komls qul plrfktl `oml`tdr nos auk`kos lfktkeos por ln sualto d`lr`d el nds rlnd`komls
lmtl nos ekstkmtos lstæfunos, `om vdnorls ls`dndrls y nds eksplrskomls el lsos lstæfunos lm
um `omtkmuo. Nd psk`obæsk`d plrfktl oitlmlr el lstl foeo umd bulrtl idsl pdrd nd
utknkzd`kðm el eltlrfkmdeds ls`dnds, `ofo nos dmänohos nkmldnls el eonor (F`Eowlnn y
lwlnn, 4;78), el borfd qul nos `omstru`tos gkpotëtk`os (oialto el nd
lvdnud`kðm/flek`kðm suialtkvd) som bd`tkinls el flek`kðm. Uoeo lnno, `omstktuyl nds idsls
eln pro`lso el `omstru``kðm y elsdrronno el nos kmstruflmtos el fleked lm psk`onohæd.

9. LN SYO@LP
SYO@LPO
O EL
EL LND
LNDIOYD@KÐ
IOYD@KÐM
M EL \M
KMPUY\FLMUO EL FLEKED
Sdrd utknkzdr um kmstruflmto (tlst, ls`dnd, kmvlmtdrko, `ulstkomdrko…) `ofo kmstruflmto
`klmtæbk`o el fleked, ls ml`lsdrko `uirkr umd slrkl el ltdpds. \md ltdpd kmk`kdn, qul
didr`dræd nd lndiord`kðm el umd prulid pknoto, su dpnk`d`kðm d umd fulstrd el sualtos y nd
dskhmd`kðm el nds pumtud`komls d nos fksfos: umd slhumed ltdpd lm nd qul sl lvdnudræd nd
`dnkede psk`ofëtrk`d el `ded umo el nos ætlfs qul `ofpomlm nd prulid pknoto dsæ `ofo ln
`omaumto el nd fksfd, y bkmdnkzdræd `om nd `omstru``kðm elbkmktkvd eln tlst, y umd tlr`lrd
ltdpd lm nd qul sl nnlvdræd d `dio nd dpnk`d`kðm eln tlst d umd fulstrd rlprlslmtdtkvd el nd
poind`k
poind`kðm
ðm d nd qul vd ekrkh
ekrkhkeo, sl dskh
dskhmdrædm pumtud`komls d nos sualtos pdrd su lvdnud`kðm
lvdnud`kðm
y sl nnlvdræd d `dio ln pro`lso el lstdmedrkzd`kðm el nds pumtud`komls oitlmkeds y ln
lstdinl`kfklmto el morfds qul plrfktdm su kmtlrprltd`kðm. Ln pro`lso bkmdnkzdræd `om nd
lndiord`kðm eln fdmudn eln tlst qul elilrä km`nukr toed nd kmborfd`kðm ml`lsdrkd pdrd qul
puled slr utknk
utknkzdeo por nos lspl`kdnk
lspl`kdnkstds eln ärld (Idrilro, 9330).
Lm nd Udind 9 sl prlslmtdm nds ltdpds qul `ofprlmel nd lndiord`kðm el um
kmstruflmto el fleked lm psk`onohæd y nds prlhumtds y tdrlds d nds qul gd`l rlblrlm`kd
`ded umd el lsds ltdpds. @ofo glfos pndmtldeo lm nd kmtroeu``kðm, ln dioredal el toeo
lstl pro`lso rlquklrl el fdyor lspd`ko eln qul sl mos obrl`l lm lstl `dpætuno
kmtroeu`torko, por no qul rlfktkfos d oirds fäs lspl`æbk`ds lm nds `udnls sl ed `ulmtd el
borfd `ndrd y ekeä`tk`d el lsl pro`lso (Ugormekjl, 4;7;: Gdfinltom y Qddn, 4;;4:
Idrilro, 4;;0: Dr`l, 4;;5: Fuôkz, 4;;2: Mdvds, 9339: Idrilro, Rknd y Puärlz, 9330:
Fordnls, \rosd y Indm`o, 9330: Forlmo-Yosslt, 9330).

UDIND 9
LUDSDP LM ND LNDIOYD@KÐM EL \M KMPUY\FLMUO EL FLEK@KÐM
SPK@ONÐHK@D

93
94
99
0. LN SYO@LP
SYO@LPO
O EL DED
DEDSU
SUD
D@KÐM
@KÐM EL \M
KMPUY\FLMUO EL FLEKED
Nd utknkzd`kðm el kmstruflmtos el fleked elsdrronndeos orkhkmdrkdflmtl lm um kekofd y
`omtlxto `unturdn ekstkmto dn qul sl quklrl dpnk`dr, `omstktuyl um slrko proinlfd lm
psk`on
psk`onoh
ohæd,
æd, lspl`kdn
lspl`kdnflmtl
flmtl sk ln pdæs lm `ulstkðm
`ulstkðm ls fäs kfportdeor qul lxp
lxportdeor
ortdeor,, `ofo
ls ln `dso el Lspdôd (Fuôkz, 4;;5). Lm lstos `dsos, ls ml`lsdrko dedptdr ek`go
kmstruflmto d nd nlmhud y `unturd eomel vdyd d slr utknkzdeo, flekdmtl um pro`lso el
dedptd`kðm `unturdn `uyo oialtkvo prkm`kpdn ls prlslrvdr ln `omtlmkeo slfämtk`o lm ln uso
gdiktudn eln nlmhudal el nd mulvd trdeu``kðm, nohrdmeo el lstl foeo nd lqukvdnlm`kd el
skhmkbk`deos el nos `ulstkomdrkos lmtrl dfids `unturds. Ln pro`lso el dedptd`kðm `unturdn
elil rldnkzdrsl el d`ulreo d umos lstämedrls `klmtæbk`os qul hdrdmtkzdm nd lqukvdnlm`kd
`unturdn el nds eos vlrskomls (orkhkmdn y dedptded), lm tërfkmos nkmhþæstk`os y el
`omtlmkeo, sklmeo kmdel`uded nd utknkzd`kðm el trdeu``komls nkirls eln kmstruflmto orkhkmdn.
Nds rdzomls som vdrkds. Nos `omstru`tos o rdshos qul flekfos lm psk`onohæd y `klm`kds
dbkmls mo tklmlm um `drä`tlr umkvlrsdn y nos ætlfs kmek`deorls dpropkdeos eln fksfo rdsho
pulelm slr ekstk
ekstkmtos
mtos lm `unturds
`unturds l kekofds
ekofds ekblrlmtls,
ekblrlmtls, o nos fksfos
fksfos ætlfs pulelm tlmlr
`ommotd`komls ekvlrsds. Dsæ, por lalfpno, elmtro el um mulvo `omtlxto el nds `klm`kds
gufdmds y ikonðhk`ds, Sdtrk`j y `ondiordeorls (4;7<) pndmtldm qul ls lslm`kdn lmtlmelr
lm quë fleked nos vdnorls rlnd`komdeos `om ln lstdeo el sdnue som dmänohos lm ekblrlmtls
`unturds y hrupos so`kdnls, lm tdmto qul ek`gds plr`lp`komls tklmlm umd hrdm kmbnulm`kd lm
ln foeo el vkvkr nd sdnue/lmblrflede. Sor otrd pdrtl, `udmeo sl trdtd el kmstruflmtos
qul tklmlm yd umd `klrtd dmtkhþlede, gdy qul tlmlr lm `ulmtd qul nos `omstru`tos o rdshos
qul sl elilm vdnordr pulelm vdrkdr, mo yd `udmeo nos plmsdfos elsel otrds `unturds,
skmo `om ln skfpnl pdso eln tklfpo: nos kmek`deorls (ætlfs) el lsl rdsho pulelm tlmlr
`ommotd`komls ekblrlmtls lm eos foflmtos ekstkmtos y mo `ovdrkdr o `ofportdrsl `ofo

90
`udmeo bulrom `omstrukeos km`nuso elmtro el nd fksfd `unturd eomel bulrom `rldeos
(Fordnls, \rosd y Indm`o, 9330).
Nd dedptd`kðm el kmstruflmtos el fleked lm psk`onohæd el otros kekofds ls
kmtlrlsdmtl l km`nuso ml`lsdrkd `udmeo sl tklmlm prlvkstos lstuekos kmtlr`unturdnls: ln
utknkzdr ln fksfo kmstruflmto ls nd fdmlrd el qul nos edtos sldm `ofpdrdinls. Dgord
iklm,
iklm, `udmeo mo lstäm prlvkstos
prlvkstos lstos lstuekos
lstuekos `ofpdrdtkvos
`ofpdrdtkvos sulnl
sulnl slr fäs bä`kn
bä`kn, y soirl
toeo fäs rlnlvdmtl, prlpdrdr um mulvo kmstruflmto dedptdeo d nds ml`lskedels eln
`omtlxto `unturdn eomel sl quklrl utknkzdr y lm ln kekofd el quklm vdyd d rlspomelr
(Gdfinltom y Sdtsund, 4;;;), dumqul nd kmspkrd`kðm vlmhd el kmstruflmtos plmsdeos lm
otros kekofds y pdrd slr utknkzdeos `om sualtos el otrds `unturds. Mo oistdmtl, nd
tlmelm`kd d`tudn ls lstdmedrkzdr morfds kmtlrmd`komdnls pdrd dslhurdr nd `dnkede el nos
kmstruflmtos dedptdeos y nd poskiknkede eln kmtlr`dfiko el kmborfd`kðm lmtrl nd
`ofumkede `klmtæbk`d (Gdfinltom, 4;;5: KU@). Uoeo lnno gd nnlvdeo d nd ml`lskede el
lndiordr eo`uflmtos të`mk`os qul rl`oadm nd morfdtkvd y rl`oflmed`komls pdrd nd
dedptd`kðm el nos kmstruflmtos el umos pdæsls d otros. Sdrd nnlvdrno d `dio, sl borfð um
@ofktë Kmtlrmd`komdn borfdeo por rlprlslmtdmtls el nds dso`kd`komls kmtlrmd`komdnls
nkelrdeds por umd dso`kd`kðm lspl`kdnkzded lm lstos tlfds `ofo ls nd @ofkskðm
Kmtlrmd`komdn el Ulsts ( KU@. Kmtlrmdtk omdn Ulst @offk sskom ), quklm propuso rl`oflmedr
Ulst @offksskom
99 ekrl`trk`ls qul sl `omskelrdm `ndvls pdrd umd `orrl`td dedptd`kðm o `omstru``kðm
skfuntämld el nos tlsts psk`onðhk`os y leu`dtkvos ( Udind 0).

UDIND 0
EKYL@UYK@LP SDYD ND DEDSUD@KÐM EL KMPUY\FLMUOP LM B\M@KÐM
ELN ÄYLD EOMEL S\LEL KM@KEKY LN LYYOY

Ärlds Ekrl`trk`ls
4. Nos lbl`tos el nds ekblrlm`kds `unturdnls qul mo sldm rlnlvdmtls
pdrd nos oialtkvos
oialtkvos `lmtrdnls eln lstuek
lstueko, elilrædm fkmk
fkmkfk
fkzdrsl
zdrsl lm nd
fleked el no poskinl
9. Elilræd el lvdnudrsl nd `udmtæd eln sondpdfklmto el nos
`omstru`tos lm nds poind`komls el kmtlrës

4. Nos `omstru`torls/lektorls el tlsts elilrædm el dslhurdr qul ln

pro`lso el dedptd`kðm
dedptd`kðm tklml lm `ulmtd nds ekblrlm`kds
ekblrlm`kds nkmh
nkmhþæstk
þæstk`ds
`ds y
`unturdnls lmtrl nds poind`komls d nds qul sl ekrkhlm nds vlrskomls
dedptdeds eln tlst
9. Nos `omstru`torls/lektorls
`omstru`torls/lektorls el nos tlsts elilrædm el propor`komdr
edtos qul hdrdmtk`lm qul ln nlmhudal utknkzdeo lm nds kmstru``komls,
lm nos propkos ætlfs y lm ln fdmudn eln tlst, som dpropkdeos pdrd
toeds nds poind`komls `unturdnls l kekofätk`ds d nds qul vd ekrkhkeo
ln tlst

95
0. Nos `omstru`torls/lektorls el tlsts elilrædm el dportdr
lvkelm`kd el qul nds të`mk`ds el lvdnud`kðm lnlhkeds, nos borfdtos
el nos ætlfs, nds rlhnds el nos tlsts y nos pro`lekfklmtos som
bdfknkdrls d toeds nds poind`komls d nds qul vdm ekrkhkeos
5. Nos `omstru`torls/lektorls el tlsts elilrædm el bd`knktdr
lvkelm`kd el qul ln `omtlmkeo el nos ætlfs y nos fdtlrkdnls el nos
lstæfunos som bdfknkdrls pdrd toeds nds poind`komls d nds qul vdm
ekrkhkeos
<. Nos `omstru`torls/lektorls el tlsts elilrædm dportdr umd
austkbk`d`k
austkbk`d`kðm
ðm rd`komdn
rd`komdn skstlfätk
skstlfätk`d,
`d, tdmto nkmh mhþæstk
þæstk`d
`d `ofo
psk`on
psk`onðh
ðhkk`d, pdrd flaordr nd prl`ksk
prl`kskðm
ðm eln pro`lso el dedptd`kðm,
dedptd`kðm,
dsæ `ofo rlumkr edtos d`lr`d el nd lqukvdnlm`kd el toeds nds
vlrskomls lm nos ekstkmtos kekofds
2. Nos `omstru`torls/lektorls el tlsts elilrædm dslhurdr qul ln
ekslôo el rl`ohked el edtos plrfktl ln uso el të`mk`ds lstdeæstk`ds
dpropkdeds pdrd lstdinl`lr nd lqukvdnlm`kd lmtrl nos ætlfs
`orrlspomeklmtls d nds ekblrlmtls vlrskomls kekofätk`ds eln tlst
8. Nos `omstru`torls/lektorls el tlsts elilrædm dpnk`dr të`mk`ds
lstdeæstk`ds dpropkdeds pdrd 4) lstdinl`lr nd lqukvdnlm`kd lmtrl nds
ekblrlmtls vlrskomls el um tlst y 9) kelmtkbk`dr `ofpomlmtls
proinlfätk
proinlfätk`os`os o dspl`tos eln tlst qul puledm slr kmdel`udeos
pdrd dnhumd
dnhumd el nds poind`kom
poind`komls
ls d nds qul vd elstkmdeo
elstkmdeo ln tlst

7. Nos `omstru`torls/lektorls el tlsts elilrædm propor`komdr

kmborfd`kðm soirl nd lvdnud`kðm el nd vdnkelz lm toeds nds
poind`k
poind`komls
omls oialtkvo d nds
nds qul vd ekrk
ekrkhk
hkeo
eo ln tlst dedptdeo

;. Nos `omstru`torls/lektorls el tlsts elilrædm dportdr edtos

lstdeæstk`os soirl nd lqukvdnlm`kd el nos tlsts pdrd toeds nds
poind`k
poind`komls
omls d nds qul vdm ekrk
ekrkhhkeos
43. Mo elilm utknkzdrsl prlhumtds mo lqukvdnlmtls lm toeds nds
vlrskomls ekrkhkeds d ekblrlmtls poind`komls `udmeo sl prlpdrd umd
ls`dnd `ofñm, o `udmeo sl `ofpdrdm lstds poind`komls. Pkm
lfidrho, pulelm slr ñtknls pdrd rlborzdr nd vdnkelz el `omtlmkeo
el nds pumtud`komls el `ded poind`kðm por slpdrdeo
4. Nos `omstru`torls y nos dpnk`deorls el nos tlsts elilrædm trdtdr

9<
el prlvlr nos tkpos el proinlfds qul `dil lsplrdr, y tofdr nds
flekeds oportumds pdrd lvktdrnos flekdmtl nd prlpdrd`kðm el
fdtlrkdnls l kmstru``komls del`udeos
9. Tuklmls dpnk`dm nos tlsts elilrædm el slr slmskinls d `klrto
mñflro el bd`torls rlnd`komdeos `om nos fdtlrkdnls utknkzdeos pdrd
nos lstæfunos, nos pro`lekfklmtos el dpnk`d`kðm, y nds borfds el
rlspulstd, qul pulelm rleu`kr nd vdnkelz el nds kmblrlm`kds
lxtrdæeds el nds pumtud`komls
0. Dqulnnos dspl`tos eln lmtormo qul kmbnuylm lm nd dpnk`d`kðm eln
tlst elilrædm el fdmtlmlrsl no fäs pdrl`keos poskinl pdrd toeds
nds poind`komls d nds qul vd ekrkhkeo ln tlst
5. Nds kmstru``komls pdrd nd dpnk`d`kðm eln tlst lm ln kekofd bulmtl
y lm ln oialtkvo elilm fkmkfkzdr nd kmbnulm`kd el bulmtls el
vdrkd`kðm mo elsldeds
<. Ln fdmudn eln tlst elilræd el lspl`kbk`dr toeos nos dspl`tos eln
tlst y el su dpnk`d`kðm qul gdm el rlvksdrsl dn utknkzdrno lm um
mulvo `omtlxto `unturdn
2. Ln dpnk`deor mo elil el kmtlrblrkr, eliklmeo fkmkfkzdrsl su
kmbnulm`kd soirl nos lxdfkmdeos. Elilm el slhukrsl dn pkl el nd
nltrd nds rlhnds lxpnæ`ktds els`rktds lm ln fdmudn eln tlst
4. @udmeo sl dedptd um tlst pdrd utknkzdrno lm otrd poind`kðm, elil
el bd`knktdrsl nd eo`uflmtd`kðm soirl nos `dfikos, dsæ `ofo nos
edtos d`lr`d el nd lqukvdnlm`kd lmtrl nds vlrskomls
9. Nds ekblrlm`kds lmtrl nds pumtud`komls oitlmkeds por nds
fulstrds d nds qul sl dpnk`ð ln tlst mo elilm el tofdrsl skm fäs
ekrl`tdflmtl. Ln kmvlstkhdeor tklml nd rlspomsdiknkede el sustdm`kdr
nds ekblrlm`kds `om otros edtos lfpærk`os

0. Nds `ofpdrd`komls lmtrl poind`komls sðno pulelm gd`lrsl dn

mkvln el nd kmvdrkdmzd qul sl gdyd lstdinl`keo pdrd nd ls`dnd lm nd
qul sl lxprlsdm nds pumtud`komls

92
 lspl`æbk`d d`lr`d el nds ekstkmtds borfds lm nds qul nos `omtlxtos
so`ko`unturdnls y l`onðhk`os el nds poind`komls pulelm dbl`tdr dn
rlmekfklmto lm ln tlst, y elilræd suhlrkr pro`lekfklmtos pdrd tlmlr
lm `ulmtd lstos lbl`tos lm nd kmtlrprltd`kðm el nos rlsuntdeos

Uofdeo el Fuôkz y Gdfinltom (4;;2).

Nd dedptd`kðm trdms`unturdn el kmstruflmtos el fleked yd lxkstlmtls obrl`l ekvlrsds

vlmtdads1
― didrdtd ln `ostl el nd kmvlstkh
kmvlstkhd`k
d`kðm:
ðm:
― plrfktl
plrfktl dprovl`gdr nd lxplrklm`k
lxplrklm`kdd el nos dutorls orkhk
orkhkmdnls
mdnls y el otros usudrkos:
― plrfktk
plrfktklmeo oitlmlr flekeds
flekeds qul pulelm slr tdm vänkeds
vänkeds y bkdin
bkdinls
ls `ofo nds eln
kmstruflmto orkhkmdn:
― plrfktlm
plrfktlm utkn
utknkzdr edtos dhrlhdeos
dhrlhdeos,, `udmeo nos kmstruflmtos dedptdeos som
bkdinls y vänkeos:
― plrfktl
plrfktl rldnkzdr
rldnkzdr `ofpdrd`komls d mkvln md`komdn
md`komdn o kmtlrmd`k
kmtlrmd`komdn
omdn:: y,
― por lmel, bd`knk
bd`knktd ln kmtlr`dfik
kmtlr`dfikoo el kmborfd`kðm
kmborfd`kðm lmtrl nd `ofumkede `klmtæbk
`klmtæbk`d.
`d.
@ofo sl gd pndmtldeo dmtlrkorflmtl, ln oialtkvo el nd dedptd`kðm el um
`ulstkomdrko d otrd `unturd ls dslhurdr umd lqukvdnlm`kd nkmhþæstk`d, slfämtk`d y `unturdn
`om ln orkhkmdn y rlpnk`dr lm nd fleked el no poskinl sus propkledels psk`ofëtrk`ds, pdrd no
`udn sl rlquklrl umd fltoeonohæd skstlfätk`d. Eurdmtl nos ñntkfos dôos, sl gd nnlhdeo d
um `klrto `omslmso rlspl`to d nd fltoeonohæd fäs del`uded pdrd ln pro`lso el
dedptd`kðm (Gdfinltom y Ionnwdrj, 4;;4: Gdfinltom, 4;;5: Huknnlfkm, 4;;<:
Gut`gkmsom lt dn., 4;;8), umd fltoeonohæd qul sl pulel rlsufkr lm vdrkds bdsls qul
quledm rlprlslmtdeds lm nd Bkhurd 4.

d) Urdeu``kðm el nd vlrskðm orkhkmdn

98
Ln prkflr pdso lm ln pro`lso el dedptd`kðm trdms`unturdn el um kmstruflmto ls nd
trdeu``kðm eln kmstruflmto orkhkmdn o eln kekofd bulmtl. Pl rl`ofklmedm dn flmos eos
trdeu``komls gl`gds por trdeu`torls problskomdnls o iknkmhþls `uyd nlmhud fdtlrmd sld ln
kekofd dn qul krä ekrkhkeo ln kmstruflmto. Lsto plrfktl nd eltl``kðm el lrrorls y nd
kmtlrprltd`kðm ekvlrhlmtl el ætlfs `om skhmkbk`deos dfikhuos lm ln kmstruflmto orkhkmdn.
Pl rl`ofklmed qul nd fktde el lsos trdeu`torls sld `omo`leor el nos oialtkvos eln
kmstruflmto y nos `om`lptos kfpnk`deos, fklmtrds qul nd otrd fktde elil gd`lr nd
trdeu``kðm skm kmborfd`kðm mk `omo`kfklmto dn rlspl`to. Ln `omo`kfklmto el nos oialtkvos
plrfktk
plrfktkrä
rä umd lqukvdn
lqukvdnlm`k
lm`kdd `unturdn
`unturdn l kekofätk
ekofätk`d,
`d, y mo sðno
sðno umd lqukvdn
lqukvdnlm`k
lm`kdd lmtrl nds eos
vlrskomls, `om no `udn sl oitlmerä um kmstruflmto fäs bkdinl. Sor otro ndeo, ln
els`omo`kfklmto el nos oialtkvos slrä ñtkn pdrd lxtrdlr skhmkbk`deos kmlsplrdeos eln
kmstruflmto orkhkmdn. Lstl pro`lekfklmto bd`knktdrä nd trdeu``kðm `om`lptudn y nd nktlrdrkd
skfuntämldflmtl.
Sdrd poelr `udmtkbk`dr nd «dedptdiknkedeº eln `ulstkomdrko, y pdrd nd kelmtkbk`d`kðm
kmk`kdn el ætlfs (prlhumtds) `om poskinls proinlfds lm nd dedptd`kðm, sl pulel plekr d nos
trdeu`torls qul pumtñlm ln hrdeo el ekbk`untde lm nd trdeu``kðm (4 fæmkfd-43 fäxkfd). Ln
oialtkvo el nd trdeu``kðm ls qul nos ætlfs mo sldm sðno lqukvdnlmtls pdndird d pdndird
(nkmhþæstk`dflmtl), skmo `om`lpto d `om`lpto (slfämtk`dflmtl) y qul nds lxprlskomls
utknkzdeds sldm d`lptdinls y `unturdnflmtl rlnlvdmtls.

BKH\YD 4
BDPLP EL ND FLUOEONOHÆD EL DEDSUD@KÐM UYDMP@\NU\YDN EL
KMPUY\FLMUOP EL FLEKED LM SPK@ONOHÆD

97
 D pdrtkr el nds vlrskomls trdeu`keds, ln lqukpo el kmvlstkhd`kðm, `omaumtdflmtl `om
nos trdeu`torls, elil rlvksdr toeos nos ætlfs, kmstru``komls y rlspulstds pdrd hlmlrdr umd
vlrskðm prlnkfkmdr `omslmsuded lm ln kekofd oialtkvo. Lm lstl foflmto eln pro`lso,
dnhumos hrupos el trdidao `ndskbk`dm nos ætlfs slhñm su hrdeo el lqukvdnlm`kd1 ætlfs skm
proinlfds
proinlfds el dedptd`kðm,
dedptd`kðm, ætlfs `om proinlfds
proinlfds lm dnhdnhumds pdndirds
pdndirds o ml`lskede
ml`lskede el
dedptd`kðm pdrd su uso lm mulstro fleko l ætlfs skm lqukvdnlm`kd `unturdn.
Ln oialtkvo el lstd bdsl ls vlrkbk`dr nd lqukvdnlm`kd `om`lptudn `ofproidmeo qul sl
lmtklmel ln `omtlmkeo eln kmstruflmto trdeu`keo, eltlrfkmdmeo sk ln vo`diundrko ls ln
del`udeo y sk nos ætlfs som `unturdnflmtl dpnk`dinls. Uë`mk`ds `udnktdtkvds `ofo nos

9;
hrupos el eks`uskðm o lmtrlvkstds kmekvkeudnls slfklstru`turdeds gdm fostrdeo su utknkede
pdrd rl`ohlr
rl`ohlr nd opkmk
opkmkðm
ðm el kmekvk
mekvkeuos
euos el nd poind`kð
poind`kðmm el lstueko,
lstueko, tlmklmeo
tlmklmeo lm `ulmtd nd
ml`lskede el km`nukr kmekvkeuos el ekblrlmtls ledels, mkvln el leu`d`kðm y/o kmtlmskede lm
nd fdmkblstd`kðm eln `omstru`to qul sl prltlmel flekr o vdnordr.
Nds dntlrmdtkvds propulstds lm nos hrupos el eks`uskðm o lmtrlvkstds elspuës som
vdnordeds por ln hrupo el kmvlstkhd`kðm y sl rlborfund nd vlrskðm prlnkfkmdr `omslmsuded.
Lstd vlrskðm, d su vlz, pulel slr rlvksded por um pdmln el lxplrtos (psk`ofltrkstds,
`næmk`os, so`kðnohos, lt`.) pdrd eks`utkr nos ætlfs qul prlslmtdm fäs proinlfds lm nd
dedptd`kðm o pdrd eks`utkr dspl`tos `næmk`os lm ln `dso el kmstruflmtos lspl`æbk`os. D
pdrtkr
pdrtkr el sus `oflmtdrkos,
`oflmtdrkos, sl hlmlrd otrd slrkl
slrkl el dntlrmdtk
dntlrmdtkvds
vds o `dfikos
`dfikos lm ln `omtlmkeo
eln `ulstkomdrko, qul slräm rlvksdeds el mulvo por ln lqukpo el kmvlstkhd`kðm pdrd
hlmlrdr nd prkflrd vlrskðm `omslmsuded lm ln kekofd oialtkvo.

i) Yltro-t
Yl tro-trde
rdeu``kðm
u``kðm dn kekofd
kekofd orkhkmdn
orkhkmdn
Nd trdeu``kðm el nd prkflrd vlrskðm `omslmsuded lm ln kekofd oialtkvo elil slr vlrtked
mulvdflmtl dn kekofd orkhkmdn por otros trdeu`torls qul mo gdydm pdrtk`kpdeo lm nd
prkflrd
prkflrd ltdpd y qul trdidalm el borfd kmelplmeklmtl:
melplmeklmtl: lstl pro`lso sl elmofkmd
elmofkmd rltro-
trdeu``kðm. Nos trdeu`torls qul pdrtk`kpdm lm lstd bdsl elilm slr iknkmhþls, tlmlr `ofo
nlmhud fdtlrmd ln kekofd lm ln qul sl lndiorð orkhkmdnflmtl ln kmstruflmto y els`omo`lr
sus bkmls y `om`lptos, eksfkmuylmeo dsæ nd poskiknkede el slshos y lxpl`tdtkvds. Nd
bkmdnkede ls `ofpdrdr nd mulvd trdeu``kðm dn kekofd orkhkmdn el nd vlrskðm `omslmsuded
`om nd vlrskðm orkhkmdn pdrd eltl`tdr ekblrlm`kds o eks`rlpdm`kds lmtrl dfids vlrskomls (lm
ln kekofd fdtrkz). Lm ln `dso el lm`omtrdr ekblrlm`kds slrä ml`lsdrko kmvlstkhdr su `dusd y
propomlr mulvds borfund`komls
borfund`komls el nos ætlfs lm ln kekofd
kekofd oialtkvo.
\m hrupo el lxplrtos, `ofpulsto por plrsomds iknkmhþls y lspl`kdnkstds lm ln ärld
el `omo`kfklmto eln kmstruflmto, elil rlvksdr y `ofpdrdr nds trdeu``komls rldnkzdeds
gdstd nd oitlm`kðm el umd slhumed vlrskðm lm ln kekofd oialtkvo, delfäs el rlvksdr nds
kmstru``komls pdrd nd lal`u`kðm eln kmstruflmto y su pumtud`kðm. Lsl hrupo el lxplrtos
elil `lr`kordrsl el qul nd slhumed vlrskðm sld totdnflmtl `ofprlmskinl y lvdnudr su
lqukvdnlm`kd `unturdn. Ls ml`lsdrko qul lxkstd umd lqukvdnlm`kd slfämtk`d, kekofätk`d,
`om`lptudn y lxplrkflmtdn. Elmtro el lstl `omtlxto, ln `ofktë pulel foekbk`dr nds
orklmtd`komls kmk`kdnls y ln borfdto eln kmstruflmto, dntlrdr o rl`gdzdr ætlfs kmdel`udeos
l km`nuso `rldr mulvos ætlfs. Sdrd `ofproidr qul ln kmstruflmto lstä rldnflmtl ls`rkto
lm um nlmhudal `ofprlmskinl pdrd umd hrdm pdrtl el nds plrsomds, sl rl`ofklmed qul
puled slr lmtlmekeo por kmekvk
kmekvkeuos
euos el 43 d 45 dôos.
Nd slhumed vlrskðm lm ln kekofd oialtkvo elil slr sofltked d umd prulid prlnkfkmdr
pdrd lvdnudr
lvdnudr su lqukvdn
lqukvdnlm`kd
lm`kd `om nd vlrskðm
vlrskðm orkh
orkhkmdn.
mdn. Lstd prulid `omskstl
`omskstl lm dpnk
dpnk`dr ln
kmstruflmto d umd fulstrd el poind`kðm pdrd eltl`tdr lrrorls, kelmtkbk`dr pdndirds o
prlhumtds
prlhumtds el ekbæ`k
ekbæ`knn `ofprlmskðm,
`ofprlmskðm, lvdnudr
lvdnudr su d`lptdikn
d`lptdiknkede y gd`lr `oflmtdrkos
`oflmtdrkos soirl ln
kmstruflmto el umd borfd hlmlrdn. Pl pulel rlhkstrdr tdfikëm ln tklfpo ml`lsdrko pdrd

03
`ofpnltdrno. El lsd borfd, nd prulid prlnkfkmdr skrvl pdrd lvdnudr mo sðno nd `dnkede el
nd trdeu``kðm, skmo tdfikëm pdrd vlrkbk`dr dspl`tos prä`tk`os el su dpnk`d`kðm. Lxkstlm
vdrkos pro`lekfklmtos o ekslôos pdrd rldnkzdr lstd prulid prlnkfkmdr1 4) dpnk`dr nd vlrskðm
bulmtl y oialtkvo d plrsomds iknkmhþls, 9) dpnk`dr nd vlrskðm bulmtl y nd trdeu``kðm kmvlrsd
d plrsomds fomonkmhþls el kekofd bulmtl, y 0) dpnk`dr nd vlrskðm bulmtl d fomonkmhþls
bulmtl y vlrskðm oialtkvo d fomonkmhþls oialtkvo. Dskfksfo, lm lstd bdsl fu`gos dutorls
gdm lfpnldeo um pro`lso fuy usdeo lm kmvlstkhd`komls `udnktdtkvds, qul ls nd eks`uskðm
lm hrupos bo`dnls `om fklfiros el nd `ofumkede, problskomdnls sdmktdrkos y `nklmtls.
Sroeu`to el toeo lstl pro`lso sl oitlmerä nd vlrskðm bkmdn lm ln kekofd oialtkvo,
gdiklmeo `ufpnkeo toeds nds lxkhlm`kds el umd lqukvdnlm`kd `om`lptudn eln kmstruflmto y,
por tdmto, gdiklmeo
gdiklmeo `ufpnkeo
`ufpnkeo `om ln rlquksk
rlqukskto el su dedptd`kðm.
dedptd`kðm.

`) Rlrkbk`d`kðm el nds `drd`tlræstk`ds psk`ofëtrk`ds

D plsdr el rldnkzdr umd del`uded trdeu``kðm y dedptd`kðm `unturdn, mo sl dslhurd qul nds
poskin
poskinls
ls ekblrlm`kds
ekblrlm`kds `unturdnls
`unturdnls dbl`tlm d nds propkledels el flek`kðm
flek`kðm eln kmstruflmto.
kmstruflmto. S or
lnno, umd vlz bkmdnkzdeo ln pro`lso el dedptd`kðm ls fuy kfportdmtl proidr nd vlrskðm
bkmdn lm umd fulstrd fäs dfpnkd el nd poind`kðm el kmtlrës pdrd `ofproidr sus
propkledels
propkledels psk`ofëtrk`ds,
psk`ofëtrk`ds, yd qul ln gl`go el dedptdr ln kmstruflmto
kmstruflmto pulel dbl`tdr d su
bkdiknkede y vdnkelz. Mo gdy qul onvkedr qul nd bkdiknkede y vdnkelz el um kmstruflmto el
fleked mo som trdeu`kinls y, por tdmto, umd vlz bkmdnkzded nd trdeu``kðm y dedptd`kðm dn
mulvo kekofd, ln rlsto eln pro`lso vklml d slr ln fksfo qul `udmeo sl lndiord um
kmstruflmto mulvo. Nd bkdiknkede mo ls umd propklede eln kmstruflmto, skmo el nds
pumtud`komls
pumtud`komls `om ën oitlmkeds
oitlmkeds lm umd fulstrd `om`rltd, y sl elil `dn`un `dn`undr
dr lm `ded
o`dskðm. Lm slmtkeo propko, nd vdnkelz tdfpo`o ls umd propklede eln kmstruflmto, skmo el
nds kmblrlm`kds l kmtlrprltd`komls gl`gds d pdrtkr el nos edtos oitlmkeos `om lsl
kmstruflmto y gdirä qul vlrkbk`dr el mulvo nd vdnkelz el lsds kmtlrprltd`komls. No qul sæ
ls `klrto ls qul nd kmborfd`kðm soirl nd vdnkelz qul provklml el nd vlrskðm orkhkmdn ls umd
iulmd bulmtl el gkpðtlsk
gkpðtlsks,s, plro qul gdirä qul `ombkrfdr
`ombkrfdr el mulvo `om nd mulvd vlrskðm
vlrskðm
dedptded eln kmstruflmto.
Lstd bdsl elilræd km`nukr ln dmänksks el nd bkdiknkede (`omskstlm`kd kmtlrmd y lstdiknkede
tlst-rltlst) y el nd vdnkelz eln kmstruflmto (`rktlrko y `omstru`to), dsæ `ofo nd slmskiknkede
dn `dfiko, `om`lptos toeos lnnos qul dioredrlfos lm ln skhuklmtl dpdrtdeo.
Dskfksfo, elplmeklmeo eln kmstruflmto, pulel gdilr ml`lskede el rldnkzdr umd
dedptd`kðm el nos vdnorls el pumtud`kðm elmtro eln mulvo `omtlxto `unturdn. Lstl
pro`lekfklmt
pro`lekfklmtoo pulel slr gl`go por um hrupo `ofpulsto por pd`klmtls, pd`klmtls, nlho
lhoss y
problskomdn
problskomdnlsls sdmktdrk
sdmktdrkos.
os. Otrd borfd pulel slr flekdmtlflekdmtl um dioredal fdtlfätk`o,
utknkzdmeo pro`lekfklmtos lstdeæstk`os (Dr`l, 4;;5: Mummdnny y Ilrmstlkm, 4;;<: Fuôkz,
4;;2, 4;;7: Idrilro, 4;;0: Idrilro lt dn., 9330).

04
5. SDYÄFLU
YÄFLUYO
YOP
P EL
EL @DNK
@DNKED
EDE
E EL \M
KMPUY\FLMUO EL LRDN\D@KÐM
Nd flek`kðm, dpoyded por nd utknkzd`kðm el nos kmstruflmtos el lvdnud`kðm, trdtd el
obrl`lr nos edtos iäsk`os ml`lsdrkos pdrd qul ln kmvlstkhdeor puled pomlr d prulid sus
gkpðtlsks. Lm vkrtue el nos fksfos, y prlvkd dpnk`d`kðm el nds prulids lstdeæstk`ds
oportumds, el`kekrä soirl nd `ombkrfd`kðm o rl`gdzo el dquënnd d um eltlrfkmdeo mkvln el
proidikn
proidiknkede (Krdurhk
(Krdurhk, 9333). Dgord iklm,
iklm, ls ml`lsdrko gd`lr dnh
dnhumds prl`ksk
prl`kskomls.
omls. Nds
prulids lstdeæstk`ds
lstdeæstk`ds d`tñdm soirl nd prlfksd
prlfksd el qul nos edtos qul nls skrvlm
skrvlm el idsl
rlñmlm `klrtds `drd`tlræstk`ds, y mo nls km`ufil d lnnds el`kekr soirl nd vdnkelz kmtlrmd el
ek`gos edtos. El dgæ qul fuy iklm puled o`urrkr qul, tdmto sk sl nnlhd d `ombkrfdr `ofo
d rl`gdzdr nd gkpðtlsks, tdn el`kskðm `drlz`d el rlnlvdm`kd sk nos edtos lm qul sl dpoyd nd
el`kskðm mo rlprlslmtdm, dn flmos d um mkvln subk`klmtl, nd rldnkede fleked. Eos som, dn
flmos, nds `omek`komls lslm`kdnls qul prlstdräm `omskstlm`kd d tdnls edtos: el umd pdrtl,
nd bkdiknkede, ls el`kr, nd `ombkdmzd qul poedfos `om`lelr d nos edtos y, el otrd, nd
vdnkelz, nd `om`oredm`kd lmtrl no flekeo por nos kmstruflmtos y nd rldnkede qul sl elsll
flekr (Mummdnny y Ilrmstlkm, 4;;<: Fuôkz, 4;;7).

5.4. Nd bkdiknkede
Dumqul um kmstruflmto el fleked mo ls iulmo por ln gl`go el slr bkdinl, ls el`kr, el
obrl`lr umos æmek`ls flrl`leorls el `ombkdmzd, skm tdn propklede nd flek`kðm mo ls
d`lptdinl. Lsto ls, poelfos propomlr qul nd bkdiknkede ls umd `omek`kðm kfprls`kmekinl,
dumqul mo subk`klmtl, el `udnquklr kmstruflmto el fleked.
Ln `om`lpto el bkdiknkede elskhmd nd `udnkede el umd oplrd`kðm o um rlsuntdeo el
flrl`lr `ombkdmzd, porqul ls `orrl`td o sl daustd d nd rldnkede. Kmek`d nd `omek`kðm el um
kmstruflmto el slr bkdinl, ls el`kr, el slr `dpdz el obrl`lr, lm su lfpnlo rlpltkeo,
rlsuntdeos vlrd`ls y `omstdmtls. Ls, por tdmto, skmðmkfo el prl`kskðm o lstdiknkede l
kmek`d ln hrdeo lm qul umd fleked lstä nkirl el lrror dnldtorko.
Nd bkdiknkede sl lxprlsd flekdmtl um `olbk`klmtl el `orrlnd`kðm lmtrl nds ekblrlmtls
pumtud`komls
pumtud`komls el um sualto lm eos dpnk
dpnk`d`komls
`d`komls lspd`kdeds el umd prulid ―`olbk`klmtl
―`olbk`klmtl el
lstdiknkede―, lmtrl eos fulstrds el lnlflmtos el umd fksfd poind`kðm el ætlfs qul
gd`lm rlblrlm`kd dn `omstru`to qul sl prltlmel flekr ―`olbk`klmtl el lqukvdnlm`kd―, o
lmtrl eos sui`omaumtos el nd fksfd fulstrd el lnlflmtos (ætlfs) ―`olbk`klmtl el
`omskstlm`kd kmtlrmd―. Soelfos dprl`kdr qul som vdrkos dspl`tos d nos qul dnuel ln
`om`lpto el bkdiknkede: vläfosnos el borfd fäs eltlmked.

d) Bkdiknkede lxtlrmd
09
@ofo glfos ek`go, nd bkdiknkede mos kmek`d ln hrdeo lm qul nos rlsuntdeos el um
kmstruflmto som rlproeu`kinls, ls el`kr, prlslmtdm lstdiknkede tlfpordn. Lstd fleked
elplmel el nd lstdiknkede el nds flekeds eln tlst, d plsdr eln `dfiko el ekvlrsos
pdräfltros lxtlrmos
lxtlrmos (lsto ls, mo kmglrlmtls dn tlst). Ln lstueko
lstueko el nd bkdik
bkdiknnkede lxtlrmd
lxtlrmd
kmborfdrä soirl nd `dpd`kede el rlproeu``kðm el nos rlsuntdeos eln tlst lm ekstkmtds
sktud`komls. F`Eowlnn (4;78) lalfpnkbk`d nd ekblrlm`kd lmtrl nd vdnkelz y nd bkdiknkede `om
um lx`lnlmtl sæfkn1 um tkrdeor tklml qul dprlmelr d d`lrtdr lm ln indm`o y, elspuës, d
gd`lrno el borfd `omskstlmtl. Nd vdnkelz vlmeræd eded por ln hrdeo lm qul ln ekspdro sl
d`lr`d d nd ekdmd, y nd bkdiknkede por ln hrdeo el dproxkfd`kðm lmtrl sæ el umd slrkl
`omsl`utkvd el ekspdros. Dnhumos dutorls prlbklrlm ln tërfkmo vdrkdiknkede pdrd els`rkikr
nds ekblrlm`kds lmtrl rlsuntdeos oitlmkeos lm ekblrlmtls `omek`komls el lvdnud`kðm
(Glrmämelz-Dhudeo lt dn., 4;;3).
4;;3).
4. tlst-rltlst. @ofo el`kfos, gd`l rlblrlm`kd d nd lstdiknkede tlfpordn
Bkdik nkede tlst-rltlst
o rlproeu`kiknkede y tklml `ofo oialtkvo eltlrfkmdr sk umd prulid edrä nos
fksfos rlsuntdeos o skfkndrls (hlmlrdnflmtl flekdmtl umd `orrlnd`kðm)
`udmeo sl dpnk`d d umd fksfd plrsomd lm fäs el umd o`dskðm. Mo oistdmtl,
lstd prä`tk`d pulel `omnnlvdr dnhumos proinlfds. Lm prkflr nuhdr, dnhumds
`drd`tlræstk`ds el nos sualtos pulelm vdrkdr `om ln tklfpo. @udmto fäs tklfpo
trdms`urrd lmtrl dfids prulids (lmtrl tlst y rltlst) fdyor ls nd proidiknkede
el qul gdydm o`urrkeo `dfikos rldnls lm ln lstdeo o `omtlxto el nd plrsomd, o
el qul su opkmkðm o d`tktue gd`kd ln proinlfd gdyd `dfikdeo. Lm lstd
sktud`kðm, nd bkdiknkede el nd fleked slrä kmbrdvdnorded. Pkm lfidrho, sk ln
kmtlrvdno el tklfpo lmtrl nd dpnk`d`kðm el nds eos prulids ls irlvl, ls poskinl
qul ln rlsuntdeo oitlmkeo lm nd slhumed o`dskðm lstë kmbnulm`kdeo por ln
dprlmekzdal oitlmkeo nd prkflrd vlz, eomel ln rl`ulreo el nds rlspulstds
ededs lm nd prkflrd o`dskðm fdr`drä nds oitlmkeds postlrkorflmtl. Lm lstd
sktud`kðm nd bkdiknkede lstdrä soirllstkfded. Morfdnflmtl nos lstämedrls el
bkdiknkede d`lptdeos gdm el sktudrsl por lm`kfd eln vdnor «3,83º eln
`olbk`klmtl `orrlspomeklmtl.
9. Bkdik nkede kmtrd l kmtlroislrvdeor. Ln tërfkmo `omskstlm`kd kmtrdoislrvdeor
sl rlbklrl dn hrdeo el `om`oredm`kd el um oislrvdeor `omskho fksfo. Sor
`omskstlm`kd kmtlroislrvdeor sl lmtklmel nd `om`oredm`kd lmtrl eos
oislrvdeorls kmelplmeklmtls soirl umd fleked prd`tk`ded lm ln fksfo
kmekvkeuo. Gd`l rlblrlm`kd d nd lstdiknkede el nds flek`komls lm nos
`ulstkomdrkos defkmkstrdeos por ln lmtrlvkstdeor. Lm lnnos, nos oislrvdeorls
gdm el kmblrkr nd pumtud`kðm el `ded ætlf slhñm nd kmborfd`kðm qul obrl`l ln
kmekvkeuo lmtrlvkstdeo. Lm o`dskomls, lstl pro`lso el kmblrlm`kd nnlvd d
vdnord`komls ekstkmtds. Sor lalfpno, nd dedptdiknkede el um hrupo el dnufmos d
um `omtlxto ls`ondr pulel slr vdnorded por nds d`tkvkedels y `ofportdfklmtos
qul prlslmtdm lm ek`go `omtlxto, nos `udnls som oislrvdeos y vdnordeos por
nos ekstkmtos problsorls. @ofo rlsuntdeo sl `omborfd umd rlaknnd el nds
vdnord`komls rldnkzdeds por `ded umo el nos problsorls soirl `ded umo el nos

00
 dnufmos, d pdrtkr el nd `udn sl oitlmeräm nos `olbk`klmtls oportumos el
`om`oredm`kd.
Ln æmek`l lstdeæstk`o utknkzdeo pdrd lvdnudr nd `om`oredm`kd elplmel el nds
`drd`tlræstk`ds el nds vdrkdinls qul gdy qul lvdnudr. Lm ln `dso el vdrkdinls
ek`otðfk`ds o ikmdrkds, nd `om`oredm`kd ætlf d ætlf sl pulel dmdnkzdr
flekdmtl ln por`lmtdal d`ulreo y ln æmek`l jdppd skfpnl o mo pomelrdeo
por`lmtdal el d`ulreo
(@oglm, 4;23, 4;27: Jrdflr y Blkmstlkm, 4;74). Ln `olbk`klmtl el
`om`oredm`kd jdppd mos kmborfd eln mkvln el d`ulreo oitlmkeo, umd vlz
els`drtdeo ln d`ulreo dtrkiukinl dn dzdr. Lnno no gd`l fäs bkdinl qul ln skfpnl
por`lmtdal el d`ulreo o ln `olbk`k`olbk`klmtl
lmtl el `om`oredm`kd
`om`oredm`kd el Jlmednn
Jlmednn. Pkm
Pkm
lfidrho, um fksfo vdnor el jdppd pulel rlsuntdr el pdtromls ekblrlmtls el
rlspulstd. Sor lnno ls `omvlmklmtl slôdndr tdfikëm nd brl`ulm`kd el dpdrk`kðm
el `ded ætlf y ln por`lmtdal el d`ulreo, dsæ `ofo ln kmtlrvdno el `ombkdmzd
(K@) el nd lstkfd`kðm el lstos æmek`ls (@ostlnno, 4;;5). Blkmstlkm (4;7<)
propoml umos `rktlrkos
`rktlrkos pdrd kmtlrprltdr nos vdnorls
vdnorls eln `olbk`k
`olbk`klmtl
lmtl jdppd1 «3º d
«3,9º mkvln el d`ulreo poirl: «3,94º d «3,53º d`ulreo rlhundr: «3,54º d
«3,23º d`ulreo foelrdeo: «3,24º d «3,73º d`ulreo bulrtl: y «3,73º d
«4,33º d`ulreo `dsk plrbl`to.
Lm ln `dso el vdrkdinls orekmdnls, ln dmänksks el nd `om`oredm`kd ætlf d ætlf
sl pulel lbl`tudr utknkzdmeo ln por`lmtdal d`ulreo pomelrdeo y ln æmek`l
por`lmtdal el d`ulreo
jdppd pomelrdeo (Jp). Ëstos sl `omskelrdm fäs del`udeos qul sus dmänohos
mo pomelrdeos por edr umd fleked fäs rldn eln mkvln el d`ulreo dn pomelrdr
ln elsd`ulreo slhñm ln mñflro el rdmhos qul slpdrdm nd pumtud`kðm dskhmded
por um lvdnudeor
lvdnudeor,, el nd dskhm
dskhmded
ded por ln otro. Dsæ, ln plso dskh
dskhmdeo pulel slr
«3º pdrd ln `ofpnlto d`ulreo, «4º `udmeo gdy um rdmho el ekblrlm`kd, «9º
`udmeo gdy eos rdmhos, lt`. (Jrdflr y Blkmstlkm, 4;74).
Ln fëtoeo el dmänksks el nd `om`oredm`kd el nds pumtud`komls hnoidnls el um
kmstruflmto `om umd ls`dnd el fleked `omtkmud ls `omtrovlrtkeo.
Gdiktudnflmtl sl utknkzdm nos `olbk`klmtls el `orrlnd`kðm el Sldrsom o
Ppldrfdm pdrd dmdnkzdr ln hrdeo el d`ulreo, plro ek`gd prä`tk`d pulel slr
lqukvo`ded. Nd tlmelm`kd lm`omtrded pulel slr plrbl`td, `om um `olbk`klmtl
el `orrlnd`kðm el «4º, y nds flekeds oitlmkeds por um lxdfkmdeor pulelm slr
lxd`tdflmtl ln eoinl o eklz umkedels fäs dntds qul nds `orrlspomeklmtls
flekeds oitlmkeds por ln otro lxdfkmdeor, `om no qul nd `om`oredm`kd lmtrl
dfios ndiordtorkos slræd kmlxkstlmtl (Blkmstlkm, 4;7<). Sdrd dmdnkzdr nd
bkdiknkede el flekeds `udmtktdtkvds `omtkmuds elil utknkzdrsl ln @olbk`klmtl el
@orrlnd`kðm Kmtrd`ndsl (@@K) (Idrtjo y @drplmtlr, 4;82). Lm rldnkede ln @@K
mo ls um lstkfdeor ñmk`o, skmo umd bdfknkd el lstkfdeorls `om dpnk`d`komls
ekblrlm`kdnls (Pgrout, 4;;<: Srklto lt dn., 4;;8, 4;;7).

i) Bkdiknkede kmtlrmd o `omskstlm`kd kmtlrmd

05
Nd `omskstlm`kd kmtlrmd dmdnkzd nd sonkelz psk`ofëtrk`d el nd ls`dnd, lsto ls, ln mkvln lm
qul sus ekblrlmtls ætlfs lstäm rlnd`komdeos lmtrl sæ y nd poskiknkede el lbl`tudr
sufdtorkos el nos fksfos pdrd oitlmlr pumtud`komls hnoidnls. Nd gofohlmlkede kmek`d
ln hrdeo el d`ulreo lmtrl nos ætlfs el nd ls`dnd, no qul eltlrfkmd sk ëstos pulelm
d`ufundrsl y edr umd pumtud`kðm hnoidn. Pl pulel oitlmlr flekdmtl ln lstueko el nd
`orrlnd`kðm el nos ætlfs `om ln totdn (pdrtk`kðm flekd, `olbk`klmtl dnbd el @romid`g),
dmänksks bd`torkdn («`olbk`klmtl el del`ud`kðm fulstrdnº) o flekdmtl nos foelnos el
oialtkvkede lstdeæstk`d el Yds`g (4;73).
Nd «pdrtk`kðm flekdº ( spnkt-gdnb ) lstkfd nd gofohlmlkede lm bum`kðm el nd
`orrlnd`kðm lmtrl eos fktdels lqukvdnlmtls el nd ls`dnd (por lalfpno1 ætlfs el prkflrd
fktde vlrsus ætlfs el nd slhumed fktde o ætlfs pdrls vlrsus ætlfs kfpdrls). Ln
`olbk`klmtl dnpgd el @romid`g (δ) kmek`d ln hrdeo lm qul nos ekblrlmtls ætlfs prlslmtdm
kmtlrrlnd`komls. Pu vdnor prkm`kpdn ls hdrdmtkzdr qul nd sufd (o profleko) el nds
pumtud`komls
pumtud`komls oitlmkeds
oitlmkeds lm `ded ætlf (nd (nd qul ed nuh
uhdr
dr d nd pumtud`kðm
pumtud`kðm hnoidn el nd ls`dnd)
ls`dnd)
sld elblmekinl lm tdmto lm `udmto toeos nos ætlfs lstäm dntdflmtl `orrlnd`komdeos, ls
el`kr, hdrdmtkzd nd umkekflmskomdnkede el nd fleked. Edeo qul sl idsd lm nds
kmtlr`orrlnd`komls el nos ætlfs, `udmto fdyorls sldm ëstds, fdyor slrä nd bkdiknkede. Pus
vdnorls os`kndm lmtrl «3º (duslm`kd el gofohlmlkede) y «4º (fäxkfd gofohlmlkede),
dumqul pdrd slr defkskinls `om bkmls el ekdhmðstk`o kmekvkeudn ln dnpgd oitlmkeo gd el slr
suplrkor d «3,8º o «3,7º (Il`g y `ons., 4;;0). Pk ln kmstruflmto sl utknkzd pdrd ln
ekdhmðstk`o el hrupo (kmvlstkhd`kðm), eomel nos lrrorls `ofltkeos lm um kmekvkeuo tklmelm
d mlutrdnkzdrsl `om nos lrrorls el skhmo ekstkmto `ofltkeos `om nos otros kmekvkeuos,
poelfos plrfktk
plrfktkrmos
rmos mkvln
mkvlnls
ls el bkdikn
bkdiknkede qul poerædm idadr gdstd « 3,2º o, km`nuso,
m`nuso,
«3,<º (Fuôkz, 4;;7). Sdrd nds ls`dnds el rlspulstds ek`otðfk`ds sl utknkzd ln tlst el
Juelr-Yk`gdresom (JY-93), qul mo ls fäs qul umd dedptd`kðm eln `olbk`klmtl dnbd el
@romid`g.
Lm ln dmänksks lxpnordtorko el edtos qul utknkzd dn Dmänksks Bd`torkdn el @ofpomlmtls
Srkm`kpdnls `ofo pro`lekfklmto el bd`torkzd`kðm, nd gofohlmlkede el umd ls`dnd pulel
slr dpoyded por um «`olbk`klmtl el del`ud`kðm fulstrdn lnlvdeo ( FPD Ulst)º, por
lm`kfd el «3,<º. Plhñm Ugofpsom (4;7;), nd gofohlmlkede sl vlræd `ombkrfded sk sl
oitklml umd lstru`turd umkekflmskomdn, lsto ls, toeos nos ætlfs fulstrdm umd `drhd
posktk
posktkvd
vd lm ln prkflr bd`tor.
bd`tor. S or su pdrtl, ln foelno el Yds`g umkek
umkekflmsk
flmskomdn
omdn `omskelrd
qul umd ls`dnd ls gofohëmld `udmeo toeos sus ætlfs `omtrkiuylm el borfd
kmelplmeklmtl dn totdn el kmborfd`kðm `omtlmked lm nd ls`dnd. Mo oistdmtl, mo elil
`ombumekrsl nd gofohlmlkede `om nd «umkekflmskomdnkedeº tdn `ofo nd elbkml ln Dmänksks
@ombkrfdtorko el Edtos.

`) Otros dspl`tos el nd bkdiknkede

Ln `olbk`klmtl el ls`dndiknkede sl rlbklrl dn hrdeo lm qul nd ls`dnd ls d`ufundtkvd. Ln
foelno el Yds`g plrfktl tdfikëm lstuekdr nd alrdrquæd kmtlrmd el nd ls`dnd, `ndskbk`dmeo

0<
nos ætlfs gofohëmlos lm um rdmho alrärquk`o eln fäs km`nuskvo (qul fkel nds `dtlhoræds
kmblrkorls o foelrdeos el nd ekflmskðm) dn fäs lx`nuskvo (qul fkel nds `dtlhoræds fäs
dntds el nd ekflmskðm). Ln `olbk`klmtl el rlproeu`tkiknkede kmek`d gdstd quë pumto nd
ls`dnd rlbnlad toeos nos pdtromls el rlspulstd eln sualto `om rlspl`to dn pdräfltro
flekeo (Ugofpsom, 4;7;). Nd trdmsblrkiknkede sl rlbklrl dn hrdeo lm qul nd ls`dnd pulel
slr dpnk`ded d ekblrlmtls hrupos el poind`kðm qul prlslmtlm ln blmðflmo lvdnudeo,
kmelplmeklmtlflmtl el nd lede, ln slxo y otros `rktlrkos lxtlrmos rlnlvdmtls (Il`g y
`ons., 4;;0).

5.9. Nd vdnkelz
Nd vdnkelz sl elbkml por ln hrdeo lm qul ln kmstruflmto fkel dqulnno qul rldnflmtl
prltlmel flekr,
flekr, y sl elfulstrd `udmeo nd fleked
fleked prlek`l um `rktlrko
`rktlrko o sl daustd el borfd
`omskstlmtl `om umd slrkl el `omstru`tos rlnd`komdeos lm umd tloræd d`lptded. Ls um
`om`lpto nkhdeo dn el lrror skstlfätk`o. @udmto flmos vänked sld umd fleked, fäs
proidikn
proidiknkedels gdy el `ofltlr um lrror skstlfätk
skstlfätk`o
`o o slsho.
\mo el nos dspl`tos fäs proinlfätk`os el nd vdnord`kðm el nd vdnkelz ls nd vdrklede
tlrfkmonðhk`d utknkzded. Lm nd Udind 5 sl rl`ohlm umd slrkl el elbkmk`komls rlnd`komdeds
`om nd vdnkelz el nos kmstruflmtos el fleked (Pklrrd, 4;;4) y nds prlhumtds qul sl
prltlmel rlspomelr `om su lvdnud`kð
lvdnud`kðm.
m. Nos nkiros
nkiros el tlxto
tlxto gdm tlmekeo
tlmekeo d nd lspl`kbk`d`kðm
lspl`kbk`d`kðm
el nd vdnkelz el `omtlmkeo, nd el `rktlrko y nd el `omstru`to. Fäs rl`klmtlflmtl, gdm
lflrhkeo otros tkpos ekblrlmtls el vdnkelz dhrupdeds lm dnhumd el nds prlvkdflmtl
lmum`kdeds. Mo oistdmtl, toeos nos tkpos el vdnkelz `ombnuylm soirl ln hrdeo el
`ombkdmzd qul sl pulel elposktdr lm nds kmblrlm`kds lxtrdæeds el nds pumtud`komls el nd
ls`dnd (Flssk`j, 4;73: Ptrlkmlr y Morfdm, 4;7;): ls el`kr, nd vdnkelz kmek`d quë
propor`kðm
propor`kðm el nd kmborfd`kðm
kmborfd`kðm rl`ohked
rl`ohked ls rlnlvdmtl d nd `ulstkðm
`ulstkðm borfunded.

UDIND 5
UKSOP EL RDNKELQ

02
08
07
 Sroidinlflmtl, nd borfund`kðm fäs skstlfdtkzded soirl nos tkpos el vdnkelz y sus
`drd`tlræstk`ds ekblrlm`kdeds sldm nds elmofkmdeds rl`oflmed`komls të`mk`ds el nd DSD
(4;<5) y nd postlrkor borfund`kðm `omaumtd (DSD, 4;22: 4;7<). Lm `om`rlto, `diræd
gdindr el `udtro hrdmels oialtkvos o fltds qul nohrdr `om nos kmstruflmtos el flek`kðm
qul lxkhlm `udtro hrdmels tkpos el vdnkelz ekblrlmtl1
― eltlrfkmdr
eltlrfkmdr ln hrdeo lm qul nd prulid `omstruked
`omstruked fkel um eltlrfkmdeo
eltlrfkmdeo rdsho,
rdsho,
`drd`tlræstk`d o `omstru``kðm:
― dvdmzdr um promðstk`o
promðstk`o soirl ln `ofportdfklmto
`ofportdfklmto buturo el `ded umo el nos
sualtos lm um ärld el `omeu`td eltlrfkmded lm bum`kðm el su rlspulstd dn
kmstruflmto el flek`kðm:
― sktudr
sktudr d `ded umo el nos sualtos lm umd eltlrfkmded
eltlrfkmded posk`k
posk`kðm
ðm lm um rdsho
rdsho
lxtlrkor d nd prulid lm bum`kðm el su rld``kðm d nd fksfd: y
― eltlrfkmdr
eltlrfkmdr ln hrdeo lm qul `ded umd el nds plrsomds qul rldnk
rldnkzdm umd prulid
posllm ln rdsho
rdsho elbkmkeo
elbkmkeo por nd fksfd.
@ded umo el lstos oialtkvos vklml d rlprlslmtdr nd lxkhlm`kd el um tkpo el vdnkelz
ekblrlmtl, `om umds lxkhlm`kds pl`unkdrls lm `udmto d su `omstru``kðm, d nds qul gdrlfos
dnuskðm
dnuskðm slhukedflmt
slhukedflmtl.
l.

d) Rdnkelz el `omtlmkeo
Nd lslm`kd el nd vdnkelz el `omtlmkeo sl lm`ulmtrd lm nd subk`klm`kd y nd rlprlslmtdtkvkede
el nd fulstrd el lnlflmtos km`nukeos lm ln kmstruflmto rlspl`to el nd poind`kðm el
lnlflmtos el qul borfd pdrtl. Ls umd lvdnud`kðm bumedflmtdnflmtl `udnktdtkvd qul
`omskstl lm eltlrfkmdr sk ln `ulstkomdrko didr`d toeds nds ekflmskomls eln blmðflmo qul
sl quklrl flekr. Ls el`kr, elbkml ln hrdeo lm qul ln `omaumto el ætlfs eln kmstruflmto
rlprlslmtd del`udedflmtl ln eofkmko lvdnudeo, lsto ls, ln mkvln el rlprlslmtdtkvkede el
nos ætlfs eln `omaumto el `ofpomlmtls el nos qul sl lvdnñd (Fdrtæmlz-Drkds, 4;;<).
Kfpnk`d qul toeds nds ekflmskomls `omskelrdeds rlnlvdmtls gdm el slr lstuekdeds d nd gord
eln ekslôo eln kmstruflmto. Pl trdtd el dmdnkzdr ln `omtlmkeo el nos ætlfs y, flekdmtl ln
uk`ko el lxplrtos, vdnordr gdstd quë pumto lstä austkbk`deo qul sldm kmek`deorls el no qul
sl prltlmel flekr. Lm nd fleked qul sl trdtd el um auk`ko el tkpo `udnktdtkvo, mo kfpnk`d ln
`än`uno el `olbk`klmtl dnhumo.
Pupomhdfos qul elsldfos elsdrronndr um `ulstkomdrko pdrd vdnordr ln
bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr lm mulstro `omtlxto so`ko`unturdn. Lm prkflr nuhdr, gdiræd qul
rldnkzdr umd probusd rlvkskðm el nd nktlrdturd soirl ln tlfd1 nds tloræds rlprlslmtdtkvds: nos
lstuekos orkhkmdnls y el rlvkskðm rldnkzdeos soirl ln tlfd: nos kmstruflmtos yd lndiordeos
pdrd dbromtdr lstl dspl`to… El dgæ sl lxtrdlrædm
lxtrdlrædm nos eofkmk
eofkmkos
os o ekflmsk
ekflmskomls
omls qul
`ofpomlm ln `omstru`to el bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr, qul poerædm ekspomlrsl lm nds
`onufmds el umd tdind el eoinl lmtrded. Lm nds bknds el ek`gd tdind sl prlslmtdrædm nos

0;
poskin
poskinls
ls ætlfs qul `ofpomerædm ln mulvo kmstruflmto qul sl km`nu km`nukkräm lm umd u otrd
ekflmskðm. Nd kmspl``kðm vksudn el nd tdind plrfktkræd dprl`kdr sk toeos nos eofkmkos eln
bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr lstäm rlprlslmtdeos. Ln mñflro el ætlfs qul `ofpomerædm `ded
ekflmskðm elplmelrædm el nd kfportdm`kd rlndtkvd eln eofkmko, gdiktudnflmtl eltlrfkmded
por nds kmvlstk
kmvlstkhd`k
hd`komls
omls prlvkds y nd opkmk
opkmkðm
ðm el lxplrtos soirl ln tlfd.
Nd vdnkelz dpdrlmtl
dpdrlmtl ls umd borfd el vdnkelz el `omtlmkeo qul sl `lmtrd lm ln hrdeo
lm qul nos ætlfs pdrl`lm flekr no qul sl propomlm. Nds `ulstkomls elilm slr ml`lsdrkds,
rlpltkinls, hrdfdtk`dnflmtl `orrl`tds, bä`knls el rlspomelr, mo slr dfikhuds, kmtlnkhkinls,
rlblrkeds dn foflmto d`tudn o d um tklfpo eltlrfkmdeo, `oekbk`deds del`udedflmtl y
ëtk`ds. Nd vdnkelz dpdrlmtl ls nd pdrtl el «slmtkeo `ofñmº el nd vdnkelz el `omtlmkeo qul
dslhurd qul ln ætlf, o ln `ulstkomdrko hnoidn, lstë lm su pumto. Pkhuklmeo `om ln lalfpno
propulsto, nd nl`turd el nos ætlfs qul `ofpomlm ln mulvo kmstruflmto, por pdrtl eln
kmvlstkhdeor o `næmk`o qul no utknk`l, gdm el slr rl`omo`keos por ëstl `ofo
rlprlslmtd`komls eln `om`lpto el bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr dn qul sl trdtd el dproxkfdr ln
kmstruflmto.

i) Rdnkelz el `rktlrko
Gd`l rlblrlm`kd dn hrdeo lm qul nds pumtud`komls el um kmstruflmto sl `orrlspomelm d
um `rktlrko lxtlrmo, pdtrðm lstämedr o tdfikëm nndfdeo «pdtrðm oroº ( hone stdmedre
stdmedre), y
puledm `omskelrdrsl
`omskelrdrsl um sustktuto
sustktuto eln fksfo (Ugk(U gklfdmm,
lfdmm, @slrmdmsjy y Ilrhlr,
Ilrhlr, 4;78).
@udmeo ln blmðflmo qul gdy qul lstuekdr ls `ofpnlao y mo lxkstlm flekeds prlvkds qul
puledm `omskelrdrsl
`omskelrdrsl `ofo rlhnds
rlhnds o `rktlrko
`rktlrkos,
s, nd lvdnud`k
lvdnud`kðm
ðm el nd vdnk
vdnkelz el `rktlrko
`rktlrko ls
fuy ekbæ`kn y elilm ius`drsl lvkelm`kds `ofpnlflmtdrkds.
Nd lvkelm`kd rlnd`komded dn `rktlrko sulnl `omskelrdrsl elsel eos plrspl`tkvds
ekstkmtds. @udmeo lstds `orrlnd`komls sl lstdinl`lm lm ln fksfo foflmto tlfpordn sl
ek`l qul sl lstä lstuekdmeo nd vdnkelz `om`urrlmtl. Lm o`dskomls, nd vdrkdinl `rktlrko ls um
d`omtl`kfklmto buturo qul sl kmtlmtd prlel`kr flekdmtl ln rlsuntdeo eln kmstruflmto el
flek`kðm. Lm lstds `kr`umstdm`kds, nd vdnkelz dmdnkzded sl elmofkmd prlek`tkvd.
4. Rdnkelz `om`urrlmtl. Ëstd mos ed umd fleked el nd dso`kd`kðm el nds
pumtud`komls
pumtud`komls hnoidnls
oidnls `om otrds ls`dnds
ls`dnds el rlblrlm`kd `om um propðskto
propðskto y/o
`omtlmkeo lqukvdnlmtl. Pu eltlrfkmd`kðm sl nnlvd d `dio flekdmtl umd
`orrlnd`kðm lmtrl nds pumtud`komls el nos sualtos lm ln kmstruflmto el fleked
d vdnkedr y umo o vdrkos `rktlrkos lxtlrmos, nnlvämeosl dfids flek`komls d
`dio prä`tk`dflmtl d nd vlz. Sor lalfpno, umd prulid pdrd vdnordr ln hrdeo el
dpoyo so`kdn pulel vdnkedrsl tofdmeo `ofo lstämedr el `ofpdrd`kðm nd rle
so`kdn `om nd qul `ulmtd ln kmekvkeuo, ls el`kr, ln mñflro el plrsomds `om nds
qul lstdinl`l `omtd`tos brl`ulmtls. Dskfksfo, um mulvo kmstruflmto el
bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr pulel slr `ofpdrdeo `om otro yd utknkzdeo lm ln
`omtlxto `unturdn eomel sl vdnked qul gd skeo utknkzdeo el borfd prlblrlmtl lm

53
 ek`go `omtlxto. Sor lalfpno, lm ln `dpætuno 9 el lstl Fdmudn, sl gd`l
rlblrlm`kd d nd dedptd`kðm eln BD@LP KK ( Bdfkny Dedptdiknk ty dme @oglskom
P`dnl) qul bul `ofpdrdeo `om ln BLP ( Bdfkny Lmvkromflmt P`dnl) por slr
umo el nos po`os kmstruflmtos vdnkedeo y vdrlfdeo lm poind`kðm lspdôond y
dfpnkdflmtl
dfpnkdflmtl utknkzdeo.
utknkzdeo.
9. Rdnkelz prlek`tkvd. \mo el nos hrdmels oialtkvos el nd `klm`kd ls, fäs dnnä el nd
flrd els`rkp`kðm el nd rldnkede, nd prlek``kðm y, sk ls poskinl, ln `omtron el nd
fksfd. Nd vdnkelz prlek`tkvd sl eltlrfkmd `orrlnd`komdmeo nds pumtud`komls
oitlmkeds por nos sualtos lm umd prulid `om dnhumd otrd fleked, iklm eln
fksfo rdsho, iklm el dqulnno qul ekrl`tdflmtl sl elsld prlel`kr. Dgord iklm,
pdrd qul nd vdnkelz
vdnkelz dsæ lstdinl`k
lstdinl`ked
ed sld lm vlrede prlek`tk
prlek`tkvd,
vd, slrä ml`lsdrko qul
nds flekeds el nd prulid sl toflm lm um foflmto eltlrfkmdeo y nds
lxtlrkorls d nd fksfd lm um foflmto postlrkor qul pulel kr el vdrkos eæds d
vdrkos flsls o dôos. Ls el`kr, sk nd vdnkelz `om`urrlmtl sl oitklml d pdrtkr el
nd dpnk`d`kðm el um lstueko trdmsvlrsdn ( `ross-ovlr), nd vdnkelz prlek`tkvd
prl`ksd
prl`ksd el um lstueko nomhk
nomhktuekmdn
tuekmdn.. S or lalfpno, umd prulid pdrd eltlrfkmdr
eltlrfkmdr ln
hrdeo el vunmlrdiknkede psk`opdtonðhk`d sl `ofpdrdræd `om nd dpdrk`kðm
postlrkor
postlrkor el dbl``komls lfo`komdnls
lfo`komdnls o sonksonk`ktue
`ktue el trdtdfklmto
trdtdfklmto lm slrvk`ko
slrvk`koss el
sdnue flmtdn, dmdnkzdmeo sus rlsuntdeos.
Ln dmänksks el Idyls plrfktl `omo`lr nd vdnkelz prlek`tkvd el um tlst, su utknkede y su
`ofpdrdiknkede, d pdrtkr eln dmänksks el nd ekstrkiu`kðm el nos «`dsosº y «mo `dsosº lm
umd poind`kðm eded y el su rlnd`kðm `om nos rlsuntdeos oitlmkeos lm ln tlst lstuekdeo
(posktkvos y mlhdtkvos). \md tdind el `omtkmhlm`kd el 9x9 lxprlsd lstd rlnd`kðm lm
vlredelros posktkvos, bdnsos posktkvos, vlredelros mlhdtkvos y bdnsos mlhdtkvos. Nos
`olbk`klmtls el vdnkelz prlek`tkvd oitlmkeos d pdrtkr el nd tdind el `omtkmhlm`kds som1
slmskik nkede , lspl`kbk`kede , vdnor prlek`tkvo
prlek`tkvo posktkvo y vdnor prlek`tkvo mlhdtkvo. Otros
pdräfltros qul pulelm oitlmlrsl d trdvës el nd dpnk dpnk`d`kðm eln tlorlfd el Idyls som ln
or`lmtdal el fdn `ndskbk`deos, nd lbk`klm`kd (propor`kðm el `dsos iklm `ndskbk`deos lm
rlnd`kðm dn totdn el lvdnudeos), ln slsho (`o`klmtl lmtrl nos lvdnudeos `omskelrdeos `ofo
posktk
posktkvos
vos y mlh
mlhdtk
dtkvos)
vos) y ln rlmekfklmto (`dsos mo eltl`tdeos por ln tlst lm rlnd`kðm dn
totdn el `dsos). Lstos `olbk`klmtls mos plrfktlm daustdr ln pumto el `ortl `om rlspl`to dn
oialtkvo eln lstueko. Pk sl prltlmel gd`lr um lstueko el fulstrlo lm eos bdsls,
ius`drlfos dquln pumto el `ortl qul mos plrfktd plrfktd `dptdr ln fäxk
fäxkfo mñflro el `dsos,
dumqul lmtrl lnnos sl km`nuydm bdnsos posktkvos (lspl`kbk`kede d`lptdinl `om umd
slmskiknkede ðptkfd). Pk por ln `omtrdrko, prltlmelfos `omo`lr nd foriknkede proidinl lm
umd poind`kðm d trdvës el nd pumtud`kðm lm ln tlst, slnl``komdrlfos dquln pumto el `ortl
qul mos plrfktd els`drtdr ln fdyor mñflro el «mo `dsosº, dumqul lnno eltlrfkml nd
përeked
përeked el dnh
dnhumos bdnsos mlhdtk
mlhdtkvos
vos (slmskikn
(slmskiknkede d`lptdinl `om umd lspl`kbk
lspl`kbk`ke
`kede
de ðptkfd).
El borfd dntlrmdtkvd, ln pumto el `ortl keðmlo el um tlst sl pulel `dn`undr d pdrtkr eln
dmänksks YO@ ( Yl`lkvlr Oplrdtkmh @gdrd`tlrkstk`s
@gdrd`tlrkstk `s). Lstd të`mk`d bul elsdrronnded lm nos
dôos slslmtd eln pdsdeo skhno WW pdrd lvdnudr nd `dpd`kede el eks`rkfkmd`kðm el slôdnls
el nos `omtrondeorls el rdedr (Uloræd el Eltl``kðm el Plôdnls). Srkflro sl oitklml umd

54
rlprlslmtd`kðm hräbk`d el nd tdsd el vlredelros posktkvos (slmskiknkede) y nd tdsd el bdnsos
posktk
posktkvos
vos (4-lspl`kbk
(4-lspl`kbk`k
`kede)
ede) pdrd `ded pumto el `ortl. Ln `än`un
`än`unoo eln ärld idao nd `urvd
rlsuntdmtl, mos kmek`d nd `dpd`kede eks`rkfkmdmtl eln tlst d trdvës el toeo ln `omtkmuuf el
foriknkede. @udmeo nd `dpd`kede eks`rkfkmdmtl ls khudn d nd oitlmked dnldtorkdflmtl,
rlsuntd umd ekdhomdn `uyd ärld kmblrkor ls el 3,< (slmskiknkede khudn d nd tdsd el bdnsos
posktk
posktkvos).
vos). \m tlst keldn proeu`kræd
proeu`kræd um `klm por `klm
`klm el vlredelros posktk
posktkvos
vos dmtls el
defktkr um sono bdnso mlhdtkvo, por no qul ln ärld idao nd `urvd oitlmked slræd el 4,3. Lm
nd prä`tk`d, nds ärlds idao nd `urvd os`kndm lmtrl 3,< y 4,3, y plrfktlm umd rlprlslmtd`kðm
hräbk`d el nd `dpd`kede eks`rkfkmdmtl el ekblrlmtls kmstruflmtos pdrd umd fksfd
ekflmskðm, sklmeo ln flaor ln qul sl `orrlspomed `om umd `urvd fäs dnladed el nd
ekdhomdn (Ugofpsof, 4;7;).

`) Rdnkel
dnkel z el `omstru`to
`omstru`to
D vl`ls rlsuntd kfposkinl lvdnudr nd vdnkelz el `rktlrko dn mo lxkstkr um pdtrðm el
rlblrlm`kd oportumo o del`udeo. Lm lstos `dsos, ln pro`lekfklmto fäs lfpnldeo ls
lvdnudr nd vdnkelz el `omstru`to. Lstl tkpo el vdnkelz kfpnk`d ln hrdeo lm ln qul ln
kmstruflmto rlbnlad nds tloræds rlnlvdmtls eln blmðflmo qul fkel, ls el`kr, trdtdrä el
elfostrdr qul dqulnno qul fkel ln kmstruflmto ls umd vdrkdinl `omskstlmtl, vkm`undinl d
umd tloræd lspl`æbk`d. Plhñm @romid`g (4;83: `ktdeo lm Jlrnkmhlr, 4;78), umd vdnked`kðm
el lstl tkpo kfpnk`d kelmtkbk`dr nos bd`torls, `omstru``komls o lnlflmtos qul sl edm lm nd
prulid y qul lxpnk
lxpnk`dräm nd vdrkdmzd
vdrkdmzd el nds pumtud`komls,
pumtud`komls, km`drekmdr
m`drekmdr nd gkpðtlsk
gkpðtlskss el
`omstru``kðm lm umd tloræd y proidr lm borfd lxplrkflmtdn nd(s) gkpðtlsks. Pupoml, lm
sufd, dmdnkzdr nd `omstru``kðm, rdsho o `drd`tlræstk`d el qul sl trdtl, pro`urdmeo
dvlrkh
dvlrkhudr su lstru`turd y `ofpomlmtls.
Dskfksfo, rlprlslmtd ln hrdeo lm qul umd fleked pdrtk`undr sl rlnd`komd `om otrds,
el fdmlrd `omskstlmtl, lm nd næmld el nds gkpðtlsks tlðrk`ds qul elbkmlm ln blmðflmo o
`omstru`to qul sl quklrl flekr. Sdrd lnno, prkflro sl elilm lmum`kdr nds gkpðtlsks
tlðrk`ds soirl ln `ofportdfklmto eln kmstruflmto lm ekvlrsds sktud`komls. Pl `omskelrd
qul nd vdnkelz lstä sustlmtded `udmeo nds `orrlnd`komls oislrvdeds `ombkrfdm nds
gkpðtlsks.
Mo gdy mkmh
mkmhñm
ñm lstueko
lstueko skfpnl
skfpnl qul puled sdtksbd`lr
sdtksbd`lr nos `rktlrk
`rktlrkos
os pdrd lstdinl`lr
lstdinl`lr nd
vdnkelz el `omstru`to (o proidr `omstru`tos): sl trdtd el um pro`lso sklfprl lm fdr`gd.
Lstl tkpo el vdnkelz rlquklrl umd d`ufund`kðm prohrlskvd el kmborfd`kðm qul krä edmeo
fäs `omskstlm`kd d nd `omstru``kðm kmk`kdn y qul plrfktkrä, d nd vlz qul kr `om`leklmeo
vdnkelz el `omstru`to dn kmstruflmto, kr duflmtdmeo nd pnduskiknkede el nd tloræd qul no
sustlmtd. Sor ln `omtrdrko, nd dpdrk`kðm el rlsuntdeos eks`oredmtls no fksfo pulel slr
lvkelm`kd el bdntd el vdnkelz eln kmstruflmto, qul el umd borfund`kðm kmdel`uded el nd
tloræd, lxkhklmeo umd fdyor rlbnlxkðm y ln pndmtldfklmto el kmvlstkhd`komls fäs
`ukedeosds.
Dn khudn qul nd dmtlrkor, `ofportd eos tkpos el vdnkelz1

59
 4. Rdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl, qul gd`l rlblrlm`kd dn hrdeo el `orrlnd`kðm el nd fleked
`om otrds flekeds ekblrlmtls `om nds qul hudred skfknktue tlðrk`d. Ek`go el
otrd borfd, kfpnk`d vdnordr ln hrdeo lm qul nd mulvd ls`dnd lstä rlnd`komded
`om otrds vdrkdinls y flekeds eln fksfo `omstru`to `om ln qul elil slr
rlnd`komdeo. Sor lalfpno, sk nd tloræd dbkrfd qul nos sualtos elprkfkeos
plr`kik
plr`kikräm
räm um mkvln
mkvln el dpoyo so`kdn
so`kdn fäs idao qul nos mo elprkfkeo
elprkfkeos,
s, nds
pumtud`komls
pumtud`komls el nds ls`dnds
ls`dnds qul fkelm
fkelm lstds eos ekflmsk
ekflmskomls
omls elilräm lstdr
kmvlrsdflmtl `orrlnd`komdeds1 d fdyor hrdeo el skmtofdtonohæd elprlskvd,
flmor plr`lp`kðm el dpoyo so`kdn.
9. Rdnkelz ekvlrhlmtl o eks`rkfkmdmtl , qul kfpnk`d nd oislrvd`kðm el ekblrlm`kds
prlel`kin
prlel`kinls
ls lmtrl flekeds
flekeds ekblrlmtls,
ekblrlmtls, `ofo por lalfpno,
lalfpno, ln eonor
eonor y nd
`dpd`kede `ohmktkvd. Dsæ, fklmtrds nd vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl rlquklrl nd
`orrlnd`kðm `om nds vdrkdinls rlnd`komdeds, nd vdnkelz eks`rkfkmdmtl rlquklrl
qul ln `omstru`to mo sl `orrlnd`koml `om vdrkdinls ekblrlmtls.
Sdrd nd `ofproid`kðm o vlrkbk`d`kðm el nd vdnkelz el `omstru`to sl `ulmtd `om
lndiordeds y `ofpnlads të`mk`ds lstdeæstk`ds. D @dfpilnn y Bksjl (4;<;) sl elil ln
pro`lekfklmt
pro`lekfklmtoo el nd fdtrkz
fdtrkz funtk
funtkrrdsh
rrdsho-fun
o-funtk
tkfëtoeo
fëtoeo qul, lm lslm`kd,
lslm`kd, `omskstl
`omskstl lm umd
orhdmkzd`kðm el nos edtos pdrd dprl`kdr sk flek`komls rldnkzdeds kmelplmeklmtlflmtl el
um fksfo rdsho por fëtoeos ekblrlmtls edm nuhdr d `orrlnd`komls fäs lnlvdeds (vdnkelz
`omvlrhlmtl) qul flek`komls el rdshos ekstkmtos `om ln fksfo fëtoeo (vdnkelz
eks`rkfkmdmtl). Sor otro ndeo, umd el nds të`mk`ds el rlblrlm`kd som nds idsdeds lm ln
dmänksks el `ofpomlmtls prkm`kpdnls y el bd`torkzd`kðm. Flekdmtl ln dmänksks bd`torkdn sl
trdtd el eltlrfkmdr sk ln kmstruflmto km`nuyl um ñmk`o bd`tor o lxkstlm vdrkds lstru`turds
suiyd`lmtls. Nos bd`torls rlprlslmtdm lmtkedels distrd`tds kmtlhrdeds por lnlflmtos eln
kmstruflmto qul fdmtklmlm umd kfportdmtl `omskstlm`kd kmtlrmd, umd motdinl rlnd`kðm
lmtrl sæ, y qul lstäm fuy po`o rlnd`komdeos `om otros lnlflmtos eln kmstruflmto. Ln
dmänksks bd`torkdn mos kmborfdrä, por umd pdrtl, eln mñflro y `ofposk`kðm el nos bd`torls
rlsuntdmtls, qul quledräm sdturdeos el borfd fäs o flmos kmtlmsd por nds ekblrlmtls
vdrkdinls `omskelrdeds: dskfksfo, flekdmtl su `orrlnd`kðm `om nd prulid totdn y ln
`uderdeo el nds `orrlspomeklmtls `drhds bd`torkdnls qul `ofpomlm `ded bd`tor
kelmtkbk`deo, sl `omo`lrä nd propor`kðm el vdrkdmzd lxpnk`ded por `ded bd`tor, dsæ `ofo nd
vdrkdmzd lxpnk`ded por ln `omaumto el bd`torls. Mo oistdmtl, ln dmänksks bd`torkdn
lxpnordtorko mo elad el slr umd të`mk`d sobkstk`ded pdrd ln dmänksks el nd lstru`turd kmtlrmd
o `omskstlm`kd eln kmstruflmto. @udmeo sl trdtd el vlrkbk`dr umd gkpðtlsks lxpnæ`ktd, qul
d`tñd `ofo `rktlrko lxtlrmo, idsded lm nd borfund`kðm dprkoræstk`d el um lmum`kdeo
tlðrk`o, ln hrupo el të`mk`ds dn qul gdy qul d`uekr som nds nndfdeds dmänksks bd`torkdn el
tkpo `ombkrfdtorko, idsdeds lm foelnos lstru`turdnls el dmänksks el nd `ovdrkdmzd (Ilmtnlr
y Iommlt, 4;73: Aòrlsjoh y Pòriof, 4;8;).
Sor lalfpno, lm ln `dpætuno 9 eln Fdmudn sl vdnordm nos lstuekos el dedptd`kðm y
vdnked`kðm eln BD@LP KK d poind`kðm lspdôond. Ek`go kmstruflmto sl idsd lm ln foelno
`kr`ufpnlao el Onsom y `ondiordeorls, qul propomlm eos ekflmskomls tlðrk`ds, nd
`oglskðm y dedptdiknkede, `ofo lals eln `omstru`to el bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr. Ln hrupo

50
el Fdrtæmlz Sdfpnklhd dpnk`ð të`mk`ds el dmänksks bd`torkdn el `ofpomlmtls prkm`kpdnls
pdrd lxp
lxpnnordr nds ekflmsk
ekflmskomls
omls suiyd`lmtls eln kmstruflmto y utknk
utknkzð,
zð, dskfk
dskfksfo,
sfo, dmänk
dmänksks
sks
bd`torkdnls `ombkrfdtorkos kfpomklmeo nos ætlfs qul `omborfdm nds ekflmskomls tlðrk`ds.
Udmto um tkpo el dproxkfd`kðm `ofo otro obrl`kð umd sonu`kðm bd`torkdn ikekflmskomdn
qul rlproeu`æd el borfd `oglrlmtl nd propulstd eln foelno tlðrk`o, `omborfdmeo um
`rktlrko el iomede el nd vdnkelz el `omstru`to eln BD@LP KK.

5.0. Otros pdräfltros el `dnkede

d) Rkdiknkede
Nos flaorls kmstruflmtos el fleked slräm kmslrvkinls sk su dpnk`d`kðm rlsuntd ekbæ`kn,
`ofpnlad y `ostosd. Ln elsdrronno el kmstruflmtos qul mo supomhdm umd `drhd kfportdmtl
pdrd ln lmtrlvkstdeo y pdrd ln lmtrlvkstdeor
lmtrlvkstdeor ls el sufd kfportdm`kd.
fportdm`kd. @drd`tlræstk`ds
@drd`tlræstk`ds `ofo
ln tklfpo lfpnldeo lm nd rldnkzd`kðm eln kmstruflmto, nd slm`knnlz y nd dflmkede eln
borfdto y ln kmtlrës, nd irlvlede y nd `ndrkede el nds prlhumtds, dsæ `ofo nd bd`knkede el
`orrl``kðm, nd kmtlrprltd`kðm y nd prlslmtd`kðm el nos rlsuntdeos pdrd ln lvdnudeor, som
dnhumos dspl`tos rlnd`komdeos `om nd vkdiknkede el su dpnk`d`kðm. Pl trdtd, lm elbkmktkvd,
el qul ln kmstruflmto `omstrukeo lstë lndiordeo `om umds `udnkedels lxtlrmds qul no
gdhdm dtrd`tkvo d quklmls gdm el `omtlstdrno el borfd qul no rldnk`lm por `ofpnlto: lm
`dso `omtrdrko, rlspomelräm nd prulid por oinkhd`kðm, `omtlstdmeo dn dzdr o skm pomlr
dtlm`kðm.

i) Plmskiknkede dn `dfiko
Nd slmskiknkede dn `dfiko ls nd `dpd`kede eln kmstruflmto el eltl`tdr `dfikos lm ln
`omstru`to lvdnudeo: por lalfpno, ln `dfiko lm ln lstdeo el sdnue el nos pd`klmtls
`udmeo flaord o lfplord su `dnkede el vked elspuës el um trdtdfklmto o kmtlrvlm`kðm
sdmktdrkd. Nd slmskiknkede dn `dfiko lstä rlnd`komded `om nd fdhmktue el nd ekblrlm`kd lm nd
pumtud`kðm
pumtud`kðm eln sualto qul gd flaordeo o lfplordeo y nds pumtud`komls
pumtud`komls el nos sualtos
qul mo gdm `dfikdeo su pumtud`kðm lm nd fleked lfpnlded. Lstdeæstk`dflmtl, sl utknkzd
ln `än`uno eln tdfdôo eln lbl`to pdrd lvdnudr nd slmskiknkede dn `dfiko el um kmstruflmto
(E/EL: eomel E 6 ekblrlm`kd el nds pumtud`komls lm nos tklfpos el nd lvdnud`kðm y EL 6
elsvkd`kðm lstämedr el nd prkflrd lvdnud`kðm). Dskfksfo, ln lstueko el slmskiknkede dn
`dfiko sl pulel lbl`tudr flekdmtl ln lstueko el `orrlnd`kðm y dmänksks el `ofpomlmtls
prkm`k
prkm`kpdn
pdnls
ls lm nd næmld idsl y trds ln plræoeo el lvdnud`kð
lvdnud`kðmm `ofpdrdmeo nds lstru`turds
bd`torkdnls lm dfios pumtos.

55
`) Yleumedm`kd lxtlrmd
Hlmlrdnflmtl, sðno sl lvdnñd nd rleumedm`kd o ln sondpdfklmto el nos ætlfs el umd ls`dnd
lm nd bdsl el `omstru``kðm el nd fksfd (rleumedm`kd kmtlrmd). Pkm lfidrho, ls kfportdmtl
`omo`lr tdfikëm nd rleumedm`kd el nos ætlfs y el nds pumtud`komls hnoidnls `om otrds
ls`dnds el `omtlmkeo skfkndr (rleumedm`kd lxtlrmd). Lstl pdräfltro mo ls lqukvdnlmtl dn
el dso`kd`kðm oitlmkeo lm nd vdnkelz `om`urrlmtl.
Lm elbkmktkvd, toeds nds `drd`tlræstk`ds lxkhkinls d um iulm kmstruflmto psk`ofëtrk`o
sl elrkvdm eln pro`lso lfpnldeo lm su lndiord`kðm. Nd vdnkelz, nd bkdiknkede, nd
lbl`tkvkede prlek`tkvd, nd gofohlmlkede, ln mkvln el ekbk`untde, nd vdrkdiknkede el nds
pumtud`komls
pumtud`komls y nd borfd el nd ekstrkiu`k
ekstrkiu`kðm
ðm el nds fksfds elplmelm el nds propkledels el
nos ætlfs qul `ofpomlm ln kmstruflmto. Ln dmänksks eltdnndeo el nd lstru`turd, ln
`omtlmkeo y ln `ofportdfklmto el nos ætlfs ls nd ñmk`d væd diklrtd dn flaordfklmto
prohrlsk
prohrlskvo
vo el nos kmstruflmtos
kmstruflmtos el flek`kðm
flek`kðm qul utknk
utknkzdfos lm psk`onoh
psk`onohæd.
æd. (Udvlnnd,
(Udvlnnd, 4;87).

<. PLNL@@KÐM EL \M KMPUY\FLMUO EL

LRDN\D@KÐM
Nd slnl``kðm dpropkded el kmstruflmtos el lvdnud`kðm suialtkvd ls prkforekdn pdrd
`udnquklr kmvlstkhd`kðm. Nðhk`dflmtl elilrä usdrsl dquën qul fäs sl del`ul d mulstrds
ml`lskedels. Pkm lfidrho, sorprlmel ln ls`dso mñflro el rlvkskomls fltoeonðhk`ds qul
dioredm lstl tlfd el borfd lspl`æbk`d. Il`g y `ondiordeorls (4;;0) flm`komdm umd
slrkl el dspl`tos `ndvl qul sl elilm tlmlr lm `ulmtd lm um lmsdyo `næmk`o1
4. Kelmtkbk
Kelmtkbk`d`k
`d`kðm
ðm eln fotkvo1
fotkvo1 ¿por quë
quë ls elsldin
elsldinll usdr um kmstruflmto?
mstruflmto?
9. Kelmtkbk
Kelmtkbk`d`k
`d`kðm
ðm eln proinlfd1
proinlfd1 ¿`uän ls ln bo`o eln lstuek
lstueko?
0. Kelmtkbk
Kelmtkbk`d`k
`d`kðm
ðm el nd rlnlvdm`k
rlnlvdm`kd1d1 ¿som
¿som rlnlvdmtl
rlnlvdmtlss nds ls`dnds/`u
ls`dnds/`ulstk
lstkomdrk
omdrkos
os
utknkzdeos pdrd ln lstueko?
5. Lvdnud`k
Lvdnud`kðm
ðm eln `ostl-u
`ostl-utk
tknnkede1 ¿quë kmborfd
kmborfd`k
`kðm
ðm dportd ln kmstruflmto
mstruflmto `om
rlnd`kðm dn `ostl el su lfpnlo lm tklfpo y plrsomdn?
Sor otrd pdrtl, dn khudn qul gk`klrdm otros dutorls ( Udind <), Mlwfdm y @drplmtlr
(4;;8) propor`komdm umd huæd pdrd ln elsdrronno, slnl``kðm y uso el kmstruflmtos el
lvdnud`kðm, `uyos prkm`kpkos hlmlrdnls slrædm nos skhuklmtls1
4. Nd vdrkdin
vdrkdinll el fleked
fleked elil slr rlnlvdmt
rlnlvdmtll pdrd nd
nd poind`k
poind`kðm
ðm d nd qul vd ekrk
ekrkhhked.
9. Nos fëtoeos
fëtoeos el lvdn
lvdnud`kðm
ud`kðm elilm slr
slr skfpn
skfpnls
ls y el bä`kn
bä`kn d``lso
d``lso y dpnk
dpnk`d`kðm
`d`kðm
por nos problskomdn
problskomdnls.
ls. Elilm kr d`ofpdôdeos el nds kmstru``k
kmstru``komls
omls `ndrds el
dpnk`d`kðm tdmto pdrd nos pd`klmtls (lm ln `dso el slr prulids
dutodefkmkstrdeds) `ofo pdrd quklmls nds dpnkqulm (prulids
gltlrodefkmkstrdeds).

5<
 0. Ylspl`to
Ylspl`to d nos
nos mkvln
mkvlnls
ls el flek
fleked,
ed, o dn flmos lm nosnos pumtos
pumtos `ndvl
`ndvl el nd
nd
lvdnud`kðm, gdm el lxprlsdrsl lalfpnos lspl`æbk`os qul d`tñlm `ofo pumtos
el rlblrlm`kd oialtkvos. El lstl foeo, duflmtdræd nd bkdiknkede kmtlraul`ls el
borfd `omskelrdinl.

UDIND <
@DYD@ULYÆPUK@DP EL \M KMPUY\FLMUO EL FLEKED EL ND PDN\E

Plhñm Ilrhmlr (4;7<) Plhñm Eo mo vdm lt dn. (4;7;)

‐ Plr dpropkdeo1
dpropkdeo1 tlðrk`dflmtl
tlðrk`dflmtl
austkbk
austkbk`dinl
`dinl (vdnk
(vdnkelz el `omtlmkeo)
`omtlmkeo)
l kmtuktkvdflmtl rdzomdinl (vdnkelz ‐ Plr del`udeo dn proinlfd
proinlfd el
dpd- rlmtl): vdnord`kðm qul sl prltlmel flekr:
‐ Ränkeo,
änkeo, lm ln slmtkeo
slmtkeo el slr `dpdz
el flekr dqulnnds `drd`tlræstk`ds
qul prltlmelm flekr y mo otrds:
‐ Ränke
änkeoo y bkdin
bkdinll (lm su ekflmsk
ekflmskðm
ðm
hlmërk`d):
‐ S rl`kso,
rl`kso, ls el`kr,
el`kr, `om um fæmkfo
fæmkfo el
‐ Ylproeu`kin
Ylproeu`kinl:
l: lrror el fleked:
fleked:
‐ Plmskin
Plmskinl,
l, o sld, `dpdz el eltl`tdr
`dfikos tdmto lm nos ekblrlmtls
kmekvkeuos `ofo lm nd rlspulstd el
um fksfo kmekvkeuo d no ndrho eln
‐ Plmskin
Plmskinll dn `dfiko:
`dfiko: tklfpo:
‐ Pus `ofpomlmtls elilm slr
`ndrdflmtl elnkfktdeos,
`omtrkiuylmeo `ded umo dn totdn el
nd ls`dnd el borfd kmelplmeklmtl
(vdnkelz el `omstru`to): y
‐ Idsdeo lm edtos hlmlrdeos por nos
propkos
propkos lmtrlvkstdeos,
lmtrlvkstdeos, y
‐ Nos edtos ml`lsdrkos
ml`lsdrkos pdrd ln `än`un
`än`unoo ‐ D`lptdeo por nos lmtrlvkstdeos,
lmtrlvkstdeos, por
el nd pumtud`kðm totdn o æmek`l gdm nos lmtrlvkstdeorls y por nos
el slr dn`dmzdinls lm nd prä`tk`d. kmvlstkhdeorls.

5. Ls prlblrkin
prlblrkinll utkn
utknkzdr kmborfde
kmborfdeorls
orls fñntk
fñntkpn
pnls
ls yd qul el lstl foeo sl oitklml
oitklml
umd fdyor vdnked`kðm eln lstdeo y/o `omeu`td eln lvdnudeo, dsæ `ofo nos
`dfikos proeu`keos lm ln fksfo. Nds rlspulstds sulnlm slr fäs gomlstds
`udmeo sl sdil qul gdy vdrkos kmborfdeorls, y, por otro ndeo, nds

52
 eks`rlpdm`kds lmtrl nos kmborfdeorls dnlrtdrædm dn `næmk`o soirl proinlfds qul
rlqulrkrædm
rlqulrkrædm fäs dtlm`kðm.
dtlm`kðm.
<. Km`nuk
Km`nukrr flekeds
flekeds qul
qul plrfk
plrfktdm `omtrds
`omtrdstdr
tdr ln pro`lso
pro`lso el `dfik
`dfiko.
o.
2. Optdr por flek flekeds
eds l kmstruflmto
mstruflmtoss qul rlñmdm iulmds propkledels propkledels
psk`ofëtrk`ds
psk`ofëtrk`ds (bkdikn
(bkdiknkede, vdnk
vdnkelz y slmskik
slmskiknnkede dn `dfiko), qul lstëm nkirls el
slshos el rlspulstd y qul fulstrlm kmslmskiknkede d nd kmbnulm`kd el bd`torls
sktud`komdnls lxtrdôos o `ombusorls.
8. Nd flek`k
flek`kðm
ðm el nos
nos rlsuntdeos
rlsuntdeos elel nds
nds kmtlrv
kmtlrvlm`k
lm`komls
omls gd el vlrsl
vlrsl `ofplmsded
`ofplmsded lm
tërfkmos el `ostl/ilmlbk`ko. Yllfpndzdr tklfpo el prä`tk`d `næmk`d por tdrlds
el lvdnud`kðm `omnnlvd umd përeked el proeu`tkvkede: por lnno sl rl`ofklmed
qul sl kmtlhrl nd lvdnud`kðm el rlsuntdeos elmtro eln skstlfd el lvdnud`kðm
hlmlrdn (ekdhmðstk`d o psk`oso`kdn), el tdn foeo qul nos `ostos lm tërfkmos el
tklfpo y lsbulrzo el nos problskomdnls sl rleuz`dm lm nd fleked el no poskinl.
7. Nos rlsun
rlsuntdeos
tdeos el
el nos
nos lstuek
lstuekos
os elilm
elilm slr `ofprlmsk
`ofprlmskin inls
ls pdrd toeos
toeos nos
nos
kmtlrlsdeos: elsel nos pd`klmtls y sus bdfknkdrls gdstd nos problskomdnls
`næmk`os y nos hlstorls. Lnno kfpnk`d qul nos rlsuntdeos flekeos `om nos
kmstruflmtos el lvdnud`kðm gdm el lstdr idsdeos lm um nlmhudal d``lskinl y
dsufkinl. Ls el`kr, nos rlsuntdeos oitlmkeos flekdmtl ln kmstruflmto el
lvdnud`kðm gdm el slr el bä`kn elvonu`kðm l kmtlrprltd`kðm.
;. Nds flekeds
flekeds oitlmk
oitlmkeds gdm el tlmlr rlnlvdm`k
rlnlvdm`kdd `næmk
`næmk`d
`d y slr ñtkn
ñtknls lm nd prä`tk
prä`tk`d
`d
`næmk`d. Mo sðno tklmlm qul tlmlr kfportdm`kd lm ln `omtlxto el nd
kmvlstkhd`kðm, skmo qul elilm dioredr dspl`tos el nd prä`tk`d `næmk`d rlnlvdmtls
qul huælm o plrfktdm nd tofd el el`kskomls d lstl rlspl`to.
43. S or ñntk
ñntkfo,
fo, elilm slr `ofpdtkinls
`ofpdtkinls `om ndsnds tloræds y ndnd prä`tk`d
prä`tk`d `næmk
`næmk`d
`d vkh
vkhlmtls.
Pk um kmstruflmto pulel slr utknkzdeo elsel vdrkos lmboquls (por lalfpno1
nohros eln trdtdfklmto lm plrsomds `om dek``kðm y/o `om RKG/PKED lm
prohrdfds
prohrdfds el dmtdhomk
dmtdhomkstds
stds y/o dhom
dhomkkstds opkä`los
opkä`los d trdvës el kmek`deorls
mek`deorls el
`dnkede el vked), plrfktkrä nd `ofpdrd`kðm el ekstkmtds dproxkfd`komls
tlrdpëutk`ds.
Dnhumos dutorls (Sdtrk`j lt dn., 4;7<: Pfktg, lt dn., 4;;8) `omskelrdm el
kfportdm`kd iäsk`d qul lm nd lvdnud`kðm sl oitlmhd nd plrspl`tkvd eln pd`klmtl (kfprlskðm
suialtkvd). Ylsuntd oivko qul lm eltlrfkmdeos dspl`tos mo sl pulel prls`kmekr el nd
lxplrklm`kd suialtkvd eln lmtrlvkstdeo.

58
 @DSÆU\NO 9

LP@DND EL LRDN\D@KÐM EL ND DEDSUDIKNKEDE

[ EL ND @OGLPKÐM BDFKNKDY (BD@LP KK. Bdfkny
Dedptdiknkty dme @oglskom Lvdnudtkom P`dnl)
Dmdd Fdrtæmlz Sdfpnklhd
Dm

57
MOFIYL1 Ls`dnd el Lvdnud`kðm el nd Dedptdiknkede y el nd @oglskðm Bdfknkdr
(Bdfkny Dedptdiknk ty dme @oglskom Lvdnudtkom P`dnl. Rlrskðm lspdôond rleu`ked:
BD@LP KK-93-RLY).
D\UOYLP1 E. G. Onsom, A. Sortmlr y Y. T. Ilnn (4;79) (dedptded por D. Fdrtæmlz-
Sdfpnklhd, K. Krdurhk, L. Hdnkmelz y F. Pdmz, 9332).
OIALUKROP1 Lvdnudr ln bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr, d trdvës el nds ekflmskomls el
`oglskðm y dedptdiknkede.
@ONL@UKRO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 D pdrtkr el umos 49 dôos el lede.
UKLFSO
UKLFSO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 @km`o fkmutos.
B\LMUL SYKM@KSDN1
― Orkhkmdn1 Onsom, E. G., Sortmlr, A. y Ilnn, Y. T. (4;79). BD@LP
BD@LP KK. Pt. Sdun,
FM1 \mkvlrskty ob Fkmmlsotd.
― Dedptd`kðm1 Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, D., Krdurhk, K., Hdnkmelz, L. y Pdmz, F.
(9332). Bdfkny Dedptdiknk ty dme @oglskom Lvdnudtkom P`dnl (BD@LP)1
Elsdrronno el umd vlrskðm el 93 ætlfs lm lspdôon. Kmtlrmdtkomdn Aourmdn ob
@nkmk`dn dme Gldntg Ssy`gonohy/ Ylvkstd Kmtlrmd`komdn el Ssk `onohæd @næmk`d y
el nd Pdnue, 2 (9), 048-007.

Ylsuflm eln kmstruflmto

Ln BD@LP 93-Lsp `omstktuyl nd vlrskðm irlvl y dedptded `unturdnflmtl d (Lspdôd) el nd ls`dnd dflrk`dmd
«Bdfkny Dedptdiknkty dme @oglskðm Lvdnudtkom P`dnl. BD@LP KKº (Onsom, Sortmlr y Ilnn, 4;79).
Lstl kmstruflmto lstä idsdeo lm umo el nos foelnos `om fdyor rlnlvdm`kd d`tudnflmtl lm nd `ofprlmskðm el
nos skstlfds bdfknkdrls,
bdfknkdrls, ln foelno
foelno «`kr`ufpnla
«` kr`ufpnlaoº.
oº.
Lstuekd nds eos ekflmskomls bumedflmtdnls eln bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr1 nd `oglskðm y nd dedptdiknkede,
tlmklmeo lm `ulmtd fñntkpnls pdräfltros lm `ded umd el lstds vdrkdinls.
Nd ls`dnd `omstd el 93 ætlfs y `ulmtd `om æmek`ls lnlvdeos el vdnkelz y bkdiknkede. Pl oitklml umd
pumtud`kðm `omaumtd eln bum`komd
bum` komdfklmto
fklmto bdfknkdr
bdfknkdr y pumtud`komls el `ded umd el nds eos ekflmskomls
ekflmskomls
slôdndeds.

5;
ELP@YKS@KÐM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

Oialtkvo
Ln prlslmtl kmstruflmto supoml umd dedptd`kðm dirlvkded el nd ls`dnd BD@LP KK
elsdrronnded `om ln rlspdneo `om`lptudn eln Foelno @kr`ufpnlao el bum`komdfklmto
bdfknkdr. Ek`go foelno `omstktuyl ln rltrdto-`om`lptudn eln bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr `om
fäs rlspdneo lfpærk`o d`tudnflmtl.
Nd ls`dnd dquæ els`rktd suplrd nds ekbk`untdels lm`omtrdeds lm vlrskomls lspdôonds
prlvkds
prlvkds el lstl kmstruflmto (vlr lstuekos
lstuekos lm nos qul sl gd dpnk dpnk`deo) y fkel eos
ekflmskomls `lmtrdnls el lstl foelno1 nd `oglskðm y nd dedptdiknkede.
Nd `oglskðm ls ln væm`uno lfo`komdn qul nos fklfiros el um skstlfd (nd bdfknkd, lm
mulstro `dso) tklmlm lmtrl sæ y nd dedptdiknkede slræd nd gdiknkede el ek`go skstlfd pdrd
`dfikdr. @ded umd el lstds ekflmskomls lstä `ofpulstd por ekblrlmtls vdrkdinls qul
`omtrkiuylm d su `ofprlmskðm (Onsom, 4;77). Nos `om`lptos vkm`undeos `om nd `oglskðm
slrædm1 ndzos bdfknkdrls, kfpnk`d`kðm bdfknkdr, `odnk`komls pderls-gkaos, bromtlrds kmtlrmds y
lxtlrmds. Nos `om`lptos lspl`æbk`os vkm`undeos `om nd dedptdiknkede som1 nkelrdzho,
eks`kpnkmd, mlho`kd`kðm, ronls y rlhnds.

Bkdiknkede y vdnkelz
Sdrd nd rldnkzd`kðm el lstd vlrskðm dirlvkded sl `omtð `om nd pdrtk`kpd`kðm el 950
lstuekdmtls el nd \mkvlrskede el Elusto.
Urds um pro`lekfklmto rkhuroso, `om um ekslôo rd`komdn el rltrotrdeu``kðm y um
postlrkor
postlrkor lstueko
lstueko lfpærk`o,
lfpærk`o, ln kmstruflmto bkmdn
bkmdn rltuvo 93 ætlfs, 43 lm `ded umd el nds
suils`dnds. Lstl kmstruflmto elfostrð tlmlr umds iulmds `udnkedels psk`ofëtrk`ds dn
oitlmlr, lm prkflr nuhdr, um del`udeo mkvln el bkdiknkede lm dfids ekflmskomls tlðrk`ds
(3,7; lm `oglskðm y 3,78 lm dedptdiknkede), hrdeos el `omskstlm`kd kmtlrmd, por otrd pdrtl,
fuy suplrkorls d nos oitlmkeos lm otrds vlrskomls eln BD@LP (Onsom, Sortmlr y Ilnn,
4;79: Onsom, Sortmlr y Ndvll, 4;7<). Lm slhumeo nuhdr, nd vdnkelz el `omstru`to gd skeo
vdnorded tdmto por pro`lekfklmtos el bd`torkzd`kðm lxpnordtorkos `ofo `ombkrfdtorkos,
qul plrfktklrom suhlrkr su del`ud`kðm tlðrk`d. Dskfksfo, nd vdnord`kðm eln hrdeo el
dso`kd`kðm `om `omstru`tos dbkmls, lstkfdeos d trdvës el nd ls`dnd el dfiklmtl bdfknkdr
(BLP, Foos, 4;85) ―ñmk`d ls`dnd el vdnord`kðm eln bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr dedptded y
vdnkeded lm `dstlnndmo― y el nd ls`dnd «Pdtksbd``kðm bdfknkdrº, gd fostrdeo `orrlnd`komls
`omhrulmtls, edmeo fulstrds el su vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl.
\m dmänksks el nd vdnkelz el `omtlmkeo rlbnlad umd del`uded `omhrulm`kd tlðrk`d. Nos
pdräfltros `omtlfpndeos,
`omtlfpndeos, lm lstd ls`dnd
ls`dnd dirlvkded,
dirlvkded, elmtro el nd `oglskðm
`oglskðm bulrom1 ndzos
lfo`komdnls, bromtlrds kmtlrmds (lspd`ko y tklfpo) y bromtlrds lxtlrmds (tofd el
el`kskomls l kmtlrlsls y ekvlrskðm): elmtro el nd ekflmskðm el dedptdiknkede, nos ætlfs

<3
didr`dm nos `om`lptos el dslrtkvkede, nkelrdzho y `omtron, eks`kpnkmd y mlho`kd`kðm: mo dsæ
nos el ronls y rlhnds.

LPU\EKOP LM NOP T\L PL GD DSNK@DEO

Ln BD@LP, lm `udnquklrd el nds `udtro vlrskomls dflrk`dmds elsdrronndeds, poskinlflmtl
sld umo el nos kmstruflmtos el lvdnud`kðm bdfknkdr fäs lfpnldeos d mkvln kmtlrmd`komdn.
Pom fknls nos lstuekos qul sl gdm rldnkzdeo soirl nds `drd`tlræstk`ds psk`ofëtrk`ds eln
kmstruflmto o qul gdm lfpnldeo sus ls`dnds `ofo kmstruflmtos el lvdnud`kðm.
Pk mos `lmtrdfos lm Lspdôd poelfos elstd`dr nos lstuekos el Dnomso y eln Idrrko
(4;;8, 4;;7), Hdr`æd y Slrdnio (4;;7) y Nðplz (9339), dumqul skm gd`lr um lstueko el
sus `drd`tlræstk`ds psk`ofëtrk`ds. Pæ no gdm gl`go Ado, Fdrtæmlz y @lrvlrd-Lmhukx
(9339), Fdrtæmlz Sdfpnklhd (4;;0: 9334), Sondkmo-Norlmtl y Fdrtæmlz (4;;7), Pdmz,
Krdurhk y Fdrtæmlz Sdfpnklhd (9339) o Pdmz (9330). Mo oistdmtl, ln bum`komdfklmto el
nds vlrskomls lfpnldeds prlslmtd umd lstru`turd bd`torkdn dnladed eln foelno `kr`ufpnlao,
ls el`kr, eln foelno tlðrk`o el rlblrlm`kd. Srl`ksdflmtl, ln kmtlrrohdmtl soirl nd
kmdel`uded dedptd`kðm el nds vlrskomls lfpnldeds d nd rldnkede `unturdn el mulstro pdæs,
fotkvð ln elsdrronno el umd mulvd vlrskðm pdrtklmeo eln BD@LP KK y sofltkëmeono d um
pro`lso fuy rkhrkhuroso el trdidao, lm næmld `om no els`rkto
els`rkto lm ln prkflr
prkflr `dpætuno
`dpætuno el lstl
fdmudn. Ln skhuklmtl pdso slrä ln lfpnlo eln fksfo lm ekblrlmtls kmvlstkhd`komls.

NKFKUD@KOMLP
Ylsuntd lvkelmtl nd ml`lskede el vdnordr ln bum`komdfklmto eln BD@LP-93 RLY `om
poind`k
poind`kðm
ðm `næmk
`næmk`d
`d (ekdh
(ekdhmðstk
mðstk`o,
`o, vdnord`k
vdnord`kðm
ðm el rlsuntdeos…),
rlsuntdeos…), oialtkvo
oialtkvo qul mulstro hrupo
lstä d`tudnflmtl elsdrronndmeo.

DEFKMKPUYD@KÐM [ @OYYL@@KÐM
Nds `drd`tlræstk`ds el del`ud`kðm psk`ofëtrk`d el lstd ls`dnd dirlvkded, rlspl`to d otrds
vlrskomls eln BD@LP, nd gd`lm lspl`kdnflmtl dtrd`tkvd lm su utknkzd`kðm lm lstuekos el
kmvlstkhd`kðm bdfkn
bdf knkdr.
kdr.
@omstd el eos suils`dnds1 eklz ætlfs fkelm `oglskðm y nos otros eklz ætlfs
dedptdiknkede. Lxkstlm `km`o op`komls el rlspulstd1 4) Mum`d o `dsk mum`d, 9) So`ds
vl`ls, 0) D vl`ls, 5) @om brl`ulm`kd y <) @dsk sklfprl.
Nd pumtud`kðm totdn ls nd sufd el nds pumtud`komls el `ded umo el nos ætlfs.

<4
BK@GD YLP\FLM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

KMPUY\FLMUO
Rlr dmlxo lm nd pähkmd skhuklmtl.

<9
 LP@DND EL LRDN\D@KÐM EL ND DEDSUDIKNKEDE [ EL ND
@OGLPKO
@OGLPKOMM BDFKNKDY
(BDFKN[ DEDSUDIKNKU[ DME @OGLPKÐM LRDN\DUKOM LP@DNL-RLYPKÐM
LPSDÔOND YLE\@KED: BD@LP KK 93-RLY)

D `omtkmud`kðm tklmls umds brdsls rlndtkvds d tu bdfknkd. Uklmls qul `omtlstdr kmek`dmeo nd brl`ulm`kd `om nd qul
o`urrlm1
4 6 Mum`d o `dsk mum`d
9 6 So`ds Rl`ls
0 6 D vl`ls
5 6 @om brl`ulm`kd
< 6 @dsk sklfprl

<0
<5
<<
 @DSÆU\NO 0

LP@DND EL PDUKPBD@@KÐM
BDFKNKDY (BP
(BPbP.
bP. Bdfkny
Bdfkny Pdtksbd`tkom
Pdtksbd`tkom
P`dnl)
Fkrlyd Pdmz Räzqulz

<2
MOFIYL1 Ls`dnd el Pdtksbd``kðm Bdfknkdr ( Bdfkny Pdtksbd`tk om P`dnl. Rlrskðm
Pdtksbd`tkom
Lspdôond: BPbP-RL).
D\UOYLP1 E. G. Onsom y F. Xknsom (4;79) (dedptded por F. Pdmz, K. Krdurhk y D.
Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd).
OIALUKROP1 Lvdnudr nd sdtksbd``kðm qul lxplrkflmtd umd bdfknkd soirl su mkvln el
`oglskðm y dedptdiknkede bdfknkdr.
@ONL@UKRO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 Deuntos.
UKLFSO
UKLFSO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 0 fkmutos.
B\LMUL SYKM@KSDN1
― Orkhkmdn1 Onsom, E.G. y Xknsom, F. (4;79). Bdfkny Pdtksbd`tkom
Pdtksbd`tk om P`dnl. Lm
E.G. Onsom, G. K. F`@uiikm, G. Idrmls, D. Ndrslm, F. Fuxlm y F. Xknsom
(les.), Bdfkny kmvlmtork ls1 Kmvlmtorkls usle km d mdtkomdn survly ob bdfknk ls
d`ross tgl bdfkny nkbl `y`nl, 50-5;. Pt. Sdun, FM1 \mkvlrskty ob Fkmmlsotd.
― Dedptd`kðm1
• Pdmz, F. (9330). Ln bum`komdfk lmto bdfknk dr el nos erohoelplmeklmtls
erohoelplmeklmtls
d no ndrho el um trdtdfklmto . Ulsks eo`tordn. \mkvlrskede el Elusto.
• Pdmz
Pdmz,, F., Krdurh
Krdurhkk, K., Fdrtæm
Fdrtæmlz
lz-Sdfp
-Sdfpnnklhd,
lhd, D.
D. (9339)
(9339).. Lvdnud
Lvdnud`k
`kðm
ðm eln
eln
bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr lm toxk`ofdmæds. Dedptd`kðm lspdôond y
`drd`tlræstk`ds el del`ud`kðm fëtrk`d eln BDS-BD@LP KR. Kmstruflmtos
el lvdnud`kðm lm erohoelplmelm`kds. Le. K. Krdurhk y B. Homzänlz-Pdkz,
530- 505. Fderke1 Dund Fëek`d.

Ylsuflm eln kmstruflmto

Nd ls`dnd el Pdtksbd``kðm bdfknkdr bul lndiorded por Onsom lm 4;7; (Onsom, Ptlwdrt y Xknsom, 4;;3),
idsämeosl lm nd ls`dnd eln fksfo mofirl, elsdrronnded
elsdrronnded por Onsom y Xknsom
Xknsom lm 4;79.
Orkhkmdnflmtl lstd ls`dnd `omstdid el 45 ætlfs, plro postlrkorflmtl lm 4;7;, Onsom nd rleuao d 43 (Onsom,
Ptlwdrt y Xknsom, 4;;3), `om nos `udnls sl lvdnñd ln hrdeo el sdtksbd``kðm lxplrkflmtdeo `om dspl`tos
rlnd`komdeos `om nd `oglskðm y dedptdiknkede bdfknkdr.

<8
ELP@YKS@KÐM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

Oialtkvo
Nd ls`dnd el sdtksbd``kðm bdfknkdr plrfktl lvdnudr ln hrdeo el sdtksbd``kðm `om eklz
dspl`tos el nd ekmäfk`d bdfknkdr, `km`o el lnnos vkm`undeos `om nd `oglskðm y `km`o `om nd
dedptdiknkede.
Lstl kmstruflmto bul elsdrronndeo lm rlnd`kðm `om ln Foelno @kr`ufpnlao y `om ln
bkm el `uirkr umd el sus gkpðtlsks, nd `udn slôdnd qul ls fäs kfportdmtl nd sdtksbd``kðm
qul lxplrkflmtd umd bdfknkd soirl su mkvln el `oglskðm y dedptdiknkede, qul `ðfo ls su
skstlfd bdfknkdr.

Bkdiknkede y vdnkelz
Lstd ls`dnd gd fostrdeo iulmos `rktlrkos el bkdiknkede tdmto lm nd vlrskðm orkhkmdn (dnpgd
el 3,;4 y `olbk`klmtl tlst-rltlst el 3,8<), `ofo lm nd dedptd`kðm lspdôond (Pdmz, 9330),
prlslmtdmeo um dnpgd el @romid`g el 3,;9. Ylspl`to d nd bkdikn
bkdiknkede tlst-rltlst, sl oituvo
um æmek`l el 3,;<. Pkfkndrls rlsuntdeos gdm skeo oitlmkeos lm lstuekos fäs rl`klmtls
(Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, Pdmz, Krdurhk lt dn., 9335).
Lm elbkmktkvd, nos lnlflmtos qul `ofpomlm nd ls`dnd el sdtksbd``kðm bdfknkdr
prlslmtdm umkborfk
umkborfkede
ede y umkek
umkekflmsk
flmskomdn
omdnkkede lm ln `omstru`to qul prltlmelm flekr,
flekr, y no
gd`lm `om dntd `omskstlm`kd kmtlrmd, no qul `ombklrl d nd ls`dnd um daustl psk`ofëtrk`o
del`udeo. Sdrd eltlrfkmdr nd vdnkelz `om`urrlmtl sl gd `orrlnd`komdeo nd ls`dnd `om
`omstru`tos tlðrk`os dbkmls, nos propor`komdeos por nd ls`dnd Bdfkny Lmvkromflmt P`dnl-
Ls`dnd el @nkfd Bdfknkdr (BLP). @om`rltdflmtl, nd sdtksbd``kðm bdfknkdr prlslmtd
`orrlnd`kðm posktkvd `om `km`o el nds ekflmskomls eln BLP1 `ofumk`d`kðm (3,28),
lxprlskvkede (3,22), dutomofæd (3,05), kmtlnl`tudn-`unturdn (3,0<), orhdmkzd`kðm (3,53) y
`orrlnd`kðm mlhdtkvd `om nd ekflmskðm el `ombnk`to (‐3,<4). Nd ekrl``kðm el ek`gds
dso`kd`komls prlslmtd dpoyo d nd lxkstlm`kd el vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl y ekvlrhlmtl.

LPU\EKOP LM NOP T\L PL GD DSNK@DEO

Lstd ls`dnd gd skeo lfpnlded lm fñntkpnls lstuekos kmtlrmd`komdnls soirl nos fäs ekvlrsos
tlfds1 Iomey, 4;;8: @o`o y @ourtmly, 4;;7: E‛dtlmd y Dreoml, 4;;4: Honefdm, 9330:
Sltlrsom, 9339: Sknndy y Xdsslmddr, 4;;8: Poion, 9334: Xlkss, Holiln, Sdhl, Xknsom y
Xdred, 4;;;: Xknnkdfs, 4;;;.
Nd dedptd`kðm lspdôond bul rldnkzded por Pdmz, Krdurhk y Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd
(9339), utknkzdmeo eos fulstrds `omstktukeds por plrsomds `om ekdhmðstk`o el dek``kðm d

<7
opkä`los. Nos rlsuntdeos el lstl lstueko fostrdrom del`udeds propkledels psk`ofëtrk`ds,
puekëmeosl
puekëmeosl propomlr nd utkn
utknkede el lstd ls`dnd
ls`dnd `ofo fleked
fleked el bum`komdfk
bum`komdfklmto
lmto bdfknk
bdfknkdr
lm plrsomds `om elplmelm`kd el erohds.
\md el nds fulstrds el lstl lstueko `ofpulstd por 453 sualtos, borfd pdrtl el um
lstueko fäs dfpnko (Pdmz, 9330: Krdurhk, Pdmz, Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, 9335) `uyo oialtkvo
bul lstuekdr ln bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr el nos erohoelplmeklmtls d no ndrho el mulvl
flsls el trdtdfklmto. Ln lstueko dportd rlsuntdeos qul fulstrdm nd rlnd`kðm lmtrl nd
slvlrkede el nd dek``kðm y umd flmor sdtksbd``kðm `om ln bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr.
Otros lstuekos d mkvln md`komdn gdm utknkzdeo lstd ls`dnd pdrd dmdnkzdr nd rlnd`kðm
lmtrl nos proinlfds fdtrkfomkdnls y nd dedptd`kðm el nos gkaos (Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd,
4;;0), ln `omsufo el erohds lm nos gkaos deonls`lmtls (Rklnvd, Sdmtoad y Dilkaðm, 9334)
y ln kfpd`to el nd rupturd fdtrkfomkdn lm ln iklmlstdr bæsk`o y psk`onðhk`o el nos gkaos
(Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, D., Pdmz, F., Krdurhk, K. lt dn., 9335).

NKFKUD@KOMLP
Lstd ls`dnd mo prlslmtd mkmhumd nkfktd`kðm pdrd lvdnudr nd sdtksbd``kðm bdfknkdr tdmto `om
deuntos `ofo `om deonls`lmtls. Ls umd ls`dnd fuy slm`knnd, puekëmeosl propomlr su
utknkede `ofo fleked eln bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr.

DEFKMKPUYD@KÐM [ S\MU\D@KÐM
Nd irlvlede y slm`knnlz el nd ls`dnd plrfktlm umd dpnk`d`kðm tdmto kmekvkeudn `ofo
`onl`tkvd.
@ded ætlf sl pumtñd soirl umd ls`dnd `om < dntlrmdtkvds el rlspulstd1 4) Fuy
kmsdtksbl`go, 9) Kmsdtksbl`go, 0) Mk kmsdtksbl`go, mk sdtksbl`go, 5) Pdtksbl`go y <) Fuy
sdtksbl`go.
Nd pumtud`kðm totdn sl oitklml el nd sufd el nds pumtud`komls otorhdeds d `ded umo
el nos ætlfs. Nd pumtud`kðm fæmkfd qul sl pulel oitlmlr `om nd ls`dnd ls el 43 pumtos
y nd pumtud`kðm fäxkfd ls el <3 pumtos. \md pumtud`kðm fäs dntd kmek`d um fdyor mkvln
el sdtksbd``kðm bdfknkdr.

BK@GD YLP\FLM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

<;
KMPUY\FLMUO
Rlr dmlxo lm nd pähkmd skhuklmtl.

23
 LP@DND EL PDUKPBD@@KÐM BDFKNKDY
(BDFKN[ PDUKPBD@UKOM P@DNL-RLYPKÐM LPSDÔOND: BPbP-RL)

Sor bdvor, kmek`d tu hrdeo el sdtksbd``kðm `om no skhuklmtl1

4 6 Fuy kmsdtksbl`go
9 6 Kmsdtksbl`go
0 6 Mk kmsdtksbl`go, mk sdtksbl`go
5 6 Pdtksbl`go
< 6 Fuy sdtksbl`go

24
29
20
 @DSÆU\NO 5

LP@DND
LP@DND EL @OF\MK@D@KÐM
@OF\MK@D@KÐM BDFKNKDY (B@P.
(B @P.
Bdfkny @offumk`dtkom P`dnl)
Fkrlyd Pdmz Räzqulz

25
MOFIYL1 Ls`dnd el @ofumk`d`kðm Bdfknkdr ( Bdfkny @offumk`dtk om P`dnl. Rlrskðm
Lspdôond: B@P-RL).
D\UOYLP1 G. N. Idrmls y E. G. Onsom (4;79) (dedptded por F. Pdmz, K. Krdurhk y D.
Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd).
OIALUKROP1 Lvdnudr nd `ofumk`d`kðm qul sl proeu`l lm nd bdfknkd, rl`ohklmeo
dspl`tos kfportdmtls `ofo ln mkvln el dplrturd o nkilrtde pdrd kmtlr`dfikdr kelds, nd
kmborfd`kðm y prlo`upd`komls lmtrl hlmlrd`komls, nd `ombkdmzd y gomlstkede
lxplrkflmtded, y ln tomo lfo`komdn el nds kmtlrd``komls.
@ONL@UKRO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 Deuntos.
UKLFSO
UKLFSO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 Urls fkmutos.
B\LMUL SYKM@KSDN1
― Orkhkmdn1 Idrmls, G. N. y Onsom, E. G. (4;79). Sdrlmtdeonls`lmt Sdrlmtdeonls`lmt
`offumk`dtkom P`dnl. Lm E. G. Onsom, G. K. F`@uiikm, G. Idrmls, D.
Ndrslm, F. Fuxlm y F. Xknsom (les.), Bdfkny kmvlmtorkls1
kmvl mtorkls1 Kmvlmtorkls usle
km d mdtkomdn survly ob bdfknkls d`ross tgl bdfkny nkbl `y`nl , <4-20. Pt. Sdun,
FM1 \mkvlrskty ob Fkmmlsotd.
― Dedptd`kðm1
• Pdmz, F. (9330). Ln bum`komdfk lmto bdfknk dr el nos erohoelplmeklmtls
erohoelplmeklmtls
d no ndrho el um trdtdfklmto . Ulsks eo`tordn. \mkvlrskede el Elusto.
• Pdmz
Pdmz,, F., Krdurh
Krdurhkk, K., Fdrtæm
Fdrtæmlz
lz-Sdfp
-Sdfpnnklhd,
lhd, D.
D. (9339)
(9339).. Lvdnud
Lvdnud`k
`kðm
ðm eln
eln
bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr lm toxk`ofdmæds. Dedptd`kðm lspdôond y
`drd`tlræstk`ds el del`ud`kðm fëtrk`d eln BDS-BD@LP KR. Kmstruflmtos
el lvdnud`kðm lm erohoelplmelm`kds. Le. K. Krdurhk y B. Homzänlz-Pdkz,
530- 505. Fderke1 Dund Fëek`d.

Ylsuflm eln kmstruflmto

Nd ls`dnd el `ofumk`d`kðm bdfknkdr lvdnñd nd `ofumk`d`kðm qul sl proeu`l lmtrl pderls l gkaos. Nd vlrskðm
orkhkmdn `omstd el 93 ætlfs. Lstl kmstruflmto ls umd vlrskðm `ortd eln `ulstkomdrko orkhkmdn, lstä `omstktukeo
por 43 ætlfs y `omtlfpnd nds gdiknk
gdiknkedels
edels posktkvds
posktkvds el `ofumk`d` kðm.
kðm. Lstds km`nuylm1
km`nuylm1 flmsdals `ndros y
`omhrulmtls, lfpdtæd, brdsls el dpoyo y gdiknkedels lbl`tkvds el rlsonu`kðm el proinlfds.
Ls umd ls`dnd slm`knnd el dpnk`d`kðm y `orrl``kðm.

2<
ELP@YKS@KÐM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

Oialtkvo
Lstd ls`dnd bul `rlded por Idrmls y Onsom (4;79) `om ln bkm el `uirkr nd tlr`lrd
ekflmskðm eln Foelno @kr`ufpnlao. Nos dutorls optdrom por `omskelrdr nd `ofumk`d`kðm
`ofo umd ekflmskðm bd`knktdeord qul plrfktkræd d nds pdrlads o bdfknkds fovlrsl lm nds
otrds eos ekflmskomls el lstl foelno, `oglskðm y dedptdiknkede. Nd `rld`kðm eln
kmstruflmto bul prl`leked el umd rlvkskðm el nd tloræd el nd `ofumk`d`kðm.
Nd ls`dnd el `ofumk`d`kðm bdfknkdr plrfktl lvdnudr nds gdiknkedels posktkvds el
`ofumk`d`kðm lm umd bdfknkd. Ëstds km`nuylm1 flmsdals `ndros y `omhrulmtls, lfpdtæd,
brdsls el dpoyo y gdiknkedels lbl`tkvds el rlsonu`kðm el proinlfds.

Bkdiknkede y vdnkelz
Lstd ls`dnd gd fostrdeo iulmos `rktlrkos el bkdiknkede prlslmtdmeo um dnpgd el @romid`g
el 3,77. Dskfksfo, prlslmtd umd del`uded lstdiknkede tlfpordn, lvkelm`kded por umd
`orrlnd`kðm tlst-rltlst l kmtrd`ndsl el 3,77 (Pdmz, Krdurhk y Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, 9339).
Lm no qul sl rlbklrl d su lstru`turd kmtlrmd, nd ls`dnd el `ofumk`d`kðm obrl`l
umkekflmskomdnkede d trdvës eln dmänksks bd`torkdn, `ombkrfdmeo su vdnkelz el `omstru`to.
Lm `udmto d nd vdnkelz `om`urrlmtl, sl gd `orrlnd`komdeo nd ls`dnd el `ofumk`d`kðm
bdfknkdr, `om `omstru`tos tlðrk`os dbkmls, nos propor`komdeos por nd ls`dnd BLP.
@om`rltdflmtl, nd `ofumk`d`kðm bdfknkdr prlslmtd `orrlnd`kðm posktkvd `om eos el nds
ekflmskomls eln BLP1 `ofumk`d`kðm (3,27) y lxprlskvkede (3,<;), y `orrlnd`kðm mlhdtkvd
`om nd ekflmskðm `ombnk`to (‐3,08). Nd ekrl``kðm el ek`gds dso`kd`komls prlslmtd dpoyo d
nd lxkstlm`kd el vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl y ekvlrhlmtl.

LPU\EKOP LM NOP T\L PL GD DSNK@DEO

Lstl `ulstkomdrko gd skeo utknkzdeo y sl skhul lfpnldmeo lm fu`gos lstuekos rlnd`komdmeo
nd `ofumk`d`kðm, por um ndeo, `om ekblrlmtls æmek`ls el nd sktud`kðm bdfknkdr y, por otro,
`om ln daustl el nos gkaos. Dnhumos el lstos lstuekos som nos qul d `omtkmud`kðm sl
eltdnndm1 Ilttkmhlr, @lnlmtdmo, @urrklro, Denlr, Fknnstlkm y Lnnlm, 9335: Irowm y Fdmm,
4;;3: @dnndgdm, @ormlnn y Noye, 4;;3: Krdurhk, Pdmz, Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, 9335:
Fdsslndf, Fdr`us y Ptumjdre, 4;;3: Pdmz, Krdurhk, Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, 9339: Pgkrdnk y
Igdrewda, 4;;5: Uunno`g, Inkzzdre y Skmjus, 4;;8: Xlkhln y Xlkhln, 4;;0: Xgktl, 4;;2.
Nd dedptd`kðm lspdôond bul rldnkzded por Pdmz, Krdurhk y Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd
(9339), utknkzdmeo eos fulstrds `omstktukeds por plrsomds `om ekdhmðstk`o el dek``kðm d

22
opkä`los. Nos rlsuntdeos el lstl lstueko fostrdrom del`udeds propkledels psk`ofëtrk`ds,
puekëmeosl
puekëmeosl propomlr nd utkn
utknkede el lstd ls`dnd
ls`dnd `ofo fleked
fleked el bum`komdfk
bum`komdfklmto
lmto bdfknk
bdfknkdr
lm plrsomds `om elplmelm`kd el erohds.
\md el nds fulstrds el lstl lstueko `ofpulstd por 453 sualtos, borfd pdrtl el otro
dñm fäs dfpnko (Pdmz, 9330: Krdurhk, Pdmz, Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, 9335), `uyo oialtkvo
bul lstuekdr ln bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr el nos erohoelplmeklmtls d no ndrho el mulvl
flsls el trdtdfklmto. Ln lstueko elstd`d ekbk`untdels lm nd `ofumk`d`kðm el lstds
bdfknkds.
D mkvln md`komdn elstd`dfos nos lstuekos el Rklnvd, Sdmtoad y Dilkaðm (9334). Lstos
dutorls elstd`dm nd kfportdm`kd el nd `ofumk`d`kðm bdfknkdr lm rlnd`kðm dn `omsufo el
erohds lm gkaos deonls`lmtls. Dskfksfo, Lstëvlz, O`god y Glrrlro (933<) dmdnkzdrom ln
ron el nd `ofumk`d`kðm bdfknkdr lm nd sdnue flmtdn eln deonls`lmtl.

NKFKUD@KOMLP
Lstd ls`dnd mo prlslmtd mkmhumd nkfktd`kðm pdrd lvdnudr nd `ofumk`d`kðm bdfknkdr tdmto
`om deuntos `ofo `om deonls`lmtls. Ls umd ls`dnd fuy slm`knnd, puekëmeosl propomlr su
utknkede `ofo fleked eln bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr.

DEFKMKPUYD@KÐM [ S\MU\D@KÐM
Nd irlvlede y slm`knnlz el nd ls`dnd plrfktlm umd dpnk`d`kðm tdmto kmekvkeudn `ofo
`onl`tkvd.
@ded ætlf sl pumtñd soirl umd ls`dnd `om < dntlrmdtkvds el rlspulstd1 4) Mo
els`rkil mded d fk bdfknkd, 9) Pðno nd els`rkil nkhlrdflmtl, 0) Els`rkil d vl`ls d fk
bdfknkd, 5) Lm hlmlrdn, sæ els`rkil d fk bdfknkd y <) Els`rkil fuy iklm d fk bdfknkd.
Nd pumtud`kðm totdn sl oitklml el nd sufd el nds pumtud`komls otorhdeds d `ded umo
el nos ætlfs. Nd pumtud`kðm fæmkfd qul sl pulel oitlmlr `om nd ls`dnd ls el 43 pumtos
y nd pumtud`kðm fäxkfd ls el <3 pumtos. \md pumtud`kðm fäs dntd kmek`d umd flaor
`ofumk`d`kðm bdfknkdr.

BK@GD YLP\FLM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

28
KMPUY\FLMUO
Rlr dmlxo lm nd pähkmd skhuklmtl.

27
 LP@DND EL @OF\MK@D@KÐM BDFKNKDY
(BDFKN[ @OFF\MK@DUKOM P@DNL-RLYPKÐM LPSDÔOND: B@P-RL)

Sor bdvor, kmek`d lm quë fleked `ded umd el nds skhuklmtls brdsls els`rkil d tu bdfknkd1
4 6 Mo els`rkil mded d fk bdfknkd
9 6 Pðno nd els`rkil nkhlrdflmtl
0 6 Els`rkil d vl`ls d fk bdfknkd
5 6 Lm hlmlrdn, sæ els`rkil d fk bdfknkd
< 6 Els`rkil fuy iklm d fk bdfknkd

2;
83
84
 @DSÆU\NO <

LP@DND EL YL@\YPOP BDFKNKDYLP (BPtP1 Bdfkny

Ptrlmhtgs P`dnl)
Fkrlyd Pdmz Räzqulz

89
MOFIYL1 Ls`dnd el Yl`ursos Bdfknkdrls ( Bdfkny Ptrlmhtgs P`dnl. Rlrskðm Lspdôond:
Ptrlmhtgs
BPtP-RL).
D\UOYLP1 E. G. Onsom, D. Ndrslm y G. K. F`@uiikm (4;79) (dedptded por F. Pdmz,
K. Krdurhk y D. Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd).
OIALUKROP1 Lvdnudr nos rl`ursos `om nos qul `ulmtd umd bdfknkd.
@ONL@UKRO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 Deuntos.
UKLFSO
UKLFSO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 Urls fkmutos.
B\LMUL SYKM@KSDN1
― Orkhkmdn1 Onsom, E. G., Ndrslm, D. y F`@uiikm, G. K. (4;79). Bdfkny
Ptrlmhtgs P`dnl. Lm E. G. Onsom: G. K. F`@uiikm: G. Idrmls: D. Ndrslm: F.
Fuxlm y F. Xknsom (les.), Bdfkny k mvlmtorkls1 Kmvlmtorkls usle km d
mdtkomdn survly ob bdfknkls d`ross tgl bdfkny nkbl `y`nl , 87-;9. Pt. Sdun, FM1
\mkvlrskty ob Fkmmlsotd.
― Dedptd`kðm1
• Pdmz, F. (9330). Ln bum`komdfk lmto bdfknk dr el nos erohoelplmeklmtls
erohoelplmeklmtls
d no ndrho el um trdtdfklmto . Ulsks eo`tordn. \mkvlrskede el Elusto.
• Pdmz
Pdmz,, F., Krdurh
Krdurhkk, K., Fdrtæm
Fdrtæmlz
lz-Sdfp
-Sdfpnnklhd,
lhd, D.
D. (9339)
(9339).. Lvdnud
Lvdnud`k
`kðm
ðm eln
eln
bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr lm toxk`ofdmæds. Dedptd`kðm lspdôond y
`drd`tlræstk`ds el del`ud`kðm fëtrk`d eln BDS-BD@LP KR. Kmstruflmtos
el lvdnud`kðm lm erohoelplmelm`kds. Le. K. Krdurhk y B. Homzänlz-Pdkz,
530- 505. Fderke1 Dund Fëek`d.

Ylsuflm eln kmstruflmto

Nd ls`dnd orkhkmdn el rl`ursos bdfknkdrls (Onsom, Ndrslm y F`@uiikm, 4;79) `omstdid el 9< ætlfs, nos `udnls
bulrom rleu`keos postlrkorflmtl d 45 y bkmdnflmtl d 49.
Nos rl`ursos som `omskelrdeos `drd`tlræstk`ds o rdshos eln skstlfd bdfknkdr lm sæ fksfo, km`nuylmeo toeos
nos dspl`tos so`konðhk`os, lfo`komdnls y bæsk`os qul gd`lm qul nd bdfknkd sld flmos vunmlrdinl y fäs `dpdz
el trdtdr `om lstrlsorls, bd`knktdmeo nd dedptd`kðm kmekvkeudn y bdfknkdr (Aomls, 4;7;: Ndvll, F`@uiiikm y
Onsom, 4;78: F`@uiikm, Mllenl y Xknsom, 4;7<). Otros dutorls els`rkilm nos rl`ursos bdfknkdrls `ofo nds
`udnkedels qul `omtrkiuylm dn ëxkto eln fdtrkfomko y dn el nds rlnd`komls bdfknkdrls.

80
ELP@YKS@KÐM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

Oialtkvo
Oitlmlr umd fleked d`lr`d el nos rl`ursos y `dpd`kedels qul nos fklfiros el umd
bdfknkd tklmlm pdrd gd`lr brlmtl d nos ekblrlmtls lstrlsorls. Elsel um pumto el vkstd
tlðrk`o lstd ls`dnd bum`komd el borfd lqukvdnlmtl d nos kmstruflmtos el soportl so`kdn, lm
tdmto qul pulel tlmlr `dpd`kede prlek`tkvd dn dso`kdrsl d otros `omtru`tos dbkmls. Sor
lalfpno, um fdyor hrdeo el dpoyo so`kdn lstä dso`kdeo d um fdyor hrdeo el iklmlstdr
psæquk`o:
psæquk`o: el borfd lqukvdnlmtl,
lqukvdnlmtl, um fdyor hrdeo el rl`ursos bdfknk
bdfknkdrls pulel prlel`kr
prlel`kr um
flaor bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr
bdfknkdr..

Bkdiknkede y vdnkelz
Lstd ls`dnd gd fostrdeo um iulm `rktlrko el bkdiknkede pdrd nd ls`dnd hnoidn. Nos vdnorls
lm `udmto d nd bkdiknkede tlst-rltlst som nos skhuklmtls1 3,80 pdrd nd prkflrd suils`dnd, 3,8;
pdrd nd slhumed
slhumed y 3,<7 pdrd nd ls`dnd
ls`dnd totdn (Onsom,
(Onsom, Ndrslm y F`@uiikm,
F`@uiikm, 4;79). Lm nd
dedptd`kðm lspdôond (Pdmz, 9330) sl gd lm`omtrdeo um dnpgd el @romid`g el 3,7< pdrd
nd ls`dnd totdn, y el 3,75 y 3,<< pdrd nds suils`dnds, vdnorls tlst-rltlst el 3,78 y 3,<5
pdrd nds suils`dnds
suils`dnds y el 3,;4 pdrd nd ls`dnd totdn.
totdn.
Sor otrd pdrtl, lstd ls`dnd prlslmtd æmek`ls el `orrlnd`kðm `oglrlmtls, tdmto lm um
slmtkeo el `omvlrhlm`kd `ofo el ekvlrhlm`kd, `om `omstru`tos dbkmls lstkfdeos flekdmtl
nd ls`dnd Bdfkny Lmvkromflmt P`dnl-Ls`dnd el @nkfd Bdfknkdr (BLP) (Pdmz, Krdurhk y
Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, 9339). @om`rltdflmtl, nd ls`dnd el rl`ursos bdfknkdrls prlslmtd
`orrlnd`kðm posktkvd `om `udtro el nds ekflmskomls eln BLP1 `ofumk`d`kðm (3,89),
lxprlskvkede (3,23), kmtlnl`tudn-`unturdn (3,09) y orhdmkzd`kðm (3,09), y `orrlnd`kðm
mlhdtkvd `om nd ekflmskðm el `ombnk`to (‐3,57). Nd ekrl``kðm el ek`gds dso`kd`komls
prlslmtd dpoyo d nd lxkstlm`k
lxkstlm`kdd el vdnkelz
vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl y ekvlrhlmtl.
ekvlrhlmtl.

LPU\EKOP LM NOP T\L PL GD DSNK@DEO

Nd ls`dnd el rl`ursos bdfknkdrls gd skeo utknkzded por Pdmz, (9330) lm ln lstueko rldnkzdeo
`om umd fulstrd el poind`kðm toxk`ðfdmd. Nd dedptd`kðm lspdôond bul rldnkzded por
Pdmz, Krdurhk y Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd (9339), utknkzdmeo eos fulstrds `omstktukeds por
plrsomds `om ekdhmð
ekdhmðstk
stk`o
`o el dek``kð
dek``kðmm d opkä`los.
opkä`los. Nos rlsuntdeos
rlsuntdeos el lstl lstueko
lstueko
fostrdrom del`udeds propkledels psk`ofëtrk`ds, puekëmeosl propomlr nd utknkede el lstd
ls`dnd `ofo fleked el bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr lm plrsomds `om elplmelm`kd el erohds.
Lstd ls`dnd gd skeo lfpnlded bumedflmtdnflmtl d mkvln kmtlrmd`komdn1 L`gons, 4;;;:

85
Bore-Hkniol, 4;;8: Gdmnkml y Ednly, 4;;9: Fdnjus, 4;;5: Flsjl, Pdmelrs, Flrlektg y
Diiott, 4;;5: Onsom, E. G. y ElBrdkm, A., 9333: Urkvlttl, Eumst, Eldn, Gdflr y Sropst,
4;;3.

NKFKUD@KOMLP
Lstd ls`dnd prlslmtd eos bd`torls qul gd`lm dnuskðm dn `ofpomlmtl tlðrk`o pdrd ln qul
bul `omstruked nd ls`dnd «@ombkdmzd y slhurkede lm nos rl`ursos el nd bdfknkdº, y sk iklm
nos dmänksks el bd`torkzd`kðm utknkzdeos lm nd vdnked`kom eln BPtP mo `om`ulredm el borfd
`ofpnltd `om nd propulstd el nos dutorls eln kmstruflmto, lnno pulel slr elikeo d nds
`drd`tlræstk`ds y tdfdôo el nd fulstrd utknkzded, gd`këmeosl ml`lsdrkos fäs lstuekos qul
plrfktdm
plrfktdm ln `omtrdstl eln `omstru`to eln kmstruflmto.
kmstruflmto.
Nos rlsuntdeos oitlmkeos lm ln lstueko el vdnked`kðm rlproeu`lm subk`klmtlflmtl nd
ekflmskðm el rl`ursos bdfknkdrls d pdrtkr el nd lnl``kðm el mulvl el nos 49 ætlfs qul
`ofpomlm ln kmstruflmto (dqulnnos qul sdturdm lm ln prkflr bd`tor), sk iklm pdrd plrfktkr
nd `ofpdrdiknkede `om otros lstuekos qul gdydm utknkzdeo nd ls`dnd `ofpnltd sl
rl`ofklmed nd utknkzd`kðm eln totdn el ætlfs el nd fksfd.

DEFKMKPUYD@KÐM [ S\MU\D@KÐM
Nd irlvlede y slm`knnlz el nd ls`dnd plrfktlm umd dpnk`d`kðm tdmto kmekvkeudn `ofo
`onl`tkvd.
@ded ætlf sl pumtñd soirl umd ls`dnd `om < dntlrmdtkvds el rlspulstd1 4) Mo
els`rkil mded d fk bdfknkd, 9) Pðno nd els`rkil nkhlrdflmtl, 0) Els`rkil d vl`ls d fk
bdfknkd, 5) Lm hlmlrdn, sæ els`rkil d fk bdfknkd y <) Els`rkil fuy iklm d fk bdfknkd.
Nd pumtud`kðm totdn sl oitklml el nd sufd el nds pumtud`komls otorhdeds d `ded umo
el nos ætlfs. Nd pumtud`kðm fæmkfd qul sl pulel oitlmlr `om nd ls`dnd ls el 49 pumtos
y nd pumtud`kðm fäxkfd ls el 23 pumtos. \md pumtud`kðm fäs dntd kmek`d um fdyor mkvln
el rl`ursos bdfknkdrls.

BK@GD YLP\FLM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

8<
KMPUY\FLMUO

82
Rlr dmlxo lm nd pähkmd skhuklmtl.

88
 LP@DND EL YL@\YPOP BDFKNKDYLP
(BDFKN[ PUYLMHUGP P@DNL-RLYPKÐM LPSDÔOND: BPtP-RL)

Sor bdvor, kmek`d lm quë fleked `ded umd el nds skhuklmtls brdsls els`rkil d tu bdfknkd1
4 6 Mo els`rkil mded d fk bdfknkd
9 6 Pðno nd els`rkil nkhlrdflmtl
0 6 Els`rkil d vl`ls d fk bdfknkd
5 6 Lm hlmlrdn, sæ els`rkil d fk bdfknkd
< 6 Els`rkil fuy iklm d fk bdfknkd

87
8;
73
 @DSÆU\NO 2

LP@DND EL LPUYËP BDFKNKDY (BPP. Bdfkny Ptrlss

P`dnl)
Fkrlyd Pdmz Räzqulz

74
MOFIYL1 Ls`dnd el Lstrës Bdfknkdr (Bdfkny Ptrlss P`dnl. Rlrskðm Lspdôond: BPP-
Ptrlss
RL).
D\UOYLP1 E. G. Onsom (4;;9) (dedptded por F. Pdmz, K. Krdurhk y D. Fdrtæmlz-
Sdfpnklhd).
OIALUKROP1 Lvdnudr ln mkvln el lstrës bdfknkdr.
@ONL@UKRO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 Deuntos.
UKLFSO
UKLFSO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 0 fkmutos.
B\LMUL SYKM@KSDN1
― Orkhkmdn1 Onsom, E. G. (4;;9). Bdfkny PtrlssPtrlss P`dnl. Lm Bdfkny Kmvlmtorkls.
Pt. Sdun, FM1 \mkvlrskty ob Fkmmlsotd.
― Dedptd`kðm1
• Pdmz, F. (9330). Ln bum`komdfk lmto bdfknk dr el nos erohoelplmeklmtls
erohoelplmeklmtls
d no ndrho el um trdtdfklmto . Ulsks eo`tordn. \mkvlrskede el Elusto.
• Pdmz
Pdmz,, F., Krdurh
Krdurhkk, K., Fdrtæm
Fdrtæmlz
lz-Sdfp
-Sdfpnnklhd,
lhd, D.
D. (9339)
(9339).. Lvdnud
Lvdnud`k
`kðm
ðm eln
eln
bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr lm toxk`ofdmæds. Dedptd`kðm lspdôond y
`drd`tlræstk`ds el del`ud`kðm fëtrk`d eln BDS-BD@LP KR. Kmstruflmtos
el lvdnud`kðm lm erohoelplmelm`kds. Le. K. Krdurhk y B. Homzänlz-Pdkz,
530- 505. Fderke1 Dund Fëek`d.

Ylsuflm eln kmstruflmto

Nos 93 ætlfs `orrlspomeklmtls d nd ls`dnd el lstrës bdfknkdr (Onsom, 4;;9) bulrom tofdeos el nd ls`dnd
Bdfkny Kmv lmtory ob Nkb Lv lmts dme @gdmhls (BKNL) el F`@uiikm, Sdttlrsom y Xknsom (4;74). Lstos ætlfs
N kbll Lvlmts
bulrom rlvksdeos y vdnkedeos `om 4.<33 pdrlads/bdfknkds.
Nd ls`dnd Bdfkny K mvlmtory ob Nkb l Lvlmts @gdmhls (BKNL) bul elsdrronnded `om ln oialtkvo el flekr ln
L vlmts dme @gdmhls
lstrës bdfknkdr. BKNL ls um kmstruflmto borfdeo por 84 ætlfs. Lstos ætlfs bulrom `omstktukeos idsämeosl lm
lxplrklm`kds `næmk`ds l kmvlstkhd`komls nnlvdeds d `dio `om bdfknkds y lstrës.
Nd prkflrd vlrskðm eln BKNL `omskstkð lm 484 ætlfs dhrupdeos lm o`go `dtlhoræds1 elsdrronno bdfknkdr,
trdidao, hlstkðm, sdnue, bkmdmzds, d`tkvkedels so`kdnls, nlyls y rlnd`komls bdfknkdrls. Lstl kmstruflmto bul
utknkzdeo lm bdfknkds `om proinlfätk`d el ekvlrsd æmeonl. Sostlrkorflmtl, bul rleu`keo d 84 ætlfs, dhrupdeos
lm mulvl `dtlhoræds.

79
ELP@YKS@KÐM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

Oialtkvo
Oitlmlr umd fleked qul dportl kmborfd`kðm pdr`kdn eln blmðflmo `ofpnlao qul pulelm
slr nds ekstkmtds bulmtls eln lstrës bdfknkdr.

Bkdiknkede y vdnkelz
Lstd ls`dnd fulstrd um æmek`l el bkdiknkede dnto pdrd nd ls`dnd hnoidn (3,7<) (Onsom, 4;;8).
Udfikëm lm nd dedptd`kðm lspdôond (Pdmz, 9330) lstl kmstruflmto prlslmtd umd bkdiknkede
dntd lm nd ls`dnd hnoidn (dnpgd el @romid`g1 3,79). Nds pumtud`komls pdrd nds ekstkmtds
suils`dnds som el 3,85, 3,24 y 3,<7. Lm `udmto d nd bkdiknkede tlst-rltlst, sl oituvo um
vdnor el 3,78 pdrd nd ls`dnd hnoidn, y el 3,73, 3,28 y 3,20 pdrd nds trls suils`dnds.
Sor otrd pdrtl, lstd ls`dnd prlslmtd æmek`ls el `orrlnd`kðm `oglrlmtls, tdmto lm um
slmtkeo el `omvlrhlm`kd `ofo el ekvlrhlm`kd, `om `omstru`tos dbkmls lstkfdeos flekdmtl
nd ls`dnd Bdfkny Lmvkromflmt P`dnl-Ls`dnd el @nkfd Bdfknkdr (BLP) (Pdmz, Krdurhk y
Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, 9339). @om`rltdflmtl, nd ls`dnd el lstrës bdfknkdr prlslmtd
`orrlnd`kðm mlhdtkvd `om `udtro el nds ekflmskomls eln BLP1 `ofumk`d`kðm (‐3,5;),
lxprlskvkede (‐3,<3), dutomofæd (‐3,08) y orhdmkzd`kðm (‐3,23), y `orrlnd`kðm posktkvd
`om nd ekflmskðm el `ombnk`to (3,<3). Nd ekrl``kðm el ek`gds dso`kd`komls prlslmtd dpoyo
d nd lxkstlm`kd el vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl y ekvlrhlmtl.

LPU\EKOP LM NOP T\L PL GD DSNK@DEO

Nd vlrskðm lspdôond el nd ls`dnd el lstrës bdfknkdr gd skeo utknkzded por Pdmz (9330), lm ln
lstueko rldnkzdeo `om umd fulstrd el poind`kðm toxk`ðfdmd. Sor otro ndeo, nd ls`dnd
Bdfkny Kmvlmtory ob Nkbl Lvlmts dme @gdmhls (BKNL) el F`@uiikm, Sdttlrsom y Xknsom
(4;74) gd skeo y ls fuy lfpnlded lm lstuekos soirl bum`komdfklmto fdtrkfomkdn lm
rlnd`kðm dn lstrës bdfknkdr. Lmtrl nos lstuekos elstd`dfos nos skhuklmtls1 Drduao, Yyst y
Ptlkmlr, 4;;;: Idrtnl-Gdrkmh, Yoslm y Ptktg, 9339: Bndmmkhdm, 9334: Hdrro, 9333:
Hkisom, 9333: Sdel, 9335: Ydvlrt y Fdrtkm, 4;;8.

DEFKMKPUYD@KÐM [ S\MU\D@KÐM
Nd irlvlede y slm`knnlz el nd ls`dnd plrfktlm umd dpnk`d`kðm tdmto kmekvkeudn `ofo
`onl`tkvd.

70
 @ded ætlf sl pumtñd soirl umd ls`dnd `om < dntlrmdtkvds el rlspulstd1 4) Mum`d, 9)
Lm fuy po`ds o`dskomls, 0) D vl`ls, 5) @om brl`ulm`kd y <) Fuy brl`ulmtlflmtl.
Nd pumtud`kðm totdn sl oitklml el nd sufd el nds pumtud`komls otorhdeds d `ded umo
el nos ætlfs. Nd pumtud`kðm fæmkfd qul sl pulel oitlmlr `om nd ls`dnd ls el 93 pumtos
y nd pumtud`kðm fäxkfd ls el 433 pumtos. \md pumtud`kðm fäs dntd kmek`d um fdyor
mkvln el lstrës bdfknkdr.

BK@GD YLP\FLM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

75
Puils`dnd 41 @rkspd`kðm dbl`tkvd y bdntd el `omtron el nos fklfiros eln hrupo bdfknkdr.
Puils`dnd 91 Elsdtlm`kðm y bdntd el lstru`turd`kðm el nds tdrlds bdfknkdrls.
Puils`dnd 01 Bd`torls kmlsplrdeos qul dbl`tdm dn elsdrronno bdfknkdr.

KMPUY\FLMUO
Rlr dmlxo lm nd pähkmd skhuklmtl.

7<
 LP@DND EL LPUYËP BDFKNKDY
(BDFKN[ PUYLPP P@DNL-RLYPKÐM LPSDÔOND: BPP-RL)

Sor bdvor, kmek`d `om quë brl`ulm`kd lstds sktud`komls `rldrom tlmskðm lm tu bdfknkd1
4 6 Mum`d
9 6 Lm fuy po`ds o`dskomls
0 6 D vl`ls
5 6 @om brl`ulm`kd
< 6 Fuy brl`ulmtlflmtl

72
78
77
 @DSÆU\NO 8

LP@DND EL KMLPUDIKNKEDE FDUYKFOMKDN (FKP.

Fdrktdn Kmstdiknkty P`dnl)
Dmdd Fdrtæmlz Sdfpnklhd
Dm

7;
MOFIYL1 Ls`dnd el Kmlstdiknkede Fdtrkfomkdn ( Fdrktdn Kmstdiknk ty P`dnl. Rlrskðm
lspdôond rleu`ked: FKP-RLY).
D\UOYLP1 D. Iootg y A. Lewdres. (4;70) (dedptded por D. Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, F.
Pdmz y K. Krdurhk).
OIALUKROP1 Lvdnudr nd kmlstdiknkede lmtrl nds pdrlads kmtd`tds, ls el`kr, nd tlmelm`kd
dn ekvor`ko, kmelplmeklmtlflmtl el nd `dnkede fdtrkfomkdn.
@ONL@UKRO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 Sdrlads `dsdeds.
UKLFSO
UKLFSO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 < fkmutos.
B\LMUL SYKM@KSDN1
― Orkhkmdn1 Iootg, D. y Lewdres, A. (4;70). Fldsurkmh fdrktdn kmstdiknkty.
Fdrrk dhl dme tgl bdfkny , 5<, 078-0;0.
Aourmdn ob Fdrrkdhl
― Dedptd`kðm1 Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, D., Pdmz, F. l Krdurhk, K. (lm prlpdrd`kðm).

Ylsuflm eln kmstruflmto

Ls umd ls`dnd fuy rleu`ked, el tdm sðno < ætlfs, ekrkhked d prlel`kr nd rupturd fdtrkfomkdn, ls el`kr, nd
tlmelm`kd dn ekvor`ko.
Ln bum`komdfklmto psk`ofëtrk`o el nd ls`dnd, lm su vlrskðm lspdôond, gd elfostrdeo slr fuy iulmo, `om umd
dntd bkdiknkede y vdnkelz.

;3
ELP@YKS@KÐM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

Oialtkvo
Bul elsdrronnded lm 4;;0 `om ln bkm el lvdnudr nd kmlstdiknkede lmtrl nds pdrlads kmtd`tds
(Brlefdm y Pglrfdm, 4;78). D plsdr el qul lxkstd umd hrdm rlnd`kðm lmtrl pumtud`kðm
idad lm `dnk
`dnkede fdtrkfomk
fdtrkfomkdndn y slpdrd`kðm
slpdrd`kðm o ekvor`k
ekvor`ko,
o, fu`gds el lstds pdrlads `om idad
pumtud`kðm
pumtud`kðm mum`d sl slpdrdräm por otros `omek`komdmtls
`omek`komdmtls ekblrlmtls. Ls por lnno
lnno,, qul lstos
dutorls elsdrronndrom um æmek`l ekrkhkeo d lstuekdr nd tlmelm`kd dn ekvor`ko
kmelplmeklmtlflmtl el nd `dnkede fdtrkfomkdn.
Nd ls`dnd lm su vlrskðm `ofpnltd `omstd el 4; ætlfs soirl dspl`tos `ohmktkvos y
`omeu`tudnls1 plmsdr lm ln ekvor`ko, gdindr soirl lm`omtrdr um trdidao, vonvlr d
lstuekdr… plro skm flm`komdr ln ekvor`ko, gdindr `om plrsomds skhmkbk`dtkvds soirl ln
ekvor`ko, rlumkomls `om `omslalros soirl nd poskiknkede el ekvor`ko y slpdrd`kðm bæsk`d eln
lsposo. Nd ls`dnd, lm su vlrskðm irlvl, `omstd el sðno < ætlfs y rlsuntd fu`go fäs
prä`tk`d
prä`tk`d `om bkmls
bkmls kmvlstkh
kmvlstkhdeorls, dumqul
d umqul su bkdiknk
bkdiknkede
ede pulel slr dnh
dnho fäs idad.

Bkdiknkede y vdnkelz
Nos lstuekos kmk`kdnls bulrom elsdrronndeos `om 9.305 gofirls y fualrls `dsdeds. Nd
vlrskðm `ofpnltd el nd ls`dnd prlslmtð umd bkdiknkede el 3,;0 fklmtrds qul nd vlrskðm
rleu`ked bul el 3,8<.
Nd vdnkelz bul elfostrded d trdvës el eos pro`lekfklmtos1 aul`ls lxtlrmos y
`orrlnd`komls `om vdrkdinls rlnd`komdeds (rdzd, rlnkhkðm, rlskelm`kd, lfpnlo y eksonu`kðm
fdtrkfomkdn).
Lm ln lstueko el dedptd`kðm dn `dstlnndmo (Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, Pdmz l Krdurhk,
9332, lm prlpdrd`kðm), pdrtk`kpdrom 470 fderls `om gkaos lmtrl 7 y 47 dôos.
Nd ls`dnd dn`dmzð um `olbk`klmtl el bkdiknkede el 3,;3. Ln dmänksks bd`torkdn drroað um
ñmk`o bd`tor, `ombkrfdmeo nd umkekflmskomdnkede eln `omstru`to.
Edeo qul lstd ls`dnd ls el mulvd dedptd`kðm dn `dstlnndmo, sl rldnkzð um slhumeo
dmänksks bd`torkdn idao umd lstrdtlhkd `ombkrfdtorkd d bkm el `orroiordr ln `omstru`to
pndmtldeo
pndmtldeo elsel nd tloræd qul propoml um ñmk`o
ñmk`o bd`tor.
bd`tor. Uoeos nos
nos æmek`ls
æmek`ls fostrdrom um
daustl dn foelno tlðrk`o propulsto. @om ln bkm el dmdnkzdr nd vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl, sl
lstuekð nd `orrlnd`kðm lmtrl nd ls`dnd FKP y ln `ulstkomdrko «Dslr`kðm el pdrladº
(@drrds`o, 4;;2) y nd ls`dnd «Pdtksbd``kðm bdfknkdrº (Onsom, Ptlwdrt y Xknsom, 4;;3). Pl
oislrvdrom umds `orrlnd`komls lnlvdeds soirl toeo `om nds suils`dnds el dhrlskðm d`tkvd
(3,23) y pdskvd (3,5<). Ls el`kr, d fdyor pumtud`kðm lm kmlstdiknkede, fdyor tlmelm`kd dn
lfpnlo el nd dhrlskðm `ofo fleko el lxprlskðm, yd sld ekrl`to (lfpnlo el `od``komls,
kmsuntos, dflmdzds) o kmekrl`to (fdmkpund`kðm, rltkrded eln dbl`to, nkfktd`kðm el nd
`ofumk`d`kðm…). Udfikëm nd sdtksbd``kðm bdfknkdr fostrð umd kfportdmtl `orrlnd`kðm `om

;4
nd lstdiknkede el pdrlad. D flmor lstdiknkede, plor sdtksbd``kðm bdfknkdr.

LPU\EKOP LM NOP T\L PL GD DSNK@DEO

Gd skeo fuy lfpnlded lm lstuekos soirl bum`komdfklmto fdtrkfomkdn o pdrd dmdnkzdr nos
rlsuntdeos el nd kmtlrvlm`kðm. Dsæ por lalfpno, sl gd trdtdeo el vkm`undr nds gkstorkds
kmtlrd`tkvds el nds pdrlads (gostknkede, dbl`to…) y su ekvor`ko o slpdrd`kðm (Fdtglws,
Xk`jrdfd y @omhlr, 4;;2). Udfikëm gd skeo lfpnldeo pdrd dmdnkzdr ln lbl`to lm nd
kmlstdiknkede el ekvlrsos prohrdfds el kmtlrvlm`kðm soirl pdutds el so`kdnkzd`kðm
(Yultlr, @omhlr y Ydfksltty, 4;;;) o pdrd `ofproidr ln kfpd`to el bd`torls `ofo nd
tlmskðm
tlmskðm l`omðfk`d (Aomsom y Iootg, 4;;3).

NKFKUD@KOMLP
Lstd ls`dnd mo ls utknkzdinl `om plrsomds qul lstëm ekvor`kdeds o slpdrdeds, skmo pdrd
dqulnnds qul sl pndmtllm nd poskiknkede.

DEFKMKPUYD@KÐM [ S\MU\D@KÐM
Ls umd ls`dnd fuy irlvl y fuy slm`knnd el defkmkstrdr. Sulel slr dpnk`dinl el borfd
hrupdn, o lm trdms`urso el kmtlrvlm`komls kmekvkeudnls, y tdmto `om bkmls kmvlstkhdeorls
`ofo `næmk`os.
@omstd el < ætlfs `om 5 op`komls el rlspulstd1 4) Mum`d, 9) D vl`ls, 0) Lm nos
ñntkfos trls dôos, 5) Dgord, puekëmeosl oitlmlr umd pumtud`kðm elmtro el um kmtlrvdno
lmtrl < y 93 pumtos.

BK@GD YLP\FLM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

;9
KMPUY\FLMUO
Rlr dmlxo lm nd pähkmd skhuklmtl.

;0
 LP@DND EL KMLPUDIKNKEDE FDUYKFOMKDN
(FDYKUDN KMPUDIKNKU[ P@DNL-RLYPKÐM LPSDÔOND YLE\@KED: FKP-
RLY)

D `omtkmud`kðm vds d lm`omtrdr umds brdsls lm tormo d nds lxpl`tdtkvds soirl tu rlnd`kðm. Mos hustdræd sdilr el
quë fdmlrd lxprlsd `ded umd el lnnds, nos slmtkfklmtos qul tklmls gd`kd nd slpdrd`kðm. Fdrqul ln mñflro qul
flaor rlbnlad tus slmtkfklmtos lm `ded brdsl1
4 6 Mum`d
9 6 D vl`ls
0 6 Lm nos ñntkfos trls dôos
5 6 Dgord

;5
 @DSÆU\NO 7

LP@DND EL DSLHO EL JKUPOM

(JDP.
(JDP. Jktsom
Jkts om Dttd`gfl
Dttd`gflmt
mt P`dnl)
Dmd Fuôoz Lhuknltd

;<
MOFIYL1 Ls`dnd el Dplho el Jktsom ( Jktsom Dttd`gflmt P`dnl. Rlrskðm Lspdôond:
JDP-RL).
D\UOY1 H. @. Jktsom (4;79) (dedptded por D. Fuôoz-Lhuknltd y K. Krdurhk).
OIALUKROP1 Lvdnudr el borfd prl`ksd ln mkvln el dplho qul sl lxplrkflmtd gd`kd
ln/nd lx lsposo/d elspuës el nd slpdrd`kðm fdtrkfomkdn.
@ONL@UKRO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 Gofirls y fualrls ekvor`kdeos/ds qul mo vkvlm
`om ln lx `ðmyuhl.
UKLFSO
UKLFSO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 < fkmutos.
B\LMUL SYKM@KSDN1
― Orkhkmdn1 Jktsom, H. @. (4;79). Dttd`gflmt to tgl spousl km ekvor`l1 D s`dnl
dme kts dppnk`dtkom. Aourmdn ob Fdrrkdhl
Fdrrk dhl dme tgl Bdfkny 55, 08;-0;0.
― Dedptd`kðm1 Fuôoz-Lhuknltd, D. (9330). Nd dutolstkfd y ln dplho gd`kd
ln/nd lx lsposo/d trds nd slpdrd`kðm fdtrkfomkdn1 ln ron el nds `rllm`kds
krrd`komdnls y otrds vdrkdinls flekdeords . Ulsks eo`tordn. \mkvlrskede el
Elusto.

Ylsuflm eln kmstruflmto

Nd Ls`dnd el Dplho el Jktsom `omstd el o`go ætlfs qul lvdnñdm ln mkvln el dplho el tkpo dmskoso qul sl
lxplrkflmtd gd`kd ln/nd lx lsposo/d. @omstktuyl nd dedptd`kðm lspdôond el nd ls`dnd Jktsom Dttd`gflmt P`dnl,
`rlded lm 4;79 por ln fksfo dutor. @om`lptudnflmtl, lstl tkpo el dplho prlslmtd `drd`tlræstk`ds `ofumls dn
eulno qul sl rldnkzd por nd fulrtl eln/el nd lsposo/d. Sor lstl fotkvo, Jktsom elsdrronnð umd slrkl el ætlfs
pdrd `ombl``
`omb l``komd
komdrr nd ls`dnd
ls `dnd pdrtklmeo eln foelno el eulno
eulno propulsto por Sdrjls (4;89). @om`rltdflmtl nd
JDP didr`d nds skhuklmtls fdmkblstd`komls el dplho `omtkmudeo gd`kd ln/nd lx lsposo/d1 mlhd`kðm,
km`rleunkede, dmglno o prlo`upd`kðm por ln/nd fksfo/d, `unpd, lmbdeo, përeked el pdtromls morfdnls el
`omeu`td y dpdtæd.

;2
ELP@YKS@KÐM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

Oialtkvo
Oitlmlr umd fleked prl`ksd eln `omstru`to eln dplho gd`kd ln/nd lx lsposo/d, dtlmeklmeo
d sus ekstkmtos `ofpomlmtls.

Bkdiknkede y vdnkelz
Sdrd `dn`undr nd bkdiknkede sl gd utknkzdeo ln `olbk`klmtl dnpgd el @romid`g. Ln vdnor dnpgd
oitlmkeo lm nos dmänksks el dedptd`kðm el nd ls`dnd rldnnkzdeos por Fuôoz-Lhuknltd l
Krdurhk (933<) ls el 3,75. Nds `orrlnd`komls ætlf-ls`dnd os`kndm lmtrl 3,08 y 3,57 sklmeo
nd `orrlnd`kðm flekd el 3,<;. Nd lnkfkmd`kðm el ætlfs mo plrfktl oitlmlr vdnorls el
bkdiknkede fdyorls qul nos rlbnladeos lm su `omaumto. Lstos edtos kmek`dm qul nd ls`dnd
posll umd del`uded `omskstlm`k
`omskstlm`kdd kmtlrmd.
Nd JDP-RL fulstrd umd del`uded vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl dn prlslmtdr umd dntd
`orrlnd`kðm `om otrd fleked eln fksfo `omstru`to, nd Ls`dnd el Srlo`upd`kðm por ln/nd
Lx Lsposo/d (SLPRL). Nd `orrlnd`kðm oitlmked lmtrl dfids ls el 3,72 (p> 3,34).
Sor otro ndeo, su vdnkelz `om`urrlmtl quled elfostrded dn oislrvdr qul
`orrlnd`komd mlhdtkvdflmtl `om nd dutolstkfd, lvdnuded d trdvës el nd Ls`dnd el
Dutolstkfd el Yoslmilrh (Yoslmilrh, 4;2<) (r6 ‐3,<9), y posktkvdflmtl `om ekvlrsos
sæmtofds psk`onðhk`os, lvdnudeos d trdvës el nd vlrskðm rleu`ked eln Nkstdeo el Pæmtofds
el Gopjkms (@dnvltl y Rknnd, 9333) (`orrlnd`komls lmtrl 3,92 y 3,<2). Nds `orrlnd`komls
lm`omtrdeds som skhmkbk`dtkvds y `ombkrfdm nos edtos oitlmkeos `om nd ls`dnd orkhkmdn
(Jktsom, 4;79: Jktsom y Gonfls, 4;;9).

LPU\EKOP LM NOP T\L PL GD DSNK@DEO

Nd vlrskðm dmhnosdaomd gd skeo lfpnlded pdrd flekr ln dplho gd`kd ln/nd lx lsposo/d lm
muflrosos lstuekos qul dioredm ln tlfd el nd dedptd`kðm lfo`komdn el nds plrsomds
slpdrdeds (Jkl`ont-Hndslr, Bksglr, Ohro`jk, Ptout lt dn., 4;78: Jktsom y Gonfls, 4;;9:
Plrovk`g, Srk`l, @gdpfdm y Xrkhgt, 4;;9: Xdhhlmlr y Hdndssk, 4;;0: Xdntlrs-@gdpfdm,
Srk`l y Plrovk`g, 4;;<: Xrkhgt y Srk`l, 4;72).
Nd vlrskðm dedptded dn `dstlnndmo gd skeo utknkzded lm umd kmvlstkhd`kðm soirl ln
pdpln qul elslfplôdm nds `rllm`kds krrd`komdn
krrd`komdnls
ls lm nd dedptd`kðm
dedptd`kðm lfo`komdn
lfo`komdn elspuës el
nd slpdrd`kðm (Fuôoz-Lhuknltd, 9330). \mo el nos kmek`deorls el dedptd`kðm lfo`komdn
dmdnkzdeos lm ek`go lstueko, bul ln mkvln el dplho gd`kd ln/nd lx `ðmyuhl qul
lxplrkflmtdid umd fulstrd el slpdrdeos. Nos edtos oitlmkeos d trdvës el nd JDPRL

;8
bulrom sdtksbd`torkos, tdmto rlspl`to d nos mkvlnls el bkdiknkede y vdnkelz oitlmkeos, `ofo
d nd `omtrdstd`kðm el nds gkpðtlsks qul sl gdiædm pndmtdeo. @om`rltdflmtl, um mkvln
lnlvdeo el `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls lstdid rlnd`komdeo `om fdyorls sæmtofds el dplho
dmskoso gd`kd ln dmtlrkor `ðmyuhl.

NKFKUD@KOMLP
Lstd ls`dnd mo ls utknkzdinl `om plrsomds qul umd vlz ekvor`kdeds sl gdnndm `omvkvklmeo
`om ln dmtlrkor `ðmyuhl, elikeo d qul lstl tkpo el dplho sl fdmkbklstd bumedflmtdnflmtl
dmtl nd duslm`kd bæsk`d eln/el nd lx lsposo/d.

Defkmkstrd`kðm
Defkmkstrd`kðm y pumtud`kðm
Nd irlvlede y slm`knnlz el nd ls`dnd plrfktlm umd dpnk`d`kðm tdmto kmekvkeudn `ofo
`onl`tkvd.
@ded ætlf sl pumtñd soirl umd ls`dnd `om < dntlrmdtkvds el rlspulstd1 4)
Uotdnflmtl opulsto d fks slmtkfklmtos, 9) Idstdmtl opulsto d fks slmtkfklmtos, 0)
Uërfkmo fleko, 5) Ylbnlad idstdmtl fks slmtkfklmtos y <) Ylbnlad totdnflmtl fks
slmtkfklmtos. Ln ætlf mñflro 0 sl pumtñd el borfd kmvlrsd.
Nd pumtud`kðm totdn sl oitklml el nd sufd el nds pumtud`komls otorhdeds d `ded umo
el nos ætlfs, kmvkrtklmeo nd pumtud`kðm eln ætlf 0 prlvkdflmtl. Nd pumtud`kðm fæmkfd
qul sl pulel oitlmlr `om nd JDP-RL ls el 7 pumtos y nd pumtud`kðm fäxkfd ls el 53
pumtos. \md pumtud`kðm fäs dntd kmek
kmek`d
`d um fdyor
f dyor mkvln el dplho gd`kd
gd`kd ln/nd
ln/nd lx lsposo/d.

BK@GD YLP\FLM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

;7
KMPUY\FLMUO
Rlr dmlxo lm nd pähkmd skhuklmtl.

;;
 LP@DND EL DSLHO EL JKUPOM (JKUPOM DUUD@GFLMU P@DNL‐
RLYPKÐM LPSDÔOND:
LPSDÔOND: JDP-RL)
D `omtkmud`kðm vds d lm`omtrdr umds brdsls. Fl hustdræd sdilr el quë fdmlrd lxprlsd `ded umd el lnnds, nos
slmtkfklmtos qul tklmls gd`kd nd slpdrd`kðm. Fdr`d ln mñflro qul flaor rlbnlal tus slmtkfklmtos lm `ded brdsl1
4 6 Uotdnflmtl
Uotdnflmtl opulst
opulstoo d fks slmtkfklmtos
slmt kfklmtos
9 6 Idstdmtl opulsto d fks slmtkfklmtos
0 6 Uërfkmo fleko
5 6 Ylbnlad idstdmtl fks slmtkfklmtos
< 6 Ylbnlad totdnflmtl fks slmtkfklmtos

433
 @DSÆU\NO ;

LP@DND EL SYLO@\SD@KÐM SOY LN/ND LW

LPSOPO/D
LPSOPO/D (SLP. Srlo``updtkom
Srlo``updtk om wktg
kt g tgl Lx-spousl
P`dnl)
Dmd Fuôoz Lhuknltd

434
MOFIYL1 Ls`dnd el Srlo`upd`kðm por ln/nd Lx Lsposo/d ( Srlo``updtkom
Srlo``updtkom wktg tgl Lx-
spousl P`dnl. Rlrskðm Lspdôond: SLP-RL).

D\UOY1 @. Fdsgltlr (4;;8) (dedptded por D. Fuôoz-Lhuknltd l K. Krdurhk).

OIALUKROP1 Lvdnudr ln mkvln el dplho qul sl lxplrkflmtd gd`kd ln/nd lx lsposo/d
elspuës el nd slpdrd`kðm fdtrkfomkdn. Lstd kmborfd`kðm ls el sufd kfportdm`kd d nd
gord el dioredr nd rl`uplrd`kðm lfo`komdn qul skhul d nd rupturd.
@ONL@UKRO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 Gofirls y fualrls ekvor`kdeos/ds qul mo vkvlm
`om ln lx `ðmyuhl.
UKLFSO
UKLFSO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 @km`o fkmutos.
B\LMUL SYKM@KSDN1
― Orkhkmdn1 Fdsgltlr, @. (4;;8). Gldntgy dme umgldntgy brklmesgkp dme gostknkty
iltwllm lx-spousls. Aourmdn ob Fdrrkdhl
Fdrrk dhl dme tgl Bdfkny <;, 520-58<.
― Dedptd`kðm1 Fuôoz-Lhuknltd, D. (9330). Nd dutolstkfd y ln dplho gd`kd
ln/nd lx lsposo/d trds nd slpdrd`kðm fdtrkfomkdn1 ln ron el nds `rllm`kds
krrd`komdnls y otrds vdrkdinls flekdeords . Ulsks eo`tordn. \mkvlrskede el
Elusto.

Ylsuflm eln kmstruflmto

Nd Ls`dnd el Srlo`upd`kðm por ln/nd Lx Lsposo/d `omstd el o`go ætlfs y `omstktuyl nd dedptd`kðm lspdôond
el nd ls`dnd Srlo``updtkom wktg t gl Lx-spousl P`dnl el Fdsgltlr (4;;8). Lstl kmstruflmto lvdnñd ln mkvln el
Srlo``updtkom
dplho el tkpo dmskoso qul lxplrkflmtdm nos lx lsposos elspuës el nd slpdrd`kðm fdtrkfomkdn. Fdsgltlr
lndiorð nd ls`dnd d pdrtkr el ætlfs el Xlkss (4;8<) y Ilrfdm (4;7<), km`nuylmeo bkmdnflmtl nds skhuklmtls
fdmkblstd`komls eln dplho1 nd slmsd`kðm el dôordmzd, ln l`gdr el flmos, nd prlo`upd`kðm y nos plmsdfklmtos
oislskvos soirl ln/nd lx lsposo/d o ln fdtrkfomko.

439
ELP@YKS@KÐM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

Oialtkvo
Lvdnudr el borfd del`uded ln mkvln el dplho qul sl lxplrkflmtd gd`kd ln/nd lx lsposo/d
elspuës el nd slpdrd`kðm fdtrkfomkdn.

Bkdiknkede y vdnkelz
Sdrd `dn`undr nd bkdiknkede, sl gd utknkzdeo ln `olbk`klmtl dnpgd el @romid`g. Ln vdnor dnpgd
oitlmkeo lm nos dmänksks el dedptd`kðm el nd ls`dnd rldnkzdeos por Fuôoz-Lhuknltd l
Krdurhk (933<) ls el 3,;4. Nd `orrlnd`kðm flekd ætlf-ls`dnd ls el 3,89. Nd lnkfkmd`kðm el
mkmhumo el nos ætlfs plrfktl oitlmlr vdnorls el bkdiknkede fdyorls qul nos rlbnladeos lm
su `omaumto. Lstos edtos kmek`dm qul nd ls`dnd posll umd iulmd `omskstlm`kd kmtlrmd.
Pu vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl quled pulstd el fdmkbklsto d trdvës eln æmek`l el
`orrlnd`kðm lm`omtrdeo `om umd fleked skfkndr, nd Ls`dnd el Dplho el Jktsom (JDP-RL).
Nd `orrlnd`kðm oitlmked lmtrl dfids ls el 3,72 (p> 3,34).
Nd ls`dnd lstä rlnd`komded el borfd `oglrlmtl `om nd dutolstkfd, lvdnuded d trdvës
el nd ls`dnd el dutolstkfd el Yoslmilrh (Yoslmilrh, 4;2<) (r6 ‐3,55), y `om ekvlrsos
sæmtofds psk`onðhk`os, lvdnudeos d trdvës el nd vlrskðm rleu`ked eln nkstdeo el sæmtofds
el Gopjkms (@dnvltl y Rknnd, 9333) (`orrlnd`komls lmtrl 3,48 y 3,58). Lstos edtos kmek`dm
qul posll umd del`uded vdnkvdnkelz `om`urrlmtl.

LPU\EKOP LM NOP T\L PL GD DSNK@DEO

Gdstd ln foflmto, nd ls`dnd orkhkmdn gd skeo lfpnlded ñmk`dflmtl por su dutord elikeo d
su rlndtkvdflmtl rl`klmtl lndiord`kðm (Fdsgltlr, 4;;8).
Sor otro ndeo, nd vlrskðm lm `dstlnndmo gd skeo utknkzded lm umd kmvlstkhd`kðm soirl ln
pdpln qul elslfplôdm nds `rllm`kds
`rllm`kds krrd`komdn
rrd`komdnls
ls lm nd dedptd`kðm
dedptd`kðm lfo`komdn
lfo`komdn elspuës el
nd slpdrd`kðm (Fuôoz-Lhuknltd, 9330). \mo el nos kmek`deorls el dedptd`kðm lfo`komdn
dmdnkzdeos lm ek`go lstueko, bul ln mkvln el dplho qul lxplrkflmtdid umd fulstrd el
slpdrdeos gd`kd ln lx `ðmyuhl. Nos edtos oitlmkeos d trdvës el nd JDPRL bulrom
sdtksbd`torkos, tdmto rlspl`to d nos mkvlnls el bkdiknkede y vdnkelz oitlmkeos, `ofo d nd
`omtrdstd`kðm el nds gkpðtlsks qul sl gdiædm pndmtdeo. @om`rltdflmtl, um mkvln lnlvdeo
el `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls lstdid rlnd`komdeo `om fdyorls sæmtofds el dplho dmskoso
gd`kd ln dmtlrkor `ðmyuhl.

430
NKFKUD@KOMLP
Lstd ls`dnd mo ls utknkzdinl `om plrsomds qul umd vlz ekvor`kdeds sl gdnndm `omvkvklmeo
`om ln dmtlrkor `ðmyuhl, elikeo d qul lstl tkpo el dplho sl fdmkbklstd bumedflmtdnflmtl
dmtl nd duslm`kd bæsk`d eln lx `ðmyuhl.

DEFKMKPUYD@KÐM [ S\MU\D@KÐM
Nd irlvlede y slm`knnlz el nd ls`dnd plrfktlm umd dpnk`d`kðm tdmto kmekvkeudn `ofo
`onl`tkvd.
@ded ætlf sl pumtñd soirl umd ls`dnd `om < dntlrmdtkvds el rlspulstd1 4)
Uotdnflmtl opulsto d fks slmtkfklmtos, 9) Idstdmtl opulsto d fks slmtkfklmtos, 0)
Uërfkmo fleko, 5) Ylbnlad idstdmtl fks slmtkfklmtos y <) Ylbnlad totdnflmtl fks
slmtkfklmtos. Uoeos nos ætlfs sl pumtñdm lm nd fksfd ekrl``kðm.
Nd pumtud`kðm totdn sl oitklml el nd sufd el nds pumtud`komls otorhdeds d `ded umo
el nos ætlfs. Nd SLP-RL plrfktl umd pumtud`kðm fæmkfd el o`go pumtos y umd
pumtud`kðm
pumtud`kðm fäxkfd
fäxkfd el 53 pumtos. \md pumtud`kðm
pumtud`kðm fäs dntd
dntd kmek`d
mek`d um fdyor mkvln
mkvln el
dplho gd`kd ln/nd lx lsposo/d.

BK@GD YLP\FLM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

435
KMPUY\FLMUO
Rlr dmlxo lm nd pähkmd skhuklmtl.

43<
 LP@DND EL SYLO@\SD@KÐM SOY LN/ND LW LPSOPO/D
(SYLO@@\SDUKOM XKUG UGL LW-PSO\PL P@DNL‐RLYPKÐM LPSDÔOND:
SLP-RL)

Fdr`d ln mñflro qul flaor rlbnlal tus slmtkfklmtos lm rlnd`kðm d `ded umd el nds brdsls qul sl prlslmtdm d
`omtkmud`kðm1
4 6 Uotdnflmtl
Uotdnflmtl opulst
opulstoo d fks slmtkfklmtos
slmt kfklmtos
9 6 Idstdmtl opulsto d fks slmtkfklmtos
0 6 Uërfkmo fleko
5 6 Ylbnlad idstdmtl fks slmtkfklmtos
< 6 Ylbnlad totdnflmtl fks slmtkfklmtos

432
 @DSÆU\NO 43

LP@DND EL @YLLM@KDP KYYD@KOMDNLP POIYL

ND PLSDYD@KÐM
Dmd Fuôoz Lhuknltd

438
MOFIYL1 Ls`dnd el @rllm`kds Krrd`komdnls soirl nd Plpdrd`kðm (L@KP).
D\UOYD1 D. Fuôoz-Lhuknltd (9330).
OIALUKROP1 Lvdnudr nds `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls d`lr`d el nd slpdrd`kðm fdtrkfomkdn
qul pulelm lstdr prlslmtls o surhkr elspuës el nd rupturd.
@ONL@UKRO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 Slrsomds
S lrsomds ekvor`kdeds.
ekvor`kdeds.
UKLFSO
UKLFSO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 < fkmutos.
B\LMUL SYKM@KSDN1
― Orkhkmdn1 Fuôoz-Lhuknltd, D. (9330). Nd dutolstkfd
dutolstk fd y ln dplho gd`kd ln/nd lx
lsposo/d trds nd slpdrd`kðm fdtrkfomkdn1 ln ron el nds `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls
flek deords. Ulsks eo`tordn. \mkvlrskede el Elusto.
y otrds vdrk dinls flekdeords

Ylsuflm eln kmstruflmto

Nd Ls`dnd el @rllm`kds Krrd`komdnls soirl nd Plpdrd`kðm gd skeo elsdrronnded pdrd pdnkdr nd duslm`kd el um
kmstruflmto qul lvdnudsl nds `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls lspl`æbk`ds soirl nd slpdrd`kðm fdtrkfomkdn, qul pulelm
lstdr prlslmtls elspuës el nd rupturd l kmtlrblrkr lm umd del`uded dedptd`kðm lfo`komdn. @ofo pumto el
pdrtked pdrd su lndiord`kðm,
lndiord`kðm, sl utknkzð
utknkzð ln nkstdeo
nkstdeo el ` rllm`kds krrd`komdnls
krrd`komdnls hlmlrdnls propulsto
pr opulsto por Lnnk
Lnnkss (4;;5),
d pdrtkr eln `udn sl `ombl``komdrom ekvlrsos ætlfs qul rlprlslmtdidm ln ärld el `omtlmkeo el ek`gds
`rllm`kds, rlnd`komdeos d su vlz `om ln ekvor`ko. Urds ekvlrsos dmänksks el `omtlmkeo y dmänksks psk`ofëtrk`os,
nd ls`dnd quleð rleu`ked bkmdnflmtl d o`go ætlfs tkpo Nkjlrt, qul gd`lm rlblrlm`kd dn ärld el `omtlmkeo el nds
skhuklmtls `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls1 ml`lskede el dproid`kðm, dntds dutolxpl`tdtkvds, tlmelm`kd d `unpdr,
rld``kðm d nd brustrd`kðm, krrlspomsdiknkede lfo`komdn, prlo`upd`kðm dmskosd, elplmelm`kd y plrbl``komksfo.

437
ELP@YKS@KÐM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

Oialtkvo
Lvdnudr el borfd del`uded ln mkvln el `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls qul umd plrsomd fdmtklml
rlspl`to d nd slpdrd`kðm fdtrkfomkdn umd vlz gd eksulnto su fdtrkfomko y d quë ärld el
`omtlmkeo
`omtlmkeo gd`lm rlblrlm`kd.

Bkdiknkede y vdnkelz
Sdrd `dn`undr nd bkdiknkede sl gd utknkzdeo ln `olbk`klmtl dnpgd el @romid`g. Ln vdnor dnpgd
oitlmkeo ls el 3,80. Nds `orrlnd`komls ætlf-ls`dnd os`kndm lmtrl 3,98 y 3,<7. Nd
lnkfkmd`kðm el mkmhumo el nos ætlfs plrfktl oitlmlr vdnorls el bkdiknkede fdyorls qul
nos rlbnladeos lm su `omaumto. Lstos rlsuntdeos plrfktlm rltlmlr nos o`go ætlfs,
fostrdmeo umd `omskstlm`kd kmtlrmd el nd ls`dnd d`lptdinl (Fuôoz-Lhuknltd, 933<).
Nd vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl sl gd oitlmkeo gdnndmeo nds `orrlnd`komls lxkstlmtls lmtrl nd
Ls`dnd el @rllm`kds Krrd`komdnls soirl nd Plpdrd`kðm y ln Ulst el @rllm`kds Krrd`komdnls
Yleu`keo (@dnvltl y @drelôoso, 9334). Nos `olbk`klmtls el `orrlnd`kðm lm`omtrdeos
rlvlndm umd vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl foelrded, pueklmeo slr elikeo dn ekblrlmtl mkvln el
distrd``kðm el nds `rllm`kds qul lvdnñdm1 `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls lspl`æbk`ds y hlmlrdnls
rlspl`tkvdflmtl.
Udmto nd ls`dnd `ofo nos ætlfs prlslmtdm `orrlnd`komls skhmkbk`dtkvds mlhdtkvds `om
nd dutolstkfd, lvdnuded d trdvës el nd Ls`dnd el Dutolstkfd el Yoslmilrh (Yoslmilrh,
4;2<), y posktkvds `om ekvlrsos sæmtofds psk`onðhk`os, lvdnudeos d trdvës el nd vlrskðm
rleu`ked eln Nkstdeo el Pæmtofds el Gopjkms (@dnvltl y Rknnd, 9333), no `udn ed fulstrd
el su vdnkelz `om`urrlmtl.

LPU\EKOP LM NOP T\L PL GD DSNK@DEO

Nd Ls`dnd el @rllm`kds Krrd`komdnls soirl nd Plpdrd`kðm gd skeo utknkzded lm umd
kmvlstkhd`kðm soirl ln pdpln qul elslfplôdm nds `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls lm nd dedptd`kðm
lfo`komdn elspuës el nd slpdrd`kðm (Fuôoz-Lhuknltd, 9330). Nd utknkzd`kðm el nd L@KP
plrfktk
plrfktkðð lvdnudr
lvdnudr `rllm`kds lspl`æbk`ds
lspl`æbk`ds rlnd`kom
rlnd`komdeds
deds `om nd rupturd lm umd fulstrd el
slpdrdeos y `omtrdstdr nds gkpðtlsks qul sl gdiædm pndmtldeo. @om`rltdflmtl, sl oislrvð
qul um mkvln lnlvdeo el lstds `rllm`kds lstdid rlnd`komdeo `om umd plor dedptd`kðm
lfo`komdn.

43;
NKFKUD@KOMLP
Nd L@KP `omstktuyl umd prkflrd dproxkfd`kðm dn lstueko el lstl tkpo el `rllm`kds, por no
qul lm postlrkorls trdidaos slræd `omvlmklmtl slhukr dmdnkzdmeo su keomlkede, tdmto lm no
rlblrlmtl d su `omtlmkeo `ofo d sus propkledels psk`ofëtrk`ds. Sdrd lnno, slræd
`omvlmklmtl `omtdr `om fulstrds fäs dfpnkds lm nds qul sl oislrvlm flaor sus
`drd`tlræstk`ds.
Nd ls`dnd didr`d ñmk`dflmtl umd fulstrd el nds poskinls `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls
rlnd`komdeds `om nd slpdrd`kðm qul lstds plrsomds pulelm fdmtlmlr, no `udn mo lx`nuyl
qul otrds fu`gds `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls puledm lstdr khudnflmtl prlslmtls. @ded
`rllm`kd krrd`komdn lstä rlprlslmtded ñmk`dflmtl por um ætlfs por no qul slræd ml`lsdrko
dôdekr mulvos ætlfs qul rlbnlalm nds ekvlrsds ärlds el `omtlmkeo lvdnudeds, dsæ `ofo
km`nukr otrds `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls ekblrlmtls pdrd `ofproidr lm quë fleked lstäm
prlslmtls lm lstl `onl`tk
`onl`tkvo.
vo.

DEFKMKPUYD@KÐM [ S\MU\D@KÐM
Nd ls`dnd pulel slr dpnk`ded el borfd tdmto kmekvkeudn `ofo `onl`tkvd. Nd irlvlede y
bd`knkede el dpnk`d`kðm bdvorl`l su utknkzd`kðm lm ln `dfpo el nd kmvlstkhd`kðm, dsæ `ofo
lm nd prä`tk`d `næmk`d `om plrsomds slpdrdeds.
@ded ætlf sl pumtñd soirl umd ls`dnd `om 2 dntlrmdtkvds el rlspulstd1 4)
Uotdnflmtl lm elsd`ulreo, 9) Idstdmtl lm elsd`ulreo, 0) Fäs iklm lm elsd`ulreo, 5)
Fäs iklm el d`ulreo, <) Idstdmtl el d`ulreo y 2) Uotdnflmtl el d`ulreo. Uoeos nos
ætlfs sl pumtñdm lm nd fksfd ekrl``kðm.
Nd pumtud`kðm totdn sl oitklml el nd sufd el nds pumtud`komls otorhdeds d `ded umo
el nos ætlfs. Nd pumtud`kðm fæmkfd qul plrfktl nd L@KP ls el 7 pumtos y nd fäxkfd ls
el 57 pumtos. \md pumtud`kðm fäs dntd kmek`d um fdyor mkvln el `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls
lspl`æbk`ds soirl nd slpdrd`kðm fdtrkfomkdn.

BK@GD YLP\FLM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

443
KMPUY\FLMUO
Rlr dmlxo lm nd pähkmd skhuklmtl.

4444
44
 LP@DND EL @YLLM@KDP KYYD@KOMDNLP POIYL ND PLSDYD@KÐM
(L@KP)
D `omtkmud`kðm, sl prlslmtdm umd slrkl el kelds d`lr`d el ekvlrsos dspl`tos el nd vked. Kmek`d lm quë fleked
els`rkilm tu borfd el plmsdr gdiktudn slhñm nd skhuklmtl ls`dnd1
4 6 Uotdnfl
Uotdnflmtl
mtl lm elsd`ulreo
9 6 Idstdmtl lm elsd`ulreo
elsd`ulreo
0 6 Fäs iklm lm elsd`ulreo
5 6 Fäs iklm el d`ulreo
< 6 Idstdmtl el d`ulreo
2 6 Uotdnflmtl
otdnfl mtl el d`ulreo

449
MD 6 Ml`lskede el dproid`kðm: DD 6 Dntds dutolxpl`tdtkvds: U@ 6 Ulmelm`kd d `unpdr: YB 6 Yld``kðm d nd
brustrd`kðm: KL6 Krrlspomsdiknkede lfo`komdn: SD 6 Srlo`upd`kðm dmskosd: EL 6 Elplmelm`kd: SL 6
Slrbl``komksfo.

440
 @DSÆU\NO 44

LP@DND EL @OMBNK@UO KMULYSDYLMUDN ELPEL

ND SLYPSL@UKRD EL NOP/DP GKAOP/DP (@SK@P. Ugl
@gkner
@gkn erlm‛s
lm‛s Slr`lptkom
Slr`lptkom ob Kmtlrp
Kmtl rpdr
drlmtdn
lmtdn @ombnk`t
@ombnk `t P`dnl)
Dmdd Fdrtæmlz Sdfpnklhd
Dm

445
MOFIYL1 Ls`dnd el `ombnk`to kmtlrpdrlmtdn elsel nd plrspl`tkvd el nos gkaos ( Ugl
@gknerlmµs plr`lp`kðm ob kmtlrpdrlmtdn `ombnk`t s`dnl . Rlrskðm lspdôond rleu`ked:
@SK@-RLY).
D\UOYLP1 Hry`g, Plke y Bkm`gdf (4;;9) (dedptded por K. Krdurhk, D. Fdrtæmlz-
Sdfpnklhd, F. Pdmz, L. Hdnkmelz y D. Fuôoz).
OIALUKROP1 Lstuekdr ln `ombnk`to kmtlrpdrlmtdn elsel nd plr`lp`kðm el nos gkaos.
@ONL@UKRO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 Gkaos d pdrtkr el ; dôos.
UKLFSO
UKLFSO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 43 fkmutos.
B\LMUL SYKM@KSDN1
― Orkhkmdn1 Hry`g, A. G., Plke, F. y Bkm`gdf, B. E. (4;;9). Dsslsskmh fdrktdn
`ombnk`t brof tgl `gkne‛s plrspl`tkvl1 tgl @gknerlm‛s Slr`lptkom ob Kmtlrpdrlmtdn
@ombnk`t P`dnl. @gkne Elvlnopflmt, 20, <<7-<89.
― Dedptd`kðm1 Krdurhk, K., Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, D., Pdmz, F., Hdnkmelz, L. y
Fuôoz, D. (9338, lm prlmsd).

Ylsuflm eln kmstruflmto

Ln @SK@ ls um kmstruflmto elsdrronndeo `om ln bkm el lvdnudr nd plr`lp`kðm el nos gkaos eln `ombnk`to
kmtlrpdrlmtdn. @omstd el mulvl suils`dnds qul oplrdtkvkzdm ln foelno `ohmktkvo-`omtlxtudn1 brl`ulm`kd,
`omtlmkeo, kmtlmskede, rlsonu`kðm, dflmdzd plr`kiked, lbk`d`kd el dbromtdfklmto, duto`unpd, trkdmhund`kðm y
lstdiknkede `dusdn. Lstä idsdeo lm ln foelno `ohmktkvo-`omtlxtudn el Hry`g y Bkm`gdf (4;;3).
@omstd el 02 ætlfs, lm su vlrskðm dirlvkded y dedptded dn lspdôon, nos `udnls pdrl`lm elfostrdr umds
iulmds `udn
` udnkede
kedels
ls psk`ofëtrk`ds .
Ls umd ls`dnd slm`knnd el dpnk`d`kðm y `orrl``kðm.

44<
ELP@YKS@KÐM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

Oialtkvo
Ln @SK@ bul ln kmstruflmto elsdrronndeo por Hry`g, Plke y Bkm`gdf (4;;9) `om ln bkm el
oplrdtkvkzdr ln foelno `ohmktkvo `omtlxtudn, tlmklmeo lm `ulmtd nds ekvlrsds ekflmskomls
eln `ombnk`to y nds lvdnud`komls-plr`lp`komls eln gkao eln `ombnk`to. Srltlmeæd suplrdr nds
nkfktd`komls el otros kmstruflmtos prlvkos qul ñmk`dflmtl fleædm dnhumds el lstds
ekflmskomls y gdiktudnflmtl elsel nd plrspl`tkvd el nos pderls.
Lm su vlrskðm orkhkmdn `omstd el 5; ætlfs y propor`komd um dmänksks vänkeo d`lr`d el
nd kmtlrprltd`kðm y plr`lp`kðm qul tklmlm nos/ds gkaos/ds eln `ombnk`to fdrktdn. Sulel slr
tdfikëm utknkzded lm bdfknkds slpdrdeds o ekvor`kdeds, dumqul lm lstl `dso elilræd slr
lxpnk`deo lm nds kmstru``komls (gdræd rlblrlm`kd dn `ombnk`to lmtrl nos/ds pderls/fderls
ikon
ikonðh
ðhkk`os/ds dmtls el nd slpdrd`kðm fdtrkfomk
fdtrkfomkdn
dn).
).
Lm nd vlrskðm dedptded, ln mñflro el ætlfs sl rleuao d 02, orhdmkzdeos lm mulvl
ls`dnds el `udtro ætlfs `ded umd, `orrlspomeklmeo d nd borfund`kðm orkhkmdn1
4 ª ekflmskðm1 propkledels eln `ombnk`to: plr`lp`kðm por pdrtl eln gkao el1
• Nd kmtlms
kmtlmskkede eln
eln `ombnk
`ombnk`to1 nos `ombn
`ombnkk`tos pulelm
pulelm kr elsel
elsel umd trdmquk
trdmquknnd
eks`uskðm gdstd nd vkonlm`kd bæsk`d.
• Nd brl`ulm
brl`ulm`k`kdd y eurd`k
eurd`kðm/
ðm/lst
lstdik
diknnkede eln `om
`ombn
bnkk`to.
`to.
• Nd rlson
rlsonu`k
u`kðm
ðm el nos `ombn
`ombnkk`tos1 hrdeo lm qul
qul nos
nos `ombn
`ombnkk`tos sl rlsuln
rlsulnvlm
vlm o mo.
9ª ekflmskðm1 eunpdiknk
eunpdiknkede,
ede, ls el`kr1
• @omtlmk
@omtlmkeo
eo eln `ombnk
`ombnk`to1 lm quë fleked
fleked nos
nos fotk
fotkvos eln
eln `ombnk
`ombnk`to sl rlnd`k
rlnd`komdm
omdm
`om ln gkao o mo.
• Nd dtrk
dtrkiu`k
iu`kðm
ðm el
el `unpd1
`unpd1 `omskelrd`k
`omskelrd`kðm
ðm eln
eln gkao
gkao `ofo
`ofo lnln `unpdin
`unpdinll o mo eln
eln
`ombnk`to.
0 ª ekflmskðm1
ek flmskðm1 dflmdzd,
dflmdzd, km`nuy
k m`nuyl1
l1
• Slr`lp`k
Slr`lp`kðmðm el dflm
dflmdzd1
dzd1 hrdeo
rdeo lm ln qul ln
ln gkao
gkao tlfl
tlfl umd
umd ls`dn
ls`dnded
ded qul
qul nnnnlvl d
dhrlskomls bæsk`ds, d vlrsl kmvonu`rdeo o d umd rupturd eln fdtrkfomko.
• Lbk`d`
Lbk`d`kkd el dbromt
dbromtdfk
dfklmt
lmto1
o1 hrdeo
rdeo lm qul
qul ln gkao
gkao sl sk
sklmtl
lmtl `dpdz
`dpdz el fdmlad
fdmladrr ln
`ombnk`to.
• Urkdmh
Urkdmhun
und`k
d`kðm1
ðm1 hrdeo lm qul
qul ln gkao
gkao sl kfpn
kfpnkk`d lm ln `ombnk
`ombnk`to el nos
nos pderls,
pderls,
bdvorl`klmeo d umo u otro.

Bkdiknkede y vdnkelz
Nd ls`dnd, lm nos lstuekos orkhkmdnls, bul lxdfkmded `om umd fulstrd el 999 mkôos/ds el
; d 49 dôos y nos 0 bd`torls oitlmkeos d trdvës eln dmänksks bd`torkdn bulrom nos skhuklmtls1
propkledels
propkledels eln `ombnk
`ombnk`to, duto`unpdik
duto`unpdiknnkede
kede y dflmdzds. Nds trls ls`dnds
ls`dnds elfostrdrom
vdnorls d`lptdinls el `omskstlm`kd kmtlrmd (dnrleleor el 3,73), dsæ `ofo vdnkelz el

442
`rktlrko y `om`urrlmtl (Hry`g, Plke y Bkm`gdf, 4;;9), lstuekded d trdvës el nds
`orrlnd`komls `om nos kmborfls el nos pderls soirl `ombnk`to y dhrlskðm kmtlrpdrlmtdn, y
`om ekvlrsds flekeds el `ombnk`to fdtrkfomkdn o el daustl lfo`komdn y `omeu`tudn el nos
gkaos.
Lm nd vlrskðm lspdôond sl pdrtkð el umd fulstrd 207 dnufmos y dnufmds lmtrl 44 y
48 dôos el lede, `ursdmeo Lmslôdmzd Pl`umedrkd Oinkhdtorkd (LPO). Ln rlsuntdeo bul
umd ls`dnd el 02 ætlfs, qul fkelm `ded umd el nds ekflmskomls dmtlrkorls d trdvës el 5
ætlfs.
Nos dmänksks bd`torkdnls lxpnordtorkos y `ombkrfdtorkos drroadrom umd lstru`turd qul
rlspdned nd orkhkmdnflmtl pndmtlded. Dumqul nos edtos lfpærk`os kmborfdrom kmk`kdnflmtl
el eos ekflmskomls, nd ekstrkiu`kðm el nos ætlfs por su `drhd bd`torkdn rlspdnedm nd
lxkstlm`kd el trls bd`torls, tdn `ofo postlrkorflmtl bul vdnkedeo por ln foelno
`ombkrfdtorko. Nds ; suils`dnds dhrupdeds lm nos trls bd`torls slôdndeos rlbnladrom su
umkekflmskomdnkede lfpærk`d lm `ded ekflmskðm tlðrk`d.
Nd vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl bul elfostrded d trdvës el nd `orrlnd`kðm lmtrl ln `ombnk`to
kmtlrpdrlmtdn y nd eksfkmu`kðm el nd sdtksbd``kðm bdfknkdr plr`kiked.
Nd ls`dnd dirlvkded, dskfksfo, fulstrd vdnkelz el fleked, puls nos edtos
lmslôdrom fäs el um 74% el vdrkdmzd `ofñm lmtrl nd ls`dnd dirlvkded y nd ls`dnd
orkhkmdn.
Ln `olbk`klmtl dnpgd el @romid`g pdrd nd ls`dnd totdn ls el 3,79, kmek`dtkvo el umd
dntd `omskstlm`kd kmtlrmd. Nd bkdiknkede tlst-rltlst oitlmked d nds eos slfdmds bul el
3,224.

LPU\EKOP LM NOP T\L PL GD DSNK@DEO

Hry`g y Bkm`gdf gdm prlslmtdeo ekvlrsds rlvkskomls y lstuekos lm tormo dn lstueko el
lstl fdr`o `om`lptudn (Hry`g y Bkm`gdf, 4;;0, 9333: Bkm`gdf, Hry`g y Osiorml,
4;;5), plro tdfikëm gdm skeo muflrosæskfos nos lstuekos elsdrronndeos por otros lqukpos
`om ln bkm el dmdnkzdr nds ekvlrsds rlnd`komls gkpotltkzdeds (Edees, Dtjkmsom, Uurmlr y
Inufs, 4;;;: Jlrkh, 4;;7: Nutzjl, 4;;2: Fdzur, Xon`gkj y Pdmenlr, 4;;9: Fdzur,
Xon`gk`j, Rkrekm, Pdmenlr y Xlst, 4;;;: Skmdr y Bksknohu, 9339: Ydeovdmovk`, 4;;0:
Pdmenlr, Ulkm y Xlst, 4;;5: Pgllts, Pdmenlr y Xlst, 4;;2).
Nd ls`dnd @SK@ gd skeo lfpnlded lm ekvlrsds `unturds (Adpðm1 Udjdgdsgk, 4;;7:
Uurquæd1 Skmdr y Bksknohku, 9339: Ndtkmodfërk`d1 Xlilr y O‛Irklm, 4;;<: Dnlfdmd1
Hòeel, 9334), no qul elfulstrd su iulm `ofportdfklmto psk`ofëtrk`o,
kmelplmeklmtlflmtl el nd `unturd dflrk`dmd.
Dnhumos lstuekos (Ik`jgdf y Bklsl, 4;;8) gdm lxdfkmdeo tdfikëm nd poskinl
utknkede el lstd ls`dnd `om deonls`lmtls lm lede tdreæd (el 48 d 94 dôos), rlspdnedmeo su
lfpnlo tdfikëm `om lstos hrupos el lede, dumqul ln mñflro el kmvlstkhd`komls d lstl
rlspl`to ls fuy ls`dso.

448
NKFKUD@KOMLP
Ls ml`lsdrko elsdrronndr mulvos lstuekos `om fulstrd fäs dfpnkd y ekvlrskbk`ded y
lvdnudr ln kmstruflmto lm poind`kðm `næmk`d, `om ln bkm el dmdnkzdr su poelr prlek`tkvo.

DEFKMKPUYD@KÐM [ @OYYL@@KÐM
Ls umd ls`dnd keðmld pdrd slr dpnk`ded lm `omtlxto `næmk`o y el kmvlstkhd`kðm. Nd
defkmkstrd`kðm ls fuy slm`knnd, y pulel slr dpnk`ded el borfd `onl`tkvd.
Nos 02 ætlfs el qul `omstd som `omtlstdeos d trdvës el umd ls`dnd el rlspulstds
`om sðno trls dntlrmdtkvds1 4) Rlredelro, 9) @dsk vlredelro y 0) Bdnso.
Nd pumtud`kðm sl oitklml d trdvës el um sufdtorko el `ded umo el nos ætlfs el nd
ls`dnd o suils`dnd. Srlvkdflmtl sl gd el kmvlrtkr nd pumtud`kðm el nos ætlfs1 4, ;, 4<, 94,
97.
Nd pumtud`kðm bkmdn lstä lxprlsded el borfd qul d flmor pumtud`kðm, fäs `ombnk`to
kmtlrpdrlmtdn plr`kikeo.

BK@GD YLP\FLM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

447
44;
KMPUY\FLMUO
Rlr dmlxo lm nd pähkmd skhuklmtl.

493
LP@DND EL @OMBNK@UO KMULYSDYLMUDN ELPEL ND SLYPSL@UKRD
EL NOP GKAOP
(UGL @GKNEYLM‛P SLY@LSUKOM OB KMULYSDYLMUDN @OMBNK@U P@DNL-
RLYPKÐM LPSDÔOND YLE\@KED: @SK@P-RLY)

Lm toeds nds bdfknkds gdy o`dskomls lm nds qul nos pderls mo sl nnlvdm iklm. @udmeo nos pderls eks`utlm, nos/ds
gkaos/ds pulelm lxplrkflmtdr ekvlrsos slmtkfklmtos. Tulrlfos sdilr no qul sklmtls `udmeo tus pderls eks`utlm.
Pk tus pderls mo vkvlm idao ln fksfo tl`go, pklmsd lm nds o`dskomls lm nds qul lstäm aumtos y eks`utlm o iklm
rl`ulred ln tklfpo qul dfios vkvædm `omtkho.
4 6 Rlredelro
9 6 @dsk vlredelro
0 6 Bdnso

494
499
490
495
 @DSÆU\NO 49

LP@DND EL PDUKPBD@@KÐM RKUDN EL NOP

LPU\EKDMULP (PNPP. Ptuelmtsµ Nkbl Pdtksbd`tkom P`dnl)
Leurml Hdnkmelz Mdbdrrdtl

49<
MOFIYL1 Ls`dnd el Pdtksbd``kðm Rktdn el nos Lstuekdmtls ( Ptuelmts‛ Nkbl Pdtksbd`tkðm
P`dnl. Rlrskðm Lspdôond: PNPP-RL).

D\UOY1 L. P. Gulimlr (4;;4d) (dedptded por L. Hdnkmelz).

OIALUKROP1 Lvdnudr el borfd bä`kn y prl`ksd nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn hnoidn el nos mkôos
y nos deonls`lmtls.
@ONL@UKRO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 Deonls`lmtls y aðvlmls umkvlrsktdrkos.
UKLFSO
UKLFSO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 43 fkmutos.
B\LMUL SYKM@KSDN1
― Orkhkmdn1 Gulimlr, L. P. (4;;4d). Kmktkdn elvlnopflmt ob tgl Ptuelmts' Nkbl
Pdtksbd`tkom P`dnl. P`goon Ssy`gonohy Kmtlrmdtkomdn, 49 , 904-953.
― Dedptd`kðm1 Hdnkmelz, L. (9338). Ylnd`kðm lmtrl
lmtrl nd sdtksbd``kðm
sdtksbd``k ðm vktdn el nos
deonls`lmtls y su bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr . Ulsks eo`tordn. \mkvlrskede el
Elusto.

Ylsuflm eln kmstruflmto

Nd Ls`dnd el Pdtksbd``kðm Rktdn el nos Lstuekdmtls lvdnñd nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn hnoidn, `ofo um `omstru`to
umkekflmskomdn, el deonls`lmtls el lmtrl 44 y 48 dôos. Nos skltl ætlfs qul `ofpomlm nd ls`dnd rlquklrlm el
nos/ds lstuekdmtls umd lvdnud`kðm el sus vkeds hnoidn, skm gd`lr rlblrlm`kd d ärlds el `omtlmkeo o
ekflmskomls lspl`æbk`ds el nd vked (`ofo bdfknkd, ls`ulnd, dfkhos…), tlmklmeo lm `ulmtd nds ñntkfds
slfdmds (Gulimlr, 4;;4 i).

492
ELP@YKS@KÐM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

Oialtkvo
Flekr el borfd prl`ksd nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn hnoidn el nos mkôos y nos deonls`lmtls.

Bkdiknkede y vdnkelz
Nd dedptd`kðm y vdnked`kðm el lstl kmstruflmto sl gd rldnkzdeo lm umd kmvlstkhd`kðm qul
tklml `ofo oialtkvo dmdnkzdr nd rlnd`kðm lmtrl nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn el nos deonls`lmtls y su
bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr (Hdnkmelz, 9338). Lstl trdidao `omstd el eos lstuekos1 lm ln
Lstueko K sl nnlvd d `dio nd dedptd`kðm el nos kmstruflmtos el fleked el nd sdtksbd``kðm
vktdn el nos deonls`lmtls, y lm ln Lstueko KK sl dmdnkzd nd rlnd`kðm lmtrl nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn
el nos deonls`lmtls y su bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr. Nds fulstrds lfpnldeds som nds
skhuklmtls1 Lstueko K1 00; deonls`lmtls `om ledels `ofprlmekeds lmtrl nos 44 y nos 48
dôos (F 6 94,9: EU 6 4,08). Lstueko KK1 4.935 deonls`lmtls, `om umd lede flekd el
40,;4 (EU 6 4,02) (44-47 dôos). Nos lstuekdmtls el dfids fulstrds lstäm `ursdmeo nd
LPO lm nd `ofdr`d eln Dnto Elid (Hkpuzjod).
Sor otro ndeo, `om ln oialtkvo el `ofproidr nds propkledels psk`ofëtrk`ds eln
PNPP-RL `om lstuekdmtls el fäs lede y dmdnkzdr nd `orrlnd`kðm lmtrl nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn
y nd dutolstkfd, nd ls`dnd gd skeo dpnk`ded tdfikëm lm umd fulstrd el lstuekdmtls el
Ssk`onohæd el nd \mkvlrskede el Elusto ( M 6 4<8: lede flekd el 94,9 ( EU 6 4,0).
Nd bkdiknkede eln PNPP-RL ls dntd, yd qul fulstrd um dnpgd el @romid`g el 3,74 y
el 3,87 `om fulstrds el deonls`lmtls (Hdnkmelz, 9338) y el 3,79 `om aðvlmls
umkvlrsktdrkos (Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd y Hdnkmelz, 9335). Lm `udmto d nd bkdiknkede tlst-
rltlst, sl gd oitlmkeo umd `orrlnd`kðm el Sldrsom el 3,83 lm um kmtlrvdno el tklfpo el
`udtro slfdmds `om nd fulstrd el deonls`lmtls y el 3,22 `om lstuekdmtls umkvlrsktdrkos.
Sor tdmto, sl pulel dbkrfdr qul nd PNPP-RL fulstrd umd del`uded `omskstlm`kd kmtlrmd
y fdmtklml um hrdeo skhmkbk`dtkvo el lstdiknkede tlfpordn.
Ln dpoyo pdrd nd vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl y ekvlrhlmtl el nd ls`dnd sl oitklml d trdvës el
nds dntds `orrlnd`komls skhmkbk`dtkvdflmtl posktkvds nohrdeds lmtrl nd PNPP-RL y otrds
flekeds el sdtksbd``kðm vktdn (Ls`dnd el Pdtksbd``kðm Rktdn Funtkekflmskomdn el nos
Lstuekdmtls ZFPNPP-RLV1 r 6 3,2< y Plnb-Dm`gorkmh Ptrkvkmh P`dnl ZPDPPV1 r 6 3,24).
Udfikëm sl gdm gdnndeo `orrlnd`komls posktkvds skhmkbk`dtkvds foelrdedflmtl dntds `om nd
fleked el blnk`kede (Borey`l Gdppkmlss Fldsurl ZBGFV1 r 6 3,<0), `om ln duto`om`lpto
(@ulstkomdrko el Duto`om`lpto Hdrnly Z@DHV1 r 6 3,23) y `om nd dutolstkfd (Ls`dnd el
Dutolstkfd el Yoslmilrh1 r 6 3,<4 y suils`dnd eln @ulstkomdrko el Duto`om`lpto Hdrnly
Z@DHV1 r 6 3,<8): y mlhdtkvds `om nd dmsklede (Ls`dnd el Dmsklede-Lstdeo ZPUDK-LV1 r 6
‐3,<9). Lstos ñntkfos
ñntkfos rlsuntdeos tdfikëm
tdfikëm lvkelm`kdm
lvkelm`kdm nd vdnkelz
vdnkelz `omvlrhlmtl y `om`urrlmtl
el nd ls`dnd.

498
LPU\EKOP LM NOP T\L PL GD DSNK@DEO
Nd vlrskðm dmhnosdaomd el lstl kmstruflmto gd skeo lfpnlded lm fulstrds
mortldflrk`dmds tdmto el mkôos `ofo el deonls`lmtls el poind`kðm morfdn (Dsg y
Gulimlr, 9334: Elw y Gulimlr, 4;;5: Hrkbbkm y Gulimlr, 9333: Gulimlr, 4;;4d:
Gulimlr, 4;;4i: Gulimlr, 4;;4`: Gulimlr, 4;;5d: Gulimlr, 4;;<: Gulimlr, Bumj y
Hknfdm, 9333: Gulimlr, Hknfdm y Nduhgnkm, 4;;;: F`@unnouhg, Gulimlr y Nduhgnkm,
9333: Puneo y Gulimlr, 9335), el lstuekdmtls `om ekbk`untdels el dprlmekzdal
(F`@unnouhg y Gulimlr, 9330), mkôos y deonls`lmtls `om proinlfds lfo`komdnls
(Gulimlr y Dnelrfdm, 4;;0) y lstuekdmtls suplreotdeos (Dsg y Gulimlr, 4;;7). Elw y
Gulimlr (4;;5), por lalfpno, dmdnkzdm nd rlnd`kðm lmtrl nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn el nos
deonls`lmtls y nd rlnd`kðm qul fdmtklmlm `om sus pderls y `om`nuylm qul nd sdtksbd``kðm
vktdn lstä bulrtlflmtl dso`kded `om nd rlnd`kðm posktkvd lmtrl pderls l gkaos. Sor otro
ndeo, Gulimlr, Hknfdm y Nduhgnkm (4;;;) lstuekdm nd rlnd`kðm lmtrl nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn y
ln duto`om`lpto, y sus rlsuntdeos dbkrfdm qul nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn fulstrd su `orrlnd`kðm
fäs bulrtl `om ln eofkmko el duto`om`lpto rlnd`kðm `om nos pderls .
Dnskmlt (4;;7) y Yosk`g (4;;;) dpnk`drom su vlrskðm `dtdndmd eln PNPP lm eos
fulstrds el mkôos y deonls`lmtls, rlspl`tkvdflmtl, iknkmhþls `dtdndmls-lspdôonls, y
oituvklrom iulmos rlsuntdeos psk`ofëtrk`os.
Nd vlrskðm lspdôond eln PNPP gd skeo lfpnlded lm eos lstuekos qul dmdnkzdm nd
rlnd`kðm lmtrl nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn el nos lstuekdmtls y su bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr, lm umd
fulstrd el deonls`lmtls (Hdnkmelz, 9338) y otrd el lstuekdmtls umkvlrsktdrkos (Fdrtæmlz-
Sdfpnklhd y Hdnkmelz, 9335). Udfikëm sl gd dmdnkzdeo nd rlnd`kðm eln PNPP-RL `om nd
lstlrlotkpkd el hëmlro d`tudn y trdek`komdn y `om nos ronls el hëmlro d`tudnls y
trdek`komdnls (Hdnkmelz, Ndlspded, Fuôoz-Lhuknltd y Pdmz, 9335).

NKFKUD@KOMLP
Nd ls`dnd PNPP-RL mo prlslmtd mkmhumd nkfktd`kðm pdrd lvdnudr nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn
hnoidn el nos deonls`lmtls mk el nos lstuekdmtls umkvlrsktdrkos. Pkm lfidrho, mo sl gdm
lstuekdeo sus propkledels psk`ofëtrk`ds lm fulstrds el lstuekdmtls flmorls el 44 dôos.

DEFKMKPUYD@KÐM [ S\MU\D@KÐM
Nd PNPP-RL sl pulel defkmkstrdr tdmto el borfd kmekvkeudn `ofo hrupdn. Eded nd lede
el nos sualtos pdrd nd qul lstä ekslôdeo lstl kmstruflmto, ls `omvlmklmtl nllr nds
kmstru``komls lm voz dntd.
Nd ls`dnd sl pumtñd lm idsl d 2 dntlrmdtkvds el rlspulstd1 4) Uotdnflmtl lm
elsd`ulreo, 9) Idstdmtl lm elsd`ulreo, 0) Dnho lm elsd`ulreo, 5) Dnho el d`ulreo, <)
Idstdmtl el d`ulreo y 2) Uotdnflmtl el d`ulreo.

497
 Nd pumtud`kðm totdn el sdtksbd``kðm vktdn sl oitklml sufdmeo nd pumtud`kðm el nos
skltl ætlfs, kmvkrtklmeo nd pumtud`kðm el nos ætlfs tlr`lro y `udrto prlvkdflmtl. Nd
pumtud`kðm
pumtud`kðm qul sl pulel oitlmlr lm nd ls`dnd
ls`dnd PNPP-RL os`kn
os`knd lmtrl 8 y 59, kmek`dmeo
mek`dmeo
fdyor sdtksbd``kðm vktdn nds pumtud`komls fäs dntds.

BK@GD YLP\FLM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

KMPUY\FLMUO
Rlr dmlxo lm nd pähkmd skhuklmtl.

49;
 LP@DND EL PDUKPBD@@KÐM RKUDN EL NOP LPU\EKDMULP
(PU\ELMUP‛ NKBL PDUKPBD@UKOM P@DNL-RLYPKÐM LPSDÔOND: PNPP-RL)

D `omtkmud`kðm, lm`omtrdräs umd slrkl el dbkrfd`komls soirl no qul tñ pklmsds, sklmtls u opkmds. Mo gdy
rlspulstds `orrl`tds o km`orrl`tds, iulmds o fdnds. Mo pklmsls lx`lskvdflmtl nds rlspulstds y rlspomel `om
skm`lrkede.
Sor bdvor, `omtlstd d toeds nds brdsls `om umd sond rlspulstd1
4 6 Uotdnfl
Uotdnflmtl
mtl lm elsd`ulreo
9 6 Idstdmtl lm elsd`ulreo
elsd`ulreo
0 6 Dnho lm elsd`ulreo
5 6 Dnho el d`ulreo
< 6 Idstdmtl el d`ulreo
2 6 Uotdnflmtl
otdnfl mtl el d`ulreo

403
 @DSÆU\NO 40

LP@DND EL PDUKPBD@@KÐM RKUDN

F\N
F\ NUKEKFLM
KEKFLMPKOMDN
PKOMDN EL NOP LPU\E
LPU\EKDMULP
KDMULP
(FPNPP. Funtkekflmskomdn Ptuelmtsµ Nkbl Pdtksbd`tkom
P`dnl)
Leurml Hdnkmelz Mdbdrrdtl

404
MOFIYL1 Ls`dnd el Pdtksbd``kðm Rktdn Funtkekflmskomdn el nos Lstuekdmtls
(Funtkek flmskomdn Ptuelmts‛ Nkbl Pdtksbd`tkom
Pdtksbd`tk om P`dnl . Rlrskðm Lspdôond: FPNPP-
RL)
D\UOY1 L. P. Gulimlr (4;;5i) (dedptded por L. Hdnkmelz).
OIALUKROP1 Lvdnudr nd sdtksbd``kðm `om `km`o eofkmkos kfportdmtls el nd vked el nos
mkôos y nos deonls`lmtls.
@ONL@UKRO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 Deonls`lmtls y aðvlmls umkvlrsktdrkos
UKLFSO
UKLFSO EL DSNK@D@KÐM1 9< fkmutos.
B\LMUL SYKM@KSDN1
― Orkhkmdn1 Gulimlr, L. P. (4;;5i). Srlnkfkmdry Elvlnopflmt dme Rdnkedtkom ob
d Funtkekflmskomdn Nkbl Pdtksbd`tkom P`dnl bor @gknerlm. Ssy`gonohk`dn
Dsslssflmt, 2, 45;-4<7.
― Dedptd`kðm1 Hdnkmelz, L. (9338). Ylnd`kðm lmtrl
lmtrl nd sdtksbd``kðm
sdtksbd``k ðm vktdn el nos
deonls`lmtls y su bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr . Ulsks eo`tordn. \mkvlrskede el
Elusto.

Ylsuflm eln kmstruflmto

Nd Ls`dnd el Pdtksbd``kðm Rktdn Funtkekflmskomdn el nos Lstuekdmtls ls umd ls`dnd funtkekflmskomdn qul bul
ekslôded pdrd lvdnudr nd sdtksbd``kðm el nos deonls`lmtls `om `km`o eofkmkos kfportdmtls el sus vkeds
(bdfknkd, dfkhos, ls`ulnd, sæ fksfo y lmtormo) y `om nd vked lm hlmlrdn. Nd ls`dnd lstä `ofpulstd el 08
ætlfs qul rlquklrlm d nos lstuekdmtls qul lvdnñlm su sdtksbd``kðm `om ek`gds ekflmskomls lspl`æbk`ds el sus
vkeds, tlmklmeo lm `ulmtd nds ñntkfds slfdmds.

409
ELP@YKS@KÐM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

Oialtkvo
Ln kmstruflmto sl ekslôð pdrd vdnordr el borfd funtkekflmskomdn nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn el
nos deonls`lmtls, lvdnudmeo < dspl`tos fuy kfportdmtls el sus vkeds y pdrd poelr nohrdr,
delfäs, umd pumtud`kðm el sdtksbd``kðm vktdn hlmlrdn flekdmtl ln fëtoeo sufdtkvo. El
lstd borfd, ln FPNPP-RL mos plrfktl umd lvdnud`kðm fäs ekblrlm`kded el nd sdtksbd``kðm
vktdn el nos lstuekdmtls, nd `udn elilræd el `omtrkiukr d nd prlvlm`kðm l kmtlrvlm`kðm pdrd
ln duflmto el nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn el nos deonls`lmtls fäs eltdnnded, pueklmeo pomlr ln
ëmbdsks, por lalfpno, lm nos prohrdfds el prlvlm`kðm, lm ln eofkmko el sdtksbd``kðm `om
nd pumtud`kðm fäs idad.

Bkdiknkede y vdnkelz
Ln FPNPP-RL sl gd dedptdeo y vdnkedeo lm um lstueko qul `omstd el eos pdrtls y `uyo
oialtkvo bkmdn ls dmdnkzdr nd rlnd`kðm lmtrl nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn el nos deonls`lmtls y su
bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr (Hdnkmelz, 9338). Nd dedptd`kðm eln FPNPP-RL sl gd rldnkzdeo
lm ln Lstueko K, `om umd fulstrd el 00; deonls`lmtls `om umd lede flekd el 94,9 ( EU 6
4,08) qul lstäm `ursdmeo nd LPO. Lm ln Lstueko KK el nd fksfd kmvlstkhd`kðm, sl gdm
vulnto d dmdnkzdr sus propkledels psk`ofëtrk`ds lm umd fulstrd fäs dfpnkd el nd fksfd
poind`k
poind`kðm
ðm (M 6 4935: lede flekd 6 40,;4 Z EU 6 4,02V) y sl gd lstuekdeo nd rlnd`kðm
lmtrl nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn el nos deonls`lmtls y su bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr.
Nd FPNPP-RL, tdmto lm nd ls`dnd totdn `ofo `ded umd el sus suils`dnds, fulstrd
umd bkdiknkede dntd. @om`rltdflmtl sl gd oitlmkeo um dnpgd el @romid`g el 3,72 `om nd
ls`dnd totdn y el 3,87, 3,75, 3,79, 3,88 y 3,80 lm nds suils`dnds el bdfknkd, dfkhos,
ls`ulnd, sæ fksfo y lmtormo, rlspl`tkvdflmtl, lm nd fulstrd el deonls`lmtls eln Lstueko
K. Nos `olbk`klmtls el bkdiknkede eln Lstueko KK som skfkndrls1 FPNPP-RL ( r 6 3,77):
bdfknkd (r 6 3,74): dfkhos ( r 6 3,70): ls`ulnd ( r 6 3,79): sæ fksfo ( r 6 3,8<) y lmtormo ( r
6 3,82). Udfikëm nd bkdiknkede tlst-rltlst oitlmked lm nd fulstrd eln Lstueko K, elspuës el
um plræoeo el tklfpo el `udtro slfdmds, ls dntd y foelrdedflmtl dntd1 FPNPP-RL ( r 6
3,82): bdfknkd ( r 6 3,79): dfkhos ( r 6 3,<2): Lls`ulnd ( r 6 3,74): sæ fksfo ( r 6 3,8<) y
lmtormo (r 6 3,79).
Nd vdnkelz eln kmstruflmto sl rlvlnd flekdmtl nds `orrlnd`komls posktkvds
foelrdedflmtl dntds y dntds qul sl gdm gdnndeo lmtrl nd ls`dnd totdn y otrds flekeds el
sdtksbd``kðm vktdn (Ls`dnd el Pdtksbd``kðm Rktdn el nos/ds Lstuekdmtls ZPNPP-RLV1 r 6 3,2<
y Plnb Dm`gorkmh Ptrkvkmh P`dnl 1 r 6 3,<9), el blnk`kede ( Borey`l Fldsurl1 r
Borey`l Gdppkmlss Fldsurl
6 3,<3), el duto`om`lpto (@ulstkomdrko el Duto`om`lpto el Hdrnly1 r 6 3,22) y el
dutolstkfd (suils`dnd el dutolstkfd eln @ulstkomdrko el Duto`om`lpto el Hdrnly1 r 6
3,22). Nds suils`dnds eln FPNPP-RL tdfikëm `orrlnd`komdm lm ln slmtkeo flm`komdeo

400
`om lstds otrds flekeds.
Ln dpoyo pdrd nd vdnkelz `om`urrlmtl eln FPNPP-RL sl oitklml flekdmtl nd
`orrlnd`kðm skhmkbk`dtkvd y mlhdtkvd ( r 6 ‐3,5;) gdnnded lmtrl lstl kmstruflmto y nd fleked
el dmsklede, lvdnuded d trdvës el nd Ls`dnd el Dmsklede-Lstdeo (PUDK-L). Nds
`orrlnd`komls lmtrl nos eofkmkos el sdtksbd``kðm y nd dmsklede, tdfikëm som toeds, lmtrl
idads y foelrdeds, skhskhmkbk
mkbk`dtk
`dtkvdflmtl
vdflmtl mlhdtkvds.
mlhdtkvds.

LPU\EKOP LM NOP T\L PL GD DSNK@DEO

Nd vlrskðm orkhkmdn eln kmstruflmto gd skeo lfpnlded lm fu`gos lstuekos
mortldflrk`dmos (vlr Gulimlr Z9335V pdrd umd rlvkskðm). \mo el nos lstuekos rldnkzdeos
`om deonls`lmtls mortldflrk`dmos, por lalfpno, mos kmek`d qul nd ekflmskðm el
duto`om`lpto rlnd`kðm `om nos pderls `orrlnd`komd el borfd fäs bulrtl `om nd
sdtksbd``kðm vktdn el nos deonls`lmtls qul `om ln eofkmko rlnd`kðm `om nos dfkhos
(Hknfdm, Gulimlr y Nduhgnkm, 9333). Sor otro ndeo, Sdrj (9333) dpnk`d ln FPNPP lm
fulstrds el lstuekdmtls `orldmos y mortldflrk`dmos y sus rlsuntdeos suhklrlm qul nds
rlnd`komls posktkvds `om nd bdfknkd som kfportdmtls prlek`torls el nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn el
nos deonls`lmtls el dfids `unturds, fklmtrds qul lxkstlm ekblrlm`kds `unturdnls `om
rlspl`to d nd kfportdm`kd el nos eofkmkos el sdtksbd``kðm `om nd ls`ulnd y sdtksbd``kðm
`omskho
`omskho fksfo.
Dnskmlt (4;;7) y Yosk`g (4;;;) dpnk`drom umd vlrskðm `dtdndmd eln FPNPP-RL d
umd fulstrd el mkôos y deonls`lmtls `dtdndmls, rlspl`tkvdflmtl.
rlspl`tkvdflmtl.
Nd vlrskðm lspdôond eln FPNPP-RL gd skeo lfpnlded lm um lstueko qul tlmæd
`ofo oialtkvo probumekzdr lm nd rlnd`kðm lmtrl nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn el nos deonls`lmtls el
Leu`d`kðm Pl`umedrkd Oinkhdtorkd y su bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr (Hdnkmelz, 9338).
Udfikëm sl gd dmdnkzdeo nd rlnd`kðm eln FPNPP-RL `om nd lstlrlotkpkd el hëmlro d`tudn y
trdek`komdn y `om nos ronls el hëmlro d`tudnls y trdek`komdnls (Hdnkmelz, Ndlspded,
Fuôoz-Lhuknltd y Pdmz, 9335).

NKFKUD@KOMLP
o sl gd `ofproideo ln bum`komdfklmto el lstd vlrskðm dedptded lm lstuekdmtls
flmorls el 44 dôos.

DEFKMKPUYD@KÐM [ S\MU\D@KÐM
Nd FPNPP-RL pulel slr dpnk`ded el borfd kmekvkeudn o hrupdn. Ulmklmeo lm `ulmtd nd
lede el nos sualtos d nos qul lstä ekrkhkeo lstl kmstruflmto, sl rl`ofklmed nllr lm voz

405
dntd nds kmstru``komls dmtls el qul nos pdrtk`kpdmtls `ofklm`lm d rlspomelrno.
Nos ætlfs eln FPNPP-RL pulelm dpnk`drsl sonos o kmtlr`dndeos `om nos ætlfs el nd
Ls`dnd el Pdtksbd``kðm Rktdn el nos Lstuekdmtls (PNPP-RL), tdn y `ofo no gkzo ln dutor
qul nds ekslôð (Gulimlr, 4;;4d, 4;;4i, 4;;4`, 4;;5d).
Nds dntlrmdtkvds el rlspulstd el nd FPNPP-RL som slks1 4) Uotdnflmtl lm
elsd`ulreo, 9) Idstdmtl lm elsd`ulreo, 0) Dnho lm elsd`ulreo, 5) Dnho el d`ulreo, <)
Idstdmtl el d`ulreo y 2) Uotdnflmtl el d`ulreo.
Nd ls`dnd propor`komd umd pumtud`kðm el sdtksbd``kðm vktdn hlmlrdn y umd pumtud`kðm
el sdtksbd``kðm `om `ded eofkmko (bdfknkd, ls`ulnd, sæ fksfo, dfkhos y lmtormo). Nd
pumtud`kðm
pumtud`kðm el sdtksbd``k
sdtksbd``kðm
ðm vktdn
vktdn hlmlrdn sl oitklml
oitklml sufdmeo nd pumtud`kðm
pumtud`kðm el toeos nos
ætlfs, kmvkrtklmeo prlvkdflmtl nos ætlfs mlhdtkvos. El nd fksfd borfd, sufdmeo nos
ætlfs `orrlspomeklmtls d `ded eofkmko (kmvkrtklmeo nos ætlfs mlhdtkvos) y ekvkeklmeo por
ln mñflro el ætlfs qul `ofpomlm ek`gd suils`dnd, sl oitlmerä nd pumtud`kðm el
sdtksbd``kðm `om `ded umd el nds suils`dnds.

BK@GD YLP\FLM ELN KMPUY\FLMUO

40<
402
KMPUY\FLMUO
Rlr dmlxo lm nd pähkmd skhuklmtl.

408
 LP@DND EL PDUKPBD@@KÐM RKUDN F\NUKEKFLMPKOMDN EL NOP
LPU\EKDMULP
(F\NUKEKFLMPKOMDN PU\ELMUP‛ NKBL PDUKPBD@UKOM P@DNL-RLYPKÐM
LPSDÔOND: FPNPP-RL)

D `omtkmud`kðm, lm`omtrdräs umd slrkl el dbkrfd`komls soirl no qul tñ pklmsds, sklmtls u opkmds. Mo gdy
rlspulstds `orrl`tds o km`orrl`tds, iulmds o fdnds. Mo pklmsls lx`lskvdflmtl nds rlspulstds y rlspomel `om
skm`lrkede.
Lm `ded brdsl, fdr`d `om umd `ruz (W) nd `onufmd qul flaor els`rkid tu opkmkðm lm nds trls ñntkfds slfdmds.
Sor bdvor, `omtlstd d toeds nds brdsls `om umd sond rlspulstd1
4 6 Uotdnfl
Uotdnflmtl
mtl lm elsd`ulreo
9 6 Idstdmtl lm elsd`ulreo
elsd`ulreo
0 6 Dnho lm elsd`ulreo
5 6 Dnho el d`ulreo
< 6 Idstdmtl el d`ulreo
2 6 Uotdnflmtl
otdnfl mtl el d`ulreo

407
40;
453
454
459
Ikinkohrdbæd

Dedfs, D. (9335). «Slr`lkvle kmbnulm`ls ob ekbblrlmtkdtkom ob slnb om fdrktdn dme slxudn sdtksbd`tkomº.
Eksslrtdtkom Distrd`ts Kmtlrmdtkomdn Pl`tkom D1 Gufdmktkls dme Po`kdn P`klm`ls, von. 25 (8-D), 90;4.
Eksslrtdtkom Distrd`ts
Dnomso, @., Eln Idrrko, R. (4;;8). «Lbl`tkvkede el trls kmtlrvlm`komls pdrd nd prlvlm`kðm eln `omsufo el tdid`o
lm ln fleko ls`ondrº. Ylvkstd el S sk`onohæd Hlmlrdn
Hlmlrdn y Dpnk`ded, <3, 990-954.
― (4;;7). «Lbl`tkvkede
«Lbl`tkvkede el trls kmtlrvlm`komls
kmtlrvlm`komls pdrd nd prlvlm`kðm
prlvlm` kðm eln `omsufo el dn`ogon lm nd ls` ulndº.
ulndº. Dmänksks
@omeu`td, 95, 28;-834.
y Foekb k`d`kðm el @omeu`td,
Dnskmlt, @. (4;;7). Ln ilmlstdr
ilmlstdr lm nd kmbãm`kd1 \md dvdnud`kð el nls slvls ekflmskoms psk`oso`kdns. Ulsks
ekflmskoms psk`oso`kdns
Eo`tordn. Nnlked1 \mkvlrskede el Nnlked.
Dflrk`dm Ssy`gonohk`dn Dsso`kdtkom (4;<5). «Ul`gmk`dn rl`offlmedtkoms bor tgl psy`gonohk`dn tlsts dme
ekdhmostk` tl`gmkqulsº. Ssy`gonohk`dn
Ssy`gonohk`dn Iunnltkm, <4 . (Mñflro fomohräbk
fomohräbk`o.)
`o.)
― (4;22). Ptdmedres bor leu`dtkomdn dme psy`gonohk`dn tlsts dme fdmudns . Xdsgkmhtom, DSD.
Dflrk`dm Ssy`gonohk`dn Dsso`kdtkom, Dflrk`dm Leu`dtkomdn Ylsldr`g Dsso`kdtkom y Mdtkomdn @oum`kn om
Fldsurlflmt km Leu`dtkom (4;7<). Ptdmedres bor leu`dtkomdn dme psy`gonohk`dn tlstkmh . Xdsgkmhtom, E@1
Dflrk`dm Ssy` gonohk`dn
gonohk`dn Dsso`kd
Dsso` kdtkom.
tkom.
Drduao, J., Yyst, L. y Ptlkmlr, G. (4;;;). «Deonls`lmt elblmsl stynl dme nkbl strlssorsº. @gkne Ssy`gkdtry &
Gufdm Elvlnopflmt, 03 ( 4), 4;-97.
Dr`l, @. (4;;5). Uë`mk`ds el `omstru``kðm el ls`dnds psk`onðhk`ds . Fderke, Pæmtlsks Ssk`onohæd.
Drhkfðm, A. F. y Akfëmlz-Rknnd, A. (4;;5). Fëtoeos el kmvlstkhd`kðm dpnk`deos d nd dtlm`kðm prkfdrkd el sdnue.
Idr`ln
dr` lnomd,
omd, Fosiy/Eoyfd.
― (9333). Fëtoeos el kmvlstkhd`kðm `næmk`d y lpkelfkonðhk`d
lpkelfkonðhk`d . Idr`lnomd, Gdr`ourt.
Dsg, @. y Gulimlr, L. P. (4;;7). «Nkbl sdtksbd`tkom rlports ob hkbtle fkeenl-s`goon `gknerlmº. P`goon Ssy`gonohy
Tudrtlrny, 40, 043-094.
― (9334). «Lmvkromflmtdn
«Lmvkromflmtdn lvlmts dme nkbl nkbl sdtksbd`tkom
sdtksbd` tkom rlports ob deonls`
deonls`lmts1
lmts1 D tlst
tls t ob `ohmktkvl flekdtkomº.
flekdtkomº.
Kmtlrmdtkomdn, 99, 093-002.
P`goon Ssy`gonohy Kmtlrmdtkomdn,
Idrilro, F. K. (4;;0). Ssk`ofltræd
Ssk`ofltræd KK1
KK 1 Fëtoeos lndiord`kðm el ls`dnds. Fderke, \MLE.
F ëtoeos el lndiord`kðm
― (9330).
(9330) . «Srkm`kpkos
«Srkm`kpkos iäsk`os pdrd nd ` omstru``
omstr u`` kðm el kmstruflmtos el flek`kðm lm psk`onohædº. Lm Idrilro, F.
K., Rknd, L. y Puärlz, A. @. (les.)1 Ssk`ofltræd,
Ssk`ofltræd, 74-40<. Fderke, \MLE.
Idrilro, F. K., Rknd L. y Puärlz A. @. (9330). Ssk`ofltræd
Ssk`ofltræd. Fderke, \MLE.
Idrmls, G. N. y Onsom, E. G. (4;79). «Sdrlmt-deonls`lmt `offumk`dtkom P`dnlº. Lm E. G. Onsom, G. K.
F`@uiikm, G. Idrmls, D. Ndrslm, F. Fuxlm y F. Xknsom (les.)1 Bdfkny kmvlmtorkl
kmv lmtorkls1
s1 Kmv lmtorkls
lmtorkls usle km d

450
 mdtkomdn survly ob bdfknkls d`ross tgl bdfkny nkbl `y`nl , <4-20. Pt. Sdun, FM1 \mkvlrskty ob Fkmmlsotd.
Idrtjo, A. A. y @drplmtlr, X. U. (4;82). «Om tgl fltgoes dme tglory ob rlnkdiknktyº. Ugl Aourmdn ob Mlrvous dme
Eksldsl, 420 (<), 038-048.
Flmtdn Eksldsl
Idrtnl-Gdrkmh, P., Yoslm, J. G. y Ptktg, P. F. (9339). «Lfotkomdn rld`tkvkty dme psy`gonohk`dn ekstrlssº. Aourmdn
Aourmdn
ob Deonls`lmt Ylsldr`g, 48 (2), <27-<7<.
Il`g, S., Jdstrup, F. y Ydbdlnslm, O. A. (4;72). «Fkmk `ofplmekuf ob rdtkmh s`dnls bor stdtls ob dmxklty,
elprlsskom, fdmkd, s`gkzopgrlmkd wktg `orrlspomekmh EPF-KKK symeroflsº. D`td Ssy`gkdtrk`d Ssy`gkdtrk`d
P`dmekmdvk`d, 80, supn. 092.
Il`g, S., Fdnt, \. B., Elm`jlr, P. A., Dgnbors, \. H., Lnhlm, J., Nlwdmelr, U., Numelnn, D., Pkfpsom, H. F. y
Nkmhadlrel, O. (les.) (4;;0). «P`dnls bor dsslssflmt ob ekdhmosks dme slvlrkty ob flmtdn eksorelrsº. D`td
Ssy`gkdtrk`d P`dmekmdvk`d , 78, supn. 089, 4-78.
Ssy`gkdtrk`d
Ilmtnlr, S. F. y Iommlt, E. H. (4;73). «Pkhmkbk`dm`l tlst dme hooemlss ob bkt km tgl dmdnysks ob `ovdrkdm`l
stru`turlsº. Ssy`gonohk`dn
Ssy`gonohk`dn Iunnltkm , 77, <77-232.
Ilrfdm, X. G. (4;7<). «@omtkmule dttd`gflmt dbtlr nlhdn ekvor`lº. Aourmdn
Aourmdn ob Bdfkny Kssuls 2, 08<-0;9.
Ilttkmhlr, A. D., @lnlmtdmo, E. P., @urrklro, B., Denlr, M. L., Fknnstlkm, P. H. y Lnnlm, A. F. (9335). «Eols pdrlmtdn
kmvonvlflmt prlek`t mlw slxudnny trdmsfkttle eksldsls km blfdnl deonls`lmts?º. Slekdtr.Slekdtr. Deonls`. Fle.,
4<7, 222-283.
Ik`jgdf, M. y Bklsl, I. (4;;8). «Lxtlmskom ob tgl `gknerlm‛s plr`lptkoms ob kmtlrpdrlmtdn `ombnk`t s`dnl bor usl
wktg ndtl deonls`lmtsº. Aourmdn ob Bdfkny Ssy`gonohy,
Ssy`gonohy, 44 (9), 952-9<3.
Iomey, E. A. (4;;8). «Ugl lbbl`tkvlmlss ob irklb bdfkny tglrdpy wktg bdfknkls deoptkmh spl`kdn mlles `gknerlmº.
Ugl P`klm`ls & Lmhkmllrkmh, <7 (5-I), 9443. \P1 \mkv Fk`robknfs Kmtlrmdtkomdn.
Iootg, D. y Lewdres, A. (4;70). «Fldsurkmh fdrktdn kmstdiknktyº. Aourmdn ob Fdrrkdhl dme tgl bdfkny , 5<, 078-
0;0.
Irowm, A. L. y Fdmm, N. (4;;3). «Ugl rlndtkomsgkp iltwllm bdfkny stru`turl dme pro`lss vdrkdinls dme deonls`lmt
el`kskom fdjkmhº. Aourmdn ob Deonls`lm`l,
Deonls`lm`l, 40, 9<-08.
Iuntz, I., Ppl`d, F., Irdsglr, S., Hlhhkl, S. G. P. y Sdhl, P. (9333). «D rdmeofkzle `omtronnle trkdn ob d irklb
psy`goleu`dtkomdn
psy` goleu`dtkomdn support hroup bor pdrtmlrs ob ldrny stdhl
s tdhl irldst `dm`lr
`dm` lr pdtklmtsº.
pdtklmtsº. Ssy`go-Om`onohy
Ssy`go-Om`onohy, ;
(5), 030-040.
@dnvltl, L. y @drelôoso, O. (9334). «@rllm`kds, rlsonu`kðm el proinlfds so`kdnls y `orrlndtos psk`onðhk`osº.
Ssk`otglfd, 40, ;<-433.
Ssk`otglfd,
@dnvltl, L. y Rknnd, D. (9333). «Iurmout y sæmtofds psk`onðhk`os1 foelno el fleked y rlnd`komls lstru`turdnlsº.
Lstrës, 2, 448-403.
Dmsklede y Lstrës,
@dnndgdm, @. F., @ormlnn, E. H. y Noye, I. (4;;3). «Slr`lkvle `ofpltlm`l dme pdrlmt-deonls`lmt `offumk`dtkom
km gkhg diknkty deonls`lmt blfdnls. Ppl`kdn kssul1 Ugl lfotkomdn deaustflmt ob hkbtle stuelmtsº. Aourmdn b or
tgl Leu`dtkom ob tgl Hkbtle, 40, 9<2-92;.
@dfpilnn, E. U. y Bksjl, E. X. (4;<;). «@omvlrhlmt dme eks`rkfkmdmt vdnkedtkom iy tgl funtktrdkt-funtkfltgoe
fdtrkxº. Ssy`gonohk`dn
Ssy`gonohk`dn Iunnltkm, <2, 74-43<.
@dfpilnn, M. Y. (4;<9). Xgdt ks s`klm`l? Mulvd [orj, Eovlr.
@drrds`o, Fª A. (4;;2). @ulstkomdrko el dslr`kðm lm nd pdrlad . Fderke, ULD.
@o`o, L. y @ourtmly, N. A. (4;;7). «D bdfkny systlfs dpprod`g bor prlvlmtkmh deonls`lmt rumdwdy ilgdvkourº.
Deonls`lm`l, 00 , 57<-5;2.
Deonls`lm`l,
@oglm, A. D. (4;23). «D `olbbk`klmt ob dhrllflmt bor mofkmdn s`dnlsº. Leu`dtkomdn dme Ssy`gonohk`dn
Ssy`gonohk`dn
Fldsurlflmt, 93, 08-52.
Fldsurlflmt,
― (4;27). «X
«Xlkhg
lkhgtle
tle Jdppd1 mofkmdn s` dnl
dnl dhrllflmt wktg provkskom
provkskom bor s`dnl
s` dnlee elsdhrllflmt or pdrkdn `rlektº.

455
 Ssy`gonohk`dn Iunnltkm , 83, 940-993.
Ssy`gonohk`dn
@ostlnno, @. H. (4;;5). «Devdmtdhls ob tgl syfptof dpprod`g to s`gkzopgrlmkdº. Lm @ostlnno, @. H. (le.)1
Pyfptofs ob s`gkzopgrlmkd. Mulvd
Mulv d [orj, Aogm Xknly
knly & Poms.
Po ms.
E‛dtlmd, S. y Dreoml, Y. H. (4;;4). «Bdfkny rlprlslmtdtkom dme `offumk`dtkom1 Lfpkrk`dn `omtrkiutkom diout
bdfknkl
bdfknklss wktg deonls`lmtsº
deonls` lmtsº Zktdnkd
ZktdnkdmV.
mV. Ulrdpkd Bdfknkdrl, 0<, 08-57.
Edees, F. Y., Dtjkmsom, L., Inufs, H. A., Nlmek`g, I. (4;;;). «Bdfkny @ombnk`t dme @gkne Deaustflmt1 Lvkelm`l
bor d @ohmktkvl-@omtlxtudn Foeln ob Kmtlrhlmlrdtkomdn Urdmsfksskomº. Aourmdn ob Bdfkny Ssy`gonohy
Ssy`gonohy,40,
4;5-937.
Elw, U. y Gulimlr, L. P. (4;;5). «Deonls`lmt's plr`lkvle qudnkty ob nkbl1 Dm lxpnordtory kmvlstkhdtkomº. Aourmdn
Aourmdn
ob P`goon Ssy`gonohy, 09 , 47<-4;;.
Eomovdm, J., Pdmsom-Bksglr, Y. X. y Ylefdm, P. (4;7;). «Fldsurkmhqudnkty ob nkbl km `dm`lr pdtklmtsº. Aourmdn
Aourmdn
ob @nkmk`dn Om`onohy, 8, ;<;-;27.
L`gons, J. D. (4;;;). «Bdfknkls ob `gknerlm wktg Eowm symerofl1 Ptrlmhtgs dme ldrny kmtlrvlmtkomº. Ugl
P`klm`ls & Lmhkmllrkmh, 23 (2-I), 9;79. \P1 \mkv Fk`robknfs Kmtlrmdtkomdn.
Lnnks, D. (4;;5). Ydzðm y lfo`kðm lm psk`otlrdpkd
psk`otlrdpkd (5ª le., trdeu``kðm el D. Kiäôlz, Yldsom dme lfotkom km
psy`gotglrdpy
psy` gotglrdpy,, 4;29). Iknido,
knido, Els`nël
Els `nël el Irouwlr.
Lstëvlz, L., O`god, H. y Glrrlro, A. (933<). «Ln ron el nd `ofumk`d`kðm bdfknkdr y eln daustl ls`ondr lm nd sdnue
flmtdn eln deonls`
deonls`lmtlº.
lmtlº. Pdnue flmtdn, 97, 5, 74-7;.
Blkmstlkm, D. Y. (4;7<). @nkmk`dn Lpkelfkonohy . Sgkndeln
Sgkndelnpgkd
pgkd,, Pdumelrs.
Bkm`gdf, B. E., Hry`g, A. G. y Osiorml, N. M. (4;;5). «Eols fdrktdn `ombnk`t `dusl `gkne fdndeaustflmt?
Ekrl`tkoms dme `gdnnlmhls bor nomhktuekmdn rlsldr`gº. Aourmdn ob Bdfkny Ssy`gonohy, 7, 497-453.
Bndmmkhdm, N. D. (9334). «Ptrlssors ob fotglrgooe1 D so`kdn support kmtlrvlmtkomº. Eksslrtdtkom
Eksslrtdtkom Distrd`ts
Kmtlrmdtkomdn1 Pl`tkom I1 U gl P`klm`ls ( 0-I), 4<80.
P`klm`ls dme Lmhkmllrkmh, 29 (0-I),
Bore-Hkniol, F. (4;;8). «Bdfkny strlmhtgs, fotkvdtkom, dme rlsour`ls ds prlek`tors ob gldntg profotkom
ilgdvkour
ilgdvkour km skmhnl-pdrlmt dme tw o-pdrlmt bdfkn
b dfknklsº.
klsº. Ylsldr`g
Ylsldr`g km Murskmh dme Gldntg, 93, 93<-948.
Brlefdm, M. y Pglrfdm, Y. (4;78). Gdmeiooj Ob Ugl Fldsur F ldsurlflmt U glrdpy. Mulvd
lflmt Bor Fdrrkdhl Dme Bdfkny Uglrdpy
[orj, Irummlr/Fdzln.
Hdnkmelz, L. (trdidao lm `urso). Ylnd`kðm lmtrllmtrl ln b um`komdfklmto
um`komdfklmto bdfknkdr y nd sdtksbd``kðm vktdn el nos
deonls`lmtls. Ulsks eo`tordn . Iknido1 \mkvlrskede el Elusto
Hdnkmelz, L., Ndlspded, U., Fuôoz, D. y Pdmz, F. (9335). Rkm`und`kðm el nd lstlrlotkpkd el hëmlro d`tudn y ln
iklmlstdr psk`onðhk`o el nos y nds deonls`lmtls . Flforkd eln Sroyl`to el Kmvlstkhd`kðm. Rktorkd-Hdstlkz1
Lfdjumel. Kmstktuto
Kms tktuto Rds`
Rds` o el nd Fualr.
Fualr.
Hdr`æd, F. y Slrdnio, F. (9333). «@unturd, d`unturd`kðm y plr`lp`kðm el nds rlnd`komls bdfknkdrlsº. Kmb dm`kd y
Dprlmekzdal,, 7;, 74-434.
Dprlmekzdal
Hdrro, D. (9333). «Sdrlmt/`drlhkvlr strlss dme `opkmh strdtlhkls eurkmh plekdtrk` gospktdnkzdtkom bor ordn bllekmh
proinlfsº. Eksslrtdtkom
Eksslrtdtkom Distrd`ts Kmtlrmdtkomdn1 Pl`tkom I1 Ugl P`klm`ls
P`klm`ls dme Lmhkmllrkmh,
Lmhkmllrkmh, 24 (0-I),
(0-I) ,
4200.
Hkisom, U. N. (9333). «Pystlfk` `oglskom dme bnlxkiknkty1 Bdfkny `orrlndtls ob pgysk`dn `gkne diusl potlmtkdnº.
Eksslrtdtkom
Eksslrtdtkom Distrd`ts P`klm`ls dme Lmhkmllrkmh, 23 ( 7-I), 5999.
Distrd`ts Kmtlrmdtkomdn1 Pl`tkom I1 Ugl P`klm`ls
Hknfdm, Y., Gulimlr, L. P. y Nduhgnkm, A. L. (9333). «D Bkrst Ptuey ob tgl Funtkekflmskomdn Ptuelmts' Nkbl
Pdtksbd`tkom P`dnl wktg Deonls`lmtsº. Po`kdn Kmek`dtors Ylsldr`g, <9, 40<-423.
Honefdm, N. A. (9330). «Bdfkny qudnktkls1 Eo tgly kfpd`t tgl el`kskom to pnd`l d flmtdnny rltdrele `gkne? º. Ugl
P`klm`ls & Lmhkmllrkmh, 25 (<-I), 9080. \P1 \mkv Fk`robknfs Kmtlrmdtkomdn.
Homzänlz-Pdkz, B., Krdurhk, K. y @drunnd, P. (9339). «Uloræd el nd fleked l kmstruflmtos el lvdnud`kðm lm

45<
 erohoelplmelm`kds. @ulstkomls iäsk`dsº. Lm K. Krdurhk y B. Homzänlz-Pdkz (les.)1 Kmstruflmtos
Kmstruflmtos el
Lvdnud`kðm lm Erohoelplme lm`kds,, 98-88. Fderke, Dund Fëek`d.
Erohoelplmelm`kds
Hrkbbkm, F. E. y Gulimlr, L. P. (9333). «Funtkekflmskomdn nkbl sdtksbd`tkom rlports ob fkeenl s`goon stuelmts wktg
slrkous lfotkomdn eksturidm`lº. Aourmdn ob Ssy`goleu`dtkomdn
Ssy`goleu`dtkomdn Dsslssflm t, 47, 444-495.
Dsslssflmt,
Hry`g, A. G. y Bkm`gdf, B. E. (4;;3). «Fdrktdn `ombnk`t dme `gknerlm‛s deaustflmt1 d `ohmktkvl-`omtlxtudn
brdflworjº. Ssy`gonohk`dn
Ssy`gonohk`dn Iunnltkm, 437, 928-9;3.
― (4;;0). «@gknerlm‛
«@gknerlm‛ss dpprdksdns
dpprdksdns ob fdrktdn
fdr ktdn `ombnk
`omb nk`t
`t11 Kmktkdn
Kmktkdn kmvlstkhdtk
kmvlstkhdtkoms
oms ob tgl `ohmk
` ohmktkvl-`omtlxtudn
tkvl-`omtlxtudn brdflw orjº.
@gkne Elvlnopflmt, 25, 94<-903.
― (9333). «Kmtlrpdrlmtdn `ombnk
` ombnk`t
`t dme `gkn
` gknee deaustflmt1 Ulstkmh tgl flekdtkomdn
flekdtkomdn ronl
ronl ob dpprdksdns
dpprdksdns km tgl ` ohmktkvl-
ohmktkvl-
`omtlxtudn brdflworjº. @gkne Elvlnopflmt, 84, 4257-4224.
Hry`g, A. G., Plke, F. y Bkm`gdf, B. E. (4;;9). «Dsslsskmh fdrktdn `ombnk`t brof tgl `gkne‛s plrspl`tkvl1 tgl
@gknerlm‛s Slr`lptkom ob Kmtlrpdrlmtdn @ombnk`t P`dnlº. @gkne Elvlnopflmt, 20, <<7-<89.
Huknnlfkm, B. (4;;<). «@ross-`unturdn dedptdtkom dme vdnkedtkom ob gldntg stdtus fldsurlsº. P`dme A Yglufdton,
95, 24-20.
Gdfinltom, Y. J. (4;;0). «Urdmsndtkmh d`gklvlflmt tlsts bor usl km `ross-mdtkomdn stueklsº. Luropldm
Luropldm Aourmdn o
Ssy`gonohk`dn Dsslssflmt, ;, 4, <8-27.
Ssy`gonohk`dn Dsslssflmt
― (4;;5). «Hukeln
«Hukelnkmls
kmls bor dedptkmh
dedptkmh leu`dtkomd
leu` dtkomdnn dme psy`gonohk
ps y`gonohk`dn
`dn tls ts1 d prohrlss rlportº. Luropldm
Luropldm Aourmdn o
Ssy`gonohk`dn Dsslssflmt, 43 (0) , 99;-955.
Ssy`gonohk`dn Dsslssflmt,
― (4;;2). «Dedptd`kðm
«Dedptd`kðm el tlsts pdrd su uso lm ekblrlmtls kekofdskekofds y `unturds1 bulmtls el lrror, poskinls
poskinls
sonu`komls y ekrl`trk`ls prä`tk`dsº. Lm A. Fuôkz (le.)1 Ssk`ofltræd
Ssk`ofltræd. Fderke,
Fderke, \mkvlrsktds.
mkvlrsktds.
Gdfinltom, Y. J. y Ionnwdrj, A. (4;;4). «Dedptkmh tlsts bor usl km ekbblrlmt `unturls1 tl`gmk`dn kssuls dme
fltgoesº. Iunnltkm ob tgl Kmtlrmdtkomdn Ulst @offksskom, 47, 0-09.
Ulst @offksskom
Gdfinltom, Y. J. y Sdtsund N. (4;;;). Km`rldskmh
Km`rldskmh tgl vdnkekty ob dedptle tlst1 Fytgs to il dv okele dme hukelnkmls
bor
b or kfprovkmh
kfprovkmh tlst dedptdtkom prd`tk`ls.
prd`tk`ls Dsso`kdtkom ob tlst puinksglrs.
>gttp1//www.tlst.puinkslrs.orh/aourmdn34.gtf=.
Gdfinltom, Y. J. y Qddn, A. M. (4;;4). Devdm`ls km Leu`dtkomdn dme Ssy`gonohk`dn
Ssy`gonohk`dn Ulstkmh1
Ulstkmh1 Uglory dme
Dppnk`dtkoms. Iostom, Jnuwlr D`delfk` Suinksglrs.
Gdmnkml, F. B. y Ednly, P. L. (4;;9). «Bdfkny `opkmh strdtlhkls dme strlmhtgs km Gkspdmk`, Dbrk`dm-Dflrk`dm, dme
@du`dskdm bdfknkls
bdfknkls ob youmh `gknerlmº. Uopk`s
Uopk`s km Ldrny @gknegooe Ppl`kdn Leu`dtkom, 49, 0<4-022.
Glrmämelz-Dhudeo, K., Sortd, F., Fkrdnnls, F., Hdr`æd-Ilmdvkels, B. y Ionñfdr, B. (4;;3). «Nd `udmtkbk`d`kðm el
nd vdrkdikn
vdrkdiknked
kedee lm nds
nds oislrvd`komls
oislrvd` komls `næmk
` næmk`ds
`dsº.
º. Flek`kmd @næmk`d, ;<, 595-59;.
Guesom, X. X. (4;;9). Ugl XDNF[Y dsslssflmt s`dnls s`orkmh fdmudn. Ulfpl, DQ1 XDNF[Y Suinksgkmh @o.
Gulimlr, L. P. (4;;4d). Kmktkdn elvlnopflmt ob tgl Ptuelmt‛s Nkbl Pdtksbd`tkom P`dnl. P`goon Ssy`gonohy
Kmtlrmdtkomdn, 49 , 904-953.
― (4;;4i). @orrlndtls
@orrlndtls ob nkbl sdtksbd` tkom km
km `gkn
` gknerlm.
erlm. P`goon Ssy`gonohy Tudrtlrny, 2 , 430-444.
― (4;;4`).
(4;;4`) . «Burtglr vdnkedtk
vdnkedtkom
om ob tgl Ptuelmts‛ Nkbl
Nkbl Pdtksbd`tkom
Pdtksbd` tkom P`dn
P` dnl1
l1 Ugl kmelplmelm`l
kmelplmelm`l ob sdtksbd` tkom dme
dbbl`t rdtkmhsº.
rdtkmhsº. Aourmdn ob Ssy`goleu`dtkomdn
Ssy`goleu`dtkomdn Dsslssflm
Dsslssflmt,t, ;, 020-027.
― (4;;5d). «@omaokmt
«@omaokmt dmdnysls ob tgl Ptuelmts‛
P tuelmts‛ Nkbl Pdtksbd` tkom P`dnl
P` dnl dme tgl Sklrs-Gdrrks
Sklrs-Gdrrks Plnb-@om`lpt P`dnl
P` dnlº.
º.
Ssy`gonohy km tgl P`goons, 04, 980-988.
Ssy`gonohy
― (4;;5i). «Srlnkfkmdry
«Srlnkfkmdry Elvlnopflmt
Elvlnopflmt dme Rdnkedtk
dnkedtkom
om ob d Funtkekflmsk
Funtkekflmskomdn
omdn Nkbl
Nkbl Pdtksbd`tkom
P dtksbd`tkom P`dnl
P `dnl bor @gknerlmº.
@gknerlmº.
Ssy`gonohk`dn Dsslssflmt, 2, 45;-4<7.
Ssy`gonohk`dn Dsslssflmt,
― (4;;<). «Ugl Ptuelmts‛ Nkbl
Nkbl Pdtksbd`tkom
Pdtksbd` tkom P`dn
P` dnl1
l1 Dm dsslssflmt
dssls sflmt ob psy`gofltrk`
psy` gofltrk` proplrtkls wktg ind`j dme
wgktl lnlflmtdry s`goon stuelmtsº. Po`kdn Kmek`dtors Ylsldr`g, 05, 04<-090.
― (9335). «Ylsldr`g om dsslss
ds slssflmt
flmt ob nkbl
nkbl sdtksbd`tkom
s dtksbd`tkom ob `gknerlm dme deonls`
deonls`lmtsº.
lmtsº. Po`kdn Kmek`dtors Ylsldr`g,

452
 22, 0-00.
Gulimlr, L. P. y Dnelrfdm, H. N. (4;;0). «@omvlrhlmt dme eks`rkfkmdmt vdnkedtkom ob d `gknerlm‛s nkbl sdtksbd`tkom
s`dnl1 Kts rlndtkomsgkp to slnb- dme tld`glr-rlportle psy`gonohk`dn proinlfs dme s`goon bum`tkomkmhº. Po`kdn
Kmek`dtors Ylsldr `g, 03 , 84-79.
Ylsldr`g,
Gulimlr, L. P., Bumj KKK, I. D. y Hknfdm, Y. (9333). «@ross-sl`tkomdn dme nomhktuekmdn psy`goso`kdn `orrlndtls ob
deonls`lmt nkbl sdtksbd`tkom rlportsº. @dmdekdm Aourmdn ob P`goon Ssy`gonohy, 42 , <0-25.
Gulimlr, L. P., Hknfdm, Y. y Nduhgnkm, A. L. (4;;;). «D funtkfltgoe kmvlstkhdtkom ob tgl funtkekflmskomdnkty ob
`gknerlm's wlnn-ilkmh rlports1 Eks`rkfkmdmt vdnkekty ob nkbl sdtksbd`tkom dme slnb-lstllfº. Po`kdn Kmek`dtors
Ylsldr`g, 52 , 4-99.
Ylsldr`g,
Gut`gkmsom, D., Ilmtzlm, M. y Jomkh-Qdmgm, @. (4;;8). @ross `unturdn gldntg out`ofl dsslssflmt1 d uslr's hukel.
Hromkmhlm, Luropldm Ylsldr`g Hroup om Gldntg Out`ofls.
Krdurhk, K. (9333). «@ulstkomls fltoeonðhk`ds lm nd lvdnud`kðm el rlsuntdeos tlrdpëutk`osº. Urdstormos Dek`tkvos,
9, ;;-440.
Krdurhk, K. Pdmz, F. y Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, D. (9335). «Bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr y slvlrkede el nos proinlfds
dso`kdeos d nd dek``kðm d erohds lm plrsomds qul sonk`ktdm trdtdfklmtoº. Dek``komls,
Dek``komls, 42 (0), 47<-4;2.
KU@-Kmtlrmdtkomdn Ulst @offksskom. Ekrl`tr
Ekrl`trk`ls Kmtlrmd`komdnls pdrd ln uso el nos tlsts. Ekspomkinl lm1
k`ls Kmtlrmd`komdnls
>gttp1//www.dlf``o.orh/ekrl`trk`ls.gtnf=.
Aodo, F., Fdrtæmlz-@dmo, S. y @lrvlrd-Lmhukx, P. (9339). «@ombkrfdtory bd`tor dmdnysks, rlnkdiknkty, dme vdnkekty
ob d Ppdmksg vlrskom ob BD@LP KKKº. Dflrk`dm Aourmdn Uglrdpy, 03, 50;-55;.
Aourmdn ob Bdfkny Uglrdpy,
Aogmsom, E. y Iootg, D. (4;;3). «Yurdn l`omofk` el`nkml dme fdrktdn qudnkty1 D pdmln stuey ob bdrf fdrrkdhlsº.
Bdfkny Ylndtkoms , 0; (9), 4<;-42<.
Aomls, J. Y. (4;7;). \melrstdmekmh bdfkny deaustflmt to d flfilr‛s strojl . Yo`glstlr, Mdzdrltg @onnlhl ob
Yo`glstlr.
Aòrljoi, J. H. y Pòriof, E. (4;8;). Devdm`ls km Bd`tor Dmdnysks dme Ptru`turdn F oelns. @dfirkehl,
Ptru`turdn L qudtkom Foelns
Dit Dsso`kdtls.
Jlrkh, S. J. (4;;7). «Foelrdtors dme flekdtors ob tgl lbbl`ts ob kmtlrpdrlmtdn `ombnk`t ob `gknerlm‛s deaustflmtº.
Aourmdn Ssy`gonohy,, 92, 4;;-949.
Aourmdn ob dimorfdn @gkne Ssy`gonohy
Jlrnkmhlr, B. M. (4;78). Kmvlstkhd`kðm eln @ofportdfklmto. fltoeonohæd. Fëxk`o, Kmtlrdflrk`dmd.
@ofportdfklmto. Uë`mk`ds y fltoeonohæd
Jkl`ont-Hndslr, A. J., Bksglr, N. E., Ohro`jk, S., Ptout, A. @. lt dn. (4;78). «Fdrktdn qudnkty, fdrktdn eksruptkom dme
kffuml bum`tkomº. Ssy`gosofdtk`
Ssy`gosofdtk` Flek`kml 5;, 40-05.
Jktsom, H. @. (4;79). «Dttd`gflmt to tgl spousl km ekvor`l1 D s`dnl dme kts dppnk`dtkomº. Aourmdn ob Fdrrkdhl
dme tgl Bdfkny, 55 , 08;-0;0.
Jktsom, H. @. y Gonfls, X. F. (4;;9). Sortrdkt ob ekvor`l1 irldjeowm. Mulvo [orj,
ekvor`l1 Deaustflmt to fdrktdn irldjeowm
Huknbore Srlss.
Jrdflr, F. P. y Blkmstlkm, D. Y. (4;74). «@nkmk`dn ikostdtkstk`s1 NKR. Ugl ikostdtkstk`s ob `om`oredm`lº. @nkmk`dn
Uglrdpy,, 9;, 444-490.
Sgdrfd`onohy Uglrdpy
Ndvll, [., F`@uiikm, G. K. y Onsom, E. G. (4;78). «Ugl lbbl`t ob strlssbun nkbl lvlmts dme trdmsktkoms om bdfkny
bum`tkomk
bum` tkomkmh
mh dme w lnn-ilkmhº.
lnn-ilkmhº. Aourmdn ob Fdrrkdhl dme tgl Bdfkny,
Bdfkny, 5;, 7<8-780.
Nloml, @. P. (9330). «Plnb-Fomktorkmh, Fdrktdn Ekssdtksbd`tkom, dme Ylndtkomsgkp Ekssonutkom1 Kmekvkeudn
Ekbblrlm`ls km Orklmtdtkoms to Fdrrkdhl dme Ekvor`lº. Plnb & Kelmtkty, von. 9 (0), 47;-939.
Nloml, @. y Gdnn, K. (9330). «Plnb-Fomktorkmh, Fdrktdn Ekssdtksbd`tkom, Dme Ylndtkomsgkp Ekssonutkom1 Kmekvkeudn
Ekbblrlm`ls Km Orklmtdtkoms Uo Fdrrkdhl Dme Ekvor`lº. Plnb & Kelmtkty, 9, 47;-930.
Nutzjl, A. Y. (4;;2). «Funtkpnl flekdtkom ob tgl lbbl`ts ob kmtlrpdrlmtdn `ombnk`t om `gknerlm‛s post-ekvor`l
syfptofdtonohyº. Eksslrtdtkom
Eksslrtdtkom Distrd`ts P`klm`ls dme Lmhkmllrkmh , <2 (49-
Distrd`ts Kmtlrmdtkomdn1 Pl`tkom I1 Ugl P`klm`ls

458
 I), 8322.
Fdn`of, J. E. (4;;<). «Plnb-lstllf, kmtlrmdn no`us ob `omtron1 Ylndtkomsgkp to fdrktdn sdtksbd`tkomº. Eksslrtdtkom
Eksslrtdtkom
Distrd`ts
Distrd`ts Kmtlrmdtkomdn1 Pl`tkom I1 Ugl P`klm`ls (<-I) , 9;55.
P`klm`ls dme Lmhkmllrkmh, <2 (<-I),
Fdnjus, I. F. (4;;5). «Bdfkny eymdfk` dme stru`turdn `orrlndtls ob deonls`lmt suistdm`l diusl1 D `ofpdrksom
ob bdfknkls ob mom- suistdm`l diuslrs dme suistdm`l diuslrsº. Aourmdn ob @gkne dme D eonls`lmt
eonls`lmt Puistdm`l
Diusl, 0, 0;-<9.
Fdrtæmlz, D. y Hdnkmelz, L. (9335). Elsdrr
Elsdrronno el umd vlrskðm lspdôond eln BD@LP. Fdmus`rkto kmëekto. Iknido,
\mkvlrskede el Elusto.
Fdrtæmlz-Drkds, Y. (4;;<). Ssk`ofltræd1
Ssk`ofltræd1 Uloræd Ssk`onðhk`os y Leu`dtkvos . Fderke, Pæmtlsks.
Uloræd el nos Ulsts Ssk`onðhk`os
Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, D. (4;;0). Gd`kd um foelno kmtlhrdeo pdrd ln lstueko el nd rlnd`kðm lmtrl lmtrl nos proinlfds
proinlfds
fdtrkfomkdnls y nd dedptd`kðm el nos gkaos . Ulsks eo`tordn. Iknido, \mkvlrskede el Elusto.
― (9334). «Bdfknkd
«Bdfknkd y `omsufo
`oms ufo el erohds elsel ln foelno @kr`ufpnlao el lvdnud`kðm
lvdnud`kðm bdfknkd
bdfknkdrº.
rº. Lm K.
K . Rklnvd,
klnvd, N.
Sdmtoad y A. D. Dilkaðm (les.)1 Ln b um`komdfklmto
um`komdfklmto el nd b dfknkd `om gkaos (`omsufkeorls
(`omsufkeorls y mo
`omsufkeorls) el `ofportdfklmtos mo proinlfätk`os, <4-;2 . Iknido, \mkvlrskede el Elusto.
Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, D., Krdurhk, K., Pdmz, F., Hdnkmelz, L. y Fuôoz (933<). Ls`dnd el `ombnk`to Kmtlrpdrlmtdn
Kmtlrpdrlmtdn
elsel nd plrspl`tkvd el nos gkaos (@SK@)1 Dedptd`kðm dn lspdôon y lstueko el vdnked`kðm . Fdmus`rkto mo
puink`deo,
puink`deo, Srlslmtdeo
Srls lmtdeo lm ln KW @omhrlso Luroplo el Ssk`onohæd
Ss k`onohæd (Aunko,
(Aunko, 933<, Hrdmded).
Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, D., Krdurhk, K., Hdnkmelz, L. y Pdmz, F. (9332). «Bdfkny Dedptdiknkty dme @oglskðm
Lvdnudtkom P`dnl (BD@LP)1 Elsdrronno el umd vlrskðm el 93 ætlfs lm lspdôonº. Kmtlrmdtkomdn Aourmdn o
@nkmk`dn dme Gldntg Ssy`gonohy/Ylvkstd Kmtlrmd`komdn el Ssk`onohæd @næmk`d y el nd Pdnue, 2 (9), 048-
007.
Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, D., Pdmz, F., Krdruhk, K., @oshdyd, N., Montl, F., Dnbomso, K., Ilmkto, D. y Ilrmdn, J. (9335).
Kfpd`to el nd rupturd
rupturd fdtrkfomkdn lm ln iklmlstdr
iklmlstdr b æsk`o y psk`onðhk`o
psk`onðhk`o el nos gkaos. Srkflr kmborfl1
del`ud`kðm el kmstruflmtos. Fdmus`rkto mo puink`deo. Ikido, \mkvlrskede el Elusto.
Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, D., Pdmz, F., Krdurhk, K. lt dn. (9335). Kfpd`to el nd rupturd fdtrkfomkdn lm ln iklmlstdr
iklmlstdr
bæsk`o
b æsk`o y psk`onðhk`o
psk`onðhk`o el nos gkaos. Lstueko nomhktuekmdn lm b dfknkds fomopdrlmtdnls
fomopdrlmtdnls d `drho
`drho el nd fderl.
fderl.
Srkflr kmborfl, del`ud`kðm kmstruflmtos y edtos eln lstueko pknoto. Fdmus`rkto mo puink`deo.
del`ud`kðm el nos kmstruflmtos
Iknido, \mkvlrskede el Elusto-Lfdjumel.
Fdsgltlr, @. (4;;8). «Gldntgy dme umgldntgy brklmesgkp dme gostknkty iltwllm lx-spouslsº. Aourmdn
Aourmdn ob Fdrrkdhl
dme tgl Bdfkny <; , 520-58<.
Fdsslndf, R. P.,
P. , Fdr`us,
Fdr` us, Y. B. y Ptumjdre, @. N. (4;;3). «Sdrlmt
«S drlmt deonls`
deonls`lmt
lmt `offumk
`off umk`dtkom,
`dtkom, bdfkny bum`tkomkmh
bum`tkomkmh
dme s`goon plrborfdm`lº. Deonls`lm`l,
Deonls`lm`l, 9< , 89<-808.
Fdttglws, N. P., Xk`jrdfd, J. D. P. y @omhlr, Y. E. (4;;2). «Srlek`tkmh fdrktdn kmstdiknkty brof spousl dme
oislrvlr rlports ob fdrktdn kmtlrdtkomº. Aourmdn ob Fdrrkdhl dme tgl Bdfkny,
Bdfkny, <7, 254-2<<.
Fdzur, L. Xon`gkj, P. D. y Pdmenlr, K. M. (4;;9). «Mlhdtkvl `ohmktkvl lrrors dme posktkvl knnuskoms bor mlhdtkvl
ekvor`l lvlmts1 prlek`tors ob `gknerlmµs psy`gonohk`dn deaustflmtº. Aourmdn
Aourmdn ob Dimorfdn @gkne
Ssy`gonohy, 93, <90-<59.
Ssy`gonohy
Fdzur, L., Xon`gkj, P. D., Rkrekm, N., Pdmenlr, K. M. y Xlst, P. H. (4;;;). «@ohmktkvl foelrdtors ob `gknerlm‛s
deaustflmt to strlssbun ekvor`l lvlmts1 tgl ronl ob mlhdtkvl lrrors dme posktkvl knnuskomsº. @gkne
Elvlnopflmt, 83, 904-95<.
F`@uiikm, G. K., Mllenl, Y. G. y Xknsom, F. (4;7<). «Deonls`lmt gldntg rksj ilgdvkours1 Bdfkny strlss dme
deonls`lmt `opkmh ds `rktk`dn bd`tors. Ppl`kdn kssul1 Ugl bdfkny dme gldntg `drlº. Bdfkny Ylndtkoms, 05, <4-
29.
F`@uiikm, G. K., Sdttlrsom, A. F. y Xknsom, N. (4;74). Bdfkny Kmvlmtory ob Nkb l Lvlmts dme @gdmhls (BK NL),
b orf D. Pt. Sdun, FM, \mkvlrskty ob Fkmmlsotd.
borf

457
F`@unnouhg, H. @. y Gulimlr, L. P. (9330). «Nkbl sdtksbd`tkom rlports ob deonls`lmts wktg nldrmkmh eksdiknktkls dme
morfdnny
morfdnny d` gklvkmh
gklvkmh deonls`
deonls`lmtsº.
lmtsº. Aourmdn
Aourmdn ob Ssy`goleu`dtkomdn
Ssy`goleu`dtkomdn Dsslssfl mt, 94, 044-095.
Dsslssflmt,
F`@unnouhg, H., Gulimlr, L. P. y Nduhgnkm, A. L. (9333). Nkvl lvlmts, slnb-`om`lpt, dme deonls`lmts‛ posktkvl
suial`tkvl wlnn-ilkmh.
wlnn-ilkmh. Ssy`gonohy
Ssy`gonohy km tgl P`goons, 08, 974-9;3.
F`Eowlnn, K. y Mlwlnn, @. (4;78). Fldsurkmh
Fldsurkmh gldntg1 D hukel to rdtkmh s`dnls
s`dnls dme qulstkommdkr ls. Oxbore
qulstkommdkrls
\mkvlrskty Srlss, Oxbore.
Flsjl, @., Pdmelrs, H. B., Flrlektg, X. G y Diiott, E. D. (4;;5). «Slr`lptkoms ob rktudns dme trdektkoms dfomh
lnelrny plrsomsº. D`tkvktkls, dedptdtkom dme dhkmh, 47, 40-92.
Flzzk`g, A. L. (4;72). @nkmk`dn `drl dme kmborfdtkom systlfs km psy`gkdtry . Xdsgkmhtom, Dflrk`dm Ssy`gkdtrk`
Srlss.
Fonnlrstrof, Xknndre X. y Sdt`gmlr, Fk`gdln D. (4;;9). «Bdfkny Bum`tkomkmh Dme @gkne Diusl Sotlmtkdnº.
Aourmdn Ssy`gonohy, 57, 55<-5<<.
Aourmdn ob @nkmk`dn Ssy`gonohy
Foos, Y. G. (4;85). Bdfkny lmvkromflmt
lmvkromflmt s`dnl. Sdno Dnto, @omsuntkmh Ssy`gonohksts.
Fordnls, S., \rosd, I. y Indm`o, D. (9330). @omstru``kðm el ls`dnds el d`tktuels tkpo nkjlrt . @udelrmos el
lstdeæstk`d
lstdeæs tk`d m± 92. Fderke,
Fderke, Nd Furdnnd-G
Furdnnd-Glspërkels.
lspërkels.
Forlmo-Yosslt, @. (le.) (9330). Lvdnud`kðm
Lv dnud`kðm Ssk`onðhk`d.
Ssk`onðhk`d. @om`lpto,
@om`lpto, pro`ls
pro`lso
o y dpnk`d`kðm lm nds ärlds
ärlds eln
elsdrronno y el nd kmtlnkhlm`kd . Fderke, Pdmz y Uorrls.
Fuôkz, A. (4;;5). Urdeu``kðm/dedptd`kðm el tlsts leu`dtkvos y psk`onðhk`os. Sdplnls eln Ssk`ðnoho, <; .
― (4;;2). Ssk`ofltræd
Ssk`ofltræd. Fderke, \mkvlrsktds.
― (4;;7). Uloræd `näsk`d el nos tlsts. Fderke,
Fderke, Skräfkel.
Skräfkel.
Fuôkz, A. y Gdfinltom Y. J. (4;;2). «Ekrl`trk`ls pdrd nd trdeu``kðm y dedptd`kðm el nos tlstsº. Sdplnls eln
Ssk`ðnoho, 22 .
Fuôoz-Lhukn
Fuôoz-Lhuknltd,
ltd, D. (9330). Nd dutolstkfd y ln dplho gd`kd ln lx‐lsposo/d
lx‐lsposo/d trds nd slpdrd`kðm
slpdrd`kðm fdtrkfomkdn1 ln ron
el nds `rllm`kds krrd`komdnls y otrds vdrkdinls flekdeords . Ulsks eo`tordn. Iknido, \mkvlrskede el Elusto.
― (933<). «Ylsuntdeos kmk`kdnl
kmk`kdnlss lm ln elsdrronno el umd ls`dnd
ls` dnd el `rllm`kds
`r llm`kds krrd`komdnls
krrd`komdnls soirl nd slpdrd`kðm
slpdrd` kðm
fdtrkfomkdnº. Dpumtls el Ssk`onohæd, 90 (0), 908-952
Fuôoz-Lhuknltd, D. l Krdurhk, K. (933<). «Dedptd`kðm lspdôond el eos ls`dnds el dplho gd`kd ln/nd lx‐lsposo/dº.
Ylvkstd el S sk`onohæd Hlmlrdn (5) , 57<-5;5.
Hlmlrdn y Dpnk`ded, <7 (5),
Mdvds, F. A.
A . (9339). Fëtoeos, ekslôos y të`mk`ds psk`onðhk`d . Fderke, \MLE.
të`mk`ds el kmvlstkhd`kðm psk`onðhk`d
Mlwfdm, B. N. y @drplmtlr,
@drplmtlr, E. (4;;8). «Hukelnk
«Hukelnkmls
mls bor slnl`tkmh psy`gon
psy` gonohk`dn
ohk`dn kmstruflmts bor trldtflmt
out`ofls dsslssflmtº. Lm @ndrjkm, N. A., Ykid, F. I. y Onegdf, A. F. (les.)1 Ssy`gonohk`dn
Ssy`gonohk`dn dme
ikonohk`dn dsslssflmt dt tgl turm ob tgl `lmtury . Xdsgkmhtom E@, Dflrk`dm Ssy`gkdtrk` Srlss.
Mummdnny
Mummdnny,, A. @. y Ilrmstlkm, K.
K . A. (4;;<). Uloræd psk`ofëtrk`d. 0ª lek`kðm. Fëxk`o, F`Hrdw Gknn.
Onsom, E. G. (4;77). «@dpturkmh bdfkny `gdmhl1 Funty-systlf nlvln dsslssflmtº. Lm N. @. Xymml (le.)1 Ugl
stdtl ob tgl drt km b dfkny tglrdpy rlsldrlsldr`g1
`g1 @omtrovlrskls l`offlmedtkoms. Mulvd [orj, Bdfkny
@omtrovlrskls dme rl`offlmedtkoms
Sro`lss Srlss.
― (4;;9). «Bdfkny
«Bdfkny Ptrlss
Ptr lss P`dnl
P` dnlº.
º. Lm Bdfkny Kmv lmtorkls
lmtorkls. Pt. Sdun, FM, \mkvlrskty ob Fkmmlsotd.
― (4;;8). «Bdfkny
«Bdfkny Ptrlss
Ptrls s dme `opkmh1 D funtksys
funtksystlf
tlf plrspl`tkvlº.
plrspl` tkvlº. Lm P.
P . Erlfdm. Ugl bdfkny om tgl tgrlsgone
ob tgl 94 `lmtury . Fdgwdg,
Fdgwdg, M.A., Ndwrlm`l
Ndwrlm`l Lrniduf
Lrniduf Dsso`
Dsso`kkdtls.
Onsom, E. G. y Xknsom, F. (4;79). «Bdfkny Pdtksbd`tkomº. Lm E. G. Onsom, G. K. F`@uiikm, G. Idrmls, D. Ndrslm,
F. Fuxlm y F. Xknsom (les.)1 Bdfkny kmvlmtorkl
kmv lmtorkls1
s1 Kmv lmtorkls
lmtorkls usle km d mdtkomdn survly ob b dfknkls d`ross
d`ross
tgl bdfkny nkbl `y`nl , 50-5;. Pt. Sdun, FM, \mkvlrskty ob Fkmmlsotd.
Onsom, E. G., Ndrslm, D. y F`@uiikm, G. K. (4;79). «Bdfkny Ptrlmhtgsº. Lm E. G. Onsom, G. K. F`@uiikm, G.
Idrmls, D. Ndrslm, F. Fuxlm y F. Xknsom (les.)1 Bdfkny kmvlmtorkls1 Kmvlmtorkls usle km d mdtkomdn

45;
 survly ob b dfknkls d`ross `y`nl, 87-;9 . Pt. Sdun, FM, \mkvlrskty ob Fkmmlsotd.
d`ross tgl bdfkny nkb l `y`nl,
Onsom, E. G., F`@uiikm, G. K., Idrmls, G., Ndrslm, D., Fuxlm, F. y Xknsom, F. (4;79). Bdfkny kmvlmtorkls1
d`ross tgl b dfkny nkb l `y`nl . Pt. Sdun, FM, \mkvlrskty ob
Kmvlmtorkls usle km d mdtkomdn survly ob b dfknkls d`ross
Fkmmlsotd.
Onsom, E. G., Sortmlr, A. y Ilnn, Y. T. (4;79). BD@LP K K. Pt. Sdun, FM, \mkvlrskty ob Fkmmlsotd.
BD@LP KK
Onsom,
Onsom, E. G., Sortmlr,
S ortmlr, A. y Ndvll, [. ((4;7<).
4;7<). BD@LP K KK . Pt. Sdun, FM, \mkvlrskty ob Fkmmlsotd.
BD@LP KKK
Onsom, E. G., Ptlwdrt, J. N. y Xknsom, N. Y. (4;;3). Gldntg dme strlss probknl (GPS), rlvksle. Fkmmldponks,
strlss probknl
Srobknl ob Gldntg Pystlfs.
Sdel, G. (9335). «D nomh-tlrf bonnow-up stuey ob d pdrlmt-`gkne kmtlrd`tkom dme tlfplrdflmt idsle prohrdf bor
prls`goonl
prls` goonlrs
rs wktg ilgdvkor
ilgdvkor proinlfs (@dnkbormk
(@dnkbormkd)º.
d)º. Eksslrtdtkom
Eksslrtdtkom Distrd`ts
Distrd`ts Kmtlrmdtkomdn1 Pl`tkom I1 Ugl
P`klm`ls dme Lmhkmllrkmh, 2< (<-I), 9255.
Sdrj, M. (9333). Nkb l sdtksbd`tkom dfomh `gknerlm
`gknerlm dme deonls`lmts1
deonls`lmts1 `ross`
`ross`unturdn `ofpdrksoms.
unturdn dme elvlnopflmtdn `ofpdrksoms
Eo`tordn eksslrtdtkom. \mkvlrskty ob Poutg @dronkmd, @onufikd.
Sdrjls, @. F. (4;89). Ilrldvlflmt1
Ilrldvlflmt1 Ptuekls ob hrklb km deunt nkb l. Mulvd [orj,
[orj, Kmtlrm
K mtlrmdtkomdn
dtkomdn \mkvlrs
\mkvlrsktkls
ktkls Srlss .
Sdtrk`j, E. N., Pkttdfpdndf y Poflrvknnl, P. F., @drtlr, X. I. y Ilrhmlr, F. (4;7<). «D `ross-`unturdn
`ofpdrksom ob gldntg stdtus vdnulsº. Df. A. Suink`.
S uink`. Gldntg, 8<, 4539-4538.
Sltlrsom, A. P. (9339). «D nomhktuekmdn stuey ob post gkhg s`goon elvlnopflmt km hkbtle kmekvkeudns dt rksj bor poor
leu`dtkomdn out`oflsº. Aourmdn Pl`umedry Hkbtle L eu`dtkom, 45 , 2-47.
Aourmdn ob Pl`umedry
Sknndy, D. N. y Xdsslmddr, E. Y. (4;;8). «Bdfkny eymdfk`s, goplnlssmlss dme psy`gkdtrk` eksturidm`l km
pdrdsuk`kedn deonls`lmts
deonls`lmtsº.
º. Dustrdnkdm dme Mlw Qldndme Aourmdn Ssy`gkdtry, 04, 998-904.
Aourmdn ob Ssy`gkdtry
Skmdr, \. y BĴ_Ĵno_nu, G. (9339). «Ugl rlndtkomsgkp iltwllm Uurjksg `gknerlm‛s plr`lptkoms ob fdrktdn `ombnk`t dme
tglkr kmtlrmdnkzkmh dme lxtlrmdnkzkmh proinlfsº. Kmtlrmdtkomdn Aourmdn ob Ssy`gonohy, 08, 02;-087.
Srdtglr, X. X. (4;;7). «Bdfkny strlss dme nldrmle glnpnlssmlss1 Yksj bd`tors kmbnulm`kmh fdrktdn sdtksbd`tkomº.
Eksslrtdtkom
Eksslrtdtkom Distrd`ts P`klm`ls, <7 (8-D ), 9727.
Distrd`ts Kmtlrmdtkomdn Pl`tkom D1 Gufdmktkls dme Po`kdn P`klm`ls,
Srklto, N., Ndfdr`d, Y. y @dsdeo, D. (4;;7). «Nd lvdnud`kðm el nd bkdiknkede lm nds oislrvd`komls `næmk`ds1 ln
`olbk`klmtl el `orrlnd`kðm kmtrd`ndslº. Flek`kmd @næmk`d (Idr`.),
(Idr`.), 443, 459-45<.
Srklto, N., Ndfdr`d, Y., @dsdeo, D. y Dnomso, A. (4;;8). «Ugl lvdnudtkom ob dhrllflmt om `omtkmuous vdrkdinls
iy tgl kmtrd`ndss
kmtrd` ndss ` orrlndtkom
orrlndtkom `olbbk`klmtº.
` olbbk`klmtº. Aourmdn ob Lpkelfkonohy dme @ofumkty Gldntg, <4, <8;-<74.
Ydeovdmovk`, G. (4;;0). «Sdrlmtdn `ombnk`t dme `gknerlm‛s `opkmh stynls km nktkhdtkmh slpdrdtle bdfknkls1
rlndtkomsgkps wktg `gknerlm‛s deaustflmtº. Aourmdn Ssy`gonohy,, 94 (2), 2;8-840.
Aourmdn ob dimorfdn @gkne Ssy`gonohy
Ydvlrt, D. D. y Fdrtkm, A. (4;;8). «Bdfkny strlss, plr`lptkom ob prlhmdm`y, dme dhl ob bkrst flmdr`gl dfomh
prlhmdmt deonls`lmtsº.
deonls`lmts º. Deonls`lm`l
Deonls`lm`l, 09 (492), 924-983.
Yoslmilrh, F. (4;2<). Po`klty dme deonls`lmt slnb -kfdhl . Srkm`ltom, MA, Srkm`ltom \mkvlrskty Srlss.
deonls`lmt slnb-kfdhl
Yosk`g,
Yosk`g, F. (4;;;). Ln ilmlstdr
ilmlstdr psk`onùhk` elns moks k moks deonls`lmts
deonls`lmts lmtrl
lmtrl 49 k 45 dmys1 \m lstuek elslmvonupdt
d Fdmrlsd (Idhls) . Ulsks Eo`tordn.
Eo` tordn. Idr`lnomd, \mkvlrsktdt
\mkvlrsktdt el Idr`lnomd.
Yultlr, F. D., @omhlr, Y. y Ydfksltty-Fkjnlr, P. (4;;;). «Dsslsskmh Ugl Ilmlbkts Ob D Sdrlmtkmh Pjknns Urdkmkmh
Srohrdf1 D Uglorltk`dn Dpprod`g Uo Srlek`tkmh Ekrl`t Dme Foelrdtkmh Lbbl`tsº. Bdfkny Ylndtkoms 57,
28-87.
Yusslnn, A. A. (4;;<). «Kmtlrplrsomdn pdttlrms dme fdrktdn sdtksbd`tkom km d hroup ob dn`ogonk`, ekdiltk`, dme `omtron
fdrrkdhl pdrtmlrsº. Eksslrtdtkom P`klm`ls dme Lmhkmllrkmh, <<
Eksslrtdtkom Distrd`ts Kmtlrmdtkomdn1 Pl`tkom I1 Ugl P`klm`ls
(49-I), <<;5.
Pd`jltt, E. N., Gdymls, Y. I. y Uuhwlnn, S. (4;7<) @nkmk`dn Lpkelfkonohy1 d idsk` s`klm`l bor `nkmk`dn flek`kml .
Iostom, Nkttnl, Irowm & @o.
Pdnvdeor-@drunnd, N., Yoflro Nðplz-Dnilr`d, @. y Homzänlz Pdkz, B. (9333). «Huæds pdrd nd els`rkp`kðm y nd

4<3
 slnl``kðm el kmstruflmtos el lvdnud`kðm lm pskqukdtrædº. Lm Iunilmd Rknndrdsd, D., Ilrrkos, H. L.,
Blrmämelz-El Ndrrkmod Sdnd`kos, S. (les.)1 Flek`kðm `næmk`d lm Sskqukdtræd y Ssk`onohæd , 4<-04, Idr`lnomd,
Fdssom.
Päm`glz, Y. y Eædz, Y, (4;;2). «Dfor, `lr`dmæd y sdtksbd``kðm lm nd pdrlad flxk`dmdº. Ssk`onohkd
@omtlfpordmld , von. 0 (4), <5-2<.
Pdmenlr, K. M., Ulkm, A. y Xlst, P. H. (4;;5). «@opkmh strlss dme psy`gonohk`dn syfptofs ob `gknerlm ob ekvor`l1
D `ross-
`r oss-sl`
sl`tkomdn
tkomdn dme
dme nomhktuekmd
nomhktuekmdnn stueyº. @gkne Elvlnopflmt, 2<, 4855-4820.
Pdmz, F. (9330). Ln b um`komdfklmto
um`komdfklmto bdfknkdr el nos erohoelplm
erohoelplmeklmtls ndrho el um trdtdfklmto. Ulsks
eklmtls d no ndrho
eo`tordn. Iknido, \mkvlrskede el Elusto.
Pdmz, F., Krdurhk, K. y Fdrtæmlz-Sdfpnklhd, D. (9339). «Lvdnud`kðm eln bum`komdfklmto bdfknkdr lm toxk`ofdmæds1
Dedptd`kðm lspdôond y `drd`tlræstk`ds el del`ud`kðm fëtrk`d eln BDS-BD@LP KRº. Lm K. Krdurhk y B.
Homzänlz-Pdkz
Homzänlz-Pdkz (les.)
( les.)11 Kmstruflmtos
Kmstruflmtos el Lv dnud`kðm lm erohoelplmelm`kds, 530-505. Fderke, Dund Fëek`d.
erohoelplmelm`kds
P`gu`gts, Y. D. y Xktjkm, P. N. (4;7;). «Dsslsskmh Fdrktdn @gdmhl Eurkmh Ugl Urdmsktkom Uo Sdrlmtgooeº.
Po`kdn @dslworj, 83 (9), 28-8<.
Plrovk`g, A. F., Srk`l, P. A., @gdpfdm, P. B. y Xrkhgt, E. X. (4;;9). «Dttd`gflmt iltwllm borflr spousls1
Kfpd`t om `o-pdrlmtdn `offumk`dtkom dme pdrlmtdn kmvonvlflmtº. Aourmdn
Aourmdn ob Ekvor`l Ylfdrrkdhl 48 ,
Ekvor`l dme Ylfdrrkdhl
43;-44;.
Pgllts, R. Pdmen
P dmenlr,
lr, K. y Xlst,
Xlst, P. H. (4;;2).
( 4;;2). «Dpprdksdns
«Dpprdksdns ob mlhdtkvl
mlhdtkvl lvlmts iy prldeon
pr ldeonls`
ls`lmt
lmt `gkn
` gknerlm
erlm ob ekvor`lº.
ekvor` lº.
@gkne Elvlnopflmt, 28, 9422-9479.
Pgkrdnk, J.D. y Igdrewda, J. (4;;5). «Bdfkny `offumk`dtkom dme deaustflmt ob blfdnl deonls`lmts ob worjkmh
fotglrs km tgl gknnsº. Aourmdn Slrsomdnkty dme @nkmk`dn Ptuekls, 43, <;-25.
Aourmdn ob Slrsomdnkty
Pgrout, S. L. (4;;<). «Ylnkdiknktyº. Lm Usudmh, F. U., Uoglm, F., Qdgmlr, H. L. S. (les.)1 Ulxtiooj km Ssy`gkdtrk`
Lpkelfkonohy. Mulvd [orj, Aogm Xknly & Poms.
Pklhln, P. (4;22). Mom-pdrdfltrk`
Mom-pdrdfltrk` stdtkstk`s s`klm`ls. Mulvd [orj, F`Hrdw-Gknn.
stdtkstk`s bor ilgdv kordn s`klm`ls
Pklrrd-Irdvo, Y. (4;;4). Ek``komdrko lstdeæstk`d. Fderke, Sdrdmkmbo.
Ek``komdrko prä`tk`o el lstdeæstk`d
Pfktg, H. Y, Fdmelrs`glke, Y. X., Bnymm, N. F., Ptlkmwd`gs, E. F. (4;;8). «Srkm`kpnls bor dsslssflmt ob
pdtklmt
pdtklmt out` ofls km flmtdn gldntg `drlº. Ssy`gkdtrk`
Ssy`gkdtrk` Plrvk`ls, (7) , 4300-4302.
Plrvk`ls, 57 (7),
Poion, E. D. (9334). «Dm deonls`lmt pdrlmt `ombnk`t rlsonutkom sjknns trdkmkmh prohrdf bor ltgmk`dnny ekvlrsl
bdfknkls1 D prohrdf lvdnudtkom stueyº. Ugl P`klm`ls & Lmhkmllrkmh, 29 (2-I), 9;;<. \P, \mkv Fk`robknfs
Kmtlrmdtkomdn.
Ptlvlms, P. P. (4;<4). «Fdtglfdtk`s, fldsurlflmt dme psy`gopgysk`sº. Lm Ptlvlms, P. P. (le.)1 Gdmeiooj o
Lxplrkflmtdn Ssy`gonohy. Mulvd [orj, Aogm Xknly.
Lxplrkflmtdn
― (4;84). «Kssuls
«Kss uls km psy`gopgys
ps y`gopgysk`dn
k`dn fldsurlflmtº. Ssy`gonohk`dn
Ssy`gonohk`dn Ylvklw, 87, 592-5<3.
Puneo, P. F. y Gulimlr, L. P. (9335). «Ugl ronl ob nkbl sdtksbd`tkom km tgl rlndtkomsgkp iltwllm dutgorktdtkvl
pdrlmtkmh ekflmskoms
ekflmskoms dme deonls`lmt
deonls` lmt proinlf ilgdvkorº. Po`kdn Kmek`dtors Ylsldr`g, 22, 42<-4;<.
Udjdgdsgk, M. P. (4;;7). «Ugl `orrlndtkom dfomh kmtlrpdrlmtdn dme pdrlmt-`gkne rlndtkomsgkps dme `gkne's flmtdn
gldntgº. Adpdmlsl
Adpdmlsl Aourmdn ob Bdfkny Ssy`gonohy, (9) , 43;-490.
Ssy`gonohy, 49 (9),
Udmdjd, A. P. (4;78). «Gow ikh ks ikh lmouhg? Pdfpnl skzl dme hooemlss ob bkt km stru`turdn lqudtkom foelns wktg
ndtlmt vdrkdinlsº. @gkne Elvlnopflmt, <7, 405-452.
Udmzlr, M. J. y Pkf, @. (4;;;). «Dedptkmh kmstruflmts bor usl km funtkpnl ndmhudhls dme `unturls1D rlvklw ob tgl
KU@ (Kmtlrmdtkomdn Ulst @offksskom) hukelnkmls bor tlst dedptdtkomsº. Luropldm
Luropldm Aourmdn ob Ssy`gonohk`dn
Ssy`gonohk`dn
Dsslssflm
Dsslssflmt,t, 4< (0) , 9<7-92;.
Udvlnnd, M. (4;87). Dmänksks el nos ætlfls lm nd `omstru``kðm
`omstru``kðm el kmstruflmtos
kmstruflmtos psk`ofëtrk`os. Fëxk`o, Urknnds.
psk`ofëtrk`os
Ugklfdmm, P., @slrmdmsjy, A. @. y Ilrhlr, S. (4;78). «Ydtkmh s`dnls km rlsldr`g1 Ugl `dsl ob mlhdtkvl syfptofº.

4<4
 Ssy`gkdtry Ylsldr`g, 93, 58-<<.
Ssy`gkdtry Ylsldr`g,
Ugofpsom, @. (4;7;). Ugl kmstruflmts ob psy`gkdtrk` rlsldr`g . @gk`glstlr, Aogm Xknly & Poms.
Ugormekjl, Y. N. (4;7;). Ssk`ofltræd
Ssk`ofltræd dpnk`ded. Fëxk`o, Nkfusd.
Ugormtom, A. (4;77). «Ugl gospk`l wkeow dme hrklb rlsonutkom1 Slr`lkvle fdrktdn sdtksbd`tkom dme so`kdn support
ds bd`tors kmbnulm`kmh ilrldvlflmtº. Eksslrtdtkom
Eksslrtdtkom Distrd`ts
Distrd`ts Kmtlrmdtkomdn Pl`tkom D1 Gufdmktkls dme
Po`kdn P`klm`ls, <; (5-D), 4008.
Urkvlttl, @. F., Eumst, @. A., Eldn, D. H., Gdflr, D. X. y Sropst, P. (4;;3). «Dsslsskmh bdfkny strlmhtgs dme
bdfkny
bdfkny bum`tkomkmh
b um`tkomkmh stynlº. Uopk`s
Uopk`s km L drny @gknegooe Ppl`kdn Leu`dtkom, 43, 42-0<.
Uunno`g, D. N., Inkzzdre, N. y Skmjus, Q. (4;;8). «Deonls`lmt-pdrlmt `offumk`dtkom km slnb-gdrfº. Aourmdn
Aourmdn o
Deonls`lmt Gldntg, 94, 928-98<.
Deonls`lmt
Rklnvd, K., Sdmtoad, N. y Dilkaðm, A. D. (9334). Ln b um`komdfklmto
um`komdfklmto el nd b dfknkd `om gkaos (`omsufkeorls
(`omsufkeorls y mo
`omsufkeorls) el `ofportdfklmtos mo proinlfätk`os . Iknido, \mkvlrskede el Elusto.
Xdhhlmlr, M. F. y Hdndssk, A. S. (4;;0). «Ugl rlndtkom ob brlqulm`y, sdtksbd`tkom dme typl ob so`kdnny supportkvl
ilgdvkors
ilgdvkors to psy`gonohk
ps y`gonohk`dn
`dn deaustflmt km fdrktdn slpdrdtkomº.
slpdrdtkomº. Aourmdn ob Ekvor`l
Ekvor`l dme Ylfdr rkdhl 94, 40;-
Y lfdrrkdhl
4<;.
Xdntlrs-@gdfpfdm, P. B., Srk`l, P. A. y Plrovk`g, A. F. (4;;<). «Ugl lbbl`ts ob huknt om ekvor`l deaustflmtº.
Aourmdn Ekvor`l dme Ylfdrrkdhl 99, 420-488.
Aourmdn ob Ekvor`l
Xlilr, A. N. y O‛Irklm, F. (4;;;). «Ndtkmo `gknerlm‛s rlspomsls to skfundtle kmtlrpdrlmtdn `ombnk`tº. @ohmktkvl
Uglrdpy dme Ylsldr`g, 90, 958-983.
Xlkhln, E. A. y Xlkhln, Y. Y. (4;;0). «Kmtlrhlmlrdtkomdn bdfkny `offumk`dtkom1 Hlmlrdtkomdn ekbblrlm`ls km rurdn
bdfknklsº. Aourmdn ob Po`kdn dme Slrsomdn Ylndtkomsgkps, 43, 528-580.
Xlkss, Y. P. (4;8<). Fdrktdn slpdrdtkom
slpdrdtkom. Mulvd [orj, Idsk` Ioojs.
Xlkss, P. A., Holiln, S., Sdhl, D., Xknsom, S. y Xdred, F. (4;;;). «Ugl kfpd`t ob `unturdn dme bdfknkdn `omtlxt om
ilgdvkourdn
ilgdvkourdn dme lfotkomdn
lfotkomdn proinlfs ob prls`goon
prls` goon Ndtkmo
Ndtkmo `gknerlmº. @gkne Ssy`gkdtry dme Gufdm
Elvlnopflmt, 9;, 978-034.
Xgktl, B. D. (4;;2). «Sdrlmt-deonls`lmt `offumk`dtkom dme deonls`lmt el`kskom-fdjkmhº. AourmdnAourmdn ob Bdfkny
Ptuekls, 9, 54-<2.
Xknnkdfs, U. E. (4;;;). «Deonls`lmt suistdm`l usl1 Ugl rlndtkomsgkp ob dn`ogon dme eruh usl wktg pdrlmtdn dme
deonls`lmt plr`lptkoms ob tgl bdfkny lmvkromflmtº. Ugl P`klm`ls & Lmhkmllrkmh, <; (;-I), <44;. \P,
\mkv Fk`robknfs Kmtlrmdtkomdn.
Xrkhgt, E. X. y Srk`l, P. A. (4;72). «@ourt-orelrle `gkne support pdyflmt1 Ugl lbbl`t ob tgl borflr spousl
rlndtkomsgkp
rlndtkomsgkp om `ofpnklm`lº. Aourmdn ob Fdrrkdhl dme tgl Bdfkny,
Bdfkny, 57, 72;-785.

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