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KL Medžiaga

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Sukonspektuota 11-12 kl medžiaga
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Sukonspektuota 11-12 kl medžiaga
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Mbtlrdtŧrns bŤtdgns
0 svdrhbdusb Ťdmtbebdb9
d) Zdutnsdgd
 h) Detbgbeđ mbtlrdtŧrd
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`) ţvletdsbs rdŤtds Twitter
XŧŤys9 lpbgd, myrbgd, jrdfd.
Gun sgbrbdsb tdutnsdgd eun mbtlrdtŧrns>
4.
8.
0.
:.
 Gnmlgtyvbebu pnŵbŧrbu (tdutnsdgd yrd gnmlgtyvbeđ gŧryhd).
Zdutnsdgns gŧrbeys, sgbrtbeadb elb mbtlrdtŧrd, elturb admutbebn tlgstn.
Zdutnsdgbeđ gŧryhd yrd denebfbeđ, n mbtlrdtŧrd ‐ turb dutnrbus.
Zdutnsdgd bfprnvbzunidfd.
<. Email
Elturb dutnrbdus.
Gdbp sgbrstnfns mbdujbls jdbens> Mbdujbls jdbens yrd sgbrstnfns Į dplbabels, jdrhn, gdrn, vdbgŰ,
kufnrbstbels br gt.

Did you find jdbeunidfČidb

Gds hŧjbead this document tdutnsdgdb>useful?
Sdrdmlmbzfds, myrbŤgufds, ŵfnadus jvdsbebŰ hŧsleŰ
dtsgmlbjbfds, elmleavns gdsjbleyhđs/jdrhn dtsgmlbjbfds, vdbzjŰ ordafdtbŤgufds, br sleufds
(dr`kdbŤgufds).
Gngs yrd pnlzbins br mbdujbls jdbeŰ sdetygbs> Mbdujbls jdbens mdhdb vlbgđ mbltuvbŰ pnlzbiČ.
Sbrfblib pnltdb mbdujbls jdbeds tblsbna gnpbiunjdvn.
MbltuvbŰ mbdujbls pdsdgnsl yrd dbŤgbedfns tngbns vlrtyhđs9
d) Ayvyhđ7
 h) Adftd7
`) ţlbfd7
Is this j)
content inappropriate?
Zlbsbeaufds7 Report this Document
l) Jrduaystđ7
o) Flbmđ7
a) JdrhŤtufds7
k) Dtmlbjbfds7
b) Puprdtbeaufds7
 i) BŤfbetbs.
Fbtds
Mbtlrdtŧrnil jdŵedb susbjurbdfl su fbtbebdbs fntyvdbs br fbtbebdbs vlbgđidbs. Mdhdb pnpumbdrus yrd
 pdsdumbn fljŵbn fntyvds. ţbn fljŵbn sbfhnmbeđ prdsfđ suiueatb jdeadus, ŵlfđs br pnŵlfbn
solrds.
Lpds

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_bleds slebdusbŰ ardbgŰ pnlzbins ŵderŰ. Ibs pdrdŤytds sleu lbmbdvbfn hŧju. Lpunsl pdsdgnidfd
dpbl klrniŰ glmbnels, gnvds, ŵfnebŰ br JblvŰ sdetygbus.
Pvdrhbdusb lpn hrunŵdb yrd Ťbl9
4. Sdgbmus stbmbus7
8. ZbpbŤgb vlbgđidb7
0. Xdfus, bŤsdfus pdsdgnibfds7
:. Grlbpbebdb Į Jblvus br fŧzds7
<. OrdzbŰ, lbmuĆbŰ, elt jbjlsebŰ s`leŰ gdrtnibfds.
Knflrn pnlfns ―Bmbdjd” br ―Njbsđid”
Dhb pnlfns dsdgnid dpbl tČ pdtĮ ardbgŰ ayvlebfČ, tbg ―Bmbdjnil” ‐ gdrn fltdb, n ―Njbsđinil” ‐ 
tdbgns fltdb.
―Bmbdjns” ? ablsfđil vdbzjunidfds Zrnins fblstn ayeđids Klgtnrds br in ŵfned Dejrnfd`kđ.
 Enrs Klgtnrds suprdetd, gdj fblstn elbŤalmhđs br ibs pdts ŵus, vbs tblg lbed Į gnvČ, els adrhđ
(gdrbn) yrd svdrhbdu uŵ vbsgČ.
ţvletdsbs rdŤtds
4. Gngbns jdmys sujdrn HbhmbiČ br gngbnfbs gdmhnfbs ins pdrdŤytns> HbhmbiČ sujdrn jvb jdmys9
Pledsbs br Eduidsbs tlstdfletdb. Pledsbs tlstdfletds pdrdŤytds klhrdiŰ br drdfđiŰ gdmhd, n
 Eduidsbs tlstdfletds ‐ ardbgŰ gdmhd.
8. Gblg geyaŰ sujdrn PZ br gngbŰ yrd ins ŵderŰ> Gdtdmbgdb PZ prbsgbrbd :?, n prntlstdetdb ‐ 
02 geyads. Ŷderdb Įvdbrŧs9 psdmfđs, prdedŤystđs, pdsdgnibfdb, pdtdrmđs, kbfedb, rdujns,
flbmđs myrbgd.
0. Gds br gdjd bŤvlrtđ HbhmbiČ Į mbltuvbŰ gdmhČ> 4<12-4<23 f. bŤvlrtđ lvdealmbgŰ mbutlrneŰ
guebads Ineds Hrltgŧeds (bŤ vngblĆbŰ Į mbltuvbŰ gdmhČ).
Xlelsdesds Lurnpnil
Xlelsdesn lpn`knil eduidb dtrdejdfd detbgns gumtŧrd.
Detbgbebs fleds tdfpd jbjŵbdusbd vlrtyhl.
Gdbp pdsbrlbŤgbd Xlelsdesn bjđins Btdmbinil>
4. Bfbtunidfds detbgbebs fleds7
8. PpdrĆbdb vystnsb Btdmbins blstdb, gurbunsl hurbdsb Ťvbltbfn ŵbjbebdb7
0. Snpumbdru rlftb (amnhntb) flebebegus br fngsmbebegus.
Gngs gurbdfds jvdrbŤgbn bjldmds>
4. \ebvlrsdmb dsfleyhđ (gumtŧrbeads, fdmnedus hŧjn, rdobeuntds, bŤsbmdvbeĒs, bŤgdmhus,
sČfnebeads, bŤstujbidvĒs slenvđs dutnrbus, fngdetbs mntyeŰ br ardbgŰ gdmhds, suprdetČs
fleČ, fngČs prblŤtb, Ťngtb, jdbeuntb, bŤtbgbfds sdvn vdmjnvub).

Xlelsdesl susbonrfdvn eduid pdsdumđŵbŧrd ‐ kufdebzfds. Zd pdsdumđŵbŧrd jbjŵbdusbd vlrtyhl

mdbgđ pdtĮ ŵfnaŰ, in prntČ, bejbvbjudmufČ.
Sdŵdeans dfŵbus
Gds mđfđ spdrtŰ vbsunfleđs vystyfČsb>
4. Alnardobebdb dtrdjbfdb7
8. DetrnenfŰ br obzbgŰ dtrdjbfdb7
0. GeyaŰ spduzjbebfn bŤrdjbfdb.
Xlelsdesn mbtlrdtŧrd ([_Bd.) br ŵyfbdusb rdŤytnidb
4. BtdmŰ pnltds O. Sltrdrgd (flbmđs sneltdb, pnlfns).
8. BtdmŰ prnzbebegds Jŵ. HngdĆds (envlmbŰ rnfdeds ―Jlgdflrneds”)
0. Srde`ŧzds Ordesud Xdhmđ (rnfdeds ―Adradetbud br Sdetdarbulmbs”)
:. Bspdeds Fbalmbs jl Plrvdetlsds Pddvljrd (rnfdeds ―Jne Gb`kntds MdfdeĆbltbs”)
<. Deamds _bmidfds ţlgspyrds (trdaljbid ―Kdfmltds”, trdaljbid ―Xnfln br Jŵumiltd”)
Sdtrbntds Fygnmds Mbltuvbs br pdŤdbpŧeds Sltrds Xnbzbius
Fygnmds Mbltuvbs pdrdŤđ trdgtdtČ ―Dpbl tntnrbŰ br mbltuvbŰ pdrnĆbus”. Zlgstn lsfđ td gdj
mbltuvbdfs rlbgbd el bŤ tntnrbŰ fngytbs, gdbp tvdrgytb vdmstyhĒ, hlt arĮŵtb prbl _ytdutn mdbgŰ
tvdrgns.
Bspdeds Sltrds Xnbzbius, ayvleĒs Mbltuvnil, rdŤđ sdtyrds br prnabebus lbmđrdŤĆbus. Zlgstunsl
jdŵedb grbtbgdvn ŵfnadus anjufČ, pubgyhĒ, vlbjfdbeystĒ, turtn trnŤgbfČ (pdvyzjŵbub sdtyrd
―Dpbl vbsdadmĮ pbebaČ”).
Xlelsdesds MJG 
Xlelsdesn bjđids pnpumbdrben mbltuvbdb, aryŵĒ bŤ Lurnpns. Zdbp pdt eduinvls dtvlŵjdvn
uŵsbleblĆbdb, dtvdŵbdvĒ Į Ŷyabfdetn Duaustn jvdrČ.
Mbltuvns gumtŧrbeĮ ayvlebfČ ypdĆ sudgtyvben rlonrfd`bins iujđibfds.
[_Bd. _bmebuil tdbgbdb suayvled ĮvdbrbŰ rlmbabiŰ ŵfneđs, enrs pdŵbŧrns sgbrbdsb, tdĆbdu rlmbabid
eltruajn hlejrdutb (prntlstdetdb, gdtdmbgdb, fusumfnedb, stdĆbdtbgbdb, ŵyjŰ iujđidb).
Gnjđm mbltuvbdb aded vđmdb prdjđin rdŤytb abftČid gdmhd>
4. Mbltuvbdb huvn tnmb eun jbjŵbŰiŰ gutŧrns `letrŰ.
8. Mbltuvbdb bmabdusbdb bŤmdbgn slediĮ tbgđibfČ br uŵjdrČ gumtŧrČ.
0. JbjŵbŰiŰ jdmĮ sujdrđ smdvdb, tnjđm vdmstyhđs rlbgdmdfs dpbl 033 fltŰ vdrtntd rusđeŰ gdmhd
(slenib smdvŰ gdmhd).
Mbltuvns fltrdŤĆbdb
Mbltuvns fltrdŤĆbdb huvn pdrdŤytb rusđeŰ gdmhd.
FltrdŤĆbus sujdrn glmb bstnrbebŰ pdsdgŰ rbegbebdb drhd sČvdjdb. Sdarbejbebdb sČvdjdb yrd9

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4) Zrufpdsbs sČvdjds (dpbl _ytdutn vdmjyfČ)7

8) _bjurbeysbs sČvdjds7
0) Smdtusbs sČvdjds.
Pvdrhus fbtds dpbl mbltuvbŰ gbmfĒ t.y. Sdmlfnen fbtds. Gdmhdfd, gdj gbmfbeads rnfđeds
Sdmlfneds pdhđan bŤ Xnfns, dtsbjŧrđ Mbltuvnil. Zdbp mbltuvbŰ tdutd gbmjbedfd bŤ rnfđeŰ dtlbvbŰ.
Gblgvbled tdutd enrb jbjŵbuntbs sdvn gbmfl.
FltrdŤĆbunsl dprdŤnfb dsfleys drhd bŤdugŤtbedfb, drhd plbgbdfb, n iŰ glbtbfds mdbgnfds
enrfdmbu jdmygu.
_bleds svdrhbdusbŰ sdvbtŰ Mbltuvns fltrdŤĆbŰ hrunŵŰ yrd pdmdegus pdanebŤgnin Mbltuvns bstnrbins
mdbgntdrpbn vlrtbebfds, tblabdfds Mbltuvns pdanebŰ dpbhŧjbebfds.
Mbltuvns prbstdtyfd Lurnpdb
Bmaus dfŵbus Mbltuvd fdŵdb hlejrdvn su vdgdrŰ Lurnpd. Flegns ŵbebns dpbl MbltuvČ
 prbstdtyjdvn grdŤtČ bŤ elbabdfns pusđs9 tdegŧs fbŤgdb, pusmdugbebdb ayvletnidb, plmgđs, hdbsŧs
 pdvnidb. Sbrfdsbs tngĮ pnŵbŧrĮ hdejđ suarbdutb sdvn mdbŤgunsl guebadbgŤtbs Aljbfbeds.
GuebadbgŤĆbn _ytdutn mdbŤgunsl, rdŤytunsl hlvlbg ŤbftflĆbu vđmbdu sblgbdfd pdelbatb
ŤflbŵbgbŤgČ gryŵbunĆbŰ prnpnadejČ.
Aded bmaČ mdbgČ elhuvn ingbŰ arnŵbeđs mbtlrdtŧrns gŧrbebŰ dpjdbeunideĆbŰ MbltuvČ. Sbrfdsbs
gŧrbeys, gur pdtlbgbdfds Mbltuvns flebebs vdbzjds yrd pdrdŤytd eljbjlmđ pnlfd mntyeŰ gdmhd
―XusŰ gdrds”. SdrdŤytns slptyebns lbmutđs, gur pbrfČ gdrtČ prbstdtytd Mbltuvd.
Fbgdmnius Kusnvbdeds ―Ablsfđ dpbl stufhrn bŤvdbzjČ, ŵbdurufČ br fljŵbngmĒ”
Ibs huvn jvdrŰ pnltds.Bmabdu ayvleĒs jbpmnfdtn _btlmbidus vdmjnsl.
Kusnvbdeds huvn Ťvblsus ŵfnaus, tnjđm rdŤyjdfds dpbl stufhrČ tdrsb eltyĆbd eugrypstd br 
 pdsdgnid dpbl MbltuvČ, mbltuvbŰ pdprnĆbus br tlbsbeaČ vdmjnvČ _ytdutČ.
Dejrbdus _nmden puhmb`bstbgd
_bmebus adrsđin gdbp tnmlrdetbŤgds fblstds, gur tdbgbdb ayvlen ĮvdbrbŰ ĮsbtbgbebfŰ ŵfneđs.
Mbltuvns snstbeđil dpsbayvlejdvn Ťvblsunmbdb. _bleds bŤ iŰ huvn Dejrbus _nmdeds. Ibs elgŧrđ
arnŵbeđs mbtlrdtŧrns, hlt rdŤđ puhmb`bstbgČ, gur grbtbgdvn Įvdbrbds elalrnvls. Adrsbdusbds in
vlbgdmds ―Dpbl pnmbtbeĒ drhd pbmbltbeĒ mdbsvĒ”.
_nmdeČ ypdĆ pbgtben, gdj hdinrdb turb jdua prbvbmlabiŰ, pdŵlbjŵbd Įstdtyfus br elŵbŧrb vdmstyhđs
betlrlsŰ.
Srbvdmnfb dutnrbdb bŤ slensbns rdŤtbins9
4. Ineds Xdjvdeds
8. Fdrtyeds Fdŵvyjds
0. Fygdmnius JdugŤd

Ineds Xdjvdeds. Snlfd ―Xdjvbmbdjd”

Zrufpdb dpbl dutnrbŰ9
4. Fngđin mbltuvbŤgdb7
8. Elhuvn gbmfbeads7
0. Znhumdb fngđin mntyeŰ gdmhČ, gŧrđ vble mntyebŤgdb7
:. Ibs ‐ tdmletbeabdusbds MJG pnltds7
<. Huvn prntlstdetds7
?. _bsČ ayvlebfČ idutđsb jđgbeads sdvn amnhđiub jbjbgub Fygdmniub Xdjvbmdb Xujdidf7
1. Sn amnhđin fbrtbls Įdfŵben gdrn vdjn dtfbebfČ pnlfnil ―Xdjvbmbdjd” (4<28 fltdb).
SnlfČ sujdrn glturbns jdmys, gur rlfjdfdsbs jbjbgn odgtdbs, Xdjvdeds sugŧrđ mbtlrdtŧrbeĮ klrniŰ
 ‐ jbjbgn pdtrbntn, tđvyeđs abeđin bjldmČ. _bsb pnlfnil sufbeđtb odgtdb yrd tbgrb.
―Xdjvbmbdjnil” vdbzjunidfds Mbvnebins gdrds, gurbdfl Mbltuvd br Mlegbid gdrbdvn su Fdsgd.
FŧŤbunsl dtsbsgmlbjđ Mbltuvns jbjbgn Xdjvbmn Xujnin gdrvljŵbn adhufdb9 ibs pdsblgđ jdua
 plradmbŰ el tbg jrČsd, hlt br aujrufu.
Snlfns jdmys9 pbrfd jdmbs dpbl Xdjvbmn Xujnin gbmfĒ, ŤlbfČ br dugmđibfČ7 detrd jdmbs dpbl
Mbvnebins gdrn Įvygbus7 trlĆbd jdmbs dpbl svdrhbdusbČ gdrvljŵbn plradmĒ (\mns fŧŤbs)7 gltvbrtd
jdmbs dpbl gdrn pdhdbaČ br klrnidus fbrtĮ.
Pvdrhbdusbns ―Xdjvbmbdjns” tlfns
Xdjvbmbdjd ‐ arnŵbebs tlgstds, tnjđm Ćbd gurbdfds flebŤgds, vdbzjbeads Mbltuvns jbjbgn Xdjvbmn
Xujnin pnrtrltds. ţbs pnlfns klrnius bjldmbzunidfds.
Gds svdrhbdusbd> Xdjvbmd Xujdsbs pdvdbzjuntds gdbp tbgrds tđvyeđs pdtrbntds, abftbeđs ayeđids.
Idu eun fdŵles ibs huvn fngnfds fymđtb sdvn grdŤtČ br abetb eun prblŤŰ. _đmbdu Xdjvbmd Xujdsbs
tdpn tdmletbeau Mbltuvns gdrbunfleđs gdrvljŵbu br mdbfđin el vbleČ fŧŤĮ. Snlfns klrnius
stleabdsb el jđm turtŰ, vdmjŵbns dr Ťmnvđs, el jđm sdvĒs, n jđm tđvyeđs. Xdjvbmd sdvn dugŤtd gbmfl
elsbedujnid. Ibs Įrnjn, gdj yrd vlrtds bŤsgbrtbeđs pdjđtbls br sdvn tđvŰ adrhĒ tbg jbjbed.
Snlfnil pdsdgnidfd, gdj Xdjvbmd Xujdsbs eblgdj elsbsguejŵbd, eladmvnid dpbl pdtnaufus,
eltbeabebduid, yrd jnseus, dugnid sdvn turtČ Mbltuvns betlrlsdfs, elbŤedujnid pdvdmjbebŰ, yrd
 prbe`bpbeads br elpdplrgdfds. BŤvdjd9 Xdjvbmd Xujdsbs pdtlbgbdfds gdbp slgtbeds pdvyzjys
gbtblfs [_B d. Mbltuvns hdinrdfs br jbjbgdfs.
Gbtd svdrhb pnlfns tlfd9 Mbltuvns jbjyhđ. Dutnrbus pnltbel gdmhd prbpdŵystd, gdj Mbltuvd eđrd
dpjnvdentd turtdbs, hlt pdhrđŵbd, gdj tdb jlrmbeads grdŤtds, n ŵfneđs Ćbd ‐ gdrbdb bŤ prbabftbls.
RpdĆ Įspŧjbeab fbŤgdb9 fljŵbŰ Ťdgns sblgbd jdeaŰ, n Ťdgeys ‐ pnŵlfbŰ gdrdmystĒ. Zdb
kbplrhnmbzuntds vdbzjds. Abrbd tdrsb tdfpd fbtbebu pdsdumbn fljŵbu, iueabdeĆbu ayvlebfČ, fbrtĮ br 
dfŵbeyhĒ drhd prdlbtĮ, jdhdrtĮ br dtlbtĮ. Ineub Xdjvdeub fbŤgdb yrd Mbltuvns jbjyhđs ŵlegmds br 
 pdsbjbjŵbdvbfn Ťdmtbebs.
Fygdmnius JduŤd ―Snstbmđs prdgdmhd” (4<22 f)

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Fygdmnius JdugŤd ‐ guebads, Ťvbltđids, gnvntnids jđm abftnsbns gdmhns tlbsbŰ Mbltuvnil. Ibs
_bmebuil 4<2< f. bŤ mlegŰ gdmhns bŤvlrtđ ―GdtlgbzfČ. Zdb pbrfnib mbltuvbŤgd geyad Mbltuvnil.
JdugŤd 4<22 fltdbs bŤ mlegŰ gdmhns bŤvlrtđ ―SnstbmĒ”. ţbn gŧrbebn tbgsmds ‐ Įvlbgtb prntlstdetbzfČ
Mbltuvnil br dpabetb abftČiČ gdmhČ. RpdĆ svdrhb geyans ―Srdgdmhd Į fdmneŰiĮ sgdbtytniČ”.
―Srdgdmhnil” dugŤtbedfns tngbns vlrtyhđs9
4) Abftnib gdmhd
8) Gbtns pdsdumbn gdmhns
0) Pdetdrvđ, tdbgd
:) Zđvyeđ
_bmidfds ţlgspyrds 4<?<-4?4?
_bsns ţlgspyrn jrdfns huvn suvdbjbetns ―Aduhmbn” tldtrl. Ŷyfbdusbns yrd trdaljbins
―Kdfmltds”, ―Ntlmds”, ―Gdrdmbus Myrds”, ―Iumbius @lzlrbs” br ―Xnfln br Jŵumiltd” hlb gnfljbins
―Jdua trbugŤfn jđm eblgn”, ―Ju vlrnelĆbdb” br ―\ŵsbspyrđmđs sutrdfjyfds”. Hl jrdfŰ
ţlgspyrds sugŧrđ 4<: sneltus.
In splgtdgmbunsl vdbjbejdvn 43-48 dgtnrbŰ.
Gdtlgbzfds ‐ pbrfnib spduzjbetd mbltuvbŤgd geyad. BŤmlbstd 4<:1 f. sdusbn ; j. Dutnrbus ‐ 
Fdrtyeds Fdŵvyjds. Sbrfnsbns mbltuvbŤgns geyans bŤmbgn 8 lazlfpmbnrbdb. _bleds sduanfds
_bmebdus uebvlrsbtltl, gbtds ‐ Znrueđs uebvlrsbtltl Mlegbinil. Gdtlgbzfn tbrdŵds huvn 833-033
lazlfpmbnrbŰ.
*Geyad prdsbjljd mntyebŤgdb lmlabebu, sulbmbuntu jljbgd`bebu glturlbmbu ―Mbltuvns JbjŵbČidb
GuebadbgŤtystlb”.
*MntyebŤgd prdgdmhd9 gdmhd pdtb geyad7 gdmhd F.Fdŵvyjds7 Dutnrbus grlbpbdsb Į pneus.
Zrdaljbid ―Kdfmltds” (< vlbgsfdb)
Ŷdern ypdtyhđs
Zdb pnltbeđ trdaljbid, els pdrdŤytd lbmbuntd onrfd.
_dbzjunidfb elsujlrbedfb gneombgtdb (bŤnrbebdb9 Kdfmltds elgleĆbd jđjđs, eusbvbmbd fntbed)
(vbjbebdb9 enrb glrŤytb, hlt trŧgstd rĮŵtn)
Kdfmltds ‐ trdabŤgds vlbgđids (elmdbfbeads, eusbvymĒs, vblebŤds, elrĮŵtbeads)
Gŧrbebn pdhdbad trdabŤgd (vbsb pdarbejbebdb vlbgđidb fbrŤtd)
Dr Jdebins prbe`ds Kdfmltds vbsdjd huvn elmdbfbeads>
Klrnius bgb tđvn fbrtbls9 vlbgđids mdbfbeads
 Fngđsb _ytlehlran uebvlrsbtltl, stujbidvn mbtlrdtŧrČ br obmnsnobiČ7
 Zurđin jdua jrduaŰ7
 Mdbfbeads Ťlbfnil7

 Srbe`ds tbgb, gdj pdsdumyil yrd adrhđ, tblsd, flbmđ br jrduaystđ7

 Zurb fymbfČ flrabeČ NolmbiČ.
Klrnius pn tđvn fbrtbls9 vlbgđids trdabŤgds
 ĥtdrbd, gdj jđjđ Gmdujbius yrd ŵujbgds7
  ElgleĆbd fntbens7
 Fngygmns jrduadb iĮ Ťebpbeđid7
 Fymbfnib Kdfmltn elsuprdetd7
 _lbgđids jdrn bŤvdjČ9 ayvlebfds ‐ gdmđibfds, vbsb ŵfneđs ‐ eblgŤdb, vbsns fntlrys ‐ 
 pdmlbstuvđs.
Zrdaljbid ―Kdfmltds”. Klrnidus sdetygbdb su fymbfČid Nolmbid (pusm 433)
Nolmbid elsuprdetd Kdfmltn, admvnid, gdj prbe`ds suegbdb slrad, prblŤ sdvl fdtn mbantČ ŵfnaŰ.
Flrabed lmabdsb pdadrhbdb, fdejdabdb.
Kdfmltds dpsbfltd, gdj yrd dhlibeads, gdmhd ŤburgŤĆbdb, lfn`beadb, pygstd det flrabins.
Kdfmltds elpdsbtbgb ŵfneđfbs, enrb dpadutb flrabeČ, tnjđm rdabed stntb Į vbleunmyeČ.
Srbe`ds eltbgb vljyhnfbs. Fden, ina tdb vdbjbebfds, dpadumđ. Kdfmltds pdrlbŤgbd, gdj elvls.
ţlgspyrn mdbgŰ flbmđs bjldmds9 flrabed turb hŧtb sgdbstb, jnrd, ardŵb, prntbead br suprdstb fymbfČ
ŵfnaŰ.
Gdrdmbus hbin Kdfmltn, iduĆbČ arđsfĒ, suprdetd, gdj Ćbd eltbgrds pdfbŤbfds, n vdbjyhd,
dpsbfltbeđibfds. Znjđm mblpđ bŤsbŧstb prbe`Č Į DeambiČ.
Kdfmltn fdfns pnlmabs bmadb Įstrban prbe`n admvnil, tnjđm in eunfneđ dpbl vljyhds yrd mdhdb
elbabdfd9 ibs eltbgb vljyhnfbs, fden, gdj tdb dpadumđ, vdbjbebfds. Fden, gdj fntlrbs pnvljyhŰ
 prdjljd plr jdua bŤ vyrn rlbgdmdutb, tdbp jdrdetb bŤ iŰ pdhdbsds.
Kdfmltn sdetygbdb su gdrdmblel Alrtrŧjd (fntbed)
Sdsdumbs Ťbnil trdaljbinil dtrnjn tdrsb eltlgĒs fnrdmbebŰ pdarbejŰ. Zdbp dtsgmlbjŵbdfd ţlgspyrn
mdbgŰ vlrtyhbŰ grbzđ. Kdfmltub dtrnjn, gdj hmnabs ĮsbglrniĒs vbsdfl pdsdumyil. ĥpdĆ klrnius mbŧjb
jđm fntbens, gurb pn vyrn fbrtbls, pdfbejdfd hlt gngbds fnrdmđs enrfds, arlbtdb bŤtlgđin uŵ tđvn
ŵujbgn. Zdbp pdsblmajdfd Gdrdmbleđ tdrsb bŤeblgben sdvn huvusbn vyrn dtfbebfČ. Srbe`Č sugrlĆbd
fbetbs, gdj bjldmds admb hŧtb tdbp mleavdb bŤjunjdfds. JbjŵbdusbČ sgdbsfČ Kdfmltub sutlbgbd el
tblg tđvn fbrtbs, gblg fntbens pdsbrbegbfds, ins idusfŰ elpdstnvufds, hlb elfngđibfds dtsgbrtb
tn gds gbmeu, tduru eun tn, gds flegd br eblgbead. Gdrdmbleđs eunpnmbs rnjn vbsn gdrdmbdus jvdrn
fnrdmbeĮ bŤsbabfbfČ, els ib elbŤtbgbfd elb vyrub, elb Ťlbfdb, elb abfbelb.
Dtsdgyfdb9
4. Gdmtbed fntbeČ, gdj Ťb bŤjdvđ tđvn dtfbebfČ.
8. Kdfmltds bŤ fntbens rlbgdmduid jnrlsebn lmalsbn.

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0. Hdejn Įtbgbetb, gdj vljyhŰ prblsdbgd yrd Ťvletd br ins mduŵytb eladmbfd. Fntbed turb
gmdusytb prntn hdmsn, n el idusfŰ, albjumbŰ.
:. ţfđgmd tbg Įrnjn Gdrdmblelb, gdj ins sŧeus yrd pdfbŤĒs, gdmhdsb su sdvbfb (gdrdmbleđ
Ťfđgmns elfdtn)
<. Snmnebidus fbrtbs sutlbgbd trdabzfn9 Snmnebidus sŧeus Mdlrtds prdjljd glrŤytb, Snmnebidus
jugrdb Nolmbidb pdsbfdbŤn prntds br dpsgrbtdb vlbgsfds prdjljd vystytbs arlbĆbdu.
?. Jbdmnads gdrdmbleĒ dpbhŧjbed gdbp sbmpens vdmbns, elpdsbtbgbeĆbČ sdvbfb vlbgđiČ, n
KdfmltČ ‐ tvbrtns vdmbns, eun Ťbn fnfletn ryŵtbeaČ, prntbeaČ vlbgđiČ.
Zrdaljbins obedmds
Kdfmltds vbleds gnvnid su vbsuntbebu hmnabu. Ibs suprdetd ŵfnabŤgČiČ vlrtĒ br sdvn admbfyhls.
Gbtb jrdfns vlbgđidb pdtlegbetb vbsgun, gds vygstd gdrdmbdus jvdrl br Ťdmyil. Iblfs svdrhbdusbd yrd
 prbsbtdbgyfds br dsflebeđ alrnvđ. Jvdrn betrbans, gmdstd, flmds tngblfs ŵfneđfs pubgbdb tbegd.
Kdfmltds tngbČ sbtud`biČ vlrtbeČ gdbp eusbgdmstdfČ br eltlbsbeaČ.
Jdebins prbe`ds Kdfmltds ‐ bŤsgbrtbeđ dsfleyhđ, els yrd9
d) ZrdabŤgds7
 h) Srntbeads7
`) Zlbsbeads7
j) Pufdeus
l) Zdurus7
o) Ptbprb dsfleyhđ7
a) Obmnsnods7
k) _blebŤds7
b) EusbvymĒs7
 i) Elryŵtbeads7
g) Zbgbetbs gbmebdbs bjldmdbs7
m) GleĆbdetbs br idutrus7
f) Jbjbeads.
Zdbab, Kdfmltds yrd sujđtbead br prblŤtdrbead rlelsdesn lpn`kns dsfleyhđ.
Hdrngds ([_B-[_BBd.)
Pn`bdmbeđs br bstnrbeđs dpmbegyhđs mđfđ, gdj ŵfneđs idutđ vbsd gn elpdjtnvufČ, sfdaufČ,
mdbgbeufČ, vbsd tdb huvn svltbfd Xlelsdesub. Hdrngn fleub hŧjbeab gnetrdstdb. Sdarbejbebs
vlbgđids jdŵedb plr gdeĆbds blŤgn ayvlebfn glmbn br rdejd iĮ dtsbsgbrjdfds.
Hdrngn ŵfnaus iduĆbČ bmalsĮ vbjurdfŵbdfs, suarĮŵtd grbgŤĆbnebŤgblib bjldmdb.
Gŧrbebunsl rdejdfd tngbd ayvlebfn betlrprltd`bid9
―_bsgds gds ŵlfbŤgd yrd mdbgbed, n tbgrdsbs ayvlebfds ‐ tbg pn fbrtbls”
―Ayvlebfds ‐ jŧŵtdetbs stbgmds”

Hdrngn mbtlrdtŧrdb hŧjbead fltdonrd, pnfpdstbŤgufds, Įfdetrufds,vbearufds, rltnrbeđs

 punŤflens, jdua bŤnrbebŰ lolgtŰ.
Hdrngds MJG gumtŧrnil
Hdrngds huvn ryŤgbdusbds MJG gumtŧrns mdbgntdrpbs. [_BB dfŵbuil Mbltuvnil rdjnsb jdua
rlbgŤfbeaŰ gumtŧrns rlbŤgbebŰ br ayvlen elfdŵdb bŤgbmbŰ dsfleyhbŰ.
Hdrngn mbtlrdtŧrd Mbltunil susbiusb su gdtdmbgŰ hdŵeyĆbns dtsbeduibebfu prblŤbedetbs rlonrfd`bins
Įtdgdb. Jduabdusbdb mbtlrdtŧrns gŧrbebŰ sugurtd mntyeŰ, mlegŰ gdmhnfbs br Įvygn pbrfblib hdejyfdb
mbltuvbŰ gdmhd. 4?34 fltdbs huvn bŤmlbstd mntyebŤgdb pdrdŤytd geyad ―Glmbneđ Į IđruzdmĒ”. Ins
dutnrbus Xdjvbmd EdŤmdbtđmbs huvn mdbgnfds jbjŵbdusbu tn fltn glmbdutniu.
―glmbneđ Į IđruzdmĒ” dbŤgbdb hymnid, gdj dutnrbub hŧjbeans Xlelsdesn lpn`kns vlrtbetns jnryhđs9
vlbgmufds, vdmbeaufds, jrČsd, sufdeufds, pubgb bŤgdmhd ‐ ibs tun jbjŵbunidsb. Zdbab, Xdjvbmns
 EdŤmdbtđmbn gŧrbeys yrd gur gds jduabdu elb pbmbarbfn glmbneđs dprdŤyfds. Zdb geyad, gurbnil
fdtnfl rlbgŤfbeaŰ gumtŧrns lpn`kŰ ‐ Xlelsdesn br Hdrngn ‐ plrvdrtČ br ŵfnadus sblmnil tun
fltu vygusbus lsfbebus pdsdumđidutns br vlrtyhbŰ sbstlfns pngyĆbus.
Hdrngn mbtlrdtŧrns pdŵbhd Fntblius Gdzbfblrds Pdrhblvbius
Pdrhblrbidus Įgvđpbfn Ťdtbebdb huvn rnfđeŰ pnltn Knrd`bidus pnlzbid br Hbhmbid. ţbs Mbltuvns
 pnltds gŧrđ lbmđrdŤĆbus mntyeŰ gdmhd. Pvdrhbdusbns gŧryhns tlfns yrd Ťbns9
4) Ŷfnaus yrd flegds, n ayvlebfds ‐ trufpds7
8) Ŷfnaus eldfŵbeds br elt trufpnayvlebfn elfngd vdmjytb7
0) Jdua gČ mlfbd onrtŧed t.y. dgmd sđgfđ dr dtsbtbgtbeufds7
:) Mbgbfds ŵdbjŵbd ŵfnadus ayvlebfu gdbp svbljbebu77
<) ţmnvđ, gdrbeđs plradmđs, tbtudb, turtdb, gdrŧens yrd mdbgbeb jdmygdb7
?) Zbgrblib turtdb smypb ŵfnadus sblmnil7
1) Ayvlebfds pdedŤus Į tldtrČ, gur gblgvbleds vdbjbed sdvn rnmĒ.
Bmads hdrngn sdumđmyjbs
Sn Pdrhblvbidus fbrtbls Mbltuvnil elbŤgbmn elb vbleds jbjlsebs pnltds, els Ťdmbs gdrbdvn, huvn
jdua lgnenfbebŰ prnhmlfŰ.
Jvdrunsl hŧtd vbltbebŰ pnltŰ, gurbl rdŤđ lbmđrdŤĆbus tdf tbgrnfbs prnanfbs. Huvn mdhdb fdjbead
turđtb gŧryhns dmhufus, drhd ―sbmvd rlruf”.
ZbgrČid ŵlfbŤgnin pdsdumbn vdmjnvl mbtlrdtŧrnil br flel tdpn plrsnebobguntd fbrtbs9 fbrtbs
fljŵbntnid, fbrtbs arbnvđid, fbrtbs auejytnid, fbrtbs euadmđtnid.
Gmdsb`bzfds ([_BBd.)
Gmdsb`bzfČ dpbhrđŵbd glturb svdrhbdusb hrunŵdb9
4) Sdadrhd prntn admbnfs7
8) Adftns bfbtdvbfds7
0) Detbgns flen mdbgyfds slgtbeu pdvyzjŵbu7

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:) Znhumn flebebegn flbstrbŤgŰ tdbsygmbŰ sugŧrbfds.

Gmdsb`bzfn lpn`knil gŧryhd turb pdgmustb tdf tbgrnfs tdbsygmđfs br mnabgns prbe`bpdfs. Zun
fltu jrdfns gŧrbebub glmbdfb jdr arblŵtlseb rlbgdmdvbfdb.
Fnmilrds
Ibs Ibs ŵyfbdusbds gmdsb`bzfn lpn`kns prde`ŧzŰ jrdfdturads, gŧrđ gnfljbids. Alrbdusbns yrd9
―Jne Ŷudeds”, ―Zdrtbuods”, ―Fbzdetrnpds”. Fnmilrds gnfljbinsl Ťdbpnsb bŤ ŵfnabŤgŰ dbstrŰ9
 pdvyjn, gvdbmufn, anhŤufn, vlbjfdbebŤgufn.
Obmfl ―Fnmilrds” Ťdbpnfdsb bŤ ŵfnadus br in dbstrŰ. Obmfl vlbgđidb enrb vbsgn bŤ gdrtn, tnjđm yrd
anhŤŧs. Zdbp pdt vdbzjunidfds vlbjfdbebŤgufds, els ardods elsdgn, jđm gn dtvygn ―guebads”,
yrd elbŤtbgbfds sdvn ŵfnedb (fymb gbtČ).
ţvblĆbdfdsbs dfŵbus ([_BBBd.)
I._.Ađtđ obmnsnobeđ trdaljbid ―Odustds”
ţvbltbfn lpn`knil ypdĆ tbgđtd fngsmn br Ťvbltbfn rlbgŤfl. ţvbltđidb fdeđ, gdj bŤfngbus
ŵfnels, pdedbgbeusprbltdrus br tdfsufČ vbsunfleđs ayvlebfds pdalrđs. [_BBB dfŵbdus
jbjŵbdusbns vlrtyhđs yrd9 bŤsbmdvbebfds, prntds, dugmđibfds, ŵbebns, fngsmds.
Inkdeds _. Ađtđ vngblĆbŰ gmdsbgds, obmnsnobeđs trdaljbins dutnrbus. ţĮ gŧrbeĮ rdŤđ mdhdb bmadb
(fdŵjdua ?3 fltŰ), jduabdu fČstđ, elb iĮ rdŤđ. _bsds gŧrbeys huvn bŤmlbstds idu pn rdŤytnin
fbrtbls. Dtsgbrds s`leds Ađtđ tdbsđ, tnhumben, glbtđ, tnjđm gŧrbeys bŤđin sujđtbeads, gdbp br pdts
ayvlebfds.
Sbrfns jdmbls dptdrbfds (482)
Srnmnads jdeauil
Dtsdgyfdb Į gmdusbfus (404 pusm)
4. _lmebds br Jblvds hlejrduid gumtŧrbeadb, ardŵbdb, eunŤbrjŵbdb, gdbp ju sleb alrb pdŵystdfb.
GrbgŤĆbneyhđil _lmebds br Jblvds yrd prblŤbŤgns iđans. Jblvds br _lmebds susbmdŵbed jđm
ŵfnadus. _lmebds sblgbd ŵfnaŰ sugmdbjbetb.
8. _lmebds sdgn, gdj ŵfnaus yrd flegds, sbmpds, lmabdsb gdbp ŵvđrbs br yrd mdhdb sfdmsus.
Jblvds sdgn, gdj ŵfnaus eđrd tnhumds, hlt blŤgn sdvn glmbn.
0. Odustds yrd jdgtdrds br tdreduid Jblvub. Jblvds mlbjŵbd auejytb ŵfnaŰ, els tbgb in iđanfbs.
:. Dr ŵfnaus mdbfđs, dr prdmdbfđs>
Odustds
P`led ―Edgtbs”
(40: pusm) dts Į gmdusbfus
4. Srnmnal vlbgsfds vygstd jdeauil ‐ hlgrdŤtđil, dtvbrnil, pmdĆbnil lrjvđil. N Ćbd vlbgsfds
vygstd Odustn gdfhdryil. Gdfhdrys tdfsus, degŤtds, mdhdb jdu ĮvdbrbdusbŰ jdbgtŰ.

_lbgsfds vygstd edgtĮ pdsmdptbeau pdrns fltu, gdb vlbgbd hurtdb br admbfd prbsbŤdugtb
jvdsbds.
8. Odustds iduĆbdsb elmdbfbeads br prbsmđatds, els fngsmn geyans id eljunjd dtsdgyfŰ Į
vbsus gmdusbfus. Pgdhd hlvbmtbŤgufds, plsbfbzfds.
0. GrbtbŤgČ pnŵbŧrĮ dtsgmlbjŵbd ŵnjŵbdb9 ―bŤfbetbs hljdetđ”, ―tČ ambtŰ tvdbgČ fngytufn”.
:. Sbrfnil pdstrdbpnil gdmhdfd dpbl fngsmČ, gdbp dpbl pdsbŤmygŤtđibfn nhilgtČ. Betned`bid
yrd ebŧrb, hlt tun pdĆbu br svdibead, els enrbfd bŤglmbdutb Į tnmbfus grdŤtus. Detrnil
 pdstrdbpnil bŤrlbŤgbdfds dsbŤmygŤtđibfds vlbgđin ayvlebfub, in ayvledfČidb vbltdb, in
 pnŵbŧrbub Į ayvlebfČ. ţbnil pdstrdbpnil betned`bid yrd tblsbna ebŧrb, smlabdetb. Sdhdbanil
gdmhdfd, gn vlbgđids enrb, svdinid. ZrlĆbnil pdstrdbpnil vlbgđids hdejn susbsblgtb su gbtu
 pdsdumbu, hdejn prdŤytb pdadmhns. _lbgđids Ťbnil pdstrdbpnil jdua Ťdugbd br gmdusbd,
tbgđjdfdsbs bŤabrstb dtsdgyfČ.
<. Ibs Ťdugbdsb pdadmhns bŤ jvdsbns. Ibs elsuprdetd, gn idf trŧgstd, admvnid, gdj jvdsbd idf
 pdjđtŰ dtsdgytb Į vbsus rŧpbfus gmdusbfus. Jvdsbd sbfhnmbzunid dtsbeduibebfČ, ayvyhĒ,
adftČ.
?. Odustds yrd sugrđstds, els suŵbenin, gdj eđrd vlrtds jvdsbns. Ibs admb prbmyatb tbg tdf, gds
 idfl Įvygstd.
P`led ―Gdŵgds hlmjŵbd”
Dtsdgyfdb Į gmdusbfus (401 pusm)
4. _daelrbs fdtnfds Odustn dgbfbs. Odustds elvlrtbed sdvn dsbstletn _daelrbn, gdmhd su iun
elpdadrhbdb.
8. Odustub rlbgbd ŵbebŰ almfđs, ibs jbjlmbŰ uŵfniŰ ŵfnaus. N _daelrbub uŵtlegd pdvbrŤbdus.
0. _daelrbs br Odustds sgbrbdsb sdvn sblgbdbs9 _daelrbub svdrhu tdptb adrsbu, prbpdŵbetu
fngsmbebegŰ, n Odustds yrd mdhdb sujđtbeads br prblŤtdrbeads.
Odustn susbtbgbfds su Fltbstnolmbu (vlmebu) 40; pusm
Zblsbnabel prdsfl Fltbstnolmbs yrd vlmebds, hmnabs. Zbgrnib in prbabftbs9 fbrtbs, arbnvbfdb br 
vbsngbns eunjđfđs. Ibs flegbed ŵfnaŰ, elfdtn pdsdumbn kdrfnebins, jbjyhđs br arnŵbn. _lmebds
vbsgČ arbdued, ibs arbnvđids, hlt gdrtu tdb suŵfnabetds vlbgđids br eblgn jbjbean dr hdbsdus elturb.
 Eltblsbnabel prdsfl Fltbstnolmbs tngs pdts ŵfnaus, gurbn `kdrdgtlryil amŧjb dfŵbeds enrds vbsgČ
elbatb br fdtytb tbg hmnaČsbds ayvlebfn pusls. ĥ vlmebČ pdedŤŧs ŵfneđs elsuprdetd, gdj vble
fdtlrbdmbebŰ vlrtyhbŰ eluŵtlegd. Gdj svdrhŧs br jvdsbebdb sblgbdb. Gdrtu Fltbstnolmbs yrd el vble
arbduedeĆbnib, hlt br gurbdeĆbnib ayvlebfn pusđ, els hmnabn br ađrbn gnvd sgdtbed vystyfdsb.
Gdmhd rdfbdb, hlt prbpdŵystd gdj vlmebds yrd elbabdfd dsfleyhđ (Odustds). Zdbp pdt prbpdŵĮstd in
 iđaČ br gmdstČ.
GČ rlbŤgbd ŵfnadus sutdrtbs su vlmebu> Zdb yrd sdvĒs bŤhdejyfds, bŤŤŧgbs sdvn prbabfĆbdb br 
mbgbfub. Ŷfnaus rbzbgunid, gdj pdtbrtŰ ayvlebfn pbmedtvĒ.
P`led ―Nmd fbŤgl” (pusm. 4:<)

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Odustds admvnid, gdj ibs yrd gdbp prdglbgbfds br tbg Įsgdujbes fymbfČiČ. Odustds dpfČstn gds
 hŧtŰ, ilb ibs susbtbgtŰ su fymbfČid (ib vbrstu prdadrn dugd).
\ŵsbfbrŤtb truajn sČŵbeđs prblgdbŤtds, gdj flrabeČ stufbd Į eunjđfbeaČ ryŤĮ. Ibs jrufŤĆbd ins
fdŵČ pdsdumđmĮ. Ibs eufden, gdj pdhdbad hdbasbs trdabŤgdb (sdetygbŰ). Elvleabd trdabŤgns
 pdhdans, els enrb pdtbrtb vbsgČ9 br prdmdbfđibfn sgneĮ br t.t.
P`led ―Gdmđibfds”
Dtsdgyfdb Į gmdusbfus (pusm 4<8)
4. Fdradrbtd Įsbfymđiusb OdustČ susbmdugbd elsdetungbebn vdbgn, dtsbjurbd gdmđibfl, mdugbd
 hdusfđs. Gdmtđ suaebuŵjđ ins jvdsbČ9 ib gmbljb, gdegbedsb br elsuprdetd gds Ćbd vygstd. Idb
vdbjledsb. Enrs ib eusbjđin, suprdetd gČ pdjdrđ br pdsbryŵusb gletđtb.
8. Fdradrbtd sumdugbd jblvbŤgnsbns fdmneđs br ins sblmd bŤadenfd, els sdvn gdeĆbd br dugd
 pdjđin Odustub suprdstb gmdbjČ. Iug gmysjdfds ŵfnaus rdejd tblsČ br sblgbd tnhumufn.
0. Flbmđ Fdradrbtdb rlbŤgbd prdŵujytČ idueystĒ, pdeblgbetus idusfus br jbjŵbdusbČ eunjđfĒ.
Odustub flbmđ rlbŤgbd blŤgnibfn glmbČ, sdvĒs bŤhdejyfČ br sdvn sblmns pdŵbebfČ.
:. Ađtđ ―elmlbjŵbd” Odustub hdbatb sdvn blŤgnibfŰ, els klrnius turb dtsbjurtb ―pdĆbdfl juael”
br vbsgČ bŤhdejytb. Gnm tn elĮvygn, Odustds turb br tnmbdu blŤgntb. Ađtđs fdeyfu Odustub
rlbgbd pdtbrtb vbsus jdr elpdidustus idusfus, gdj pdsgub admđtŰ suprdstb sdvn gmdbjds.
B jdmbls svdrhbdusb tlbabebdb9
4) Ŷfnaus yrd prblŤtdreads br gmysjdfds rdejd tblsČ7
8) Odustn trnŤgbfdb bŤsbpbmjđ tbg bŤ jdmbls7
0) Ayvlebfds gupbeds prblŤtdrbeaŰ sblgbŰ7
:) Ŷfnadus vbltd pdsdumyil gurtb arnŵĮ, blŤgntb tblsns, elarbdutb, n gurtb7
<) Ŷfnadus sdetygbdb su gbtdbs ŵfneđfbs yrd gbetdetys br Įvdbrŧs, jduabdprdsfbdb7
?) AyvlebfČ ŵfnaus pdŵĮstd dsflebel pdtbrtbfb9 gmysjdfds, blŤgnjdfds, hlt
elprdrdsjdfds ŵfnabŤgufn.
BB jdmbs
Detrnil jdmyil Odustds jdŵebdu rŧpbedsb gbtŰ ŵfnebŰ betlrlsdbs, enrb hŧtb edujbeads vbsunflelb
(pbrfnil jdmyil jduabdu bejbvbjudmbstds).
XdŤbeys
Jdgtdrds Odustds ‐ sujđtbean `kdrdgtlrbn ŵfnaus
Hŧjn sČvyhđs9
4. Mdhdb prntbeads7
8. SrblŤtdrbeads7
0. PdvbgrbtbŤgds7
:. Bejbvbjudmbstds7
<. Ŷbealbjus, sfdmsus7
?. JrČsus, fđastdetbs rbzbguntb7

1. Gmystdetb7
;. Dgtyvus, vlbgmus7
2. Jvdsbeads.
Smdeds
4. ĥŵdead (trufpdb dpbl dutnrbŰ, dpbl gŧrbebn tlfČ br glmbdfds prnhmlfds)
8. J.S. XyŤgbdusbd vlbgđin hŧjn sČvyhđ yrd ...
0. J.S. Gbtd svdrhb `kdrdgtlrbn ypdtyhđ yrd ...
:. J.S. Hl tn, jdgtdrds Odustds yrd ...
<. Sdhdbad
Zrdaljbinil glmbdfns prnhmlfns9
4) Dr tblsd, gdj ŵfnaus gmysjdfds tnhumđid>
8) Dr geyabeđ bŤfbetbs admb bŤalmhđtb ŵfnaŰ>
0) Gnjđm fngsmds eldtsdgn Į vbsds adftns pdsmdptbs>
:) Gdf rlbgdmbeads pdŵbebfds, ilb vbs tblg mblgd ĮvdbrbŰ pdsmdpĆbŰ>
<) Dr pdŵbebfds turb rbhds>
?) Gnjđm ŵfnauil tblg jdua prblŤtdrdvbfŰ>
1) Dr sblgbdet pdŵbetb ayvlebfČ br pdsdumĮ pdtlbsbedfns hlt gngbns prblfneđs>
;) Gngbd ŵfnadus vlbgmd turb prdsfĒ>
2) Dr ŵfnaus admb bŤpbrgtb sdvn gdmtĒ>
Grbstbineds Jnelmdbtbs (414:-41;3)
Grbstbineds Jnelmdbtbs yrd mbltuvbŰ arnŵbeđs mbtlrdtŧrns prdjbebegds. Ibs rytŰ Srŧsbinil (Fnŵninil
Mbltuvnil) ayvlen br sugŧrđ pnlfČ ―Fltdb”. GŧrbeĮ sujdrn glturbns jdmys9
4) Sdvdsdrbn mbegsfyhđs7
8) _dsdrns jdrhdb7
0) Xujlebn ađryhđs7
:) Ŷblfns rŧplsĆbdb.
Dutnrbus pdsdgnid dpbl [_BBB dfŵbdus Fdŵnsbns Mbltuvns vdmstblĆbŰ ayvlebfČ plr glturbs fltŰ
mdbgus. _dmstblĆbdb pnlfnil vdjbedfb hŧrdb, hŧrđs.
Snlfd ―Fltdb”
Ŷfnaus br adftd
―Fltus” Jnelmdbtbs rdŤđ sdvn ayvlebfn sdumđmyjyil. Huvn prdđiĒ bŤtbsb jlŤbftflĆbdb, prdmlbstb
gdbfl, gupbeb ŧgbebegŰ, hubtbebŰ rŧplsĆbŰ br eunmdtbebn hlejrdvbfn su pdprdstdbs ŵfneđfbs.
―Fltunsl” jdua adftns vdbzjŰ. Ibl mdhdb tbgrnvbŤgb br tblsbnabdb susbiĒ su ŵfnadus hubtbfb.
Adftbeđ tlfdtbgd gŧrbeyil elpdprdstdb pmdtb br Įvdbrb. DbŤgbdb rnjdet, dutnrbus edujnidsb gnegrlĆbd
sdvn pdtbrtbfb (Jnelmdbtbs fđan ŵlfđs ŧgbn jdrhus, stlhđin nrn plrfdbeds).

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_dbzjunjdfds hŧrŰ ayvlebfČ plr vblelrbus fltus Jnelmdbtbs sugurbd gblgvbledf fltŰ mdbgub
 hŧjbeaČ gnegrltŰ, tbgsmŰ adftbeĮ oneČ.
Pdvrhus vdbjfun ―Fltunsl” tlegd sdumlb9 pdvdsdrĮ ib pdŵdjbed br dtadbvbed adftČ, vdsdrČ gdrŤĆbu
vdrabed, rujleĮ fdŵbdu mlpbed, n vbsČ ŵblfČ ―sdvn spbejumbus smlpbd”. Snlfnil sdumđ yrd tdrsb
admbead ŵlfđs Ťbrjbs, eun gurbns rbtfn prbgmdusn ŵlfđs, duadmŰ, ayvŧeŰ br ŵfnebŰ lazbstle`bid.
Adftd eunmdt glbĆbdsb. Glturb fltŰ mdbgdb sbfhnmbzunid ŵfnadus dfŵbŰ br arlbtdb prdmlgbdeĆbus
fltus. Snltds sgdtbed ŵfnaŰ Įsbgmdusytb Į adftns hdmsČ, dtsbjuntb ins rbtfub, ayvletb, gurtb br 
jŵbduatbs vbsgun.
Gn fngn adftd> Zvdrgns, jdrhŤtufn, gugmufn, hŧvbfn gdrtu su gbtdbs. BŤvdjd9 adftd yrd
edtŧrdmb, tnhumd, tnjđm tdb slgtbeds pdvyzjys gbtblfs.
Snlfd ―Fltdb”
_lbgđidb. Ŷfnaus br jdrhds.
Snlfnil vlbgsfds vygstd _yŵmdugbn gdbfl. čbd ayvled vble mbltuvbdb, bŤsgyrus glmbs gbtdtduĆbus
jvdrŰ vdmjytnius. _bsb pnlfns vlbgđidb (+-<<) arblŵtdb susgbrstytb Į tlbabdfus br elbabdfus. Zbl,
gurbl jbrhd, Ťmnvbed JblvČ, tvdrgnsb, yrd ―vđŵmyhblib”. ZrbugŤfdjdrbdb, abrtungmbdb, tbeabebdb yrd
eledujđmbdb. Jdr fbebfb pnedb br jvdrn vdmjytnidb, gurbl elturb vdrjŰ.
Zlbabdfb vlbgđidb9
 Jduabdusbd jđflsbn sgbrbdfd gdbfn slebŧeub (ŤdmtyŤbub) SrbĆgub. Ibs pdsbrnjn vbsnsl
glturbnsl ablsfđsl. Ibs ‐ tdrpbebegds tdrp hŧrŰ br jvdrn. Mdhdb arblŵtds, hdrd tbeabebus,
fngn ŧgbebegdutb, tvdrgytbs, rdabed sČŵbebeadb jbrhtb br Ťmnvbed JblvČ.
 Grbzds yrd prdturtđiĒs hŧrds, els jdua jbrhd, yrd dpsugrus, admb elt sdfjytb gbtus hŧrus.
 Plebs Mdurds yrd gdbfn obmnsnods. Fđastd pdgdmhđtb dpbl pdsdumbn tdbgČ, ŵfnadus
ayvlebfČ. Ibs pdsbrnjn tdjd, gdb hŧrdb susbabeĆbid.
 Plmfds elturtbeads, hlt fngdetbs sgdbtytb. Ibs yrd tvdrgns, Ťvdrns pdvyzjys.
 Elbabdfb hŧrdb9
 Pmuegbus
 Slmđjd
 JnĆys
 SmduĆbugds
 Lesgys
Ibl vbsb tbeabebdb, dpsbmlbjđmbdb, trbugŤfdjdrbdb br abrtungmbdb.
Snlfnil mdhdb jdua br tbgrnvbŤgdb gdmhdfd dpbl vdmstblĆbŰ jdrhus. Ibl lbed Į hdujŵbdvČ br tvdrgnsb
sdvn ŧgbunsl. Jbrhd mdhdb suegbdb. Plebŧeds SrbĆgus prbŵbŧrb hŧrus9 rdabed, hdrd dr elt fuŤd
tbeabebus. Zlgstl tlbabdfd9 ―eljbrhsb ‐ elbŤsbmdbgysb”. JdrhŤtufds yrd jbjŵbdusbd vlrtyhđ. Hŧrdb
 prdstdb vdman, suegbdb jbrhd, hlt yrd fnrdmbdb dugŤĆbdu uŵ pneus, jvdsbŤgdb br obzbŤgdb stbprlseb. N
 pnedb unmdt plrsbvdman, eblgn elvlbgbd, tnjđm slrad Įvdbrbnfbs mbanfbs. Zdj, jdrhds pnlfnil yrd
 hŧtbeyhđ, hlb obzbebs br jvdsbebs stbpryhđs Ťdmtbebs.

Hubtbs br pdprnĆbdb
_dbzjunidfds vdmstbltbs yrd el dhstrdgtb obaŧrd, hlt XytŰ Srŧsbinil ayvleĒs mbltuvbs hŧrds,
dtsbjŧrĒs eutdutđibfn pdvniuil. _bsnil pnlfnil eunmdt susbjurbd jvb tbgrnvđs srbtys ‐ mbltuvbŤgnib
br vngbŤgnib. ―Fltunsl” dpadbmlstduidfd, gdj mbltuvbdb pdfbrŤtd sdvn pdprnĆbus, pdfđajŵbnid
svltbftduĆbus. Zlgstl tlbabdfd, ina eltlgjdfds sdvn gdmhns, pdprnĆbŰ hŧrds alejd fnrdmbŤgdb.
Snlfd turb turtbeaČ hubtbeĮ ltenardobeĮ gnmnrbtČ.
Pgdbtytnids susbjdrn el tbg ryŤgŰ vdmstblĆbŰ hdujŵbdvbeđs hubtbls br jdrhŰ vdbzjČ, hlt susbpdŵystd
su hŧrŰ edfŰ dpmbegd, fdbstu, Įrdegbdbs, pdsbmbegsfbebfdbs. RpdĆ jdua jđflsbn sgbrbdfd
fdbstub, els hŧrdb jdua suegbdb jbrhd, tnjđm eusbplmen adrjdus br sntdus fdbstn. PnĆbdus pdvdman
rujleĮ, gdb eubfd jlrmbŰ. Fdbstds yrd vbleds bŤ rltŰ ayvlebfn fdmneufŰ. _dmaytb rlbgbd tdf, gdj
 hŧrds turđtŰ iđaŰ jbrhtb suegbus jdrhus.
Hŧrdb vdman prdstdb, jdŵedb elfdejdabdb, rdegnfbs, yrd prdŤĆbngdb, hlt prblŤ vdbŤbejdfblsb
 pdsbflmjŵbd, eluŵfbrŤtd pdjđgntb Jblvub. N pnedb vdman adusbdb, bŤrdegŰ fdbstČ, iblfs pdjljd
tdredb, tdĆbdu prblŤ vdmaĮ elsbflmjŵbd.
GČ fđastd vdmaytb hŧrdb> Idutbled, dvbled, ŵČsbled, vbŤtbled, gbdusmbled, jlŤrds, grunpds,
sflalebs, glplebs, pmduĆbus, gufpbus, spbrabus. Fdbstds rblhus, sntus, jdua Įvdbrbns fđsns.
Gdbp hŧrdb mbegsfbedsb> Gds hŧjbead iŰ Ťvletlb> (vlstuvbŰ Ťvletđ) Slr vlstuvls hŧrdb lmabdsb
elfdejdabdb9 alrbd mdhdb jdua, vdman mdhdb jdua, hŧjdfb abrtb adrsbdb jdbeunid drhd ―ŵvblabd”,
 hdejn pdsdgntb delajntus.
Plmfn fnenmnads (420 pusm)
4. Gds yrd Plmfds> Plmfds yrd vngbltbs.
8. Gn adbmbsb vlbgđids> _lbgđids adbmbsb mbltuvbŰ, gurbl elpunslmđid sdvn pdrnĆbŰ, trdjb`biŰ.
Bmabsb huvusbŰ mdbgŰ.
0. Gdbp pdsbglbtđ hŧrŰ ayvlebfds> Hŧrdb gbtdtdutđid, glbĆbdsb iŰ dprdead, fdeblrns.
:. Gds gdmhdfd dpbl tđvŰ ayvlebfČ> (prdlbtĮ) Srdlbtyil mbltuvbdb mdhdb stbprbdb tbgđin Jblvu,
elpdŵbenin lmlfletnrbŰ, tbgđin tbg tun, gČ fdtđ. Mbltuvbdb prdlbtyil elŤbnin sdvn
trdjb`bebus rŧhus, elgnpbidvn iŰ bŤ gbtŰ tdutŰ.
<. Gds gdmtds, gdj mbltuvbebegŰ pdprnĆbdb sualjn> Mbltuvnil Įsbgŧrđ gbtdtduĆbŰ br mbltuvbdb
 prdjđin iuns gnpbiuntb. Zdbp pdt mbltuvbdb prdjđin fdŵbdu tbgđtb Jblvu.
?. GngbČ bjldmbČ tvdrgČ enrđtu dtgurtb Plmfds> Hŧrdb prdjđtŰ stbprbdu tbgđtb Jblvu br in
admbnfbs, prdjđtŰ rleatbs sdvn tdutns trdjb`bebdbs jrdhuŵbdbs, tđvdbelabrtungmbdutŰ br 
elsbfuŤtŰ fdtdet vdbgdfs, jduabdu jbrhtŰ.
1. Gun hŧrdb adzjbedfb bŤtrdugns pdhdbanil> Hŧrdb pdhdbanil adzjbedfb prdadru9 dtsbvlrs
ŵlfđ br prdadrds iuns pdsbamlfŤ.
SrbĆgdus sdetygbdb su pnedbs
BŤtrdugnil gdmhdfd, gČ SrbĆgus bŤayvlen jdhdr br gngs ibs huvn idueystđil. Jdhdr in eblgds
elalrhbd, pneds fuŤd hŧrŰ dgbvdbzjnil. Idueystđil slebŧeČ vbsb alrhjdvn, mbdupsbejdvn.

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JnĆbdus tlbsfds
JnĆys yrd elbabdfds pnlfns ―Fltdb” vlbgđids. Ibs jbjlmbs tbeabeys, eluŵsbjbrhd elt fdbstub.
 Elturđjdfds gČ vdmaytb, prdjljd Ťdujytb vdreds. Jđm tn yrd tlbsbdfds. JnĆys tlbsfl tlbsbedsb,
gdmhd jrČsbdb. Ibs tdbp pdsblmađ jđm tn, gdj enrđin vdmaytb. _lbgđids suprdetd, gdj hmnadb pdsblmađ,
 hlt tdbp pdjdrđ el bŤ alrn ayvlebfn (els huvn dmgdeds).
Gngbns yrd slebŧen SrbĆgdus fbrtbls dpmbegyhđs> ŶblfČ SrbĆgus su gbtdbs slebŧedbs vlŵđ Į
GdrdmbduĆbŰ pdrjuntb pnen idvus. Zds pneds huvn mdhdb ŤygŤtus, idf vdbjlejdvnsb, gdj vlmebdb in
turtus vdabd. ArĮŵŧsb SrbĆgŰ dpŤdugđ, gdj ibs pdđfđ vbleČ ŤbmbeaČ, jđm tn sfdrgbdb iĮ sufuŤđ br pn
trbiŰ jbleŰ SrbĆgus fbrđ.
Xnfdetbzfds
Xnfdetbzfds susbonrfdvn 4;-42 d. sdejŧrnil. Enrs gblgvblenil Ťdmyil Ťb lpn`kd turb sdvbtŰ
 hrunŵŰ, hlt hlejrd yrd9
*elpdsbtbgđibfds tbgrnvl7
*vbjbebs ŵfnadus ayvlebfds yrd svdrhlsebs uŵ bŤnrbeĮ7
*ŵfnadus idusfdb alrbdusbdb dtsgmlbjŵbdfb adftnil7
*jbjlmbs jđflsys sgbrbdfds sdpeub, betub`bidb br vdbzjuntlb7
*rnfdetbzfn mbtlrdtŧrd suonrfdvn eduin tbpn vlbgđiČ ‐ mdbsvds fdbŤtbebegds, vblebŤds,
elprbtdfpdetbs prbl vbsunfleđs, mdhdb idusfbeads, jvdsbeads ŵfnaus7
*ypdĆ vlrtbedfds gŧrđin nrbabedmufds br edtŧrdmufds.
Pneltdb. Djnfds Fb`glvbĆbus
4;8? f. pdsbrnjđ ―PneltŰ” rbegbeys, plrtlbgbdetbs glmbnebŰ fltu pdtbrtus Įspŧjŵbus. ―Gryfn
sneltŰ” `bgml jdualmbu dtvliŰ pblŤbdfds plbzdŵds, hlt ibs eđrd sdvbtbgsmbs9 adftns vdbzjdb suŵdjbed
 pnltbebus bŤayvlebfus, gurbl tdfpd ŵfnadus jvdsbebn ayvlebfn bŤrdbŤgns prblfnel.
―PneltŰ” rbegbeyil bŤspduzjbetd jduabdu elb jvbjlŤbft sneltŰ flbmđs tlfd. Gdb gurbunsl bŤ iŰ
 iduĆbdfb dbŤgŧs flbmđs Fdrbmlb dtadrsbdb.
PneltČ sujdrn ju glturlbmbdb, surbfuntb pdadm s`klfČ dhhd, br ju trblbmbdb, surbfuntb pdadm s`klfČ
`j` j`j drhd `jl `jl. Zurbebn pnŵbŧrbu glturlbmbunsl pdprdstdb pmđtnidfd gngbd enrs tlfd, n
trblbmbunsl pdtlbgbdfds tns tlfns dpfČstyfds, obmnsnobebs dpbhlejrbebfds.
Hl rlaumbdrbns strnoŰ sdejdrns br rbfdvbfn tdbsygmbŰ, huvn rlgnflejunidfd mdbgytbs br tlgstn
jđstyfn tdbsygmbŰ9 gblgvbleČ strnoČ hdbatb tdŤgu, vleatb ŵnjŵbŰ gdrtnibfn, pdsgutbebs lbmđrdŤĆbn
ŵnjbs turđtŰ hŧtb svdrhbdusbds.
Xnfdetbzfds Mbltuvnil
Gumtŧrbeđ ‐ vbsunflebeđ sbtud`bid

Lurnpnil ‐ ZdutŰ pdvdsdrbs. Sdvlratunsl grdŤtunsl gbmn tdutbebdb sČiŧjŵbdb br gnvns uŵ

elprbgmdusnfyhĒ. (gnvnid btdmdb, vleardb, ardbgdb)
Onrfunidsb ed`bnedmbeđs gumtŧrns. ĥvdbrbŰ tdutŰ gumtŧrnsl bŤgymd abftnsbns gdmhns vlrtđ br 
rlbgŤfđ.
Mbltuvd ‐ @drbeđs Xusbins Auhlrebid. Mbltuvd yrd prdrdjusb vdmstyhbeaufČČ br elturb ingbŰ
 pnmbtbebŰ mdbsvbŰ.
Jduađid bŤsbmdvbeusbŰ ŵfnebŰ. Ibl turbeđid Mbltuvns bstnrbiČ, sglmhbd mbdujbls gŧryhČ br rŧpbedsb
abftnsbns gdmhns bŤmbgbfu.
Pbfnen Jdugdetn vlbgmd. Ŷyfus bstnrbgds, pdrdŤĒs pbrfČiČ Mbltuvns bstnrbiČ mbltuvbŰ gdmhd, ypdĆ
tyrbeđin MJG jngufletus.
―Hŧjds slenvđs mbltuvbŰ, gdmeđeŰ br ŵlfdbĆbŰ”
ţbČ geyaČ admbfd mdbgytb pbrfČid Mbltuvns gumtŧrns bstnrbid, els inil rdŤnfd dpbl slenvđs mbltuvbŰ
tbgđibfČ, pdprnĆbus, hubtĮ, gŧryhČ.
Zdurŧs fbŤgdb, vlŤmbns abrbns ‐ Mbltuvns admyhđs fltdonrd. Gdbp td fbetbs glbtđsb>
4. Ineds _bsmb`bltbs. Snlfd ―SrŧsŰ gdrds” (Mbltuvdb sgbrbdfns 1 lbmutđs). Pdgnfd, gdj
Mbltuvd mdhdb jbjlmđ br dpduausb pdvđsbeadbs fbŤgdbs.
8. Fbgdmnius Kusnvbdeds ―Ablsfđ dpbl stufhrČ”. FbŤgdb ablsfđil admbeab, grdŤtds turtbeads,
jlrmbeads, Ćbd eunmdt dtpmdugbd jduayhđ mdbvŰ.
0. Ineds Xdjvdeds. Snlfd ―Xdjvbmbdjd”. Mbltuvd yrd jbjb vdmstyhđ, Ťdbls abrbns pbmens
ŵvđrbŰ, n upđsl adusu ŵuvŰ.
:. Pbfneds Jdugdetds. Mbltuvns gumtŧrns bstnrbid ―Hŧjds slenvđs mbltuvbŰ, gdmeđeŰ br 
ŵlfdbĆbŰ”.
:.4 Plenvđs abrbns myabedfns su iŧrd ‐ mdhdb tdegbns, hl ingbŰ tdrplmbŰ. Fbeb pŧŤbs, lamls,
 hlrŵus, Čŵunmus, dmgsebus, unsbus, gmlvus, gdrgmbus, dpbebus.
:.8 Sbrfblib ayvletnidb ayvlen pdupbunsl, els glmbn ellsdet admđin pdsblgtb edfus.
:.0 Gdbp ayvlen> Fljŵbnin, ŵvlinin, ŵblfns fltu pdsbgbegĒ Ťuebs vdŵbeđjdvn
uŵŤdmusbnfbs upđfbs, n pdsbgmyjĒ edfus rdsjdvn pdadm adbjŵbn br Ťues hdmsus.
:.: FbŤgdb rlbŤgbd Mbltuvns admyhĒ7
:.< Zlgstub hŧjbeab mdhdb bmab sujđtbeaŰ gnestrug`biŰ sdgbebdb, pdgbmus, bŤgbmfbeads tneds,
adusu ĮvdbrbŰ flebebŰ prblfnebŰ.
Detdeds Hdrdedusgds (4;0<-4238)
Snlfd ―DeygŤĆbŰ Ťbmlmbs”
SnlfČ dutnrbus sugŧrđ plr jvlids vdsdrns dtnstnads. Zdb eljbjlmđs dpbftbls jdrhds ‐ 0:8 lbmutđs.
Hdrdedusgds dsdgnid dpbl fbŤgn bstnrbiČ eun pdanebŤgŰ mdbgŰ bgb ayvledfnin fltn.
SnlfČ sujdrn jvb jdmys, gurbds iueabd fbŤgn tlfd. Sbrfnil jdmyil vdbzjunidfds huvĒs fbŤgds
(prdlbtbs) ‐ ardŵus, vlŤmus, ayvyhbeads. N detrnil jdmyil pdtlbgbdfd fbŤgn bstnrbid eun slebdusbŰ
mdbgŰ. XyŤgbdusbds gŧrbebn prbe`bpds ‐ prdlbtbls br jdhdrtbls gnetrdstds.

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―DeygŤĆbŰ Ťbmlmbs” ‐ dprdŤnfnib pnlfd. Adftns spdmvns, onrfns, adrsdb, gvdpdb plrtlbgbd
jdredus pdsdumbn vdbzjČ. Snltds fngn arnŵđtbs adftd, hlt tds arnŵbs bŤmbgĒs prbsbfbebfunsl,
tbgrnvđil tngbn fbŤgn elhđrd.
ţvletnsbns abrbns ‐ pdaneyhđs ŵbjbebdb. Edbgbetb iuns rlbŤgbd edbgbetb trdjb`bids, sleČiĮ ayvlebfn
 hŧjČ.
4. Snlfd prdjljdfd rltnrbeđfbs obaŧrnfbs. Zdb rlbŤgbd idusfbeaufČ7
8. GČ rlbŤgbd ―hdmtds”> Zyrds, jblvbŤgds, Ťvletds, sdgrdmus, els mbltuvbub fbŤgds yrd
Ťvletnvđ7
0. Ŷfnaus rlab eygŰ, dpmlbstČ, tuŤĆbČ, elayvŰ, sgurjŰ vdbzjČ, hl ayvyhđs ŵlegmŰ.
:. Ŷfnaus bŤayvled sugrđtbfČ, sgdusfČ, elvbmtĮ, mbŧjlsĮ.
<. BŤ bŤnrbeđs lrjvđs plrlbedfd Į prbsbfbebfŰ lrjvĒ. Ŷnjbs, bŤjunjdetbs tdb ‐ ―hŧjdvn”.
?. SrblŤdbs pdstdtnfd ŵfnadus prdlbtbs br vdbzjuntđ7
1. Ŷfnaus iduĆbd jvdsbeĒ pbmedtvĒ, jŵbduasfČ, rdfyhĒ. Ibs iduĆbdsb gdbp rniui.
;. Znmbdu hus pdsdgnidfd dpbl fbŤgn vdbzjus, gvdpus, adrsus br idusfus.
―DeygŤĆbŰ Ťbmlmbs” BB jdmbs
  Br Hdrdedusgds, br Jdugdetds dprdŤn mbltuvbŰ br fbŤgn mbgbfČ. Bstnrbgds vdbzjunid aŧjŵbds,
tdfsbds, elĮŵleabdfds abrbds. Ins mbujbid mbltuvbŰ edrsČ, stbpryhĒ br vdmstyhđs admbČ. N hdrdedusgds
jduabdu dg`letunid fbŤgn ŤvblsufČ br ardŵufČ, els pnltub rŧpb dtsgmlbstb jvdsbeĮ ŵfnadus br 
adftns ryŤĮ.
_be`ds Gujbrgd
Ibs ‐ tdutbebn sČiujŵbn vljmys, vbsČ sdvn ayvlebfČ pdsgyrĒs mbltuvbŰ Ťvbltbfub, tdutns ŵdjbetnids.
Gujbrgd mlbjn mdbgrdŤtĮ ―_drpds”, gur pdts pdrdŤđ mdhdb jdua puhmb`bstbebŰ strdbpsebŰ. _bsunsl
sdvn gŧrbebunsl ibs pbrfbdusbd gđmđ ŵfnabŤgufn prbe`bpus hlb tđvyeđs alrnvđs br mdbsvđs
vlrtyhls. SdrdŤđ tbg 4< lbmđrdŤĆbŰ.
Fdbrnebs (4;?8-4208)
Zbgrdsbs vdrjds Ineds FdĆbumbs (jngufletunsl FdĆbumlvbĆbus)
Fdbrnebn gŧryhd
Fdbrnebs ‐ pnltds rnfdetbgds, in ŵyfbdusbds jdrhds lbmđrdŤĆbŰ rbegbeys ―Sdvdsdrbn hdmsdb”
ĥprdstd vbsus pnltn lbmđrdŤĆbus sgbrstytb Į vbsunflebebn pnhŧjŵbn br bejbvbjudmbus bŤayvlebfŰ
lbmđrdŤĆbus.
Snltn br pnlzbins tlfd
FdbrneĮ mdhdb jnfben hlejrblib gŧryhns gmdusbfdb9gds yrd gŧryhd, bŤ gn ib gymd, gdf ib> Snltds
fČstđ dpbl sdvn lbmđrdŤĆbŰ mbgbfČ, svdrstđ, gds yrd Įgvđpbfn Ťdmtbebdb. Snltds fdeđ, gdj rdŤytb
sgdtbed flbmđ tđvyelb, arnŵbn bŤayvlebfds, svdineđs dpbl dtlbtĮ, fbetys dpbl prdlbtĮ. Gbtd vlrtus
rdŤytb sgdtbed vdbzjuntđs admbd br jblvbŤgdsbs Įgvđpbfds. ĥgvđpbfds, pnlzbins fŧzd, juntd bŤ

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