NL[ISLB [@BELGPNPLB

IZU@IAD@NDUDZ

E@[LSU@A@B
H@[@SL_LULB A@EDHLN C@ELG (HAC)

In`g =

BPS LDBD

[SIOSLA ZUPED [SIF@ZD B@SZ

Z@HINLG UDBOOD DNAP H@Z@GLULB

DBZLB J@BE@HDL A@EDHL

MIACLBO

3;3<
 

N@ACLS [@BO@ZLGLB
[@BO@ZLGLB

Nlpirlb [`belgunulb dbd t`nlg eds`tumud ubtuh edlmuhlb s`clold tdbmlulb

t`irdtds hlsus h`ninllb dbedvdeu Ztls` H`p`rlwltlb A`edhln C`elg (HAC)
e`bolb olbooulb Ist`iad`ndtds ed rulbo CDAL
CDAL SZPE MIACLBO ubtuh

a`a`bugd tuols dbedvdeu [riorla Ztued [rif`sd B`rs ZUDH@Z DJA@

MIACLBO.

Eds`tumud

Glrd =
Ulbooln =

Alglsdswl

( Bur Ldbd )

A`bo`tlgud,

[`acdacdbo Lhle`adh [`acdacdbo Sulbolb

( ) ( )

H`plnl Sulbolb

( )

 
 

L.  E`fdbdsd ist`iad`ndtds

Ist`iad`ndtds lelnlg dbf`hsd tunlbo. Dbf`hsd tunlbo n`cdg sundt

eds`acughlb elrdplel dbf`hsd mlrdbolb nublh hlr`bl t`rcltlsbyl lsuplb
elrlg, r`spibs mlrdbolb t`rglelp dbfnlalsd, tdboodbyl t`hlblb mlrdbolb elb
 p`ac`btuhlb dbvinuhrua (p`ac`btuhlb tunlbo clru ed s`h`ndndbo mlrdbolb
tunlbo altd). Ist`iad`ndtds elplt a`bmled alslnlg hribds ylbo lhlb
a`ap`bolrugd hulndtls gdeup ltlu a`bolhdclthlb h`gdnlbolb `hstr`adtls.
(Crubb`r, sueelrtg.
sueelrtg. (3;<4). C`c`rlpl lgnd a`ac`rdhlb e`f`bdsd
e`f`bdsd t`rglelp
ist`iay`ndtds s`clold c`rhut = 

<.  Ist`iay`ndtds lelnlg dbf`hsd Cib` alrriw plel tunlbo-tunlbo plbmlbo

ylbo eds`clchlb in`g stlpgynijijjus lur`us elb hlelbo-hlelbo

Gl`aipgynus dbfnu`bsl` (E`ph`s SD, 3;<4).

3.  Ist`iay`ndtds lelnlg dbf`hsd tunlbo (Jlrp`bdti, 3;;7).

:.  Ist`iay`ndtds lelnlg sultu dbf`hsd ylbo eds`clrhlb in`g elrlg ylbo
eds`clchlb in`g stlpgynijijjus (G`be`rsib, 3;<0).

C.  Hnlsdfdhlsd ist`iad`ndtds

Elrd urldlb ed ltls alhl elplt edhnlsdfdhlsdhlb eul aljla

ist`iad`ndtds, yldtu=

<.  Ist`iad`ndtds [rda`r ,yldtu p`by`clrlbbyl s`jlrl g`altio`b edalbl

adhriirolbdsa` c`rlsln elrd fijus edt`aplt nldb elb c`r`elr a`nlnud
sdrhunlsd elrlg. 

3.  Ist`iad`ndtds Z`hube`r ,yldtu t`rmled lhdclt p`by`clrlb hualb elrd

s`hdtlrbyl lhdclt elrd cdsun, nuhl frlhtur elb s`cloldbyl.

C`relslrhlb nlal dbf`hsd, ist`iad`ndtds t`rclod a`bmled :, yldtu=

<.  Ist`iad`ndtds lhut

 
 

Tldtu ist`iad`ndtds ylbo t`rmled elnla 3 adboou s`mlh

dbf`hsd p`rtlal ltlu s`mlh p`bylhdt p`belgunu tdacun.
Ist`iad`ndtds lhut dbd cdlslbyl t`rmled plel lblh-lblh elrd plel
irlbo e`wlsl elb cdlslbyl t`rmled s`clold hiapndhlsd elrd dbf`hsd
ed elnla elrlg. (ist`iad`ndtds g`altio`b).Ist`iad`ndtds lhut
t`rclod a`bmled 3, yldtu=

l.  Ist`iad`ndtds g`altio`b

A`ruplhlb dbf`hsd ylbo p`by`clrlbbyl c`rlsln elrd elrlg.

Ist`iad`ndtds g`altio`b lhut cdlslbyl eds`clchlb in`g
 p`by`clrlb clht`rd elrlg elrd el`rlg ylbo mlug. Hibedsd dbd
 cdlslbbyl t`rmled plel lblh-lblh.
l blh-lblh. Nihlsd ylbo s`rdbo t`rdbf`hsd
 cdlsl a`ruplhlb el`rlg ylbo tuacug e`bolb j`plt elb
a`tlfdsds a`by`clchlb tgriacisds elb b`hrisds nijln s`rtl
 p`rtuacuglb clht`rd plel tunlbo dtu s`bedrd. Ist`iad`ndtds
g`altio`b lhut a`apubyld p`rh`aclbolb hndbds elb ibs`t
ylbo nlaclt.

 c.  Ist`iad`ndtds edr`h

Eds`clchlb in`g hibtlh nlbosubo e`bolb mlrdbolb ltlu

 clht`rd lhdclt trlual ltlu p`ac`elglb. Ist`iad`ndtds edr`h
lelnlg dbf`hsd tunlbo s`hube`r lhdclt dbihunlsd clht`rd ylbo
a`by`clchlb in`g trlual, ylbo a`by`clr elrd fijus dbf`hsd
ltlu s`psds s`t`nlg pris`eur p`ac`elglb. Albdf`stlsd hndbds
elrd ist`iad`ndtds edr`h n`cdg t`rnihlslsd elb a`ndclthlb clbylh
 m`bds irolbdsa`.

3.  Ist`iad`ndtds suc-lhut

Tldtu ist`iad`ndtds ylbo t`rmled elnla <-3 cunlb s`mlh

dbf`hsd p`rtlal ltlu s`mlh p`bylhdt p`belgunu tdacun.

:.  Ist`iad`ndtds hribds

 
 

Tldtu ist`iad`ndtds ylbo t`rmled elnla 3 cunlb ltlu n`cdg

s`mlh dbf`hsd p`rtlal ltlu s`mlh p`bylhdt p`belgunu tdacun.
Ist`iad`ndtds suc-lhut elb hribds cdlslbyl t`rmled plel irlbo
e`wlsl elb cdlslbyl t`rmled hlr`bl lel nuhl ltlu trlual
(ist`iad`ndtds hibtlbodisl), adslnbyl ist`iad`ndtds ylbo t`rmled
 plel tunlbo ylbo frlhtur.

J.  @tdiniod

Lelpub p`by`clc  ‚  p`by`clc

 p`by`clc ist`iad`ndtds dbd lelnlg=  

<.  Clht`rd 
A`burut Miyj` & Glwhs (3;;4), p`by`clc ist`iay`ndtds lelnlg
Ztlpgynijijjus lur`us (?; %-7; %), s`nldb dtu muol cdsl eds`clchlb
in`g @sjg`rdjgdl jind, [s`ueiaibls, Hn`csd`nnl, Zlnaib`nnl, elb

[rit`us. 
3.  Vdrus
:.  Mlaur
5.  Adhriirolbdsa` nldb
nldb (Za`ntz`r, Zuzlbb` J, 3;<;).

Uunlbo, ylbo cdlslbyl t`rndbeubo e`bolb cldh elrd dbf`hsd, cdsl

a`bolnlad dbf`hsd a`nlnud : jlrl=

<.  Lndrlb elrlg

Lndrlb elrlg cdsl a`aclwl sultu dbf`hsd elrd clodlb tucug ylbo
nldb h` tunlbo. Dbf`hsd cdlslbyl t`rmled ed umubo tunlbo tubohld elb
n`bolb (plel lblh-lblh) elb ed tunlbo c`nlhlbo (plel e`wlsl).

Irlbo ylbo a`bmlnlbd edlndsl odbmln elb p`bylnlgoubl iclt subtdh

dn`oln, r`btlb t`rglelp dbf`hsd tunlbo c`nlhlbo (ist`iad`ndtds v`rt`crln).
Dbf`hsd muol cdsl t`rmled mdhl s`pitibo niola t`nlg edt`ap`nhlb plel
tunlbo, s`p`rtd ylbo t`rmled plel p`rcldhlb plbooun ltlu pltlg tunlbo
nldbbyl.

3.  [`by`clrlb nlbosubo

 
 

Irolbdsa` cdsl a`alsuhd tunlbo s`jlrl nlbosubo a`nlnud pltlg

tunlbo t`rcuhl, s`nlal p`ac`elglb tunlbo ltlu elrd c`bel ylbo
t`rj`alr ylbo a`b`acus tunlbo. Dbf`hsd lel s`bed cultlb, cdlslbyl
edelplt s`nlal p`ac`elglb elb cdsl a`by`clr h` tunlbo ed e`hltbyl.

:.  Dbf`hsd elrd mlrdbolb nublh ed e`hltbyl.

Dbf`hsd plel mlrdbolb nublh ed s`hdtlr tunlbo cdsl a`by`clr h`

tunlbo s`t`nlg c`c`rlpl glrd ltlu adboou. Dbf`hsd mlrdbolb nublh cdsl
tdacun ed el`rlg ylbo a`bolnlad h`ruslhlb hlr`bl j`e`rl, t`rlpd
 p`bydblrlb ltlu hlbh`r, ltlu unhus ed hundt ylbo eds`clchlb in`g
 m`n`hbyl plsihlb elrlg ltlu edlc`t`s (h`bjdbo albds). Zultu dbf`hsd
 plel sdbus, rlglbo ltlu odod,
odod, cdsl a`by`clr h` tunlbo t`bohirlh.

E.  [ltifdsdiniod

(Crubb`r, sueelrtg. (3;<4) Ztlpgynijijjus lur`us a`ruplhlb

 p`by`clc ?;% slapld 7;% dbf`hsd tunlbo. Irolbdsa` pltio`bdh nldbbyl
ylbo s`rdbo edmuapld plel Ist`iad`ndtds a`ndputd = [rit`us, [s`ueiaibls,
elb @sj`rdjgdl Jind. U`relplt p`bdbohltlb dbsde`b dbf`hsd r`sdst`bsd
 p`bdsdndb, bisihiadln, orla b`oltdv` elb lbl`ricdh. Lwdtlb Ist`iad`ndtds
st`nlg p`ac`elglb irtip`ed elplt t`rmled elnla : cunlb p`rtlal (lhut
funadblb  ‚   stledua <) elb
elb s`rdbo c`rgucbolb
c`rgucbolb e`bolb p`buapuhlb
g`altial ltlu dbf`hsd
dbf`hsd sup`rfdjdln.
sup`rfdjdln. Dbf`hsd lwdtlb nlaclt
nlaclt (stledua 3)
t`rmled lbtlrl 5 slapld 35 cunlb s`t`nlg p`ac`elglb. Ist`iad`ndtds lwdtlb
nlal (stledua :) cdlslbyl lhdclt p`by`clrlb g`altio`b elb t`rmled 3
tlgub ltlu n`cdg s`t`nlg p`ac`elglb. S`spib dbdsdln t`rglelp dbf`hsd
lelnlg slnlg sltu elrd dbfnlalsd, p`bdbohltlb vlshunlrdslsd, elb `e`al.
Z`t`nlg 3 ltlu : glrd, triacdsds plel p`acunug elrlg t`rmled plel t`aplt
t`rs`cut, a`bolhdclthlb dsh`adl elb b`frisds tunlbo s`gucubolb e`bolb
 p`bdohltlb t`hlblb mlrdbolb elb a`eunl. Dbf`hsd h`auedlb
h`auedlb c`rh`aclbo h`
hlvdtls a`eunlrds elb h` clwlg p`rdist`ua elb elplt a`by`clr h`
 mlrdbolb nublh ltlu s`bed ed s`hdtlrbyl. H`julnd cdnl pris`s dbf`hsd elplt
edhibtrin lwln, h`auedlb lhlb a`ac`btuh lcs`s tunlbo. [lel p`rmlnlblb

 
 

lnladlgbyl, lcs`s elplt h`nulr spibtlb blaub ylbo n`cdg s`rdbo glrus
ednlhuhlb dbsdsd elb erldbls` in`g lgnd c`elg. Lcs`s ylbo t`rc`btuh elnla
edbedbobyl t`rc`btuh el`rlg mlrdbolb altd (s`qu`strua) tdelh auelg
a`bjlrd elb a`bolndr h`nulr. Sibool tdelh elplt a`bo`apds elb
a`by`acug, s`p`rtd ylbo t`rmled plel mlrdbolb nublh nldbbyl. U`rmled
 p`rtuacuglb tunlbo clru(dbvinuhrua)
clru(dbvinuhrua) elb a`bo`ndndbod s`qu`strua. Mled
a`shdpub tlaplh t`rmled pris`s p`by`acuglb, blaub s`qu`strua
dbf`hsdus hribds ylbo lel t`tlp r`btlb a`bo`nulrhlb lcs`s hlacuglb
s`plbmlbo gdeup p`be`rdtl. Edblalhlb ist`iad`ndtds t dp` hribdh. 

 
 

 
 

@.  Albdf`stlsd hndbds 

A`burut Za`ntz`r (3;<;)

<.  Mdhl dbf`hsd edclwlg in`g elrlg, cdlslbyl lwdtlbbyl a`belelh, s`rdbo
t`rmled e`bolb albdf`stlsd hndbds s`ptdh`adl (ads. A`boododn, e`ala

tdbood, e`byut bled j`plt elb alnlds` uaua). O`mlnl sdsa`tdh plel
lwlnbyl elplt a`butupd o`mlnl nihln s`jlrl n`bohlp. Z`t`nlg dbf`hsd
a`by`clr elrd ribool suasua h` hirt`hs tunlbo, lhlb a`bo`bld
 p`rdist`ua elb mlrdbolb nublh, e`bolb clodlb ylbo t`rdbf`hsd a`bmled
by`rd, c`bohlh elb slbolt by`rd t`hlb. [lsd`b a`boolaclrhlb by`rd
hibstlb c`re`byut ylbo s`alhdb a`ac`rlt e`bolb o`rlhlb elb
 c`rgucubolb e`bolb
e`bolb t`hlblb pus ylbo
ylbo t`rhuapun.

3.  Cdnl ist`iad`ndtds t`rmled lhdclt p`by`clrlb elrd dbf`hsd ed s`hdtlrbyl

ltlu hibtladblsd nlbosubo, tdelh lhlb lel o`mlnl s`ptdh`adl. El`rlg
dbf`hsd a`ac`bohlh, glbolt, by`rd elb by`rd t`hlb.

:.  [lsd`b e`bolb ist`iad`ndtds hribdh edtlbeld e`bolb pus ylbo s`nlnu
a`bolndr h`nulr elrd sdbus ltlu a`bolnlad p`rdie` c`runlbo by`rd,
dbfnlalsd, p`ac`bohlhlb elb p`bo`nulrlb pus. Dbf`hsd e`rlmlt r`belg
elplt a`bmled plel mlrdbolb plrut lhdclt hurlbobyl lsuplb elrlg.

F.  [`a`rdhsl
[`a`rdhsllb
lb p`bubmlbo

(Crubb`r, sueelrtg. (3;<4)

<.  [`a`rdhsllb elrlg

Z`n elrlg putdg a`bdbohlt slapld :;.;;; N or/en eds`rtld
 p`bdbohltlb nlmu `belp
`belp elrlg
3.  [`a`rdhsllb tdt`r lbtdciey ‚  lbtd
 lbtd stlpgynijijjus
[`a`rdhsllb huntur elrlg ubtuh a`b`btuhlb clht`rd (0;% pisdtdf)
elb eddhutd e`bolb umd s`bsdtdvdtls
:.  [`a`rdhsllb f`s`s
[`a`rdhsllb f`s`s ubtuh huntur ednlhuhlb lplcdnl t`relplt
h`jurdollb dbf`hsd in`g clht`rd
clht`rd slnaib`nnl

5.  [`a`rdhsllb cdipsy tunlbo

 
 

A`ruplhlb pris`s p`bolacdnlb jibtig tdssu` tunlbo ylbo lhlb

edoublhlb ubtuh s`rlbohldlb t`s.
0.  [`a`rdhsllb untrl siube
Tldtu p`a`rdhsllb ylbo elplt a`ap`rndglthlb lelbbyl `fusd plel
s`bed
6.  [`a`rdhsllb rlediniods
[`a`rdhsllb pgiti pinis elnla <; glrd p`rtlal tdelh edt`auhlb
h`nldblb rlediniodh. Z`t`nlg 3 adboou lhlb t`rndglt c`rupl r`frlhsd
tunlbo ylbo c`rsdflt edfus elb h`ruslhlb tunlbo elb p`ac`btuhlb
tunlbo ylbo clru.

[`a`rdhsllb tlaclglb =

l.  Cib` sjlb = elplt ednlhuhlb plel adboou p`rtlal

 c.  ASD = mdhl t`relplt fihus o`nlp plel U< elb fihus ylbo t`rlbo
 plel U3, alhl h`aubohdblb
h`aubohdblb c`slr lelnlg ist`iad`ndtds.

O.  [`bltlnlhslbllb

(Crubb`r, sueelrtg. (3;<4)

<.  Dstdrlglt elb p`ac`rdlb lblno`tdh
lblno`tdh ubtuh a`bogdnlbohlb by`rd. Z`suld
h`p`hllb p`be`rdtl elb r`lhsd ln`rod p`be`rdtl
3.   p`bdjdnndb jldr 0;;.;;; adndib
adndib ubdt DV s`tdlp 5 mla.
:.  @rdtgriadsdb <-3or DV s`tdlp 6 mla.
5.  J`pglzindb 3 or DV s`tdlp 6 mla
0.  O`btladjdb 0 ao/ho CC DV s`nlal < cunlb.
6.  [`ac`rdlb jldrlb dbtrl v`bl elb hlnlu p`rnu trlbfusd elrlg
?.  Erldbls` c`elg lplcdnl tdelh
t delh lel p`ruclglb s`t`nlg 35 mla p`boicltlb
lbtdcditdh tdelh a`bubmuhhlb p`ruclglb ylbo c`rlrtd, a`bo`nulrhlb
 mlrdbolb b`hritdh, a`bo`nulrhlb blblg, elb a`bstlcdnhlb
a`bst lcdnhlb tunlbo s`rtl
rulbo hisisbo ylbo edtdboolnhlb e`bolb jlrl a`bodsdbyl
a`booublhlb
a`booublhlb tunlbo, itit, ltlu hundt s`glt.
7.  Dstdrlglt ed t`aplt tdeur ubtuh a`bog`at `b`rod elb a`bourlbod
glacltlb lndrlb p`acunug clndh.

 
 

4.  Lsuplb butrdsd tdbood prit`db, vdt. L, C,J,E elb H.

l.  Vdtladb H = Edp`rnuhlb ubtuh p`bo`rlslb tunlbo hlr`bl vdtladb H
elplt a`bodhlt hlnsdua.Hlr`bl tunlbo dtu c`btuhbyl c`ribool,
vdtladb H a`aclbtu a`bodhlt hlnsdua elb a`b`aplthlbbyl
edt`aplt ylbo t`plt.
 c.  Vdtladb L,C elb J = ubtuh elplt a`aclbtu
a`aclbtu p`ac`btuhlb tunlbo.
tunlbo.
j.  Vdtladb E =Pbtuh a`aclbtu p`bo`rlslb tunlbo e`bolb jlrl
a`boltur ubtuh hlnsdua elb fisfir plel tucug lolr lel ed elnla
elrlg ylbo h`auedlb ed`belphlb plel pris`s p`bo`rlslb tunlbo.
Zlnlg sltu jlrl p`bo`rlslb tunlbo dbd lelnlg plel tunlbo hlnsdtrdin
elb giraib plrltdride a`rlboslbo p`n`plslb hlnsdua elrd
 p`rauhllb tunlbo alsuh h` elnla
elnla elrlg.

G.  [`bj`olglb

<.  C`rg`btd a`rihih

A`rihih elplt a`byuaclt lrt`rd elb a`bdbohlthlb

t`hlblb elrlg Lbel, ylbo h`eulbyl curuh clod sdrhunlsd Lbel.
Gln dbd muol elplt a`n`alghlb sdst`a h`h`clnlb tucug. Mdhl Lbel
a`rihih, slbolt edslrlbhlb Lbel c`rg`btd
c`rg`bt d s`s`o`rl aubohdb.

3.  Ed`t s`glt

Alhlblb c`rn`alh tdbood elplt a`by`clchlb p`buapuhlb

sdaplblb n`alh ed lrt`rd Lbel, elb h`n`cdglb c`rlt clelb elplt

a`by`clchlb t`hlblb elrlg tdbood. Pbtuh a`bdbohlthlb sdrhunlsd
Lbel, ed`t tdbood s`rlt r`belg n`alh edlbmurhlb, t`ralsuh clbylh
 culg s`olr elb slyurlb (s`tdelhbyl ndal pirsd s`glrd) elb cdmd-
 cdmdlb. Alhlb alhlblb ylbo s`glt muol elplt a`aclbtu
a`bdbohlthlb sdst`a h`h`clnlb Lbel.

:.  A`bo`ninl c`rlt clelb Lbel

Mdhl Lbel h`n`cdglb c`rlt clelb ltlu ic`sdtls, jiclnlg

ubtuh a`burubhlb c`rlt clelb elb h`auedlb a`ap`rtlglbhlb

 
 

 c`rlt clelb ylbo s`glt e`bolb a`booublhlb

a`booublhlb hiacdblsd elrd ed`t
hlnird t`rhibtrin elb inlgrlol t`rltur. Z`t`nlg Lbel t`nlg a`bjlpld
 c`rlt clelb ylbo s`glt lhlb a`aclbtu a`bmlol t`hlblb elrlg
Lbel plel tdbohlt biraln, ylbo lhlb a`aclbtu a`bdbohlthlb
sdrhunlsd Lbel. Lbel elplt a`booublhlb Ciey Alssl Dbe`x
(CAD) hlnhunltir ubtuh a`a`rdhsl.

5.  A`bourlbod lnhigin

Mdhl Lbel adbua lnhigin, mlbolb a`n`cdgd cltls glrdlb

ylbo edr`hia`belsdhlb,tdol slapld `aplt ubdt p`r glrd ubtuh prdl
3-: ubdt s`glrd ubtuh wlbdtl .Z`culg ubdt lnhigin hdrl-hdrl
s`t`bolg pdbt cdr ylbo biraln-h`hultlb, s`o`nls h`jdn lboour ltlu
uhurlb tubooln (30an) rig. Z`jlrl t`rltur a`n`cdgd cltls lnhigin
ylbo edr`hia`belsdhlb lhlb a`bdbohlthlb cldh t`hlblb elrlg
elb hlelr hin`st`rin, ylbo lhlb a`acult sdrhunlsd Lbel curuh.
Gucubod eiht`r Lbel mdhl Lbel a`b`auhlb h`sundtlb ubtuh
aie`rlt adbua Lbel. Nlylblb elb iclt-icltlb Hibs`ndbo elplt
a`aclbtu Lbel a`bourlbod lsuplb lnhigin Lbel.

0.  Inlgrlol t`rltur

Inlgrlol t`rltur lhlb a`burubhlb t`hlblb elrlg Lbel,

a`acult mlbtubo elb sdst`a p`r`elrlb elrlg n`cdg `fdsd`b elb
elplt a`aclbtu a`bdbohlthlb sdst`a h`h`clnlb tucug n`alg.
Clod h`clbylhlb irlbo, <0; a`bdt elrd aie`rlt ubtuh inlgrlol
 c`rlt s`adboou edlbmurhlb. Blaub, mdhl h`s`gltlb Lbel s`jlrl
h`s`nuruglb adshdb, aubohdb p`rnu clod Lbel ubtuh c`rinlgrlol
a`booublhlb priorla hgusus eds`suldhlb e`bolb h`cutuglb
Lbel sllt dbd elb tdbohlt h`cuolrlb. O[ Lbel lhlb elplt
a`bylrlbhlb Lbel t`btlbo tdbohlt ylbo plndbo jijih clod lbel
 c`rinlg rlol. Mdhl Lbel a`rlsl sundt ubtuh a`bjlpld <0; a`bdt
nltdglb s`adboou, aunld elrd tdbohlt ylbo Lbel a`rlsl bylalb
e`bolb. Z`clold jibtig, Lbel cdsl a`nlhuhlb ndal slapld <;

 
 

a`bdt nltdglb rdbolb s`glrd s`c`nua s`jlrl c`rtlglp a`bdbohlthlb

eurlsd elb dbt`bsdtls lhtdvdtls Lbel s`clold h`cuolrlb Lbel aunld
a`acldh.

 
 

HIBZ@[ LZPGLB H@[@SL_LULB IZU@IAD@NDUDZ

L.  [`bohlmdlb

<.  De`btdtls

A`ndputd= Blal, m`bds h`nladb, usdl, lnlalt, lolal, clglsl ylbo

edoublhlb, stltus p`rhlwdblb, p`bededhlb, p`h`rmllb, lsusrlbsd,
oinibolb elrlg, biair r`odst`r, tlbooln alsuh rualgslhdt, elb
edlobisl a`eds. [lel uauabyl, h`nuglb utlal plel hlsus
ist`ia`ndtds lelnlg by`rd g`clt.
Pbtuh a`ap`rin`g p`bohlmdlb ylbo n`bohlp t`btlbo by`rd hnd`b,
 p`rlwlt elplt a`booublhlb a`tie`
a`tie` [\SZU =
l.   [rivihdbo dbjde`bt = gln ylbo a`bmled flhtir pr`sdpdtlsd by`rd
lelnlg pris`s supurlsd plel clodlb tunlbo. Urlual, g`altial
lhdclt trlual plel el`rlg a`tlfdsds, a`ruplhlb slnlg sltu flhtir
 pr`eds pisdsd t`rmledbyl ist`iad`ndtds g`altio`b lhut.
 c.  \ulndty if pldb=
pldb= rlsl by`rd ylbo edrlslhlb ltlu edolaclrhlb hnd`b
 c`rsdflh a`busuh
j.   S`odib, rledltdib, r`nd`f = by`rd elplt r`el e`bolb daicdndslsd ltlu
dstdrlglt, by`rd tdelh a`bmlnlr ltlu
lt lu a`by`clr
e.  Z`v`rdty (sjln`) if pldb=
pldb= by`rd ylbo edrlslhlb hnd`b s`jlrl sucm`htdf
lbltlrl 3-: plel r`btlbo shlnl p`bouhurlb ;-5
`.  Uda`=
Uda`=   c`rlpl nlal by`rd c`rnlbosubo, hlplb, lplhlg c`rtlaclg
 curuh plel alnla glrd ltlu sdlbo glrd
glrd

3.  Sdwlylt h`s`gltlb

l.  Sdwlylt H`s`gltlb Z`hlrlbo

Cdlslbyl hnd`b eltlbo h`rualg slhdt e`bolb h`nuglb
lwdtlb o`mlnl lhut (adslnbyl = by`rd nihln, p`ac`bohlhlb, `rdt`al,
e`ala) ltlu hlacuglb h`nulrbyl pus elrd sdbus eds`rtld by`rd,
 p`ac`bohlhlb elb e`ala s`elbo.

 c.  Sdwlylt H`s`gltlb Elgunu

 
 

Hnd`b cdlslbyl p`rrblg a`bolnlad p`bylhdt ylbo glapdr

slal e`bolb s`hlrlbo, ltlu p`bylhdt nldb ylbo c`rgucubolb
tunlbo, s`p`rtd trlual tunlbo, dbf`hsd tunlbo, frlhtur t`rcuhl, ltlu
 p`ac`elglb tunlbo, enn.
enn.

j.  Sdwlylt H`s`gltlb H`nulrol

Hlmd lplhlg h`nulrol hnd`b a`adndhd p`bylhdt h`turublb,
blaub cdlslbyl tdelh lel p`bylhdt Ist`iad`ndtds ylbo edturubhlb.

:.  [sdhisisdsn

[lsd`b s`rdbohlnd a`rlsl h`tlhutlb, hglwltdr dbf`hsdbyl tdelh

elplt s`acug, tlhut edlaputlsd. Cdlslbyl plsd`b edrlwlt nlal ed
rualg slhdt s`gdbool p`rlwlt p`rnu a`bofhlmd p`ruclglb-p`ruclglb
h`gdeuplb hgususbyl gucubolbbyl e`bolb h`nulrol, p`h`rmllb ltlu

s`hinlg.

5.  [`a`rdhsllb fdsdh

Lr`l s`hdtlr tunlbo ylbo t`rdbf`hsd a`bmled c`bohlh elb t`rlsl

n`ac`h cdnl edplnplsd. Cdsl muol t`relplt `rdt`al ltlu h`a`rlglb elb
 plbls. @f`h sdst`adh a`bubmuhhlb
a`bubmuhhlb lelbyl e`ala cdlslbyl edltls :7;,
tlhgdhlred, drrdtlcn`, n`alg c`bohlh, by`rd, alupub `rdt`al.

0.  [`bohlmdlb e`bolb [`be`hltlb << fubosdibln Oireib

l.  [`rs`psd elb Alblm`a`b H`s`gltlb= Hnd`b cdlslbyl tdelh
a`bo`rtd clgwl p`bylhdt ylbo dl ede`rdtl lelnlg p`bylhdt ylbo
 c`rclglyl. [`rlwlt p`rnu a`bohlmd cloldalbl hnd`b a`albelbo
 p`bylhdt ylbo ede`rdtlbyl, lplhlg hnd`b tlu lpl p`by`clc
 p`bylhdtbyl s`hlrlbo.
 c.   Butrdsd  ‚   A`tlcindh= Cdlslbyl plel plsd`b a`bolnlad p`burublb
blfsu alhlb hlr`bl e`ala ylbo dl ede`rdtl.
j.  @ndadblsd= Cdlslbyl plsd`b a`bolnlad olbooulb elnla `ndadblsd
hlr`bl plsd`b a`bolnlad p`burublb blfsu alhlb lhdclt e`ala.

 
 

e.  Lhtdvdtls  ‚   Nltdglb= Cdlslyl plel plsd`b Ist`iad`tds a`bolnlad

 p`burublb lhtdvdtls
lhtdvdtls hlr`bl rlsl by`rd ylbo dl rlslhlb
`.  Dstdrlglt  ‚   Udeur= [lsd`b cdlslbyl edeuol lhlb a`bolnlad suslg
tdeur hlr`bl rlsl by`rd ylbo dl rlslhlb plel tunlbobyl.
f.  Hiobdtdf  ‚   [`rs`psd= Cdlslbyl hnd`b tdelh a`bolnlad olbooulb
e`bolb hiobdtdf
hiobdtdf elb p`rs`psdbyl.
o.  [`rs`psd Edrd  ‚   Hibs`p Edrd= Cdlslbyl plsd`b a`adndhd p`rdnlhu
a`blrdh edrd, a`bodbohlrd, e`pr`sd, `hspr`sd tlhut, p`rdnlhu alrlg,
 pistur tucug a`bo`nlh, a`blbods, hibtlh altl hurlbo, ololn
a`b`pltd mlbmd ltlu clbylh mlbmd.
g.  [`rlb  ‚   Gucubolb= Cdlslbyl plsd`b a`bolnlad e`pr`sd
edhlr`blhlb p`bylhdt ylbo edlnladbyl. Z`rtl lelbyl t`hlblb ylbo
eltlbo elrd ndbohubolbbyl. Elb hnd`b muol tdelh elplt a`nlhuhlb
 p`rlbbyl e`bolb cldh.
d.  Z`hsuln  ‚  S`prieuhsd=
  S`prieuhsd= Cdlslbyl plsd`b tdelh a`bolnlad olbooulb
elnla alslnlg s`hsuln.
 m.  Hipdbo  ‚  Uin`rlbsd
  Uin`rlbsd Ztr`ss= Cdlslbyl plsd`b a`bolnlad str`ss ysbo
 c`rlt hlr`bl hibedsdbyl sllt dtu.
h.   Bdnld H`p`rjlyllb= [inl h`ylhdblb p`rnu edhlmd in`g p`rlwlt
t`rglelp hnd`b lolr h`cutuglb spdrdtuln hnd`b eltl edp`bugd s`nlal
 pris`s p`rlwltlb hnd`b ed SZ. Hlmd lplhlg lel plbtlbolb lolal
elnla pris`s p`boicltlb hnd`b. Hnd`b cdlslbyl a`bolnlad
olbooulb elnla c`rdclelg hlr`bl by`rd ylbo dl rlslhlb.

C.  Edlobisl h`p`rlwltlb

<.  EW <= By`rd c.e dbfnlalsd

dbfnlals d elb p`ac`bohlhlb 

3.  EW 3= Olbooulb aicdndslsd fdsdh c.e by`rd, lnlt daicdndslsd elb

h`t`rcltlslb a`blglb c`clb c`rlt clelb. 

:.  EW := S`sdhi t`rglelp p`rnulslb dbf`hsd c.e p`ac`btuhlb lcs`s tunlbo  

5.  EW 5= Lbsd`tls c.e hurlbo p`bo`tlgulb t`btlbo hibedsd p`bylhdt elb

 p`boicltlb.

 
 

J.  Dbt`rv`bsd h`p`rlwltlb

Bi.Ex Uumulb Dbt`rv`bsd Slsdibn

<.  Uumulb= Z`t`nlg  Albedrd
edc`rdhlb tdbelhlb  ―   A`bohlmd hlrlht`rdstdh  ―   Pbtuh a`bo`tlgud
h`p`rlwltlb by`rd = nihlsd, eurlsd, tdbohlt rlsl by`rd
edglrlphlb by`rd dbt`bsdtls by`rd e`bolb s`gdbool elplt
elplt c`rhurlbo ltlu a`booublhlb shlnl a`b`btuhlb m`bds
t`rhibtrin elb rlsl by`rd (;-<;) tdbelhlbbyl.
bylalb a`bdbohlt.  ―   A`ap`rtlglbhlb da-  ―   A`bj`olg p`ro`s`rlb
aicdndslsd (cljh snlc) tunlbo elb p`b`hlblb
Hrdt`rdl glsdn=
 plel mlrdbolb ylbo nuhl.
  Udelh t`rmled  ―   C`rdhlb sihibolb
sihi bolb  ―   [`bdbohltlb v`bl
by`rd (suppirt) plel r`turb, a`burubhlb
a`burubhlb
   Blpsu alhlb `htr`adtls ylbo nuhl `e`a, elb a`bourlbod
a`bmled biraln, by`rd
  `hspr`sd wlmlg  ―   Laltd p`ruclglb sugu  ―   Pbtuh a`bo`tlgud
rdn`hs elb s`tdlp 5 mla  p`bydaplbolb ‚  
  sugu tucug  p`bydaplbolb ylbo
ylbo
biraln
 ―   Hiapr`s ldr glbolt t`rmled
 ―   A`bourlbod rlsl by`rd
 Hilcirlsd elb a`ac`rdhlb rlsl
bylalb
 ―   [`ac`rdlb iclt-  ―   A`bourlbod rlsl by`rd
icltlb lblno`sdh

3.  Uumulb= s`t`nlg  Albedrd

edc`rdhlb tdbelhlb  ―   [`rtlglbhlb tdrlg  ―   Lolr olbooulb
h`p`rlwltlb  clrdbo elnla pisdsd aicdndtls fdsdh elplt
edglrlphlb ylbo ed priorlahlb  c`rhurlbo
Olbooulb aicdndtls  ―   Udboodhlb `hstr`adtls  ―   Elplt a`rdbolbhlb
fdsdh elplt c`rhurlbo ylbo slhdt, alslnlg olbooulb
dbstruhsdhlb hnd`b / aicdndtls fdsdh ylbo
Hrdt`rdl glsdn=  clbtu elnla nltdglb edlnlad hnd`b
r`btlbo o`rlh plel
  A`bdbohlthlb
`hstr`adtls ylbo slhdt
aicdndtls plel
elb tlh slhdt
tdbohlt plndbo
tdbood ylbo
 ―   C`rd p`bylboolg plel  ―   Elplt a`rdbolbhlb
`hstr`adtls ylbo slhdt alslnlg olbooulb
aubohdb
 plel sllt c`ro`rlh aicdndtls ylbo edlnlad
  A`ap`rtlglbhlb
 pisdsd fubosdibln hnd`b
 ―   M`nlshlb plbelbolb  ―   Lolr hnd`b tdelh clbylh
  A`bdbohlthlb /
elb h`t`rcltlslb a`nlhuhlb o`rlhlb
fubosd ylbo slhdt
elnla lhtdvdtls ylbo elplt
  A`bubmuhhbl
t`hbdh alapu a`aclglylhlb
a`nlhuhlb
 ―   C`rdhlb eiribolb  ―   A`bourlbod t`rmledbyl
lhtdvdtls  plel hnd`b ubtuh  p`bydaplbolb ‚  

 

a`nlhuhlb LHZ
elnla ndbohup
h`t`rcltlslb elb c`rd
 clbtulb s`suld
h`cutuglb
 ―   Pclg pisdsd s`jlrl  
 p`rdiedh
 Hinlcirtlsd
 ―   Fdsdit`rlpd / lilhunlsd  
t`rlpd
:.  Uumulb= s`t`nlg  Albedrd
edc`rdhlb tdbelhlb
t dbelhlb  ―   [`rtlglbhlb syst`a  
h`p`rlwltlb hlt`t`r st`rdn8 c`rdhlb
edglrlphlb Udelh  p`rlwltlb hlt`t`r
t`rmled r`sdhi r`ounlr e`bolb slcub
 p`rnulslb dbf`hsd elb ldr, c`rdhlb sln`p
ylbo edlnlad lbtdcditdj eds`hdtlr sdsd
hlt`t`r.
Hrdt`rdl glsdn=  ―   Lacunlsd e`bolb  
hlbtubo erldbls`
  A`bjlpld wlhtu
 p`by`acuglb e`p`be`b.
 ―   Lwlsd tlbel vdtln,  
 p`rgltdhlb e`ala
rdbolb, a`boododn,
a`boododn,
bled elb p`rblplslb
j`plt, o`ndslg, p`hl,
edsird`btlsd.
 ―   Ics`rvlsd erldbls`  
elrd nuhl, s`hdtlr
hlt`t`r suprlpucdh.
 ―   Olbtd clnutlb e`bolb  
s`rdbo (dbsdsd suprl/
r`tripucndh elb
 p`rdb`ln), p`ac`rsdglb
elb p`bo`rdbolb hundt
s`plbmlbo wlhtu
 ―   Oublhlb p`ndbeubo  
hundt tdp` istiad
 p`bydaplbolb ylbo
ylbo
elplt t`rmled
―   A`bourlbod olbooulb
aicdndtls fdsdh
―   A`bourlbod olbooulb
aicdndtls fdsdh
―   A`bj`olg p`alsuhlb
 clht`rd elrd dbf`hsd/
s`psds nlbmut.
―   A`bogdbelrd r`fn`hs
 clndh urdb`, ylbo elplt
elplt
a`alsuhhlb clht`rd
h`elnla hlbeubo
h`adg.
―   [lsd`b ylbo a`bolnlad
sdstishipd/ UPS
 pristlt` c`r`sdhi ubtuh
syih c`elg/ s`ptdj
s`gucubolb e`bolb
albdpunlsd/
dbstrua`btlsd
―   Lelbyl erldb, dbsdsd
suprlpucdh
a`bdbohlthlb r`sdhi
ubtuh dbf`hsd, ylbo
eddbedhlsdhlb e`bolb
`rdt`al, erldbls`
 purun`b.
―   Clnutlb clslg
a`by`clchlb hundt
drdtlsd elb a`ac`rdhlb
a`edl ubtuh
 p`rtuacuglb clht`rd,
clht`rd,
 p`bdbohltlb r`sdhi
dbf`hsd nuhl.
―   A`ac`rdhlb
 p`rndbeubolb ubtuh
ubtuh
hundt s`hdtlr, a`bj`olg
 

`hshirdlsd elb
a`burubhlb r`sdhi
 Hinlcirlsd= dbf`hsd.
 ―   C`rdhlb lbtdcditdj  ―   Aubohdb edc`rdhlb
s`suld dbedhlsd s`jlrl prifdnlhtdh
s`gucubolb e`bolb
 p`bdbohltlb r`sdhi
dbf`hsd plel
 pristlt`htiad.
5.  Uumulb= s`t`nlg  Albedrd
edc`rdhlb tdbelhlb
t dbelhlb  ―   M`nlshlb tumulb  ―   A`boird`btlsd priorla
h`p`rlwltlb  p`boicltlb plel  p`boicltlb. A`aclbtu
A`aclbtu
edglrlphlb  plsd`b a`bylelrhlb hnd`b
gdnlbobyl lbsd`tls ubtuh a`ap`rin`g
elb a`ac`rdhlb hibtrin
dbfiralsd t`btlbo  ―   Hlmd pltiniod alslnlg  ―   Dbfiralsd a`burubhlb
 pris`s p`bylhdt, dbedvdeu. tlhut hlr`bl
 priorla p`boicltlb
p`boicltlb h`tdelhtlgulb.
A`ac`rdhl
Hrdt`rdl glsdn=
 p`bo`tlgulb elslr
  @hspr`sd wlmlg ubtuh p`alglalb
r`nlhs hibedsd edbladh
  J`als elb rlsl tlhut
 ―   Hlmd unlbo tlbel /  ―   C`runlbobyl
o`mlnl ylbo  pb`uaitirlh/g`aitirlh
gdnlbo ltlu
a`a`rnuhlb `vlnulsd a`a`rnuhlb dbt`rv`bsd
 c`rhurlbo
a`edh j`plt,jibtig a`edh ubtuh a`bj`olg
by`rd elel tdcl-tdcl, / a`burubhlb pit`bsdln
edspb`l, edstr`s hiapndhlsd.
 p`rblplslb nlbmut.
 ―   Hlmd unlbo prlhtdh  ―   A`ap`rtlglblb
h`s`gltlb ylbo cldh, h`s`gltlb uaua
dstdrlglt. a`bdbohlthlb
 p`by`acuglb elb
elb elplt
a`bj`olg
Hinlcirlsd = h`hlacuglb.rlp`utdh.
 ―   Oublhlb iclt s`eltdf  ―   Clbylh plsd`b ylbo
s`suld e`bolb lbmurlb a`acutughlb iclt
 p`b`blbo ubtuh
a`boibtrin lbsd`tlsbyl

E.  Dapn`a`btls
Dapn`a`btlsdd H`p`rlwltlb
Dapn`a`btlsd a`ruplhlb tdbelhlb ylbo suelg edr`bjlblhlb elnla
r`bjlbl h`p`rlwltlb. Udbelhlb ylbo a`bjlhup tdbelhlb albedrd elb
tdbelhlb hinlcirlsd.
<.  Udbelhlb albedrd (Dbe`p`be`b)

 
 

Lelnlg lhtdvdtls p`rlwlt ylbo edelslrhlb plel h`sdapunlb elb

h`putuslb s`bedrd cuhlb a`ruplhlb p`tubmuh ltlu p`rdbtlg h`s`gltlb
nldb.
3.  Udbelhlb hinlcirlsd
Lelnlg tdbelhlb ylbo ednlhuhlb ltls elslr glsdn h`putuslb
 c`rslal, s`p`rtd eiht`r ltlu p`tuols h`s`gltlb nldb .
C`relslrhlb r`f`r`bsd edltls, dap`n`a`btlsd a`ruplhlb tdbelhlb
byltl ylbo ednlhuhlb t`rgllelp hnd`b s`suld e`bolb dbt`rv`bsd ylbo
t`nlg edcult cldh dtu s`jlrl albedrd ltlu hinlcirlsd.
hi nlcirlsd.
@.  @vlnulsd h`p`rlwltlb
Uumulb elrd
elrd `vlnulsd lelnlg ubtuh a`bo`tlgud
a`bo`tlgud s`mlug albl
albl p`rlwlt
elplt edjlpld elb a`ac`rdhlb uaplb clndh t`rglelp
t`r glelp lsuglb h`p`rlwltlb
ylbo edc`rdhlt.
<.  Nlbohlg-nlbohlg `vlnulsd s`clold c`rdhut =
3.  Elftlr tumulb-tumulb plsd`b.
:.  Nlhuhlb p`bohlmdlb lplhlg plsd`b elplt a`nlhuhlb s`sultu.
5.  Clbedbohlb lbtlrl tumulb e`bolb h`alapulb plsd`b.
0.  Edshusdhlb e`bolb plsd`b, lplhlg tumulb elplt t`rjlpld
t `rjlpld ltlu tdelh.  
Z`t`nlg a`belplt dapn`a`btlsd h`p`rlwltlb, alhl plsd`b e`bolb
ist`iad`ndtds edglrlphlb s`clold c`rdhut=

<.   By`rd c`rhurlbo ltlu t`rhibtrin elb rlsl bylalb a`bdbohlt

3.  Olbooulb aicdndtls
aicdndtls fdsdh c`rhurlbo
 
:. Udelh t`rmled r`sdhi p`rnulslb dbf`hsd ylbo edlnlad
5.  Lbsd`tls gdnlbo elb plsd`b a`bo`rtd t`btlbo p`bylhdt ylbo
ede`rdtlbyl.
A`ndglt clglslb edltls, ylbo edalhsue e`bolb `vlnulsd a`ruplhlb
glsdn p`bjlpldlb ylbo t`nlg ednlhuhlb e`bolb c`relslrhlb hrdt`rdl

 
 

ELFULS [PZULHL

<.  Lbmlrwltd, _lbod,(3;<;), Uunlbo elb Uucug Hdtl,

Hdtl, O`tlr Gltd=Tioylhlrtl
3.  Crubb`r & Zueelrtg. (3;<4). H`p`rlw
(3;<4). H`p`rlwltlb
ltlb A`edhln C`elg, `edsd 7,
7, Mlhlrtl
= @OJ
:.  Ei`bo`s @ Alrdnybb, 3;<;., S`bjlbl
3;<;., S`bjlbl Lsuglb H`p`rlwltlb
H`p`rlwltlb,, @OJ, Mlhlrtl
5.  Albsmi`r, Lrdf, 3;<7.,  Hlpdtl Z`n`htl H`eiht`rlb, 
H`eiht`rlb,  A`edl L`sjunllpdus
FHPD, Mlhlrtl
0.  Glrrdsib. 3;<?. [rdbsdp-prdbsdp
3;<?. [rdbsdp-prdbsdp dnau p`bylhdt elnla.
elnla. Mlhlrtl= @OJ