b@D`JY]VG?

>>76

Ken`rdl Ojsls Bji ZDF-:==

Bji`rjt`rk` gl Zuädkfj Olelrjb (\ekvlrskgjg Djy`r gl Vje Jegrës)

 VtuG`fu e` lstê pjtr`fkejg` ek jvjbjg` p`r ekeoóe f`blok` ` uekvlrskgjg.
Glsfjrojg` p`r Caubksj F`eg`rk (caubksj<6<9<:Modjkb.f`d)
b@D`JY]G?>>76

]YÊFWKFJ E½ 7
LVWJG@ OJVL@V@
:. @icltkv` olelrjb. -
 F`dpr`ijr lxplrkdletjbdletl
lxplrkdletjbdletl bjs blyls qul rkole lb lstjg` ojsl`s`
9. @icltkv`s lsplfänkf`s. -
 Yljbkzjr dlgkfk`els gl prlsköe utkbkzjeg` djeödltr`s le \.
 Lstugkjr lb f`dp`rtjdklet` gl ue ojs y f`dpr`ijr le n`rdj prjftkfj lb
fudpbkdklet` gl bjs blyls ldpärkfjs glsjrr`bbjgjs p`r I`ybl, Fajrbls y Ojy
Bussjf
 Olelrjr ue ojs le f`egkfk`els f`etr`bjgjs y rlf`olrb` s`irl jouj, utkbkzjeg`
pjrj lbb` le lugködltr`.
 Yljbkzjr dlgkgjs gl djoektugls f`duels le n`rdj f`rrlftj y f`enkjibl.
 Fjbfubjr lxplrkdletjbdletl lb vjb`r gl bj f`estjetl Y y f`dpjrjr lb vjb`r
ajbbjg` f`e lb vjb`r ikibk`orênkf`.
 Yljbkzjr lb trjtjdklet` gl gjt`s f`e ëenjsks le pr`dlgk`s jrktdëtkf`s y
lrr`rls jis`but` y rlbjtkv`
6. Nuegjdlet` tlörkf`. ‖
OJV
Vustjefkj le ue` gl b`s trls lstjg`s gknlrletls gl bj djtlrkj `rgkejrkj, qul s`e
lb söbkg`, lb bäqukg` y lb ojsl`s`. B`s söbkg`s tklele uej n`rdj ikle glnkekgj y s`e
gknäfkbls gl f`dprkdkr. B`s bäqukg`s nbuyle bkirldletl y lstêe bkdktjg`s p`r
suplrnkfkls qul n`rdje p`r sä s`b`s. B`s ojsls sl lxpjegle bkirldletl ajstj
bblejr lb rlfkpkletl qul b`s f`etklel, y su gleskgjg ls dufa` dle`r qul bj gl b`s
bäqukg`s y söbkg`s.
Bj tl`räj jtödkfj gl bj djtlrkj glnkel b`s lstjg`s, ` njsls, gl jfulrg` jb `rgle
qul kdpbkfje. Bjs d`bëfubjs tklele uej fklrtj bkilrtjg gl d`vkdklet`s le lb
lspjfk`. Lst`s orjg`s gl bkilrtjg dkfr`sföpkf`s lstêe js`fkjg`s f`e lb f`eflpt`
gl `rgle djfr`sföpkf`. Bjs d`bëfubjs gl ue söbkg` lstêe f`b`fjgjs le uej rlg,
y su bkilrtjg lstê rlstrkeokgj j plqulújs vkirjfk`els le t`re` j b`s puet`s gl lsj

rlg. Le fjdik`,
sl dulvle ue ojs e` tklel
jbljt`rkjdletl, uelstêe
y söb` `rglebkdktjgjs
lspjfkjb p`r
djfr`sföpkf`.
bjs pjrlglsVus
glb d`bëfubjs
rlfkpkletl
qul b` f`etklel.
Vl aje glsjrr`bbjg` blyls ldpärkfjs qul rlbjfk`eje bjs vjrkjibls djfr`sföpkfjs.
Le b`s ojsls kgljbls, lstjs vjrkjibls kefbuyle bj prlsköe (p), lb v`budle (^) y bj
tldplrjturj (W). Bj bly gl I`ybl-Djrk`ttl jnkrdj qul lb v`budle gl ue ojs j
tldplrjturj f`estjetl ls kevlrsjdletl pr`p`rfk`ejb j bj prlsköe. Bj bly gl
Fajrbls y Ojy-Bussjf jnkrdj qul lb v`budle gl ue ojs j prlsköe f`estjetl ls
gkrlftjdletl pr`p`rfk`ejb j bj tldplrjturj jis`butj. Bj f`dikejfköe gl lstjs
g`s blyls pr`p`rfk`ej bj bly gl b`s ojsls kgljbls p^ 4 eYW (e ls lb eódlr` gl
d`bls), tjdikëe bbjdjgj lfujfköe gl lstjg` glb ojs kgljb. Bj f`estjetl gl bj

Glsfjrojg` p`r Caubksj F`eg`rk (caubksj<6<9<:Modjkb.f`d)

b@D`JY]G?>>76
glrlfaj, Y, ls uej f`estjetl uekvlrsjb fuy` glsfuirkdklet` nul uej pklgrj
jeoubjr gl bj fklefkj d`glrej.
Bly gl I`ybl-Djrk`ttl
Le näskfj, bly qul jnkrdj qul lb v`budle gl ue ojs j tldplrjturj f`estjetl ls
kevlrsjdletl pr`p`rfk`ejb
pr`p`rfk`ejb j su prlsköe.
Bj bly gl I`ybl tjdikëe sl pulgl leuefkjr gl bj
b j skoukletl djelrj3
‒Le ue skstldj jksbjg` pjrj fujbquklr djsj gl ojs le ue pr`fls` ks`tërdkf`
(tldplrjturj f`estjetl), lb pr`guft` gl bj prlsköe p`r lb v`budle ls f`estjetl—.
Bly gl Fajrbls
Bly qul jnkrdj qul lb v`budle gl ue ojs kgljb j prlsköe f`estjetl ls
pr`p`rfk`ejb j su tldplrjt
tldplrjturj
urj jis`butj.
Bly gl Ojy-Bussjf
Vl pulgl lxprlsjr gl bj skoukletl djelrj3
‒Le t`g` pr`fls` ks`förkf` (v`budle f`estjetl), djetlekleg` lb eódlr` gl
d`bls f`estjetl, bj prlsköe gl fujbquklr ojs ls gkrlftjdletl pr`p`rfk`ejb j su
tldplrjturj f`estjetl—.
F`egkfk`els e`rdjbls
Vl f`e`fl f`d` f`egkfk`els e`rdjbls gl bj djtlrkj ojsl`sj, j fklrt`s vjb`rls
jriktrjrk`s (jf`rgjg`s
(jf`rgjg`s uekvlrsjbdletl), gl prlsköe y tldplrjtur
tldplrjturj,
j, b`s qul s`e3
W 4 9?6 H ö t 4 = ½F
] 4 : jtd 4 ?>= ddAo
Le lstjs f`egkfk`els lb v`budle `fupjg` p`r ue d`b gl fujbquklr ojs ls gl 99.7
bktr`s (vjb`r koujb j ^= le bj bly gl Fajrbls). Jb v`budle `fupjg` p`r ue d`b gl
sustjefkj sl gle`dkej v`budle d`bjr.
^J]@Y
Vustjefkj le lstjg` ojsl`s`. B`s tërdke`s gl vjp`r y ojs s`e ketlrfjdikjibls,
juequl le bj prêftkfj sl ldpblj bj pjbjirj vjp`r pjrj rlnlrkrsl jb gl uej sustjefkj
qul e`rdjbdletl sl lefuletrj le lstjg` bäqukg` ` söbkg`, f`d` p`r lcldpb`
jouj, ilefle` ` y`g`. Vl aj pr`pulst` rlstrkeokr lb us` glb tërdke` j bjs
sustjefkjs ojsl`sjs qul sl lefuletrle p`r glijc` gl su puet` frätkf` (bj dêxkdj
tldplrjturj j bj qul sl pulgl bkfujr jpbkfjeg` uej prlsköe sunkfkletl) y ajibjr
gl ojs p`r lefkdj gl bj tldplrjturj frätkfj, fujeg` ls kdp`skibl qul bj sustjefkj
lxkstj le lstjg` bäqukg` ` söbkg`. Lslefkjbdletl, lb us` gl b`s tërdke`s ls
jriktrjrk`, p`rqul t`gjs bjs sustjefkjs ojsl`sjs tklele ue f`dp`rtjdklet`
skdkbjr p`r glijc` y p`r lefkdj glb puet` frätkf`.
Fujeg` sl f`enkej lb vjp`r ldktkg` p`r uej sustjefkj j fujbquklr tldplrjturj,
lclrfl uej prlsköe f`e`fkgj f`d` prlsköe gl vjp`r. Jb judletjr bj tldplrjturj
gl bj sustjefkj, bj prlsköe gl vjp`r sl lblvj, f`d` rlsubtjg` gl uej djy`r
lvjp`rjfköe. Fujeg` sl fjbkletj ue bäqukg` ajstj bj tldplrjturj le bj qul bj
prlsköe gl vjp`r sl ajfl koujb j bj prlsköe t`tjb qul lxkstl s`irl lb bäqukg`, sl
pr`gufl bj liubbkfköe. Le lb puet` gl liubbkfköe, jb qul f`rrlsp`egl uej óekfj
prlsköe pjrj fjgj tldplrjturj, lb vjp`r le lqukbkirk` f`e lb bäqukg` sl f`e`fl

Glsfjrojg` p`r Caubksj F`eg`rk (caubksj<6<9<:Modjkb.f`d)

b@D`JY]G?>>76

f`d` vjp`r sjturjg`8

sjturjg`8 ls lb fjs`, p`r lcldpb`, glb vjp`r gl jouj j :== ½F y j uej
prlsköe gl : jtdösnlrj. Lb vjp`r j uej tldplrjturj suplrk`r jb puet` gl liubbkfköe
 sl gle`dkej vjp`r s`irlfjbletjg`, y sl f`eglesj pjrfkjbdletl sk sl gksdkeuyl
bj tldplrjturj j prlsköe f`estjetl.
J tldplrjturjs y prlsk`els e`rdjbls, bj prlsköe gl vjp`r gl b`s söbkg`s ls
plqulúj y sulbl slr glsprlfkjibl. Vke ldijro`, bj prlslefkj gl vjp`r gl jouj
s`irl lb aklb` gldulstrj su lxkstlefkj. Kefbus` le b`s dltjbls, bj prlsköe gl vjp`r
pulgl slr kdp`rtjetl j tldplrjturj lblvjgj y prlsköe rlgufkgj. ]`r lcldpb`, bj
r`turj glb nkbjdlet` gl w`bnrjdk` gl uej i`dikbbj (n`f`) kefjeglsfletl sl glil
nuegjdletjbdletl j bj lvjp`rjfköe, qul kdpbkfj ue judlet` gl bj prlsköe gl
vjp`r. Fujeg` sl fjbkletj uej s`bufköe gl g`s sustjefkjs v`bêtkbls, f`d` jouj y
jbf`a`b, lb vjp`r rlsubtjetl f`etklel jdijs sustjefkjs, juequl olelrjbdletl le
pr`p`rfk`els gkstketjs gl bjs gl bj s`bufköe `rkokejb. E`rdjbdletl sl lvjp`rj
prkdlr` ue p`rfletjcl
p`rfletjcl djy`r gl bj sustjefkj dês v`bêtkb8 lstl ls lb prkefkpk` gl bj
glstkbjfköe.
OJV AÓDLG@
Vl letklegl p`r ojs aódlg` j bj dlzfbj a`d`oëelj gl ojs slf` y lb vjp`r gl ue
bäqukg`. B`s ojsls aódlg`s tklele bjs skoukletls fjrjftlrästkfjs3
 Vl rlf`ole olelrjbdletl s`irl ue bäqukg` e` v`bêtkb.
 Wklel uej jpbkfjfköe gl bj bly gl Gjbt`e gl bjs prlsk`els pjrfkjbls.
 Vl `itklel lstl ojs iuriucljeg` j trjvës gl ue bäqukg`.
 Bjs d`bëfubjs jrrjstrjgjs le n`rdj gl vjp`r s`e rlf`blftjgjs
f`d` d`bëfubjs gl ojs y gl bäqukg`
b äqukg` vjp`rkzjg`.
Audlgjg jis`butj
Audlgjg jis`butj ls bj rlbjfköe letrl bj djsj gl vjp`r y bj djsj glb ojs slf`,
f`etlekg`s le uej djsj gl ojs aódlg`.
Audlgjg rlbjtkvj
Bj audlgjg rlbjtkvj ls bj rlbjfköe letrl bj prlsköe gl vjp`r qul f`etklel uej
djsj gl jkrl y bj qul f`etlegräj sk lstuvklsl sjturjg` j bj dksdj tldplrjturj.

7. Djtlrkjbls y rljftkv`s. ‖
DJWLYKJBLV

KWLD DJWLYKJB FJYJFWLYÄVWKFJ FJEWKGJG

: Djeödltr` le \ 7

9 Wlrdödltr` gl =-:== ³F :
dlrfurk`
6 Jpjrjt` pjrj :
Blyls gl Fajrbls y Ojy Bussjf

Glsfjrojg` p`r Caubksj F`eg`rk (caubksj<6<9<:Modjkb.f`d)

b@D`JY]G?>>76

7 Lugködltr` <= fd6 :

< Ylobj <= fd :

> V`p`rtl uekvlrsjb :

? ]kezj p`rtj iurltj :
1 ^lreklr :
 ; Jpjrjt` FLEF@ pjrj :
ojsls

:= Wui` olelrjg`r gl ojsls :

:: Cjrr` dltêbkf` :

:9 ^js` gl prlfkpktjg`s gl :=== fd6 :

:6 Wjpöe gl o`dj f`e uej :

plrn`rjfköe
:7 Wui` gl vkgrk` :

:< A`rekbbj :

YLJFWK^@V
KWLD YLJFWK^@ FJYJFWLYÄVWKFJ
: Êfkg` fb`raägrkf` p.j.

96 Djoelsk`
Skef p.j
p.j

<. ]r`flgkdklet`. ‖
Dlgkgjs gl prlsköe3
 Lclrflr prlsköe le lb tui` gl letrjgj gl ojs
 Dlgkr bj prlsköe dje`dëtrkfj le fjgj djeödltr` (jouj, jflktl, Ao)
 Ylokstrjr b`s gjt`s
Bly gl I`ybl3
 Yljbkfl bjs dlgkgjs j tldplrjturj f`estjetl jdikletl glb bji`rjt`rk`.
 Ylokstrl lb gkêdltr` glb tui` qul f`etklel lb ojs
 Ylokstrl bj jbturj glb ojs.
 Ylokstrl bj prlsköe dje`dëtrkfj glb ojs
 Fjdikl bj prlsköe f`e jyugj gl bj vjrkbbj gl vkgrk` y rlpktj t`gjs bjs dlgkfk`els
 jetlrk`rls.
 Ylpktj lb pr`flgkdklet` < vlfls pjrj tlelr < gjt`s gl ]rlsköe vs. ^`budle.
Bly gl Fajrbls3
 Yljbkfl bjs dlgkgjs j prlsköe f`estjetl (sl suoklrl bj prlsköe jtd`snërkfj qul
f`rrlsp`egl j jbturjs koujbls glb bäqukg` dje`dëtrkf` le jdi`s irjz`s glb
djeödltr`).
 Bblel gl jouj fjbkletl bj fjdksj fjblnjft`rj qul r`glj jb tui` qul f`etklel jb ojs

Glsfjrojg` p`r Caubksj F`eg`rk (caubksj<6<9<:Modjkb.f`d)

b@D`JY]G?>>76

 F`e ue tlrdödltr` rlokstrl bjs vjrkjfk`els gl tldplrjturj

t ldplrjturj j dlgkgj qul lb jouj
lenräj.
 ]jrj fjgj vjrkjfköe gl tldplrjturj rlokstrl lb v`budle glb ojs.
 Ylpktj lb pr`fls` p`r b` dle`s ? vlfls
Bly gl Ojy Bussjf3
 Yljbkfl bjs dlgkgjs j v`budle f`estjetl.
 Bblel gl jouj fjbkletl bj fjdksj fjblnjft`rj qul r`glj jb tui` qul f`etklel jb ojs
 F`e ue tlrdödltr` rlokstrl bjs vjrkjfk`els gl tldplrjturj j dlgkgj qul lb jouj lenräj.
 ]jrj fjgj vjrkjfköe gl tldplrjturj rlokstrl bj prlsköe dje`dëtrkfj glb ojs.
 Ylpktj lb pr`fls` p`r b` dle`s ? vlfls.
Gltlrdkejfköe gl bj f`estjetl Y3
Jrdl lb skstldj pjrj rlf`olr ojs akgr`ole` (olelrjg` p`r bj rljffköe gl AFb y Do) s`irl jouj
 f`e jyugj glb lugködltr`, lb tui` olelrjg`r gl ojsls, lb vjs` gl prlfkpktjg`s y lb s`p`rtl
uekvlrsjb.
 ]lsl y rlokstrl uej djsj gl djoelsk` jglfujgj (prlouetl jb g`fletl bj fjetkgjg)
 Ketr`guzfj lb Do jb tui` olelrjg`r y lsplrl rljffk`el f`dpbltjdletl.
 Ylokstrl le lb skstldj glb lugködltr` bj tldplrjturj glb jouj (sl sup`el qul lstj
tldplrjturj ls bj glb ojs yj qul lb ojs iuriuclj j trjvës glb jouj)
 Dkgj y rlokstrl bj prlsköe dje`dëtrkfj glb ojs aódlg`.
 Dkgj y rlokstrl lb v`budle glb ojs.
 Ylpktj lb pr`flgkdklet` pjrj `trjs g`s dulstrjs gl Do gl gknlrletl djsj.

>. Fêbfub`s. ‖
Dlgkgjs gl prlsköe
]rlsköe dje`dëtrkfj (dd) Jbude` : Jbude` 9 Jbude` 6
Bkqukg` dje`dëtrkf` jouj <7 >> >9
Bkqukg` dje`dëtrkf` jflktl >= <1 <>
Bkqukg` dje`dëtrkf` dlrfurk` 7 1 <

 F`dpr`ijr bj nördubj3 ℅ 4 ℅

]jrj lb jouj ‖ Ao
℅ ß  4 ℅ ß 
>?1>ß:4<;;ß:6,>
>?1>4>?1>,7 ↙ >?1>≌>?1>
 F`e bj jetlrk`r nördubj fjbfubjr bj gleskgjg glb jflktl

℅>?1>ß:4?6??,7ß
 ß  4 ℅ ß 

 4=,;:;16>9<>? ↙  ≌=,;9

Glsfjrojg` p`r Caubksj F`eg`rk (caubksj<6<9<:Modjkb.f`d)

b@D`JY]G?>>76

Bly gl I`ybl3 Gkêdltr` glb tui`3 7 XddT

 Fjbfubjr bj prlsköe jis`butj pjrj fjgj prlsköe dje`dëtrkfj
 Fjbfubjr lb v`budle gl fjgj ojs
 Fjbfubjr bj f`estjetl gl I`ybl
Jbude` : Jbude` 9 Jbude` 6
Wldplrjturj jdikletlX³FT 9: 9: 9:
]rlsköe dje`dëtrkfj Ηa XddAoT 19 ;1 :=<
Jbturj glb ojs a XddT 97= 96; 967
] dje`dëtrkfj Jbturj ] jis`butj ^`budle ^`budle H i`ybl :/^
(dd Ao) gl ojs Xfd6T XBtsT
19 97= <?? 6,=:> =,==6=9 :,?76 66:,:9>
;1 96; <;6 6,==6 =,==9;< :,?>: 666,666
:=< 967 >== 9,;7: =,==9;7 :,?>7 67=,:6>
H I`ybl ]Y@D3 :,?<>
 ] vs. ^
>=<

>==
T
o
A<;<
d
d
X<;=
e
kö
s
l <1<
r
]

<1=

<?<
=,==9;
=,==9;6
6 =,=
=,==9;
=9;7
7 =,=
=,==9;
=9;<
< =,=
=,==9;
=9;>
> =,=
=,==9;
=9;?
? =,=
=,==9;
=9;1
1 =,=
=,==9;
=9;;
; =,=
=,==6
=6 =,=
=,==6=
=6=:
: =,=
=,==6=
=6=9
9

] vs. :/^
>=<

>==
T
o <;<
A
d
Xd <;=
e
ö
k
s
l
r <1<
]

<1=

<?<
66= 669 667 66> 661 67= 679

Glsfjrojg` p`r Caubksj F`eg`rk (caubksj<6<9<:Modjkb.f`d)

b@D`JY]G?>>76

 Glb jetlrk`r orênkf` fjbfubjr orênkfjdletl bjs f`estjetls gl I`ybl HI f`d` bj

plegkletl gl bj rlftj
49,:;9?x  :77,9>
 4  49,:;9?
Bly gl Fajrbls

 Fjbfubjr bj tldplrjturj jis`butj pjrj fjgj pjr gl gjt`s

 Fjbfubjr bj f`estjetl gl Fajrbls

Jbude` : Jbude` 9 Jbude` 6

]rlsköe f`estjetl XddAoT 7;< 7;< 7;<

Wldplrjturj X³FT <: 76 6?
^`budle Xfd6T 97,6 96,? 96,9

W X½FT W XHT ^`budle Xfd6T ^`budle XBtsT H Fajrbls

<: 697 97,6 =,=976 =,7?><
76 6:> 96,? =,=96? =,<<:9
6? 6:= 96,9 =,=969 =,>9?
H Fajrbls ]Y@D3 =.<<:>

Orênkf` ^ vs. W X½FT

=,=977

=,=979

=,=97

=,=961

=,=96>

=,=967

=,=969

=,=96
= := 9= 6= 7= <= >=

Glsfjrojg` p`r Caubksj F`eg`rk (caubksj<6<9<:Modjkb.f`d)

b@D`JY]G?>>76

^ vs. W XHT
=,=977
=,=?17x - =,==
y 4 =,=?17x =,==::
::
=,=979

=,=97

=,=961

=,=96>

=,=967

=,=969

=,=96
6=1 6:= 6:9 6:7 6:> 6:1 69= 699 697 69>

 Glb jetlrk`r orênkf` fjbfubjr orênkfjdletl bj f`estjetl gl Fajrbls H FA f`d` bj

plegkletl gl bj rlftj.
4=,=?17=,==::
 4  4=,=?17
Bly gl Ojy Bussjf

 Fjbfubjr bj tldplrjturj jis`butj pjrj fjgj pjr gl gjt`s

 Fjbfubjr bj f`estjetl gl Ojy Bussjf
 Jbude` : Jbude` 9 Jbude` 6

^`budle f`estjetl Xfd6T 99 99 99

Wldplrjturj X³FT 76 6? 6=
]rlsköe dje`dëtrkfj Xdd AoT 6< 9< :7

WX½FT ] dje`dëtrkfj ] jis`butj W XHT H Ojy

Bussjf
76 6< <6= 6:> :,>??
6? 9< <9= 6:= :,>??
6= :7 <=; 6=6 :,>1=
H Ojy Bussjf ]Y@D3 :,>?1

Glsfjrojg` p`r Caubksj F`eg`rk (caubksj<6<9<:Modjkb.f`d)

b@D`JY]G?>>76

 Orênkf`s ] vs. W X½FT y ] vs. W XHT

] vs. W X½FT
<6<

<6=

<9<

<9=

<:<

<:=

<=<
= < := :< 9= 9< 6= 6< 7= 7< <=

] vs. W XHT
6:1

6:> y 4 =,>:;6x
=,>:;6x - :9,:1
:9,:1:
:

6:7

6:9

6:=
6=1
 6=>

6=7

6=9
<=< <:= <:< <9= <9< <6= <6<

 Glb jetlrk`r orênkf` fjbfubjr orênkfjdletl bj f`estjetl gl Ojy Bussjf H O

f`d` bj plegkletl gl bj rlftj.
 4 =,>:
,>:;6
;6  :9,:
:9,:1:
1:

 4  4=,>:;6

Glsfjrojg` p`r Caubksj F`eg`rk (caubksj<6<9<:Modjkb.f`d)

b@D`JY]G?>>76

Gltlrdkejfköe gl bj f`estjetl Y

Djsj gl Do XoT =,=:7

^`budle gl A9 Xfd6T 96
]rlsköe dje`dëtrkfj Xdd joujT :6=
Wldplrjturj X³FT :;,7

Fjbfubjr lb eódlr` gl d`bls gl A 9 pr`gufkg`s j pjrtkr gl bj djsj gl Do,

f`eskglrjeg` qul : d`b gl A 9 sl `itklel j pjrtkr gl: jt-o gl Do.
Do + 9AFb 4 DoFb9 + A9
=,=:7  ß :97 ß ::
 4<,16ß:=∙ 
 
 Fjbfubjr bj prlsköe glb A9 slf`. F`eskglrjr qul lb ojs `itlekg` ls aódlg`
qul sl glil rlstjr bj ] v* j bj tldplrjtur
tldplrjturjj glb skstldj gl bj prlsköe glb ojs
aódlg` pjrj `itlelr bj prlsköe glb ojs slf`.
]v*(:;½F) 4 :>,< XddAoT
∟ 4  4 :>.< ddAo
ddAo
 +  4  + 
 + :>,< 4 :6 + 7;<
 47;:,< ddAo 4 =,>7>?
=,>7>? 

 Fjbfubjr f`e jyugj gl bj lfujfköe gl lstjg` bj
b j f`estjetl lrj lxplrkdletjb.
 4  ßß 4 <,16ß:=
7;:,<ß=,=96 4 =,>7>?ß=,=96
∙ ß9;9,7 <,16ß:=∙ ß9;9,7

4>>,6:7= Xß ß T4=,=1?9= X ß T
ß
‖
?. Orênkf`s.
 Glsfjrojg` p`r Caubksj F`eg`rk (caubksj<6<9<:Modjkb.f`d)
b@D`JY]G?>>76

1. F`efbusk`els. ‖ Bjs < pjrtls glb lxplrkdlet` sl bblvjr`e j fji` j fjijbkgjg,

f`e jboue`s plqulú`s lrr`rls. Vke ldijro`, fudpbkd`s b`s `icltkv`s
f`dpr`ijeg` gl n`rdj prêftkfj lb fudpbkdklet` gl bjs blyls ldpärkfjs gl b`s
ojsls y eulstr` vjb`r lxplrkdletjb gl bj f`estjetl Y ls flrfje` jb vjb`r
ikibk`orênkf`.
;. Ikibk`orjnäj.
IJI@Y, C@VL &KIJYS, C@VL Zuädkfj Olelrjb D`glrej. 1vj Lg Lgkt`rkjb Djrke
V.J. (:;??)
OYJ[, AJYY[ & AJKOAW, OKBILYW ]rkefkpk`s Iêskf`s gl Zuädkfj Lgkt`rkjb
Ylvlrtl (:;>;) LGOJY & D@EWLFKE@V, C@VL Zuädkfj Olelrjb. ]rêftkfjs gl
D@EWLFKE@V,
Bji`rjt`rk`. Bj ]jz (:;1;)
Glsfjrojg` p`r Caubksj F`eg`rk (caubksj<6<9<:Modjkb.f`d)