NFJP: Prjdrlal mk Nìsf`j mk Kgtrlml k Pláml

@jaj uslr kssk k-njjh

Gkssk k-njjh ijrla rkugfmls 055 qukstûks mjs lssugtjs alfs
`jnrlmjs ka `jgùrsjs pÿncf`js mj gávkc aæmfj lj supkrfjr. Ls
qukstûks `jakgtlmls lquf ijrla puncf`lmls ka `jgùrsjs

rklfs, kclnjrlmls pkcls nlg`ls kxlafglmjrls alfs fapjrtlgtks
mj Nrlsfc `jaj? I@@, @KPUK, @ksdrlrfj, IDY, KPLI k jutrls.
Ulrl quk vj`ï pjssl lprjvkftlr j aìxfaj mkssk altkrflc tjmls

ls lctkrgltfvls ijrla `jakgtlmls, pjr fssj, lgtks aksaj mk
lglcfslr l rkspjstl tkgtk rksjcvkr l qukstàj pjr `jgtl prðprfj k
ka skdufml ckfl js `jakgtìrfj
`jakgtìrfjs.
s.
Ku rk`jakgmj ijrtkakgtk quk ckfl tjmj altkrflc, als `lsj vj`ï

kstkol gls væspkrls mk lcdua `jgùrsj gàj bì prjnckals ka
puclr lcdugs lssugtjs, pjfs kssk k-njjh gàj æ cfgklr, kgtàj, sk
kstfvkr `ja mfifùcmlmks ka lcdua lssugtj kspk`áif`j vì
`jrrkgmj plrl kck.
Ckanrk-sk quk l plrtfr mk ldjrl ku sju sku prjikssjr k quk

vj`ï tka j mfrkftj mk ak algmlr suls mÿvfmls rkikrkgtks ls
qukstûks fgskrfmls gkssk k-njjh k ku tk rkspjgmkrkf ka ltæ >=b
ÿtkfs. Pkrì ual bjrl plrl afa pjmkr tk loumlr gl `lafgblml
ruaj l sul tàj sjgblml lprjvläàj.
K-alfc plrl mÿvfmls? bkgrfqukEfgijraltf`l

bkgrfqukEfgijraltf`lprl`jgùrsjs.`ja
prl`jgùrsjs.`ja
Njgs Kstumjs!
@lrcjs Bkgrfquk

Puaìrfj
Blrmwlrk
Blrmwlrk
Pfstkals Jpkrl`fjglfs k Pjitwlrk
Pjitwlrk
Af`rjsjit Jiif`k? Kx`kc ‐ Tjrm - UjwkrUjfgt
UjwkrUjfgt
CfnrkJiif`k? @lc` ‐ Trftkr ‐ Faprkss
Faprkss
Fgtkrgkt k Glvkdlmjrks
Glvkdlmjrks
Fgijraläàj
Pkdurlgäl ml Fgijraläàj

Mjafglgmj Fgijraìtf`l Ulrl @jgùrsjs
@jgùrsjs ? 055 \ukstûks
\ukstûks @jakgtlmls
@jakgtlmls mjs Lssugtjs alfs @jnrlmjs ka Urjvls
@lpátucj #5< ‐ Bl
Blrmw
rmw lrk
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? @JAUKPL Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk Plgklakgtj k

Dkstàj - Lssfstkgtk mk ]k`gjcjdfl ml Fgijraläàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <. L pcl`l-aàk (ajtbkrnjlrm) mk ua `japutlmjr æ j blrmwlrk
rkspjgsìvkc pjr `jgk`tlr k fgtkrcfdlr tjmjs js `japjgkgtks.
[a `japjgkgtk quk oì vka fgstlclmj gl pcl`l-aàk æ
l) l akaðrfl ^LA.
n) l pcl`l mk rkmk.
`) j `bfpskt.
m) j prj`ksslmjr.
k) j mfs`j rádfmj.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
Urfakfrj mkvkajs mkifgfr j quk æ ual pcl`l-aàk ju, ka fgdcïs, ajtbkrnjlrm. L
Ucl`l-aàk
fgtkrcfdlr jsæ`japjgkgtks
l prfg`fplc pcl`l quk iugmlakgtlfs
quk sàj `japûk ua `japutlmjr k æ rkspjgsìvkcmlápjr
plrl j sku iug`fjglakgtj, j
gjak pcl`l-aàk.
l) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl ^LA (Akaðrfl mk L`kssj Lckltðrfj) æ rkspjgsìvkc pjr

`lrrkdlr js `jgtkÿmjs rkqukrfmjs pkcjs usuìrfjs, skol prjdrlals ju lrqufvjs k
GÀJ vka fgstlclmj gltfvlakgtk, ju skol, gàj æ ifxlmj gl pcl`l-aàk
pjmkgmj ilzkr sul sunstftufäàj qulgmj gk`kssìrfj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L pcl`l mk rkmk æ rkspjgsìvkc pjr `jgk`tlr j `japutlmjr l rkmk,
æ kssll pcl`l
`lsjs pcl`l quk pjssfnfcftl
mk rkmk j l`kssj
vka ifxlml å fgtkrgkt,
gl pcl`l-aàk pjr kxkapcj.
mk iìnrf`l, pjræaGl alfjrfl
kssl mjs
pcl`l gàj
æ fgmfspkgsìvkc plrl j iug`fjglakgtj ml pcl`l-aàk. Kstlajs prjùrlgmj
gkssl qukstàj ua `japjgkgtk quk skol fgmfspkgsìvkc plrl j iug`fjglakgtj ml
pcl`l-aàk k l pcl`l mk rkmk gàj æ ua mkcks.
` ) X@K^]JQ J @bfpskt æ ua `jgougtj mk `frùftjs fgtkdrlmjs oì

o ì f g s tlclmj
tlc lmjss g l
pcl`l-aàk k quk æ FGMFPUKGPÌYKC plrl j sku pkrikftj iug`fjglakgtj. Pul
iugäàj æ `jgtrjclr nlrrlakgtjs, l`kssj l akaðrfl, fgtkril`k [PN k kt`.
XK^^LMJQ J prj`ksslmjr æ rkspjgsìvkc pjr ilzkr js `ìcùcjs, kxkùäàj mk

m ) XK^^LMJQ
tlrkils k prj`ksslakgtj mjs mlmjs, als GÀJ æ ua `japjgkgtk gltfvj
lmj) gl pcl`l-aàk, pjmkgmj skr sunstftuámj qulgmj gk`kssìrfj.
(ifxlmj)
(ifx
<

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k) XK^^LMJQ J Mfs`j ^ádfmj ju BM æ l plrtk mj `japutlmjr jgmk sàj
lralzkglmjs js mlmjs k GÀJ æ ua `japjgkgtk fgstlclmj gltfvlakgtk
(ifxlmj)
(ifx lmj) gl pcl`l- aàk, pjmkgmj tlanæa skr sunstftuámj `ja il`fcfmlmk.
pc l`l-aàk,
MF@L?
@[FMLMJ? Kssl qukstàj sk rkikrk KPUK@FLC l pcl`l-aàk k gàj l ua
`japutlmjr `jaj ua tjmj. ]lgtj j mfs`j rádfmj, prj`ksslmjr, akaðrfl ^LA k
pcl`l mk rkmk sàj `japjgkgtks mk ua @JAU[]LMJ^, als l qukstàj nus`l j
`japjgkgtk oì fgskrfmj, ju skol, quk oì vka ifxj gl pcl`l aàk k gkssk `lsj æ j
`bfpskt.

Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? @JAUKPL Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk ]k`gjcjdfl ml Fgijraläàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >. NFJP æ ua prjdrlal lralzkglmj ka ua `bfp rkspjgsìvkc pkcl
kxkùäàj mk vìrfls tlrkils murlgtk l fgf`flcfzläàj mj `japutlmjr ltæ j
`lrrkdlakgtj mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc.
Ulrl dlrlgtfr sul fgtkdrfmlmk, suls fgstruäûks sàj drlvlmls ka ua tfpj mk
akaðrfl sjakgtk mk ckfturl, mkgjafglml akaðrfl
l) ^LA.
n) @AJP.
`) ^JA.
m) @L@BK.
k) YF^][LC.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl ^LA (Akaðrfl mk L`kssj Lckltðrfj) æ rkspjgsìvkc pjr

`lrrkdlr lrqufvjs k prjdrlals sjcf`ftlmjs pkcj usuìrfj. \ulgmj vj`ï sjcf`ftl l
lnkrturl mk ua prjdrlal, js lrqufvjs skràj ks`rftjs gl akaðrfl ^LA plrl quk
j prj`ksslmjr pjssl kxkùtlr js prjdrlals mkskolmjs. L NFJP GÀJ æ
fg
fgstlclml
stlclml gl akaðrfl
akaðr fl ^LA.
^LA.
n ) XK^^LMJQ @AJP (Pkaf`jgmutjr @japckakgtlr mk Ðxfmj Aktìcf`j) æ ual

akaðrfl pkqukgl quk dulrml fgijraläûks fapjrtlgtks utfcfzlmls gl NFJP plrl l
fgf`flcfzläàj mj `japutlmjr, gkssk tfpj mk akaðrfl æ pjssávkc ilzkr ckfturl k
ks`rftl, mfikrkgtkakgtk ml akaðrfl uslml pkcl NFJP quk æ lpkgls mk ckfturl,
pjrtlgtj, gàj æ utfcfzlml pkcj NFJP.
>

Blrmw
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X@J^^K]JQ ^JA (^klm Jgcy Akajry ju Akaðrfl Lpkgls mk Ckfturl), `jaj
` ) X@J^^K]JQ
j prðprfj gjak sudkrk, æ ual akaðrfl quk dulrml fgijraläûks lpkgls plrl
ckfturl. Æ gkssl akaðrfl quk sk kg`jgtrl j prjdrlal NFJP (Pfstkal Nìsf`j mk
Kgtrlml k Pláml).
m ) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl `l`bk tka `jaj prfg`fplc `lrl`tkrástf`l l vkcj`fmlmk,

luxfcflgmj gj mkskapkgbj mj prj`ksslmjr. Kssl akaðrfl kstì skaprk
dulrmlgmj ls fgijraläûks alfs uslmls pkcj prj`ksslmjr. Ujr fgskrfr k lpldlr
mlmjs `ja irkquïg`fl `lrl`tkrfzl-sk `jaj ual akaðrfl mk ckfturl k ks`rftl,
pjrtlgtj, GÀJ æ uslml pkcj NFJ P.
N FJP
k) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl vfrtulc æ ual tæ`gf`l quk usl plrtk ml akaðrfl

skùgmìrfl (Mfs`j ^ádfmj) plrl sfauclr j iug`fjglakgtj ml akaðrfl prfg`fplc
(akaðrfl ^LA). \ulgmj l akaðrfl prfg`fplc sjnrk`lrrkdl, j quk æ auftj iì`fc mk
l`jgtk`kr, j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc usl l akaðrfl vfrtulc plrl mlr alfs –iýckdj‑ lj
sfstkal k `ja fssj pjmkr `lrrkdlr js prjdrlals gjralcakgtk. @jaj l
akaðrfl ^LA æ mk ks`rftl k ckfturl k l akaðrfl vfrtulc æ ual `ðpfl mkcl
vfrtulcakgtk,
vfr tulcakgtk, sfdgfif
sfd gfif`l
`l quk tlanæa æ mk ckftur
ckftur l k ks`rf
ks`rftl,
tl, sð quk mk algkfrl
vfrtulc. ^ksuafgmj, j NFJP gàj kstì fgskrfmj gl akaðrfl vfrtulc.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Ulucágfl - PU Urjvl? Ldkgtk mk Ifs`lcfzläàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 0. Alrtl tka ua pkg mrfvk mk 2DN k j mfs`j rádfmj mk sku
`japutlmjr æ `lplz mk lralzkglr < ]N.
Lssfglck l jpäàj quk fgmf`l rkcläàj kgtrk l `lpl`fmlmk mj mfs`j rádfmj k l
`lpl`fmlmk
l) <>,; mj pkg mrfvk.
n) <>;
`) <.>;5
m) <>.;55
k) <>;.555
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****
Kssl qukstàj lcæa mk kgvjcvkr `jg`kftjs nìsf`js mk fgijraìtf`l tlanæa kgvjcvk
ua `jg`kftj
fgmfquk altkaìtf`l
l –rkcläàj‑ kgtrkquk vj`ï `jgbk`k.
l `lpl`fmlmk \ulgmj
mj mfs`j glkqukstàj
rádfmj æ pkmfmj
l `lpl`fmlmk quk
mj pkg
mrfvk‑ l plclvrl ^KCLÄÀJ gjs rkaktk l mfvfsàj (ô), ju skol, mkvkajs mfvfmfr l
0

Blrmw
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`lpl`fmlmk mj mfs`j rádfmj pkcl `lpl`fmlmk mj pkgmrfvk (mfs`j rádfmj / pkg
mrfvk), gkssl jrmka.
Pk vj`ï jnskrvju nka, j pkgmrfvk æ mk 2DN k j mfs`j rádfmj æ mk <]N, ju skol,
sàj mk mfikrkgtks drlgmkzls k plrl slnkrajs l rkcläàj mk ua plrl j jutrj
mkvkajs fdulcì-cls. Gkssk `lsj vlajs `jgvkrtkr <]N mj mfs`j rádfmj ka DN,
lssfa if`lrì alfs iì`fc ilzkr ls `jgtls.
<]N æ LU^JRFALMLAKG]K <.555DN, vlajs mfvfmfr <.555 DN pjr 2DN
<555/2 1 <>;
CK]^L N @J^^K]L
MF@L?
]jak ùfmlmj `ja qukstûks quk kgvjcvka kssk tfpj mk `jgvkrsàj, pjfs gl
alfjrfl mls vkzks dkrl auftl pjcïaf`l. Pk ijrajs `jgvkrtkr lj –pæ ml cktrl‑
<]N æ fdulc l <5>= DN k mfvfmfgmj <5>= pjr 2, rkcläàj kgtrk j mfs`j rádfmj k j
pkg mrfvk, mlrfl ua rksuctlmj mk <>2 k gàj <>; `jaj gl lctkrgltfvl N, als æ
auftj `jaua lprjxfalr kssls `jgvkrsûks plrl il`fcftlr l `japrkkgsàj k
kg`jgtrlr l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]^K-UK Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Jpkrläàj mk @japutlmjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj =. Lssfglck l jpäàj quk lprkskgtl mfspjsftfvj mk `jgkxàj quk
supjrtl, pjr akfj mk ua ÿgf`j `lnj, ijraltjs mk faldkgs mk tkckvfsàj ju mk
`japutlmjr, fg`cufgmj rksjcuäûks plmràj, lctl mkifgfäàj k =h.
l) KDL
n) BMAF
`) YDL
m) vámkj `japjgkgtk
k) MYF
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
Ulrl sjcu`fjglr kssl qukstàj æ fapjrtlgtk quk vj`ï `jgbkäl qulc mls
tk`gjcjdfls mls lctkrgltfvls suprka l gk`kssfmlmk mls rksjcuäûks plmràj, lctl
mkifgfäàj k =H
sàj mk 02=5 pjr akfj
x ><95 mkvlajs
pfxkcs ua ÿgf`j `lnj. Plnkgmj
kg`jgtrlr qukquk
l lctkrgltfvl l rksjcuäàj
sltfsilz lmk tkcls =H
qukstàj.
=

Blrmw
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l) XK^^LMJQ KDL (Kgblg`km Drlpbf`s Lmlptkr ) æ ua sfstkal mk vfsulcfzläàj
drìif`l quk kgtrju ka mksusj mkvfmj tk`gjcjdfls alfs lvlgälmls `jaj YDL
(Yfmkj Drlpbf`s Lrrly). J KDL supjrtl rksjcuäàj mk ltæ 9=5 x 0;5 pfxkcs. @jaj
qukrkajs ual tk`gjcjdfl quk supjrtl =H (02=5 x ><95 pfxkcs) kssl tk`gjcjdfl
gàj gjs sltfsilz.
n ) X@K^]JQ BMAF æ l sfdcl plrl Bfdb-Mkifgftfjg Auctfakmfl Fgtkril`k quk æ ua

`jgk`tjr mk ÿgf`j `lnj plrl trlgsafssàj mk ìumfj k vámkj quk supjrtl ls
rksjcuäûks plmràj, lctl mkifgfäàj (<>25 x 4>5 pfxkcs) k tlanæa =H (02=5 x
><95
><9 pfxkcs ), pjrtlgtj kssl æ l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
5 pfxkcs)
` ) XK^^LMJQ YDL æ l sfdcl plrl (Yfmkj Drlpbf`s Lrrly) quk sfdgfif`l Ulmràj mk

Mfspjsfäàj Drìif`l mk Yámkj. L sfdcl YDL ilz rkikrïg`fl lj `jgk`tjr auftj
`jaua ka `japutlmjrks k tkckvfsjrks, als sð supjrtl rksjcuäàj mk ltæ >;95 x
<955 pfxkcs. Kanjrl skol ual tk`gjcjdfl mk ua ÿgf`j `jgk`tjr gàj supjrtl l
=H , pjrtlgtj kstì fg`jrrktj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ J vámkj `japjgkgtk æ `japjstj mk 0 `japjgkgtks plrl trlgsaftfr

j vámkj, pjr fssj sàj gk`kssìrfjs 0 `lnjs plrl j usj mkssl tk`gjcjdfl k l
qukstàj ltkgtl pkcl gk`kssfmlmk mk trlgsaftfr l faldka `ja ua ÿgf`j `lnj.
Lcæa mfssj, j vámkj `japjgkgtk supjrtl rksjcuäûks mk ltæ 4>5 pfxkcs bjrfzjgtlfs
k l qukstàj pkmk ual `jgk`tjr quk supjrtl ltæ =H quk æ mk rksjcuäàj alfjr quk
l supjrtlml pkcjs `lnjs mk vámkj `japjgkgtk.
k) XK^^LMJQ MYF æ l sfdcl plrl Mfdftlc Yfsulc Fgtkril`k k kanjrl skol ual
tk`gjcjdfl quk trlgsaftk j vámkj pjr lpkgls ua `jgk`tjr, sku ajmkcj mfdftlc
(MYF-M) supjrtl rksjcuäàj mk ltæ >;95 x <955 pfxkcs. ^ksuafgmj, gàj supjrtl
rksjcuäàj
rksjcu äàj ka =H.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? KPLI Ðrdàj? LGL@ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ;. Lssfglck l jpäàj `jrrktl
l) ^jtklmjrks k k-dltks kg`lafgbla mlmjs kgtrk prj`kmfakgtjs mk ua
prjdrlal.
n) J Bjst pjssuf vìrfls pjrtls mk `jgkxàj, `lml ual mkstfglml l ua glvkdlmjr
mfikrkgtk.
`) J Bun pjssuf vìrfls pjrtls mk `jgkxàj, `lml ual mkstfglml l ua
`japutlmjr mfikrkgtk.
m) ^jtklmjrks k dltk-buns gjralcfzla mlmjs kgtrk rkmks mfikrkgtks.
;

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k) J Bun pjssuf vìrfls pjrtls mk `jgifdurläàj, mk ajmj l `japjrtlr mfikrkgtks
gávkfs mk icuxjs mk usuìrfjs.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ k-dltks æ tk`gjcjdfl mk vkrfif`läàj k `jgtrjck mk plsslpjrtks ka

lkrjpjrtjs k gàj tka rkcläàj mfrktl `ja rjtklmjrks, ju skol, lctkrgltfvl plrl
`jgiugmfr j `lgmfmltj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Bjst æ qulcqukr aìqufgl ju `japutlmjr `jgk`tlmj l ual rkmk.

Gl rklcfmlmk kssl lctkrgltfvl lpkcl pkcl skakcblgäl ml plclvrl Bjst `ja l
plclvrl Bun. Aksaj sk lj fgvæs mk Bjst kstfvkssk Bun l lctkrgltfvl lfgml
lssfa, kstlrfl fg`jrrktl, pjfs j Bun tka l iugäàj mk `jgk`tlr `japutlmjrks
mfikrkgtks k gàj GLYKDLMJ^KP mfikrkgtks. L ijral `jrrktl mk ks`rftl mkssl
irlsk kstì gl cktrl @.
``jgkxàj
) X@J^^K]JQ Bun æ vìrfjs
plrl `jgk`tlr ua kqufplakgtj mk rkmk quk `jgtïa vìrfls pjrtls mk
`japutlmjrks.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Js ^jtklmjrks tka l iugäàj mk `jgk`tlr `japutlmjrks mk ual

rkmk l jutrls rkmks il`fcftlgmj, pjr kxkapcj, `jgk`tlr sul rkmk mjaæstf`l `ja l
fgtkrgkt. L kxprkssàj dltk-buns æ mks`jgbk`fml, pjrtlgtj gàj pjmkajs
`japlrì-cl lj rjtklmjr.
k) XK^^LMJQ J Bun tka vìrfls pjrtls mk @JGKRÀJ k gàj mk `jgifdurläàj,

lctkrgltfvl fg`jrrktl.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]^K-UK Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Jpkrläàj mk @japutlmjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 9. J mfspjsftfvj rkspjgsìvkc pjr lralzkglr mlmjs, als quk,
mfikrkgtkakgtk mjs sfstkals aldgætf`js, gàj pjssuf plrtks aðvkfs k æ
`jgstruámj ka tjrgj mk ua `frùftj fgtkdrlmj skaf`jgmutjr æ j (l)
l) MYM.
n) PPM.
`) MMP.
m) BMM.
k) mfsquktk.
9

Blrmw
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* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ MYM æ ua mfspjsftfvj mk lralzkglakgtj mk mlmjs, gàj pjssuf

plrtks aðvkfs, sð quk æ `jgstruámj ka pjcf`lrnjgltj k gàj ka `frùftjs
fgtkdrlmjs.
n ) X@J^^K]JQ PPM æ l sfdcl plrl Pjcfm-Ptltk Mrfvk quk skrvk plrl

lralzkglakgtj mk mlmjs k gàj pjssuf plrtks aðvkfs , pjfs æ nlsklmj ka
`frùftjs fgtkdrlmjs quk ilzka `ja quk kssl tk`gjcjdfl skol akcbjr quk js
mfs`js rádfmjs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ MMP æ ual sfdcl plrl `jgiugmfr js `lgmfmltjs mksltkgtjs `ja ls

sfdcls ml fgijraìtf`l.
m ) XK^^LMJQ BMM æ l sfdcl plrl Blrm Mfsh Mrfvk quk glml alfs æ quk j mfs`j
rádfmj, pjpuclrakgtk `jgbk`fmj `jaj BM. Kssk æ ua mfspjsftfvj mk
lralzkglakgtj mk mlmjs quk utfcfzl mk ua sfstkal aldgætf`j plrl j
iug`fjglakgtj.
k) XK^^LMJQ Mfsquktk æ ua mfspjsftfvj mk lralzkglakgtj `japjstj pjr ua

aldgætf`j ifgj k ickxávkc, rksuafgmj, lctkrgltfvl fg`jrrktl.
mfs`j aldgætf`j
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]^K-UF Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 4. [a usuìrfj gk`kssftl rklcfzlr ual `ðpfl mk skdurlgäl mj mfs`j
rádfmj mj `japutlmjr, ùoj tlalgbj tjtlc æ mk = DN. Ulrl ltkgmkr l kssl
mkalgml mk nk`lpk, kck mkvk utfcfzlr ua
l) @M-^T vfrdka.
n) mfsquktk mk lctl mkgsfmlmk ijraltlmj.
`) pkgmrfvk quk `jgtkgbl 0.255 AN mk kspläj cfvrk.
m) salrtpbjgk `ja `lrtàj PM quk tkgbl 0.255 AN mk kspläj cfvrk.
k) MYM-^T vfrdka.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****
l) @M-^T
XK^^LMJQmk
`lpl`fmlmk 455AN,æ ua
quk@Mgàj
rkdrlvìvkc.
sltfsilrflJsl@Ms gl alfjrflmj
gk`kssfmlmk mlsusuìrfj
vkzks tïa
mk
lralzkglr =DN (lprjxfalmlakgtk =.555AN).
4

Blrmw
rmw lrk
n ) XK^^LMJQ J mfsquktk mk lctl mkgsfmlmk tka `lpl`fmlmk mk lralzkglakgtj
mk <.40AN k gàj `lnkrfl js =DN.
` ) XK^^LMJQ [a pkgmrfvk `ja 0.255AN mk kspläj cfvrk gàj skrfl suif`fkgtk

plrl lralzkglr js =DN (=.555AN) gk`kssìrfjs plrl j nk`lpk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ [a salrtpbjgk `ja 0.255AN mk kspläj cfvrk gàj skrfl suif`fkgtk
plrl lralzkglr js =DN (=.555AN) plrl j nk`lpk mj usuìrfj.
k) X@J^^K]JQ J MYM-^T æ ua mfspjsftfvj mk lralzkglakgtj rkdrlvìvkc k

`jaj l alfjrfl mjs MYMs tka `lpl`fmlmk mk lralzkglakgtj mk =.4DN k skrfl
suif`fkgtk plrl lralzkglr js =DN mk nl`hup mj usuìrfj ka qukstàj.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Gftkrðf - Ô Urjvl? Ldkgtk Ilzkgmìrfj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 2. Gua pkg-mrfvk `ja `lpl`fmlmk mk lralzkgldka aìxfal mk =
dfdlnytks, æ pjssávkc lralzkglr?
l) <.555 ijtjs `ja ; akdlnytks `lml8
n) <5 lrqufvjs quk tïa, ka aæmfl, ;55 akdlnytks8
`) ua vámkj `ja tlalgbj mk 2.555.555 hfcjnytks8
m) <.555.555 mk k-alfcs `ja <.555 nytks ka aæmfl8
k) ua nlg`j mk mlmjs `ja <.555.555.555.555 mk nytks.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ <555 ijtjs mk ; akdlnytks mlrál ;.555AN (akdlnytks) ju ;DN

(dfdlnytks) k gàj `lnkrfl ka ua pkg mrfvk mk = dfdlnytks.
n ) XK^^LMJQ <5 lrqufvjs mk ;55 akdlnytks mlrfl ua tjtlc mk ;.555 akdlnytks
ju ; dfdlnytks k gàj `lnkrfl gj pkg mrfvk mk = dfdlnytks.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Ulrl `jgvkrtkr mk hfcjnytks ka akdlnytks æ gk`kssìrfj mfvfmfr pjr

afc, ju skol, 2.555.555 mk hfcjnytks sàj 2.555 akdlnytks quk æ kqufvlckgtk l 2
dfdlnytks, pjrtlgtj, gàj `lnkrfl ka ua pkg mrfvk mk = dfdlnytks.
m ) X@J^^K]JQ <.555 nytks 1 < hfcjnytk, ju skol, < afcbàj mk k-alfcs tjtlcfzl <
afcbàj mk hfcjnytks. @jgvkrtkgmj < afcbàj mk hfcjnytks ka dfdlnytks æ
gk`kssìrfj mfvfmfr < afcbàj. Kgtàj?
<.555.555 / <.555.555 1 < dfdlnytk
2

Blrmw
rmw lrk
@jaj j pkgmrfvk æ mk = dfdlnytks æ tjtlcakgtk pjssávkc slcvlr < afcbàj mk k-
alfcs gj pkg mrfvk.
k) XK^^LMJQ @jaj kstlajs cbk mlgmj `ja gÿakrjs auftj drlgmks, vlajs
ilzkr ual `jgvkrsàj plssj l plssj?
<.555.555.555.555 nytks 1 <.555.555.555 hfcjnytks8
<.555.555.555 hfcjnytks 1 <.555.555 akdlnytks8
<.555.555 akdlnytks 1 <.555 dfdlnytk
^ksuafgmj, <.555 dfdlnytk gàj `lnkrfl ka ua pkg mrfvk mk = dfdlnytks.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? MUK-^^ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Fgijraìtf`l

Fgijraìtf`l
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 6. J prj`ksslmjr mk ua `japutlmjr pjmk skr
l) `japltávkc `ja jvkr`cj`h, pkraftfgmj quk sk luakgtk l sul vkcj`fmlmk
gjafglc, `jg`kmkgmj ua mkskapkgbj kxtrl lj usuìrfj.
n) auctf-`jrk qulgmj pjssuf mk ua ltæ qultrj gÿ`ckjs.
`) kg`lfxlmj gj sjquktk mk qulcqukr pcl`l-aàk. Ulrl fssj js sjquktks sàj
plmrjgfzlmjs pkcl FPJ.
m) sfgdck-`jrk, fgmf`lgmj j ajmj mk jpkrläàj mj hkrgkc mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc.
k) fmkgtfif`lmj `jaj [gcj`hkm, `lsj skol ml LAM ju Ncl`h Kmftfjg, `lsj skol ml
Fgtkc.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X@J^^K]JQ Jvkr`cj`h æ ual tæ`gf`l plrl ijrälr j prj`ksslmjr l luakgtlr j

mkskapkgbj lcæa mls kspk`fif`läûks mj ilnrf`lgtk.
n ) XK^^LMJQ auctf-`jrk æ ua tkraj utfcfzlmj ljs prj`ksslmjrks `ja alfs mk

ua gÿ`ckj mk prj`ksslakgtj k quk pjmka fg`cufr prj`ksslmjrks `ja alfs mk
qultrj gÿ`ckjs, `jaj pjr kxkapcj, prj`ksslmjrks mk jftj gÿ`ckjs (j`tl `jrk).
` ) XK^^LMJQ Js sjquktks sàj kstruturls plrl j kg`lfxk mk prj`ksslmjrks gl

pcl`l-aàk. @jaj kxfstka vìrfjs tfpjs mk prj`ksslmjrks gj akr`lmj, tlanæa bì
pcl`ls-aàk `ja sjquktks mfikrkgtks, j quk fapjssfnfcftl mk ua prj`ksslmjr
qulcqukr kg`lfxlr ka qulcqukr pcl`l-aàk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ sfgdck-`jrk æ ua tkraj uslmj plrl js prj`ksslmjrks mk lpkgls

ua gÿ`ckj. Gàj fgmf`l j ajmj mk jpkrläàj mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc.
6

Blrmw
rmw lrk
k) XK^^LMJQ Urj`ksslmjrks quk sàj blnfcftlmjs pkcjs ilnrf`lgtks plrl
jvkr`cj`h ml Fgtkc sàj `blalmjs mk [gcj`hkm k ml LAM sàj `blalmjs mk Ncl`h
Kmftfjg. J fgvkrsj mj fgskrfmj gl lctkrgltfvl.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? MUK-^^ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Fgijraìtf`l

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <5. [a ]æ`gf`j ka Fgijraìtf`l ijf `blalmj pjr ua usuìrfj
quk tfgbl ka sku U@ l akgsldka mk krrj kgvflml pkcj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc? –J
mfspjsftfvj gàj kstì iug`fjglgmj `jrrktlakgtk pjrquk gàj ijf pjssávkc `lrrkdlr
js mrfvkrs gk`kssìrfjs. J mrfvkr pjmk kstlr `jrrjapfmj ju luskgtk." J ]æ`gf`j
fmkgtfif`ju quk j mfspjsftfvj mkvkrfl skr l
l) ugfmlmk mk @M/MYM.
n) ugfmlmk mk mfs`j rádfmj PPM.
`) akaðrfl ^LA.
m) pcl`l mk akaðrfl `l`bk.
k) pjrtl k[PN.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****
Kssl æ ual qukstàj quk akrk`k auftl ltkgäàj, pjfs l akcbjr ijral mk
kg`jgtrlr l lctkrgltfvl `krtl æ pjr kcfafgläàj. Lgtks mk lglcfslrajs `lml
lctkrgltfvl tkajs quk kgtkgmkr j quk sàj mrfvkrs.
Js mrfvkrs sàj prjdrlals (sjitwlrks) quk ltula `jaj `jgtrjclmjrks,
fgtkrprktlgmj js mlmjs kgtrk j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc k j blrmwlrk. Ujr kxkapcj,
qulgmj sk `jgk`tl ua pkg mrfvk gj `japutlmjr plrl tkr l`kssj ljs mlmjs æ
gk`kssìrfjs quk ua mrfvkr ltuk
ltuk plrl rk`jgbk`kr j sku mfspjsftfvj.
l) X@J^^K]LQ J mrfvk (ska –r‑) mk @M/MYM æ ua mfspjsftfvj quk gk`kssftl mk
mrfvkr (`ja –r‑ gj ifa) plrl sku iug`fjglakgtj k qulgmj gàj æ rk`jgbk`fmj mk
algkfrl `jrrktl, j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc kaftk lckrtls fgijralgmj lj usuìrfj quk
bjuvk lcdua prjnckal `ja j mfspjsftfvj. Kssl æ l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl, pjfs kgtrk
tjmls lctkrgltfvls kssk æ j ÿgf`j mfspjsftfvj quk pjmkrfl kaftfr kssk tfpj mk
akgsldka.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Bì ua krrj auftj drlvk gkssl lctkrgltfvl, ugfmlmk mk mfs`j
rádfmj
oì PPM
su sàjmks`lrtlr
skrflksuif`fkgtk
if`fkgtk mmfspjsftfvjs mk lralzkglakgtjs
ks`lrtlr l lctkrgltfvl.
lctkrgltfvl. mfikrkgtks, k sð kssk ajtfvj
<5

Blrmw
rmw lrk
` ) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl ^LA æ vkrfif`lml pkcj `japutlmjr lgtks aksaj ml
sul fgf`flcfzläàj pjr ual skquïg`fl mk tkstks `jgbk`fmj `jaj UJP] (Lutj-tkstk
mk Fgf`flcfzläàj) quk æ rklcfzlmj pkcj NFJP (Pfstkal Nìsf`j mk Kgtrlml k Pláml).
\ulgmj j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc oì kstì iug`fjglgmj sfdgfif`l quk kssks tkstks oì
ijrla rklcfzlmjs k gàj bjuvk prjnckals gl akaðrfl ^LA. Gkssk `lsj, gàj ilz
skgtfmj j sfstkal kaftfr akgsldkgs mk lckrtl mk prjnckals gl akaðrfl ^LA
`ja j sfstkal ka jpkrläàj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Ucl`l mk akaðrfl `l`bk gàj kxfstk gl fgijraìtf`l.
k) XK^^LMJQ Kanjrl j mfspjsftfvj k[PN kxfstl l lctkrgltfvl sk rkikrk l ual

k)
–UJ^]L k[PN‑. K `jaj sk rkikrk l ual pjrtl k gàj ua mfspjsftfvj kssl
lctkrgltfvl kstì fg`jrrktl.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? PPU-LA Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk Jpkrl`fjglc
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <<. Pupjgbl quk gl sul kaprksl blol ua sfstkal quk
algtæa ua `lmlstrj mk `cfkgtks, `jgtkgmj mlmjs tlfs `jaj @UI, gjak,
kgmkrkäj, mkgtrk jutrjs, mk tlc ijral quk `lml rkdfstrj jùpl ka aæmfl <55
nytks.
Gua pkg mrfvk mk >DN, skrfl pjssávkc lralzkglr lprjxfalmlakgtk?
l) < afcbàj mk rkdfstrjs8
n) > afcbûks mk rkdfstrjs8
`) <5 afcbûks mk rkdfstrjs8
m) >5 afcbûks mk rkdfstrjs8
k) ;5 afcbûks mk rkdfstrjs.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
Plnkgmj quk plrl `lml rkdfstrj sàj gk`kssìrfjs <55 nytks, mkvkajs `jgvkrtkr
js >DN mj pkgmrfvk ka nytks, ka skdufml mfvfmfr j rksuctlmj ml `jgvkrsàj pkcjs
<55 nytks. Ckanrlgmj quk DN 1 dfdlnytk, AN 1 akdlnytk, HN 1 Hfcjnytk k N 1
nytk.
Ilzkgmj l `jgvkrsàj plssj l plssj mk >DN plrl nytk?

>DN 1 (> x <.555) >.555AN 1 (>.555 x <.555) >.555.555HN 1 (>.555.555 x <.555)
>.555.555.5
>.555.555.555.55
55.555
5 nyt
n ytks.
ks.
Mfvfmfgmj >.555.555.555 nytks pjr <55 nytks quk kqufvlck l `lml rkdfstrj,
tkrkajs?
<<

Blrmw
rmw lrk
>.555.555.555 nytks / <55 nytks 1 >5.555.555 mk rkdfstrjs
Lctkrgltfvl `j
`jrr
rrktl
ktl CK]
CK]^L
^L M.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? MUK-A] Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <>. J sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc æ ua `jgougtj mk prjdrlals quk
fgtkril`kfl j blrmwlrk `ja j sjitwlrk. J `japjgkgtk mkssk sfstkal quk
dkrkg`fl tjmjs js rkùrsjs `japutl`fjglfs æ mkgjafglmj
l) akaðrfl.
n) hkrgkc.
`) sbkcc.
m) ^JA.
k) MJP
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ Ls akaðrfls tïa `jaj iugäàj nìsf`l j lralzkglakgtj mlmjs k

gàj dkrkg`fl js rkùrsjs `japutl`fjglfs.
n ) X@K^]JQ j hkrgkc, quk sfdgfif`l –gÿ`ckj‑, tka l tlrkil mk `jgk`tlr j sjitwlrk k

j blrmwlrk, kstlnkck`kgmj ual `jaugf`läàj kgtrk js rkùrsjs mk tjmj j
sfstkal.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Pbkcc æ ua prjdrlal quk pkraftk j usuìrfj tkr l`kssj ljs

rkùrsjs mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc ltrlvæs mk cfgbl mk `jalgmj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ L ^JA æ ual akaðrfl quk lpkgls mk ckfturl. Æ gkssl akaðrfl
quk kstì fgskrfmj j NFJP (Pfstkal Nìsf`j mk Kgtrlml k Pláml), rkspjgsìvkc pkcl
vkrfif`läàj `japcktl gl fgf`flcfzläàj mj `japutlmjr.
k) XK^^LMJQ MJP æ l sfdcl plrl Mfsh Jpkrltfgd Pystka ju Pfstkal Jpkrltfvj

ka Mfs`j. Æ ua sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc auftj sfapcks k nlsklmj ka cfgbls mk
`jalgmjs. J MJP gàj tka iugäàj mk fgtkril`klr blrmwlrk k sjitwlrk, pjfs kck oì
æ j prðprfj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc.
jpkrl`fjglc.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? MUK-A]

<>

Blrmw
rmw lrk
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <0. J prj`kssj mk lralzkglakgtj quk pkraftk l ckfturl mk
ua lrqufvj sfauctlgklakgtk pjr mfvkrsls ugfmlmks, luakgtlgmj j mkskapkgbj
k skdurlgäl, æ mkgjafglmj
l) blsbfgd.
n) n) ^LFM.
`) @M-^JA.
m) AJ.
k) zjgklakgtj.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ Blsb æ ual iugäàj ka fgijraìtf`l quk pjssfnfcftl fmkgtfif`lr ual

fgijraläàj ju lrqufvj ugf`lakgtk ltrlvæs mk ua lcdjrftaj.
n ) X@K^]JQ ^LFM æ l sfdcl plrl ^kmugmlgt Lrrly ji Fgmkpkgmkgt Mfsh ju
@jgougtj ^kmugmlgtk
mfs`js rádfmjs ka ual mk Mfs`js
ugfmlmkFgmkpkgmkgtks. Kssk ak`lgfsaj
mk lralzkglakgtj, pkraftfgmjpkraftk ugfr
j l`kssj
sfauctîgkj kgtrk ls ugfmlmks akcbjrlgmj j mkskapkgbj k l skdurlgäl.
` ) XK^^LMJQ @M-^JA æ ual aámfl lpkgls mk ckfturl.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Pfdcl lpkgls plrl `jgiugmfr js `lgmfmltjs mksltkgtjs.
k) XK^^LMJQ Gjak plrl `jgiugmfr js `lgmfmltjs mksltkgtjs.
XLMLU]LMJQ Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? ]O-NL

Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Ks`rkvkgtk - Ìrkl Oumf`fìrfl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <=. Js `rfafgjsjs vfrtulfs, tlanæa `blalmjs mk bl`hkrs,
ltl`la `japutlmjrks `jgk`tlmjs å fgtkrgkt plrl rjunlr fgijraläûks ju mlgfif`lr
j `japutlmjr. Ulrl prjtkdï-cj, utfcfzl-sk ua sjitwlrk ju blrmwlrk quk vkrfif`l ls
fgijraläûks vfgmls ml fgtkrgkt.
J sjitwlrk ju blrmwlrk utfcfzlmj plrl rkokftlr ju pkraftfr quk fgijraläûks ml
fgtkrgkt kgtrka gj `japutlmjr æ j?
l) ifrkwlcc8
n) `lvlcj mk trðfl (trjolg)8
`) lgtf-spywlrk8
m) `krtfif`lmj mfdftlc8
k) lgtfvárus.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
<0

Blrmw
rmw lrk
l) X@K^]JQ J ifrkwlcc æ ual sjcuäàj quk pjmk skr ua kqufplakgtj kcktrýgf`j

(blrmwlrk) ju lpkgls ua sjitwlrk. Pul iugäàj æ lglcfslr k pkraftfr, ju gàj, js
l`kssjs vfgmjs ml fgtkrgkt plrl prjtkdkr j `japutlmjr.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J `lvlcj mk trðfl æ prjdrlal alcf`fjsj quk qulgmj fgstlclmj gj

`japutlmjr lnrfr pjrtls plrl ual pjssávkc fgvlsàj, ju skol, kck gàj prjtkdk sku
`japutlmjr, pkcj `jgtrìrfj, kck fgik`tl-j.
` ) XK^^LMJQ lgtf-spywlrk æ ua sjitwlrk mk skdurlgäl quk tka l iugäàj mk

mktk`tlr lmwlrks k spywlrks. Js lmwlrks sàj prjdrlals plrl kxfnfäàj mk
lgÿg`fjs gàj lutjrfzlmjs pkcjs usuìrfjs k spywlrks sàj prjdrlals quk `jcbk
fgijraläûks mj `japutlmjr k trlgsaftk kssls fgijraläûks plrl ual kgtfmlmk
kxtkrgl. ^ksuafgmj, ua lgtf-spywlrk gàj tka l iugäàj mk lsskdurlr
fgijraläûks mk vkgmls ml fgtkrgkt.
m ) XK^^LMJQ @krtfif`lmj Mfdftlc æ ual vlcfmlmk ourámf`l quk dlrlgtk prjtkäàj ås

trlgsläûks kcktrýgf`ls. Gàj sk trltl gka mk sjitwlrk gka mk blrmwlrk mk
skdurlgäl, pjrtlgtj lctkrgltfvl fg`jrrktl.
k) XK^^LMJQ Lgtfvárus æ ua sjitwlrk quk prkvfgk, mktk`tl k kcfafgl prjdrlals

alcf`fjsjs mj `japutlmjr. Lcæa mk skr lpkgls sjitwlrk gàj tka l iugäàj mk
tjalr mk`fsûks mk fgijraläûks vfgmls ml fgtkrgkt, kssl iugäàj æ kspk`fif`lakgtk
mj ifrkwlcc.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? ]O-NL Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Ks`rkvkgtk - Ìrkl Oumf`fìrfl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <;. Mlmj ua Gjtknjjh `ja Tfgmjws 2.< Urj -
Fgtkc @jrk f; - BM <]N ;=55 ÛA + >=DN PPM - 2DN ^LA
Pjnrk ls `jgifdurläûks mkssk `japutlmjr, æ `jrrktj lifralr quk?

l) l akaðrfl prfg`fplc, jgmk js mlmjs sàj algtfmjs qulgmj sk mksc mkscfdl
fdl j
`japutlmjr, pjmk lralzkglr ltæ 2DN8
n) j cj`lc mk lralzkglakgtj gàj vjcìtfc mk mlmjs pjssuf <]N lcæa mk >=DN plrl
lralzkglakgtj alfs vkcjz8
`) j prj`ksslmjr pjssuf `fg`j gÿ`ckjs8 `ja fssj pjmk prj`ksslr `fg`j fgstruäûks
lj aksaj tkapj8
m) ls fgtkril`ks pkraftka l ckfturl k drlvläàj mk mlmjs ka aámfls MYM k pkg-
mrfvks8
<=

Blrmw
rmw lrk
k) l pcl`l
pcl` l mk vámkj lralzkgl
lralz kgl ltæ <DN mk lrqufvjs mk faldkgs quk sàj
prj`ksslmls gl vkcj`fmlmk mk ltæ <>2nps.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl prfg`fplc tlanæa æ `jgbk`fml `jaj akaðrfl ^LA k

tka 2DN mk `lpl`fmlmk pkcl `jgifdurläàj lprkskgtlml gl qukstàj, pjræa gl
akaðrfl prfg`fplc (akaðrfl ^LA) skus lrqufvjs sàj lpldlmjs lssfa quk j
`japutlmjr æ mkscfdlmj.
n ) X@J^^K]JQ Ltulcakgtk æ pjssávkc kg`jgtrlr gj akr`lmj gjtknjjhs `ja

mfs`j mk lralzkglakgtj `jgbk`fmj `jaj –mfs`j bánrfmj‑, quk æ u a mfs`j rádfmj
(BM) alfs ua PPM (mfs`j mk kstlmj sðcfmj) gl aksal ugfmlmk mk akaðrfl. [al
mls prfg`fplfs vlgtldkgs æ quk j PPM tka vkcj`fmlmk auftj alfjr quk j BM, oì
js mfs`js rádfmjs tïa drlgmk `lpl`fmlmk mk lralzkglakgtj. Gl lctkrgltfvl, l
fgijraläûks quk mks`rkvk –BM <]N ÛA + >=DN PPM‑ rkikrka-sk lj
lralzkglakgtj mj gjtknjjh. Kssl akaðrfl æ GÀJ YJCÌ]FC, ju skol, gàj
lpldl lpðs j mkscfdlakgtj mj `japutlmjr. Js >=DN PPM mkfxla js lrqufvjs k
prjdrlals fgskrfmjs gkssl plrtk mj mfs`j `ja l`kssj alfs rìpfmjs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Urj`ksslmjrks Fgtkc @jrk f; sàj lprkskgtlmjs ka mfvkrsjs

sunajmkcjs `ja > ju = gÿ`ckjs. Pk jptlr pjr ua ajmkcj mk > gÿ`ckjs skràj
prj`ksslmls > fgstruäûks lj aksaj tkapj, lssfa `jaj = fgstruäûks
sfauctîgkls plrl js mk = gÿ`ckjs. Gàj sàj ilnrf`lmjs prj`ksslmjrks Fgtkc @jrk
f; `ja ; gÿ`ckjs.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj ijf fgijralmj gl mks`rfäàj mj gjtknjjh sk bì mrfvk mk MYM,

kgtàj gàj æ pjssávkc lifralr, pjfs æ `jaua kg`jgtrlr gjtknjjhs ska j mrfvk mk
MYM pkcl pju`l uslnfcfmlmk ltulcakgtk.
k) XK^^LMJQ Gl mks`rfäàj mj gjtknjjh gàj bì fgijraläûks sjnrk pcl`l mk

vámkj, pjrtlgtj gàj æ pjssávkc lifralr.
<;

Blrmw
rmw lrk
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? ]O-NL Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - ]k`gjcjdfl ml Fgijraläàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <9. Gl `japlrläàj kgtrk mrfvks BM k PPM, `jgsfmkrk js
skdufgtks iltjrks?
F. ùstj pjr DN lralzkglmj8

FF. vkcj`fmlmk mk ckfturl8
FFF. `lpl`fmlmk aìxfal mk lralzkgldka8
FY. rksfstïg`fl l `bjquks k murlnfcfmlmk.
Kstì `jrrktj `jg`cufr quk js mrfvks `ja tk`gjcjdfl BM lprkskgtla vlgtldkgs?

l) sjakgtk gj iltjr F8
n) sjakgtk gjs iltjrks F k FFF8
`) sjakgtk gj iltjr FY8
m) sjakgtk gjs iltjrks F, FF k FFF8
k) ka tjmjs js iltjrks.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
J BM æ l plrtk mj `japutlmjr jgmk sàj lralzkglmjs js mlmjs. Kssl tk`gjcjdfl

æ lgtfdl, als lfgml auftj utfcfzlmj. Pku ùstj æ nlfxj k lprkskgtl drlgmk kspläj
mk lralzkglakgtj. Ujr trlnlcblrka mk algkfrl ak`îgf`l `ja mfs`js
aldgætf`js sàj alfs irìdkfs k gàj rksfstka l drlgmks `bjquks, lcæa mfssj, tka
ual ckfturl mk mlmjs auftj fgikrfjr lj PPM, quk æ nka alfs rìpfmj, supjrtla
alfjrks `bjquks pjr skrka ilnrf`lmjs `ja `frùftjs fgtkdrlmjs, pjræa lfgml sàj
`lrjs k dkrlcakgtk lprkskgtla `lpl`fmlmk mk lralzkglakgtj fgikrfjr ljs BMs.
Plnkgmj mkssls `lrl`tkrástf`ls j BM lprkskgtl vlgtldka gj ùstj pjr DN

lralzkglmj (f) k gl `lpl`fmlmk aìxfal mk lralzkglakgtj (fff).
Lctkrgltfvl @J^^K]L CK]^L N
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? PLU-PU Urjvl? Ldkgtk mk Pkdurlgäl Ukgftkg`fìrfl mk @clssk F
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <4. Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk `jgtæa lpkgls kckakgtjs mk
blrmwlrk.
l) ]k`clmj8 Ajusk8 @U[
n) Urj`ksslmjr8 Akaðrfl8 Tfgmjws 2.
`) Ajgftjr8 @U[8 AP-Jiif`k >5<5.
m) Tfgmjws 48 AP-Jiif`k >5<58 ]k`clmj.
<9

Blrmw
rmw lrk
k) Ncj`j mk Gjtls8 Tfgmjws 48 Ulfgt
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) X@K^]JQ J tk`clmj k ajusk sàj pkrfiærf`js, pjrtlgtj sàj blrmwlrks8 @U[ æ j

prj`ksslmjr, ju skol, tlanæa æ ua blrmwlrk mj `japutlmjr.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Urj`ksslmjr k akaðrfl sàj blrmwlrks k Tfgmjws 2 æ j sfstkal

jpkrl`fjglc.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Ajgftjr æ ua blrmwlrk8 @U[ (prj`ksslmjr) æ ua blrmwlrk k AP-

Jiif`k >5<5 æ ua sjitwlrk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Tfgmjws 4 æ j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc8 AP-Jiif`k >5<5 æ ua

sjitwlrk8 tk`clmj æ ua blrmwlrk.
k) XK^^LMJQ J ncj`j mk gjtls k j Ulfgt sàj prjdrlals (sjitwlrks)8 J Tfgmjws

4 æ ua sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc quk tlanæa æ ua sjitwlrk.
MF@L ?
Auftj ùfmlmj plrl gàj `jgiugmfr blrmwlrk, sjitwlrk k pkrfiærf`js. ]JMJ
UK^FIÆ^F@J Æ [A BL^MTL^K, als gka tjmj blrmwlrk æ ua pkrfiærf`j.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Uktrjnrls Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j(l) mk

Lmafgfstrläàj k @jgtrjck Oÿgfjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <2. [a kstldfìrfj kstì plrtf`fplgmj mk ua trkfglakgtj mk
fgijraìtf`l ka mktkrafglml kaprksl.
Lj lnjrmlr j lssugtj mk `jg`kftjs mk jrdlgfzläàj mk lrqufvjs, j fgstrutjr
fgijral quk ua nytk
l) kqufvlck l > AN.
n) kqufvlck l <5>= HN.
`) lralzkgl 9= nfts.
m) pjmk lssuafr >;9 vlcjrks mfstfgtjs.
k) æ suif`fkgtk plrl rkprkskgtlr j tkxtj –@KPD‑.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ >AN kqufvlck l lprjxfalmlakgtk >.555.555 nytks (mjfs afcbûks

mk nytks).
<4

Blrmw
rmw lrk
n ) XK^^LMJQ <5>=HN kqufvlck l lprjxfalmlakgtk <.5>=.555 nytks.
` ) XK^^LMJQ ua nytk lralzkgl 2 nfts.
m ) X@K^]JQ Plnkajs quk ua nft pjmk rkprkskgtlr ltæ > vlcjrks, zkrj ju ua.
@jaj < nytk lralzkgl 2 nfts fssj sfdgfif`l quk ua nytk pjmk rkprkskgtlr ltæ > 2
(mjfs kckvlmj l jftj) vlcjrks, jgmk >2 1 >;9. ^ksuafgmj, ua nytk pjmk lssuafr
ltæ >;9 vlcjrks.
k) XK^^LMJQ Ulrl rkprkskgtlr `lml cktrl mk ual plclvrl æ gk`kssìrfj ua nytk,

lssfa, skràj gk`kssìrfjs = nytks plrl rkprkskgtlr l plclvrl –@KPD‑ quk tka =
cktrls.
cktrls.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? PKM[@-LA Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk ]æ`gf`j
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <6. J mfspjsftfvj mk blrmwlrk quk tka `jaj prfg`fplc iugäàj
l mfdftlcfzläàj mk faldkgs k tkxtjs, `jgvkrtkgmj ls vkrsûks ka plpkc plrl j
ijraltj mfdftlc, æ mkgjafglmj
l) ojystf`h.
n) pcjttkr.
`) s`lggkr.
m) wkn`la.
k) pkgmrfvk.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ Ojystf`h æ ua pkrfiærf`j mk `japutlmjr, pjpuclrakgtk `jgbk`fmj

`jaj –`jgtrjck mk vámkj dlak‑.
n ) XK^^LMJQ pcjttkr æ ua tfpj mk faprkssjrl quk faprfak ka drlgmks

mfakgsûks.
` ) X@K^]JQ J s`lggkr æ æ ua mfspjsftfvj mk ckfturl ðptf`l quk `jgvkrtk faldkgs,

ijtjs, fcustrläûks k tkxtjs ka plpkc ka ua ijraltj mfdftlc.
m ) XK^^LMJQ wkn`la æ ual `îakrl rkspjgsìvkc pjr `lpturlr ls faldkgs k

trlgsaftfr lj `japutlmjr, kssk kqufplakgtj æ auftj utfcfzlmj plrl `blalmls mk
vámkj k vfmkj`jgikrïg`fls.
<2

Blrmw
rmw lrk
k) XK^^LMJQ Ukg mrfvk æ ua pkrfiærf`j mk kgtrlml k sláml quk skrvk plrl
lralzkglakgtj mk lrqufvjs.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >5. L sfdcl MM^0 rkprkskgtl ua tfpj mk akaðrfl ^LA
kaprkdlml gls `jgifdurläûks mjs af`rj`japutlmjrks.
Ulrl l `lpl`fmlmk aìxfal mk lralzkglakgtj mkssks mfspjsftfvjs, js vlcjrks
alfs `jaugs sàj
l) = k 2 ANytks.
n) = k 2 DNytks.
`) = k 2 ]Nytks.
m) < k > Dnps.
k) < k > Anps
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Kxfstka akaðrfls ^LA mk mfikrkgtks `lpl`fmlmks mk lralzkglakgtj, l

drlgmkzl `jaua æ mlml ka DFDLNV]KP quk æ j aksaj quk DNytks ju DN
(`ja –N‑ alfÿsùcj). Gkssk `lsj, l ÿgf`l lctkrgltfvl quk rkprkskgtl kssl
drlgmkzl æ l lctkrgltfvl N.
Lctkrgltfvl @J^^K]L CK]^L N
MF@L?
Auftj ùfmlmj plrl gàj `jgiugmfr l gjakg`clturl mls akmfmls mk fgijraìtf`l.
Dfdlnft (Dn) æ mfikrkgtk mk Dfdlnytk (DN), tlgtj qulgtj Akdlnft (An) æ
mfikrkgtk mk Dfdlnyt
Dfdlnytk (AN) k kt`.
k (AN)
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ><. Pjnrk js `japjgkgtks mk blrmwlrk mk ua
af`rj`japutlmjr, lssfglck l jpäàj quk fgmf`l l prfg`fplc iugäàj ml akaðrfl
`l`bk.
l) Ldfcfzlr j prj`ksslakgtj.
n) @jgvkrtkr ijraltjs mk mlmjs.
`) Kxkùtlr l auctftlrkil prkkaptfvl.
m) Lralzkglr mlmjs mk ijral pkralgkgtk.
k) Fapckakgtlr j ak`lgfsaj ml akaðrfl vfrtulc.
<6

Blrmw
rmw lrk
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) X@K^]JQ L prfg`fplc iugäàj ml akaðrfl `l`bk æ ldfcfzlr j prj`ksslakgtj,

pjfs æ auftj alfs rìpfml quk l akaðrfl ^LA, lssfa l akaðrfl `l`bk lralzkgl
js mlmjs alfs irkqukgtkakgtk uslmjs pkcj @U[ (prj`ksslmjr), kvftlgmj quk j
prj`ksslmjr iläl nus`ls mksgk`kssìrfls gl akaðrfl ^LA, quk æ alfs ckgtl quk
l akaðrfl `l`bk, ilzkgmj j prj`ksslakgtj icufr alfs rlpfmlakgtk.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Lctkrgltfvl
Lctkrgltfvl ska –pæ-gka-`lnkäl‑, sk qufskr trlgsijralr ua tfpj mk
mlmj ka jutrj (jpkrläàj `jgbk`fml `jaj `jgvkrsàj) æ gk`kssìrfj lpkgls mk
ua sjitwlrk plrl fssj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ @LCAL! Auctftlrkil prkkaptfvl æ j ltj mk fgtkrrjapkr

tkapjrlrflakgtk ual tlrkil ka mktrfakgtj mk jutrl k pjstkrfjrakgtk vjctlr l
tlrkil lgtkrfjr. J sku `japutlmjr kstì ilzkgmj fssj gkssk kxltj ajakgtj.
\ulgmj vj`ï ksùtl ual aÿsf`l kgqulgtj mfdftl ua tkxtj gj Tjrm j sku
`japutlmjr kstì mfvfmfmj ka muls tlrkils (tj`lr aÿsf`l k mfdftlr), kssl trj`l æ
tàj rìpfml quk gka l aÿsf`l pìrl k gka j tkxtj trlvl. Kanjrl kssl skol ual
iug`fjglcfmlmk mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc quka KRK@[]L æ j prj`ksslmjr k k gàj
l akaðrfl `l`bk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Js mfspjsftfvjs `lplzks mk lralzkglr mlmjs pkralgkgtkakgtk

sàj js BMs (mfs`j rádfmjs) k js PPMs (mfs`j mk kstlmj sðcfmj).
k) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl vfrtulc æ ua ak`lgfsaj jikrk`fmj pkcj sfstkal

jpkrl`fjglc plrl il`fcftlr j l`kssj l lrqufvjs k prjdrlals gl akaðrfl prfg`fplc
(akaðrfl ^LA). Kssl fapckakgtläàj æ kspk`fif`lakgtk mj sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Jsls`j - PU Urjvl? Ltkgmkgtk
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >>. Lgulcakgtk, l kaprksl jgmk Yfvflg trlnlcbl prjajvk ua
kvkgtj mk `jgirltkrgfzläàj kgtrk skus iug`fjgìrfjs k mfspjgfnfcfzl, ka sku sftk,
ua cfgh –Ujstlr ijtjs mk kvkgtjs‑. Ujr ajtfvjs mk skdurlgäl, j sftk sð pjmk skr
l`ksslmj pkcl fgtrlgkt quk gàj pjssuf gkgbua rkùrsj mk rkmk ska ifj. Ulrl
pjstlr ls ijtjs lralzkglmls gj sku `kcuclr, Yfvflg mkvkrì trlgsikrfr js lrqufvjs
plrl ua `japutlmjr ml kaprksl uslgmj?
l) ua `lnj [PN8
n) l rkmk Tf-If ml kaprksl8
`) j rkùrsj Ncuktjjtb mj sku `kcuclr8
>5

Blrmw
rmw lrk
m) j pl`jtk mk mlmjs 0D/=D mj sku `kcuclr8
k) ua rjtklmjr ml kaprksl.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****
l) X@K^]JQ @jaj gl FG]^LGK] ml kaprksl gàj bì gkgbual `jgkxàj ska ifj

pjr ajtfvjs mk skdurlgäl, l akcbjr algkfrl mk trlgsikrfr ls ijtjs mj `kcuclr
plrl j `japutlmjr æ ltrlvæs mj `lnj [PN , ka skdufml kcl pjmkrì l`ksslr j
sftk, gj aksaj `japutlmjr quk mks`lrrkdju ls ijtjs k pjstì-cls.
n ) XK^^LMJQ ^kmk Tf-If æ ua tfpj mk rkmk ska ifj k l qukstàj lifral quk l
kaprksl gàj mfspjgfnfcfzl rkmk ska ifj, pjrtlgtj, gàj skrfl pjssávkc j kgvfj
mkssl algkfrl.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J ncuktjjtb æ ual rkmk ska ifj k l qukstàj lifral quk l kaprksl
gàj mfspjgfnfcfzl mk rkmk ska ifj, pjrtlgtj, gàj æ pjssávkc j kgvfj mkssl algkfrl.
m ) XK^^LMJQ J pl`jtk 0D/=D pkraftk `jgkxàj `ja l fgtkrgkt, als j sftk plrl
pjstldka mls ijtjs kstì gl FG]^LGK] (rkmk prfvlml ml kaprksl) k gàj fgtkrgkt,
pjrtlgtj, skrì rklcakgtk gk`kssìrfj mks`lrrkdlr ls ijtjs ka ua `japutlmjr quk
tkgbl l`kssj å FG]^LGK] ml kaprksl plrl quk skol pjssávkc l pjstldka mls
ijtjs.
ijtjs.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? @KIK]-Ô Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >0. L akaðrfl vjcìtfc quk pkraftk drlvläàj, ckfturl k l`kssj
lckltðrfj ljs mlmjs `blal-sk
l) ^LA
n) KU^JA
`) Ukg Mrfvk
m) Mfs`j ðtf`j
k) Mfs`j rádfmj
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) X@K^]JQ L akaðrfl ^LA (Akaðrfl mk L`kssj Lckltðrfj) æ ual akaðrfl

vjcìtfc, ju skol, skus mlmjs sàj lpldlmjs lpðs j mkscfdlakgtj mj `japutlmjr.
Lcæa mfssj, pkraftka l ckfturl k ks`rftl mk mlmjs.
><

Blrmw
rmw lrk
n ) XK^^LMJQ KU^JA æ sfdcl plrl Akaðrfl Urjdrlaìvkc Lpldìvkc Pjakgtk mk
Ckfturl, gàj æ vjcìtfc, ju skol, lralzkgl mlmjs aksaj qulgmj j `japutlmjr æ
mkscfdlmj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Ukg mrfvk æ ua mfspjsftfvj mk akaðrfl gàj vjcìtfc mk ckfturl k

ks`rftl mk mlmjs.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Js mfs`js ðptf`js sàj mfspjsftfvjs mk akaðrfls gàj vjcìtkfs, ju

skol, gàj lpldla `ja j mkscfdlakgtj mj `japutlmjr.
k) XK^^LMJQ J mfs`j rádfmj (BM) æ ual akaðrfl gàj vjcìtfc, ju skol, gàj lpldl
k) XK^^LMJQ
js mlmjs qulgmj j `japutlmjr æ mkscfdlmj.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? @KIK]-Ô Urjvl? Luxfcflr ka Lmafgfstrläàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >=. J prj`kssj mk ijraltläàj cðdf`l mk ua mfs`j rádfmj
l) jrdlgfzl j prj`kssj mk mksirldakgtläàj mj mfs`j.
n) `japl`tl js lrqufvjs oì lralzkglmjs gj mfs`j.
`) kx`cuf pkralgkgtkakgtk js mlmjs oì lralzkglmjs gj mfs`j.
m) kx`cuf tkapjrlrflakgtk ” ltæ j njjt skdufgtk ” js mlmjs oì lralzkglmjs gj
mfs`j.
k) rk`jgifdurl js plrîaktrjs ml lpcf`läàj ka ùrsj `jgijrak fgstruäûks mlmls
`ja j `jalgmj ijraltlr.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
J prj`kssj mk ijraltläàj cðdf`l æ pjpuclrakgtk `jgbk`fmj `jaj –ijraltläàj

mj `japutlmjr‑. Kssk prj`kssj æ dkrlcakgtk sjcf`ftlmj lj tæ`gf`j mk fgijraìtf`l
qulgmj j `japutlmjr kstì ckgtj ju qukr ilzkr ual trj`l mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc.
\ulgmj j `japutlmjr æ ijraltlmj js mlmjs lgtkrfjrakgtk lralzkglmjs sàj

pkralgkgtkakgtk kx`cuámjs gl ugfmlmk ijraltlml.
Lctkrgltfvl @J^^
@J^^K]L
K]L CK]^L
C K]^L @
>>

Blrmw
rmw lrk
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? @KIK]-Ô Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk Lcugjs
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >;. ^kdfstrlmjrks `jgstftuka akaðrfl mk lctl vkcj`fmlmk,
l) gàj vjcìtfc, cj`lcfzlml gl pcl`l aàk, plrl ilzkr j plpkc mk akaðrfls `l`bk.
n) gàj vjcìtfc, mj tfpj ^LA, cj`lcfzlml gl pcl`l aàk, plrl rk`knkr mlmjs kxtkrgjs.
`) gàj vjcìtfc,
vjc ìtfc, mk l`kssj
l` kssj lckltðrfj, cj`lcfzlml gl @U[ k prkplrlml plrl
lralzkglr ls fgstruäûks mjs prjdrlals.
m) vjcìtfc, cj`lcfzlml gl @U[ k uslml plrl lralzkglr rksuctlmjs tkapjrìrfjs.
k) vjcìtfc, mk lctl `lpl`fmlmk, prjoktlml plrl algtkr l ^JA ltulcfzlml.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ Js rkdfstrlmjrks gàj if`la cj`lcfzlmjs gl pcl`l aàk k sfa gj

prj`ksslmjr, lcæa mfssj, sàj akaðrfls vjcìtkfs.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Js rkdfstrlmjrks sàj vjcìtkfs mj tfpj ^LA (Akaðrfl mk L`kssj

Lckltðrfj) cj`lcfzlmjs gl @U[ (prj`ksslmjr) k gàj gl pcl`l aàk.
` ) XK^^LMJQ ^kdfstrlmjrks sàj akaðrfls vjcìtkfs, ju skol, gàj lralzkgla js

mlmjs qulgmj j `japutlmjr æ mkscfdlmj.
m ) X@K^]JQ ^kdfstrlmjrks sàj akaðrfls vjcìtkfs quk sàj cj`lcfzlmjs gj

prj`ksslmjr (@U[) quk æ uslmj plrl lralzkglr pkqukgls qulgtfmlmks mk
mlmjs tkapjrlrflakgtk akcbjrlgmj l pkrijralg`k mj prj`ksslmjr.
k) XK^^LMJQ l ^JA æ ual akaðrfl lpkgls mk ckfturl mfikrkgtkakgtk mjs

k)
rkdfstrlmjrks quk sàj mk ckfturl k ks`rftl k mk nlfxássfal `lpl`fmlmk mk
lralzkglakgtj.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? @KIK]-Ô Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk Lcugjs
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >9. [a tæ`gf`j mk supjrtk ijf prjùrlmj pjr ua usuìrfj quk
cbk pkmfu ual kxpcf`läàj sjnrk l kspk`fif`läàj mk rksjcuäàj, vfstj quk kck
prktkgmfl kstlr nka prkplrlmj plrl ual prðxfal `japrl mk ajgftjr.
J tæ`gf`j, kgtàj, kxpcf`ju lj usuìrfj quk rksjcuäûks alfjrks plrl ua aksaj
tlalgbj mk ajgftjr l`lrrktla
l) akgjr qulgtfmlmk k alfjr tlalgbj mk pfxkcs.
n) alfjr qulgtfmlmk mk pfxkcs k akgjr ìrkl ÿtfc ml tkcl.
`) alfjr qulgtfmlmk mk pfxkcs k rkmuäàj mj tlalgbj mjs á`jgks gl tkcl.
>0

Blrmw
rmw lrk
m) alfjr ìrkl ÿtfc mk tkcl k alfjr tlalgbj mjs pfxkcs.
k) luakgtj mj tlalgbj mjs á`jgks gl tkcl k akgjr ìrkl ÿtfc gl tkcl.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
L tkcl mj sku `japutlmjr k vìrfjs jutrjs mfspjsftfvjs kcktrýgf`js sàj ijralmjs

pjr pfxkcs , kssl æ l akgjr ugfmlmk mk akmfml mk ual faldka, ilzkgmj `ja
quk ua `jgougtj mkssks pfxkcs ijrala ual faldka `japcktl.
Gl tkcl mj sku `japutlmjr bì vìrfjs pfxkcs, als vlajs faldfglr quk kck tkgbl
lpkgls = pfxkcs , ju skol, faldfgk mfvfmfr l tkcl mj `japutlmjr ka = qulmrlmjs
fdulfs prkkg`bkgmj tjml sul tkcl `jaj l faldka lnlfxj.
Ldjrl vlajs faldfglr quk ua á`jgk qulcqukr plrl skr rkprkskgtlmj gl sul tkcl
gk`kssftk mk = pfxkcs, fssj sfdgfif`l quk ka gl sul tkcl mk lpkgls = pfxkcs j
á`jgk vlf prkkg`bkr tjml l tkcl, lssfa `jaj gl ifdurl lnlfxj?
Ldjrl, vlajs luakgtlr l qulgtfmlmk mk pfxkcs gl sul tkcl, vlajs faldfglr quk
kcl tkgbl ldjrl <9 pfxkcs (=x=) `jaj ajstrlmj gl ifdurl lnlfxj.
Pk kxfnfrajs j aksaj á`jgk mk = pfxkcs gl tkcl mk <9 pfxkcs, tkrkajs l

rkprkskgtläàj mkssk á`jgk ml skdufgtk ijral?
>=

Blrmw
rmw lrk
@japlrlgmj lgtkrfjrakgtk l tkcl mk lpkgls = pfxkcs `ja l mk <9 pfxkcs æ

pjssávkc jnskrvlr quk sk luakgtlrajs lfgml alfs l qulgtfmlmk mk pfxkcs ml tkcl
j á`jgk frì mfafgufr, pjfs j á`jgk gk`kssftl lpkgls mk = pfxkcs fgmkpkgmkgtk ml
qulgtfmlmk mk pfxkcs gl tkcl. Ujrtlgtj, qulgmj alfjr l rksjcuäàj ml tkcl akgjr j
á`jgk skrì rkprkskgtlmj gkcl.
Lctkrgltfvl @J^^
@J^^K]L
K]L CK]^L
C K]^L @
MF@L?
^ksjcuäàj mk tkcl k tlalgbj sàj tkrajs mfikrkgtks. J tlalgbj pjmk skr mk <=‑
(qultjrzk pjckdlmls), 0>‑, ;5‑ k kt`. L rksjcuäàj ml tkcl æ mlml pkcl qulgtfmlmk
mk pfxkcs gl tkcl. \ulgtj alfs pfxkcs, akcbjr æ l qulcfmlmk ml faldka. Ujr
kxkapcj, mjfs ajgftjrks mk 0>‑ pjmka tkr rksjcuäûks mfikrkgtks mkpkgmkgmj ml
kspk`fif`läàj mj ilnrf`lgtk, gjtk quk j tlalgbj æ j aksaj als l rksjcuäàj
(qulgtfmlmk mk pfxkcs gl tkcl) pjmk skr mfikrkgtk.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? @JAUKPL Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk Plgklakgtj - Lssfstkgtk mk Dkstàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >4. Jnskrvlgmj kssls kspk`fif`läûks?
@japutlmjr Urkafua H;<25 `ja Fgtkc @jrk f0 2DN <]N Tfgmjws 2 - Ujsftfvj +
Ajgftjr CKM <6,; >5KG00PP ‐ CD
Ls `ftläûks "Fgtkc @jrk f0‑, "2DN‑ k "<]N‑ ilzka rkikrïg`fl, rkspk`tfvlakgtk, ljs
skdufgtks `japjgkgtks?
l) af`rjprj`ksslmjr, akaðrfl @L@BK/C0 k pkgmrfvk.
n) pcl`l-aàk, akaðrfl ^LA/MM^ k pkgmrfvk.
`) af`rjprj`ksslmjr, akaðrfl ^LA/MM^ k mfs`j rádfmj PL]L.
m) pcl`l-aàk, akaðrfl @L@BK/C0 k mfs`j rádfmj PL]L.
k) af`rjprj`ksslmjr, akaðrfl @L@BK/C0 k mfs`j rádfmj PL]L.
>;

Blrmw
rmw lrk
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
Fgtkc @jrk f0 rkikrk-sk lj prj`ksslmjr (@U[) ju tlanæa `jgbk`fmj `jaj

af`rjprj`ksslmjr 8 2DN rkprkskgtl l `lpl`fmlmk ml akaðrfl ^LA k <]N æ
rkcl`fjglmj l `lpl`fmlmk mj mfs`j rádfmj mj `japutlmjr.
L ÿgf`l lctkrgltfvl quk `clssfif`l l mks`rfäàj ml qukstàj `ja js blrmwlrks

pkmfmjs æ l lctkrgltfvl @. Gàj sk lssustk `ja ls fgijraläûks –^LA/MM^‑, j
MM^ rkikrk-sk l ual `lrl`tkrástf`l ml akaðrfl ^LA, lssfa `jaj –PL]L‑ ka
–mfs`j rádfmj PL]L‑ quk fgmf`l j tfpj mk `jgk`tfvfmlmk
` jgk`tfvfmlmk mj mfs`j rádfmj.

Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? P[PLA Urjvl? Ldkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >2. [a ldkgtk lmafgfstrltfvj pjssuf ua pkgmrfvk mk <9
DNytks, k `ja kssk mfspjsftfvj kck prktkgmk ilzkr j nl`hup mjs lrqufvjs
algfpuclmjs gj sku af`rj`japutlmjr mk trlnlcbj, gl ÿctfal skalgl.
Ulrl fssj, kck mkvk fgstlclr kssk mfspjsftfvj gj af`rj`japutlmjr, gua tfpj mk
`jgkxàj `jgbk`fmj pkcl sfdcl
l) BMAF.
n) U@F.
`) [PN.
m) LDU.
k) TYDL.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ L sfdcl BMAF rkikrk-sk l ua tfpj mk `jgk`tfvfmlmk quk pkraftk

trlgsaftfr kx`cusfvlakgtk vámkj k ìumfj `ja ua ÿgf`j `lnj, gàj pkraftfgmj ilzkr
nl`hup mk lrqufvjs.
n ) XK^^LMJQ l sfdcl U@F rkikrk-sk l ua tfpj mk nlrrlakgtj mkstfglmj l `jgk`tlr

pkrfiærf`js mfrktlakgtk gl pcl`l aàk. Ukgmrfvks gàj usla kssk tfpj mk `jgkxàj,
pjrtlgtj gàj skrvk plrl j ldkgtk.
` ) X@K^]JQ [PN æ ua tfpj mk `jgkxàj ugfvkrslc quk pkraftk `ja vìrfjs tfpjs mk

pkrfiærf`js lj `japutlmjr, lssfa `jaj js pkgmrfvks.
m ) XK^^LMJQ LDU æ ua tfpj mk `jgkxàj kspk`flcakgtk plrl pcl`ls mk vámkj.

Kssl gàj æ ual sjcuäàj plrl j ldkgtk.
>9

Blrmw
rmw lrk
k) XK^^LMJQ TYDL æ ual vlrfläàj ml tk`gjcjdfl mk faldka YDL k rkikrk-sk l
k) XK^^LMJQ
rksjcuäàj mk faldkgs mk mfvkrsjs mfspjsftfvjs kcktrýgf`js. Kssl tlanæa gàj æ
ual sjcuäàj plrl j ldkgtk.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? U^JMKP]-KP Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk ]k`gjcjdfl ml Fgijraläàj - Jpkrläàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >6. Fgmfquk l lctkrgltfvl quk `jgtæa, rkspk`tfvlakgtk, ua
mfspjsftfvj mk lralzkglakgtj vjcìtfc k ua gàj vjcìtfc?
l) mfs`j rádfmj k akaðrfl `l`bk
n) mfsquktk k MYM.
`) iftl ML] k mfs`j ncu-rly.
m) akaðrfl ^LA k @M.
k) pkgmrfvk k akaðrfl iclsb.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
Lgtks mk lglcfslr `lml lctkrgltfvl vlajs mkifgfr j quk æ ual akaðrfl vjcìtfc k
ual gàj vjcìtfc?
Akaðrfl vjcìtfc - Pàj lqukcls quk prk`fsla mk kgkrdfl plrl algtkr l

fgijraläàj gl akaðrfl. Kxkapcj? L akaðrfl prfg`fplc (^LA) æ lpldlml tjml
vkz quk j `japutlmjr æ mkscfdlmj.
Akaðrfl
Akaðrf l gàj vjcìtfc (pkralgkgtk) - Pàj lqukcls quk aksaj ska lcfakgtläàj
vjc ìtfc (pkralgkgtk)
(kgkrdfl) `jgskduk lralzkglr fgijraläûks. Kxkapcj? J BM `jgtfgul `ja ls
suls ijtjs k vámkjs lralzkglmjs aksaj qulgmj j `japutlmjr æ mkscfdlmj.
Ylajs ås lctkrgltfvls...
l) XK^^LMJQ J Mfs`j rádfmj æ ual akaðrfl gàj vjcìtfc, pjfs lralzkgl

fgijraläûks gj mfs`j aksaj qulgmj j `japutlmjr æ mkscfdlmj. Oì l akaðrfl
`l`bk æ vjcìtfc, pjfs lssfa quk mkscfdlmj j `japutlmjr sul akaðrfl æ lpldlml.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J mfsquktk k j MYM sàj akaðrfls gàj vjcìtkfs, pjfs qulgmj

rktfrlmj mj `japutlmjr pkralgk`k `ja ls fgijraläûks lralzkglmls.
` ) XK^^LMJQ
gàj Iftls `jaj
vjcìtfc, lssfa ML] sàj
js iftls plrlncu-rly
mfs`js lralzkglakgtj mk nl`hup,
quk pkralgk`k `ja pjrtlgtj
js mlmjsæ
lralzkglmjs aksaj qulgmj gàj kgkrdfzlmjs.
>4

Blrmw
rmw lrk
m ) X@K^]JQ L akaðrfl ^LA æ vjcìtfc, pjfs qulgmj gàj kgkrdfzlmj (qulgmj j
`japutlmjr æ mkscfdlmj) sul akaðrfl æ lpldlml, mfikrkgtkakgtk mj @M quk æ
ual akaðrfl gàj vjcìtfc, ju skol, lralzkgl mlmjs aksaj ska kstì kgkrdfzlmj.
k) XK^^LMJQ j pkg mrfvk utfcfzl ual akaðrfl iclsb fgtkrglakgtk plrl

lralzkglr js mlmjs, lssfa, tlgtj j pkgmrfvk qulgtj l akaðrfl iclsb sàj mk
glturkzl gàj vjcìtfc.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? LC-NL Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Gávkc Aæmfj - @jgtlnfcfmlmk
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 05. Pjnrk l lrquftkturl nìsf`l mjs `japutlmjrks, l akaðrfl
^LA lprkskgtl l `lrl`tkrástf`l ml vjcltfcfmlmk, pjfs sð algtæa j `jgtkÿmj
lralzkglmj kgqulgtj kgkrdfzlml kcktrf`lakgtk.
J tfpj mkssl akaðrfl k j vlcjr ml sul `lpl`fmlmk sàj, rkspk`tfvlakgtk,
l) P@PF-> k = DNytks.
n) P@PF-> k = Dnps.
`) @L@BK k = DNytks.
m) MM^0 k = Dnps.
k) MM^0 k = DNytks.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
P@PF sfdgfif`l Palcc @japutkr Pystkas Fgtkril`k ju gl trlmuäàj cftkrlc, Fgtkril`k

mk Pfstkals @japutlmjrks Fgtkcfdkgtks quk glml alfs æ quk ua plmràj mk
`jaugf`läàj kgtrk pkrfiærf`js k j `japutlmjr. Ulrl sfapcfif`lr P@PF æ ual pjrtl
[PN mfikrkgtk quk pjmk `jgk`tlr vìrfjs mfspjsftfvjs lj `japutlmjr.
@L@BK æ ua tfpj mk akaðrfl alfs rìpfml quk l akaðrfl prfg`fplc (^LA) quk
luxfcfl j prj`ksslmjr gl kxkùäàj mls fgstruäûks.
MM^, MM^> k MM^0 sàj `lrl`tkrástf`ls ml akaðrfl prfg`fplc (Akaðrfl ^LA).

MM^ sfdgfif`l ]lxl Mupcl mk ]rlgsikrïg`fl. ^ksuafgmj.... [al akaðrfl ^LA
MM^0 æ alfs vkcjz quk MM^> k MM^.
Yjctlgmj l qukstàj.... @jaj æ pkmfmj plrl alr`lr l lctkrgltfvl quk lprkskgtl

`lrl`tkrástf`l mk ual akaðrfl ^LA, pjmkajs MKP@L^]L^ ls lctkrgltfvls
L,N k @ pjfs gàj rkaktka l tk`gjcjdfls vfgùclmls ls akaðrfls ^LA. @ja fssj
rkstlrla lpkgls M k K.
>2

Blrmw
rmw lrk
Ulrl `bkdlr gl lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl nlstl ckanrlr quk j lralzkglakgtj mls
akaðrfls ^LA kstì ltulcakgtk gl `lsl mjs Dfdlnytks pjr skdugmj k æ
auftj `jaua kg`jgtrlr `japutlmjrks `ja akaðrfls mk =DN gj akr`lmj,
pjrtlgtj l cktrl K æ gjssl lctkrgltfvl @J^^K]L.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
ltf vl @J^^K]L CK]^L
CK]^ L K
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? LC-NL Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Gávkc Aæmfj - @jgtlnfcfmlmk
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 0<. \ulgmj sk vkrfif`l gl kspk`fif`läàj mk ua
af`rj`japutlmjr ju gjtknjjh l `ftläàj "Fgtkc @jrk f4", l rkikrïg`fl kstì skgmj
ikftl plrl j skdufgtk `japjgkgtk mk blrmwlrk?
l) `l`bk.
n) iclsb ^LA.
`) pcl`l mk vámkj.
m) af`rjprj`ksslmjr.
k) `jprj`ksslmjr lrftaætf`j.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
Kssl æ iì`fc.... Js ajmkcjs alfs ilajsjs mk prj`ksslmjrks ml Fgtkc sàj? Fgtkc

@jrk f0, Fgtkc @jrk f; k Fgtkc @jr k f4. Js prj`ksslmjrks sàj tlanæa `jgbk`fmjs
Fgtkc @jrk
`jaj af`rjprj`ksslmjrks ju @U[ ilzkgmj ml cktrl M l lctkrgltfvl @J^^K]L.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
C K]^L M
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? LC-NL Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Gávkc Aæmfj - Lmafgfstrltfvl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 0>. @ja rkcläàj ljs mrfvkrs fgstlclmjs ka ua
af`rj`japutlmjr, lglcfsk ls lifraltfvls l skdufr.
F) Pàj sjitwlrks mk tkr`kfrjs fgstlclmjs gl aìqufgl, quk prjtkdka l
fgtkdrfmlmk mj sfstkal fgstlclmj `jgtrl pjssávkfs tkgtltfvls mk l`kssj
fgmkskolmj.
FF) Pàj utfcftìrfjs quk vflnfcfzla j iug`fjglakgtj gjralc mjs mfspjsftfvjs mk
kgtrlml k sláml, tkgmj `jaj prfg`fplc `lrl`tkrástf`l l tjtlc fgmkpkgmïg`fl
mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc fgstlclmj gj `japutlmjr.
FFF) Pàj prjdrlals gk`kssìrfjs ljs `japjgkgtks mk blrmwlrk fgstlclmjs, quk
prjpf`fla j iug`fjglakgtj lmkqulmj, ska prjnckals mk mkskapkgbj k mk
>6

Blrmw
rmw lrk
fg`japltfnfcfmlmk.
Lssfglck?
l) sk sjakgtk l lifraltfvl F kstfvkr `jrrktl.
n) sk sjakgtk l lifraltfvl FF kstfvkr `jrrktl.
`) sk sjakgtk l lifraltfvl FFF kstfvkr `jrrktl.
m) sk sjakgtk ls lifraltfvls F k FF kstfvkrka `jrrktls.
k) sk tjmls ls lifraltfvls kstfvkrka `jrrktls.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
alt f vl F) Js mrfvkrs sàj sjitwlrks plrl `jgtrjclr js mfspjsftfvjs quk vkgbla
Li f r altf
Lif
l sk `jgk`tlr lj `japutlmjr, `jaj pkgmrfvks k kt`. Js mrfvkrs GÀJ iug`fjgla
fgtkdrf mlmk mj sfstkal, fgvlcfmlgmj kssl lifraltfvl.
plrl prjtkdkr l fgtkdrfmlmk
alt f vl FF) Js mrfvkrs gàj tka tjtlc fgmkpkgmïg`fl mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc,

Li f r altf
Lif
kcks iug`fjgla `jaj fgtkrakmflmjr kgtrk j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc k j mfspjsftfvj,
ju skol, kck gk`kssftl mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc plrl ilzkr iug`fjglr j mfspjsftfvj.
alt f vl FFF) Mrfvkrs - Pàj prjdrlals gk`kssìrfjs ljs `japjgkgtks mk

Li f r altf
Lif
blrmwlrk fgstlclmjs, quk prjpf`fla j iug`fjglakgtj lmkqulmj, ska prjnckals
mk mkskapkgbj k mk fg`japltfnfcfmlmk.
L ÿgf`l lifraltfvl @J^^K]L æ l FFF
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L @
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? I[GL^]K Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 00. Ojàj tka ual `jckäàj mk lprjxfalmlakgtk =.;55 ijtjs,
`ja tlalgbj aæmfj mk <.;55 HN pjr ijtj. Ulrl lralzkglr sku l`krvj, Ojàj
prktkgmk lmqufrfr ua Ukg Mrfvk dlstlgmj j aágfaj gk`kssìrfj. Gkssk `lsj, l
`lpl`fmlmk mk lralzkgldka mj Ukg Mrfvk quk Ojàj mkvk `japrlr æ mk?
l) < DN8
n) > DN8
`) = DN8
m) 2 DN8
k) <9 DN.
05

Blrmw
rmw lrk
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
Ulrl il`fcftlr ls `jgtls, prfakfrlakgtk vlajs `jgvkrtkr js <.;55HN ka

Akdlnytks plrl trlnlcblrajs `ja gÿakrjs akgjrks. K plrl trlgsijralr mk
Hfcjnytk (HN) plrl akdlnytk (AN) æ gk`kssìrfj auctfpcf`lr pjr <.555. Kgtàj…
<.;55HN x <.555 1 <.;AN
Plnkgmj quk Ojàj tka =.;55 ijtjs `lml ual `ja tlalgbj mk <.;AN, quk
l`lnlajs mk `lcùclr, mkvkajs auctfpcf`lr l qulgtfmlmk mk ijtjs pkcj tlalgbj
mk `lml ijtj plrl jntkr j kspläj gk`kssìrfj plrl lralzkglr tjmls ls ijtjs.
=.;55 x <.;AN 1 9.4;5AN
Js pkgmrfvks mls lctkrgltfvls kstàj gl jrmka mk drlgmkzl mjs DN (dfdlnytks),

kgtàj, vlajs `jgvkrtkr 9.4;5AN ka DN k plrl fssj vlajs auctfpcf`lr 9.4;5 pjr
<.555.
9.4;5 x <.555 1 9.4 DN
@jaj Ojàj qukr j pkgmrfvk quk `lfnla tjmls ls ijtjs `ja j akgjr ùstj
pjssávkc j pkgmrfvk mk 2DN skrfl suif`fkgtk plrl Ojàj, pjfs qulgtj alfjr l
`lpl`fmlmk mk lralzkglakgtj mj ua pkg mrfvk alfs `lrj ùstlrì k Ojàj nustl
lralzkglr tjmls ls ijtjs `ja j akgjr ùstj.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L M
0<

Blrmw
rmw lrk
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? U@-PU Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Clnjrltðrfj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 0=. Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk `jgtæa j gjak mk ua plmràj
quk pkraftk `jgk`tlr k mks`jgk`tlr alfs mk ua pkrfiærf`j? ual faprkssjrl, ua
pkgmrfvk k ua tk`clmj, pjr kxkapcj, ka ual ÿgf`l pjrtl, ska quk skol
gk`kssìrfj mkscfdlr j `japutlmjr.
l) Bfdb-Mkifgftfjg Auctfakmfl Fgtkril`k.
n) Yfmkj Drlpbf`s Lrrly.
`) [gfvkrslc Pkrflc Nus.
m) Fgtkdrltkm Mrfvk Kck`trjgf`s.
k) @kgtrlc Urj`kssfgd [gft.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
l) XK^^LMJQ Bfdb-Mkifgftfjg Auctfakmfl Fgtkril`k (BMAF) æ ua tfpj mk

`jgk`tfvfmlmk `lplz mk trlgsaftfr vámkj k ìumfj ka ua ÿgf`j `lnj. Kssl
tk`gjcjdfl gàj `jgk`tl faprkssjrl, tk`clmj ju pkg mrfvk.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Yfmkj Drlpbf`s Lrrly (YDL) æ ua tfpj mk plmràj mk vámkj mk

pcl`ls drìif`ls k gàj skrvka plrl faprkssjrl, pkg mrfvk ju tk`clmj.
` ) X@K^]JQ [gfvkrslc Pkrflc Nus ([PN) æ ua tfpj mk plmràj quk pkraftk

`jgk`tlr mfvkrsjs mfspjsftfvjs ska l gk`kssfmlmk mk mkscfdlr j `japutlmjr. L
lctkrgltfvl lprkskgtl quk æ pjssávkc `jgk`tlr ual faprkssjrl ua pkgmrfvk k ua
tk`clmj ka ual aksal pjrtl [PN mj `japutlmjr k PFA, Æ UJPPÁYKC. Æ auftj
`jaua gj akr`lmj kg`jgtrlr kxtkgsûks [PN, `jaj ls kxtkgsûks ls kcætrf`ls
pjr kxkapcj, quk `ja lpkgls ual pjrtl æ pjssávkc auctfpcf`lr ka vìrfls jutrls.
Mkssl algkfrl æ pjssávkc `jgk`tlr l faprkssjrl, j pkgmrfvk k j tk`clmj ka ual
ÿgf`l pjrtl ltrlvæs mk ual kxtkgsàj [PN.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Fgtkdrltkm Mrfvk Kck`trjgf`s (FMK) æ ua plmràj mk `jgk`tfvfmlmk

auftj utfcfzlmj lcdugs lgjs ltrìs pjr BMs k mrfvks mk @M/MYM. @jaj j plmràj
FMK gàj skrfl pjssávkc `jgk`tlr faprkssjrls, tk`clmjs k pkgmrfvks.
k) XK^^LMJQ @kgtrlc Urj`kssfgd [gft (@U[) æ pjpuclrakgtk `jgbk`fmj `jaj

prj`ksslmjr k æ rkspjgsìvkc pjr prj`ksslr ls fgstruäûks mj `japutlmjr. L @U[
gàj æ ua `japjgkgtk mj `japutlmjr k gàj ua plmràj mk `jgk`tfvfmlmk, kgtàj,
gàj æ pjssávkc `jgk`tlr l faprkssjrl, tk`clmj k pkg mrfvk ltrlvæs mkck.
mkck.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? I[N Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js - ]jmjs js @lrdjs mk Gávkc Aæmfj
0>

Blrmw
rmw lrk
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 0;. L rkspkftj mk jrdlgfzläàj k mk dkrkg`flakgtj mk
fgijraläûks, lrqufvjs, plstls k prjdrlals, oucduk j ftka sunskqukgtk.
Ulrl lralzkglr ua ÿgf`j lrqufvj `ja tlalgbj mk 9;5 AN, pjmk-sk utfcfzlr ual
aámfl MYM, oì quk ua @M-^ `jgvkg`fjglc gàj supjrtl lrqufvjs `ja alfs mk 955
AN.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
Js MYMs `jaugs tïa `lpl`fmlmk mk lralzkglakgtj mk =.4DN, mkpkgmkgmj mj

tfpj mj MYM l `lpl`fmlmk mk lralzkglakgtj pjmk skr lfgml alfjr. @jaj
=.4DN kqufvlck l =.455AN, skrfl tjtlcakgtk pjssávkc lralzkglr j lrqufvj mk
9;5AN ml qukstàj, pjræa js @M-^s supjrtla ltæ 255AN k tlanæa skrfl
suif`fkgtk plrl lralzkglr ua lrqufvj mk 9;5AN k l qukstûks lifral quk kssks
@Ms gàj supjrtla alfs mk 955AN quk gàj æ vkrmlmk.
\ukstàj K^^LML
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Nlg`j mj Nrlsfc Urjvl? Ks`rfturìrfj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 09. Js mfikrkgtks tfpjs mk akaðrfls kg`jgtrlmjs gjs
`japutlmjrks ltulfs lprkskgtla `lrl`tkrástf`ls mfvkrsls ka rkcläàj l
tk`gjcjdfl, vkcj`fmlmk, `lpl`fmlmk k utfcfzläàj.
[al `lrl`tkrástf`l vìcfml æ quk.

l) ls akaðrfls PPM sàj nlsklmls ka mfs`js aldgætf`js.
n) l akaðrfl mk lralzkglakgtj tkr`fìrfj ilz plrtk ml kstruturl fgtkrgl mj
af`rjprj`ksslmjr.
`) l akaðrfl ^JA æ uslml `jaj `l`bk.
m) l akaðrfl ^LA æ l akaðrfl alfs ckgtl quk js mfs`js rádfmjs nlsklmjs gl
tk`gjcjdfl PL]L.
k) l akaðrfl `l`bk æ alfs rìpfml quk ls akaðrfls gàj vjcìtkfs.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ J PPM æ ua mfspjsftfvj mk lralzkglakgtj tjtlcakgtk nlsklmj

ka `frùftjs kcktrýgf`js mfikrkgtkakgtk mj BM quk æ ua mfspjsftfvj mk
lralzkglakgtj ak`îgf`j nlsklmj ka mfs`js aldgætf`js.
00

Blrmw
rmw lrk
n ) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl prfaìrfl æ akaðrfl ^LA, l akaðrfl skùgmìrfl æ j
mfs`j rádfmj (BM) k l akaðrfl tkr`fìrfl æ ua mfspjsftfvj quk mkpkgmka mk
jpkrläàj mk ajgtldka plrl iug`fjglr, `jaj js mfs`js ðptf`js (@Ms k MYMs),
pjr kxkapcj. K `jaj vj`ï oì mkvk faldfglr ls akaðrfls tkr`fìrfls gàj kstàj
mkgtrj mj prj`ksslmjr.
` ) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl ^JA pjrtl j NFJP (Pfstkal Nìsf`j mk Kgtrlml k

Pláml) quk æ uslmj gj prj`kssj mk fgf`flcfzläàj mj `japutlmjr. Ls ^JAs sàj
akaðrfl gàj vjcìtkfs lpkgls mk ckfturl, mfikrkgtkakgtk mls akaðrfls `l`bk quk
sàj mk ckfturl k ks`rftl8 k vjcìtkfs. Ujrtlgtj, ls akaðrfls ^JA gàj pjmka skr
uslmls `jaj akaðrfl `l`bk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl ^LA æ ALFP ^ÌUFML quk js mfs`js rádfmjs, aksaj

js BMs uslgmj j plmràj PL]L quk mkfxl-js alfs rìpfmjs.
k) X@J^]JQ Ls akaðrfls `l`bk sàj vjcìtkfs k alfs rìpfmls quk ls akaðrfls
k)
gàj vjcìtkfs `jaj? BMs, pkgmrfvk k kt`. Ls akaðrfls `l`bk sàj uslmls plrl
luxfcflr j prj`ksslmjr l prj`ksslr fgstruäûks mk algkfrl alfs rìpfmls ska tkr
quk sjcf`ftlr mlmjs l akaðrfls alfs ckgtls `jaj ls akaðrfls ^LA k BMs.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk ]krksfgl - UF Urjvl? Lumftjr Ifs`lc ml ^k`kftl Augf`fplc
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 04. Js gjtknjjhs uctrlifgjs (uctrlnjjhs) utfcfzla mrfvks mj tfpj
PPM (Pjcfm-Ptltk Mrfvk) lj fgvæs mk BMs pjr skrka gjralcakgtk alfs
sfckg`fjsjs, akgjrks, alfs rksfstkgtks k mk l`kssj alfs rìpfmj. Lssfa `jaj js
pkg mrfvks, js mfspjsftfvjs PPM utfcfzla
l) `bfps NFJP plrl lralzkglr ls fgijraläûks. Kssks `bfps sàj nlrltjs k

`japl`tjs, pjræa j l`kssj l kcks æ alfs ckgtj mj quk j l`kssj ås
akaðrfls.
n) akaðrfl iclsb plrl lralzkglr mlmjs. Kssk tfpj mk akaðrfl gàj pkrmk sku
`jgtkÿmj qulgmj l lcfakgtläàj kcætrf`l æ `jrtlml.
`) akaðrfl iclsb plrl lralzkglr mlmjs. Kssk tfpj mk akaðrfl pkrmk sku
`jgtkÿmj qulgmj l lcfakgtläàj kcætrf`l æ `jrtlml.
m) rkdfstrlmjrks plrl lralzkglr fgijraläûks. Js rkdfstrlmjrks sàj tfpjs mk
akaðrfl mk l`kssj auftj rìpfmj, pjræa auftj `lrjs.
k) akaðrfl `l`bk plrl lralzkglr mlmjs. Kssk tfpj mk akaðrfl æ l`ksslml
muls vkzks alfs rìpfmj mj quk ls akaðrfls ^LA `jgvkg`fjglfs.
0=

Blrmw
rmw lrk
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ L NFJP utfcfzl akaðrfl mj tfpj ^JA quk æ lpkgls mk ckfturl, gàj
l) XK^^LMJQ
pjmkgmj drlvlr fgijraläûks, pjrtlgtj, kssl gàj pjmk skr l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
n ) X@K^]JQ Js pkgmrfvks lssfa `jaj js PPMs sàj mfspjsftfvjs quk utfcfzla

akaðrfl iclsb k aksaj `jrtlgmj l lcfakgtläàj kcætrf`l js mlmjs pkralgk`ka
gl akaðrfl.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Ls akaðrfls iclsb `jgskduka lralzkglr mlmjs aksaj ska

lcfakgtläàj kcætrf`l.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Js rkdfstrlmjrks sàj akaðrfls fgtkrgls mjs prj`ksslmjrks, auftj

rìpfmls k `ja lralzkglakgtj nlfxj. ^kdfstrlmjrks gàj sàj uslmjs ka
pkgmrfvks gka PPMs.
k) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl `l`bk sàj akaðrfls fgtkrgls mjs prj`ksslmjrks k gàj

sàj utfcfzlmjs ka pkg mrfvks gka PPMs.
PPMs.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk ]krksfgl - UF Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Gávkc Pupkrfjr - Lmafgfstrlmjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 02. Gjs `japutlmjrks mk ual jrdlgfzläàj pkr`knku-sk quk
l fgf`flcfzläàj mj Tfgmjws kstì auftj ckgtl. Gjtju-sk quk `lml `japutlmjr ckvl,
ka aæmfl, >,; afgutjs gl fgf`flcfzläàj. Ulrl rksjcvkr j prjnckal, l kqufpk mk ]F
rksjcvku `jcj`lr muls ugfmlmks mk lralzkglakgtj ka `lml `japutlmjr? ual
ugfmlmk @ quk usl akaðrfl iclsb mk <>5 DN lpkgls plrl j Tfgmjws k ual
ugfmlmk mk mfs`j M mk >]N plrl lralzkglr lrqufvjs k sjitwlrks quk gàj
gk`kssftla mk drlgmk rlpfmkz gl fgf`flcfzläàj. Lpðs kstl aumlgäl j Tfgmjws
`jakäju l fgf`flcfzlr `kr`l mk <5 vkzks alfs rìpfmj.
@ja nlsk gkssls fgijraläûks, ls ugfmlmks @ k M sàj, rkspk`tfvlakgtk,
l) mjfs BMs PL]L.
n) BM PL]L k BM FMK.
`) PPM k BM.
m) pkg mrfvk k mfs`j rádfmj.
k) mjfs PPMs FMK.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
Js PPMs sàj mfspjsftfvjs mk lralzkglakgtj mk akaðrfl iclsb, alfs rksfstkgtks

quk js BMs k `ja lctl vkcj`fmlmk mk l`kssj. Ujr tkr akcbjr mkskapkgbj ka
0;

Blrmw
rmw lrk
rkcläàj ljs BMs, tæ`gf`js kspk`flcfzlmjs sudkrka fgstlclr ua PPM, lpkgls plrl
j iug`fjglakgtj mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc, k ka ua BM plrl lralzkglr lrqufvjs k
prjdrlals. @jaj js PPMs sàj auftj `lrjs, l lctkrgltfvls plrl akcbjrlr l
pkrijralg`k mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc æ fgskrf-cj ka ua mfs`j PPM `ja
lralzkglakgtj suif`fkgtk plrl jpkrì-cj k ua BM plrl js mkalfs lrqufvjs mj
`japutlmjr.
L qukstàj lifral quk j tæ`gf`j usl ual akaðrfl iclsb plrl j sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc k ua mfs`j plrl lrqufvjs, prjdrlals k kt`... Kgtàj, lglcfslrkajs ls
lctkrgltfvls?
l) XK^^LMJQ J BM æ ual tk`gjcjdfl mk mfs`js aldgætf`js k gàj mk akaðrfl

iclsb. @jaj lifralmj gl qukstàj, j tæ`gf`j usju pkcj akgjs ual akaðrfl iclsb,
pjrtlgtj, kssl gàj æ l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Aksaj krrj ml lctkrgltfvl L. J BM æ ual tk`gjcjdfl mk mfs`js

aldgætf`js k gàj mk akaðrfl iclsb. @jaj lifralmj gl qukstàj, j tæ`gf`j usju
pkcj akgjs ual akaðrfl iclsb, pjrtlgtj, kssl gàj æ l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
` ) X@K^]JQ J PPM (Mfs`j mk Kstlmj Pðcfmj) utfcfzl akaðrfl iclsb plrl j

lralzkglakgtj mk fgijraläûks, pjfs sàj alfs rìpfmjs, rksfstkgtks k `jgsjaka
akgjs kgkrdfl quk j BM. Ujr skrka alfs rìpfmjs æ `jaua quk tæ`gf`js
sudkrfrka j usj mk PPMs plrl l fgstlcläàj mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc k mk BMs
plrl lralzkglr lrqufvjs k prjdrlals quk gàj mkalgmla mk auftl vkcj`fmlmk
mk kxkùäàj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ J pkg mrfvk æ ua mfspjsftfvj quk tlanæa utfcfzl akaðrfl iclsb

lssfa `jaj js PPMs, als gàj ijf `jgstruámj plrl lralzkglr js lrqufvjs `ja
tlgtl skdurlgäl qulgtj js PPMs, pjrtlgtj, lctkrgltfvl fg`jrrktl.
k) XK^^LMJQ Lcæa ml qukstàj oì tkr fgijralmj quk utfcfzl mjfs tfpjs mk

lralzkglakgtjs mfikrkgtks (mfs`j k akaðrfl iclsb), gàj kxfstka PPMs FMK,
tjmjs oì sàj `ja ual tk`gjcjdfl alfs rk`kgtk PL]L. Lctkrgltfvl fg`jrrktl.
fg`jrrktl.
09

Blrmw
rmw lrk
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? UJCÁ@FL @FKG]ÁIF@L - UK Urjvl? Ukrftj @rfafglc - @fïg`fl ml @japutläàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 06. Ulrl `jgtrjclr js mfspjsftfvjs mk kgtrlml k(ju) sláml mk
ua `japutlmjr, l ifa mk quk skol pjssávkc fgtkrldfr `ja kcks, æ `jrrktj j usj mk
l) lcdjrftaj mk ks`lcjglakgtj mk prj`kssjs.
n) sjitwlrk mk ajgftjrlakgtj mk tlrkils.
`) sjitwlrk plrl dkrkg`flakgtj mk lrqufvjs.
m) mrfvkr mk mfspjsftfvj.
k) cfgduldka quk fgtkrprktl `jalgmjs mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
Ulrl quk js mfspjsftfvjs mk kgtrlml k sláml iug`fjgka `jrrktlakgtk ka ua

`japutlmjr, æ gk`kssìrfj j mrfvkr mj mfspjsftfvj . Kssl mrfvk tka j plpkc mk
`jgtrjclr j mfspjsftfvj l pjgtj mk ilzkr j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc rk`jgbk`k-cj plrl
quk skol pjssávkc j usuìrfj fgtkrldfr `ja kck. Kanjrl ls lctkrgltfvls lssustka l
qukstàj æ kxtrkalakgtk sfapcks k pjmk `lfr ka qulcqukr `jgùrsj.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L M
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? UJCÁ@FL @FKG]ÁIF@L - UK Urjvl? Ukrftj @rfafglc - @fïg`fl ml @japutläàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj =5. Ka ua `japutlmjr quk tkgbl ua prj`ksslmjr qulm`jrk
`ja j rkùrsj B] (bypkr-tbrklmfgd), j gÿakrj mk prj`ksslmjrks vfsulcfzlmj l
plrtfr mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc æ fdulc l
l) 2.
n) <>.
`) <9
m) =.
k) 9.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
Urj`ksslmjrks qulm`jrk sàj lqukcks quk tka = gÿ`ckjs. –\ulm‑ sfdgfif`l qultrj
k –`jrk‑ sfdgfif`l gÿ`ckj . L tk`gjcjdfl mk prj`ksslmjrks Fgtkc B] (bypkr-
tbrklmfgd) sfaucl l kxfstïg`fl mk ua gjvj gÿ`ckj plrl `lml gÿ`ckj iásf`j
kxfstkgtk, `ja fssj bì ua dlgbj mk >5% mk pkrijralg`k ka rkcläàj ljs
prj`ksslmjrks quk gàj mktæa l tk`gjcjdfl bypkr-tbrklmfgd. @jaj j B] sfaucl
ua gjvj gÿ`ckj, j sfstkal
sfs tkal jpkrl`fjglc fgtkrprktl
fgt krprktl `jaj ua
u a gjvj gÿ`c
g ÿ`ckj rklc ,
kj rklc
04

Blrmw
rmw lrk
ilzkgmj `ja quk ua prj`ksslmjr mk = gÿ`ckjs `ja tk`gjcjdfl B] skol
kgxkrdlmj `ja 2 gÿ`ckjs pkcj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc.
Lctkrgltfvl @J^^K]L CK]^L L
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]

]^K-^P
^K-^P Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js
\ukstàj
\ukst àj =<. @ja rkcläàj ljs `japjgkgtks nìsf`js mk ua
`japutlmjr, lssfglck l jpäàj `jrrktl.
l) L akaðrfl mj `japutlmjr æ `japjstl pjr ua `jgougtj mk rkdfstrlmjrks,
skgmj j tlalgbj mk `lml ua `lcùclmj ka nfts.
n) Ulrl akcbjrlr j mkskapkgbj mj prj`ksslmjr, `lml rkdfstrlmjr æ rkspjgsìvkc
pjr lralzkglr vìrfjs kgmkrkäjs, `japjstjs mk rlmf`lfs, quk, gl prìtf`l, sàj
ls trïs prfakfrls cktrls mk ual plclvrl, lssj`flmls l ua gÿakrj ÿgf`j
dkrlmj pkcj sfstkal.
`) L [@U æ l plrtk alfs fapjrtlgtk mk ua `japutlmjr, l qulc æ ijralml pjr
trïs jutrls ugfmlmks prfg`fplfs? l ugfmlmk cðdf`l ([C), l ugfmlmk lrftaætf`l
([L) k l ugfmlmk mk `jgtrjck ([@).
m) @jg`kftulcakgtk, ua prj`ksslmjr æ mfikrkgtk mk ual ugfmlmk `kgtrlc mk
prj`ksslakgtj ([@U). Kgqulgtj j prfakfrj æ rkspjgsìvkc pjr kxkùtlr
jpkrläûks mk lmfäàj k suntrläàj, j skdugmj æ rkspjgsìvkc pjr trlgsikrfr j
rksuctlmj mkssls jpkrläûks plrl l akaðrfl prfg`fplc.
k) Js nlrrlakgtjs skrvka plrl fgtkrcfdlr
f gtkrcfdlr js `japjgkgtks ml akaðrfl
aka ðrfl
skùgmìrfl, ìrkl rkspjgsìvkc pjr lralzkglr k prj`ksslr js mlmjs gj
`japutlmjr.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) X@K^]JQ L akaðrfl mj `japutlmjr æ `japjstl pjr ua `jgougtj mk

rkdfstrlmjrks skgmj `lml ual `lcùclml ka nfts.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Js rkdfstrlmjrks mj prj`ksslmjr sàj rkspjgsìvkfs pjr lralzkglr

sàj rksuctlmjs mk ual jpkrläàj k gàj plrl lralzkglr kgmkrkäjs mk jutrls
akaðrfls.
` ) XK^^LMJQ L [@U ju @U[ (prj`ksslmjr) æ l plrtk alfs fapjrtlgtk mj

`japutlmjr quk æ nlsf`lakgtk ijralml pjr 0 plrtks prfg`fplfs? [CL - [gfmlmk
Cðdf`l Lrftaætf`l (^kspjgsìvkc pjr ilzkr `ìcùcjs)8 [@- [gfmlmk @jgtrjclmjrl
(@jgtrjcl jpkrläûks kxtkrfjrks mj @U[)8 k
02

Blrmw
rmw lrk
^kdfstrlmjrks (^kspjgsìvkc pjr lralzkglr pkqukgls qulgtfmlmks mk mlmjs).
m ) XK^^LMJQ @U[, [@U k prj`ksslmjr sàj tjmjs l [gfmlmk @kgtrlc mk

Urj`ksslakgtj. Pàj lpkgls gjakg`clturls mfikrkgtks.
k) XK^^LMJQ Js nlrrlakgtjs skrvk

skrvka
a plrl fgtkrcfdlr tjmjs js `japjgkgtks
` japjgkgtks
mkgtrj ml pcl`l aàk. Pàj pjr kssks nlrrlakgtjs quk ls fgijraläûks pjmka
skr trlgsikrfmls k trlnlcblmls mk l`jrmj `ja l iugäàj mk `lml `japjgkgtk mj
`japutlmjr.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? @îalrl Augf`fplc mk Mks`lcvlmj - PU

Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ka Fgijraìtf`l
\ukstàj
\ukst àj =>. [a af`rj`japutlmjr ijf mkscfdlmj mk ijral fgmkvfml,
mkvfmj l ual qukml mk kgkrdfl. Ka `jgskquïg`fl mfssj,
l) lrqufvjs fapjrtlgtks mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc pjmka tkr sfmj `jrrjapfmjs.
n) mkvk-sk kxkùtlr ua lgtfvárus fakmfltlakgtk qulgmj j af`rj`japutlmjr ijr
cfdlmj gjvlakgtk.
`) mkvk-sk kxkùtlr j utfcftìrfj Cfapkzl mk Mfs`j fakmfltlakgtk qulgmj j
af`rj`japutlmjr ijr cfdlmj gjvlakgtk.
m) tjrgl-sk gk`kssìrfj rklcfzlr l mksirldakgtläàj mj mfs`j rádfmj qulgmj j
af`rj`japutlmjr ijr cfdlmj gjvlakgtk.
k) tjmjs js lrqufvjs tkapjrìrfjs kxfstkgtks if`la pkrmfmjs gj mfs`j.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) X@K^]JQ Js sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs sàj prkplrlmjs plrl rk`knkr ua

mkscfdlakgtj fgkspkrlmj, aksaj lssfa, pjmka blvkr prjnckals ka lrqufvjs
fapjrtlgtks trlzkgmj prjnckals plrl j sfstkal.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Js lgtfvárus sàj uslmjs qulgmj bì suspkftl mk fgik`äàj ju

prkvkgfr fgik`äûks gjs `japutlmjrks. Gàj æ iugäàj mj lgtfvárus `jrrfdfr ilcbls mk
mkscfdlakgtj fgmkvfmj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ L ikrrlakgtl Cfapkzl mk Mfs`j æ uslml plrl cfaplr lrqufvjs
mksgk`kssìrfjs lj iug`fjglakgtj mj `japutlmjr.

m ) XK^^LMJQ Mksirldakgtlr j mfs`j æ ual ikrrlakgtl plrl akcbjrlr l
vkcj`fmlmk lj l`kssj mjs mlmjs mj `japutlmjr.
06

Blrmw
rmw lrk
k) XK^^LMJQ Js lrqufvjs tkapjrìrfjs sàj kcfafglmjs tjmls ls vkzks quk j

k)
`japutlmjr æ mkscfdlmj, skol vjcugtlrflakgtk ju fgkspkrlmlakgtk.
fgkspkrlmlakgtk.

\ukstàj
\ukst àj =0. [a ajusk pjmk skr fgstlclmj ka ua `japutlmjr pkssjlc
pjr akfj mk mfikrkgtks fgtkril`ks. @jgsfmkrlgmj js ajusks quk utfcfzla `lnjs,
ual fgtkril`k mk `jgkxàj vìcfml æ l
l) YDL.
n) U@F.
`) PL]L.
m) UP>.
k) BMAF
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ YDL (Yfmkj Drlpbf`s Lrrly) æ ua plmràj mk `jgkxàj mkmf`lmj l

trlgsafssàj mk vámkj `jaj js ajgftjrks ltrlvæs mk `lnj. Gàj skrvk plrl
`jgk`tlr ajusk.
n ) XK^^LMJQ U@F æ ua plmràj mk nlrrlakgtj mkstfglmj l `jgk`tlr pkrfiærf`js

mfrktlakgtk gl pcl`l-aàk `jaj pcl`ls mk vámkjs k kt`, als gàj æ ua plmràj
plrl `jgk`tlr ua ajusk.
` ) XK^^LMJQ PL]L æ ual tk`gjcjdfl mk trlgsikrïg`fl mk mlmjs ltrlvæs mk

`lnj. Kssl tk`gjcjdfl dkrlcakgtk æ uslml ka BMs, PPMs, mrfvk ðptf`j k kt`. Gàj
skrvk plrl `jgk`tlr ajusk.
m ) X@K^]JQ UP> (Ukssjlc Pystka >) æ ua tfpj mk `jgk`tfvfmlmk auftj utfcfzlml

ka `japutlmjrks mk aksl (mkshtjp) plrl `jgk`tlr ajusk k tk`clmj lj
`japutlmjr.
k) XK^^LMJQ BMAF (Fgtkril`k Auctfaámfl mk Lctl ^ksjcuäàj) æ ua tfpj mk

fgtkril`k quk trlgsaftk ìumfj k vámkj ka ua ÿgf`j `lnj k æ auftj utfcfzlmj
ltulcakgtk ka tkckvfsjrks k ajgftjrks. Gàj skrvk plrl `jgk`tlr ajusk.
=5

Blrmw
rmw lrk
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ==. [a usuìrfj mk ua `japutlmjr pjrtìtfc (mj tfpj gjtknjjh),
jpkrlgmj lpkgls `ja l sul nltkrfl, k `ja j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws 4 (ka
sul `jgifdurläàj plmràj), kstlvl utfcfzlgmj ua kmftjr mk tkxtjs qulgmj rksjcvku
sk luskgtlr pjr lcdua tkapj, lpðs j qulc prktkgmfl `jgtfgulr kssl kmfäàj. Ulrl
tlgtj, ltfvju l jpäàj mk mkscfdlakgtj mj Tfgmjws mkgjafglml Puspkgmkr.
Gkssl sftuläàj,
l) `lsj l nltkrfl l`lnk, tjmj j trlnlcbj mk kmfäàj skrì pkrmfmj.

n) gl prðxfal vkz quk kssk usuìrfj cfdlr j `japutlmjr k fgskrfr l sul skgbl (sk
gk`kssìrfj), l lplrïg`fl ml tkcl skrì fdulc å kxfstkgtk lgtks ml suspkgsàj.
`) j usuìrfj mkvkrì, gk`ksslrflakgtk, ik`blr tjmjs js prjdrlals lnkrtjs, `jaj
j kmftjr mk tkxtjs, lgtks mk ltfvlr kssl jpäàj, pjfs `lsj `jgtrìrfj j trlnlcbj
skrì pkrmfmj.
m) j tkapj gk`kssìrfj plrl rktfrlr j gjtknjjh mkssk ajmj k rkstlnkck`kr l sul
jpkrläàj æ sfafclr lj rkqukrfmj qulgmj j gjtknjjh æ cfdlmj lpðs kstlr gj
kstlmj Mkscfdlmj.
k) pjr kstlr jpkrlgmj lpkgls `ja l nltkrfl, gàj æ rk`jakgmìvkc algtkr gkssk
ajmj pjr auftj tkapj, pjfs j `jgsuaj skrì prltf`lakgtk fdulc lj rkqukrfmj
ka utfcfzläàj gjralc.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
Ulrl rkspjgmkrajs kssl qukstàj mkvkajs mkifgfr qulc l mfikrkgäl kgtrk

Puspkgmkr, Bfnkrglr k Mkscfdlr j `japutlmjr?
Puspkgmkr æ
æ kgtrlr gj ajmj mk nlfxj `jgsuaj mk kgkrdfl k tjmj j trlnlcbj quk
j usuìrfj kstlvl ilzkgmj gj gjtknjjh lgtkrfjrakgtk skrì dulrmlmj. \ulgmj j
usuìrfj j rkltfvlr, j sfstkal rlpfmlakgtk vjctl lj aksaj kstlmj mkfxlmj lgtks
mk suspkgmkr ls ltfvfmlmks. Ujræa, aksaj ka nlfxj dlstj kgkrdætf`j lfgml bì
`jgsuaj mk kgkrdfl ml nltkrfl mj gjtknjjh k sk j sfstkal pkr`knk quk l nltkrfl
gàj vlf ldukgtlr j ajmj mk suspkgsàj kck plssl mj ajmj Puspkgmkr plrl j
ajmj mk Bfnkrgläàj.
Bfnkrglr æ
æ ua ajmj alfs prjiugmj quk j Puspkgmkr. Lj fgvæs mk prkskrvlr tjmj
j kstlmj mj gjtknjjh ka nlfxj `jgsuaj kgkrdætf`j, kck frì slcvlr tjmls ls
ltfvfmlmks mkfxlmls pkcj usuìrfj gj BM k ka skdufml j gjtknjjh æ mkscfdlmj pjr
`japcktj, ska dlstjs kxtrls mk kgkrdfl. \ulgmj j usuìrfj rkcfdlr j gjtknjjh kck
frì rk`lrrkdlr tjmjs js mlmjs mkfxlmjs lgtkrfjrakgtk pkcj usuìrfj, als vlf
=<

Blrmw
rmw lrk
mkajrlr alfs tkapj plrl fgf`flcfzlr j `japutlmjr kxltlakgtk pkcj iltj mk
prk`fslr rk`lrrkdlr tumj gjvlakgtk.
Mkscfdlr `jgsfstk ka ik`blr tjmjs js lpcf`ltfvjs ka kxkùäàj gj wfgmjws.

Mkpjfs mk mkscfdlmj j gjtknjjh gàj utfcfzlrì kgkrdfl ml nltkrfl. \ulgmj cfdlmj
gjvlakgtk j jgjtknjjh
`lrrkdlr tjmj frì `lrrkdlr gjvlakgtk
sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc lpkgls j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc.
gl akaðrfl prfg`fplc,Ujr
kssktkrajmj
quk
mkajrl alfs quk j ajmj suspkgmkr.
Ldjrl vlajs lglcfslr ls lctkrgltfvls...
l) XK^^LMJQ @jaj j gjtknjjh oì kstì ka ajmj mk suspkgsàj, lgtks aksaj

l)
ml nltkrfl l`lnlr, j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc vlf bfnkrglr fgtkrglakgtk js mlmjs
suspkgmfmjs plrl dlrlgtfr j kstlmj mkfxlmj pkcj usuìrfj.
n ) X@K^]JQ \ulgmj j usuìrfj cfdlr j gjtknjjh pjstkrfjrakgtk suspkgsj l

lplrïg`fl ml tkcl skrì fdulc l mk lgtks mk suspkgmkr.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Ulrl suspkgmkr æ gk`kssìrfj quk j usuìrfj `cfquk lpkgls gj njtàj

Puspkgmkr plrl quk js prjdrlals k mlmjs lnkrtjs skola suspkgsjs
tkapjrlrflakgtk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ J Ajmj Puspkgmkr æ alfs rìpfmj quk ajmj Mkscfdlr k quk j

ajmj Bfnkrglr.
k) XK^^LMJQ Gj Ajmj Puspkgmkr j sfstkal kgtrl ka `jgsuaj nlfxj mk kgkrdfl

ml nltkrfl, nka alfs nlfxj quk j ajmj mk utfcfzläàj gjralc.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]^K-LU Urjvl? Lglcfstl Oumf`fìrfj - Lmafgfstrltfv
Lmafgfstrltfvll
\ukstàj
\ukst àj =;. Ulrl `japrlr ua `japutlmjr quk ltkgml suls
gk`kssfmlmks, ua Lglcfstl ikz ual pksqufsl gl Fgtkrgkt plrl `jgbk`kr ls
`jgifdurläûks mjs `japjgkgtks fgtkrgjs. Gkssl pksqufsl, `jg`cufu `jrrktlakgtk
quk
l) –BypkrR I[^V =DN <955ABz MM^0 @C<5 MFAA ^km Pkrfks
BR0<9@<5I^/=" rkikrk-sk å akaðrfl ^LA.
n) –DFDLNV]K Af`rj L]R p/ Fgtkc CDL <<;; DL-B9<A-P<" rkikrk-sk å pcl`l mk
vámkj.
=>

Blrmw
rmw lrk
`) –Pkldltk PL]L 0 ;55DN 4>55ÛA 9.5 Dn/s P];55MA55>" rkikrk -sk lj
prj`ksslmjr.
m) –LAM L= 4055 Mulc @jrk 0.2 DBz (=.5 DBz Alx ]urnj) <AN IA>
LM4055JHBCNJR" rkikrk-sk lj mfs`j rádfmj.
k) –YDL Ujfgt ji Yfkw DkIjr`k D]R9;5 <DN DMM^; <>2 -Nfts - YDL-9;5-@<-
<5>=" rkikrk-sk å pcl`l aàk.

* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****
Urkstk ltkgäàj quk kssl qukstàj mkalgml ual lgìcfsk pjr kcfafgläàj, pjfs bì
mks`rfäûks gls lctkrgltfvls quk gàj sàj `jaugs plrl kstumlgtks mk fgijraìtf`l
nìsf`l plrl `jgùrsjs.
l) X@K^]JQ Pkrfl gk`kssìrfj lpkgls slnkr quk ls mks`rfäûks? =DN, <955ABz k

MM^0 sàj rkikrkgtks l akaðrfl ^LA, aksaj quk ls jutrls fgijraläûks ml
mks`rfäàj gàj loumka l mk`firlr.
n ) XK^^LMJQ –DFDLNV]K Af`rj L]R p/ Fgtkc CDL <<;; DL -B9<A-P<‑ rkikrk-sk

l mks`rfäàj mk ual pcl`l aàk k gàj mk ual pcl`l mk vámkj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ –Pkldltk PL]L 0 ;55DN 4>55ÛA 9.5 Dn/s P];55MA55>‑

rkikrk-sk lj mfs`j rádfmj (BM). L mks`rfäàj PL]L loumlrfl l slnkr quk gàj sk
rkikrk l ua prj`ksslmjr.
m ) XK^^LMJQ –LAM L= 4055 Mulc @jrk 0.2 DBz (=.5 DBz Alx ]urnj) <AN IA>
LM4055JHBCNJR‑ rkikrk-sk l ua prj`ksslmjr. LAM æ ual ilnrf`lgtk mk
prj`ksslmjrks k Mulc @jrk 0.2 DBz tlanæa rkijräl l rkikrïg`fl lj prj`ksslmjr.
k) XK^^LMJQ YDL æ ua plmràj mk trlgsafssàj mk vámkj k DkIjr`k æ ual

ilnrf`lgtk mk pcl`ls mk vámkj, pjrtlgtj l mks`rfäàj? –YDL Ujfgt ji Yfkw DkIjr`k
D]R9;5 <DN DMM^; <>2-Nfts - YDL-9;5-@<-<5>=‑ rkikrk-sk l ual pcl`l mk
vámkj k gàj ual pcl`l-aàk.
pcl`l-aàk.
=0

Blrmw
rmw lrk
Lgj? >5<4 Nlg`l? FKPKP Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Pàj Ojsæ mj @krrftj - P@
Urjvl? Ldkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj FF
\ukstàj
\ukst àj =9. Pàj pkrfiærf`js mk sláml tjmjs js lprkskgtlmjs l skdufr,
KR@K]J?
l) Faprkssjrl.
n) P`lggkr.
`) Ajgftjr.
m) @lfxl mk Pja.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
Urkstk ltkgäàj quk l qukstàj pkmk l KR@KÄÀJ, ju skol, qukrkajs kg`jgtrlr

ua pkrfiærf`j mk kgtrlml.
l) XK^^LMJQ L faprkssjrl æ ua pkrfiærf`j mk sláml, pjfs l fgijraläàj slf mj

`japutlmjr plrl skr altkrflcfzlmj gl faprkssjrl.
n ) X@K^]JQ J P`lggkr ilz j `jgtrìrfj ml faprkssjrl. Kcl mfdftlcfzl ua

mjùakgtj plrl mkgtrj mj `japutlmjr, ju skol, æ ua pkrfiærf`j mk KG]^LML.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J Ajgftjr æ ua pkrfiærf`j mk sláml, pjfs j `japutlmjr kxfnk ls

faldkgs mj quk kstì l`jgtk`kgmj ka tkapj rklc.
m ) XK^^LMJQ L `lfxl mk sja tlanæa æ ua pkrfiærf`j mk sláml, pjfs trlgsaftk j

sja kaftfmj pkcj `japutlmjr.
Lgj? >5<4 Nlg`l? FKPKP Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Pàj Ojsæ mj @krrftj - P@

Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ka Kgikraldka
\ukstàj
\ukst àj =4. [a ajgftjr Iucc BM (<9?6) trlnlcbl ka qulc rksjcuäàj
aìxfal:
l) <6>5 x <525 pfxkcs.
n) 9=5 x =25 pfxkcs.
`) <>25 x 4>5 pfxkcs.
m) 02=5 x ><95 pfxkcs.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) X@K^]JQ <6>5 x <525 pfxkcs sàj rksjcuäûks `jgbk`fmls `jaj Iucc BM quk
trlnlcbla gl prjpjräàj mk <9?6.
==

Blrmw
rmw lrk
n ) XK^^LMJQ 9=5 x =25 pfxkcs æ l rksjcuäàj `jgbk`fml `jaj YDL.
` ) XK^^LMJQ <>25 x 4>5 pfxkcs sàj rksjcuäûks `jgbk`fmls `jaj BM.
m ) XK^^LMJQ 02=5 x ><95 pfxkcs sàj rksjcuäûks `jgbk`fmls `jaj =H.
Lgj? >5<4 Nlg`l? \ulmrfx Ðrdàj? @^N 9ª ^kdfàj Urjvl? Luxfcflr Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj =2. @jgsfmkrlgmj l akaðrfl ^JA (^klm Jgcy Akajry)
sjakgtk ckfturl k l akaðrfl ^LA (^lgmja L``kss Akajry) ual akaðrfl `ja
pkrafssàj mk ckfturl k ks`rftl, qulc mls lctkrgltfvls l skdufr æ vkrmlmkfrl k
lpkgls lpcf`lml å akaðrfl ^LA:
l) Æ ua tfpj mk akaðrfl vjcìtfc.
n) Æ ual akaðrfl mk pkqukgj mkskapkgbj, ka rkcläàj lj tkapj mk l`kssj l
mlmjs `japlrlmj lj BM.
`) Ujssuf trfcbls k sktjrks plrl mkcfaftlr ls rkdfûks mk mlmjs.
m) Pku aætjmj mk drlvläàj sk mì pjr akfj aldgætf`j.
k) Ujmk-sk kxplgmfr `ja j usj mk MYM-^JA.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) X@J^^K]JQ Pfa, l akaðrfl ^LA æ ua tfpj mk akaðrfl vjcìtfc, ju skol,

qulgmj j `japutlmjr æ mkscfdlmj js mlmjs sàj lpldlmjs.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl ^LA tka vkcj`fmlmk mk mkskapkgbj mk l`kssj k

drlvläàj alfs rìpfmjs quk j BM k pjr fssj æ l akaðrfl prfg`fplc mj `japutlmjr.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Pàj js BMs quk pjssuka trfcbls k sktjrks plrl j lralzkglakgtj
mk mlmjs pkralgkgtk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ J aætjmj mk drlvläàj ml akaðrfl ^LA æ tjmj pjr akfj

kcktrýgf`j, mfikrkgtkakgtk mjs BMs quk sàj pjr akfj aldgætf`j.
k) XK^^LMJQ Lctkrgltfvl
Lctkrgltfvl –ska pæ gka `lnkäl‑. Gàj bì glml ka `jaua kgtrk
ua MYM-^JA k ual akaðrfl ^LA. ^LA.
=;

Blrmw
rmw lrk
\ukstàj
\ukst àj =6. Ka ua af`rj`japutlmjr ltulc æ pjssávkc `jgk`tlr
mfvkrsjs pkrfiærf`js pjr akfj mk fgtkril`ks mk `jaugf`läàj (pjrtls mk
`jaugf`läàj). \ulc mls lctkrgltfvls l skdufr lprkskgtl l fgtkril`k alfs
mfgîaf`l, ju skol, quk sk mkstfgl l mfvkrsjs mfspjsftfvjs mfikrkgtks:
l) [PN. Ujrt.
n) Pkrflc
`) DL]K.
m) UL]L.
k) PFAA.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ L Pkrflc Ujrt ju Ujrtl Pkrflc æ ua tfpj mk `jgk`tfvfmlmk lgtfdj quk

skrvk plrl `jgk`tlr faprkssjrls, ajmkas, `îakrls k kt`... Aksaj pjmkgmj
`jgk`tlr vìrfjs mfspjsftfvjs, gàj æ tàj mfgîaf`l qulgtj l pjpuclr `jgkxàj [PN,
quk `jgk`tl prltf`lakgtk tjmjs js tfpjs mk pkrfiærf`js lj `japutlmjr, mk
algkfrl sfapcks k rìpfml.
n ) X@K^]JQ [PN ([gfvkrslc Pkrflc Nus ju Ujrtl [gfvkrslc) æ ual `jgk`tfvfmlmk

`ja drlgmk mfglafsaj kgtrk pkrfiærf`js k j alfs `jaua ltulcakgtk. Kssl
tk`gjcjdfl sk tjrgju auftj pjpuclr pjr `jgk`tlr mfspjsftfvjs ska l gk`kssfmlmk
mk mkscfdlr j `japutlmjr, j quk gàj l`jgtk`k `ja ls pjrtls skrflfs (Pkrflc Ujrt).
` ) XK^^LMJQ DL]K æ l pkdlmfgbl ml qukstàj, pjfs dltk sfdgfif`l pjrtl ka

fgdcïs k pjmkrfl fg`kgtfvlr lcdugs `butks mk `lgmfmltjs mksltkgtjs.
m ) XK^^LMJQ UL]L (Ulrlcckc Lmvlg`km ]k`bgjcjdy Lttl`bakgt) æ j aksaj quk

j plmràj FMK (Fgtkdrltkm Mrfvk Kck`trjgf`s), kssk tfpj mk `jgk`tfvfmlmk æ lgtfdj k
kstì ka mksusj. Pkrvk plrl `jgk`tlr mfs`js rádfmjs k mrfvks ðptf`js l pcl`l-aàk.
k) XK^^LMJQ PFAA (Pfgdck Fg-cfgk Akajry Ajmuck) æ ua tfpj mk aðmucj mk

akaðrfl ^LA auftj lgtfdj k gàj ual fgtkril`k mk `jgk`tfvfmlmk.
\ukstàj
\ukst àjiltjrks,
mk mfvkrsjs L utfcfzläàj
;5. `jaj, quk skuslmkqulml
rkùrsjs mk
mk ua af`rj`japutlmjr
blrmwlrk k sjitwlrks mkpkgmk
kstkola
ka pkrikftj iug`fjglakgtj. J kgtkgmfakgtj mk qulfs sàj js `japjgkgtks
nìsf`js mk ua af`rj`japutlmjr, nka `jaj js prjdrlals nìsf`js, sàj
=9

Blrmw
rmw lrk
fapjrtlgtks plrl ua usuìrfj kxpkrfkgtk. Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk rkprkskgtl ua
tfpj mk sjitwlrk.
l) BlrmMfsh.
n) Ujrtl mk `jaugf`läàj skrflc.
`) @japl`tlmjr mk lrqufvj.
m) Mfspjsftfvj
k) Pcjt mk kgtrlml k sláml.
mk af`rjprj`ksslmjr
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ BlrmMfsh (mfs`j rádfmj) æ j pjpuclr BM. Kssk æ j mfspjsftfvj mk

lralzkglakgtj pkralgkgtk mj `japutlmjr k gàj ua sjitwlrk.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L Ujrtl mk @jaugf`läàj Pkrflc æ ua tfpj mk plmràj mk

`jaugf`läàj lgtfdj quk pjmk `jgk`tlr, faprkssjrls, ajmkas k kt`, pjrtlgtj
gàj æ ua sjitwlrk.
` ) X@K^]JQ J `japl`tlmjr mk prjdrlals æ ua sjitwlrk mkstfglmj l rkmuzfr j

tlalgbj mj lrqufvj jrfdfglc, pjrtlgtj, lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
m ) XK^^LMJQ [a mfspjsftfvj mk kgtrlml k sláml æ ua pkrfiærf`j k gàj ua

sjitwlrk.
XK^^LMJQ Js scjts sàj `jgkxàj quk pkraftka fgtkrcfdlr `japjgkgtks lj

k) XK^^LMJQ
nlrrlakgtj ml pcl`l-aàk, pjrtlgtj, tlanæa gàj æ ua sjitwlrk.
=4

=2

Mjafglgmj Fgijraìtf`l Ulrl @jgùrs
@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks
\ukstûks @jakgtlmls mjs Lssugtjs alfs @jnrlmjs ka Urjvls
@lpátucj #5> ‐ Pfstkals Jpkrl`fjglfs k Pjitwlrk

Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? LC-AP Urjvl? Ldkgtk mk Lpjfj Ckdfscltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ;<. [a iug`fjgìrfj ml Lsskanckfl Ckdfscltfvl mj Kstlmj mk
Altj Drjssj mj Puc, usuìrfj mk ua `japutlmjr `ja sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc AP-
Tfgmjws, lralzkgju j lrqufvj algulc.mj`x gl plstl Mjùakgtjs k mkskol `rflr
ua Ltlcbj plrl l`kssj lj lrqufvj gl Ìrkl mk ]rlnlcbj. Ulrl fssj, kck mkvk lnrfr
l plstl Mjùakgtjs, skck`fjglr j lrqufvj algulc.mj`x,
l) lrrlstlr plrl l Ìrkl mk ]rlnlcbj k sjctlr prkssfjglgmj l tk`cl Lct.
n) prkssfjglr ls tk`cls @trc+`, pjsf`fjglr j pjgtkfrj mj ajusk gl Ìrkl mk
]rlnlcbj k prkssfjglr ls tk`cls @trc+v.
`) lrrlstlr plrl l Ìrkl mk ]rlnlcbj k sjctlr prkssfjglgmj l tk`cl @trc.
m) prkssfjglr ls tk`cls @trc+`, pjsf`fjglr j pjgtkfrj mj ajusk gl Ìrkl mk
]rlnlcbj k prkssfjglr ls tk`cls @trc+g.
k) lrrlstlr plrl l Ìrkl mk ]rlnlcbj k sjctlr prkssfjglgmj l tk`cl Pbfit.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) X@J^^K]JQ [al mls algkfrl mk `rflr ua ltlcbj æ lrrlstlr ua

ua lrqufvj plrl
j mkstfgj mkskolmj prkssfjglgmj l tk`cl l Lct . Gjtk quk j ltlcbj pjmk skr
`rflmj ka qulcqukr cudlr, als j iug`fjgìrfj prk`fsl `rflr gl Ìrkl mk ]rlnlcbj
`jaj fgijralmj gl qukstàj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Urkssfjglgmj @trc+` k ka skdufml @trc+v `rflrì ual `ðpfl mj

lrqufvj k gàj ua ltlcbj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Lrrlstlr ua lrqufvj plrl l ìrkl mk trlnlcbj frì `jpflr

`jpf lr gl
j lrqu
lrqufvj
fvjmkk
gàj `rflr ua ltlcbj . Urkssfjglr l tk`cl @trc gàj ilrì mfikrkgäl läàj
`jpflr.
m ) XK^^LMJQ @trc+` `jpfl j lrqufvj k @trc+g (gjvl olgkcl) vlf lnrfr ual gjvl
olgkcl gj kxpcjrkr.
kxpcjrkr. Kssl skqu
skquïg`fl
ïg`fl mk `ja
`jalgmjs
lgmjs gàj pkraftfrì
pkraftfrì `rflr
`rflr ua ltlcbj gl
Ìrkl mk ]rlnlcbj.
k) XK^^LMJQ Lrrlstlr j lrqufvj plrl Ìrkl mk ]rlnlcbj prkssfjglmj Pbfit æ ua

`jalgmj fgvìcfmj k gàj pkraftfrì l `rfläàj mj ltlcbj.
=6

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? KPLI Ðrdàj? I[GLF Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Dkrlfs
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ;>. Gj sfstkal Jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws, `lsj j usuìrfj tkgbl
kx`cuámj lrqufvjs k vkgbl l sk lrrkpkgmkr, kstks ftkgs pjmkràj skr rkstlurlmjs
ml Cfxkfrl. Gl tkcl, nlstl `cf`lr gl Cfxkfrl k j `jgtkÿmj ml Cfxkfrl skrì kxfnfmj. J
usuìrfj mkvkrì
mkpjfs ka skck`fjglr
^kstlurlr, k jl ftka l skr rkstlurlmj,
rkstlurläàj kgtàj
skrì ikftl. `cf`lr gjrkstlurlmj
J lrqufvj akgu Lrqufvj
skrìk
mkvjcvfmj å (lj)?
l) Cj`lc mk Jrfdka.
n) Ulstl ^kstlurläàj.
`) Nlrrl mk ]lrkils.
m) Ìrkl mk ]rlnlcbj.
k) Ulstl Mjùakgtjs.
*
* * * * *
^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Gj Tfgmjws js lrqufvjs lpldlmjs sàj ckvlmjs plrl l Cfxkfrl `ja j fgtuftj mk
kvftlr quk j usuìrfj lplduk pkralgkgtkakgtk js lrqufvjs pjr mksùfmj. Gl
Cfxkfrl bì ual iugäàj mk rkstlurlr ua lrqufvj lpldlmj k ilz `ja quk js
lrqufvjs cì fgskrfmjs vjctka plrl js rkspk`tfvjs Cj`lfs mk
m k Jrfd ka.
Jrfdka
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
ltf vl @jr
@j r r ktl CK]^L
C K]^L L
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]@K-UL Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ;0. @ja rkcläàj lj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws k lj
lanfkgtk Af`rjsjit Jiif`k, oucduk j ftka l skdufr.
Ukcj Ulfgkc mk @jgtrjck mj Tfgmjws, æ pjssávkc l`ksslr alfs rlpfmlakgtk js
á`jgks mjs prjdrlals ifxlmjs pkcj usuìrfj ju mjs prjdrlals quk kstàj ka usj.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
J Ulfgkc mk @jgtrjck mj Tfgmjws æ ual ikrrlakgtl plrl lctkrlr ls `jgifdurläûks

mj sfstkal. Kssls `jgifdurläûks `jgtrjcla qulsk tjml lplrïg`fl k j
iug`fjglakgtj mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc, fssj pkraftk mkfxlr j sfstkal `jgifdurlmj
mk algkfrl fmklc plrl j usuìrfj, pjmkgmj mksfgstlclr prjdrlals, lctkrlr `jgtls
mk usuìrfjs, dkrkg`flr l `jgkxàj mk rkmk k kt`.
;5

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

Js prjdrlals pjmka skr ifxlmjs ju `rflr ltlcbjs ka vìrfjs cudlrks mj sfstkal,
`jaj gl nlrrl mk tlrkils, gj akgu Fgf`flr k kt`. Oì js prjdrlals alfs uslmjs
if`la ka ual ìrkl mj akgu Fgf`flr plrl il`fcftlr j l`kssj ljs prjdrlals uslmjs
irkqukgtkakgtk. ]lgtj l ifxläàj mk prjdrlals qulgtj j dkrkg`flakgtj mjs
prjdrlals alfs uslmjs GÀJ æ iugäàj mj Ul Ulfgkc @jgtrjc k.
fgkc mk @jgtrjck
\ukstàj K^^LML
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ;=. @ja rkcläàj lj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws k lj
lanfkgtk Af`rjsjit Jiif`k, oucduk j ftka l skdufr.
Gj Tfgmjws, lj sk `cf`lr l jpäàj Ksvlzflr Cfxkfrl, js lrqufvjs sàj kgvflmjs
plrl ual ìrkl mk trlgsikrïg`fl, jgmk pkralgk`kràj pjr tkapj mkifgfmj pkcj
usuìrfj, plrl quk pjssla skr rkùpkrlmjs ka `lsj mk gk`kssfmlmk.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
Pð æ pjssávkc ksvlzflr l cfxkfrl qulgmj bì lcdua lrqufvj gkcl. L jpäàj mk

Ksvlzflr Cfxkfrl lpldl pkralgkgtkakgtk tjmjs js lrqufvjs ml Cfxkfrl k j
usuìrfj gàj tkrì alfs l`kssj ljs lrqufvjs lpldlmjs.
\ukstàj K^^LML
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? [GF^FJ Urjvl? Ukmldjdj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ;;. @jgsfmkrk ual fgstlcläàj plmràj mj sfstkal Tfgmjws 2.<
Pfgdck Clgdulgdk (9= nfts) ka Ujrtuduïs plrl rkspjgmkr l qukstàj.
Lpðs lnrfr j Ulfgkc mk @jgtrjck, qulc ftka mkvk skr kxkùtlmj plrl quk sk pjssl,
ska tkr mk glvkdlr pjr ftkgs ju mfìcjdjs fgtkrakmfìrfjs, l`fjglr j mfìcjdj quk
`jgtæa fgijraläûks sjnrk j prj`ksslmjr ka usj, l qulgtfmlmk mk akaðrfl
prfg`fplc fgstlclml k sjnrk l kmfäàj mj Tfgmjws ka usj:
l) Ikrrlakgtls Lmafgfstrltfvls
n) Dkrkg`flmjr mk Mfspjsftfvjs
`) Ukrsjglcfzläàj
m) Urjdrlals k ^kùrsjs
k) Pfstkal
;<

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ Ikrrlakgtls Lmafgfstrltfvls æ jgmk sàj fgskrfmjs ikrrlakgtls

plrl lgìcfsk k `jgifdurläûks alfs prjiugmls mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc. Æ gkssl
ìrkl jgmk pjmkajs kg`jgtrlr ikrrlakgtls `jaj? Mksirldakgtlmjr mk Mfs`j,
Cfapkzl mk Mfs`j, Dkrkg`flmjr mk Pkrvfäjs, Fgijraläûks mj Pfstkal k kt`.
Kanjrl gl lpcf`läàj mk Fgijraläûks mj Pfstkal bì l pjssfnfcfmlmk mk kg`jgtrlr
tjmls ls fgijraläûks mks`rftls gl qukstàj, gàj æ pjssávkc vfsulcfzì-cls lpkgls
kgtrlgmj gl ìrkl mk Ikrrlakgtls Lmafgfstrltfvls, lfgml æ gk`kssìrfj lnrfr ls
Fgijraläûks mj Pfstkal.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Dkrkg`flmjr mk Mfspjsftfvjs æ ual mls ikrrlakgtls cj`lcfzlmls

ka Ikrrlakgtls Lmafgfstrltfvls mj Ulfgkc mk @jgtrjck. @ja kcl æ pjssávkc
dkrkg`flr js mfspjsftfvjs mj `japutlmjr `jaj? Ajgftjr, Lmlptlmjrks mk ^kmk,
@jgtrjclmjr mk Pja k kt`.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Ukrsjglcfzläàj æ l ìrkl mj Tfgmjws jgmk pjmk-sk lctkrlr l

lplrïg`fl k sjgs mj sfstkal, `jaj? ]kals, Urjtkäàj mk ]kcl k kt`.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Urjdrlals k ^kùrsjs æ l ikrrlakgtl rkspjgsìvkc pjr dkrkg`flr

rkùrsjs k prjdrlals fgstlclmjs gj sfstkal. @ja kssl ikrrlakgtl æ pjssávkc
mksfgstlclr prjdrlals, pjr kxkapcj.
k) X@K^]JQ J Pfstkal if`l mfspjgávkc gj Ulfgkc mk @jgtrjck k `ja kssl

ikrrlakgtl æ pjssávkc vfsulcfzlr fgijraläûks sjnrk j prj`ksslmjr ka usj, l
qulgtfmlmk
qulgtfm lmk mk akaðr
akaðrfl prfg`f plc, l vkrsàj mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc k kt`.
fl prfg`fplc
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? @UÂ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ka Dkj`fïg`fls - Bfmrjcjdfl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ;9. @ja rkcläàj ljs l`kssðrfjs mfspjgávkfs plrl usj gj
lanfkgtk Tfgmjws, lssfglck l jpäàj `jrrktl.
l) J Tfgmjws Ajvfk Alhkr pkraftk kmftlr k drlvlr aámfls k `japlrtfcbì-cls pjr
kalfc ju pkcl Fgtkrgkt.
n) J Ncj`j mk Gjtls, ikrrlakgtl skakcblgtk lj Af`rjsjit Tjrm, æ mkstfglmj å
kmfäàj lvlgälml mk tkxtjs k gàj prk`fsl skr fgstlclmj ougtj `ja j pl`jtk
`) Af`rjsjit
J Ulfgt, Jiif`k.
ikrrlakgtl nìsf`l utfcfzlml plrl `jcjrfr mkskgbjs, gàj supjrtl l
kmfäàj mk ijtjs.
;>

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

m) J Tfgmjws Kxpcjrkr, ikrrlakgtl
i krrlakgtl mk glvkdläàj
g lvkdläàj prðprfl mj Tfgmjws, æ
utfcfzlmj plrl l`kssj l pìdfgls wkn ml Fgtkrgkt.
k) L @lcùclmjrl æ ual ikrrlakgtl utfcfzlml plrl `ìcùcjs nìsf`js k pclgfcbls
lvlgälmls mk mlmjs ifglg`kfrjs.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****
l) X@K^]JQ J Tfgmjws Ajvfk Alhkr æ ual ikrrlakgtl mk kmfäàj k drlvläàj

nìsf`l mk vámkjs quk pkraftk j `japlrtfcblakgtj pkcl fgtkrgkt.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J Ncj`j mk Gjtls æ ual ikrrlakgtl nìsf`l mk `rfläàj mk tkxtjs

kgqulgtj j Tjrm æ ual ikrrlakgtl lvlgälml mk kmfäàj mk tkxtjs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J Ulfgt æ ual ikrrlakgtl nìsf`l mk kmfäàj k `rfläàj mk faldkgs

mj Tfgmjws, aksaj `ja iug`fjglcfmlmks auftj sfapcks, supjrtl kmfäàj mk
faldkgs.
XK^^LMJQ J Tfgmjws Kxpcjrkr æ ua dkrkg`flmjr mk lrqufvjs k plstls gltfvj
m ) XK^^LMJQ
mj Tfgmjws k gàj æ pjssávkc l`ksslr l wkn `ja kssl ikrrlakgtl.
k) XK^^LMJQ L @lcùclmjrl æ ual ikrrlakgtl mk `ìcùcjs nìsf`js k lvlgälmjs,

pjmkgmj ilzkr `ìcùcjs sfapcks mj mfl l mfl `jaj tlanæa jpkrlr gj ajmj mk
mkskgvjcvkmjr, `ìcùcjs `fkgtáif`js, prjdrlalmjr k kt`. Js `ìcùcjs mk pclgfcbls
sàj iug`fjglcfmlmks fgkrkgtks mls ikrrlakgtls mk pclgfcbls `jaj gj @lc` k
Kx`kc, pjr kxkapcj.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? MU[ Urjvl? Lglcfstl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ;4. @ja rkcläàj ås ikrrlakgtls k ås iug`fjglcfmlmks mj
lanfkgtk Tfgmjws, oucduk j ftka quk sk skduk.
Ujr akfj ml tk`cl Tfgmjws, æ pjssávkc l`ksslr mfrktlakgtk lcduals

iug`fjglcfmlmks mj lanfkgtk Tfgmjws. Kssl jpäàj gj tk`clmj pkraftk läûks
rìpfmls qulgmj lssj`flml sfauctlgklakgtk l jutrls tk`cls, pjr kxkapcj, sk
lssj`flml å tk`cl K, l`kssl-sk j Tfgmjws Kxpcjrkr8 sk å tk`cl M, vfsulcfzl-sk l
Ìrkl mk ]rlnlcbj.
;0

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
L tk`cl mk ltlcbj Tfgmjws+K l`kssl j Tfgmjws Kxpcjrkr quk æ l tk`cl mk ltlcbj

plrl lnrfr j dkrkg`flmjr mk lrqufvjs k plstls mj Tfgmjws. Oì prkssfjglgmj ls
tk`cls Tfgmjws+M skrì kxfnfrì l Ìrkl mk ]rlnlcbj, pjrtlgtj, lifraltfvl `jrrktl.
\ukstàj @K^]L
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]O-MI] Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ;2. L rkspkftj mk sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs k lpcf`ltfvjs plrl
kmfäàj mk tkxtjs, oucduk j ftka quk sk skduk.
Gj lanfkgtk Tfgmjws, js lrqufvjs `rflmjs pkcj usuìrfj gl prðprfl aìqufgl sàj
lutjaltf`lakgtk lralzkglmjs gl plstl Akus Mjùakgtjs, kgqulgtj js
lrqufvjs nlfxlmjs ml Fgtkrgkt, ju skol, quk gàj sàj `rflmjs pkcj usuìrfj, if`la
lralzkglmjs gl plstl Mjwgcjlms.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
J mfrktðrfj ml `rfläàj mk lrqufvjs k plstls gj Tfgmjws sàj ks`jcbfmjs pkcj

prðprfj usuìrfj, `lsj mkskok fgskrfr ua lrqufvj gl Ìrkl mk ]rlnlcbj, pjr
kxkapcj, j sfstkal gàj frì fapkmfr j usuìrfj mk fgskrf-cj. J aksaj l`jgtk`k
`ja js lrqufvjs nlfxlmjs ml fgtkrgkt, pjfs j usuìrfj pjmk ks`jcbkr j cj`lc jgmk
mkskol nlfxlr js lrqufvjs.
\ukstàj K^^LML
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Gftkrðf - Ô Urjvl? Ifs`lc mk ]rfnutjs
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ;6. Tfgmjws k Cfgux tïa ka `jaua j iltj mk skrka
rkspjgsìvkfs, kgtrk jutrls iugäûks, pkcj dkrkg`flakgtj?
l) mj l`kssj ås pìdfgls ml Fgtkrgkt8

n) mls skgbls mk cjdfg ka sftks k pjrtlfs8
`) ml kxtrläàj k rkùpkrläàj mk nl`hups8
nl`hups8
m) mj sfstkal
k) mls skgbls mk
mk lrqufvjs8
lpcf`ltfvjs.
;=

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ J l`kssj l pìdfgls ml fgtkrgkt æ ikftj ltrlvæs mk glvkdlmjrks

(nrjwskr) k æ j usuìrfj quk mkifgk quk pìdfgl prktkgmk l`ksslr. J sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc gàj `jgtrjcl j l`kssj ås pìdfgls ml fgtkrgkt.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Js dkrkg`flakgtj mk skgbls mk sftks k pjrtlfs sàj mk

rkspjgslnfcfmlmk mj usuìrfj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ L kxtrläàj k rkùpkrläàj mk nl`hups æ mk rkspjgslnfcfmlmk mj

usuìrfj quk mkvk dkrkg`fì-cj qulgmj oucdlr gk`kssìrfj.
m ) X@K^]JQ J sfstkal mk dkrkg`flakgtj mk lrqufvjs æ ual mls prfg`fplfs

tlrkils mjs sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs. J Tfgmjws k j Cfgux skduka kstruturls
mfikrkgtks mk dkrkg`flakgtj plrl `jgtrjck mjs lrqufvjs gj mfs`j rádfmj, aksaj
skgmj jrdlgfzlmjs mk algkfrls mfikrkgtks, kssl rkspjgslnfcfmlmk æ mk `lml
sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc.
k) XK^^LMJQ Ls skgbls mk lpcf`ltfvjs æ mk tjtlc rkspjgslnfcfmlmk mjs usuìrfjs.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 95. \ulgmj sk rk`knk ua lrqufvj, skol pjr akfj mk ua
mjwgcjlm ml Fgtkrgkt ju lgkxj mk k-alfc, æ prk`fsj auftl ltkgäàj å sul kxtkgsàj
lgtks mk lnrf-cj. Gj îanftj mj AP Tfgmjws, ual kxtkgsàj mk lrqufvj
pjtkg`flcakgtk pkrfdjsl æ?
l) .MJ@
n) .KRK
`) .OUD
m) .TLY
k) .RCP
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l)
l) XK^^LMJQ
tkxtj Lrqufvjs
k dkrlcakgtk `ja kxtkgsàj
gàj lprkskgtla .MJ@ sàj lrqufvjs mk mjùakgtjs mk
pkrfdj.
;;

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

n ) X@K^]JQ Lrqufvjs `ja kxtkgsàj .KRK sàj lrqufvjs kxkùtìvkfs k qulgmj j
usuìrfj pkraftk l kxkùäàj mkssk lrqufvj, kstì mlgmj l`kssj plrl quk ls
fgstruäûks mkstk kxkùtìvkc skola fgstlclmls gj `japutlmjr, pjr kssk ajtfvj
kssk lrqufvj pjmk skr pkrfdjsj, pjfs sk ijr alcf`fjsj pjmk liktlr j sfstkal.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Lrqufvjs `ja kxtkgsàj .OUD sàj faldkgs k gàj æ ua pjtkg`flc

pkrfdj plrl j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Lrqufvjs `ja kxtkgsàj .TLY sàj lrqufvjs mk aÿsf`l k gàj æ ua

pjtkg`flc pkrfdj plrl j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc.
k) XK^^LMJQ Lrqufvjs `ja kxtkgsàj .RCP sàj lrqufvjs mk pclgfcbls dkrlcakgtk

`rflmjs gj Af`rjsjit Kx`kc k gàj æ ua pjtkg`flc pkrfdj plrl j sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]@K-^G Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 9<. Oucduk j ftka sunskqukgtk, l rkspkftj mk jrdlgfzläàj k
dkrkg`flakgtj mk lrqufvjs, plstls k prjdrlals, nka `jaj mk skdurlgäl ml
fgijraläàj.
Lj sk `rflr ua lrqufvj gjs sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs Cfgux k Tfgmjws, æ gk`kssìrfj
fgijralr j gjak mj lrqufvj k l sul kxtkgsàj.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
Ls kxtkgsûks mjs lrqufvjs sàj auftj fapjrtlgtks plrl js sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs

Tfgmjws k Cfgux. Lanjs utfcfzla ls kxtkgsûks plrl il`fcftlr j usj mjs lrqufvjs
pkcjs usuìrfjs. Ujr kxkapcj? \ulgmj j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc rk`jgbk`k quk ua
lrqufvj tka l kxtkgsàj .MJ@ lutjaltf`lakgtk kck nus`l js prjdrlals
gk`kssìrfjs plrl `lrrkdlr j lrqufvj gj prjdrlal `jrrktj. @lsj tkgbl j Tjrm ju
Trftkr fgstlclmj, j sfstkal frì lnrfr kssk lrqufvj pjr ua mkssks lpcf`ltfvjs.
Dkrlcakgtk gj Tfgmjws `rflajs lrqufvjs l plrtfr mls lpcf`läûks, pjr kxkapcj?

\ulgmj qukrkajs `rflr ua lrqufvj mk tkxtj utfcfzlajs j Tjrm k
lutjaltf`lakgtk kck `rflrì ua lrqufvj `ja gjak k kxtkgsàj .MJ@
(mjùakgtj<.mj`) k j aksaj
Ukgslgmj mkssl algkfrl, if`ll`jgtk`k `jamkslssj`flr
`japcf`lmj jutrjs prjdrlals.
l `rfläàj mk ua lrqufvj
ska kxtkgsàj, ual vkz quk js prðprfjs prjdrlals fgskrka l kxtkgsàj mjs
lrqufvjs, als slfnl quk æ pjssávkc quk ua lrqufvj tkgbl lpkgls j gjak. Gj
;9

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

Cfgux l `rfläàj mk lrqufvjs ska kxtkgsàj æ alfs `jaua plrl usuìrfjs alfs
lvlgälmjs ltrlvæs mk cfgbls mk `jalgmj.
Ujrtlgtj, gj Cfgux k gj Tfgmjws æ pjssávkc `rflr lrqufvjs quk tkgbla lpkgls j

gjak ska kxtkgsàj. Lifraltfvl fg`jrrktl.
\ukstàj K^^LML
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? @îalrl Augf`fplc mk Mks`lcvlmj - PU Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ka Fgijraìtf`l
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 9>. Mfvkrsls vkrsûks mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws
pjssuka j Njtàj Fgf`flr, quk pjmk skr ltfvlmj mfrktlakgtk pkcl tk`cl mj
Tfgmjws (TFGHKV) prkskgtk ka auftjs tk`clmjs. Kssl tk`cl ilz l aksal
iugäàj ml skquïg`fl mk tk`cls
l) Pbfit +
n) Pbfit + Ks`.
Lct.
`) @trc + Pbfit.
m) @trc + Lct.
k) @trc + Ks`.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
Gl lusïg`fl ml tk`cl TFGHKV (tk`cl `ja l nlgmkfrl mj Tfgmjws) pjmkajs uslr

l `janfgläàj @trc+Ks` plrl lnrfr j akgu mj Tfgmjws.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L K
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Nlg`j ml Lalzýgfl Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j @fkgtáif`j - Akmf`fgl mj ]rlnlcbj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 90. Gl fgtkril`k mj Pfstkal Af`rjsjit Tfgmjws, `ja j ajusk
`jgifdurlmj gl ijral plmràj, j mupcj `cf`lr mj njtàj ksqukrmj mj ajusk ka ua
jnoktj tka mfikrkgtks sfdgfif`lmjs mkpkgmkgmj mj jnoktj `cf`lmj. Ujr kxkapcj, j
`cfquk mupcj sjnrk ua lrqufvj `ja kxtkgsàj .xcsx ilrì, pjr plmràj, `ja quk j
lpcf`ltfvj Af`rjsjit Kx`kc skol `blalmj l lprkskgtlr j lrqufvj `cf`lmj.
\ulgmj sk kiktul ua mupcj `cfquk sjnrk ual plstl, l läàj quk æ rklcfzlml, pjr
plmràj, æ l mk
l) rkajvkr l plstl k tjmj j sku `jgtkÿmj.
n) rkajvkr js lrqufvjs quk kstfvkrka gj fgtkrfjr ml plstl.
;4

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

`) kxfnfr, ka ual fgtkril`k prðprfl, j `jgtkÿmj ml plstl, lprkskgtlgmj js
gjaks mjs lrqufvjs k plstls k, kvkgtulcakgtk, jutrls fgijraläûks mkssks
kckakgtjs.
m) kmftlr j `jgtkÿmj mk tjmjs js lrqufvjs quk kstfvkrka gj fgtkrfjr mkssl plstl,
`blalgmj, plrl `lml lrqufvj, j prjdrlal lmkqulmj, mkpkgmkgmj mk sul
kxtkgsàj.
k) pkraftfr l trj`l mj gjak ml plstl.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****
Lj kiktulr j mupcj `cfquk ka ual plstl gj Tfgmjws skrì lnkrtj ua lanfkgtk

drìif`j mk dkrkg`flakgtj mk lrqufvjs k plstls mj prðprfj Tfgmjws (Tfgmjws
Kxpcjrkr), kxpcjrlgmj j `jgtkÿmj fgtkrgj ml plstl, jgmk skrì kxfnfmj j `jgtkÿmj
ml plstl `cf`lml, lcæa mk fgijraläûks kxtrls mjs lrqufvjs gl plstl.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L @
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? I[N Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 9=. Oucduk j prðxfaj ftka , rkcltfvj l fgijraìtf`l.
J Tfgmjws æ ua sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc quk, lj skr fgstlclmj ka ual aìqufgl,
pkraftk quk lpkgls ua ÿgf`j usuìrfj ml aìqufgl `jgsfdl l`ksslr, `ja
skdurlgäl, skus lrqufvjs k plstls.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
J Tfgmjws æ ua sfstkal quk pkraftk auctfusuìrfjs k æ pjssávkc quk j

lmafgfstrlmjr `jg`kml prfvfcædfjs pjmkgmj jùctlr `jgtkÿmj mjs usuìrfjs. Ujræa,
`lsj blol alfs mk ua usuìrfj `ja pkrifc mk lmafgfstrlmjr tjmj j `jgtkÿmj
pjmkrì skr vfstj, pjfs tjmjs js lmafgfstrlmjrks mj sfstkal tïa l`kssj l tjmj
`jgtkÿmj mj `japutlmjr, `ja fssj, ua lmafgfstrlmjr pjmk vkr tjmj `jgtkÿmj mj
jutrj lmafgfstrlmjr, fgvflnfcfzlgmj quk lpkgls ua ÿgf`j usuìrfj tkgbl l`kssj l
plstls k lrqufvjs kspk`áif`js.
\ukstàj K^^LML
;2

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? I[N Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js - Kx`ktj @lrdj >
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 9;. Oucduk j ftka quk sk skduk, rkikrkgtks l Fgtkrgkt k
skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj.
Ls `ðpfls mk skdurlgäl mj lanfkgtk Tfgmjws pjmka skr ikftls pjr akfj ml

ikrrlakgtl mk lssfstkgtk mk nl`hup, l qulc jikrk`k lj usuìrfj jpäûks mk ks`jcbl
mk ftkgs plrl skrka `jpflmjs, `jaj, pjr kxkapcj, plstls k lrqufvjs pkssjlfs
ju, lfgml, tjmls ls fgijraläûks mj `japutlmjr.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
Gjs sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs ajmkrgjs `jaj j Tfgmjws, pkraftk ilzkr nk`lpk

(nl`hup) jgmk æ pjssávkc quk j usuìrfj ks`jcbl js lrqufvjs gjs qulfs mkskol
`jpflr, lcæa mk pkraftfr ilzkr ual faldka mj sfstkal plrl rkùpkrì-cj `lsj blol
lcdual ilcbl drlvk gj sfstkal.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? MUK-^J Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ml Mkikgsjrfl Uÿncf`l - ]æ`gf`j Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 99. ]bfldj prk`fsl rkùpkrlr ua lrqufvj, als gàj ckanrl ka
quk plstl kck sk kg`jgtrl. Ulrl tkgtlr cj`lcfzlr kssk lrqufvj pjr akfj mj rkùrsj
mk nus`l mj Tfgmjws, j quk GÀJ louml æ?
l) slnkr l mltl ml ÿctfal ajmfif`läàj sjirfml pkcj lrqufvj8
n) ckanrlr mk plrtk mj gjak mj lrqufvj8
`) slnkr sk j lrqufvj æ ual `ðpfl mk lcdua jutrj lrqufvj8
m) tkr ual fmkfl mj tlalgbj mj lrqufvj8
k) ckanrlr tkrajs k plclvrls `jgtfmjs gj lrqufvj.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
àj ? Ckanrk-sk quk l qukstàj pkmk l lctkrgltfvl quk fgmf`l j quk GÀJ

Lt kgää àj?
Ltkg
[ML^Ì gl nus`l mj lrqufvj!
LO[ML^Ì
LO
l) XK^^LMJQ L mltl ml ajmfif`läàj mk ua lrqufvj æ ual mls jpäûks mk nus`l

mfspjgfnfcfzlmj pkcj prðprfj Tfgmjws plrl il`fcftlr l vkrfif`läàj mj lrqufvj. @jaj
l mltl mk ajmfif`läàj loumlrfl gl nus`l, kssl lctkrgltfvl kstì mks`lrtlml.
;6

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

n ) XK^^LMJQ Ckanrlr mk plrtk mj gjak mj lrqufvj æ ual mls algkfrls alfs
sfapcks k cðdf`ls mk nus`lr ua lrqufvj gl ikrrlakgtl mk pksqufsl mj Tfgmjws.
@jaj plrtk mj gjak loumlrfl gl nus`l, kssl lctkrgltfvl kstì mks`lrtlml.
` ) X@J^^K]JQ Ylajs `ja `lcal… Pk vj`ï nus`l ua lrqufvj jgmk l ÿgf`l

`jfsl quk vj`ï ckanrl æ quk kck æ l `ðpfl mk jutrj lrqufvj, fssj GÀJ sfdgfif`l
quk vlf tk loumlr l pksqufslr j lrqufvj. Yj`ï pjmk ltæ kstlr pkgslgmj ka ilzkr
ual nus`l `ja l plclvrl –`ðpfl‑, als fssj gàj dlrlgtk quk vj`ï kg`jgtrlrì j
lrqufvj ual vkz quk pjmka kxfstfr afcblrks mk lrqufvjs mfikrkgtks gjaklmjs
`jaj –`ðpfl‑ ju vj`ï pjmk tkr rkgjaklmj l `ðpfl `ja ua gjak ska rk cläàj
`ja j lrqufvj jrfdfglc. Jutrj iltj æ quk gl ikrrlakgtl mk pksqufsl gàj bì `jaj
skck`fjglr lpkgls lrqufvjs quk sàj `ðpfls mk jutrjs lrqufvjs kxfstkgtks,
fgvflnfcfzlgmj l nus`l pjr ual sfapcks `ðpfl. @jaj qukrkajs j tfpj mk nus`l
quk gàj louml gl nus`l kssl æ l lctkrgltfvl @J^^K]L.
m ) XK^^LMJQ ]kr ual fmkfl mj tlalgbj mj lrqufvj loumlrì gl pksqufsl mj

lrqufvj, tlgtj quk, gj prðprfj Tfgmjws pjmkajs skck`fjglr j pjtkg`flc tlalgbj
mj lrqufvj plrl rkifglr l nus`l. @jaj l fmkfl mj tlalgbj mj lrqufvj louml gl
pksqufsl, kssl lctkrgltfvl kstì mks`lrtlml.
k) XK^^LMJQ Ckanrlr mk tkrajs `jgtfmjs gj lrqufvj pjmka loumlr gl nus`l mj

k) XK^^LMJQ
lrqufvj. Pk pjr kxkapcj, vj`ï gàj kg`jgtrlr ua lrqufvj, als ckanrl-sk mk
lcdual irlsk mk ua lrqufvj mj Tjrm pjr kxkapcj, l irlsk loumlrì gl nus`l k
vj`ï `krtlakgtk kg`jgtrlrì j lrqufvj. Kssk tfpj mk pksqufsl æ auftj `jaua k
`jaj louml gl pksqufsl, kssl lctkrgltfvl kstì mks`lrtlml.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]^K-DJ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Ìrkl Lmafgfstrltfvl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 94. Oucduk j ftka quk sk skduk, rkcltfvjs å jrdlgfzläàj k
dkrkg`flakgtj mk fgijraläûks, lrqufvjs, plstls k prjdrlals.
Js mjùakgtjs pkssjlfs mjs usuìrfjs, qulgmj sk rkqukr skdurlgäl ka sku

l`kssj, mkvka if`lr lralzkglmjs ka cj`lfs kspk`áif`js? gj lanfkgtk Tfgmjws,
gl plstl /Tfgmjws/systka8 gj Cfgux, gj mfrktðrfj /nfg. Ka lanjs js `lsjs, l
jrdlgfzläàj mjs lrqufvjs sk mì pjr akfj mk l`kssj rkstrftj ml rlfz ltæ l ijcbl.
95

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
Ltkg
Lt àj ? Gàj sk lssustk, bì vìrfls algkfrls mk kg`jgtrlr krrjs gkssl qukstàj.
kgää àj?
<¿ Krrj? qulgmj sk qukr l`kssj skdurj ljs mjùakgtjs, GÀJ sk lralzkgl
lrqufvjs ka /Tfgmjws/systka, `rfl-sk pkrafssàj mk l`kssj ls plstls k
lrqufvjs, plrl quk lpkgls usuìrfjs `ja l`kssj `jg`kmfmj pjssl uslr js
lrqufvjs.
>¿ Krrj? Js mjùakgtjs pkssjlfs mj Tfgmjws if`la lralzkglmjs gj mfrktðrfj

plmràj @?STfgmjwsSgjakZmjZusuìrfjS. Oì gj Cfgux js lrqufvjs pkssjls if`la
ka /bjak/gjakZmjZusuìrfj/. Jnskrvk quk js `lafgbjs sàj mfikrkgtks mjs
mfrktðrfjs ml qukstàj.
0¿ Krrj? Ls nlrrls mjs mfrktðrfjs fgijralmjs gl qukstàj plrl Tfgmjws?

–/Tfgmjws/systka‑ k Cfgux? –/nfg‑ kstàj krrlmjs, pjfs gj sfstkal Tfgmjws utfcfzl -
sk `jgtrl-nlrrl (S) k j Cfgux nlrrl gjralc (/).
Pk vj`ï sjunkssk lpkgls j mktlcbk mls nlrrls mj 0¿ krrj oì skrfl suif`fkgtk plrl
fmkgtfif`lr l qukstàj `jaj krrlml.
\ukstàj K^^LML
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Jsls`j - PU Urjvl? Ldkgtk mk ]rîgsftj
\ukstàj
\ukst Alrfl tka ua pkg mrfvk `jgtkgmj mjùakgtjs quk pjmka
àj 92. kanjrl
skr mks`lrtlmjs, lfgml skola kxtrkalakgtk sfdfcjsjs. @jaj qukr
kaprkstlr kssk pkg mrfvk plrl ua `jckdl gjvj gl kaprksl, k kstì `ja prkssl,
Alrfl `jgsuctl `fg`j `jckdls sjnrk `jaj prj`kmkr plrl dlrlgtfr j sfdfcj mjs
lrqufvjs mk ual ijral rìpfml. Gkssk `lsj, mls `fg`j sudkstûks rk`knfmls, l
alfs lmkqulml `ja rkcläàj lj sfdfcj æ?
l) lnrfr j pkg mrfvk gj Tfgmjws Kxpcjrkr k mkcktlr tjmjs js lrqufvjs, mlmj quk
lrqufvjs mj pkg mrfvk gàj vàj plrl l cfxkfrl mj Tfgmjws8
n) uslr j `jalgmj Koktlr, `cf`lgmj l plstl rlfz mj pkg mrfvk `ja j njtàj mfrkftj
mj ajusk gj Tfgmjws Kxpcjrkr8
`) uslr l ijraltläàj rìpfml mj Tfgmjws gj pkg mrfvk,
mrfvk, oì quk fssj æ ikftj `ja ua
ak`lgfsaj kspk`flc quk dlrlgtk skdurlgäl k rlpfmkz8
9<

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

m) ijraltlr j pkg mrfvk ska l jpäàj rìpfml, aksaj dlstlgmj alfs tkapj gl
jpkrläàj, pjfs fssj dlrlgtk quk tjmjs js mlmjs sàj sjnrks`rftjs8
k) skck`fjglr tjmjs js lrqufvjs k plstls mj pkg mrfvk, rk`jrtì- cjs (ùt) k `jcì-cjs
(plstk) ka jutrj mfspjsftfvj mk lralzkgldka pjr akfj mj Tfgmjws Kxpcjrkr.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
àj ? Mkvkajs jnskrvlr quk l qukstàj ml ïgilsk quk js lrqufvjs sàj

Lt kgää àj?
Ltkg
sfdfcjsjs, als pjmka skr mks`lrtlmjs , ju skol, mkvkajs kg`jgtrlr ual
lctkrgltfvl quk gàj pkraftl quk l pkssjl quk pkdlrì j pkg mrfvk kaprkstlmj
gàj tkgbl l`kssj ljs mlmjs mj mfspjsftfvj, aksaj quk skola lpldlmjs. Ylajs
lglcfslr ls lctkrgltfvls.
l) XK^^LMJQ L rkùpkrläàj mk lrqufvjs lpldlmjs mj pkgmrfvk æ rkcltfvlakgtk

iì`fc, rjmlr prjdrlals kspk`áif`js plrl kssk ifa pjmkrfl rkùpkrlr lcdugs ju
tjmjs js lrqufvjs sfdfcjsjs, gkssk `lsj, lpkgls lpldì-cjs gàj skrfl l akcbjr
jpäàj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Koktlr j mfspjsftfvj gàj mkcktl js lrqufvjs, pkcj `jgtrìrfj, kssl æ

ual algkfrl skdurl mk mks`jgk`tlr j pkg mrfvk mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc ska
mlgfif`lr js lrqufvjs lralzkglmjs, pjrtlgtj, koktlr gàj skrfl ual jpäàj quk
pkraftk sfdfcj mjs lrqufvjs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ L ijraltläàj rìpfml mj Tfgmjws æ auftj skakcblgtk lj prj`kssj

mk mkcktlr js lrqufvjs ml plstl rlfz, pjfs kssk aætjmj mk ijraltläàj gàj lpldl
prjiugmlakgtk js lrqufvjs mj mfspjsftfvj, pkraftfgmj quk lcdua usuìrfj rjmk
prjdrlals mk rkùpkrläàj mk lrqufvjs k rkùpkrk mlmjs sfdfcjsjs. Kssl tlanæa
gàj skrfl ual jpäàj quk dlrlgtk sfdfcj mjs mlmjs lralzkglmjs.
m ) X@K^]JQ L ijraltläàj gjralc, mfikrkgtk ml ijraltläàj rìpfml, mkcktl tjmjs

js mlmjs utfcfzlgmj ua aætjmj mk ijraltläàj prjiugml quk kx`cuka js mlmjs
pjr `japcktj, mfifùctlgmj prjdrlals mk rkùpkrläàj mjs lrqufvjs rkajgtlrks js
lrqufvjs lralzkglmjs lgtkrfjrakgtk. Kssk tfpj mk ijraltläàj dlrlgtk alfjr
sfdfcj k mkvk skr uslmj pjr Alrfl lgtks mk kaprkstlr j pkg mrfvk.
k) XK^^LMJQ ^k`jrtlr js lrqufvjs mj pkg mrfvk gàj mfifùctl l rkùpkrläàj

mkssks lrqufvjs `lsj j usuìrfj qukfrl rjmlr prjdrlals mk rkùpkrläàj mk
lrqufvjs. ^k`jrtlr gàj skrfl ual jpäàj plrl Alrfl algtkr js mlmjs ka sfdfcj.
lrqufvjs. ^k`jrtlr gàj skrfl ual jpäàj plrl Alrfl algtkr js mlmjs ka sfdfcj.

9>

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Jsls`j - PU Urjvl? Jif`flc Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 96. Pfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs, tlfs `jaj j Tfgmjws, sàj ÿtkfs k
gk`kssìrfjs plrl dkrkg`flr `japutlmjrks. [al iugäàj quk GÀJ æ tápf`l mk ua
sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc æ?
l) `jgtrjck mk faprkssjrls8
n) kiktulr nus`ls gl Fgtkrgkt8
`) drlvläàj mk lrqufvjs drlvlmjs gua pkgmrfvk8
m) `jgtrjck mk `jgtls k skgbls mk usuìrfjs8
k) l`kssj k `jaugf`läàj `ja rkmks ska ifj.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
àj ? Nus`lrkajs l lctkrgltfvl quk GÀJ æ tfpf`lakgtk dkrkg`flmj pkcj

Lt kgää àj?
Ltkg
sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc!
l) XK^^LMJQ J @jgtrjck mk Faprkssjrl æ dkrkg`flmj pkcj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc

ougtlakgtk
ougtlakgtk `ja js mrfvkrs ml faprkssjrl.
faprkssjrl.
n ) X@K^]JQ Kiktulr nus`ls gl fgtkrgkt æ tlrkil mjs glvkdlmjrks (nrjwskr)

`jaj? Ajzfccl Ifrkijx, @brjak, Plilrf, Jpkrl k kt`.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Ltrlvæs mj Tfgmjws Kxpcjrkr æ pjssávkc trlgsikrfr k dkrkg`flr

lrqufvjs mj pkg mrfvk, kssl tlanæa æ ual tlrkil dkrkg`flml pkcj sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc.
m ) XK^^LMJQ @jgtrjck mk `jgtls k skgbls mk usuìrfjs tlanæa æ dkrkg`flmj

pkcj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc plrl lmafgfstrlr js prfvfcædfjs mk `lml pkrifc mk usuìrfj
algtkgmj l skdurlgäl mj sfstkal.
k) XK^^LMJQ J L`kssj l rkmk mk `jaugf`läàj ska ifj tlanæa æ dkrkg`flmj

pkcj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc.
90

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Nlg`j ml Lalzýgfl Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j @fkgtáif`j - Akmf`fgl mj ]rlnlcbj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 45. [a usuìrfj mj sfstkal Tfgmjws `rfju ua ltlcbj mk ual
plstl `ja mjùakgtjs ka sul ìrkl mk trlnlcbj. L`fmkgtlcakgtk, lpðs
skck`fjglr kssk ltlcbj, kck prkssfjgju ls tk`cls PBFI]+MKC k mkpjfs rkspjgmku
–Pfa‑ å pkrdugtl quk surdfu gl tkcl, pkmfgmj l `jgifraläàj ml jpkrläàj .
J rksuctlmj mkssl jpkrläàj ijf l kx`cusàj

l) ml plstl jrfdfglc k mj ltlcbj, nka `jaj mk tjmjs js lrqufvjs gj fgtkrfjr
mkssls muls plstls, ska l `jcj`läàj mk qulcqukr altkrflc gl cfxkfrl,
rkprkskgtlgmj l pkrml mk tjmj kssk altkrflc.
n) ml plstl jrfdfglc k mj ltlcbj, nka `jaj mk tjmjs js lrqufvjs gj fgtkrfjr
mkssls muls plstls, `ja l `jcj`läàj mk tjmj kssk altkrflc gl cfxkfrl, j quk
pkraftk lfgml l sul rkùpkrläàj, sk ijr gk`kssìrfj.
`) mj ltlcbj k mk tjmjs js lrqufvjs gj sku fgtkrfjr, `ja l `jcj`läàj mkssk
altkrflc gl cfxkfrl, j quk pkraftk lfgml l sul rkùpkrläàj, sk ijr gk`kssìrfj.
m) mj ltlcbj, ska l sul `jcj`läàj gl cfxkfrl, pkralgk`kgmj j altkrflc jrfdfglc,
nka `jaj l plstl jrfdfglc, fgtl`tjs, ska lctkrläàj.
k) mjs lrqufvjs gj fgtkrfjr ml plstl jrfdfglc lpkgls, `ja l `jcj`läàj mkssk
altkrflc gl cfxkfrl, j quk pkraftk lfgml l sul rkùpkrläàj, sk ijr gk`kssìrfj,
pkralgk`kgmj j ltlcbj fgtl`tj.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ Lpkgls j ltlcbj ijf mkcktlmj pkralgkgtkakgtk, ju skol, lpldlmj

mk ijral quk gàj vlf plrl l Cfxkfrl. @jaj lpldju lpkgls j ltlcbj plstl jrfdfglc
pkralgk`k fgtl`tl.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L tk`cl mk `jalgmj PBFI]+MKCK]K pkraftk quk l plstl ju

lrqufvj skol mkcktlmj pkralgkgtkakgtk ska l trlgsikrïg`fl plrl l Cfxkfrl. J
lrqufvj jrfdfglc pkralgk`k fgtl`tj, pjfs lpkgls j ltlcbj ijf mkcktlmj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì `jgtkÿmj mkgtrj mk ua ltlcbj. J ltlcbj æ lpkgls ua

lpjgtlmjr plrl il`fcftlr j l`kssj l plstl. @jaj ijf prkssfjglmj PBFI]+MKCK]K
k ka skdufml `jgifraju lpldlr pkralgkgtkakgtk, js lrqufvjs gàj fràj plrl l
Cfxkfrl.
m ) X@K^]JQ Lpkgls j ltlcbj ijf kx`cuámj, ska l sul `jcj`läàj gl cfxkfrl mkvfmj
prkssfjglr PBFI]+MKCK]K k ka skdufml `cf`lr gj njtàj –Pfa‑ plrl `jgifralr
9=

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055 \ukstûks

quk j ltlcbj skrfl pkralgkgtkakgtk lpldlmj. Aksaj lpldlgmj j ltlcbj j
altkrflc jrfdfglc pkralgk`k fgtl`tj.
k) XK^^LMJQ Lpldlr pkralgkgtkakgtk j ltlcbj gàj fgtkrikrk gj altkrflc

jrfdfglc.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 4<. L ijral alfs `jrrktl k prumkgtk plrl sk mkscfdlr ual
aìqufgl quk usl j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws æ
l) rktfrlgmj l aìqufgl ml tjalml

n) kiktulgmj j Pbutmjwg
`) prkssfjglgmj j njtàj mk cfdl/mkscfdl
m) prkssfjglgmj j njtàj mk rkskt
k) lnrfgmj j Ulfgkc mk @jgtrjck plrl mksltfvlr tjmjs js skrvfäjs.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ ^ktfrlr l tjalml mj `japutlmjr, lcæa mk pjmkr mlgfif`lr j sfstkal

l) XK^^LMJQ
jpkrl`fjglc, pjmk mlgfif`lr lcdugs `japjgkgtks mk blrmwlrk mj `japutlmjr.
n ) X@K^]JQ Pbutmjwg sfdgfif`l Mkscfdlr k kssk æ j prj`kmfakgtj `jrrktj plrl

mkscfdlr j `japutlmjr.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Urkssfjglr j njtàj Cfdl/Mkscfdl æ ual algkfrl ijrälml mk mkscfdlr

j `japutlmjr, pjmkgmj `luslr mlgjs lj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc, pjfs kssk gàj æ j
ajmj mk mkscfdlakgtj fmklc plrl j `japutlmjr.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Mksltfvlr tjmjs js skrvfäjs gàj æ ual sjcuäàj plrl j

mkscfdlakgtj `jrrktj mj `japutlmjr.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @jpkrvk - I[^D Ðrdàj? I[^D Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk ka Lmafgfstrläàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 4>. Lpjgtk l jpäàj ILCPL.
l) L suátk Af`rjsjit Jiif`k gàj pjssuf ual vkrsàj gltfvl plrl Cfgux.
n) J Cfgux skduk js prfg`ápfjs mj Pjitwlrk Cfvrk.
`) J Tfgmjws gàj skduk js prfg`ápfjs mj Pjitwlrk Cfvrk.
9;

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m) J dkrkg`flmjr mk lrqufvjs mj Cfgux pjssuf ual ikrrlakgtl plrl `japl`tläàj
mk lrqufvjs.
k) \ulgmj æ rklcfzlml l mks`japl`tläàj mk ua lrqufvj gj Cfgux, j lrqufvj
`japl`tlmj æ kx`cuámj lutjaltf`lakgtk.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
Ltkg
Lt àj ? Jnskrvk quk mkvkajs kg`jgtrlr l lctkrgltfvl ILCPL!
kgää àj?
l) XK^^LMJQ L suátk Af`rjsjit Jiif`k gàj pjssuf ual vkrsàj jif`flc plrl j
sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Cfgux.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J Cfgux skduk js prfg`ápfjs mj Pjitwlrk Cfvrk, fssj pkraftk quk kck
pjssl skr kxkùtlmj, `jpflmj, ajmfif`lmj k rkmfstrfnuámj pkcjs usuìrfjs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J Tfgmjws æ ual pcltlijral ik`blml, ju skol, gàj skduk js

prfg`ápfjs mj Pjitwlrk Cfvrk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ J Cfgux pjssuf ual ikrrlakgtl gltfvl plrl `japl`tläàj mk

lrqufvjs ltrlvæs mj prðprfj dkrkg`flmjr mk lrqufvjs.
k) X@K^]JQ \ulgmj ua lrqufvj æ mks`japl`tlmj, tlgtj gj Cfgux qulgmj gj

Tfgmjws j lrqufvj quk sjirku mks`japl`tläàj pkralgk`k fgtl`tj ltæ quk j
usuìrfj qukfrl kx`cuá-cj. Kssl æ l lctkrgltfvl ILCPL, kxltlakgtk l quk kstlajs
nus`lgmj gl qukstàj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 40. L fgstlcläàj mk prjdrlals ltrlvæs mk ajmj drìif`j gj
Cfgux [nugtu æ ikftl?
l) pkcl @kgtrlc mk prjdrlals mk [nugtu.

n) pkcj mphd.
`) pkcl Cfgux Ptjrk.
m) pkcl [nugtu Ucly.
k) pkcj ]@U.
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* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) X@K^]JQ Gj Cfgux ual mls algkfrls mk fgstlclr prjdrlals æ ltrlvæs ml

@kgtrlc mk Urjdrlals mj [nugtu quk tka ua ajmj drìif`j sfapcfif`lmj plrl
il`fcftlr l uslnfcfmlmk mj sfstkal k l fgstlcläàj mk lpcf`läûks.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J mphd æ ual mls algkfrls mk fgstlclr prjdrlals gj Cfgux

[nugtu ltrlvæs mk cfgbl mk `jalgmj k gàj ltrlvæs mj ajmj drìif`j.
XK^^LMJQ Cfgux Ptjrk ijf ua prjoktj plrl il`fcftlr k rkugfr lpcf`ltfvjs ka ual

` ) XK^^LMJQ
ÿgf`l `kgtrlc plrl sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs nlsklmjs ka Cfgux, als ijf
mks`jgtfgulmj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Kanjrl skol ua gjak sudkstfvj, [nugtu Ucly gàj kxfstk, æ

lpkgls ual `ls`l mk nlglgl plrl js `lgmfmltjs mksltkgtjs.
k) XK^^LMJQ ]@U (]rlgsafssfjg @jgtrjc Urjtj`jc) æ ua prjtj`jcj mk

`jaugf`läàj ka rkmk k gàj tka cfdläàj `ja ls cjols mk lpcf`ltfvjs.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 4=. Lssfglck l jpäàj `jrrktl `ja rkcläàj l sjitwlrk cfvrk.
l) Pð pjmk tkr j `ðmfdj-ijgtk lctkrlmj `ja lutjrfzläàj mj sku mkskgvjcvkmjr.

n) Pð æ drltuftj gl mfstrfnufäàj.
`)
m) Ukraftk l`kssj
\ukr mfzkr lj `ðmfdj-ijgtk.
sjitwlrk drltuftj.
k) Æ mkpkgmkgtk mk tk`gjcjdfls k pcltlijrals.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ Urjdrlals k sfstkals nlsklmjs ka sjitwlrk cfvrk pjmka lctkrlr j

`ðmfdj-ijgtk ska lutjrfzläàj mj mkskgvjcvkmjr. J l`kssj lj `ðmfdj-ijgtk l
qulcqukr usuìrfj æ ual mls `lrl`tkrástf`ls mj sjitwlrk cfvrk.
n ) XK^^LMJQ
als J sjitwlrk
tlanæa pjmk cfvrk pjmk
skr `jpflmj skrif`lmj
mfstrfnuámj
k ajmfif`lmj
ajmf pkcjs usuìrfjs
drltuftlak gtk.
dr ltuftlakgtk drltuftlakgtk,
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` ) X@K^]JQ [al mls prfg`fplfs `lrl`tkrástf`ls mj sjitwlrk cfvrk æ j l`kssj lj
`ðmfdj-ijgtk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Pjitwlrk cfvrk gàj æ sfgýgfaj mk sjitwlrk drltuftj . Ujr

kxkapcj, gj sjitwlrk cfvrk pjmka blvkr ùstjs `lsj ua usuìrfj mk Cfgux sk
fgtkrkssk pjr lcdual ajmfif`läàj ikftl pjr lcdua mkskgvjcvkmjr, j usuìrfj pjmk
pldlr plrl tkr kssl ajmfif`läàj k fssj gàj ijdk ml ifcjsjifl mj sjitwlrk cfvrk.
k) XK^^LMJQ Pjitwlrk cfvrk ltul `ja l ual mls prfg`fplfs pcltlijrals plrl
mfvkrsjs prjoktjs gl `japutläàj `jaj j prðprfj prjoktj Cfgux, Lgmrjfm,
skrvfmjrks ml fgtkrgkt k kt`.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @JAUK^YK Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Gásfl Icjrkstl - ^G Urjvl? Ldkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 4;. Js sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs ajmkrgjs nlsklmjs ka Cfgux
sàj `jgbk`fmjs pjr
sul jrdlgfzläàj jikrk`kr
fgtkrgl. supjrtk
Mkgtrk ksskslijraltjs,
mfvkrsjs mkstl`l-sk
ijraltjs mkj lrqufvjs, qulgtj å
l) gti
n) kxt0
`) ilt
m) rla
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ gti gàj æ ua ijraltj mk lrqufvj

lrqufvj `jgbk`fmj. L lctkrgltfvl fgmuz
lj krrj
pkcj pjr plrk`kr `ja l sfdcl G]IP quk æ j ijraltj mk lrqufvjs supjrtlmjs
Tfgmjws.
n ) X@K^]JQ kxt0 æ ua mjs ijraltjs mk lrqufvjs supjrtlmjs pkcj Cfgux, lssfa

`jaj KR>, ^KFPKÎP, RIP k kt`.
` ) XK^^LMJQ ilt æ l tlnkcl mk lcj`läàj mk lrqufvjs k skrvf `jaj ua ágmf`k,

lralzkglgmj fgijraläûks sjnrk `lml pkmläj mj mfs`j rádfmj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ r la æ ua tfpj mk akaðrfl k gàj ua ijraltj mk lrqufvj.

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Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? FMK@LG Ðrdàj? [K^G Urjvl? Ldkgtk ]æ`gf`j Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 49. Auftls kaprksls kstàj jptlgmj pjr utfcfzlrka j Pfstkal
Jpkrl`fjglc Cfgux. L drlgmk vlgtldka mkssk Pfstkal æ quk gàj sk tka l
gk`kssfmlmk mk pldlakgtj mk cf`kgäl plrl utfcfzì-cj, mfikrkgtk mjs sfstkals
prjprfktìrfjs, ml Af`rjsjit, pjr kxkapcj, quk sk mkvk pldlr ual cf`kgäl plrl
utfcfzläàj. Ujr gàj tkr quk pldlr cf`kgäl, ls kaprksls k`jgjafzla k pjmka
fgvkstfr ka kqufplakgtjs, fgirlkstruturl, kgtrk jutrjs.
]rlnlcblr `ja Cfgux oì æ ual rklcfmlmk, k auftls läûks sàj ikftls utfcfzlgmj-sk
mj tkrafglc, ju skol, usla-sk js `jalgmjs pkcl cfgbl mk `jalgmj mj Cfgux.
Mfikrkgtk mj Tfgmjws, jgmk qulsk tumj æ ikftj ltrlvæs ml fgtkril`k drìif`l, gj
Cfgux js `jalgmjs pjmka skr uslmjs pkcl cfgbl mk `jalgmj k, ka lcduals
vkrsûks, ilzkgmj usj mk fgtkril`k drìif`l. –Pupjgbl quk sk kstkol kmftlgmj ua
lrqufvj gl cfgbl mk `jalgmjs mj Cfgux, als tkgbl sk ksquk`fmj j mfrktðrfj ka
quk sk kg`jgtrl. [a mkssks `jalgmjs pjmk skr uslmj plrl l vkrfif`läàj mk
qulc mfrktðrfj sk kg`jgtrl (fssj ka `lsj mj sku lvfsj mk `jalgmjs gàj ajstrlr
kssl fgijraläàj)‑. Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl quk lprkskgtl kstk `jalgmj.
l) cs.
n) `m.
`) pwm.
m) ahmfr.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ
mfrktðrfj. Kssk `jalgmj
cs æ ua `jalgmj plrlj cfstlr
gàj ajstrlrì tjmjs
mfrktðrfj js lrqufvjs k plstls mk ua
cj`lc.
XK^^LMJQ `m æ ua `jalgmj plrl aumlr mk mfrktðrfj k gàj ajstrl j mfrktðrfj

n ) XK^^LMJQ
ltulc.
` ) X@K^]JQ pwm æ j `jalgmj plrl ajstrlr j mfrktðrfj ltulc.
m ) XK^^LMJQ ahmfr æ j `jalgmj plrl `rflr gjvj mfrktðrfj, als gàj ajstrl j
mfrktðrfj ltulc.
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Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? FMK@LG Ðrdàj? [K^G Urjvl? @jgtlmjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 44. Pjnrk `jalgmjs utfcfzlmjs ka Pfstkals Jpkrl`fjglfs
Cfgux, alrquk Y plrl ls lifraltfvls vkrmlmkfrls k I plrl ls ilcsls.
( ) J `jalgmj cs æ utfcfzlmj plrl cfstlr tjmjs js lrqufvjs mj mfrktðrfj.
( ) J `jalgmj lmmfr æ utfcfzlmj plrl `rflr ua gjvj mfrktðrfj.
( ) J `jalgmj `bajm ajmfif`l ls pkrafssûks mk ua lrqufvj ju mfrktðrfj.
( ) J `jalgmj mfr kxfnk j `lafgbj `japcktj mj mfrktðrfj ltulc.
L skquïg`fl kstì `jrrktl ka

l) Y, Y, I, I.
n ) Y, I, Y, I.
` ) I, Y, Y, I.
m) I, I, Y, Y.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
àj ? Ylajs lglcfslr `lml `jalgmj skplrlmlakgtk k ka skdufml

Lt kgää àj?
Ltkg
kg`jgtrlrkajs l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
(Y) J `jalgmj c s æ utfcfzlmj plrl cfstlr tjmjs js lrqufvjs mj mfrktðrfj.
(I) J `jalgmj lmmfr æ

æ utfcfzlmj plrl `rflr ua gjvj mfrktðrfj.
lmmfr gàj
gàj æ ua `jalgmj vìcfmj gj Cfgux
(Y) J `jalgmj `bajm ajmfif`l ls pkrafssûks mk ua lrqufvj ju mfrktðrfj.
(I) J `jalgmj m fr kxfnk

kxfnk j `lafgbj `japcktj mj mfrktðrfj ltulc.
J `jalgmj plrl kxfnfr j `lafgbj `japcktj mj mfrktðrfj ltulc æ pwm
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L N
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? U@-UK Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Dkrlfs
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 42. Ulrl likrfr j usj ml @U[ k ml akaðrfl mk ual kstläàj
mk trlnlcbj fgstlclml `ja Cfgux, mkvk(a) skr utfcfzlmj(s) j(s) `jalgmj(s)
l) tjp.
n) systka.
`) prj` k aka.
m) `pu k akajry.
45

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k) is k mu.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) X@K^]JQ t jp æ ua `jalgmj plrl kxfnfr js prj`kssjs ka kxkùäàj gj

sfstkal, `jgsuaj ml @U[ k jutrjs fgmf`ltfvjs.
n ) XK^^LMJQ systka æ ua `jalgmj fgvìcfmj gj Cfgux.
m ) XK^^LMJQ prj aka æ ua `jalgmj fgvìcfmj gj Cfgux.

XK^^LMJQ prj`` k aka
k) XK^^LMJQ is k mu æ ua `jalgmj fgvìcfmj gj Cfgux.

XK^^LMJQ is
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? [I@D Ðrdàj? [I@D Urjvl? Lmafgfstrlmjr
\ukstàj
\ukst
KR@K]J?àj 46. Pàj `lrl`tkrástf`ls mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Cfgux,
l) @jgk`tfvfmlmk `ja jutrjs tfpjs mk pcltlijrals `jaj? Tfgmjws, Lppck, MJP.
n) Gàj æ @lsk Pkgsftfvk.
`) Auctfusuìrfj.
m) Urkkaptfvj.
k) Urjtkäàj kgtrk prj`kssjs kxkùtlmjs gl akaðrfl ^LA.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
Ltkg
Lt àj ? Mkvkajs kg`jgtrlr l lctkrgltfvl quk GÀJ æ `lrl`tkrástf`l mj Cfgux!
kgää àj?
XK^^LMJQ J Cfgux æ ua sfstkal quk pkraftk `jgk`tfvfmlmk `ja vìrfjs
l) XK^^LMJQ
sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs.
n ) X@K^]JQ J Cfgux Æ `lsk skgsftfvk, ju skol, æ skgsávkc l cktrls alfÿsùcls k

afgÿsùcls. Ujr kxkapcj, l plclvrl –@LPL‑ æ mfikrkgtk mk –`lsl‑ quk æ
mfikrkgtk mk –@lsl‑.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J Cfgux æ ua sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc quk pkraftk aÿctfpcjs pkrifs mk
usuìrfjs, lssfa `jaj Tfgmjws k jutrjs.

4<

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m ) XK^^LMJQ J Cfgux æ ua sfstkal prkkaptfvj, pjfs l tjmj ajakgtj kstì
plrlcfslgmj tlrkils ka mktrfakgtj mk jutrls k pjstkrfjrakgtk vjctl l tlrkil
lgtkrfjr, lssfa `jaj tjmjs js sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs ajmkrgjs.
k) XK^^LMJQ [al mls `lrl`tkrástf`ls mj Cfgux æ l prjtkäàj kgtrk prj`kssjs

kxkùtlmjs gl akaðrfl ^LA.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? [I@D Ðrdàj? [I@D Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk ka Lmafgfstrläàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 25. Gj lanfkgtk Cfgux, j `jalgmj $ cs?
l) Ajstrl l qulgtfmlmk mk kspläj uslml gj mfs`j rádfmj.
n) Ajstrl j usj ml akaðrfl.
`) Cfstl tjmjs js
js lrqufvjs mj mfrktðrfj.
m) Lnrk ua lrqufvj.
k) Lnrk j kxpcjrlmjr mk fgijraläûks.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj plrl kxfnfr js mfs`js k js kspläjs uslmjs æ mi.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Ulrl kxfnfr j usj ml akaðrfl æ gk`kssìrfj uslr j `jalgmj irkk.
X @K^]JQQ c s æ j `jalgmj plrl cfstlr tjmjs js lrqufvjs mj mfrktðrfj.

` ) X@K^]J
m ) XK^^LMJQ Kxfstka vìrfjs `jalgmjs mfikrkgtks plrl lnrfr lrqufvjs, fssj

tlanæa vlf mkpkgmkr mk quk lrqufvj prktkgmk skr lnkrtj. c s gàj æ ua `jalgmj
plrl lnrfr lrqufvjs.
XK^^LMJQ c css gàj lnrf j kxpcjrlmjr mk fgijraläûks.

k) XK^^LMJQ
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? HC@ Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Lctj Ufqufrf - U^ Urjvl? Fgstrutjr mk Fgijraìtf`l
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 2<. [a Pfstkal Jpkrl`fjglc, lcæa mk jutrls jpkrläûks,
dkrkg`fl l `jaugf`läàj `ja j Blrmwlrk k jutrjs lpcf`ltfvjs (sjitwlrks).
Alrquk lnlfxj l lctkrgltfvl quk `jrrkspjgmk l ual skquïg`fl mk Pfstkals
Jpkrl`fjglfs kxfstkgtk gj akr`lmj.
l) Tfgmjws, [nugtu k Ifrkijx.
n) Tfgmjws, Js> k Ajzfcl.
`) Tfgmjws, [gfx k [nugtu.
4>

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m) Tfgmjws, JpkgJiif`k k Js>.
k) Tfgmjws k NrJiif`k.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ Tfgmjws k [nugtu sàj sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs k j Ifrkijx æ ua

glvkdlmjr (nrjwskr).
n ) XK^^LMJQ Tfgmjws k Js> sàj sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs, Ajzfcl kstì ks`rftj

krrlmj, j `jrrktj æ Ajzfccl k aksaj lssfa, Ajzfccl gàj æ ua sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc, æ ual `jaugfmlmk mk sjitwlrk cfvrk.
` ) X@K^]JQ Tfgmjws, [gfx k [nugtu sàj sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Tfgmjws k Js> sàj sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs k JpkgJiif`k æ ua

suátk mk lpcf`ltfvjs mk ks`rftðrfj.
k) XK^^LMJQ Tfgmjws æ ua sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc k NrJiif`k æ ua suátk mk
lpcf`ltfvjs mk ks`rftðrfj.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? AJ[^L AKCJ Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk @lolalr - PU Urjvl? Ldkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 2>. J ^km Blt æ ua (l)?
l) Mfstrfnufäàj mj Cfgux.
n) ]fpj mk Ifrkwlcc mj Tfgmjws.
`) Urjdrlal mk algfpucläàj mk faldkgs.
m) Lpcf`läàj mj Tfgmjws Kxpcjrkr.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
Kxfstka mfvkrsls mfstrfnufäûks mj Cfgux `jaj? [nugtu, Mknflg, Afgt, ^km Blt,
Ikmjrl k kt`. Ujpuclrakgtk `blalajs j Cfgux mk sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc k kstì
`jrrktj, pjræa Cfgux æ l nlsk, tlanæa `blalml mk Hkrgkc (gÿ`ckj) mk ua
sfstkal k æ pjr kssk ajtfvj quk kxfstka mfstrfnufäûks Cfgux, pjfs jutrls
`jaugfmlmks usla mkssl nlsk (hkrgkc) plrl mkskgvjcvkr gjvjs sfstkals
jpkrl`fjglfs. [a mkssks sfstkals nlsklmjs ka Cfgux æ j ^km Blt.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L L

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\ukstàj
\ukst àj 20. \ulc `jalgmj gj Cfgux, `rfl ju ltulcfzl j lrqufvj?
l) ajrk lrqufvj.
n) tju`b lrqufvj.
`) av lrqufvj.
m) cs lrqufvj.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj ajrk tïa l iugäàj mk kxfnfr `jgtkÿmj mk lrqufvjs ljs

l) XK^^LMJQ
pju`js.
n ) X@K^]JQ tju`b æ j `jalgmj uslmj plrl `rflr k ltulcfzlr lrqufvjs.
XK^^LMJQ avv æ j `jalgmj plrl ajvkr ua lrqufvj.

` ) XK^^LMJQ a
XK^^LMJQ c css æ j `jalgmj plrl cfstlr tjmjs js lrqufvjs ka ua mfrktðrfj.

m ) XK^^LMJQ
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 2=. J ltlcbj lnlfxj, gj Cfgux, lpldl l cfgbl fgtkfrl mk ua
`jalgmj gj tkrafglc?
l) @]^C+^.
n) @]^C+F.
`) @]^C+[.
m) @]^C+@.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ @]^C+^ ilz ual nus`l gjs `jalgmjs mfdftlmjs rk`kgtkakgtk.
n ) XK^^LMJQ @]^C+F æ ua `jalgmj fgvìcfmj gj tkrafglc mk cfgbl mk `jalgmj.
` ) X@K^]JQ @]^C+[ lpldl tjml l cfgbl mk `jalgmj mj tkrafglc.
m ) XK^^LMJQ @]^C+@ plrlcfsl j prj`kssj mj `jalgmj ltulc.

4=

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @JGULPP Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk @lrpfgl - UK Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 2;. Gj ajmj tkxtj ju gàj drìif`j, uslmj plrl kgtrlml mk
`jalgmjs gj Cfgux, j gjak mj usuìrfj quk kstì uslgmj j tkrafglc vka
prk`kmfmj mk quk sáanjcj:
l) #
n) %
`) $
m) E
k) ∗
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
Gj tkrafglc mk cfgbl mk `jalgmj sàj kxfnfmjs lcduals fgijraläûks `jaj gjak
mk usuìrfj
[nugtu, qukkælcdugs fgmf`ltfvjs
rkprkskgtlmj mj prfvfcædfj
ml skdufgtk mj usuìrfj, `jaj pjr kxkapcj gj
algkfrl?
bkgrfqukE
bkgrfq ukEunug
unugtu-Gjtknjjh?
tu-Gjtknjjh? ~$
L prfakfrl fgijraläàj (lgtks mj E) æ lprkskgtlmj j gjak mj usuìrfj quk kstì

l`ksslgmj j tkrafglc, mkpjfs mj E æ fgijralmj j gjak mj `japutlmjr. Gkssk
`lsj j sáanjcj quk prk`kmk j gjak mj usuìrfj æ j E (lrrjnl).
qu k prk`kmk
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L M
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Pàj Ulucj - PU Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk Dkstàj mk Ujcátf`ls Uÿncf`ls
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 29. J mfrktðrfj /bjak, quk ilz plrtk ml kstruturl mj Cfgux,
mkifgfml gj ajakgtj ml fgstlcläàj mkssk sfstkal,
l) lralzkgl js lrqufvjs mjs mfspjsftfvjs mj sfstkal.
n) æ j mfrktðrfj mk trlnlcbj mj usuìrfj.
`) `jgtæa js lrqufvjs mk fgf`flcfzläàj mj sfstkal.
m) lralzkgl ls ikrrlakgtls mk lmafgfstrläàj mj sfstkal.
k) `jgtæa js lrqufvjs mk `jgifdurläàj mjs prfg`fplfs skrvfäjs.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
4;

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

l) XK^^LMJQ J mfrktðrfj rkspjgsìvkc pjr lralzkglr js lrqufvjs mk
l)
dkrkg`flakgtj mk mfspjsftfvjs mj sfstkal æ j /mkv, pjrtlgtj, qulgmj æ `jgk`tlmj
ua ajusk ju pkg mrfvk, js lrqufvjs gk`kssìrfjs plrl j iug`fjglakgtj if`la
gkssl plstl.
n ) X@K^]JQ /bjak æ j mfrktðrfj mkstfglmj ljs lrqufvjs pkssjlfs mj usuìrfj,

`jaj? mjùakgtjs, ijtjdrlifls k kt`, pjrtlgtj, kssl æ l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Js lrqufvjs rkspjgsìvkfs pkcl fgf`flcfzläàj mj sfstkal if`la gj

mfrktðrfj /njjt .
m ) XK^^LMJQ Js lrqufvjs ksskg`flfs plrl l lmafgfstrläàj mj sfstkal if`la gj

mfrktðrfj /snfg.
k) XK^^LMJQ J /srv æ j mfrktðrfj rkspjgsìvkc pjr lralzkglr js prfg`fplfs
skrvfäjs.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? FLMKP Ðrdàj? @^KPP-AD Urjvl? Luxfcflr Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 24. Gj [nugtu <5.5=, gj akgu Cj`lfs, j usuìrfj tka l`kssj
ås skdufgtks plstls?
l) @jgifdurläàj8 Lmafgfstrläàj8 k, Ukrsjglcfzläàj mj PJ.
n) Ukssjlc8 Mkshtjp8 Mjùakgtjs8 Aÿsf`l8 Faldkgs8 Yámkjs8 k, Mjwgcjlm.
`) Mrfvkrs mk Blrmwlrk8 Ikrrlakgtls mk ^kmk8 Bjrl k mltl8 Faprkssàj8 [suìrfjs8
k, Drupjs.
m) L`kssðrfjs8 Ks`rftðrfj8 Drìif`js8 k, Fgtkrgkt.
k) Mrfvkrs mk Blrmwlrk8 @jgifdurläàj8 L`kssðrfjs8 k, Ikrrlakgtls mk ^kmk.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
J akgu Cj`lfs mj [nugtu <5.5= æ kxfnf plrl j usuìrfj js prfg`fplfs cj`lfs quk j
usuìrfj pjmk tkr l`kssj rlpfmlakgtk, `jaj? plstl Ukssjlc, Mkshtjp,
Mjùakgtjs, Aÿsf`l, Faldkgs, Yámkjs k Mjwgcjlms.
Ltulcakgtk gj [nugtu <9.5= C]P kssl jrdlgfzläàj if`l gj prðprfj dkrkg`flmjr

mk lrqufvj gltfvj gj [nugtu.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L N
49

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? [IAL Ðrdàj? [IAL Urjvl? Lmafgfstrlmj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 22. J sjitwlrk cfvrk sk `lrl`tkrfzl pjr?
l) Pkr tjtlcakgtk drltuftj.
n) ^kqukrkr cf`kgäl plrl usj k lutjrfzläàj plrl mfstrfnufäàj mj mkskgvjcvkmjr.
`) Ujssufr cfnkrmlmk mk `ðpfl, lctkrläàj k mfstrfnufäàj.
m) Pkr mj tfpj sblrkwlrk
k) Gàj pjmkr skr `jakr`flcfzlmj.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ J sjitwlrk cfvrk gàj æ tjtlcakgtk drltuftj. L nlsk ifcjsðif`l mj

sjitwlrk cfvrk æ pjmkr utfcfzlr, mfstrfnufr, kstumlr j `ðmfdj-ijgtk k ltæ
ajmfif`ì-cj, ska pkmfr lutjrfzläàj lj sku mkskgvjcvkmjr. Aksaj lssfa, ual
pkssjl pjmk pldlr plrl tkr ua sjitwlrk cfvrk ju pldlr plrl tkr ual mfstrfnufäàj,
ska quk blol `jgicftj `ja l ifcjsjifl nìsf`l mj sjitwlrk cfvrk. Ujrtlgtj, skr ua
sjitwlrk cfvrk gàj sfdgfif`l quk tjmjs js prjdrlals k sfstkals nlsklmjs gkssl
ifcjsjifl skola tjtlcakgtk drltuftjs.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Js sjitwlrks cfvrks sàj fskgtjs mk cf`kgäls k gàj prk`fsla mk

lutjrfzläàj mj mkskgvjcvkmjr plrl qulcqukr ajmfif`läàj gj sfstkal/prjdrlal.
` ) X@K^]JQ J sjitwlrk `lrl`tkrfzlmj `jaj sjitwlrk cfvrk pjssuf cfnkrmlmk mk

`ðpfl, lctkrläàj k mfstrfnufäàj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Pblrkwlrk sàj prjdrlals mfspjgfnfcfzlmjs drltuftlakgtk plrl js

usuìrfjs,
tjtlcakgtkals `jajucfaftläûks.
lnkrtj, Fssj
skol, gàj bì gàj l`jgtk`k `ja j sjitwlrk cfvrk, pjfs æ
cfaftläûks.
k) XK^^LMJQ Pfa, ua sjitwlrk cfvrk UJMK skr `jakr`flcfzlmj , mksmk quk gàj
fgirfgol ls ckfs nìsf`ls mk ua sjitwlrk cfvrk quk sàj? utfcfzlr, mfstrfnufr, l`kssj
tjtlc lj `ðmfdj-ijgtk
`ðmfd j-ijgtk k ajmfif`ì-cj.
ajmf if`ì-cj.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? [GKPU Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 26. Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk `jgtæa j `jalgmj mj Cfgux
quk lnrk j lpcf`ltfvj quk pkraftk kmftlr ju `rflr lrqufvjs pkcj usuìrfj.
l) cs
`) `m
m) ra
44

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

k) vf
k) wrftk
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
XK^^LMJQ c s æ j `jalgmj rkspjgsìvkc pjr cfstlr tjmjs js lrqufvjs k plstls

l) XK^^LMJQ
ka ua mfrktðrfj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ
XK^^LMJQ ` m æ j `jalgmj plrl aumlr mk mfrktðrfj.
`m
XK^^LMJQ ra æ j `jalgmj plrl lpldlr lrqufvjs ju plstls.

` ) XK^^LMJQ
m ) X X@K^]
@K^]JQ vf æ ua `jalgmj plrl lnrfr lrqufvjs k kmftì-cjs.
JQ vf
k) XK^^LMJQ wrftk æ j `jalgmj plrl kgvflr akgsldkgs kgtrk usuìrfjs ltrlvæs

k) XK^^LMJQ
mj tkrafglc mk `jalgmjs.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? FGP]F][]J LJ@U Ðrdàj? @LPLG Urjvl? Lmvjdlmj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 65. [a mktkrafglmj usuìrfj lmafgfstrltfvj (supkrusuìrfj) mj
sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Cfgux mfsplrju j skdufgtk `jalgmj ka ua R-tkrafglc gj
mfrktðrfj `jgbk`fmj `jaj rlfz ju nlrrl? ra L* . J rksuctlmj mkssk `jalgmj, lpðs
prkssfjglr l tk`cl Kgtkr mj tk`clmj, ijf
l) cfstlr js lrqufvjs mj mfrktðrfj quk fgf`fla `ja l cktrl L.
n) ilzkr ua nl`hup mjs lrqufvjs mj sfstkal.
`) rkajvkr tjmjs js lrqufvjs mj sfstkal.
m) lpldlr js mfrktðrfjs fgf`flgmj `ja l cktrl L.
k) lpldlr tjmjs js lrqufvjs fgf`flgmj `ja l cktrl L.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj plrl cfstlr js lrqufvjs æ j c s k plrl cfstlr lpkgls js

l)
lrqufvjs quk fgf`fla `ja l cktrl L skrfl gk`kssìrfj j `jalgmj? cs L*
n ) XK^^LMJQ r a æ j `jalgmj plrl rkajvkr (lpldlr) lrqufvjs k gàj plrl ilzkr

nl`hup mj sfstkal.
42

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

` ) XK^^LMJQ Bì ua sfstkal mk skdurlgäl gj cfgux quk gàj pkraftk lpldlr
tjmjs js mfrktðrfj mj sfstkal, pjfs kssl jpkrläàj pjmkrfl mlgfif`lr j
iug`fjglakgtj mk tjmj sfstkal.
m ) XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj plrl lpldlr mfrktðrfjs æ j ramfr k plrl lpldlr js

mfrktðrfjs quk fgf`fla `ja l cktrl –L‑ skrfl gk`kssìrfj j `jalgmj? ramfr L*.
k) X@K^]JQ Ulrl lpldlr tjmjs js lrqufvjs quk fgf`fla `ja l cktrl –L‑ ka ua
mfrktðrfj æ gk`kssìrfj j `jalgmj? ra L*.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]^K-UF Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Dkrlfs
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 6<. Lssfglck l jpäàj quk lprkskgtl j `jalgmj, gj sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc Cfgux, quk mkvk skr utfcfzlmj plrl mktkrafglr qulgtj kspläj ka
mfs`j kstì skgmj jùplmj pjr ua mfrktðrfj k skus sunmfrktðrfjs.
l)
n) pwm
ifck
`) mu
m) bklm
k) csbw
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj pw
pwmm kxfnk j `lafgbj mj cj`lc ltulc gj sfstkal.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj ifck mktkrafgl ua tfpj mk lrqufvj.

X@K^]JQ J `jalgmj m u fgmf`l j kspläj utfcfzlmj pjr lrqufvjs k mfrktðrfjs.
` ) X@K^]JQ
m ) XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj bklm kxfnk ls prfg`fplfs cfgbls mk ua lrqufvj.
k) XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj csbw lprkskgtl fgijraläûks ml `jgifdurläàj mk

blrmwlrk mj sfstkal `jaj? akaðrfl, `l`bk, pcl`l aàk, @U[ k kt`.
46

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]^K-UF Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Dkrlfs plrl j @lrdj 0
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 6>. Lssfglck l jpäàj quk lprkskgtl j `jalgmj pjr akfj mj
qulc ua usuìrfj pjmkrì `rflr ua lrqufvj vlzfj `ja j gjak lrqufvj.txt gj sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc Cfgux.
l) pwm 7 lrqufvj.txt
n) k`bj "jf augmj" 7 lrqufvj.txt
`) drkp 'rjjt' /kt`/plsswm 7 lrqufvj.txt
m) tju`b lrqufvj.txt
k) cs ‐cl /bjak 7 lrqufvj.txt
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj pw
pwmm æ uslmj plrl kxfnfr j mfrktðrfj ltulc.
XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj k`bj ks`rkvk akgsldkgs gl sláml plmràj mj

n ) XK^^LMJQ
tkrafglc.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj drkp ilz nus`l plmràj ka ua lrqufvj.
m ) X@K^]JQ J `jalgmj tju`b `rfl k ltulcfzl ua lrqufvj. Ujrtlgtj skrfl pjssávkc

`rflr ua lrqufvj `blalmj –lrqufvj.txt‑ lpkgls uslgmj j `jalgmj tju`b
lrqufvj.txt.
k) XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj cs cfstl j `jgtkÿmj mk ua mfrktðrfj.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? LGYFPL Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 60. @ja rkcläàj lj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Cfgux, lj kmftjr mk
tkxtj Af`rjsjit Jiif`k Tjrm >5<0 k lj prjdrlal mk glvkdläàj Af`rjsjit Fgtkrgkt
Kxpcjrkr <<, oucduk j prðxfaj ftka.
J sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Cfgux, kanjrl skol lapclakgtk mfiugmfmj, kstì

fgmfspjgávkc plrl utfcfzläàj ka `japutlmjrks pkssjlfs, kstlgmj j sku usj
rkstrftj ljs `japutlmjrks mk drlgmks kaprksls.
25

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
L qukstàj krrl lj lifralr quk j Cfgux kstì mfspjgávkc plrl `japutlmjrks

pkssjlfs. J Cfgux æ ua sfstkal `ja drlgmk qulgtfmlmk mk usuìrfjs, tlgtj plrl
usj pkssjlc k prfg`fplcakgtk plrl `japlrläûks.
\ukstàj K^^LML.
Lgj? >5<0 Nlg`l? I[G@LN Ðrdàj? FI-^^ Urjvl? Ojrglcfstl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 6=. Gj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws, qulc l ikrrlakgtl quk
pjssuf ual iugäàj `jrrkspjgmkgtk lj `jalgmj hfcc mj Cfgux:
l) Urjapt MJP.
n) Dkrkg`flakgtj mj @japutlmjr.
`) Dkrkg`flmjr mk ]lrkils.
m) Yfsulcfzlmjr mk Pkrvfäjs.
k) Ulfgkc mk @jgtrjck.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ J Urjapt MJP æ ua fgtkrprktlmjr mk cfgbls mk `jalgmj

lgtkrfjrakgtk uslmj gj Tfgmjws k æ kqufvlckgtk lj ]krafglc mk `jalgmjs mj
Cfgux.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L ikrrlakgtl Dkrkg`flakgtj mj @japutlmjr gj

gj Tfgmjws kxfnf
vìrfjs rkùrsjs mj sfstkal `jaj? dkrkg`flakgtj mk mfs`j, mfspjsftfvjs,
ikrrlakgtls mk ajgftjrlakgtj k kt`. Gj Cfgux sàj gk`kssìrfjs vìrfjs `jalgmjs
plrl tkr l`kssj l `lml ual mkssls iug`fjglcfmlmks.
` ) X@K^]JQ J Dkrkg`flmjr mk ]lrkils æ ual ikrrlakgtl plrl dkrkg`flr

lpcf`ltfvjs ka kxkùäàj gj sfstkal Tfgmjws, kssl dkrkg`flakgtj tlanæa pjmk
skr ikftj gj Cfgux ltrlvæs mj `jalgmj hfcc .
m ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì l ikrrlakgtl Yfsulcfzlmjr mk Pkrvfäjs gj Tfgmjws, bì

ual ikrrlakgtl mk dkrkg`flakgtj mk skrvfäjs `blalml? Pkrvfäjs, jgmk sàj
dkrkg`flmjs tjmjs js skrvfäjs gj sfstkal. Gj Cfgux plrl dkrkg`flr js skrvfäjs
pjmk-sk utfcfzlr j `jalgmj skrvf`k.
2<

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

k) XK^^LMJQ J Ulfgkc mk @jgtrjck æ ual ikrrlakgtl plrl pkrsjglcfzlr ls
`jgifdurläûks mj `japutlmjr. Gj Cfgux sàj gk`kssìrfjs vìrfjs `jalgmjs plrl
tkr l`kssj l tjmjs js rkùrsjs pkraftfmjs gj Ulfgkc mk @jgtrjck.
Lgj? >5<0 Nlg`l? I[G@LN Ðrdàj? FI-^^ Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk Lmafgfstrläàj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj 6;. Ujmk-sk lifralr quk j quk mfikrkg`fl j sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc Cfgux mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws æ quk j sfstkal Cfgux?
l) pjssuf kstruturl mk lrqufvjs k mfrktðrfjs
n) pjr `jg`kpäàj, sku `ðmfdj ijgtk æ lnkrtj.
`) pjssuf `jgtrjcks mk pkrafssàj mk l`kssj, `jaj Cjdfg k Cjdjut.
m) dkrkg`fl sjitwlrk k blrmwlrk
k) pkraftk quk j `japutlmjr, gj qulc kstì fgstlclmj, `jgk`tk-sk å rkmk.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ ]lgtj j Tfgmjws qulgtj j Cfgux lprkskgtla sfstkals mk lrqufvjs

k mfrktðrfjs, j Tfgmjws utfcfzl ltulcakgtk l kstruturl G]IP k j Cfgux kxt0,
aksaj `ja ijraltjs mfikrkgtks js mjfs lprkskgtla dkrkg`flakgtj mk lrqufvjs.
n ) X@K^]JQ Mksmk l `jg`kpäàj mj Cfgux sku `ðmfdj ijgtk æ lnkrtj, pjfs æ

nlsklmj ka sjitwlrk cfvrk, ju skol, æ pkraftfmj kxkùtlr, `jpflr, ajmfif`lr k
mfstrfnufr. J Tfgmjws pjr jutrj clmj surdfu nlsklmj gl ifcjsjifl mj sjitwlrk
prjprfktìrfj k æ gk`kssìrfl ual cf`kgäl plrl kxkùtì-cj ckdlcakgtk.
` ) XK^^LMJQ ]lgtj j Cfgux qulgmj j Tfgmjws pjssuka `jgtrjck mk pkrafssàj

mk l`kssj ltrlvæs mk Cjdfg k Cjdjut.
m ) XK^^LMJQ L iugäàj mj Cfgux k Tfgmjws `jaj sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs æ

fgtkrakmflr j sjitwlrk k j blrmwlrk.
k) XK^^LMJQ J Cfgux k j Tfgmjws sàj sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs quk pkraftka j

k) XK^^LMJQ
l`kssj å rkmk.
2>

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

Lgj? >5<0 Nlg`l? FGP]F][]J LJ@U Ðrdàj? @jcædfj Ukmrj FF Urjvl? Luxfcflr mk Nfncfjtk`l
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 69. Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk GÀJ lprkskgtl ua Pjitwlrk
Cfvrk.
l) Cfgux.
n) NrJii`k Trftk.
`) Af`rjsjit Tjrm.
m) CfnrkJiif`k.
k) Ajzfccl Ifrkijx.
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
Ltkg
Lt àj ? Mkvkajs nus`lr l lctkrgltfvl quk GÀJ sk nlskfl ka sjitwlrk cfvrk.
kgää àj?
XK^^LMJQ J Cfgux æ ua sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc tjtlcakgtk nlsklmj ka sjitwlrk

l) XK^^LMJQ
cfvrk.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J NrJiif`k Trftk kstì ks`rftj mk algkfrl krrlml k l lctkrgltfvl oì

pjmkrfl skr mks`lrtlml pjr kssk ajtfvj. NrJiif`k Trftkr (`ja –r‑) æ j
kqufvlckgtk lj Af`rjsjit Tjrm, sð quk æ drltuftj k nlsklmj ka sjitwlrk cfvrk,
mfikrkgtkakgtk mj Tjrm.
` ) X@K^]JQ J Af`rjsjit Tjrm æ ua sjitwlrk prfvlmj, ju skol, æ gk`kssìrfl

cf`kgäl plrl jntï-cj ckdlcakgtk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ CfnrkJiif`k æ ual suátk mk lpcf`ltfvjs quk kgdcjnla j Trftkr, @lc`,

Faprkss k jutrjs. J CfnrkJiif`k tlanæa æ nlsklmj ka sjitwlrk cfvrk.
k) XK^^LMJQ Ajzfccl Ifrkijx æ ua mjs glvkdlmjrks alfs pjpuclrks k tlanæa æ
nlsklmj ka sjitwlrk cfvrk.
Lgj? >5<0 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]@K-KP Urjvl? ]jmjs js @lrdjs
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 64. Lssfglck l jpäàj `jrrktl gj quk sk rkikrk ljs sfstkals
jpkrl`fjglfs Tfgmjws k Cfgux
l) J `jalgmj <s~ mj Cfgux [nugtu ilz quk skola ajstrlmjs tjmjs js lrqufvjs
jùctjs drlvlmjs gj mfrktðrfj `jrrkgtk
n) J Tfgmjws ^] æ prjoktlmj plrl skr uslmj ka trîgsftj, pjfs kxkùtl sjakgtk
lpcf`ltfvjs fgtkrgjs ju nlfxlmjs ml Tfgmjws Ptjrk, tkgmj sfmj jtfafzlmj plrl
U@s ckvks k mfgîaf`js.
20

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

`) J Tfgmjws 2 æ vjctlmj plrl `japutlmjrks `ja ajgftjrks tju`b-s`rkkg k
plrl tlnckts, quk tïa `jaj ajmj mk kgtrlml lpkgls j tk`clmj k js
mfspjsftfvjs mk tjquk.
m) J Tfgmjws Yfstl pjssuf tkcl fgf`flc `ja ltulcfzläûks mfgîaf`ls pjr plmràj k
`jgifdurläûks pkssjlfs quk pjmka skr `japlrtfcblmls ka `japutlmjrks
mfikrkgtks.
k) mksfgstlcläàj mk prjdrlals gj Cfgux sð pjmk skr ikftl pjr akfj mk `jalgmjs
mfdftlmjs gl sbkcc `ja l skgbl mk rjjt.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
l) XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj plrl cfstlr tjmjs js lrqufvjs, fg`cufgmj lrqufvjs jùctjs

æ cs -l.
n ) X@K^]JQ J Tfgmjws ^] æ ua sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc nlsklmj gj Tfgmjws quk

ijf jtfafzlmj plrl `japutlmjrks ifgjs k ckvks `ja vfml ÿtfc ml nltkrfl kstkgmfml,
prjoktlmjs plrl usj ka trîgsftj . J Tfgmjws ^] sð iug`fjgl
iug`f jgl `ja lpcf`ltfvjs
lpcf`ltfvjs
fgtkdrlmjs
fgtkdr lmjs ju `ja lqukcks quk vj`ï nlfxl
nlfxl ml Tfgmj
Tfgmjwsws Ptjrk.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J Tfgmjws 2 æ ua sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc quk pjmk iug`fjglr tlgtj

ka tlnckts, salrtpbjgks, `japutlmjrks `ja ajgftjr tju`bs`rkkg k ajgftjrks
ska tju`bs`rkkg. Ujmka skr `jgk`tlmjs vìrfjs mfspjsftfvjs `jaj? pkg mrfvk,
ajusk, tk`clmj k kt`.
m ) XK^^LMJQ L tkcl fgf`flc mj Tfgmjws Yfstl gàj æ mfgîaf`l, lprkskgtla

lpkgls kckakgtjs kstìtf`js `jaj prjdrlals k ltlcbjs sfapcks. Gj Tfgmjws 2 k
<5 l tkcl fgf`flc æ tjtlcakgtk mfgîaf`l, ajstrlgmj fgijraläûks sjnrk `cfal,
gjtá`fls k kt`.
k) XK^^LMJQ L mksfgstlcläàj mk prjdrlals ka sfstkals nlsklmjs ka Cfgux

tlanæa pjmk skr ikftj ltrlvæs mk lanfkgtk drìif`j. Gj [nugtu bì ual @kgtrlc mk
Urjdrlals jgmk pjmk-sk fgstlclr k mksfgstlclr prjdrlals il`fcakgtk.
2=

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

Lgj? >5<0 Nlg`l? @KUKÔ Ðrdàj? @KMKÔ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Kxkùtfvj - Lmvjdlmj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 62. Gj dkrkg`flmjr mk lrqufvjs Glutfcus plrl usj ka sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc Cfgux, plrl skck`fjglr mfvkrsjs lrqufvjs ka jrmka skqukg`flc gual
plstl ju mfrktðrfj, mkvk-sk prj`kmkr ml skdufgtk ijral?
• @cf`lr gj prfakfrj lrqufvj, pjr akfj mj pjgtkfrj mj ajusk, k algtkr ual tk`cl
prkssfjglml.
• @cf`lr gj ÿctfaj lrqufvj mkskolmj8 `ja fssj, tjmjs js lrqufvjs gj fgtkrvlcj
kstlràj skck`fjglmjs.
L tk`cl quk mkvk skr algtfml prkssfjglml æ?

l) I<
n) I0
`) Pbfit
m) Mkc
k) Lct
*
* * * * * ^KPUJP]L *****
J Glutfcus æ j dkrkg`flmjr mk lrqufvjs mj Cfgux k æ kqufvlckgtk lj Tfgmjws

Kxpcjrkr mj Tfgmjws. ]lgtj gj Tfgmjws Kxpcjrkr qulgtj gj Glutfcus pjmka
skck`fjglr tjmjs js lrqufvjs mk ua mfrktðrfj skqukg`flcakgtk, plrl fssj æ
gk`kssìrfj skck`fjglr j prfakfrj lrqufvj/plstl mj mfrktðrfj, ka skdufml
prkssfjglr Pbfit k `cf`lr gj ÿctfaj lrqufvj/plstl mj mfrktðrfj plrl quk tjmjs js
lrqufvjs skola skck`fjglmjs.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L @
Lgj? >5<0 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? PKDKPU-LC Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Ijrkgsk
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 66. Oucduk js ftkgs l skdufr, rkcltfvjs ljs sfstkals
jpkrl`fjglfs Cfgux k Tfgmjws.
Mfikrkgtkakgtk mj Cfgux, j Tfgmjws pkraftk quk j usuìrfj `rfk sul prðprfl

vkrsàj mk sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc akmflgtk l lctkrläàj mj `ðmfdj-ijgtk mj
prjdrlal.
2;

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
J Tfgmjws æ ua sjitwlrk prjprfktìrfj, ju skol, æ gk`kssìrfl ual cf`kgäl plrl

uslr j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc ckdlcakgtk, lcæa mfssj, gàj æ pkraftfmj quk js
usuìrfjs tkgbla l`kssj lj `ðmfdj ijgtk mj sfstkal plrl ilzkr ajmfif`läûks. Oì
gj Cfgux æ ua sjitwlrk cfvrk k l kxkùäàj, `ðpfl, ajmfif`läàj mj `ðmfdj ijgtk
k mfstrfnufäàj sàj pkraftfmjs .
\ukstàj K^^LML
Lgj? >5<0 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? MUI Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <5
<55.
5. L`kr`l mk gjäûks mk fgijraìtf`l, oucduk j ftka l skdufr.
Ka `japutlmjrks `ja sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Cfgux ju Tfgmjws, j luakgtj ml
akaðrfl vfrtulc pjssfnfcftl l rkmuäàj mj `jgsuaj mk akaðrfl ^LA ka usj, j
quk pkraftk kxkùtlr, mk ijral plrlckcl k mfstrfnuáml, gj `japutlmjr, ual
qulgtfmlmk alfjr mk prjdrlals.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L *****
Ulrl kgtkgmkrajs kssl qukstàj vlajs lglcfslr mktlcblmlakgtk j plpkc ml

akaðrfl ^LA k l akaðrfl vfrtulc gj `japutlmjr.
L prfg`fplc iugäàj ml akaðrfl ^LA (akaðrfl prfg`fplc) æ `lrrkdlr js prjdrlals

sjcf`ftlmjs pkcj usuìrfj. Ujr kxkapcj, qulgmj vj`ï `cf`l gj á`jgk mj Tjrm plrl
`rflr ua mjùakgtj,
sk mkplrlmj j Tjrm
ka lcdua skrì `lrrkdlmj
ajakgtj gl akaðrfl
ka quk tkvk ^LA. Yj`ï
mk lnrfr mfvkrsjs oì mkvk tkr
prjdrlals lj
aksaj tkapj `jaj glvkdlmjr, tj`lmjr mk aÿsf`ls, Tjrm, Kx`kc k kt` l pjgtj
mk sjnrk`lrrkdlr l akaðrfl ^LA mkfxlgmj j `japutlmjr ckgtj, lá æ quk kgtrl l
akaðrfl vfrtulc.
L akaðrfl vfrtulc æ ual plrtk mj mfs`j rádfmj quk sfaucl l akaðrfl ^LA k quk
kgtrl ka usj nlsf`lakgtk ka muls sftuläûks? \ulgmj l akaðrfl ^LA gàj
`jgskduk alfs skdurlr tjmjs js prjdrlals lnkrtjs ju qulgmj bì prjdrlals gl
akaðrfl ^LA quk gàj kstàj skgmj uslmjs bì ua tkapj k pjr fssj pjmka skr
rktfrlmjs ml akaðrfl.
pjfs j plpkc mkcl æ Ldulrmlr
a kaðr
kað r flfgijraläûks
vfr
vf r tulc
tu lc GÀJ(mkslijdlgmj
æ ual
u al s kdugm
kdu gml
ll aka
a kaðr
ðr f l ^LA,
akaðrfl) ^ LA,
quk
pjstkrfjra
pjs tkrfjrakgtk
kgtk vjctlràj plrl l akaðrfl ^LA.
^LA.
29

@jgùrs js? 055
055 \ukstûks

L akaðrfl vfrtulc æ ua `japckakgtj ml akaðrfl ^LA k iugmlakgtlc ka
qulcqukr sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc ltulc, l akaðrfl vfrtulc kstì fapckakgtlml tlgtj gj
Cfgux qulgtj gj Tfgmjws.
Yjctlgmj l qukstàj…
L qukstàj fgijral quk –j luakgtj ml akaðrfl vfrtulc pjssfnfcftl l rkmuäàj

mj `jgsuaj mk akaðrfl ^LA ka usj ‑ j quk gàj æ vkrmlmk. J luakgtj ml
akaðrfl vfrtulc pjssfnfcftl ual pkqukgl akcbjrfl mk mkskapkgbj mj sfstkal,
pjmkgmj lnrfr alfs prjdrlals, pjr kxkapcj.
Ckanrk-sk quk ls fgijraläûks gl akaðrfl vfrtulc vjctla plrl l akaðrfl ^LA

prj` ksslmlss , kgtàj, gàj bì rkmuäàj mj `jgsuaj ml akaðrfl ^LA,
plrl skrka prj`ksslml
pjfs, kssl tlrkil gàj æ mfvfmfml `ja l akaðrfl vfrtulc. Ujrtlgtj, l qukstàj kstì
fg`jrrktl.
\ukstàj K^^LML
24

@lpátucj #50 ‐ Af`rjsjit Jiif`k? Tjrm ‐ Kx`kc ‐ UjwkrU

UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
22


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]@K-UL Urjvl? Luxfcflr ]æ`gf`j mk @jgtrjck Kxtkrgj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <5<. L`kr`l mj pl`jtk Af`rjsjit Jiif`k, oucduk j ftka l skdufr.
L iugäàj PJALPK, mj Kx`kc, kxkùtl l sjal mj `jgtkÿmj mk `æcucls
kspk`fif`lmls ka ua fgtkrvlcj skdugmj ua `rftærfj ju ual `jgmfäàj.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
L iugäàj PJALPK, sjal js vlcjrks ka ua fgtkrvlcj quk ltkgmka ljs `rftærfjs

kspk`fif`lmjs pkcj usuìrfj. L kstruturl ml iðraucl PJALPK æ?
1PJALPK(fgtkrvlcj8`jgmfäàj)
Ujr kxkapcj, supjgbl quk vj`ï qukfrl sjalr js vlcjrks alfjrks quk `fg`j (7;)
mj fgtkrvlcj mk `æcucls mk N> l N>;. [slgmj l iugäàj PJALPK æ pjssávkc uslr l
skdufgtk iðraucl? 1PJALPK(N>?N>;8"7;‑). @ja fssj, `jg`cuáajs quk l iðraucl
PJALPK gk`kssftl mk ua fgtkrvlcj mk `æcucls k j `rftærfj plrl j iug`fjglakgtj
`jrrktj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? @JAUKPL Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk Plgklakgtj k Dkstàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <5>. Ojàj `rfju ual pclgfcbl gj AP Kx`kc `ja js vlcjrks
ajstrlmjs l skdufr.
Gl aksa
aksal
l pclg
pclgfcb
fcbl,
l, Ojà
Ojàj
j blnf
blnfcft
cftju
ju l ifctrl
ifctrldk
dka
a mk `æcucl
`æcucls,
s, pjr
pjr akfj
akfj mj
mj á`jg
á`jgkk
gls `jcugls –L‑, –N‑ k –@‑, k kstlnkck`ku `rftærfjs mk ifctrj plrl kssls `jcugls.
Gl `jcugl –L‑, Ojàj skck`fjgju lpkgls js vlcjrks >5 k 05. Gl `jcugl –N‑,
skck`fjgju –(Pkck`fjglr tumj)‑ k, gl `jcugl –@‑, skck`fjgju lpkgls j vlcjr @.
26


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
Lssfglck l jpäàj quk fgmf`l j gÿakrj mk cfgbls ml pclgfcbl quk if`lrla jùctls
lpðs kssls jpkrläûks.
l) _krj.
n) [al.
`) Muls.
m) ]rïs.
k) \ultrj.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
L ikrrla
ikrrlakg
kgtl
tl ifctr
ifctrj
j rkprk
rkprkskg
skgtlm
tlmj
j pkcj
pkcj á`jg
á`jgk
k skrvk
skrvk plr
plrl
l ilzkr
ilzkr nus`l
nus`lss rìpfm
rìpfmls
ls
gjs mlmjs mk ual pclgfcbl. Ylajs lglcfslr ltkgtlakgtk tjmjs js plssjs mlmj
pjr Ojàj plrl jntkr j rksuctlmj ml ifctrldka.
<. Ifctrj @jcug l L? Pkck`fjglgmj lpkgls js vlcjrks >5 k 05 gj ifctrj

Ifctr j gl @jcugl
kxfnfrì
vlcjrks lpkgls > cfgbls,
skck`fjglmjs pjfs`jaj
gj ifctrj ldjrl, skràj ajstrlmjs
ajstrlmj gl ifdurl llpkgls
skdufr. ls cfgbls `ja js
>. Ifctrj gl @jcugl N? L jpäàj –skck`fjglr tumj‑ gàj auml l kxfnfäàj ml
pclgfcbl, pjfs skck`fjglr tumj æ j aksaj quk gàj tkr ifctrj k tjmj `jgtkÿmj
pkralgk`krì ml aksal algkfrl quk l faldka l`fal.
0. Ifctrldka @jcug l @? Pkck`fjglr lpkgls l cktrl –@‑ gj ifctrj, sfdgfif`l

Ifctr ldka gl @jcugl
kxfnfr lpkgls ls cfgbls quk lprkskgtla j `jgtkÿmj –@‑ gl `jcugl Ckdkgml, k
fssj rksuctlrì ka ajstrlr lpkgls ual cfgbl (cfgbl =) `jaj gl faldka lnlfxj.
65


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
@jaj l qukstàj pkmk l qulgtfmlmk mk cfgbls quk if`lrla jùctls lpðs l
ifctrldka, mì plrl jnskrvlr quk mls = cfgbls prkkg`bfmls , lpkgls ual ijf
kxfnfml mkpjfs mj ifctrj, pjrtlgtj, 0 cfgbls if`lrla jùctls
jùc tls.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl CK]^ L M
MF@L? Lfgml bì ual njl pkdlmfgbl gkssl qukstàj. Pk vj`ï jnskrvlr nka, l
pclgfcbl mk Ojàj ajstrl 9 cfgbls, jgmk l ÿctfal kstì vlzfl, j quk aumlrfl sul
rkspjstl mk 0 plrl = cfgbls jùc tls, pjræa, qulgmj ua ifctrj æ lpcf`lmj ås cfgbls
cfgb ls jùctls
vlzfls skdufgtks gàj skràj jùctls, sàj frrkckvlgtks plrl j ifctrj, `jgifralmj quk
lpkgls 0 cfgbls ijrla jùctls.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? LGU Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Lmafgfstrltfvj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <50. [a lssfstkgtk lmafgfstrltfvj mkskol skck`fjglr
iug`fjgìrfjs `ja slcìrfjs k tkapj mk skrvfäj sfauctlgklakgtk supkrfjrks l
mktkrafglmjs vlcjrks. Ulrl fssj `jgstrufu ual pclgfcbl kcktrýgf`l Kx`kc. [a
trk`bj mkssl pclgfcbl kstì rkprjmuzfmj lnlfxj.
Ulrl jntkr j rksuctlmj ml `jcugl ], j lssfstkgtk rklcfzju js skdufgtks
prj`kmfakgtjs?
6<


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
<) prkkg`bku ls `jcugls \, ^ k P `ja ls fgijraläûks mjs iug`fjgìrfjs8

>) prkkg`bku ls `æcucls ^<4 k ^<2 `ja js vlcjrks l plrtfr mjs qulfs js
iug`fjgìrfjs skrfla skck`fjglmjs8
0) mfdftju ual iðraucl gl `æcucl ]0 k mkpjfs –`jpfju" kssl iðraucl gls `æcucls mk
]= ltæ ]<; (`cf`ju @trc+@ gl `æcucl ]0 k @trc+Y gls `æcucls mk ]= ltæ ]<;).
\ulc ijf l iðraucl mfdftlml pkcj lssfstkgtk:
l) 1PK(J[(^07$^$<48P07$^$<2)8"Gàj"8"Pfa")
n) 1PK(J[(^07^<48P07^<2)8"Pfa"8"Gàj")
`) 1PK(K(^07$^$<48P07$^$<2)8"Gàj"8"Pfa")
m) 1PK(K(^07$^$<48P07$^$<2)8"Pfa"8"Gàj")
k) 1PK(K($^$07^<48$P$07^<2)8"Pfa"8"Gàj")
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
L]KGÄÀ J? Kssl qukstàj æ KR]^KALAKG]K FG]K^KPPLG]K k kgvjcvka

L]KGÄÀJ?
mfvkrsjs lssugtjs mkgtrj mk pclgfcbls kcktrýgf`ls. Ylajs mktlcblr j aìxfaj
pjssávkc, kgtàj æ fapjrtlgtk quk vj`ï ckfl alfs mk ual vkz plrl kgtkgmkr
pkrikftlakgtk.
Ylajs rkckanrlr nrkvkakgtk ls iugäûks K k PK mj Af`rjsjit Kx`kc?
L kstruturl ml iðraucl PK æ? 1PK(`jgmfäàj8 vkrmlmkfrj8

vkrmlmkfrj 8 ilcsj
ilcsj))
Jgmk, sk l `jgmfäàj ijr vkrmlmkfrl `lfrì kckakgtj gj vkrmlmkfrj , sk l

`jgmfäàj ijr ilcsl `lfrì gj kckakgtj ilcsj .
Ujr kxkapcj, gl iðraucl 1PK(>7<8‑@K^]J‑8‑K^^LMJ‑)

Pk > ijr alfjr quk <, ks`rkvl l plclvrl @K^]J, skgàj, ks`rkvl l plclvrl
K^^LMJ. @jaj > æ alfjr quk < kgtàj lplrk`krì l plclvrl @K^]J gl `æcucl
quk `jgtæa kssl iðraucl.
Kstruturl ml iðraucl K æ? 1K(`jgmfäàj8`jgmfäàj)

6>


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
Jgmk, æ gk`kssìrfj quk tlgtj l prfakfrl `jgmfäàj qulgtj l skdugml `jgmfäàj
skola vkrmlmkfrls plrl quk j rksuctl mj ifglc skol vkrmlmkfrj, `lsj `jgtrìrfj,
rksuctlmj
rktjrgl ilcsj .
Ujr kxkapcj, gl iðraucl 1K(>7<807>)

> æ alfjr quk < k 0 æ alfjr quk >, `jaj ls muls `jgmfäûks sàj vkrmlmkfrls j
rksuctlmj
rksuct lmj mkssl iðraucl
iðrauc l skrì vkrmlmkfrj .
skrì vkrmlmkfrj
Yjctlgmj l lgìcfsk ml qukstàj…
Jnskrvk quk j lssfstkgtk prk`fsju mk mjfs mlmjs nìsf`js plrl `rflr l pclgfcbl?
j slcìrfj mk `japlrläàj gj vlcjr mk >555 rklfs cj`lcfzlmj gl `æcucl ^<48 k j
tkapj mk skrvf äj quk æ mk >; lgjs k kstì gl `æcucl ^<2.
skrvfäj
Nlsf`lakgtk, j quk j lssfstkgtk prk`fsl ilzkr æ `japlrlr j tkapj mk skrvfäj k j

slcìrfj mk `lml iug`fjgìrfj `ja js mlmjs nìsf`js ijrgk`fmjs gls `æcucls ^<4 k
^<2.
Jnskrvk quk gl pclgfcbl tjmjs js iug`fjgìrfjs quk rk`knkrla –PFA‑ gl `jcugl ]

lprkskgtla?
◊ Plcìrfj ALFJ^ quk j slcìrfj mk `japlrläàj fgijralmj gl `æcuc
`æcucl ^<48 k
l ^<4
◊ ]kapj mk skrvfäj ALFJ^ quk j tkapj mk skrvfäj nlsk fgijralmj gl
`æcucl
`æcu ^<28
cl ^<2
Plnkgmj mfssj, oì æ pjssávkc mks`jnrfr l iðraucl DK^LC plrl slnkr js

iug`fjgìrfjs skck`fjglmjs, kgtàj vlajs mks`rkvkr kssl iðraucl?
PK j slcìrfj mk ua iug`fjgìrfj ijr ALFJ^ quk j Pl

Plcìrfj `ja plrläàj K j sku
cìrfj mk `japlrläàj
]kapj mk skrvfäj ijr ALFJ^ quk j ]kapj mk skrvfäj mk `japlrläàj ,
KG]ÀJ, j iug`fjgìrfj rk`knk –PFA‑, `lsj `jgtrìrfj, rk`knk –GÀJ ‑.
Gjtk quk æ pjssávkc trlgsijraì-cl kssl iðraucl dkrlc ka ua iðraucl mj Kx`kc

quk skrvfrì plrl tjmjs js iug`fjgìrfjs ml pclgfcbl. Gl prðprfl mks`rfäàj ml
iðraucl bì ua PK k ua K k sàj kxltlakgtk ls iðraucls PK k K quk uslrkajs
plrl `bkdlrajs l iðraucl ml qukstàj.
Oì slnkajs quk prk`fslajs lglcfslr ual `jgmfäàj plrl quk j iug`fjgìrfj skol
skck`fjglmj k plrl fssj uslrkajs l jgmk, sk j rksuctlmj ijr
skck`fjglmj k plrl fssj uslrkajs l iugäàj PK, jgmk, sk j rksuctlmj ijr
vkrmlmkfrj rktjrglrì l plclvrl –Pfa‑, mj `jgtrìrfj, rktjrglrì l plclvrl –Gàj‑.
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UjwkrUjfgt
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1PK(`jgmfäàj
1PK(`jgmfäàj 8‑Pfa‑8‑Gàj‑)
Gl `jgmfäàj ml iugäàj PK uslrkajs l iugäàj K? 1K(`jgmfäàj8`jgmfäàj)
Gl iugäàj K vlajs fgskrfr ls `jgmfäûks jgmk skrì `japlrlmj j slcìrfj mj

iug`fjgìrfj k j tkapj mk skrvfäj `ja l nlsk mk `japlrläàj quk kstàj gls
`æcucls ^<4 k ^<2.
1K(^07^<488 P07^<2
1K(^07^<4 P07^<2))
^07^<4⇞ ^0 æ l `æcucl rkikrkgtk lj slcìrfj mj prfakfrj iug`fjgìrfj quk kstì

skgmj `japlrlmj `ja j slcìrfj mk `japlrläàj gl `æcucl ^<4. Pk ijr alfjr,
kssl `jgmfäàj
`jgmfä àj rktjrg lrì vkrmlmkfrj.
rktjrglrì
P07^<2⇞ P0 æ l `æcucl rkikrkgtk lj tkapj mk skrvfäj mj prfakfrj iug`fjgìrfj

quk kstì skgmj `japlrlmj `ja j tkapj mk skrvfäj ml `æcucl ^<2. Pk ijr alfjr,
alfjr ,
kssl `jgmfäàj
`jgmfä àj rktjrg lrì vkrmlmkfrj.
rktjrglrì
Ckanrk-sk quk gl iugäàj K sð rktjrglrì vkrmlmkfrj sk ls muls `jgmfäûks ijrka

vkrmlmkfrls.
@jcj`lgmj l iugäàj K quk `rflajs ldjrl mkgtrj ml `jgmfäàj ml iugäàj PK

if`lrkajs?
`jgmfäàj 8‑Pfa‑8‑Gàj‑)
1PK(`jgmfäàj
1PK(
⇐
K(^07^<48P07^<2)8"Pfa"8"Gàj")
1PK(K(^07^<48P07^<2)
1PK( 8"Pfa"8"Gàj")
Lssfa, sk j slcìrfj k j tkapj mk skrvfäj ijrka ALFJ^KP quk js fgijralmjs

ka ^<4 k ^<2 l iðraucl rktjrglrì –Pfa‑, `lsj `jgtrìrfj, –Gàj‑.
Lfgml bì jutrj pjgtj fapjrtlgtk. @jaj j lssfstkgtk frì uslr kssl iðraucl gl
pclgfcbl fgtkfrl skrì gk`kssìrfj `jpfì-cl plrl ls jutrls `æcucls, k plrl fssj tkajs
quk IFRL^ ls vlrfìvkfs mk `japlrläàj, quk sàj? slcìrfj mk `japlrläàj
(`æcucl ^<4) k j tkapj mk skrvfäj (`æcucl ^<2), pjfs ka tjmjs js iug`fjgìrfjs
uslrkajs skaprk kssls `æcucls.
6=


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
Ulrl ifxlr kssks vlcjrks sunstftufrkajs ^<4 k ^<2 pjr $^$<4 k $^$<2
rkspk`tfvlakgtk. J $ tka l iugäàj mk ifxlr vlcjrks tlgtj gl cfgbl qulgtj gl
`jcugl, lssfa, if`lrkajs `ja l skdufgtk iðraucl?
1PK(K(^07$
1PK(K(^07$^$<48P07$
<48P07$^$<2)8"Pfa"8"Gàj")
<2)8"Pfa"8"Gàj")
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK ]^L M.

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <5=. @jgsfmkrk quk, utfcfzlgmj ual aìqufgl `ja sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws, ua usuìrfj tkgbl fgskrfmj ual cfgbl ka nrlg`j ka ual
pclgfcbl mj Af`rjsjit Kx`kc, ka sul `jgifdurläàj plmràj. Lssfglck l jpäàj quk
lprkskgtl l tk`cl quk mkvkrì skr l`fjglml, gkssl sftuläàj, plrl rkpktfr kssl
ÿctfal läàj mj usuìrfj.
l) I; n) I< `) I> m) I0 k) I=
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
XK^^LMJQ I; kxfnk l `lfxl mk mfìcjdj Fr plrl.

l) XK^^LMJQ I;
n ) XK^^LMJQ I< kxfnk j plfgkc mk louml.

XK^^LMJQ I<
XK^^LMJQ I> kmftl l `æcucl ltfvl k `jcj`lr j pjgtj mk fgskräàj gj ifglc mj

` ) XK^^LMJQ
`jgtkÿmj. Ju, sk l kmfäàj kstfvkr mksltfvlml plrl l `æcucl, ajvkr j pjgtj mk
fgskräàj plrl l nlrrl mk iðraucls.
XK^^LMJQ I0 `jcl ua gjak ml `lfxl mk mfìcjdj @jclr Gjak (sk js gjaks
m ) XK^^LMJQ
tfvkrka sfmj mkifgfmjs gl plstl mk trlnlcbj).
k) X@K^]JQ [al mls iugäûks mj I= æ rkpktfr j ÿctfaj `jalgmj ju läàj , sk

pjssávkc.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj`jgtltjs
mlmjs mjs <5;. rkdfstrlmjs
@lrcjs prktkgmk `lrrkdlr
ka sku k-alfc. gual
Mkpjfs pclgfcbl AP
mk fgvkstfdlr Kx`kc
`jaj jntkrjs
k
drlvlr kssks mlmjs gua lrqufvj, @lrcjs mks`jnrfu quk pjmkrfl jptlr pjr
6;


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
mfikrkgtks ijraltjs mk drlvläàj. [a ijraltj quk tjrgl auftj iì`fc l pjstkrfjr
fapjrtläàj mk mlmjs pkcls pclgfcbls æ `jgbk`fmj `jaj?
l) .`sv n) .mj`x `) .btac m) .pmi k).pptx
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ Lrqufvjs gj ijraltj .`sv sàj kxtrkalakgtk sfapcks quk usla

lpkgls várducls k quknrl mk cfgbls plrl jrdlgfzlr j `jgtkÿmj mj lrqufvj. Kssk
ijraltj il`fcftl l fapjrtläàj plrl pclgfcbls kcktrýgf`ls.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Lrqufvjs .mj`x æ j ajmj plmràj plrl slcvlr lrqufvjs mk tkxtj mj

Af`rjsjit Tjrm k gàj mk pclgfcbls kcktrýgf`ls.
` ) XK^^LMJQ .btac æ l algkfrl `jaj js glvkdlmjrks fgtkrprktla ls pìdfgls ml

fgtkrgkt. Kanjrl skol ua tfpj mk lrqufvj sfapcks, gàj skrfl l akcbjr jpäàj, pjfs
l fapjrtläàj plrl ual gjvl pclgfcbl gàj skrfl sfapcks.
XK^^LMJQ .pmi sàj rk`jakgmlmjs plrl lrqufvjs mk ckfturl, kssl gàj æ l

m ) XK^^LMJQ
akcbjr jpäàj plrl slcvlr js `jgtltjs mk @lrcjs.
XK^^LMJQ .pptx æ ua ijraltj mk lrqufvj `rflmj pjr plmràj pkcj Af`rjsjit

k) XK^^LMJQ
UjwkrUjfgt, quk sàj nlsf`lakgtk lrqufvjs plrl lprkskgtläàj. Kssl tlanæa
gàj skrfl ual jpäàj plrl @lrcjs.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? UDK-^J Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ml Urjùrlmjrfl - ]k`gjcjdfl ml Fgijraläàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <59. @jgsfmkrk ual pclgfcbl AP Kx`kc quk `jgtæa, gls `æcucls
L< ltæ L;, rkspk`tfvlakgtk, ls skdufgtks iðraucls?
F. 1sjal(L<?@<5)
FF. 1sjal(N>?@2)+sjal(N0?@<5)
FFF. 1sjal(N0?N0)
FY. 1rlfz(-<)
Y. 1sjal(aæmfl(N>?@=)8aæmfl(N0?@0))
L iðraucl quk `jgtæa ual –rkikrïg`fl `fr
`frùclr"
ùclr" æ sjakgtk?
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UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
l) F8 n) FF8 `) FFF8 m) FY8 k) Y.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Ulrl quk ifquk `clrj, `lml ual mls iðraucls kstì kgtrk ls `æcucls L< å L; `jaj
l skdufr?
L< ↞1sjal(L<?@<5)
L> ↞1sjal(N>?@2)+sjal(N0?@<5)
L0 ↞1sjal(N0?N0)
L= ↞1rlfz(-<)
L; ↞1sjal(aæmfl(N>?@=)8aæmfl(N0?@0))
Ldjrl, mkvkajs kg`jgtrlr ka qulc mls `æcucls bì –rkikrïg`fl `frùclr‑.

–rkikrïg`fl
^kikrïg`fl @frùclr æ ua prjnckal `jaua quk usuìrfjs mj Kx`kc sjirka

qulgmj fgf`fla gl ikrrlakgtl. L rkikrïg`fl `frùclr glml alfs æ quk ual
rkikrïg`fl l sf prðprfl, pjmkgmj `luslr prjnckals gjs skus rksuctlmjs, lssfa
`jaj gl `æcucl L< ml qukstàj quk lprkskgtl l skdufgtk iðraucl?
1sjal(L<?@<5). L prðprfl `æcucl `jgtæa ual –lutjsjal‑, pjfs tkgtl sjalr
tjmjs js vlcjrks l plrtfr mkcl aksal ltæ @<5 ( L<?@<5)
L< ?@<5).
Ls mkalfs `æcucls gàj lprkskgtla rkikrïg`fl `frùclr.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L L
64


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk @uflnì - A] Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ka Lmafgfstrläàj Ks`jclr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <54. L pclgfcbl l skdufr ijf prkplrlml plrl j `ìcùcj mk ourjs
quk mkvka skr lpcf`lmjs sjnrk pldlakgtjs ka ltrlsj. J pkr`kgtulc ml tlxl
lplrk`k gl `æcucl N<. Gls `jcugls N, @ k M lplrk`ka, rkspk`tfvlakgtk, j vlcjr
fgf`flcakgtk mkvfmj, j vlcjr mjs ourjs k j vlcjr tjtlc l skr pldj.
Plnkgmj-sk quk ls iðraucls cj`lcfzlmls gls `æcucls @0 k M0 ijrla `jpflmls ka

`jgougtj k `jclmls, tlanæa ka `jgougtj, gl rkdfàj mkifgfml pkcls `æcucls @= k
M;, pjmk-sk `jg`cufr quk l iðraucl ml `æcucl @0 mkvk skr
l)
n) 1N0*N<
1N0*$N<
`) 1$N0*N<
m) 1N$0*N<
k) 1N0*N$<
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
@jaj l qukstàj pkmk lpkgls l iðraucl ml `æcucl @0 mkvkajs `jcj`lr gjssl

ltkgäàj lpkgls gkssl iðraucl.
Ulrl slnkrajs j ourjs mkvkajs `lcùclr?
Ourjs
Our js 1 Ylcjr
Ylcjr mkvfmj x tlxl mk ourjs
our js
@jaj qukrkajs l iðraucl mk @0, kgtàj l iðraucl æ? 1N0*N<
Plnkajs quk l tlxl mk ourjs kstlrì skaprk gl `æcucl N<, kgtàj, l ijral `jrrktl
skrfl IFRL^ j vlcjr ml tlxl gl iðraucl, plrl quk gàj blol krrjs qulgmj ijrka
`jpflmjs gls jutrls `æcucls, gkssk `lsj mkvkajs uslr j $ (`firàj) plrl ifxlr j
vlcjr ml tlxl mk ourjs.
@ja js vlcjrks mjs ourjs tjmjs gl `jcugl @, j quk vlf lctkrlr qulgmj l iðraucl
ijr `jpflml sàj ls cfgbls, gkssk `lsj, mkvkajs ifxlr lpkgls l cfgbl ml `æcucl ml
tlxl mk ourjs, quk if`lrì ml skdufgtk ijral? N$<.
62


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
Ujrtlgtj, l iðraucl `jrrktl uslml gl `æcucl @0 æ 1N0*N$<.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L K

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <52. Oucduk j prðxfaj ftka, rkcltfvj l fgijraìtf`l.
L lcäl mk prkkg`bfakgtj mj Kx`kc pjmk skr utfcfzlml plrl skck`fjglr `æcucls `ja
ls qulfs sk mkskol rklcfzlr lcdua tfpj mk jpkrläàj.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
L lcäl mk prkkg`bfakgtj æ ua rkùrsj quk tka `jaj jnoktfvj trlgsaftfr ual

skquïg`fl cðdf`l mk mlmjs ka ual pclgfcbl, il`fcftlgmj l fgskräàj mjs mlmjs.
Nlsf`lakgtk, kssl æ ual ikrrlakgtl plrl il`fcftlr j prkkg`bfakgtj lutjaìtf`j
mk mlmjs, skol ual skquïg`fl mk gÿakrjs, mltl, mfls ml skalgl k kt`. Ujrtlgtj,
l lcäl mk prkkg`bfakgtj æ utfcfzlml plrl skck`fjglr `æcucls `ja ls qulfs sk
mkskol rklcfzlr lcdua tfpj mk jpkrläàj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Nlg`j mj Nrlsfc Urjvl? Ks`rfturìrfj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <56. Ulrl lglcfslr ua rkcltðrfj ifglg`kfrj, ua iug`fjgìrfj
ajgtju ual pclgfcbl Kx`kc. @ðpfl mk ua trk`bj mkssl pclgfcbl æ ajstrlml
lnlfxj. \ ^ P
< ]lxl mk ourj Ylcjr ltulc Ylcjr `ja ourjs
> 5,=% ^$<55.555,55
0 <,>% ^$ 4;.555,55
= <,;% ^$ ;5.555,55
; >% ^$ =;.555,55
J iug`fjgìrfj mkskol `lcùclr `lml Ylcjr `ja ourjs, `jrrkspjgmkgtk lj Ylcjr

ltulc mls `æcucls ^>, ^0, ^= k ^;, k clgäì-cj, rkspk`tfvlakgtk, gls `æcucls P>,
P0,
YlcjrP= k P;.
ltulc @lmlltulc
+ Ylcjr Ylcjr `ja mk
x ]lxl ourjs
ourjæ `lcùclmj ltrlvæs mk Ylcjr `ja ourjs 1
66


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
\ulc æ l iðraucl quk mkvk skr clgälml pkcj iug`fjgìrfj gl `æcucl P> plrl `lcùclr
`jrrktlakgtk j Ylcjr `ja ourjs, `jrrkspjgmkgtk lj Ylcjr ltulc mk ^$<55.555,55,
k quk pjmk skr `jpflml plrl ls `æcucls P0, P= k P;, uslgmj skaprk l aksal
tlxl mk ourj mk 5,=% (`jgtfml gl `æcucl \>):
l) 1^>+$\>$%*^>
n) 1^>+(\>%)+^>
`) 1^>+\>*^>
m) 1^>+$\$>*^>
k) 1^>+(<+$\$>)*^>
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
àj ? Jnskrvk nka quk aksaj tkgmj vìrfls tlxls mk ourjs l qukstàj pkmk j
Lt kgää àj?
Ltkg
vlcjr mjs ourjs ifxlmj ka 5,=.
@jaj oì fgijralmj gl qukstàj, l iðraucl plrl `lcùclr j Ylcjr `ja ourjs æ?
Ylcjr
Ylcjr `ja ourjs
our js 1 Ylcjr
Ylcjr ltulc + Ylcjr
Ylcjr ltulc x ]lxl mk ourj
Ulrl `lcùclr j vlcjr ml `æcucl P> ifxlgmj l tlxl mk ourjs mk 5,= plrl uslr
pjstkrfjrakgtk gls prðxfals `æcucls, prk`fslajs fgskrfr l skdufgtk iðraucl gl
`æcucl P>?
1^>+$\$>*^>
^>↞ @æcucl mj Ylcjr ltulc8
$\$>↞$\ kstì ifxlgmj l `jcugl, $> kstì if`lgmj l cfgbl, ju skol, kstlajs
ifxlgmj l tlxl mk ourjs plrl dlrlgtfr quk j vlcjr mjs ourjs skol skaprk j aksaj
gls `æcucls skdufgtks.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L M
<55


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Uktrjnrls Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j(l) mk Lmafgfstrläàj k @jgtrjck Oÿgfjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <<5. Ka mktkrafglml pclgfcbl Kx`kc, ls `æcucls L<, L>, L0, L=
k L; `jgtïa, rkspk`tfvlakgtk, js vlcjrks guaærf`js ;, 6, <;, >< k 0;. Js
`jgtkÿmjs mls `æcucls N<, N> k N0 sàj, rkspk`tfvlakgtk?
1L<+L0 ↕ `jgtkÿmj ml `æcucl N<

1L>+L=+L; ↕ `jgtkÿmj ml `æcucl N>
1(N<*>)+(N>*>) ↕ `jgtkÿmj ml `æcucl N0
Pkgmj lssfa, qulc æ j rksuctlmj guaærf`j ml iðraucl ml `æcucl N0:

l) >5 n) >2 `) 9; m) 2; k) <45
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Ylajs jrdlgfzlr js mlmjs k ilzkr ls `jgtls?
L<1 ; N<1 L<+L0 ⇞ N<1 ; + <; ⇞ N<1 >5

L>1 6 N>1 L>+L=+L; ⇞ N>1 6 + >< + 0; ⇞ N>1 9;
L01 <; N01 (N<*>)+(N>*>) ⇞ N01 (>5*>) + (9;*>) ⇞ N01 <45
L=1 ><
L;1 0;
Jnskrvk quk l `æcucl N0 mkpkgmk mk N< k N> plrl pjmkr skr `lcùclml.
Pjalgmj rlpfmlakgtk
(N<*>)+(N>*>), kgtàj N01 (`bkdlajs ka quk
>5*>) + (9;*>), N<1 >5 ka
rksuctl k N01 9;, `jaj N01
N>1<45.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L K
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <<<. [a iug`fjgìrfj mj Mkplrtlakgtj mk Alrhktfgd mk ual
kaprksl mkskol `rflr ual iðraucl gj Kx`kc >5<5 plrl quk mktkrafglml `æcucl
lprkskgtk l ougäàj mk tkxtjs mk muls jutrls `æcucls.
Ulrl ltfgdfr kssk jnoktfvj, l iugäàj mj Kx`kc >5<5 l skr utfcfzlml æ l skdufgtk?
l) MKP@
n) AÆMFL
<5<


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
`) @L^L@]
m) NMPJAL
k) @JG@L]KGL^
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
XK^^LMJQ MKP@ æ ual iugäàj kspk`fif`lakgtk ifglg`kfrl k rktjrgl j vlcjr

l) XK^^LMJQ MKP@
mk mks`jgtj mk ua tátucj. Kssl iugäàj gàj ougtl mjfs tkxtjs.
XK^^LMJQ l iugäàj AÆMFL rktjrgl l aæmfl lrftaætf`l mj fgtkrvlcj mk `æcucls.

n ) XK^^LMJQ
XK^^LMJQ @L^L@] rktjrgl ua `lrl`tkrk kspk`fif`lmj pjr ua gÿakrj. Kssl

` ) XK^^LMJQ @L^L@]
iugäàj gàj ougtl mjfs tkxtjs.
m ) XK^^LMJQ NMPJAL lmf`fjgl js gÿakrjs ka ua `lapj (`jcugl) mk

rkdfstrjs ka ual cfstl ju nlg`j mk mlmjs quk `jfg`fmka `ja ls `jgmfäûks
kspk`fif`lmls. Kssl iugäàj gàj ougtl mjfs tkxtjs.
X@K^]JQ @JG@L]KGL^ ougtl muls ju alfs `lmkfls mk tkxtj ka ual ÿgf`l

k) X@K^]JQ
`lmkfl. Lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Uktrjnrls Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j(l) mk @jakr`flcfzläàj k Cjdástf`l Oÿgfjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <<>. Lcduals vkrsûks mk pclgfcbls kcktrýgf`ls `lcùcla ls
iugäûks aæmfl lrftaætf`l, ajml k akmflgl mk ual særfk mk gÿakrjs. [slgmj
ual
U<>, mkssls
U<0, U<=,pclgfcbls, ua U<4
U<;, U<9, prjikssjr
k U<2clgäju gjtls jutrls
k prkplrju mk skus lcugjs
`æcucls (glgls `æcucls
`jcugl \)
plrl `lcùclr kssls akmfmls, `jgijrak ajstrl j \ulmrj lnlfxj.
Plnkgmj-sk quk js rksuctlmjs sàj trug`lmjs ka ual `lsl mk`falc, qulfs sàj,
<5>


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
rkspk`tfvlakgtk, ls `æcucls quk lprkskgtla l aæmfl lrftaætf`l, l ajml k l
akmflgl mkssls gjtls:
l) \<4, \<9, \<=
n) \<4, \<9, \<;
`) \<4, \<2, \<9
m) \<;, \<2, \<9
k) \<;, \<2, \<=
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
àj ? Lgtks mk rksjcvkrajs l qukstàj mkvkajs gjs ckanrlr j quk æ AJML,

Lt kgää àj?
Ltkg
AKMFLGL K AÆMFL.
Aæmfl æ j aksaj quk l aæmfl lrftaætf`l k plrl mks`jnrfr sjal-sk tjmjs js

gÿakrjs quk mkskol jntkr l aæmfl k mfvfmk pkcl qulgtfmlmk mk gÿakrjs
kxfstkgtks gl sjal. Ujr kxkapcj, gl skquïg`fl? <,=,9,4 k 2 l aæmfl æ >6/; 1 ;,2
jgmk, >6 æ l sjal ml skquïg`fl k ; æ l qulgtfmlmk mk gÿakrjs ml skquïg`fl.
Akmflgl æ j gÿakrj `kgtrlc mk ual skquïg`fl mk gÿakrjs ka jrmka `rks`kgtk.

Ujr kxkapcj, gl skquïg`fl =,<,>,; k 0 æ gk`kssìrfj jrmkgì-cjs prfakfrj, quk
if`lrì ml skdufgtk algkfrl? <,>,0,= k ;. L akmflgl æ j gÿakrj `kgtrlc mkssl
jrmka, gkssk `lsj l akmflgl æ 0. @lsj gl skquïg`fl l qulgtfmlmk mjs
kckakgtjs ijr ua gÿakrj plr æ gk`kssìrfj jrmkglr l skquïg`fl k tfrlr l aæmfl
mjs mjfs kckakgtjs `kgtrlfs. Ujr kxkapcj, gl skquïg`fl >,<,=,0,; k 28 prfakfrj
mkvkajs jrmkgì-cjs? <,>,0,=,;, k 2. @jaj l skquïg`fl æ mk 9 gÿakrjs , ju skol,
ual skquïg`fl p lr , æ gk`kssìrfj tfrlr l aæmfl mjs mjfs gÿakrjs `kgtrlfs
gkssk `lsj js gÿakrjs `kgtrlfs sàj 0 k =. L aæmfl kgtrk 0 k = æ 0,;, pjrtlgtj l
akmflgl ml skquïg`fl >,<,=,0,; k 2 æ 0,;.
Ajml æ j gÿakrj quk sk rkpktk ka ual skquïg`fl mk gÿakrjs. Ujr kxkapcj,

<,>,>,0,= k ;, l ajml æ >, pjfs æ j gÿakrj quk sk rkpktk gl skquïg`fl mk
gÿakrjs.
^kckanrlmj j quk æ AJML, AKMFLGL k AÆMFL, vlajs nus`lr l lctkrgltfvl
`jrrktl.
Gl `jcugl U kstàj ls gjtls mjs lcugjs quk æ l gjssl skquïg`fl mk gÿakrjs k

gl `jcugl \ kstàj lcdugs rksuctlmjs jntfmjs mls gjtls. Mkvkajs kg`jgtrlr l
aæmfl lrftaætf`l, l ajml k l akmflgl rkspk`tfvlakgtk.
<50


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
Gl skquïg`fl mk gjtl tkajs? 0 - ; - ;,; - 4 - 0 - 2 - 6,;
lrfta ætf`l ml skquïg`fl? (0 + ; + ;.; + 4 + 0 + 2 + 6.; ) / 4 1 ;,2;4<…

Aæmfl lrftaætf`l
Aæmfl
Gl qukstàj æ fgijralmj
fgijr almj quk js vlcjrks
v lcjrks sàj tru`lmjs
tru `lmjs ka ual
ua l `lsl
`lsl mk`falc,
kgtàj l aæmfl mkvk
m kvk skr lrrkmj
lrrkmjgmlml
gmlml plrl
p lrl ;,2.
;,2.
L akm
akmflg
flgl ;,;. Jrmkglgmj l skquïg`fl tkajs? 0 - 0 - ; - ;,; - 4 - 2 - 6,;. @jaj
l æ ;,;.
l qulgtfmlmk mk gÿakrjs ml skquïg`fl æ áaplr, kgtàj, l akmflgl æ j gÿakrj
`kgtrlc ml skquïg`fl jrmkglml, gkstk `lsj j gÿakrj ;,;.
L ajm
ajmll æ 0, pjfs æ j gÿakrj quk alfs sk rkpktk gl skquïg`fl.
Gl tlnkcl ls `æcucls quk rkprkskgtla l aæmfl lrftaætf`l, l ajml k l akmflgl

mkssls gjtls sàj rkspk`tfvlakgtk \<4, \<2 k \<9.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L @
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Uktrjnrls Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j(l) mk Kxpcjrläàj mk Uktrðckj Oÿgfjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <<0. L `æcucl A9 mj trk`bj mk pclgfcbl Kx`kc (pjrtuduïs) lnlfxj
ijf prkkg`bfml `ja l kxprkssàj 1@JG].YLCJ^KP (C>?A=)
\ulc æ j vlcjr guaærf`j lprkskgtlmj gl `æcucl A9, lpðs j prkkg`bfakgtj:
l) 0 n) = `) ; m) 9 k) 4
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
L iugäàj @JG].YLCJ^KP `jgtl j gÿakrj mk `æcucls prkkg`bfmls (quk gàj

kstàj vlzfls) ka ua fgtkrvlcj. Kgtàj, j rksuctlmj ml iðraucl
<5=


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
1@JG].YLCJ^K(C>?A=) skrì 9, pjfs gj fgtkrvlcj C>?A= quk sjala-sk 9
`æcucls `ja tjmls kcls prkkg`bfmls.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L M
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Uktrjnrls Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j(l) mk Kxpcjrläàj mk Uktrðckj Oÿgfjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <<=. L `æcucl A9 mj trk`bj mk pclgfcbl Kx`kc (pjrtuduïs) lnlfxj
ijf prkkg`bfml `ja l kxprkssàj
1PJALPK (C<?C;8 ''7;''8A<?A;)
\ulc æ j vlcjr guaærf`j lprkskgtlmj gl `æcucl A9, lpðs j prkkg`bfakgtj:
l) >= n) >9 `) >6 m) 09 k) ;0
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
L iugäàj PJALPK æ utfcfzlml plrl sjalr vlcjrks mk l`jrmj `ja ua `rftærfj. Gj

`lsj ml iðraucl 1PJALPK (C<?C;8 ''7;''8A<?A;) j quk kcl ilz æ lglcfslr `lml
vlcjr mls `æcucls C< l C; k `japlrlr sk sàj alfjrks quk ;, `lsj skol, sjal-sk
j vlcjr rkspk`tfvj mls `æcucls gl `jcugl A.
Ylajs lglcfslr `lml vlcjr?

C< 1 > ⇞ Akgjr quk ; ⇞ Gàj sjal j vlcjr A<
C> 1 = ⇞ Akgjr quk ; ⇞ Gàj sjal j vlcjr A>
C0 1 9 ⇞ ALFJ^ quk
qu k ; ⇞ PJA
PJAL
L j vlcjr A0
C= 1 2 ⇞ ALFJ^ quk
qu k ; ⇞ PJA
PJAL
L j vlcjr A=
C; 1 <5 ⇞ ALFJ^ quk
qu k ; ⇞ PJA
PJAL
L j vlcjr A;
Pjalgmj js vlcjrks ml `jcugl A, jgmk, js vlcjrks ml `jcugl C sàj alfjrks quk
; tkrkajs?
<5;


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
A0 1 2 A= 1 6 A; 1 <>
2 + 6 + <> 1 >6
J rksuctlmj ml iðraucl 1PJALPK (C<?C;8 ''7;''8A<?A;) æ >6
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L @
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Uktrjnrls Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j(l) mk Puprfakgtj mk Nkgs k Pkrvfäjs Oÿgfjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <<;. J mfrktjr ifglg`kfrj mk ual pkqukgl kaprksl sjcf`ftju j
vlcjr tjtlc mk dlstjs mjs >< prfakfrjs mfls mk lnrfc mk >5<=. J iug`fjgìrfj l quka
j mfrktjr mkckdju l tlrkil jnskrvju quk kssks dlstjs kstàj rkdfstrlmjs ka ual
pclgfcbl Kx`kc >550. Kssl pclgfcbl lralzkgl js dlstjs mfìrfjs mj aïs mk lnrfc gl
`jcugl L ml skdufgtk ijral? 5< mk lnrfc gl `æcucl L<, 5> mk lnrfc gl `æcucl L>, 50
mk lnrfc gl `æcucl L0, k lssfa pjr mflgtk.
Ulrl jntkr l fgijraläàj sjcf`ftlml, quk iðraucl j iug`fjgìrfj mkvkrì utfcfzlr:

l) 1PJAL(L<?L><)
n) 1(L<+L><)
`) 1(L<*L><)
m) 1AÆMFL(L<?L><)
k) 1L<,L><
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ L akcbjr algkfrl mj iug`fjgìrfj sjalr js >< prfakfrjs mfls mk lnrfc

l) X@K^]JQ
æ uslgmj l iðraucl 1PJAL(L<?L><). L iugäàj PJAL, `jaj j prðprfj gjak
sudkrk, sjal js vlcjrks mk ua mktkrafglmj fgtkrvlcj, `jaj L< rkprkskgtl <¿ mk
lnrfc k L>< rkprkskgtl j ><¿ mfl pkmfmj pkcj mfrktjr, j fgtkrvlcj `jrrktj æ L<?L><.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L iðraucl 1(L<+L><) sjalrfl lpkgls j prfakfrj k j ÿctfaj mfl mj

rkcltðrfj sjcf`ftlmj pkcj mfrktjr.
` ) XK^^LMJQ 1(L<*L><) auctfpcf`lrfl j prfakfrj k j ÿctfaj mfl mj rkcltðrfj

sjcf`ftlmj pkcj mfrktjr.
m ) XK^^LMJQ AÆMFL(L<?L><) tfrlrfl l aæmfl lrftaætf`l mjs >< mfls k kssl gàj
ijf l sjcf`ftläàj mj mfrktjr ifglg`kfrj.
<59


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
k) XK^^LMJQ 1L<,L>< gàj æ ual sfgtlxk pkraftfml gj Kx`kc.
Lgj? >5<4 Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]^K-PU Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj ‐ Ìrkl Lmafgfstrltfvl
\ukstàj
\ukst
Af`rjsjitàj <<9.
@jgsfmkrk, pjr bfpðtksk, l pclgfcbl lnlfxj, mfdftlml gj
Kx`kc >5<0 ka pjrtuduïs.
Gl `æcucl N6, plrl sjalr j fgtkrvlcj mk `æcucls mk N> ltæ N2, ijf utfcfzlml l
iðraucl
l) 1PJAL]KAUJ(N>?N2)
n) 1PJAL](N>8N2)
`) 1PJAL]KAU(N>?N2)
1PJAL]KAU(N>?N2)
m) 1PJAL(N>?N2)
k) 1PJAL(]KAUJ(N>?N2))
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ l iugäàj PJAL]KAUJ gàj kxfstk gj Kx`kc.
n ) XK^^LMJQ l iugäàj PJAL] gàj kxfstk gj Kx`kc.
` ) XK^^LMJQ l iugäàj PJAL]KAU gàj kxfstk gj Kx`kc.
m ) X@K^]JQ l iugäàj PJAL tlanæa pjmk skr uslml plrl sjalr tkapj k skrfl l
jpäàj `jrrktl plrl kssl qukstàj.
<54


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
k) XK^^LMJQ Kssk pjmkrfl skr j `butk mj `lgmfmltj mksltkgtj, pjræa, slnkajs
quk lpkgls l iugäàj PJAL skrfl suif`fkgtk plrl `lcùclr j tkapj, kgqulgtj
1PJAL(]KAUJ(N>?N2)) rktjrglrfl ua krrj.
Lgj? >5<4 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? PKMI Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Dkstàj Kmu`l`fjglc - Lpjfj Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <<4. Oucduk j prðxfaj ftka, rkcltfvj ljs lpcf`ltfvjs plrl kmfäàj
mk tkxtjs, pclgfcbls k lprkskgtläûks mj lanfkgtk Af`rjsjit Jiif`k >5<0.
Ka ual pclgfcbl mj Kx`kc >5<0, lj sk tkgtlr fgskrfr l iðraucl 1$l$0*(n0-`0),
j`jrrkrì krrj mk mfdftläàj, pjfs ls iðraucls mkvka skr mfdftlmls `ja cktrls
alfÿsùcls.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Æ tjtlcakgtk pjssávkc utfcfzlr tlgtj cktrls alfÿsùcls qulgtj afgÿsùcls plrl

rkprkskgtläàj mk iðraucls gj Kx`kc. L iðraucl 1$l$0*(n0-`0) gàj lprkskgtlrì
krrjs qulgtj l sfgtlxk.
\ukstàj K^^LML
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <<2. Oucduk j prðxfaj ftka, rkcltfvj ljs lpcf`ltfvjs plrl kmfäàj
mk tkxtjs, pclgfcbls k lprkskgtläûks mj lanfkgtk Af`rjsjit Jiif`k >5<0.
Gj `lgtj ksqukrmj supkrfjr ml olgkcl fgf`flc mj Kx`kc >5<0, `jgstl l fgijraläàj
l`kr`l mj ÿctfaj lrqufvj l`ksslmj nka `jaj mj cj`lc jgmk kck kstì
lralzkglmj.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
L tkcl fgf`flc mj Kx`kc >5<0 ajstrl ual tkcl `ja lcdugs tkapcltks mk pclgfcbls
sudkrfmls gj `kgtrj, js mjùakgtjs rk`kgtkakgtk utfcfzlmjs if`la gl
ksqukrml `ja j gjak mj lrqufvj k j cj`lc jgmk kstì lralzkglmj . L
alr`läàj vkrakcbl ml faldka lnlfxj ajstrl kxltlakgtk l ìrkl mjs
mjùakgtjs rk`kgtks `ja gjak k jgmk kstàj lralzkglmjs.
<52


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
Lgj? >5<4 Nlg`l? AP @JG@[^PJP Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk ]lgduì - Ô Urjvl? Ifs`lc mk ]rfnutjs
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <<6. Gj Af`rjsjit Jiif`k Kx`kc >5<9, uslgmj gjaks, vj`ï pjmk
il`fcftlr auftj j kgtkgmfakgtj k l algutkgäàj mls iðraucls. Æ pjssávkc mkifgfr ua
gjak plrl ua fgtkrvlcj mk `æcucls, ual iugäàj, ual `jgstlgtk ju ual tlnkcl.
Mkpjfs quk vj`ï lmjtlr l prìtf`l mk usj mk gjaks gl plstl mk trlnlcbj, pjmkrì
ltulcfzlr, lumftjrlr k dkrkg`flr il`fcakgtk kssks gjaks. Ls lctkrgltfvls lnlfxj
lprkskgtla lcduals jpäûks mfspjgávkfs plrl mkifgfr ua gjak, kx`ktj l
lctkrgltfvl?
l) [slgmj l cfstl suspkgsl

s uspkgsl mk Urkkg`bfakgtj Lutjaìtf`j mk Iðraucl, jgmk js
gjaks vìcfmjs sàj lutjaltf`lakgtk cfstlmjs plrl vj`ï.
n) Mfdftlgmj j gjak, pjr kxkapcj, `jaj ua lrduakgtj plrl ual iðraucl.
`) Pkck`fjglgmj l cfstl suspkgsl
s uspkgsl mk Urkkg`bfakgtj
U rkkg`bfakgtj Lutjaìtf`j
Lutjaìtf` j mk Gjak, jgmk
js gjaks vìcfmjs sàj lutjaltf`lakgtk cfstlmjs plrl vj`ï.
m) Pkck`fjglgmj ua
u a gjak mkifgfmj
mkifgfm j ka ual cfcfstl
stl mfspjgávkc
mfspj gávkc gj `jalgmj
` jalgmj [slr ka
Iðraucl, gj drupj Gjaks Mkifgfmjs gl dufl Iðraucls.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Ltkg
Lt àj ? Ckanrk-sk quk kstlajs nus`lgmj l lctkrgltfvl FG@J^^K]L!
kgää àj?
l) XK^^LMJQ Ujmk-sk fgskrfr ua gjak uslgmj l cfstl suspkgsl mk

Urkkg`bfakgtj Lutjaìtf`j mk Iðraucl, jgmk js gjaks vìcfmjs sàj
lutjaltf`lakgtk cfstlmjs plrl j usuìrfj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Ujmk-sk fgskrfr ua gjak mfdftlgmj –j gjak‑, pjr kxkapcj, `jaj

ua lrduakgtj plrl ual iðraucl.
<56


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
` ) X@K^]JQ Ujmk-sk fgskrfr ua gjak [PLGMJ k GÀJ PKCK@FJGLGMJ l cfstl
suspkgsl mk Urkkg`bfakgtj Lutjaìtf`j mk Iðraucl, jgmk js gjaks vìcfmjs sàj
lutjaltf`lakgtk cfstlmjs plrl j usuìrfj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Ujmk-sk fgskrfr ua gjak skck`fjglgmj ua gjak mkifgfmj ka ual

cfstl mfspjgávkc gj `jalgmj [slr ka Iðraucl, gj drupj Gjaks Mkifgfmjs gl dufl
Iðraucls.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L @
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <>5. J usuìrfj mj AP-Tjrm, gl vkrsàj alfs rk`kgtk, kstì
kmftlgmj ua tkxtj k mkskol rklcfzlr l ijraltläàj mj plrìdrlij utfcfzlgmj j
rkùrsj ^ædul mj lpcf`ltfvj, lprkskgtlmj plr`flcakgtk gl ifdurl lnlfxj.
Lpðs skck`fjglr j plrìdrlij mk tkxtj quk sk mkskol ijraltlr, plrl ijraltlr j

plrìdrlij `ja rkùj å ksqukrml, rkùj ml prfakfrl cfgbl k rkùj mkscj`lmj, j
usuìrfj mkvk ajvfakgtlr js alr`lmjrks fgmf`lmjs rkspk`tfvlakgtk pkcjs
gÿakrjs
l) <, > k 0.
n) 0, < k >.
`) >, < k 0.
m) <, 0 k >.
k) 0, > k <.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Urfakfrlakgtk vlajs mkifgfr j quk æ j rkùj mk prfakfrl cfgbl, rkùj å ksqukrml

k rkùj mkscj`lmj.
^kùj mk prfakfrl cfgbl æ fgmf`lmj pkcj alr`lmjr mk gÿakrj < gl faldka ml
<<5


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
qukstàj, kssk rkùj æ rkspjgsìvkc pjr kmftlr j tlalgbj mj rkùj ml prfakfrl
cfgbl mjs plrìdrlijs mk ua tkxtj.
^kùj mkscj`lmj æ fgmf`lmj pkcj alr`lmjr mk gÿakrj >, kssk rkùj æ

rkspjgsìvkc pjr kmftlr j tlalgbj mj rkùj mk tjmj j plrìdrlij, kx`ktj l
prfakfrl cfgbl.
^kùj å ksqukrml æ fgmf`lmj pkcj alr`lmjr mk gÿakrj 0, kssk rkùj æ

rkspjgsìvkc pkcj tlalgbj mj rkùj mk tjmj j plrìdrlij mk ua tkxtj.
Plnkgmj l mkifgfäàj mk `lml ua mjs alr`lmjrks ml faldka, tkajs quk?
Alr`lmjr <⇞ ^kùj ml prfakfrl cfgbl8

Alr`lmjr
r`lmjr >⇞ ^kùj mkscj`lmj8 k
Alr`lmjr
Al
r`lmjr 0⇞ ^kùj å ksqukrml.
Alr`lmjr
Al
L qukstàj pkmk l lctkrgltfvl `ja j rkùj å ksqukrml (alr`lmjr 0), rkùj ml

prfakfrl cfgbl (alr`lmjr <) k rkùj mkscj`lmj (al
(alr`lmjr r`lmjr >).
(alr`lmjr
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L N

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <><. Gj kmftjr mk tkxtj Tjrm ml Af`rjsjit, ls `janfgläûks mk
tk`cls (tk`cls mk ltlcbj) quk, rkspk`tfvlakgtk, skck`fjgla tjmj j tkxtj k slcvla
j `jgtkÿmj mk ua lrqufvj ka kmfäàj sàj?
l) @]^C + @, @]^C + U.
n) @]^C + Y, @]^C + G.
`) @]^C + F, @]^C + P.
m) @]^C + R, @]^C + A.
k) @]^C + ], @]^C + N.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ @]^C+@↞`jpfl `jgtkÿmj skck`fjglmj8 @]^C+U↞sjcf`ftl

faprkssàj mj mjùakgtj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ @]^C+Y ↞ `jcl `jgtkÿmj8 @]^C+G ↞ ]kxtj ka gkdrftj.
<<<


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
XK^^LMJQ @]^C+F ↞ ]kxtj ka Ftìcf`j8 @]^C+P ↞ ]kxtj suncfgblmj.

` ) XK^^LMJQ
m ) XK^^LMJQ @]^C+R ↞ ^k`jrtl8 @]^C+A ↞ Luakgtl rkùj8
k) X@K^]JQ @]^C+] ↞ Pkck`fjgl tkxtj8 @]^C+N ↞ Plcvl mjùakgtj.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]@K-UL Urjvl? Luxfcflr ]æ`gf`j mk @jgtrjck Kxtkrgj - Ìrkl Fgijraìtf`l
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <>>. L`kr`l mj pl`jtk Af`rjsjit Jiif`k, oucduk j ftka l skdufr.
Gj Tjrm, plrl quk ls jrfkgtläûks mls pìdfgls mj mjùakgtj sk lctkrgka kgtrk
rktrltj k plfsldka, æ gk`kssìrfj blvkr quknrls mk skäûks kgtrk `lml aumlgäl
mk jrfkgtläàj.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Gj Tjrm pjmka blvkr vìrfls skäûks mfikrkgtks k, `lml skäàj, pjr kxkapcj,
pjmk tkr sku prðprfj `lnkälcbj k rjmlpæ, jrfkgtläàj, ijraltläàj k
ksplälakgtj. Kssl æ l algkfrl `jrrktl mk `jgifdurlr mjùakgtjs mk tkxtj.
Ulrl quk ka ua aksaj mjùakgtj tkgbla pìdfgls ka ajmj rktrltj

(vkrtf`lc) k ajmj plfsldka (bjrfzjgtlc) æ gk`kssìrfj quk blol skäûks
mfikrkgtks , mj `jgtrìrfj j mjùakgtj skrì jrfkgtlmj tjmj ka ajmj rktrltj ju
plfsldka ugf`lak
ugf` lakgtk.
gtk.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
<<>


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <>0.
@jgsfmkrlgmj l ifdurl prk`kmkgtk, quk fcustrl ual olgkcl mj Af`rjsjit Tjrm

`jgtkgmj ua mjùakgtj ka kmfäàj gj qulc bì ual plclvrl skck`fjglml,
lssfglck l jpäàj `jrrktl.
l) J njtàj pkraftk ajstrlr ls alr`ls mk plrìdrlij k jutrjs sáanjcjs mk
ijraltläàj quk kstàj jùctjs gj mjùakgtj, `jaj, pjr kxkapcj, kspläjs
kgtrk plclvrls k rkùjs mk plrìdrlijs.
n) L ikrrlakgtl rkprkskgtlml pkcj njtàj pkraftk `jcjrfr j tkxtj `ja l `jr
quk ijr skck`fjglml pkcj usuìrfj, nka `jaj jikrk`k jpäûks lvlgälmls mk
ijraltläàj mj tkxtj.
`) @cf`lgmj-sk js njtûks , `lml plclvrl mj plrìdrlij ka quk sk
kg`jgtrl l plclvrl skck`fjglml skrì `jgvkrtfml ka tðpf`js guakrlmjs ju
skplrlmjs pjr alr`lmjrks.
m) @cf`lgmj-sk js njtûks , j plrìdrlij ka quk l plclvrl skck`fjglml kstì
`jgtfml pjmkrì skr lcfgblmj å ksqukrml, gj `kgtrj, å mfrkftl ju oustfif`lmj.
k) Js njtûks , cj`lcfzlmjs gl plrtk fgikrfjr ml olgkcl, ajstrla ls
jpäûks mk ijraltläàj mk ckflutk ml pìdfgl.
<<0


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ J njtàj ajstrlr/jùctlr æ æ ual ikrrlakgtl plrl kxfnfr js `lrl`tkrks

mk ua tkxtj quk gàj sàj faprfaávkfs ka ua mjùakgtj `jaj? kspläjs kgtrk
plclvrls, plrìdrlijs, tlnucläàj k kt`.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J pfg`kc mk ijraltläàj æ ual ikrrlakgtl quk `jpfl l

ijraltläàj mk ua cj`lc plrl lpcf`lr ka ua jutrj cj`lc.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj æ `lml plclvrl quk tkrì alr`läàj ju guakrläàj ka tðpf`js,

l alr`läàj ju guakrläàj skràj ikftls pjr plrìdrlijs lj `cf`lr ka ua
mkssks njtûks.
m ) XK^^LMJQ @cf`lgmj ka ua mkssks njtûks skrì ikftj j rkùj gj tkxtj , tlgtj

plrl l ksqukrml qulgtj plrl mfrkftl.
k) XK^^LMJQ Kssks njtûks skrvka plrl lctkrlr j ajmj mk ckfturl mj tkxtj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <>=. L rkspkftj mj Af`rjsjit Tjrm, lssfglck l jpäàj `jrrktl.
l) L jpäàj @lfxl mk ]kxtj, ml dufl Fgskrfr, pkraftk quk j usuìrfj fg`cul mkgtrj
mj tkxtj ka kmfäàj plrtks mk `jgtkÿmjs præ-ijraltlmjs k supckakgtjs
fgmkpkgmkgtks mj tkxtj jrfdfglc.
n) L iugäàj TjrmLrt, ml dufl Fgskrfr, pkraftk, plrl ifgs mk`jrltfvjs, kmftlr
faldkgs k mkskgbjs mkgtrj mj prðprfj mjùakgtj quk kstì skgmj `rflmj.
`) J Af`rjsjit Tjrm æ ual ikrrlakgtl kx`cusfvl plrl l kmfäàj mk tkxtjs8 kck gàj
mfspûk mk rkùrsjs quk pkraftla kmftlr ju fgskrfr kquläûks ju sáanjcjs
altkaìtf`js.
m) Gl kmfäàj mk `lnkälcbjs k rjmlpæs, j tkxtj kmftlmj gj `lnkälcbj sk rkpktfrì
lutjaltf`lakgtk gj rjmlpæ, gàj blvkgmj l gk`kssfmlmk mk `jpfì-cj k `jcì-
cj.
k) Lj sk fgskrfr l jpäàj Gÿakrj mk Uìdfgl, ml dufl Fgskrfr, l guakrläàj skrì
cj`lcfzlml gj rjmlpæ ml pìdfgl, `kgtrlcfzlml k `ja tlalgbj kmftìvkc.
<<=


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ L @lfxl mk tkxtj ml dufl Fgskrfr pkraftk l fgskräàj mk tkxtjs mk

l)
mfikrkgtks ijrals k pjsfäûks gj mjùakgtj, pjmk-sk mfvfmfr j tkxtj ka `jcugls,
fgskrfr faldkgs k kt`. Bì auftjs pjssfnfcfmlmks plrl j usuìrfj uslgmj kssk
rkùrsj.
XK^^LMJQ TjrmLrt æ ual ijral rìpfml mk ilzkr j tkxtj sk mkstl`lr `ja

n ) XK^^LMJQ
kikftjs kspk`flfs. Yj`ï ks`jcbk ua kstfcj mk TjrmLrt gl dlckrfl TjrmLrt, ml dufl
Fgskrfr, k pjmk pkrsjglcfzì-cj. J TjrmLrt gàj pkraftk kmftlr faldkgs k mkskgbjs,
kssk æ ua rkùrsj ugf`lakgtk mk`jrltfvj mk tkxtj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Gl dufl Fgskrfr bì l jpäàj mk Kquläàj , plrl `rflr kquläûks

altkaìtf`l k l jpäàj Páanjcj plrl fgskrfr sáanjcjs gj tkxtj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ J tkxtj fgskrfmj ka ua @LNKÄLCBJ skrì lutjaltf`lakgtk

rkpktfmj gj @LNKÄLCB
@LNKÄLCBJ J mls jutrls pìdfgls mk ual aksal skäàj. J aksaj
l`jgtk`k `ja j rjmlpæ, qulgmj lctkrlmj lutjaltf`lakgtk lctkrl j rjmlpæ mls
jutrls pìdfgls mk aksal skäàj.
k) XK^^LMJQ L guakrläàj ml pìdfgl pjmk skr il`fcakgtk lctkrlmj plrl? fgá`fj

ml pìdfgl, ifa ml pìdfgl, pjsfäàj (`kgtrlc, ksqukrml ju mfrkftl), tlalgbj ml
ijgtk, ijraltj k kt`. Gàj æ jnrfdltðrfj quk l guakrläàj skol gj rjmlpæ k
`kgtrlcfzlmj.
<<;


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <>;.
@jgsfmkrlgmj l ifdurl lprkskgtlml, quk fcustrl ual olgkcl mj AP Tjrm `ja ua

mjùakgtj ka prj`kssj mk kmfäàj, oucduk j prðxfaj ftka.
J prj`kmfakgtj mk slcvlr j lrqufvj gj `japutlmjr k gl rkmk æ `jgsfmkrlmj ua
nk`lpk, pjfs, `lsj l`jgtkäl lcdua prjnckal gj `japutlmjr cj`lc, æ pjssávkc
rkùpkrlr j lrqufvj ka jutrj cj`lc ml rkmk.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Plcvlr ua mjùakgtj ka ua jutrj cj`lc mk lralzkglakgtj, prjtkdk j usuìrfj

mk prjnckals `jaugs `jaj lrqufvj `jrrjapfmj, kx`cusàj pkralgkgtk mj
lrqufvj k kt`. Plcvlr j lrqufvj mj Tjrm gl rkmk (ka jutrj cj`lc/`japutlmjr)
skrfl kxltlakgtk j quk `blalajs mk nk`lpk (nl`hup), pjmkgmj rkùpkrì-cj
`lsj blol mkslstrks gj lrqufvj jrfdfglc.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <>9. @jgsfmkrk ua mjùakgtj AP Tjrm quk `jgtæa j tkxtj l
skdufr.
Yf ual kstrkcl tàj lctl,

Yf ual kstrkcl tàj irfl!
Yf ual kstrkcl cuzfgmj
Gl afgbl vfml vlzfl.
<<9


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
J gÿakrj mk plclvrls ajmfif`lmls pkcj `jalgmj –Punstftufr ]umj‑, l`fjglmj
`jaj ajstrlmj gl ifdurl, æ?

l) <8 n) >8 `) 08 m) =8 k) ;.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
L ikrrlakgtl Cj`lcfzlr k Punstftufr mj Tjrm sunstftuf plrtks rkpktfmls mjs tkxtjs

pjr jutrj. Ujr kxkapcj, ka ua mjùakgtj `ja <55 pìdfgls jgmk ijrla
mfdftlmjs afcblrks mk vkzks j gÿakrj >5<; lj fgvæs mk >5<9, mlrfl nlstlgtk
trlnlcbj `jrrfdfr j krrj, lcæa mk pjmkr plsslr lcdua –>5<;‑ mkspkr`knfmj, k l
ikrrlakgtl
sunstftuámjs Cj`lcfzlr
pjr >5<9. k Punstftufr dlrlgtfrfl quk tjmjs gÿakrjs >5<; skrfla
Ulrl sunstftufr l plclvrl nlstl fgskrfr ka plclvrl quk mkskol skr trj`lml ka
Cj`lcfzlr k ka Punstftufr fgskrfr l gjvl plclvrl.
L qukstàj ajstrl ual lctkrläàj ml plclvrl –vf‑ pjr –xxx‑. Lglcfslgmj j tkxtj æ
pjssávkc jnskrvlr quk tkajs trïs plclvrls –Yf‑ gls trïs prfakfrls cfgbls k ua
–vf‑ gl ÿctfal cfgbl gl plclvrl –vf ml‑, quk tlanæa skrfl sunstftuáml pkcl
ikrrlakgtl, aksaj ilzkgmj plrtk ml plclvrl –vfml‑. Ujrtlgtj, blvkrfla =
äûks gj tkxtj quk if`lrfl ml skdufgtk ijral?

lctkrläûks
lctkrl
<<4


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
RRR ual kstrkcl tàj lctl,
RRR ual kstrkcl tàj irfl!
RRR ual kstrkcl cuzfgmj
Gl afgbl RRRml vlzfl.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L M
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? UDK-^J Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ml Urjùrlmjrfl

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <>4. Ojàj kstì prkplrlgmj ua tkxtj quk `jgtæa ual tlnkcl ]
ùoj ckflutk kxfdk quk `krtls `æcucls `jgtkgbla jutrls tlnkcls.
L sjcuäàj plrl Ojàj æ?

l) uslr j CfnrkJiif`k Trftk pjrquk j AP TjrmT jrm gàj pkraftk fgskrfr ual tlnkcl
gual `æcucl mk jutrl tlnkcl8
n) uslr j AP Tjrm pjrquk j CfnrkJiif`k TrftkT rftk gàj pkraftk fgskrfr
fgs krfr ual tlnkcl
`) fgskrfr ual tlnkcl mkgtrj mk jutrl gl ijral mk ual ifdurl `lpturlml ml tkcl,
pjrquk j AP Tjrm k j CfnrkJiif`k Trftk gàj pkraftka fgskrfr ual tlnkcl gual
`æcucl mk jutrl tlnkcl8
m) uslr qulcqukr
qulcq ukr mjs kmftjrks, pjfs lanjs pkraftka fgsfgskrfr
krfr ual tlnkcl gual
k) uslr qulcqukr mjs kmftjrks, pjræa utfcfzlgmj j rkùrsj mk fgskräàj mk drìif`js,
pjfs kssks sàj jnoktjs iug`fjglcakgtk sfafclrks ås tlnkcls.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Lt kgää àj?

Ltkg àj ? ckf
c kflu tk æ j aksaj quk clyjut !
lutk
]lgtj j Trftkr qulgtj j Tjrm supjrtla fgskrfr ual tlnkcl mkgtrj ml `æcucl mk
jutrl tlnkcl, lanls ls tlnkcls tkràj iug`fjglcfmlmks gjralfs mk tlnkcls,
pjmkgmj fgskrfr mlmjs k kt`.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L M
<<2


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]@K-PU Urjvl? Luxfcflr ml Ifs`lcfzläàj Ifglg`kfrl F
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <>2. [a Luxfcflr mj ]@K mk Pàj Ulucj kstì mfdftlgmj ua
algulc mk Ifs`lcfzläàj Ifglg`kfrl `jgtkgmj tátucjs mk gávkfs <, > k 0 k tkxtjs
gjralfs plrl `lml ua mkstks tátucjs. @jaj kstk algulc pjssuf mfvkrsls ifdurls,
kck `jcj`ju ckdkgml ka tjmls kcls utfcfzlgmj j prj`kmfakgtj quk rkcl`fjgl l
ckdkgml lj gávkc mk tátucj l quk l ifdurl pkrtkg`k. Lj ifglc ml mfdftläàj mj
algulc, j Luxfcflr fgskrfu ual pìdfgl ka nrlg`j gj fgá`fj mj mjùakgtj, k
mkskol dkrlr lutjaltf`lakgtk j ágmf`k mls ifdurls. Ulrl dkrlr kstk ágmf`k, `cf`ju
gl dufl
l) Clyjut ml Uìdfgl, gl jpäàj ^kikrïg`fls, gl jpäàj Dkrlr Ágmf`k mk Fcustrläûks

k gj njtàj Jh.
n) Fgskrfr, gl jpäàj Ágmf`k mk Fcustrläûks
Fcust rläûks k skck`fjgju j ajmkcj mk ágmf`k
ágmf` k
mkskolmj.
`) Uìdfgl Fgf`flc,
Fgf`f lc, gl jpäàj Ágmf`k mk Ifdurls,
Ifdur ls, gl jpäàj Ajmkcjs mk Ágmf`ks k
skck`fjgju j ágmf`k mkskolmj.
m) Fgskrfr, gl jpäàj Dkrlr Ágmf`ks L Lutjaltf`lakgtk
utjaltf`lakgtk mj drupj
d rupj ^kikrïg`fls, k gj
njtàj Jh.
k) ^kikrïg`fls, gl jpäàj Fgskrfr Ágmf`k mk Fcustrläûks k gj njtàj Jh.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Lpðs fgskrfr ckdkgmls gls faldkgs æ pjssávkc jrdlgfzlr ua ágmf`k

lutjaltf`lakgtk plrl rkikrkg`flr `lml faldka k j gÿakrj ml pìdfgl jgmk sk
kg`jgtrla ska prk`fslr kmftlr algulcakgtk. Kssl jpäàj if`l gl dufl
^kikrïg`fls , mkpjfs `cf`l ka Fgskrfr Ágmf`k mk Fcustrläûks k ka skdufml `cf`lr
–JH‑.
Ylajs lglcfslr js krrjs mls lctkrgltfvls?
l) XK^^LMJQ Clyjut ml Uìdfgl k ^kikrïg`fls sàj dufls gj Tjrm, ^kikrïg`fls

gàj kstì mkgtrj mk Clyjut ml Uìdfgl.
XK^^LMJQ Gl dufl Fgskrfr gàj bì l jpäàj mk Ágmf`k mk Fcustrläàj.

n ) XK^^LMJQ
` ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì l jpäàj Ágmf`k mk ifdurls gl Uìdfgl Fgf`flc.

` ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì l jpäàj Ágmf`k mk ifdurls gl Uìdfgl Fgf`flc.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì l jpäàj Dkrlr Ágmf`ks Lutjaltf`lakgtk gl dufl Fgskrfr.

<<6


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
k) X@K^]JQ Ulrl fgskrfr j ágmf`k mk fcustrläûks mk faldka ckdkgmlmls æ

gk`kssìrfj fr gl dufl ^kikrïg`fls, `cf`lr gl jpäàj Fgskrfr Ágmf`ks mk
Fcustrläûks k ka skdufml `cf`lr –JH‑.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <>6. Mlgfcj kstlvl prkplrlgmj ua mjùakgtj gj AP Tjrm
qulgmj gjtju quk, tjml vkz quk mfdftlvl l sfdcl –jgs", fakmfltlakgtk surdfl gl
tkcl l plclvrl –gjs".
Fgtrfdlmj `ja fssj, Mlgfcj ikz ual pksqufsl gl tkcl mk louml k, l`krtlmlakgtk,
mks`jnrfu quk fssj j`jrrfl pjrquk j tkraj –jgs"
l) lplrk`fl gl cfstl mk jpäûks mk Lutj`jrrkäàj.
n) `jgstlvl ml cfstl mk Mf`fjgìrfj mk Pfgýgfajs.
`) gàj `jgstlvl mj mf`fjgìrfj mj fmfjal plmràj.
m) kstlvl alr`lmj `jaj ua tkraj l skr trlmuzfmj lutjaltf`lakgtk.
k) gàj `jgstlvl mj mf`fjgìrfj mk rkvfsàj mk tkxtj.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ L jpäàj mk Lu Lutt j @jr r käàj skrvk plrl `jrrfdfr krrjs jrtjdrìif`js mk
mfdftläàj, mk usj mk alfÿsùcls, lcæa mk fgskrfr sáanjcjs k jutrls plrtks mk tkxtj
lutjaltf`lakgtk. Ujr plmràj, l Lutj@jrrkäàj usl ual cfstl plmrjgfzlml mk
sáanjcjs k plclvrls fg`jrrktls quk fg`cuka j tkraj –jgs‑ quk lutjaltf`lakgtk æ
`jrrfdfmj plrl –gðs‑.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Æ uslgmj j mf`fjgìrfj mk sfgýgfajs plrl pksqufslr sfgýgfajs

(plclvrls mfikrkgtks `ja j aksaj sfdgfif`lmj) k lgtýgfajs (plclvrls `ja
sfdgfif`lmj jpjstj). J mf`fjgìrfj mk sfgýgfajs gàj ilrì l lutj`jrrkäàj mk tkrajs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Ulrl quk l lutj`jrrkäàj iug`fjglssk skrfl gk`kssìrfj quk j Tjrm

fmkgtfif`lssk ka quk fmfjal l lpcf`läàj ijf plmrjgfzlml. Gàj tkr ua fmfjal
plmràj gàj aumlrfl j tkraj –jgs‑.
J tkraj –jgs‑ æ ua krrj mk mfdftläàj, gàj ual ks`rftl ka cágdul

m ) XK^^LMJQ
mfikrkgtk plrl skr trlmuzfml.
<>5


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
k) XK^^LMJQ L lutj`jrrkäàj j`jrrku pjfs, j tkraj –jgs‑ oì kstlvl `jgifdurlmj
plrl skr `jrrfdfmj plrl l plclvrl –gðs‑ lssfa quk mfdftlmj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <05. ]bfldj rk`knku mk Iìnfj ua mjùakgtj AP Tjrm `ja j
`jgtrjck mk lctkrläûks l`fjglmj. Murlgtk j trlnlcbj mk kmfäàj mkssk mjùakgtj,
]bfldj ikz ls skdufgtks lctkrläûks?
F. fg`cufu gjvjs plrìdrlijs8

FF. rkajvku trk`bjs k, pjr vkzks, plrìdrlijs fgtkfrjs8
FFF. lctkrju l ijraltläàj mk pkcj akgjs qultrj plrìdrlijs8
FY. fgskrfu ual gjvl tlnkcl lj ifglc mj tkxtj. Lj rk`knkr mk vjctl j lrqufvj,
Iìnfj usju j ak`lgfsaj mk lctkrläûks plrl vkrfif`lr j quk tfgbl sfmj
lctkrlmj pjr ]bfldj.
Lssfglck l jpäàj quk fgmf`l ls lctkrläûks quk Iìnfj pjmk pkr`knkr.

l) F k FF, lpkgls.
n) F, FF k FY, lpkgls.
`) FF k FY, lpkgls.
m) FF, FFF k FY, lpkgls.
k) F, FF, FFF k FY.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
J @jgtrjck mk Lctkrläûks æ ua rkùrsj quk pkraftk quk `jclnjrlmjrks, kmftjrks

ju rkvfsjrks, pjssla lctkrlr j tkxtj, mk algkfrl quk, quka ltfvju j `jgtrjck mk
lctkrläûks mj mjùakgtj rk`knl tjmls ls lctkrläûks mkstl`lmls, `jaj?
fgskräàj k rkajäàj mk gjvls trk`bjs k plrìdrlijs, kx`cusûks k lctkrläûks
altläàj.
mk ijr altläàj
]jmls ls lctkrläûks ijrla vfstls pjr Iìnfj.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L K
<><


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <0<. @jgsfmkrk l cfstl `ja lcdugs kckakgtjs quk pjmka skr
`rflmjs k/ju algfpuclmjs gj AP Tjrm qulgmj ml kmfäàj mk mjùakgtjs ka
dkrlc.
F. ]lnkcls
FF. Faldkgs
FFF. Ijrals dkjaætrf`ls
FY. Páanjcjs kspk`flfs
Y. Bfpkrcfghs
Gl kmfäàj mj `lnkälcbj mk ua mjùakgtj mj AP Tjrm, pjmka skr kaprkdlmjs

l) lpkgls js kckakgtjs mjs tfpjs F k FF.
n) lpkgls js kckakgtjs mjs tfpjs F, FF k FY.
`) js kckakgtjs mjs tfpjs F, FF, FFF, FY k Y.
m) lpkgls js kckakgtjs mjs tfpjs FFF, FY k Y.
k) k) lpkgls js kckakgtjs mjs tfpjs FY k Y.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Aksaj plrk`kgmj ua cj`lc rkstrftj l tkxtjs k faldkgs, gj `lnkälcbj pjmka skr

`rflmjs k/ju algfpuclmjs ]lnkcls, Faldkgs, Ijrals dkjaætrf`ls, Páanjcjs
kspk`flfs, Bfpkrcfghs k kt`.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L @
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? MUK-^J Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ml Mkikgsjrfl Uuncf`l - ]æ`gf`j Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <0>. ]bfldj kstì prkplrlgmj ua mjùakgtj gj AP Tjrm quk
`jgtæa ual kspæ`fk mk `lckgmìrfj, prkkg`bfmj `ja fgijraläûks sjnrk l ks`lcl
mk ltkgmfakgtj ml sul kqufpk, `jaj ajstrlmj l skdufr.
P ] \ \ P P M
< > 0 = ; 9
4 2 ]bfldj <5 << ]bfldj <0
<= @lrcjs
>< <; <9
>0 @lrcjs
>= Ojàj
>; @lrcjs
>9 >5
>4
>2 >6 Alrfl Ojàj
<>>


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
Ulrl `jgskdufr kssk kikftj gj AP Tjrm >5<5 rlpfmlakgtk, j rkùrsj mk kmfäàj
alfs lmkqulmj æ l fgskräàj mk?
l) @cfp-Lrt8 n) Faldka8 `) Ijrals8 m) ]lnkcl8 k) @lfxl mk ]kxtj.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ J @cfp-Lrt æ ua rkùrsj plrl fgskrfr faldkgs il`fcakgtk, kssk

rkùrsj gàj loumlrfl l jrdlgfzlr j `lckgmìrfj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Faldka gàj skrfl j rkùrsj quk loumlrfl ]bfldj l jrdlgfzlr j

`lckgmìrfj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J rkùrsj Ijral æ ual ikrrlakgtl plrl fgskrfr sktls, qulmrlmjs,

rktîgducjs k kt`. Kssl tlanæa gàj skrfl ual ikrrlakgtl plrl luxfcflr gl `rfläàj
mj `lckgmìrfj.
m ) X@K^]JQ J rkùrsj ]lnkcl æ ual ikrrlakgtl plrl fgskrfr ual tlnkcl

il`fcakgtk fgskrfgmj cfgbls k `jcugls. Ulrl l `rfläàj mj `lckgmìrfj kssk skrfl j
rkùrsj fmklc.
k) XK^^LMJQ l @lfxl mk ]kxtj æ ua rkùrsj, `jaj j prðprfj gjak sudkrk, quk

skrvk `rfläàj mk `lfxls mk tkxtj k kssl gàj skrfl l akcbjr algkfrl mk `rflr j
`lckgmìrfj.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? ]@K-PU Urjvl? Luxfcflr ml Ifs`lcfzläàj Ifglg`kfrl FF - Fgijraìtf`l
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <00. Gj AP-Tjrm >5<>, pjr akfj mj rkùrsj Fgf`flr Alcl
Mfrktl, l`kssávkc l plrtfr ml dufl @jrrkspjgmïg`fls, pjmk-sk `rflr ual alcl
mfrktl plrl?
l) @lrtls k Akgsldkgs mk Kalfc
n) Uclgfcbls mj Kx`kc k Nlg`js mk Mlmjs mj L``kss
`) Ktfquktls k Nlggkrs.
m) Kgvkcjpks k Uýstkrks mj UjwkrUjfgt.
k) Pcfmks mj UjwkrUjfgt k Uclgfcbls mj Kx`kc
<>0


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
L alcl mfrktl æ uslml plrl `rflr vìrfjs mjùakgtjs lj aksaj tkapj. Js

mjùakgtjs tïa clyjut, ijraltläàj, tkxtj k kckakgtjs drìif`js fmïgtf`js. Lpkgls
skäûks kspk`áif`ls mk `lml mjùakgtj vlrfla k sàj pkrsjglcfzlmls. Js
mjùakgtjs quk j Tjrm pjmk `rflr `ja l alcl mfrktl fg`cuf rðtucjs, `lrtls ,
kgvkcjpks k k-alfcs
k-alfcs ka alssl.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L L
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <0=. L sk`rktìrfl mk ual ifral quk kstì kclnjrlgmj, gj
Af`rjsjit Tjrm, ua rkcltðrfj akgslc mk ltfvfmlmks jnskrvl quk 0 plrìdrlijs mk
ual pìdfgl kstàj `ja ijraltläûks mfikrkgtks.
Ulrl jntkr ual ÿgf`l ijraltläàj, kcl mkvkrì lpcf`lr, ka tjmjs js plrìdrlijs, j
skdufgtk rkùrsj?
l) Mksilzkr
n) _jja
`) Ufg`kc
m) Alr`l m‖ìdul
k) ^kikrïg`fl @ruzlml
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
XK^^LMJQ Mksilzkr æ ua rkùrsj plrl rktrj`kmkr ls ÿctfals lctkrläûks.

l) XK^^LMJQ
n ) XK^^LMJQ J rkùrsj _jja skrvk plrl lapcflr l pìdfgl mj mjùakgtj.
` ) X@K^]JQ J Ufg`kc mk Ijraltläàj skrvk plrl `jpflr rlpfmlakgtk l ijraltläàj

mk ua ftka ka ua mjùakgtj plrl jutrj. Nlstl skck`fjglr j ftka `ja l
ijraltläàj mkskolml, `cf`lr ka Ufg`kc mk Ijraltläàj k `cf`lr gl plrtk mj tkxtj
quk vj`ï mkskol lctkrlr plrl quk tkgbl l aksal lplrïg`fl.
m ) XK^^LMJQ L
L Alr`l m ìdul æ ua rkùrsj plrl alr`lr pìdfgls plrl quk jutrls
pkssjls slfnla j stltus ml pìdfgl. Ujr kxkapcj, æ `jaua kg`jgtrlr pìdfgls mk
prjvls `ja j gjak –^lsùgbj‑ gj iugm j ml pìdfgl, fssj æ ual alr`l m‖ìdul.
<>=


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
k) XK^^LMJQ [al rkikrïg`fl `ruzlml pkraftk `rflr vágùcjs `ja jutrls plrtks
mj aksaj mjùakgtj. Ujr kxkapcj, vj`ï pjmk uslr ual rkikrïg`fl `ruzlml
plrl `rflr vágùcj `ja ua drìif`j quk lplrk`k ka lcdua cudlr gj mjùakgtj. L
rkikrïg`fl `ruzlml lplrk`k `jaj ua cfgh quk ckvl j ckftjr ltæ j ftka
rkikrkg`flmj.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Uktrjnrls Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j(l) mk Kxpcjrläàj mk Uktrðckj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <0;. Lj `japlrlr js mjfs tkxtjs lnlfxj, kmftlmjs ka Tjrm
(pjrtuduïs), ua rkvfsjr pkr`knku muls mfikrkgäls k mk`fmfu ilzkr ls `jrrkäûks
gk`kssìrfls gj skdugmj tkxtj, vfstj quk mkvkrfla skr pkrikftlakgtk fdulfs.
Glvkdlr ka ìduls rkvjctls æ skaprk pkrfdjsj, alfs lfgml ka nlr`js pkqukgjs

k ska j rkùrsj mk ajtjrks pjtkgtks.
Glvkdlr ka ìduls rkvjctls æ skaprk pkrfdjsj , alfs lfgml ka nlr`js pkqukgjs

k ska j rkùrsj mk ajtjrks pjtkgtks.
\ulfs `janfgläûks mk tk`cls pjssfnfcftlrfla ls `jrrkäûks:

l) @trc + I k @trc + F
n) @trc + D k @trc + P
`) @trc + G k @trc + F
m) @trc + G k @trc + P
k) @trc + _ k @trc + F
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Jnskrvk quk gl skdugml irlsk bì muls lctkrläûks ka rkcläàj l prfakfrl irlsk. L

plclvrl –pkrfdjsj‑ kstì ka gkdrftj k l plclvrl –ajtjrks‑ kstì ka ftìcf`j.
Mkvkajs kg`jgtrlr ls tk`cls mk ltlcbj mkfxk j tkxtj ka gkdrftj k ka ftìcf`j.
l) XK^^LMJQ @trc+I ⇞Gàj æ ual `janfgläàj mk tk`cl vìcfml8

@trc+F ⇞ ]rlgsijralr tkxtj ka ftìcf`j.
XK^^LMJQ @trc+D ⇞Lcfgbl j tkxtj l mfrkftl8 @trc+P ⇞Puncfgbl j tkxtj.

n ) XK^^LMJQ
@K^]JQQ @trc+G ⇞]kxtj ka gkdrftj8 @trc+F⇞]kxtj ka ftìcf`j.
` ) X X@K^]J
<>;


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
m ) XK^^LMJQ @trc+G ⇞]kxtj ka gkdrftj8 @trc+P ⇞]kxtj suncfgblmj.
k) XK^^LMJQ @trc + _ ⇞^ktrj`kmkr ÿctfal lctkrläàj8 @trc+F ⇞]kxtj ftìcf`j.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? @îalrl Augf`fplc mj ^k`fik-UK Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj Ckdfscltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <09. @lrcjs rk`knku l tlrkil mk ks`rkvkr ua algulc mk usj mk
ua lpcf`ltfvj quk æ uslmj ka sul kaprksl. Ulrl fcustrlr akcbjr suls
kxpcf`läûks, @lrcjs mk`fmfu rkprjmuzfr, gj mjùakgtj AP Tjrm quk prkplrju,
lcduals mls tkcls quk j sfstkal prjmuz. Ulrl fgskrfr l faldka mk ual tkcl gua
trk`bj mj mjùakgtj, @lrcjs sjcf`ftju louml mk skus `jckdls k, mls mf`ls quk
rk`knku l alfs prìtf`l, rìpfml k quk mku `krtj ijf?
l) `cf`lr `ja j njtàj

njt àj mfrkftj gl tkcl, l`fjglr
l`fjgl r j akgu Faprfafr plrl ua lrqufvj k
fgskrfr kssk lrqufvj gj mjùakgtj8
n) uslr l dufl Fgskrfr/Faldka k, gl tkcl mk ks`jcbl mj lrqufvj, skck`fjglr
mkshtjp8
`) prkssfjglr l tk`cl UrgtP`r k `jclr l faldka ml tkcl gj mjùakgtj `ja `trc-Y8
m) gj Ulfgkc
Ul fgkc mk @jgtrjck mj Tfgmjws, uslr l jpäàj Yámkj plrl kxpjrtlr kxpjrtl r l
faldka mj ajgftjr plrl j mjùakgtj8
k) ijtjdrlilr l tkcl `ja l `îalrl
`îal rl mk njl
nj l rksjcuäàj
rksjcuä àj mj sku `kcuclr,
`kc uclr, kgvflr l
faldka pjr k-alfc k fgskrf-cl gj mjùakgtj.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ J akgu Faprfafr skrvk plrl faprfafr j mjùakgtj ka plpkc ju

dkrlr ua lrqufvj tfpj UMI. Kssl iug`fjglcfmlmk gàj frfl fgskrfr l faldka gj
mjùakgtj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ [slgmj l dufl Fgskrfr/Faldka skrì fgskrfmj l faldka mfrktlakgtk

gj mjùakgtj, gàj skrfl sjcf`ftlmj j cj`lc mk fgskräàj.
` ) X@K^]JQ Urkssfjglr l tk`cl UrgtP`r frì tfrlr ua prfgt ml tkcl ltulc ml lpcf`läàj

mkskolml pkcj usuìrfj, ka skdufml pjmk-sk fgskrfr l faldka ka ua mjùakgtj
mj Tjrm uslgmj l tk`cl mk ltlcbj @]^C+Y.
m ) XK^^LMJQ L jpäàj Yámkj mj Ulfgkc mk @jgtrjck `jgifdurl l tkcl mj
`japutlmjr, kssk rkùrsj gàj kstì cfdlmj l `lpturl mk faldkgs.
<>9


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
XK^^LMJQ Ijtjdrlilr l tkcl `ja ual `îakrl mk njl rksjcuäàj gàj skrfl l
k) XK^^LMJQ
algkfrl alfs iì`fc, `jaj ijf sjcf`ftlml gl qukstàj, ual vkz quk æ pjssávkc
`lpturlr ls faldkgs ml tkcl pjr ua sfapcks `jalgmj mj sfstkal.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? @îalrl Augf`fplc mj ^k`fik-UK Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj Ckdfscltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <04. @lrcjs tka vìrfls `ðpfls faprkssls mk skus mjùakgtjs,
als gàj `jgskduk slnkr kxltlakgtk qulgmj `lml ua mkcks ijf faprkssj. Lssfa,
kck prktkgmk fgskrfr gjs mjùakgtjs AP Tjrm pjr kck prkplrlmjs ual cfgbl quk
fgmfquk l mltl k l bjrl ml faprkssàj. @lrcjs `jgsfmkrju ls skdufgtks jpäûks
plrl ilzkr fssj?
F. `jgik``fjglr ua al`rj quk iläl j skrvfäj skaprk quk j mjùakgtj rk`knkr
ua `jalgmj mk faprkssàj8
FF. fgskrfr ua `jakgtìrfj gj mjùakgtj quk j ckanrk mk lctkrlr l mltl mk

faprkssàj qulgmj j mjùakgtj ijr faprkssj8
FFF. uslr j `jgtrjck mk lctkrläûks mj Tjrm8
FY. fgskrfr gj mjùakgtj ua mjs `lapjs ju prjprfkmlmks mk mjùakgtj quk

skola lutjaltf`lakgtk ltulcfzlmjs pkcj Tjrm8
Y. `jgifdurlr j mrfvkr ml faprkssjrl gj Tfgmjws plrl fg`cufr l fgijraläàj

rkqukrfml gls faprkssûks mj mjùakgtj.
L jpäàj `jrrktl, quk tlanæa æ l alfs prìtf`l k rìpfml, æ?

l) F8 n) FF8 `) FFF8 m) FY8 k) Y.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ [al al`rj æ ual særfk mk `jalgmjs k fgstruäûks plrl rklcfzlr

ual tlrkil lutjaltf`lakgtk, pjræa, sàj utfcfzlmls pjr usuìrfjs lvlgälmjs k
mkalgmla tkapj plrl `rfì-cj. Kssl skrfl ual mls algkfrls mk faprfafr
lutjaltf`lakgtk l mltl ml faprkssàj gjs mjùakgtjs, als, gàj æ prìtf`j .
Ckanrk-sk quk l qukstàj pkmk l jpäàj alfs prìtf`l
p rìtf`l.
<>4


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
n ) XK^^LMJQ Fgskrfr ua `jakgtìrfj plrl ckanrlr mk lctkrlr l mltl tjml vkz quk
ijr faprfafr j mjùakgtj, lcæ
lcæa
a mk gàj skr pr ìtf`j, gàj æ lutja
lutjaìtf`j.
ìtf`j.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J @jgtrjck mk lctkrläûks mj Tjrm gàj frì loumlr faprfafr l mltl mk

faprkssàj mjs mjùakgtjs. J `jgtrjck mk lctkrläûks luxfcfl js usuìrfjs l
`japlrtfcblrka skus mjùakgtjs `ja jutrls pkssjls pjmkgmj lglcfslr ls
`jgtrfnufäûks mk algkfrl sfapcks k prjtkdfml.
m ) X@K^]JQ Fgskrfr ua `lapj gj Tjrm plrl ajstrlr l mltl ltulc ml lnkrturl mj

mjùakgtj, dlrlgtk quk qulgmj j mjùakgtj ijr faprkssj ajstrk l mltl mk
lnkrturl quk æ kxltlakgtk l mltl mk faprkssàj. Ulrl ilzkr fssj nlstl fr gl dufl
Fgskrfr, gj drupj tkxtj , `cfquk ka Ulrtks rìpfmls k `cfquk ka `lapj Mltl k
bjrl.
XK^^LMJQ @jgifdurlr j mrfvk ml faprkssjrl gàj æ glml prìtf`j plrl faprfafr

k) XK^^LMJQ
l mltl mj mjùakgtj gj ajakgtj ml faprkssàj.

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <02. Ojàj ijf mksfdglmj plrl kclnjrlr l cfstl mk lgfvkrslrflgtks
mj aïs ka sul kaprksl. Ulrl fssj, js iug`fjgìrfjs lgjtlrla sku gjak k sul
mltl mk gls`fakgtj k Ojàj usju j AP Tjrm plrl mfdftlr kssls fgijraläûks ka
ual tlnkcl, `jgijrak fcustrlmj l skdufr.
Gjak - Mltl mk Lgfvkrsìrfj

Alrfl Laæcfl - <0/<>
Ojàj ^jnkrtj - >0/54
Cufz @jrrïl - <;/52
Ulrl jrmkglr l cfstl mk iug`fjgìrfjs pkcl mltl mk lgfvkrsìrfj, Ojàj mkvk uslr j
rkùrsj?
l) mfrkäàj mj ]kxtj8
n) `clssfif`lr8
`) pksqufslr8
pksqufslr8
m) guakrläàj8
k) ifctrlr.
<>2


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
XK^^LMJQ L mfrkäàj mj tkxtj æ rkikrkgtk lj îgducj mj tkxtj gl tlnkcl. L

l) XK^^LMJQ
pjsfäàj mj tkxtj gàj loumlrì gl `clssfif`läàj jrmkglml mjs lgfvkrslrflgtks.
n ) X@K^]JQ L ikrrlakgtl @clssfif`lr jrdlgfzl l skckäàj ltulc ka jrmka

lcilnætf`l ju guaærf`l. Kssl skrfl l ikrrlakgtl `jrrktl plrl `clssfif`lr l mltl
mjs lgfvkrsìrfjs mjs iug`fjgìrfjs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì l ikrrlakgtl Uksqufslr gj Tjrm. Bì l ikrrlakgtl

Cj`lcfzlr, jgmk j usuìrfj fgskrk ual plclvrl ju tkxtj nrkvk plrl quk j Tjrm
iläl ual nus`l gj mjùakgtj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ J rkùrsj Guakrläàj skrvk plrl fgskrfr guakrläàj gls pìdfgls

mjs mjùakgtjs. Kssk rkùrsj gàj jrmkglrì l mltl mk lgfvkrsìrfj mjs
iug`fjgìrfjs.
k) XK^^LMJQ Ifctrlr gàj æ ua rkùrsj kspk`áif`j mj Tjrm.

k) XK^^LMJQ

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <06. Ojàj prk`fsl faprfafr l pìdfgl ; mj lrqufvj
^kcltðrfj.mj`x. Ulrl fssj, Ojàj mkvk lnrfr j mjùakgtj gj AP Tjrm k skdufr j
skdufgtk prj`kmfakgtj?
l) kxfnfr clyjut mk faprkssàj, skck`fjglr l pìdfgl ; k faprfafr lrqufvj8
n) lpldlr ls pìdfgls < l = k faprfafr pìdfgl ;8
`) skck`fjglr j `jgtkÿmj ml pìdfgl ; k faprfafr lrqufvj8
m) glvkdlr ltæ l pìdfgl ; mj mjùakgtj uslgmj j s`rjcc s `rjcc (rjmfgbl)
(rjm fgbl) mj ajusk
aju sk k
faprfafr pìdfgl ltulc8
k) glvkdlr ltæ l pìdfgl ; mj mjùakgtj uslgmj
u slgmj l nlrrl mk rjcldka vkrtf`lc k
faprfafr skckäàj.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Pkck`fjglr l pìdfgl ; k sjcf`ftlr l faprkssàj frì faprfafr tjmj j

lrqufvj, pjfs æ gk`kssìrfj mkcfaftlr l(s) pìdfgl(s) `lsj gàj skol gk`kssìrfj l
faprkssàj mj mjùakgtj fgtkfrj.
<>6


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
n ) XK^^LMJQ Lpldlr ls pìdfgls quk gàj sk mkskol faprfafr gàj æ l algkfrl
`jrrktl, als, pjmk skr uslmj plrl faprfafr ual pìdfgl ka kspk`áif`j, aksaj
lssfa, glml dlrlgtk quk j mjùakgtj tkgbl lpkgls ; pìdfgls, pjmkgmj faprfafr
mì 9ª ka mflgtk. Mk qulcqukr algkfrl kssl gàj æ ual jpäàj kif`fkgtk.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Pkck`fjglr j `jgtkÿmj ml pìdfgl ; k sjcf`ftlr l faprkssàj tlanæa

faprfafrì j mjùakgtj pjr fgtkfrj, pjfs æ gk`kssìrfj kspk`fif`lr gj clyjut mk
faprkssàj quk pìdfgls mkskol faprfafr, ju ks`jcbkr j rkùrsj mk Faprfafr
skckäàj plrl faprfafr lpkgls l pìdfgl skck`fjglml.
m ) X@K^]JQ Fr ltæ l pìdfgl quk sk mkskol faprfafr k sjcf`ftlr l faprkssàj ml

pìdfgl ltulc, frì faprfafr kxltlakgtk l pìdfgl quk kstì ka kxfnfäàj gl tkcl. Kssl
æ ual mls algkfrls alfs kif`fkgtks mk faprfafr ual ÿgf`l pìdfgl.
k) XK^^LMJQ Faprfafr skckäàj æ ua rkùrsj quk pkraftk faprfafr lpkgls j

`jgtkÿmj skck`fjglmj, glvkdlr ltæ l pìdfgl ; gàj æ j aksaj quk skck`fjglr l
pìdfgl
pìdfg l ;.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <=5. L`kr`l mj pl`jtk Af`rjsjit Jiif`k, oucduk j ftka l skdufr.
Lrqufvjs mj UjwkrUjfgt slcvjs gj ijraltj mk lprkskgtläàj mk ksclfmks
(pps/ppsx) sàj, lutjaltf`lakgtk, lnkrtjs gj ajmj mk kxfnfäàj k, gkssl
`jgmfäàj, gàj pjmka skr kmftlmjs.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Ls lprkskgtläûks `rflmls gj UjwkrUjfgt sàj dkrlmls gjralcakgtk gj ijraltj

UU]/UU]R. Kssk ijraltj pkraftk quk j lrqufvj dkrlmj skol lnkrtj ka ajmj mk
kmfäàj, ju skol, l qulcqukr ajakgtj j usuìrfj pjmkrì ilzkr lctkrläûks gl
lprkskgtläàj. \ulgmj sk gk`kssftl quk l lprkskgtläàj skol lpkgls kxfnfml æ
`jaua quk ls lprkskgtläûks kstkola gj ijraltj UUP/UUPR. J ijraltj
UUP/UUPR æ auftj uslmj qulgmj qukrkajs `japlrtfcblr lprkskgtläûks pkcl
prltf`fmlmk mk kxfnfäàj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
<05


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <=<. Lssfglck l jpäàj `jrrktl `ja rkcläàj lj UjwkrUjfgt,
prjdrlal utfcfzlmj plrl prjmuzfr lprkskgtläûks mk ksclfmks.
l) Æ pjssávkc
pjs sávkc faprfafr
f aprfafr ua lrqufvj slcvj ka ijraltj
ijralt j UU] ldruplgmj-sk, gj
aìxfaj, trïs ksclfmks pjr pìdfgl.
n) L plrtfr mk ua `jgougtj mk kstfcjs k tkals,
tkals , æ pjssávkc
pjssá vkc ks`jcbkr j ijraltj mjs
ksclfmks mk ual lprkskgtläàj.
`) Kanjrl j UjwkrUjfgt jikrkäl auftjs rkùrsjs
r kùrsjs plrl l kclnjrläàj mk ual
lprkskgtläàj mk ksclfmks, gàj æ pjssávkc, utfcfzlgmj-sk kssk prjdrlal, `rflr
ual lprkskgtläàj mk ksclfmks pkrsjglcfzlml.
m) Ulrl sk `rflr ual lprkskgtläàj, `lml ksclfmk mkvk skr slcvj `jaj ua lrqufvj
skplrlmj k, pjstkrfjrakgtk, mkvka-sk ldruplr js ksclfmks slcvjs, pjr akfj mk
ua lrqufvj ka ijraltj mk vámkj.
k) Gàj æ pkraftfmj fg`cufr jutrjs lrqufvjs mj Af`rjsjit Jiif`k ka ual
lprkskgtläàj, kx`ktj js slcvjs ka ijraltjs mk faldkgs DFI ju OUKD.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Ltkg
Lt àj ? ksclfmk æ j aksaj quk scfmk.
kgää àj?
l) XK^^LMJQ Æ pjssávkc ldruplr ltæ 6 ksclfmks (scfmks) ka ual aksal pìdfgl

pìdfgl
mk faprkssàj.
n ) X@K^]JQ J UjwkrUjfgt lprkskgtl tkals k kstfcjs mk ksclfmks (scfmks) prjgtjs

plrl quk j usuìrfj sfdl ual kstruturl sfapcks, jrdlgfzlml k njgftl mk
lprkskgtläàj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Æ tjtlcakgtk pjssávkc `rflr ual lprkskgtläàj pkrsjglcfzlml gj

UjwkrUjfgt, js tkals k kstfcjs prjgtjs skrvka plrl `rflr lprkskgtläûks alfs
il`fcakgtk.
XK^^LMJQ Ulrl `lml lprkskgtläàj æ `rflmj ua ÿgf`j lrqufvj,

m ) XK^^LMJQ
fgmkpkgmkgtkakgtk ml qulgtfmlmk mk ksclfmks quk tkgbl l lprkskgtläàj. J
prðprfj UjwkrUjfgt sk kg`lrrkdl mk lprkskgtlr js ksclfmks mk algkfrl `jrrktl k
jrmkglml, ska l gk`kssfmlmk ml `rfläàj mk ua vámkj plrl lprkskgtläàj.
<0<


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
k) XK^^LMJQ J UjwkrUjfgt tka ua pjmkr mk pkrsjglcfzläàj dfdlgtks`l,
pjmkgmj ltæ aksaj fgskrfr ua lrqufvj mj Tjrm ju Kx`kc, pjr kxkapcj, ka ual
lprkskgtläàj mk ksclfmks.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <=>. @ja rkcläàj lj Af`rjsjit UjwkrUjfgt, lssfglck l jpäàj
`jrrktl.
l) L fg`cusàj mk lutjijrals pkraftk
p kraftk quk j usuìrfj
usuìrf j `rfk lpkgls gjvjs mkskgbjs
mkskgb js
plrl skrka fgskrfmjs gl lprkskgtläàj mk algkfrl ùstjafzlml.
n) Lj fgskrfr ua gjvj ksclfmk ka ual lprkskgtläàj oì kxfstkgtk, j usuìrfj pjmkrì
skck`fjglr j tkal.
`) Lj sk
s k `rflr
`rfl r ual gjvl lprkskgtläàj,
lprks kgtläàj, j ckflutk mjs ksclfmks
ks clfmks mkvkrì
mk vkrì skr
prkvflakgtk ks`jcbfmj? gàj skrì pjssávkc lctkrì-cj mkpjfs mk slcvj.
m) L ikrrlakgtl Ufg`kc æ utfcfzlml plrl pfgtlr j `jgtkÿmj mk ual `lfxl mk tkxtj ju
mk faldka.
k) L ìrkl
ìr kl mk trlgsikrïg`fl æ utfc
utfcfzlml
fzlml plrl lralzkglr `jgtkÿmjs
` jgtkÿmjs quk ijrla
lpldlmjs mjs ksclfmks plrl usj pjstkrfjr, sk gk`kssìrfj.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Ls lutjijrals sàj mkskgbjs k sáanjcjs nìsf`ls præ-mkifgfmjs

`jaj? `ktls, trfîgducj, rktîgducj, qulmrlmj, icuxjdrlals k kt`. L lctkrgltfvl
lifral quk l lutjijral @^FL gjvjs mkskgbjs, k gàj æ vkrmlmk.
n ) X@K^]JQ J usuìrfj pjmkrì mkifgfr j tkal ml lprkskgtläàj l qulcqukr

ajakgtj, aksaj `ja ual lprkskgtläàj oì kxfstkgtk.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J ckflutk ml lprkskgtläàj pjmk skr lctkrlmj l qulcqukr ajakgtj

mksmk quk skol ual lprkskgtläàj mfikrkgtk mk UUP/UUPR, pjfs kssk æ ua
ijraltj ugf`lakgtk mk lprkskgtläàj. Gl lctkrgltfvl gàj sk ilcju ka quk ijraltj
l lprkskgtläàj ijf `rflml, pjrtlgtj, æ pjssávkc lctkrlr j ckflutk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ L ikrrlakgtl Ufg`kc skrvk plrl `jpflr l ijraltläàj k lpcf`lr ka

jutrj trk`bj ml lprkskgtläàj.
k) XK^^LMJQ L Ìrkl mk ]rlgsikrïg`fl æ ua cj`lc jgmk if`la lralzkglmjs ls
`ðpfls ikftls pkcj usuìrfj plrl pjstkrfjrakgtk fgskrfr gjs ksclfmks, sk gk`kssìrfj.
<0>


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <=0. Lj loumlr l prkplrlr ual lprkskgtläàj gj sjitwlrk
UjwkrUjfgt, `ja js rksuctlmjs jntfmjs pjr ual ldïg`fl mk ua nlg`j, ua
ks`rfturìrfj sudkrfu j usj mj rkùrsj mk lgfaläàj.
Kssk rkùrsj gjs scfmks æ vjctlmj iugmlakgtlcakgtk plrl

l) utfcfzlr ifcaks `jaj rkùrsj mk auctfaámfl.
n) pkraftfr l fgskräàj mk bfstðrfls.
`) `rflr gjvls `jrks k kstfcjs rìpfmjs.
m) fg`cufr kikftjs mk kgtrlmls k slámls.
k) `rflr scfmks akstrks plrl prj`kssjs.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ J rkùrsj mk auctfaámfl æ mkstfglmj ugf`lakgtk plrl fgskräàj mk

vámkjs k ìumfj mkgtrj mk ual lprkskgtläàj, mfikrkgtkakgtk ml lgfaläàj quk
trltl mk lgfalr kckakgtjs ml lprkskgtläàj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ –pkraftfr l fgskräàj mk bfstðrfls‑ æ ua tkraj auftj vldj gkssl

lctkrgltfvl. Ujmkajs `rflr bfstðrfls ltrlvæs mk lgfaläûks, ska mávfmls, als fssj
kstì auftj fgtrágsk`j lj usuìrfj. Kssl æ ual mlqukcls lctkrgltfvls plrl `jgiugmfr
j `lgmfmltj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ @rflr `jrks k kstfcjs sàj rkùrsjs mk ijraltläûks nìsf`ls

kg`jgtrlmjs gl dufl ml Uìdfgl Fgf`flc, kssl ijraltläàj gàj sàj rkcl`fjglmls lj
rkùrsj mk lgfaläàj.
m ) X@K^]JQ J rkùrsj mk lgfaläàj pkraftk quk vj`ï lgfalr j tkxtj, faldkgs,

ijrals, tlnkcls k jutrjs jnoktjs ka sul lprkskgtläàj mk UjwkrUjfgt plrl mlr l
kcls kikftjs vfsulfs, fg`cufgmj kgtrlmls, slfmls , lctkrläûks gj tlalgbj ju `jr.
Lgfaläàj æ ual ðtfal algkfrl mk sk `jg`kgtrlr ka pjgtjs fapjrtlgtks,
`jgtrjclr j icuxj mk fgijraläûks k plrl luakgtlr j fgtkrkssk vfsulcfzlmjr ka sul
lprkskgtläàj.
k) XK^^LMJQ Pcfmks akstrks ijrla prjoktlmjs plrl loumì-cj l `rflr
lprkskgtläûks `ja njl lplrïg`fl ska auftj ksijräj. \ulgmj mkskolr quk tjmjs
<00


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
js scfmks lprkskgtka l aksal kstruturl, vj`ï pjmkrì ilzkr kssls lctkrläûks gj
Pcfmk akstrk k kcls skràj lpcf`lmls l tjmjs js scfmks. J scfmk akstrk æ ua
rkùrsj plrl il`fcftlr l `rfläàj mk lprkskgtläàj `ja alfjr plmrjgfzläàj k gàj
bì rkcläàj mfrktl `ja js rkùrsjs mk lgfaläàj.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Uktrjnrls Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j(l) mk @jakr`flcfzläàj k Cjdástf`l Oÿgfjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <==. @jgsfmkrk l vkrsàj mj Ujwkr Ujfgt >5<5. Bì tk`cls mk
iugäàj ju `janfgläàj mk tk`cls mk iugäàj quk rkpktka, qulgmj pjssávkc k
qulgmj l`fjglmls lmkqulmlakgtk, j ÿctfaj `jalgmj ju läàj utfcfzlmjs gl
`jgik`äàj mk ua scfmk.
[a kxkapcj mkssls tk`cls æ l

l) I0 + PBFI]
n) I=
`) I= + @]^C
m) I;
k) I; + PBFI]
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ L tk`cl mk ltlcbj kstì fgvkrtfml, gàj æ I0+PBFI], j `jrrktj skrfl
l)
PBFI]+I0, aksaj lssfa j ltlcbj PBFI]+I0 skrvk plrl lctkrlr kgtrk l prfakfrl
cktrl ml skgtkgäl ka alfÿsùcl, afgÿsùcl ju tjmls alfÿsùcls.
n ) X@K^]JQ L tk`cl mk iugäàj I= gj UjwkrUjfgt skrvk plrl rkpktfr l ÿctfal läàj

ju `jalgmj utfcfzlmj pkcj usuìrfj, skol `jclr ua tkxtj, ajmfif`lr ijraltläàj k
kt`.
` ) XK^^LMJQ tk`cl mk iugäàj I= gj UjwkrUjfgt skrvk plrl rkpktfr l ÿctfal läàj
ju `jalgmj utfcfzlmj pkcj usuìrfj, pjrtlgtj, I=+@]^C æ ua `jalgmj fgvìcfmj,
pjfs j I= æ prkssfjglmj lgtks mj @]^C j quk ilrfl rkpktfr l ÿctfal läàj mj
usuìrfj fgvlcfmlgmj j @]^C.
XK^^LMJQ I; æ l tk`cl mk iugäàj rkspjgsìvkc pjr lnrfr l lprkskgtläàj ltulc

m ) XK^^LMJQ
ka ajmj mk kxfnfäàj prkkg`bkgmj tjml l tkcl.
k) XK^^LMJQ I; æ l tk`cl mk iugäàj rkspjgsìvkc pjr lnrfr l lprkskgtläàj ltulc
ka ajmj mk kxfnfäàj prkkg`bkgmj tjml l tkcl, pjrtlgtj, fssj ilz mj `jalgmj
<0=


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
I;+@]^C ua `jalgmj fgvìcfmj, pjfs `jaj j I; æ prkssfjglmj prfakfrj k l
lprkskgtläàj kgtrlrì ka ajmj mk kxfnfäàj lgtks aksaj mk rk`jgbk`kr l tk`cl
@]^C.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <=;. J mfrktjr mj Mkplrtlakgtj mk Alrhktfgd mk ual kaprksl
pkmfu l ua iug`fjgìrfj quk prkplrlssk, gj UjwkrUjfgt >550, ual lprkskgtläàj
sjnrk js rksuctlmjs mk >5<= mkssk Mkplrtlakgtj. J mfrktjr, lj vkr l prfakfrl
vkrsàj mj trlnlcbj prjmuzfmj, sjcf`ftju quk l lprkskgtläàj ijssk alfs vávfml,
ajstrlgmj lgfaläûks gl plssldka mk ua scfmk plrl j skdufgtk.
Ulrl l`rks`kgtlr kssls lgfaläûks, quk rkùrsj mj UjwkrUjfgt >550 mkvkrì skr
utfcfzlmj:
l) Drlvläàj gj Pblrkpjfgt
n) Kxpjrtläàj mk tkxtj OUKD
`) ]rlgsfäàj mk scfmks
m) Ijraltläàj mk tkxtj suncfgblmj
k) Ijraltläàj mk tkxtj ka ftìcf`j
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Ltkg
Lt àj ? Gjtk quk j mfrktjr pkmk –lgfaläûks gl plssldka mk ua scfmk plrl
kgää àj?
j skdufgtk‑, ju skol, pkmk quk l lprkskgtläàj ltkgbl ]^LGPFÄÛKP kgtrk
ksclfmks. Ckanrk-sk quk lgfaläàj æ mfikrkgtk mk trlgsfäàj , lquf j mfrktjr qukr
nlsf`lakgtk trlgsfäûks mk ksclfmks.
l) XK^^LMJQ Pblrkpjfgt æ ual sjcuäàj ml Af`rjsjit plrl lralzkglr lrqufvjs
ka ua cj`lc skdurj jgmk pjmk skr `japlrtfcblmj il`fcftlgmj l `jclnjrläàj mk
jutrjs usuìrfjs. Drlvlr l lprkskgtläàj gj Pblrkpjfgt gàj ilrì l kxfnfäàj ml
lprkskgtläàj alfs lgfalml.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Lctkrgltfvl ska iugmlakgtj. Kxpjrtlr l lprkskgtläàj, skol kcl mk

qulcqukr ijraltj, gàj frì fgskrfr trlgsfäàj kgtrk js ksclfmks.
` ) X@K^]JQ Fgskrfr ]rlgsfäàj kgtrk js ksclfmks ilrì l lprkskgtläàj alfs ltrltfvl.
<0;


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
m ) XK^^LMJQ Ijraltlr ua tkxtj suncfgblmj gàj mkfxlrì js ksclfmks `ja
trlgsfäûks.
k) XK^^LMJQ Ijraltlr ua tkxtj ka ftìcf`j gàj mkfxlrì js ksclfmks `ja

k)
trlgsfäûks.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <=9. [a drupj rklcfzlrì ual plckstrl ka mktkrafglmj
`jgdrkssj, k, `jaj lpjfj, utfcfzlrì ual lprkskgtläàj kclnjrlml gj UjwkrUjfgt
>550. J `jgtkÿmj æ `japjstj pjr ;4 scfmks, k j drupj mkskol quk sjakgtk j
scfmk gÿakrj 2 gàj skol kxfnfmj murlgtk l lprkskgtläàj.
Ulrl ltfgdfr kssk jnoktfvj, quk rkùrsj mj UjwkrUjfgt >550 mkvkrì skr utfcfzlmj:
l) Jùctlr scfmk
n) Mupcf`lr scfmk
`) Fgskrfr `lnkälcbj
m) Aks`clr `æcucls
k) @rfptjdrlilr lprkskgtläàj
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ Ulrl quk gàj skol kxfnfmj scfmks mk ual lprkskgtläàj ska l
gk`kssfmlmk mk lpldì-cjs j UjwkrUjfgt jikrk`k j rkùrsj Jùctlr scfmk quk
jùctl js scfmks skck`fjglmjs lpkgls gj ajakgtj ml lprkskgtläàj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J rkùrsj Mupcf`lr scfmk, `jaj j gjak sudkrk, mupcf`l ua scfmk

skck`fjglmj, pjrtlgtj, gàj skrfl ual jpäàj plrl j drupj mk plckstrlgtks.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Fgskrfr `lnkälcbj gàj jùctl scfmks, pjrtlgtj, gàj skrfl ual jpäàj
plrl j drupj mk plckstrlgtks.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Aks`clr `æcucl æ ual iug`fjglcfmlmk kspk`áif`l mj Kx`kc.
k) XK^^LMJQ Gj Af`rjsjit Jiif`k, vj`ï pjmk uslr skgbls plrl loumlr l kvftlr
quk jutrls pkssjls lnrla ju ajmfifquka js skus mjùakgtjs, ls suls plstls
mk trlnlcbj k ls suls lprkskgtläûks. Kssk rkùrsj gàj jùctl j scfmk mkskolmj
pkcjs plckstrlgtks.
<09


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
XLMLU]LMJQ Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Uktrjnrls Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Puprfakgtjs mk Nkgs k
Pkrvfäjs Oÿgfjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <=4. Gj Af`rjsjit UjwkrUjfgt >554, j ajmkcj mk clyjut mk
scfmk ajstrlmj lnlfxj, pjr plmràj, æ j mk ua clyjut mk
l) scfmk mk tátucj
n) tátucj k `jgtkÿmj
`) `japlrläàj
m) ka nrlg`j
k) sjakgtk tátucj
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Gl faldka lnlfxj kstàj js tfpjs mk clyjuts plmràj gj Tjrm >554, cjdj, vj`ï
vkrì `lml tfpj mk clyjut mls lctkrgltfvls k pjmkrì `japlrì-cls fmkgtfif`lgmj l
sjcf`ftlml gl qukstàj.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L N
<04


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <=2. Murlgtk l kxfnfäàj mk ual lprkskgtläàj rklcfzlml `ja j
AP UjwkrUjfgt, j plckstrlgtk, lj kxfnfr j scfmk mk gÿakrj <<, æ qukstfjglmj pkcl
pcltkfl sjnrk ua lspk`tj quk sk kg`jgtrl rkprkskgtlmj gj scfmk <2.
Ulrl pjmkr slctlr mfrktlakgtk (ska plsslr pkcjs scfmks <>, <0, ..., <4) lj scfmk <2
k mkpjfs rktjrglr mfrktlakgtk lj scfmk <<, tumj fssj ska slfr mj ajmj mk
lprkskgtläàj, j plckstrlgtk mkvkrì uslr
l) ls tk`cls ]LN+4 plrl fr lj <2 k, mkpjfs, PBFI]+]LN+4 plrl rktjrglr.

n) ls tk`cls KG]K^,
K G]K^, sktk vkzks
vkz ks skdufmls, plrl fr lj <2 k, mkpjfs, NL@H
NL@HPUL@K,
PUL@K,
sktk vkzks skdufmls, plrl rktjrglr.
`) ls tk`cls
tk` cls +, skdufml mj gÿakrj 4, plrl fr lj <2 k, mkpjfs, ‐, skdufml mj
gÿakrj 4, plrl rktjrglr
m) j gÿakrj <2, skdufmj
s kdufmj ml tk`cl KG]K^, plrl
plr l fr lj <2 k, mkpjfs, j gÿakrj
gÿak rj <<,
skdufmj ml tk`cl KG]K^, plrl rktjrglr.
k) j njtàj mfrkftj
mfr kftj mj ajusk, 4 vkzks skdufmls, plrl fr lj <2 k, mkpjfs, j njtàj
ksqukrmj mj ajusk, 4 vkzks skdufmls, plrl rktjrglr.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ ]LN+4 gàj æ ua ltlcbj vìcfmj plrl puclr mj scfmk << plrl j scfmk
<2.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L tk`cl KG]K^ lvlgäl plrl j prðxfaj scfmk k fssj rksuctlrfl ka

plsslr pkcjs scfmks <>, <0, <=… k <4 lgtks mk `bkdlr gj <2. L qukstàj pkmk
kxltlakgtk ual sjcuäàj plrl gàj plsslr pjr kssks scfmks.
` ) XK^^LMJQ ls tk`cls +, skdufml mj gÿakrj 4 gàj kxfnfrì j scfmk <2 ml

lprkskgtläàj.
m ) X@K^]JQ Mfdftlr j gÿakrj <2 skdufmj ml tk`cl KG]K^, ckvlrì l lprkskgtläàj

ltæ j scfmk <2, k mkpjfs, mfdftlr j gÿakrj << skdufmj ml tk`cl KG]K^ plrl
rktjrglr lj scfmk << k `jgtfgulr l lprkskgtläàj. Mkssl algkfrl gàj skrì kxfnfmj
js scfmks <>, <0, <=… k <4.
k) XK^^LMJQ @cf`lr `ja j njtàj mfrkftj mj ajusk gj scfmk ka ajmj mk
lprkskgtläàj kxfnfrì ual olgkcl `ja lcduals iug`fjglcfmlmks plrl l
<02


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
lprkskgtläàj.

Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? CF\[FDÌP Urjvl? Kgdkgbkfrj Oÿgfjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <=6. Murlgtk l `jgik`äàj mk ua scfmk mk ual lprkskgtläàj
ka UjwkrUjfgt, j lutjr if`ju gl mÿvfml qulgtj lj usj mk ua njtàj k rksjcvku
`jgsuctlr l LO[ML.
\ulc æ l tk`cl mk ltlcbj lmkqulml plrl j lutjr lnrfr l olgkcl LO[ML:
l) I< n) I= `) I; m) I4 k) I<>
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ L olgkcl Louml ijrgk`k l`kssj l tjmj j `jgtkÿmj ml Louml mj Jiif`k.

Ulrl l`kssì-cj ltrlvæs ml tk`cl mk ltlcbj æ gk`kssìrfj prkssfjglr I< `ja lcdua
mjs lpcf`ltfvjs mj Jiif`k lnkrtj.
XK^^LMJQ I= æ j ltlcbj plrl rkpktfr j ÿctfaj `jalgmj ju iugäàj rklcfzlml

n ) XK^^LMJQ
pkcj usuìrfj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ I; ltfvl j ajmj mk kxfnfäàj ml lprkskgtläàj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ I4 rklcfzl ual vkrfif`läàj gl jrtjdrlifl mk tjml l lprkskgtläàj.
k) XK^^LMJQ I<> slcvl l lprkskgtläàj gj cj`lc mkskolmj pkcj usuìrfj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <;5. Æ fg`jrrktj lifralr sjnrk j UjwkrUjfgt?
l) [al lprkskgtläàj pjmk tkr vìrfls jrfkgtläûks (plfsldka ju rktrltj).

n) L iugäàj Pcfmk Akstrk kg`jgtrl-sk gl dufl Kxfnfäàj.
`) Yj`ï pjmk rkprjmuzfr
rkprjmuz fr aÿsf`ls (ju jutrjs tfpjs mk sjgs)
s jgs) murlgtk sul
s ul
lprkskgtläàj.
m) Yj`ï pjmk slcvlr sul lprkskgtläàj mj UjwkrUjfgt `jaj ua lrqufvj UMI.
<06


UjwkrUjfgt
jfgt
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Ltkg
Lt àj ? Ckanrk-sk quk kstlajs ka nus`l ml lctkrgltfvl FG@J^^K]L!
kgää àj?
X@K^]JQ
l) X@K^]JQ
aksal Ltulcakgtk gàj æ pjssávkc afsturlr scfmks ka ^ktrltj k Ulfsldka gl
lprkskgtläàj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L iugäàj Pcfmk akstrk skrvk plrl `rflr ua plmràj mk ksclfmks gl

lprkskgtläàj, kssk rkùrsj kg`jgtrl-sk gl dufl Kxfnfäàj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Æ pjssávkc fgskrfr aÿsf`ls k sjgs gl lprkskgtläàj ltrlvæs ml dufl

Fgskrfr gj drupj aámfl.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Æ pjssávkc slcvlr ual lprkskgtläàj ka UMI, nlstl fr ka?

Lrqufvj↞ Plcvlr `jaj ↞UMI.
<=5

@lpátucj #5= ‐ Cfn
CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
@lc` ‐ Trftkr ‐ F
Fapr
aprkss
kss
<=<

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lgj? >5<4 Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]^K-PU Urjvl? Lglcfstl Oumf`fìrfj - Ìrkl Oumf`fìrfl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <;<. @jgsfmkrk l pclgfcbl lnlfxj, mfdftlml gj CfnrkJiif`k @lc`
vkrsàj ;.<.;.> ka pjrtuduïs.
L pclgfcbl ajstrl j rksuctlmj mls kckfäûks ka ual `fmlmk, jgmk j tjtlc mk vjtjs
lplrk`k gl `æcucl @<0. Js vlcjrks quk lplrk`ka gls `æcucls ml `jcugl N sàj
rksuctlmj mk `ìcùcjs quk utfcfzla js vlcjrks ml `jcugl @ plrl jntkr j pkr`kgtulc
mk vjtjs mk `lml `lgmfmltj. Gl `æcucl N> ijf mfdftlml ual iðraucl quk mkpjfs ijf
lrrlstlml ltæ l `æcucl N<0, rklcfzlgmj lutjaltf`lakgtk tjmjs js `ìcùcjs mkssl
`jcugl. L iðraucl mfdftlml ijf
l) 1(@>*<55)/@<0
n)
`) 1UK^@KG](@>8@<0)
1UK^@KG](@>8
1(@>*<55)/@$<0@<0)
m) 1UK^@KG][LC(@>8@<0)
1UK^@KG][LC( @>8@<0)
k) 1YU(@>8@<0)
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
L qukstàj nus`l l iðraucl `jrrkspjgmkgtk lj pkr`kgtulc mk vjtjs rk`knfmj mk

`lml `lgmfmltj. Mkssl algkfrl, frkajs prk`fslr mj tjtlc mj gÿakrj mk vjtjs, quk
sk kg`jgtrl gl `æcucl @<0, k mj gÿakrj mk vjtj mk `lml `lgmfmltj, quk sk
kg`jgtrla gl `jcugl
l qukstàj uslgmj l @. Ylajs
ilajsl uslrmk
rkdrl j pju`j ml altkaìtf`l
0. Frkajs nìsf`l
uslr tlanæa plrl rksjcvkr
l qulgtfmlmk mk
vjtjs mj `lgmfmltj L, lssfa mkpjfs mk mks`jnkrtj l iðraucl pjmkajs `jpflr
plrl js jutrjs `lgmfmltjs.
<=>

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
]jtlc mk vjtj 1 ;.426.26<8
`lgmfmltj L 1 0.52;.<248
Yjtjs jntfmjs mj `lgmfmltj
^KD^L MK 0 PFAUCKP
\ulgtfmlmk mk vjtjs % mjs vjtjs

;.426.26< -------------------7 <55
0.52;.<24 -------------------7 R
;.426.26< * R 1 0.52;.<24 * <55

;.426.26< * R 1 052.;<2.455
R 1 052.;<2.455
;.426.26<

R 1 ;0,>2;4;>45>=>;99
J `lgmfmltj L tkvk ual pjr`kgtldka mk lprjxfalmlakgtk ;0,>6% mjs vjtjs. K

pjmkajs `jgifralr quk gjssl `jgtl kstì `krtl, pjfs gl tlnkcl ml qukstàj tkajs
j aksaj rksuctlmj. Ldjrl vlajs trlgsijralr kssl kquläàj ka ual iðraucl quk
pjssl skr uslml plrl js mkalfs `lgmfmltjs ml pclgfcbl.
     ∔ <55

Ujr`kgtldka mk vjtjs 1
  
Ulsslgmj kssl kquläàj plrl l iðraucl mj prfakfrj `lgmfmltj tkrkajs?
1(N>*<55)/@<0
Kssl iðraucl oì skrfl suif`fkgtk plrl jntkr j pkr`kgtulc mj prfakfrj `lgmfmltj,

pjræa, qukrkajs `jpfì-cl plrl js jutrjs `lgmfmltjs k plrl fssj mkvkajs ifxlr l
vjtj s , pjfs, ska kcl, j pkr`kgtulc mk vjtjs mjs jutrjs
`æcucl mj ]jtlc mk vjtjs
`lgmfmltjs if`lrfla krrlmjs, gkssk `lsj vlajs uslr j `firàj ($) plrl ifxlr l cfgbl
ml iðraucl, quk if`lrì ml skdufgtk ijral? 1(N>*<55)/@$<0
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L @
<=0

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Dulrucbjs - PU Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk Dkstàj Ks`jclr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <;>. L faldka l skdufr ajstrl ual pclgfcbl skgmj kmftlml pjr
akfj mj CfnrkJiif`k @lc` =.0, ka sul `jgifdurläàj plmràj k ka pjrtuduïs.
Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk `jgtæa j vlcjr quk skrì kxfnfmj gl `æcucl L;, lpðs
kstl skr prkkg`bfml `ja l iðraucl 1AÆMFL(L<8N=)
l) < n) > `) 0 m) = k) ;
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
L iugäàj AÆMFL tfrl l aæmfl lrftaætf`l mk ua fgtkrvlcj mk `æcucls, als, l

iðraucl 1A
1AÆM
ÆMFL(L<8N=)
FL(L<8N=) frì
fr ì tfrlr
tfr lr l aæmfl mk lpkgls muls `æcuc ls, ml `æcucl L<
`æcucls
k N=, pjfs j sfglc mk pjgtj k várducl (8) fgmf`l js vlcjrks quk prkgmk-sk tfrlr l
aæmfl. @jaj L< 1 < k N= 1<,1<, l aæmfl kgtrk vlcj rks æ <.
kgtr k kssks vlcjrks
Gjtk quk plrl il`fcftlr j kgtkgmfakgtj j sfglc mk pjgtj k várducl (8) pjmk skr
sunstftuámj pjr –k‑, jgmk if`lrálajs `ja L< k N=, jgmk l aæmfl æ tfrlml lpkgls
kgtrk kssks mjfs vlcjrks.
@lsj lj fgvæs mk utfcfzlr j pjgtj k várducl (8) ijssk uslmj j sfglc mk mjfs pjgtjs
(?) skrfla skck`fjglmjs tjmj j fgtkrvlcj mk `æcucls mk L< å N= k j rksuctlmj ml
aæmfl skrfl 0. Ujræa, ijf uslmj j sfglc mk pjgtj k várducl (8) kgtàj, l aæmfl
aæmf l æ <.
<.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfv
ltf v l @J^^K]L CK]^L
C K]^L L
<==

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <;0. Lssfglck l jpäàj quk fgmf`l j `japjgkgtk mj CfnrkJiif`k
quk æ iug`fjglcakgtk kqufvlckgtk lj AP Kx`kc mj AP Jiif`k.
l) @lc`.
n) Faprkss.
`) Cjtus.
m) Altb.
k) RAC.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ J lpcf`ltfvj quk `jrrkspjgmkgtk lj AP Jiif`k Kx`kc æ j CfnrkJiif`k

@lc`.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J Faprkss æ ua lpcf`ltfvj mk `rfläàj mk lprkskgtläàj mj

CfnrkJiif`k k skrfl kqufvlckgtk lj UjwkrUjfgt mj AP Jiif`k.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Cjtus æ ua lpcf`ltfvj mks`jgbk`fmj kgtrk ls suátks mk ks`rftðrfj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Altb æ j kmftjr mk iðraucls ml suátk CfnrkJiif`k, quk pjmk skr

uslmj plrl fgskrfr iðraucls altkaìtf`ls ijraltlmls ka mjùakgtjs mk tkxtj,
pclgfcbls, lprkskgtläûks k mkskgbjs.
k) XK^^LMJQ RAC æ ual cfgduldka mk alr`läàj plrl l `rfläàj mk mjùakgtjs

`ja mlmjs jrdlgfzlmjs bfkrlrquf`lakgtk, tlfs `jaj tkxtjs, nlg`j mk mlmjs ju
mkskgbjs vktjrflfs.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? FGPP Urjvl? Lglcfstl mj Pkdurj Pj`flc - Pkrvfäj Pj`flc
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <;=. L`kr`l mk lpcf`ltfvjs plrl kmfäàj mk tkxtjs k pclgfcbls k
mj Tfgmjws <5, oucduk j prðxfaj ftka.
Pftuläàj bfpjtætf`l? Iìnfj, skrvfmjr mj FGPP, rk`knku l cfstldka mjs `fg`j

ÿctfajs rkgmfakgtjs mk ua pkgsfjgfstl k, plrl quk ijssk `lcùclml l aæmfl
mkssks rkgmfakgtjs, kck fgskrfu js mlmjs gj CfnrkJiif`k @lc`, `jgijrak pclgfcbl
ajstrlml lnlfxj.
<=;

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lsskrtfvl? Gkssl sftuläàj, pjr akfj ml iðraucl 1AKM(L<?L;8;), fgskrfml gl

`æcucl L9, Iìnfj pjmkrì mktkrafglr `jrrktlakgtk l aæmfl mkskolml.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
L iugäàj AKM gàj æ rkikrkgtk l aæmfl, als sfa, l akmflgl mk ual skquïg`fl
mk gÿakrjs, quk gkssk `lsj sàj js rkgmfakgtjs mj pkgsfjgfstl.
AKM rktjrgl l akmflgl mk ua `jgougtj mk gÿakrjs. Ka ua `jgougtj `jgtkgmj

ua gÿakrj áaplr mk vlcjrks, l akmflgl skrì j gÿakrj mj akfj mj `jgougtj
jrmkgl
jrm mj (mj alfjr plrl j akgjr) k, ka ua `jgougtj `jgtkgmj ua gÿakrj plr
kglmj
mk vlcjrks tlanæa jrmkglmjs (mj alfjr plrl j akgjr), l akmflgl skrì l
aæmfl mjs mjfs vlcjrks mj akfj mj `jgougtj. @jaj gl pclgfcbl bì lpkgls ;
vlcjrks rk`knfmjs æ gk`kssìrfj lpkgls jrmkgì-cjs, pjfs j vlcjr mj akfj mj
`jgougtj skrì gjssl akmflgl.
Gl faldka ml pclgfcbl lnlfxj ijrla jrmkglmjs js rk`knfmjs k oì pjmkajs
`jgstltlr quk l akmfgl æ ^$ >.0=;,42.
Ujræa, l qukstàj lifral quk aksaj j skrvfmjr mj FGPP fgskrfgmj l iðraucl

1AKM(L<?L;8;), j rksuctlmj ml akmflgl kstlrfl `jrrktj, als gàj æ vkrmlmk, gl
iðraucl qulgmj ijf fgskrfmj –8;‑ kstlajs fgskrfgmj ua gjvj vlcjr gl skquïg`fl
mk vlcjrks k fssj lctkrl j rksuctlmj ml akmflgl plrl ^$ >.>=;,==, quk æ mfikrkgtk
ml akmflgl quk `lcùclajs lgtkrfjrakgtk.
<=9

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
\ukstàj K^^LML

Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]^K-UK Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js - ]jmjs js @lrdjs
Gj NrJiif`k @lc`, plrl sk kcfafglr `lsls mk`falfs mk ua
\ukstàj
\ukst
gÿakrj,àj <;;. kx`cusfvlakgtk, l iugäàj
utfcfzl-sk,
l) @JANFGL.
n) KRU.
`) ^LMFLGJP.
m) ]^[G@L^.
k) PJALPK.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ L iugäàj @JANFGL rktjrgl j gÿakrj mk `janfgläûks (`ja

rkpktfäûks) mk ua mktkrafglmj gÿakrj mk ftkgs. Ujr kxkapcj, sk bì 0 kckakgtjs
L,N k @ ka ua `jgougtj, vj`ï pjmk ks`jcbkr > mkssks kckakgtjs mk 9 algkfrls
mfikrkgtks? LN, NL, L@, @L, N@ k @N. Æ kxltlakgtk plrl slnkr l qulgtfmlmk mk
`janfgläûks pjssávkfs quk uslajs l iugäàj @JANFGL.
n ) XK^^LMJQ KRU `lcùcl l kxpjgkg`flc gl nlsk k.
` ) XK^^LMJQ ^LMFLGJ `jgvkrtk drlus ka rlmflgjs.
m ) X@K^]JQ ]^[G@L^ rktjrgl gÿakrj lj rkajvkr `lsls mk`falfs. Ujr

kxkapcj, 1]^[G@L^(<,>068>) rktjrgl <,>0. J gÿakrj 6 ijf mks`lrtlmj.
XK^^LMJQ L iugäàj PJALPK æ utfcfzlml plrl sjalr vlcjrks mk ua fgtkrvlcj

k) XK^^LMJQ
mk l`jrmj `ja ua mktkrafglml `jgmfäàj. Ujr kxkapcj, plrl sjalr sjakgtk js
gÿakrjs gkdltfvjs mj fgtkrvlcj kgtrk L< ltæ L<5 uslajs l iðraucl?
1PJALPK(L<?L<58"35")
<=4

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? [GKPU Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj F
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <;9. Lglcfsk j trk`bj mk ual pclgfcbl `jgstruáml pjr ]bfldj gj
lanfkgtk CfnrkJiif`k @lc`, jgmk js prk`kmkgtks mk lcduals `æcucls ijrla
kxpcf`ftlmjs pjr akfj ml `janfgläàj mk akgu –Ikrrlakgtls/Mktktfvk".
–Ikrrlakgtls/Mktktfvk".
]bfldj rksjcvku lctkrlr l pclgfcbl k tkgtju ls skdufgtks iðraucls plrl l `æcucl

L<?
F. 1=55
FF. 1@>+<55
FFF. 1L9*>
FY. 1@<+<55
Kstì `jrrktj `jg`cufr quk ls iðraucls l`kftls pkcj @lc` ijrla sjakgtk?
l) F k FF8F F8
n) F k FFF8
`) F, FF k FFF8
m) FF, FFFFFF k FY8
k) FFF k FY.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
àj ? Kssl æ ual qukstàj auftj fgtkrksslgtk k `bkfl mk mktlcbks, pjrtlgtj,

Lt kgää àj?
Ltkg
prkstk nlstlgtk ltkgäàj k ckfl alfs mk ual vkz.
L ikrrlakgtl Mktktfvk mj @lc` skrvk nlsf`lakgtk plrl mks`jnrfr qulfs `æcucls

sàj mkpkgmkgtks k prk`kmkgtks mk jutrls `æcucls. Ulrl jntkr j rksuctlmj ml
faldka mkssl qukstàj ijrla uslmjs mjfs rkùrsjs ml ikrrlakgtl mktktfvk?
^lstr
^lstr klr
klr Urk`kmkgtks
Urk`kmkgt ks k ^lstr klr Mkpkgmkgtks.
^lstr klr
<=2

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
L iugäàj ^lstrklr Urk`kmkgtks fgmf`l ltrlvæs mk sktls mfrk`fjglfs ls `æcucls
quk sàj rkikrkg`flmjs pjr ual iðraucl ka jutrl `æcucl. Ujr kxkapcj, sk l `æcucl
M<5 `jgtfvkr l iðraucl1N;, l `æcucl N; æ ua prk`kmkgtk ml `æcucl M<5.
Oì l iugäàj ^lstrklr Mkpkgmkgtks fgmf`l ltrlvæs mk sktls mfrk`fjglfs `æcucls
quk ilzka
iðraucl 1N;,rkikrïg`fl l jutrls
l `æcucl M<5 `æcucls. Ujr ml
skrì mkpkgmkgtk kxkapcj, sk l `æcucl M<5 `jgtfvkr l
`æcucl N;.
Ls sktls ka lzuc gl faldka ml qukstàj fcustrla il`fcakgtk qulfs sàj js

mkpkgmkgtks mk `lml `æcucl. Ujr kxkapcj, gl `æcucl L<, tkajs muls sktls, ual
`ja skgtfmj mk L< plrl N< k jutrl mk L< plrl L=, ju skol, ls `æcucls N< k L=
usla l `æcucl L< ka suls iðraucls.
]jml kssl kxpcf`läàj ijf mlml plrl quk vj`ï sjunkssk quk ls sktls gl pclgfcbl
ilzka plrtk mk ua rkùrsj mj prðprfj @lc`. Ldjrl, vlajs gjs ltkr ka rksjcvkr l
qukstàj.
L qukstàj fgijral quk ]bfldj lctkrju l pclgfcbl tkgtlgmj fgskrfr lcduals
iðraucls gl `æcucl L<. Ujræa, l qukstàj qukr slnkr LUKGLP qulfs mls
iðraucls
iðr aucls fgskrfmls
fg skrfmls ijrla
ijr la l`kftls,
l`kftls, ska prjnckals
prjn ckals plrl @lc` .
plrl j @lc`
Ulrl il`fcftlr, vlajs ilzkr ls aksals lctkrläûks gl pclgfcbl ikftls pjr ]bfldj
plrl fmkgtfif`lr j quk l`jgtk`k.
L< 1=55 ? Gàj bjuvkrla krrjs gl pclgfcbl k gka lctkrläàj gjs vlcjrks.
L< 1@>+<55? L< rk`knku j vlcjr <55 k bjuvkrla lctkrläûks ka lcduals

`æcucls, pjræa, gkgbua krrj
krrj ijf
i jf kxfnfmj.
<=6

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
1L9* >? L< rk`knku j vlcjr =55, ls `æcucls vjctlrla lj vlcjr jrfdfglc k gàj
L< 1L9*>?
bjuvkrla krrjs.
L< 1@<+<55? Ijrla lprkskgtlmjs j Krrj ;>> ka vìrfls `æcucls.
J Krrj ;>> mj @lc` æ j quk `blalajs mk ^kikrïg`fl @frùclr , ju skol, l

iðraucl rkikrk-sk mfrktlakgtk ju fgmfrktlakgtk l sf aksal. Ijf kxltlakgtk j
quk l`jgtk`k qulgmj fgskrfajs l iðraucl 1@<+<55 ka L<, pjfs l `æcucl @< æ
mkpkgmkgtk mk L< k @< `jaj pjmkajs vkr gls sktls. Ujrtlgtj, 1@<+<55 æ l
ÿgf`l iðraucl fgskrfml pjr ]bfldj quk gàj æ l`kftl pkcj @lc`.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L @
<;5

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? MUK-^^ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ka Fgijraìtf`l
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <;4. @jgsfmkrk l pclgfcbl lnlfxj, `rflml gj CfnrkJiif`k @lc`
=.<, ka pjrtuduïs.
Gl `æcucl N4 ijf mfdftlml ual iðraucl quk ilz `ja quk, lj sk mfdftlr gl `æcucl L4
l sfdcl mk ua mjs ]rfnuglfs `jgstlgtks gls `æcucls L>, L0 ju L=, j gjak mj
]rfnuglc
ifglcfmlmk`jrrkspjgmkgtk
ijf lplrkäl gl `æcucl N4. L iðraucl uslml plrl kssl
l) 1U^J@B(L48L>?N=8>)
n) 1U^J@Y(L48L>?L=8>)
`) 1U^J@(L48L>?N=8>)
m) 1U^J@(L48L>?L=8>)
k) 1U^J@Y(L48L>?N=8>)
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Urfakfrj,
`lplzks mkvlajs
ilzkr. kgtkgmkr j quk ls iugäûks U^J@, U^J@Y, U^J@B sàj
U^J@? Ilz ual prjùrl kgtrk ua vlcjr, ual cfstl mk pksqufsl k ual cfstl mk
rksuctlmj. Ujr kxkapcj, mfdlajs quk vj`ï slnk j gÿakrj mk fmkgtfif`läàj mk
ual pkäl lutjajtfvl, als gàj slnk j prkäj. Yj`ï pjmk uslr l iugäàj U^J@
plrl rktjrglr j prkäj ka ual `æcucl kspk`áif`l lj fgskrfr j gÿakrj ml pkäl gl
`æcucl mk pksqufsl. L kstruturl mkssl iðraucl æ?
1U^J@ (vlcjrZprj`, vktjrZprj`, XYktjrZrksuctlmjQ)

U^J@Y? Ilz ual prjùrl vkrtf`lc, pjr fssj, æ `blalml mk U^J@Y. Kssl iugäàj
rktjrgl ua vlcjr `jrrkspjgmkgtk mk ual nus`l. Ujr kxkapcj, pjmkajs ilzkr
<;<

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
lqukck truquk mk `jcj`lr ua `ðmfdj ka lcdua cj`lc kspk`áif`j k kgtàj rktjrglr
lcdj `jrrkspjgmkgtk. L kstruturl mkssl iugäàj æ?
1U^J@Y(vlcjrZprjùrlmj8altrfzZtlnkcl8gÿaZfgmf`kZ`jcugl8prjùrlrZfgtkrvlcj)
l rklcfzlr Kssl
U^J@B? iugäàj
`jgsuctls tka ualvlcjrks
k cj`lcfzlr `lrl`tkrástf`l mk Urjùrl
gl pclgfcbl Bjrfzjgtlc
nus`lgmj j vlcjr kkqufvlckgtk.
gjs luxfcfl
L kstruturl mkssl iðraucl æ?
1U^J@B(YlcjrZprjùrlmj8AltrfzZtlnkcl8GÿaZágmf`kZcfg8UrjùrlrZfgtkrvlcj)
Mkpjfs mkssl nrkvk mks`rfäàj, vlajs lglcfslr ls lctkrgltfvls?
l) XK^^LMJQ L pclgfcbl gk`kssftl mk ual prjùrl vkrtf`lc, gkssk `lsj uslr j

rkùrsj mk prjùrl bjrfzjgtlc (U^J@B) gàj kxfnfrì j gjak mj trfnuglc
`jrrkspjgmkgtk l pksqufsl.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L
L iðraucl 1U^J@Y(L48L>?L=8>) vlf dkrlr j Krrj ;5>, fssj fgmf`l
quk j lrduakgtj ml iugäàj æ fgvìcfmj, ju skol, bì fg`jkrïg`fl gl iðraucl.
` ) XK^^LMJQ L algkfrl `jrrktl mk uslr l iugäàj U^J@ plrl jntkr j rksuctlmj

mkskolmj gl qukstàj skrfl 1U^J@(L48L>?L=8N>?N=).
m ) XK^^LMJQ Lssfa `jaj gl lctkrgltfvl @, l algkfrl `jrrktl mk uslr l iugäàj

U^J@ plrl jntkr j rksuctlmj mkskolmj gl qukstàj skrfl?
1U^J@(L48L>?L=8N>?N=).
k) X@K^]JQ [slgmj l iðraucl 1U^J@Y(L48L>?N=8>) gl `æcucl N4, lj sk mfdftlr

k) X@K^]JQ
gl `æcucl L4 l sfdcl mk ua mjs ]rfnuglfs, j gjak mj ]rfnuglc `jrrkspjgmkgtk
lplrkäl gl `æcucl N4.
<;>

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <;2. @jgsfmkrk l pclgfcbl lnlfxj, `rflml gj CfnrkJiif`k @lc`
=.<, ka pjrtuduïs.
L iðraucl `jrrktl quk mkvk skr mfdftlml gl `æcucl N2 plrl sjalr sjakgtk js
vlcjrks mjs ftkgs `ja stltus –Lprjvlmj" æ
l) 1PK(@>?@91"Lprjvlmj"8PJAL(N>?N9))
n) 1PJAL(@>?@91"Lprjvlmj"8N>?N9)
`) 1PJALPK(@>?@98"L prjvlmj"8N>?N9)
1PJALPK(@>?@98"Lprjvlmj"8N>?N9)
m) 1PJAL(@>?@98"Lprjvlmj"8N>?N9)
k) 1PK((@>?@9)1"Lprjvlmj"8sjalr(N>?N9))
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ L iðraucl lprkskgtl-sk fg`japcktl `ja l sfgtlxk ml iugäàj PK.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L iugäàj PJAL kxfdk lpkgls js lrduakgtjs guaærf`js, l

kstruturl mkssl iugäàj gàj rktjrgl vlcjrks guaærf`js.
` ) X@K^]JQ L iugäàj PJALPK æ fmklc plrl kssk `lsj. K plrl `lcùclr j vlcjr mk
tjmjs js stltus lprjvlmjs l iðraucl `jrrktl æ?
1PJALPK(@>?@98"Lprjvlmj"8N>?N9).
m ) XK^^LMJQ L iugäàj PJAL pkraftk lpkgls gÿakrjs ju iðraucls k

rkikrïg`fls quk rktjrgka gÿakrjs. Kssk gàj æ j `lsj mkssl iðraucl.
k) XK^^LMJQ @japlrlr ua fgtkrvlcj `ja ual plclvrl ((@>?@9)1"Lprjvlmj")
dkrl ua krrj. Fssj rkicktk ka tjml l iðraucl quk rktjrglrì ua krrj.
<;0

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Gftkrðf - Ô Urjvl? @jgtlmjr

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <;6. ]lgtj gj AP Kx`kc `jaj gj CfnrkJiif`k @lc` æ pjssávkc,
gual iðraucl, ilzkr rkikrïg`fls l `æcucls cj`lcfzlmls ka jutrls pclgfcbls.
Lglcfsk l tlnkcl lnlfxj, quk lprkskgtl `fg`j mupcls mk iðraucls quk mkvkrfla tkr
j aksaj kikftj ka `lml lpcf`ltfvj.
L cfgbl quk `jgtæa ual mupcl mk iðraucls kqufvlckgtks, `lml ual vìcfml gj sku
rkspk`tfvj lpcf`ltfvj, æ?
l) F8
n) FF8
`) FFF8
m) FY8
k) Y.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Mfdlajs quk qukrjs sjalr j vlcjr ml `æcucl L< kg`jgtrlmj gl Uclgfcbl> alfs
<55, ju skol, L< (Uclgfcb l>) + <55.
(Uclgf cbl>)
Gj Kx`kc l algkfrl mk rkikrkg`flr ual `æcucl mk jutrl pclgfcbl mj aksaj
mjùakgtj æ uslr l skdufgtk sfgtlxk? 1GjakZmlZUclgfcbl
GjakZmlZUclgfcbl!! `æcucl+<55, quk
`æcucl+<55
gkssk `lsj if`lrfl? 1Uclgfcbl>! L< +<55.
Uclgfcbl>! L<+<55.
Oì gj @lc` l sfgtlxk æ plrk`fml, prk`fslajs lpkgls trj`lr j pjgtj mk

kx`claläàj (!) pkcj pjgtj (.). Gj @lc` if`lrfl lssfa? 1Uclgfcbl>.L<+<55.
Lglcfslgmj l tlnkcl ml qukstàj, j ÿgf`j átka quk lprkskgtl l sfgtlxk `jrrktl

tlgtj gj Kx`kc qulgtj gj @lc` æ j átka FFF, jgmk plrl rkikrkg`flr l pclgfcbl gj
Kx`kc æ uslmj j sfglc mk kx`claläàj (!) k gj @lc` æ uslmj j pjgt
pjgtj (.).
j (.)
<;=

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Kx`kc ↞ 1R!L<5+>55
@lc` ↞ 1R.L<5+>55
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L @
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Gftkrðf - Ô Urjvl? @jgtlmjr

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <95. Lglcfsk l kxprkssàj l skdufr?
Pupjgmj-sk quk js vlcjrks mk L, N, @ k M kstkola cj`lcfzlmjs, rkspk`tfvlakgtk,

gls `æcucls L<, N<, @< k M< mk ual pclgfcbl CfnrkJiif`k @lc` =.>, l iðraucl quk
trlmuz `jrrktlakgtk kssl kxprkssàj æ?
l) 1(L<+5,<*N<+(@<+<5)*<,<)/(M<+<)*<5
n) 1L<+(5,<*N<+(@<+<5)*<,<)/(M<+<)*<5
`) 1(L<+5,<)*N<+(@<+<5)*<,</((M<+<)*<5)
m) 1(L<+5,<*N<+(@<+<5)*<,<)/(M<+<)/<5
k) 1(L<+5,<*N<+(@<+<5)*<,<)/(M<+<*<5)
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Gl qukstàj j mkgjafglmjr ml kquläàj æ (M<+<)x<5, sk

`jcj`lrajs mkssl aksal algkfrl gl iðraucl tkajs ua drlgmk krrj, pjfs skrfl j
aksaj quk mfzkr quk R/V*<5 æ fdulc l R/(V*<5).
Ylajs ilzkr ua tkstk plrl quk vj`ï pjssl kgtkgmkr akcbjr. Mfdlajs quk R1> k
V1<, kgtàj?
R/V*<5 ⇞ >/<*<5 1 > (prfakfrj mfvfmk >/< k auctfpcf`l j rksuctlmj pjr <5)

R/(V*<5) ⇞ >/(<*<5) 1 5,> (prfakfrj rksjcvk j plrïgtksk, mkpjfs l irläàj fgtkfrl)
Yfu quk js plrïgtksks gj mkgjafglmjr ilzka tjml l mfikrkgäl:

L iðraucl kstlrfl `jrrktl sk l`rks`kgtlr js plrïgtksks ka tjmj j tkraj mj
mkgjafglmjr lpðs l mfvfsàj? 1(L<+5,<*N<+(@<+<5)*<,<)/
1(L<+5,<*N<+(@<+<5)*<,<)/(((M<+<)*<5
(M<+<)*<5))
<;;

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
XK^^LMJQ Lssfa `jaj gl lctkrgltfvl L, mku plrl jnskrvlr quk js plrïgtksks
n ) XK^^LMJQ
ilzka tjml l mfikrkgäl gj rksuctlmj, gkssl lctkrgltfvl j mkgjafglmjr tlanæa
gàj tka js plrïgtksks ka tjmj j tkraj. Ckfl gjvlakgtk l rkspjstl ml
lctkrgltfvl L plrl fmkgtfif`lr j krrj drlvk mj mkgjafglmjr ml irläàj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J guakrlmjr ml irläàj kstì ijrauclmj mk algkfrl fg`jrrktl. L

1(L<+5,<))*N<+(@<+<5)*<,</((M<+<)*<5), qulgmj mkvkrfl kstì
iðraucl kstì lssfa? 1(L<+5,<
lssfa? 1(L<+5,<*N<+(@<+<5)*<,<
1(L<+5,<*N<+(@<+<5)*<,<))/((M<+<)*<5).
m ) X@K^]JQ Ylajs lglcfslr mktlcblmlakgtk j pjrquï mkstl skr l qukstàj

`jrrktl. Kgtàj, vlajs ilzkr ual pkqukgl sfaucläàj?
  < /
 <5
1  Ô <51 <5

Ckanrk-sk ml rkdrl ml mfvfsàj mk irläàj plrl kgtkgmkr j quk ijf ikftj l`fal.
@lsj qukfrl ks`clrk`kr lfgml alfs, kstlnkckäl vlcjrks plrl R k V k tkstk.
Ml aksal algkfrl quk ifzkajs l`fal frkajs ilzkr gl kquläàj ml qukstàj?
 + 5,<5   + ( + <5)  <,<  + 5,<5   + ( + <5)  <,< <

( + <)  <5
1 ( + <)
Ô
<5
1
  ,     (  )  , 

( 
 )
]rlgsijralgmj kssl kquläàj plrl ual iðraucl mj @lc` tkajs?

1(L<+5,<*N<+(@<+<5)*<,<)/(M<+<)/<5 , pjrtlgtj kssl lctkrgltfvl kstì `jrrktl.
k) XK^^LMJQ Js plrïgtksks ml irläàj kstàj jrdlgfzlmjs mk algkfrl fg`jrrktl k

`luslrì ua krrj kgjrak gl `jgtl.
L iðraucl 1(L<+5,<*N<+(@<+<5)*<,<)/(M<+<*<5), mkvkrfl kstì lssfa?
M<+<))*<5).
1(L<+5,<*N<+(@<+<5)*<,<)/(((M<+<
1(L<+5,<*N<+(@<+<5)*<,<)/(
MF@L? Auftls qukstûks quk kgvjcvka jrdlgfzläàj mk iðraucl dkrlcakgtk lpkcla
plrl j clmj altkaìtf`l ml qukstàj, `jaj ijf j `lsj mkssl. Kgtàj, olalfs mkfxk
<;9

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
mk kstumlr altkaìtf`l. Yj`ï l`lnju mk vkr quk j `jgbk`fakgtj ml altkaìtf`l
nìsf`l pjmk skr iugmlakgtlc ka jutrls mfs`fpcfgls.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]^K-UN Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Ìrkl Lpjfj Kspk`flcfzlmj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <9<. L pclgfcbl lnlfxj ijf dkrlml gj CfnrkJiif`k @lc` ;.
Gl pclgfcbl, `lsj skol fgskrfml l iðraucl? 1BKRLNFG(L<) gl `æcucl N<, j vlcjr

lprkskgtlmj gkssl `æcucl skrì
l) <5<55<<<
n) #MFY/5!
`) #G[CJ
m) #YLCJ^!
k) 5
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ L iugäàj BKRLNFG `jgvkrtk ua gÿakrj bkxlmk`falc ka nfgìrfj, j

l) X@K^]JQ
rksuctlmj mk iðraucl 1BKRLNFG(L4) æ <5<55<<<.
n ) XK^^LMJQ #MFY/5! æ j krrj lprkskgtlmj qulgmj bì mfvfsàj pjr zkrj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ #G[CJ æ ua tfpj mk krrj mj Kx`kc, gkssl qukstàj kstlajs

rkcl`fjglgmj j rksuctlmj nlsklmj gj @lc`.
m ) XK^^LMJQ #YLCJ^! æ ua tfpj mk krrj mj Kx`kc, gkssl qukstàj kstlajs

rkcl`fjglgmj j rksuctlmj nlsklmj gj @lc`.
k) XK^^LMJQ j rksuctlmj ml `æcucl N< lpðs fgskrfr 1BKRLNFG(L4) æ <5<55<<<.

k) XK^^LMJQ
<;4

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? MUK-PU Urjvl? Lglcfstl mk Pupjrtk
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <9>. Jnskrvlgmj ls `jgifdurläûks mj @lc` nlsklmj gj
CfnrkJiif`k ;.5.>, ka pjrtuduïs, gj lanfkgtk Tfgmjws, ua Lglcfstl mk Pupjrtk
vkrfif`ju, `jrrktlakgtk, quk, pjr plmràj, bì trïs nlrrls mk ikrrlakgtls
cj`lcfzlmls
l) `ìcùcjs, lnlfxj
l Nlrrlml
mkNlrrl mk akgus?
`jgvkrsûks l Nlrrl
k l Nlrrl mkmk
iðraucls.
n) ikrrlakgtls plmràj, l Nlrrl mk stltus k l Nlrrl mk `jgvkrsûks.
`) stltus, l Nlrrl mk ikrrlakgtls mk mkskgbj k l Nlrrl mk `ìcùcjs
m) ikrrlakgtls plmràj, l Nlrrl mk ikrrlakgtls mk ijraltlä
ijraltläàj
àj k l Nlrrl mk
iðraucls.
k) ijraltläàj, l Nlrrl mk iðraucls k l Nlrrl mk dkrkg`flakgtj mk tlrkils.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Lnlfxj ml Nlrrl
Ikrrlakgtls mk Akgu, kkstàj?
mk Ijraltläàj l NlrrlNlrrl mk Ikrrlakgtls
mk Iðraucls. Jnskrvk lUlmràj,
faldkaNlrrl mk
l skdufr
plrl fmkgtfif`lr `lml ual mls nlrrls gj @lc`.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L M
<;2

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? [GKPU Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk Pupjrtk L`lmïaf`j
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <90. Gj CfnrkJiif`k @lc` =.0.9.>, ka sul `jgifdurläàj plmràj,
tka-sk l skdufgtk tlnkcl?
Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk lprkskgtl l iðraucl l skr prkkg`bfml gl `æcucl @<0

plrl quk skol `lcùclml l aæmfl mls gjtls lpkgls mjs lcugjs `ja l mfs`fpcfgl
\uáaf`l.
l) 1AÆMFL(N>?N<58N<08@>?@<5)
n) 1AÆMFLPK(@>?@<5)
`) 1AÆMFL(@>?@<58"\uáaf`l")
m) 1AÆMFLPK("1\uáaf`l"8@>?@<5)
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
]jml vkz quk ijr gk`kssìrfj tfrlr l aæmfl mk vlcjrks mkpkgmkgmj mk ual
`jgmfäàj, quk gkssk `lsj æ l mfs`fpcfgl mk quáaf`l, mkvkajs uslr l iugäàj
AÆMFLPK. L sfgtlxk mkssl iðraucl æ?
1AÆMFLPK(fgtkrvlcj,`rftærfjs, fgtkrvlcjZaæmfl)
fgtkrvlcj? fgtkrvlcj mk `æcucls (N>?N<5) jgmk skrì vkrfif`lmj j `rftærfj, gj gjssj

`lsj, j `rftærfj æ l mfs`fpcfgl quáaf`l.
`rftærfj? `jgmfäàj plrl jntkr l aæmfl, quk gkssk `lsj, æ l mfs`fpcfgl mk quáaf`l
(N<0).
fgtkrvlcjZaæmfl? fgtkrvlcj `ja js vlcjrks mls gjtls (@>?@<5).

<;6

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
L iðraucl `jrrktl plrl jntkr l aæmfl mjs lcugjs ml mfs`fpcfgl mk quáaf`l skrfl?
1AÆMFLPK(N>?N<58N<08@>?@<5)
Ldjrl, vlajs lglcfslr `lml lctkrgltfvl...
l) XK^^LMJQ Pk lj fgvæs ml iugäàj AÆMFL ijssk uslmj AÆMFLPK l lctkrgltfvl

kstlrfl `jrrktl.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L sfgtlxk ml iugäàj kstì krrlml.
` ) XK^^LMJQ L iugäàj AÆMFL rk`knk gÿakrjs k gl lctkrgltfvl tkajs ua

fgtkrvlcj (@>?@<5) k ua tkxtj (–\uáaf`l‑)
(–\uáaf`l‑)..
X@K^]JQ L iugäàj alfs lmkqulml k sfapcks plrl tfrlr l aæmfl lpkgls mjs
m ) X@K^]JQ
lcugjs mk quáaf`l, skrfl? 1AÆMFLPK("1\uáaf`l"8@>?@<5).
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? ]@K-PK Urjvl? Aæmf`j

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <9=. L ifdurl l skdufr fcustrl ua trk`bj mk ual pclgfcbl
CfnrkJiif`k @lc`, `ja j rlstrklakgtj mk mkpkgmkgtks plrl ls `æcucls @< k N<
cfdlmj.
L plrtfr ml ifdurl, kstì `jrrktj `jg`cufr quk l iðraucl gl `æcucl N< æ?

l) 1 PJAL ( L< + 05)
n) 1 PJAL ( L0 +<5)
`) 1 L< *=
m) 1 L0 +<5
k) 1 L> + >5
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Ltrlvæs mls sktls lzufs pjmkajs fmkgtfif`lr `æcucls mkpkgmkgtks mk jutrls
`æcucls. Ukcl fgmf`läàj ml sktl, L> tïa N< `jaj sul mkpkgmkgtk, ju skol,
<95

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
lctkrlgmj j vlcjr mk L> lutjaltf`lakgtk lctkrl-sk N<. J aksaj l`jgtk`k `ja
N<, quk tka @< `jaj sul mkpkgmkgtk. ^ksuafgmj, lctkrlgmj L> lctkrla-sk N< k
@<, pjfs @< mkpkgmk mk N< quk mkpkgmk mk L>.
Ls c ktr
kt r ls L, mk
N< mkpkgmk N , L>
@ kkMka
kstàj
ksgkgbual
tàj lutj
lu tjal
alt
mlst f`
f`lakg
lakgtk
tk mkssls
iðraucls krr lmls , pjfs `jajbì
lm lslctkrgltfvls oì rkikrïg`fl
slnkajs,
mk L>. Gl iðraucl ml cktrl K bì rkikrïg`fl mk L>, pjrtlgtj æ l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L K

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <9;. Gl drlvläàj mk gjvjs mjùakgtjs/pclgfcbls gj Tfgmjws,
js lpcf`ltfvjs AP Tjrm >5<5, AP Kx`kc >5<5, CfnrkJiif`k @lc` =.> k CfnrkJiif`k

Trftkr
l) mj`x=.>
xcsusla `jaj kxtkgsûks mk lrqufvj prkikrkg`flfs, rkspk`tfvlakgtk?
jmt jmi
n) mj`x xac jmi pmi
`) mj`x xcsx jms jmt
m) mj` xcs pmi jmx
k) mj` xcs mj` jmt
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Ylajs lglcfslr j quk `lml lpcf`ltfvj usl pjr plmràj gl kxtkgsàj mjs skus
lrqufvjs?
AP Tjrm >5<5? mj`x
AP Kx`kc >5<5? xcsx
CfnrkJiif`k @lc` =.>? jms
CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr =.>? jmt
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L @
MF@L? Ykrsûks lgtkrfjrks lj AP Tjrm >554 usla pjr plmràj l kxtkgsàj m j ` , l

plrtfr mj AP Tjrm >554 usla pjr plmràj mj`x . Ykrsûks lgtkrfjrks lj AP Kx`kc
>554 usla pjr plmràj l kxtkgsàj x cs , l plrtfr mj AP Tjrm >554 æ uslmj pjr
plmràj xcsx .
<9<

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <99. Lglcfsk j trk`bj mk pclgfcbl CfnrkJiif`k @lc` =.> ajstrlmj
l skdufr.
Plnkgmj-sk quk ls iðraucls uslmls ka `lml cfgbl sàj bjajdïgkls, pjfs sk

rkikrka ljs aksajs vlcjrks rkcltfvjs, k quk l ikrrlakgtl plrl –^lstrklr
prk`kmkgtks‑ kstì lpcf`lml ås `æcucls K> k @=, pjmk-sk `jg`cufr quk?
l) gàj bì iðraucls mkifgfmls plrl ls `æcucls ml `jcugl –@‑8

n) j –Ylcjr vkgml‑ mkpkgmk kx`cusfvlakgtk mj –@ustj ltl`lmj‑ `jrrkspjgmkgtk8
`) j `ìcùcj ml –Lcáqujtl‑ mkpkgmk kx`cusfvlakgtk ml –@ltkdjrfl‑8
m) j –Ylcjr vkgml‑ mkpkgmk kx`cusfvlakgtk mj –@ustj ltl`lmj‑ k ml –Lcáqujtl‑, k
gàj vlrfl `ja l –@ltkdjrfl‑8
k) l pclgfcbl ajstrlml gàj `jrrkspjgmk lj tkxtj mj kgug`flmj, pjfs tjmls ls
`æcucls mk > ltæ = ml `jcugl –K‑ mkvkrfla tkr skus prk`kmkgtks fmkgtfif`lmjs.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
XK^^LMJQ L qukstàj lifraju quk ls iðraucls uslmls ka `lml cfgbl sàj

l) XK^^LMJQ
bjajdïgkls (kstruturls fdulfs), pjfs sk rkikrka ljs aksajs vlcjrks
rkcltfvjs.
pjfs @jaj @=
ls iðraucls æ mkpkgmkgtk
mls mk N= , kgtàj,. bì
cfgbls sàj bjajdïgkls iðraucl
Gàj mkifgfml
slnkajs qulc gl
æ l`jcugl @,
iðraucl,
als slnkajs quk kxfstk.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J –Ylcjr vkgml‑ mkpkgmk mk –@ustj ltl`lmj‑ k –Lcáqujtl‑. Fssj if`l

pkr`kptávkc lglcfslgmj ls sktls mk @> plrl M> k mk M> plrl K>.
` ) X@K^]JQ Lglcfslgmj ls sktls, @= mkpkgmk LUKGLP mk N=, `jaj l qukstàj

lifraju quk j rkùrsj ^lstrklr Urk`kmkgtks kstì ltfvj ka @= k, aksaj lssfa,
kck sð ajstrl N= `jaj prk`kmkgtk, pjmkajs `jg`cufr quk j `ìcùcj ml –Lcáqujtl‑
mkpkgmk KR@C[PFYLAKG]K ml –@ltkdjrfl‑.
m ) XK^^LMJQ –Ylcjr vkgml‑ mkpkgmk mk –@ustj ltl`lmj‑ k mk –Lcáqujtl‑ `jaj
pjmkajs pkr`knkr gls sktls quk prk`kmka K>. Plnkajs quk ls iðraucls
<9>

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
uslmls ka `lml cfgbl sàj bjajdïgkls , pjfs sk rkikrka ljs aksajs vlcjrks
rkcltfvjs , `jaj @= æ mkpkgmkgtk mk N=, kgtàj @0 mkpkgmk mk N0 k @>
mkpkgmk mk N>, pjrtlgtj, sfdgfif`l quk j –Ylcjr vkgml‑ tlanæa mkpkgmk mk
–@ltkdjrfl‑.
k) XK^^LMJQ J ^lstrkfj Urk`kmkgtk ijf ltfvlmj lpkgls plrl ls `æcucls K> k

@=, pjrtlgtj, lpkgls ls `æcucls prk`kmkgtks mk K> k @= ijrla fmkgtfif`lmls.

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <94. Lglcfsk j trk`bj mk ual pclgfcbl CfnrkJiif`k @lc` =.>
ajstrlmj l skdufr.
Plnkgmj-sk quk l `æcucl @< ijf skck`fjglml, `jpflml k `jclml sjnrk ls `æcucls
@> k @0, æ `jrrktj `jg`cufr quk l iðraucl ml `æcucl @< æ?
l) 1L<*N<
n) 1L$<*$N$<
`) 1L<*N$<
m) 1L$<*N<
k) 1L$<*N$<
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Urfakfrj mkvkajs lglcfslr qulc æ l cðdf`l pjr trìs mjs rksuctlmjs ml `jcugl @
plrl fmkgtfif`lr l iðraucl lpcf`lml l kssls `æcucls. Ujmkajs mfzkr quk l `æcucl
@< æ l auctfpcf`läàj kgtrk L < k N
L< N<<, pjfs <5 x > 1 >5, pjræa, kssl cðdf`l gàj sk
lpcf`l ls `æcucls @> k @0 , pjfs lprkskgtla rksuctlmjs mfikrkgtks ml
auctfpcf`läàj mls `æcucls `jrrkspjgmkgtks.
Lglcfslgmj mk jutrl algkfrl, pjmkajs fmkgtfif`lr quk auctfpcf`lgmj js vlcjrks ml
`jcugl N pjr <5 (vlcjr ml `æcucl L<) tkrkajs kxltlakgtk js aksajs rksuctlmjs
jntfmjs ka @<, @> k @0. Jutrj pjgtj quk `jgifral kssl fmkfl æ quk ka tjmjs js
<90

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
rksuctlmjs mls lctkrgltfvls lplrk`k L< mk lcdual algkfrl, ju skol, kstlajs gj
`lafgbj `krtj.
@jaj prk`fslajs quk j vlcjr ml `æcucl L< kstkol –`jgdkclmj‑, mkvkajs uslr j
`firàj ($)l skdufgtk
tkrkajs plrl ifxlriðraucl
j vlcjr
gl mk plrl1L
L< L<?
`æcucl tjmls
1L$$<*N<.ls `æcucls ml `jcugl @, kgtàj,
J `firàj lgtks ml cfgbl ml `æcucl fgmf`l kxltlakgtk quk qukrkajs quk kssl
cfgbl
cfg bl skol ifxlml plrl
plrl js mkal
m kalfs
fs vlcjrks lssfa quk ijrka
ijr ka `jpflmjs
`jpf lmjs plrl @>
@>
k @0.
Aksaj slnkgmj j rksuctlmj vlajs lglcfslr ls lctkrgltfvls?
1L<*N< frì ajstrlr j vlcjr `jrrktj lpkgls ka L<, qulgmj `jpflmj

XK^^LMJQ 1L<*N<
l) XK^^LMJQ
plrl ls `æcucls @> k @0 gàj js vlcjrks aumlràj.

XK^^LMJQ 1L$<*$N$< ajstrlrì js aksajs vlcjrks gls `æcucls @<, @> k @0.
n ) XK^^LMJQ 1L$<*$N$<
XK^^LMJQ 1L<*N$< ifxlrì j vlcjr mk N<, quk æ >5, k rksuctlrì ka vlcjrks

` ) XK^^LMJQ
mfikrkgtks gls `æcucls @> k @0.
m ) X@K^]JQ 1L$<*N< ifxl j vlcjr mk L<, quk æ <5, k auctfpcf`lrì ls `æcucls

`jrrkspjgmks mk @> k @0.
XK^^LMJQ 1L$<*N$< ajstrlrì vlcjrks fdulfs ka @<, @> k @0.

k) XK^^LMJQ 1L$<*N$<
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? ]O-NL Urjvl? Lglcfstl Oumf`fìrfj - @jgtlnfcfmlmk
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <92. @jgsfmkrk ual pclgfcbl mj CfnrkJiif`k @lc`, `jgtkgmj js
mlmjs sjnrk ua `lapkjgltj mk iutknjc, fcustrlml l skdufr.
<9=

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Plnk-sk quk j prfakfrj `rftærfj mk `clssfif`läàj gl tlnkcl æ j gÿakrj mk pjgtjs,
k quk j gÿakrj mk vftðrfls æ ua `rftærfj mk mkskapltk, mj alfjr plrl j akgjr
gjs mjfs `lsjs.
Ulrl ajstrlr js tfaks mj prfakfrj plrl j ÿctfaj `clssfif`lmj, mk `fal plrl nlfxj,
mkvk-sk, gj @lc`, skck`fjglr
–Mlmjs @clssfif`lr‑ k, gl tkcll quk
rkdfàj L> ltæ
mktlcbl @4, uslr l `janfgläàj
l jrmkgläàj, mk akgus
uslr `jaj @blvks mk
@clssfif`läàj <, > k 0, rkspk`tfvlakgtk?
l) @jcugl N (mk`rks`kgtk), @jcugl @ (`rks`kgtk), (fgmkifgfmj)8
n) (fgmkifgfmj)8 @jcugl N (mk`rks`kgtk), @jcugl @ (mk`rks`kgtk)8
`) @jcugl N (mk`rks`kgtk), @jcugl @ (mk`rks`kgtk), (fgmkifgfmj)8
m) @jcugl N (`rks`kgtk), @jcugl @ (mk`rks`kgtk), (fgmkifgfmj)8
k) (fgmkifgfmj)8 @jcugl @ (mk`rks`kgtk), @jcugl N (mk`rks`kgtk).
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Ulrl jrmkglr l `clssfif`läàj mjs tfaks mk l`jrmj `ja j gÿakrj mk pjgtjs k j

gÿakrj mk vftðrfls, mkvkajs jrmkglr mj alfjr plrl j akgjr, ju skol, ka
jrmka mk`rks`kgtk lpkgls ls `jcugls N k @, pjfs kssls sàj ls `jcugls quk
rkprkskgtla kiktfvlakgtk l jrmka ml `clssfif`läàj mjs tfaks.
Gj @lc` æ pjssávkc `jgifdurlr ls @blvks mk @clssfif`läàj k jrmkglr mk algkfrl

prìtf`l. Ulrl jrmkglr gjssl pclgfcbl mkvkajs fr gl dufl Mlmjs - @clssfif`lr -
@rftærfjs mk `clssfif`läàj. Pkdufgmj kssks plssjs skrì ajstrlmj l olgkcl
lnlfxj jgmk mkvka skr `jgifdurlmjs js `rftærfjs?
<9;

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Ldjrl, vlajs lglcfslr `lml lctkrgltfvl?
l) XK^^LMJQ @ja ls `blvks? @jcugl N (mk`rks`kgtk), @jcugl @ (`rks`kgtk),

(fgmkifgfmj)8
lssfa `jaj lajstrl
`jcugl if`l jrmkglml mk l`jrmj `ja j gÿakrj mk vftðrfls,
@ gàjlnlfxj?
l tlnkcl
XK^^LMJQ @ja l prfakfrl `blvk fgmkifgfmj , gàj skrì pjssávkc mkifgfr ls

n ) XK^^LMJQ
`blvks > k 0.
` ) X@K^]JQ @jcugl N (mk`rks`kgtk), @jcugl @ (mk`rks`kgtk), (fgmkifgfmj) æ l
`clssfif`läàj `krtl. Ls `jcugls N k @ prk`fsla skr mk`rks`kgtks plrl quk skola
jrmkglmjs mj alfjr plrl j akgjr. @jaj gàj bì alfs `rftærfjs plrl skrka
mkifgfmjs l `blvk mk `clssfif`läàj 0 skrì fgmkifgfmj, pjrtlgtj, lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
m ) XK^^LMJQ @ja ls `blvks? @jcugl N (`rks`kgtk), @jcugl @ (mk`rks`kgtk),

(fgmkifgfmj)8 gàj rksuctlrì ls `jcugls N k @ jrmkglmls `jrrktlakgtk, jnskrvk l
tlnkcl lnlfxj?
k) XK^^LMJQ Pk l prfakfrl `blvk ijr –fgmkifgfmj‑, gàj skrì pjssávkc jrmkglr ls

`blvks skdufgtks.
<99

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]^K-DJ Urjvl? Lglcfstl Oumf`fìrfj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <96. Oucduk j prðxfaj ftka, l`kr`l ml kmfäàj mk tkxtjs k
pclgfcbls.
Gj NrJiif`k @lc` 0, l jpäàj Ltfgdfr Aktls mj akgu Ikrrlakgtls pkraftk ijraltlr
mk algkfrl vlcjr
mktkrafglmj `jgmf`fjglc l `jr mk ual `æcucl (iugmj k ijgtks), lj sk ltfgdfr
ju aktl.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
J rkùrsj Lt df r a ktl mj CfnrkJiif`k @lc` skrvk plrl mks`jnrfrajs ua vlcjr mk
Ltff g dfr
ual vlrfìvkc ka ual iðraucl, l plrtfr mk ua rksuctlmj ifglc quk qukrkajs jntkr.
Ujr kxkapcj, vlajs faldfglr quk gl `æcucl L> tka l iðraucl 1L<+; k qukrkajs
mks`jnrfr qulc j skrì j vlcjr mk L< sk qufskrajs jntkr j vlcjr ifglc <55. [slgmj
i fglc <55
jmkskolmj.
Ltff gdf
Lt gd f r aktl
akt l skrì
@clrj quk fgmf`lmj j vlcjr
kssl `jgtl kxltj kmkssl
æ sfapcks vlrfìvkc
slnkajs –mk plrl jntkrL<
`lnkäl‑. j vlcjr
mkvk <55
skr
6; plrl jntkrajs <55 `jaj rksuctlmj, als, faldfgk uslr kssk rkùrsj ka
iðraucls alfs `japckxls quk pjmka cbk loumlr l prkvkr k tkstlr vlcjrks mk
iðraucls.
^ksuafgmj, kssk gàj æ j rkùrsj plrl ilzkr ijraltläàj `jgmf`fjglc , l

ikrrlakgtl mk Ijraltläàj `jgmf`fjglc kg`jgtrl-sk gl dufl Ijraltlr .
\ukstàj FG@J^^K]L.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? [GKPU Urjvl? Nfncfjtk`ìrfj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <45. Jnskrvk l pclgfcbl skdufgtk, skgmj kmftlml pjr akfj mj
CfnrkJiif`k @lc` =.>.>, ka sul `jgifdurläàj plmràj.
Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk `jgtæa j rksuctlmj ml `æcucl L= lpðs skr prkkg`bfml
`ja l iðraucl? 1AÆMFL(ALFJ^(L<?@08>)8AKGJ^(L<?@08>))
l) < n) 0 `) ; m) 4 k) 6
<94

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Urfakfrj vlajs fmkgtfif`lr `lml iugäàj ml iðraucl ml qukstàj?
AÆMFL - @lcùcl l aæmfl lrftaætf`l mk ua fgtkrvlcj mk vlcjrks8
ALFJ^ - ^ktjrgl j ALFJ^ vlcjr mj mj fgtkrvlcj mk ual mktkrafglml pjsfäàj . Ujr

kxkapcj, plrl mks`jnrfr qulc j tkr`kfrj alfjr vlcjr mk ua fgtkrvlcj pjmkajs uslr
ALFJ^(fgtkrvlcj80), jgmk j 0 fgmf`l j tkr`kfrj alfjr vlcjr mj fgtkrvlcj8
AKGJ^ - ^ktjrgl j AKGJ^ vlcjr mj fgtkrvlcj mk ual mktkrafglml pjsfäàj .

Ujr kxkapcj, plrl mks`jnrfr qulc j qufgtj akgjr vlcjr mk ua fgtkrvlcj pjmkajs
uslr AKGJ^(fgtkrvlcj8;), jgmk j ; fgmf`l j qufgtj akgjr vlcjr mj fgtkrvlcj.
Ylajs `lcùclr prfakfrj ls iugäûks ALFJ^ k AKGJ^ plrl ka skdufml

`lcùclajs l AÆMFL.
ALFJ^(L<?@08 >) ⇞J skdugmj alfjr vlcjr mj fgtkrvlcj L<?@0 æ 2

AKGJ^(L<?@08>) ⇞J skdugmj akgjr vlcjr mj fgtkrvlcj L<?@0 æ >
Plnkgmj kssks vlcjrks, vlajs fgskrf-cjs gl iðraucl ml AÆMFL?
1AÆMFL(ALFJ^(L<?@08>)88 AKGJ^(L<?@08>))
1AÆMFL(ALFJ^(L<?@08>) AKGJ^(L<?@08>)) ⇞ 1AÆMFL(
1AÆMFL(228 >)
Urk`fslajs ldjrl `lcùclr l aæmfl mjs vlcjrks jntfmjs? (2 + >)/> 1 ;
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L @
Lgj? >5<4 Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]^K-PU Urjvl? Lglcfstl Oumf`fìrfj - Lgìcfsk mk Pfstkals
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <4<. [a Lglcfstl ka ]F, utfcfzlgmj j CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr vkrsàj
;.<.;.> ka pjrtuduïs, fgskrfu l guakrläàj mk pìdfgls gj `lnkälcbj mj
mjùakgtj k mfdftju muls pìdfgls mk tkxtj. Gl tkr`kfrl pìdfgl, mkskol rk`jakälr
l guakrläàj ka <. Ulrl l`ksslr ual olgkcl quk `jgtæa jpäûks plrl fssj, `ja
j ùrsjr lpðs j ifglc mj tkxtj ml skdugml pìdfgl, kck mkvkrì `cf`lr gj akgu
l) Ijraltlr k gl jpäàj Gÿakrj ml pìdfgl.
n) Ikrrlakgtls k gl jpäàj Guakrläàj mk pìdfgls.
<92

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
`) Fgskrfr k gl jpäàj \uknrl algulc.
m) ^kikrïg`fls k gl jpäàj Guakrlr pìdfgls.
k) Fgskrfr k gl jpäàj Guakrläàj mk pìdfgls.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Lcæa mk gàj skr j `jalgmj lmkqulmj plrl j quk ijf sjcf`ftlmj gl
qukstàj, l jpäàj –Guakrläàj mk Uìdfgl‑ gàj kstì gl dufl Ijraltlr.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Lcæa mk gàj skr j `jalgmj lmkqulmj plrl j quk ijf sjcf`ftlmj gl
qukstàj, l jpäàj –Guakrläàj mk Uìdfgl‑ gàj kstì gl dufl Ikrrlakgtls.
` ) X@K^]JQ L jpäàj \uknrl algulc ml dufl Fgskrfr æ l jpäàj `jrrktl plrl

fgskrfr ual guakrläàj fgmkpkgmkgtk ml guakrläàj ltulc ml pìdfgl.
m ) X XK^^LMJQ Gàj kxfstk l dufl ^kikrïg`fls.

K^^LMJQ
k) XK^^LMJQ @cf`lr j akgu Fgskrfr k gl jpäàj Gÿakrj ml pìdfgl, frì fgskrfr gj

cj`lc ltulc mj ùrsjr j gÿakrj ml pìdfgl ltulc.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <4>. [a Lssfstkgtk, murlgtk sku trlnlcbj mk ijraltläàj mk
mjùakgtjs pjr akfj mj CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr =.0, ka sul `jgifdurläàj plmràj k
ka pjrtuduïs, pjmk ilzkr usj mj á`jgk kxfnfmj l skdufr.
Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk `jgtæa j gjak mj á`jgk.

l) ^klcälr.
n) @jr ml ijgtk.
`) Ufg`kc mk ijraltläàj.
m) Pjanrl.
k) @jr mk iugmj mj tkxtj.
<96

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ L ikrrlakgtl ^klcälr skrvk

skrvk plrl ijraltlr l `jr mk iugmj mj tkxtj
k æ rkprkskgtlml pkcj á`jgk?
n ) XK^^LMJQ L ikrrlakgtl @jr ml Ijgtk skrvk plrl lctkrlr l `jr ml ijgtk, æ

rkprkskgtlml pkcj á`jgk?
` ) X@K^]JQ J Ufg`kc mk ijraltläàj skrvk plrl `cjglr l ijraltläàj mk ua tkxtj

k `jpfì-cl ka jutrj plrtl mj tkxtj. Kssl ikrrlakgtl æ rkprkskgtlml pkcj á`jgk?
XK^^LMJQ J á`jgk mk sjanrl æ?

m ) XK^^LMJQ
k) XK^^LMJQ L ikrrlakgtl ^klcälr quka fgskrk `jr mk iugmj gj tkxtj k æ

k)
rkprkskgtlml pkcj á`jgk?
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? @JAUKPL Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk Plgklakgtj - ]æ`gf`j ka Pkdurlgäl mj
]rlnlcbj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <40. Gj CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr, j –Ufg`kc mk ijraltläàj‑ pkraftk
rkpcf`lr ls jpäûks mk ijraltläàj mk ua trk`bj plrl jutrj. Gkssk `jgtkxtj,
`jgsfmkrk ls jpäûks mk ijraltläàj l skdufr.
F. @jr ml ijgtk.
FF. @jr mk rklc`k.
FFF. Ijgtk suncfgblml.
FY. Ijgtk ka gkdrftj.
Lssfglck l jpäàj quk fgmf`l ls jpäûks mk ijraltläàj quk sàj rkpcf`lmls qulgmj
j –Ufg`kc mk ijraltläàj‑ æ l`fjglmj.
l) F k FF, sjakgtk.
n)
`) FFF, kFF FFF,
k FFF, sjakgtk.
sjakgtk.
m) FF, FFF k FY, sjakgtk.
k) F, FF, FFF k FY.
<45

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
L `jr ml ijgtk, `jr mk rklc`k (`jr mk iugmj mj tkxtj), ijgtk suncfgblml k ijgtk ka
gkdrftj sàj ijraltläûks rkpcf`lmls pkcl ikrrlakgtl Ufg`kc mk ijraltläàj ,
pjrtlgtj, tjmls ls jpäûks kstàj `jrrktls.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L K
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? U@-UK Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Dkrlfs

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <4=. Lssfglck l jpäàj quk lprkskgtl `jrrktlakgtk js plssjs
quk mkvka skr kxkùtlmjs gj NrJiif`k Trftkr plrl quk js plrìdrlijs mk ua tkxtj
skck`fjglmj skola ijraltlmjs `ja lvlgäj mk > à gl prfakfrl cfgbl k
ksplälakgtj <> kgtrk kcks.
l) gj
L`ksslr
`lapjj ^kùjs
akgu Kmftlr, skck`fjglr l jpäàj ]kxtj k fgskrfr js vlcjrks mkskolmjs
k Ksplälakgtj
n) L`ksslr j akgu Ijraltlr,
Ijraltl r, skck`fjglr l jpäàj Ulrìdrlij
U lrìdrlij k fgskrfr
f gskrfr js vlcjrks
mkskolmjs gj `lapj ^kùjs k Ksplälakgtj.
`) L`ksslr j akgu Ijraltlr,
I jraltlr, skck`fjglr l jpäàj ]kxtj k fgskrfr js vlcjrks
mkskolmjs gj `lapj Ksplälakgtj.
m) L`ksslr j akgu Kmftlr, skck`fjglr l jpäàj jpäà j ^kùjs
^k` ujs k fgskrfr js vlcjrks
vlcjr ks
mkskolmjs gj `lapj ^kùjs k Ksplälakgtj.
k) Urkssfjglr, gj fgá`fj ml prfakfrl cfgbl, l tk`cl ]ln k, ka skdufml, l tk`cl Kgtkr
muls vkzks lpðs j prfakfrj plrìdrlij mj tkxtj skck`fjglmj. Lssfa, j Trftkr
rkpktfrì kssl läàj plrl js mkalfs plrìdrlijs skck`fjglmjs.

* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
l) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì jpäàj mk ijraltläàj mk plrìdrlij k ksplälakgtj gl dufl

Kmftlr.
X@K^]JQ L`ksslgmj j akgu Ijraltlr, skck`fjglr l jpäàj Ulrìdrlij k fgskrfr

n ) X@K^]JQ
js vlcjr mk > à mk ^kùj gl prfakfrl cfgbl k Ksplälakgtj mk <> kgtrk kcks.
XK^^LMJQ L`ksslr j akgu Ijraltlr k skck`fjglr l jpäàj ]kxtj ajstrlrì ls
` ) XK^^LMJQ
jpäûks nìsf`ls mk ijraltläàj `jaj? gkdrftj, suncfgblmj, ftìcf`j k kt`.
m ) XK^^ LMJQ Gàj bì l jpäàj mk ^kùj gl dufl Kmftlr.

X K^^LMJQ
<4<

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
k) XK^^LMJQ Kssk prj`kmfakgtj gàj fgskrf j rkùj k l ksplälakgtj sjcf`ftlmj

gl qukstàj.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? FGPP Urjvl? Lglcfstl mj Pkdurj Pj`flc - Pkrvfäj Pj`flc
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <4;. L`kr`l mk lpcf`ltfvjs plrl kmfäàj mk tkxtjs k pclgfcbls k
mj Tfgmjws <5, oucduk j prðxfaj ftka.
Pftuläàj bfpjtætf`l? Kcfsl rk`knku l tlrkil mk rkmfdfr ual afgutl mk tkxtj l skr
kgvflml plrl sul `bkifl supkrfjr, `ja l `jgmfäàj mk quk tjmjs js skrvfmjrks mj
sktjr pumksska `jclnjrlr `ja l rkmläàj ml afgutl, if`lgmj Kcfsl kg`lrrkdlml
mk `jgsjcfmlr j mjùakgtj ifglc. Lpðs mfdftlr l prfakfrl vkrsàj mj mjùakgtj,
Kcfsl `japlrtfcbju j rkspk`tfvj lrqufvj, l plrtfr mk sul kstläàj mk trlnlcbj.
]jmjs rklcfzlrla l kmfäàj mj tkxtj gj aksaj lrqufvj pjr akfj mj CfnrkJiif`k
Trftkr `ja l iugäàj Drlvlr lctkrläûks ltfvlml.
Ls s krtf
Lss vl? Gkssl sftuläàj, qulgmj ml rkvfsàj ifglc mj tkxtj, Kcfsl tkrì l`kssj l
kr tfvl?
mfvkrsls fgijraläûks, tlfs `jaj? tfpj mk lctkrläàj, mltl k bjrl ml lctkrläàj k
lutjr ml lctkrläàj.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
@jaj j mjùakgtj ijf `rflmj pjr Kcfsl k cfnkrlmj plrl `japlrtfcblakgtj

pjmkgmj blvkr lctkrläûks quk pjmka, ju gàj, skr l`kftls pjr kcl, ls prfg`fplfs
fgijraläûks quk Kcfsl rk`knkrì qulgmj tjmjs oì tfvkrka ikftj suls `jgtrfnufäûks
skrì? tfp
tfpjj mk lctkrläàj, mltl k bjrl
bjr l ml lct
lctkrläàj
krläàj k lutj
lutjrr ml
m l lctkrläàj.
lctkrläàj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? FGPP Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mj Pkdurj Pj`flc
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <49. @ja rkcläàj l fgijraìtf`l, oucduk j ftka quk sk skduk.
Ulrl sk kmftlr j `lnkälcbj mk ua mjùakgtj gj Trftkr, mkvk-sk `cf`lr j tjpj ml

pìdfgl plrl lnrfr j kspläj plrl kmfäàj. Ujr cfaftläûks tæ`gf`ls mkssk kmftjr mk
tkxtjs, gàj æ pjssávkc `jclr tkxtjs ju faldkgs gkssk kspläj.
<4>

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
Gàj bì fapkmfakgtj lj fgskrfr faldkgs ju `ðpfl mk tkxtjs gj `lnkälcbj mj

CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr.
\ukstàj K^^LML
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <44.
]kgmj `jaj rkikrïg`fl l ifdurl lprkskgtlml, lssfglck l jpäàj `jrrktl l`kr`l mj

NrJiif`k Trftkr.
l) Æ pjssávkc slcvlr ua lrqufvj ka ijraltj UMI pjr akfj ml jpäàj
n) Pkck`fjglgmj-sk, skqukg`flcakgtk, j akgu , l jpäàj k l
sunjpäàj , pjmk-sk `rflr ual pclgfcbl, quk skrì lnkrtl mkgtrj mj
Trftkr.
`) @cf`lg
@cf`lgmj-
mj-sk
sk ual vkz
vkz j njtàj
njtàj , æ pjssávk
pjssávkcc fgskrfr
fgskrfr,, ka lrqufv
lrqufvjs
js kmftlm
kmftlmjs
js gj
Trftkr, cfghs plrl jutrjs lrqufvjs ju pìdfgls ml Fgtkrgkt.
m) ]kxtjs quk ijrka mfdftlmjs gj `lapj rkprkskgtlmj pkcj á`jgk
skràj nus`lmjs gl Fgtkrgkt akmflgtk j sátfj mk nus`ls Djjdck.
k) Æ pjssávkc lctkrlr l `jr ml ijgtk utfcfzlml ka ua mjùakgtj lj sk skck`fjglr j
tkxtj k, ka skdufml, `cf`lr j njtàj .
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
l) XK^^LMJQ L jpäàj mk Plcvlr `jaj gàj trìs l jpäàj mk slcvlr ka UMI.
Kssl jpäàj kstì tlanæa gl dufl Lr
Lrq uf vj,, als gl jpäàj Kxpjr tlr ka UMI.
q ufvj UMI.
<40

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
n ) XK^^LMJQ L pclgfcbl gàj skrì lnkrtl mkgtrj mj Trftkr, skrì lnkrtj ua gjvj
mjùakgtj mj @lc`.
` ) X@K^]JQ Ltrlvæs ml jpäàj Bfpkrcfgh æ pjssávkc fgskrfr ka lrqufvjs kmftlmjs

gj Trftkr, cfghs plrl jutrjs lrqufvjs ju pìdfgls ml Fgtkrgkt.
m ) XK^^LMJQ ]kxtjs fgskrfmjs gkssk `lapj skràj nus`lmjs mkgtrj mj prðprfj
mjùakgtj.
k) XK^^LMJQ Kssl æ l ikrrlakgtl ^klc`k, quk skrvk plrl fgskrfr `jr gj iugmj mj
tkxtj, gàj gl ijgtk.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? UDK-^J Urjvl? Lglcfstl ml Urjùrlmjrfl - ^kcläûks Uÿncf`ls
\ukstàj
\ukst
mk tkxtjàj <42.
`jaj J `jgtrjck
j AP Tjrm mk lctkrläûks,
k j CfnrkJiif`k Trftk,ikrrlakgtl prkskgtk
mkgtrk jutrjs, ka kmftjrks
æ kxtrkalakgtk
ÿtfc gj `lsj ka quk ua mjùakgtj?
l) æ mfstrfnuámj plrl ua guakrjsj drupj mk pkssjls gj ijraltj UMI8
n) æ prjmuzfmj pjr muls ju alfs pkssjls
pkss jls k ls `jgtrfnufäûks
` jgtrfnufäûks mk `lml
` lml ua plssla
plss la
pjr ua prj`kssj mk rkvfsàj8
`) æ `jgstlgtkakgtk lctkrlmj k æ prk`fsj algtkr ua rfdjrjsj `jgtrjck mk vkrsàj
mls `ðpfls quk vàj skgmj `rflmls l `lml lctkrläàj8
m) `jgtæa fgijraläûks sfdfcjsls8
k) ifquk prjtkdfmj mk lctkrläûks kiktulmls pjr usuìrfjs gàj lutjrfzlmjs.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
l) XK^^LMJQ j UMI æ ua ijraltj mk lrqufvj mkmf`lmj l ckfturl mk tkxtj. J Tjrm

k j Trftkr usla l ikrrlakgtl mk `jgtrjck mk lctkrläàj ka mjùakgtjs kmftìvkfs.
n ) X@K^]JQ J Tjrm tka j rkùrsj ^kvfsàj, j Trftkr tka j rkùrsj ^kdfstrlr

lctkrläûks, lanjs sàj ikrrlakgtls auftj fapjrtlgtks plrl `jgtrjclr lctkrläûks
ka ua aksaj mjùakgtj mfstrfnuámj plrl vìrfls pkssjls, jgmk bì pjssfnfcfmlmk
mk lprjvlr ju mkslprjvlr ls lctkrläûks mjs `jclnjrlmjrks.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J `jgtrjck mk lctkrläàj æ ua rkùrsj plrl lrqufvjs mfstrfnuámjs
plrl alfs mk ua `jclnjrlmjr.
<4=

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
m ) XK^^LMJQ Ulrl fgijraläûks sfdfcjsls æ prfajrmflc lmf`fjglr skgbls ljs
lrqufvjs.
k) XK^^LMJQ ]jmjs js usuìrfjs quk ijrla `japlrtfcblmjs js lrqufvjs, aksaj

ltfvlmj j `jgtrjck mk lctkrläàj, pjmkràj lctkrlr j lrqufvj, quk pjstkrfjrakgtk
plsslrì pjr lprjvläàj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <46. Ojàj kstì prkplrlgmj ua tkxtj quk `jgtæa ual tlnkcl ]
ùoj ckflutk kxfdk quk `krtls `æcucls `jgtkgbla jutrls tlnkcls.
L sjcuäàj plrl Ojàj æ?

l) uslr j CfnrkJiif`k
Cfn rkJiif`k Trftk
Trft k pjrquk j AP Tjrm
T jrm gàj pkraftk fgskrfr ual tlnkcl
t lnkcl
n) uslr j AP Tjrm pjrquk j CfnrkJiif`k TrftkTr ftk gàj pkraftk fgskrfr ual tlnkcl
`) fgskrfr ual tlnkcl mkgtrj mk jutrl gl ijral mk ual ifdurl `lpturlml ml tkcl,
pjrquk j AP Tjrm k j CfnrkJiif`k Trftk gàj pkraftka fgskrfr ual tlnkcl gual
m) uslr qulcqukr mjs kmftjrks, pjfs lanjs pkraftka fgs fgskrfr
krfr ual tlnkcl
tlnk cl gual
k) uslr qulcqukr mjs kmftjrks, pjræa utfcfzlgmj j rkùrsj mk fgskräàj mk drìif`js,
pjfs kssks sàj jnoktjs iug`fjglcakgtk sfafclrks ås tlnkcls.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
l) XK^^LMJQ J Af`rjsjit Jiif`k pkraftk fgskrfr ual tlnkcl mkgtrj mk jutrl `æcucl
mk jutrl tlnkcl.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J CfnrkJiif`k pkraftk fgskrfr ual tlnkcl mkgtrj mk jutrl `æcucl mk

jutrl tlnkcl.
XK^^LMJQ ]lgtj j Trftk qulgtj j Tjrm pkraftk fgskrfr ual tlnkcl mkgtrj mk
` ) XK^^LMJQ
jutrl `æcucl mk jutrl tlnkcl.
m ) X@K^]JQ Trftkr k Tjrm pkraftka fgskrfr ual tlnkcl mkgtrj mk jutrl `æcucl mk

jutrl tlnkcl.
<4;

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
k) XK^^LMJQ Drìif`js k ]lnkcls tïa iug`fjglcfmlmks mfikrkgtks mkgtrj mk ua

mjùakgtj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <25. Js qulmrjs l skdufr sàj mj tfpj quk æ kxfnfmj pkcj
CfnrkJiif`k =.> Trftkr qulgmj mj l`fjglakgtj mj `jalgmj mk ijraltläàj mk
plrìdrlijs.
Mk l`jrmj `ja l skdugml ifdurl, kstì `jrrktj `jg`cufr quk, mls `janfgläûks mk
ijraltläàj mk plrìdrlij mfspjgávkfs ka rkcläàj lj kstlmj ml prfakfrl ifdurl, ls
lctkrläûks kiktulmls rksuafrla-sk sjakgtk l?
l) ^kùj/Lgtks mj tkxtj8
n) Ksplälakgtj/Kanlfxj mj plrìdrlij8
`) Kgtrk cfgbls/Mupcj8
m) ^kùj/Urfakfrl
k) ^kùj/Lgtks mj cfgbl
tkxtjkkKgtrk cfgbls/Mupcj8
Ksplälakgtj/Kanlfxj mj plrìdrlij.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
l) XK^^LMJQ J rkùj lgtks mj tkxtj lprkskgtl ual kstruturl mk l`jrmj `ja l
ifdurl l skdufr?
n ) XK^^LMJQ Ksplälak
Ksplälakgtj
gtj kanlfxj mj p lrìdrlij lprkskgtl ua ksplälakgtj
plrìdrlij
alfjr gj prðxfaj plrìdrlij lssfa `ja ifdurl l skdufr?
<49

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
` ) XK^^LMJQ Ksplälakgtj mk cfgbl mupcj lprkskgtl ual kstruturl mk l`jrmj
`ja l ifdurl l skdufr?
m ) X@K^]JQ L ifdurl ml faldka lprkskgtl l `jgifdurläàj mk plrìdrlij ka

^kùj prf akfrl cfgbl k Kspläl
^kùj mk prfakfrl Ksplälakgtj mupc j .
akgtj mk cfgbl mupcj
XK^^LMJQ J ^k
k) XK^^LMJQ ùj lgtks mj tkxtj k Kspläl
^kùj Ksplälakgtj m j plrìdrlij
akgtj kanlfxj mj
lprkskgtl l skdufgtk kstruturl ml ifdurl l skdufr?

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <2<. Gj CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr =.<, ka pjrtuduïs, lpðs `cf`lr gj
akgu Lrqufvj k glmjjpäàj
ls `lrl`tkrástf`ls plpkcFaprfafr,
quk skrìlplrk`k
utfcfzlmjual olgkcl gl qulc
gl faprkssàj sk pjmka
l plrtfr mk ua mkifgfr
`cfquk
gl jpäàj
l) Urjprfkmlmks.
n) Ulpkc.
`) Clyjut ml Uìdfgl.
m) Ikrrlakgtls.
k) @jgifdurläûks.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ Ulrl `jgifdurlr ls `lrl`tkrástf`ls mj plpkc plrl faprkssàj æ

gk`kssìrfj l`ksslr? Lr
Lrq uf v j 8 ka skdufml Faprfafr k
q ufv k `cf`lr ka Urjprfkmlmks.
XK^^LMJQ Ulpkc gàj æ ual jpäàj gl olgkcl Faprfafr.

n ) XK^^LMJQ Ulpkc
XK^^LMJQ Clyjut ml Uìdfgl skrvk prfg`fplcakgtk plrl `jgifdurlr l

` ) XK^^LMJQ
qulgtfmlmk mk ijcbls ka ual ÿgf`l pìdfgl.
m ) XK^^LMJQ
XK^^LMJQ Ik
Ikrr lakgtls æ ua dufl mj CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr.
rrlakgtls
k) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì l jpäàj @jgifdurläûks gl olgkcl F
Faprf
aprfafr.
afr.
<44

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <2>. [a ]æ`gf`j ka Fgijraìtf`l, utfcfzlgmj j CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr
=.< ka pjrtuduïs, mkskol guakrlr ls pìdfgls gj rjmlpæ mk ua mjùakgtj l
plrtfr ml tkr`kfrl pìdfgl, fgf`flgmj l guakrläàj l plrtfr mj gÿakrj 0. Ulrl fssj,
`cf`ju gj ..F....FFF..
skck`fjgju , `cf`ju
, gj gj akguKstfcj
`lapj Fgskrfrks`jcbku
k gl jpäàj ..FF.. . Ágmf`k,
l jpäàj Gl olgkcl quk sk
alr`ju lnrfu,
l jpäàj
Lctkrlr gÿakrj ml pìdfgl, mfdftju j gÿakrj 0 gj `lapj quk fgmf`l j fgá`fj ml
guakrläàj, k `cf`ju gj njtàj Jh. Ka skdufml, `cf`ju gj akgu Fgskrfr, gl jpäàj
^jmlpæ k ks`jcbku l jpäàj Ágmf`k. Mkpjfs, `cf`ju gj akgu Fgskrfr, gl jpäàj
@lapjs k ka Gÿakrj ml pìdfgl.
Ls clùgls F, FF k FFF sàj prkkg`bfmls `jrrktl k, rkspk`tfvlakgtk, pjr
l) fgá`fj ml pìdfgl > \uknrl lutjaìtf`l \uknrl mk skäàj

n) ifglc
`) fgá`fjmlmlpìdfgl
pìdfgl00 \uknrl algulc
\uknrl \uknrl mk\uknrl
pìdfglmk skäàj
m) ifglc ml pìdfgl > \uknrl algulc \uknrl mk pìdfgl
k) ifglc ml pìdfgl > \uknrl lutjaìtf`l \uknrl mk skäàj
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
J plssj l plssj plrl fgskrfr l guakrläàj ml pìdfgl 0 æ?
@cf`lr gj ifglc ml pìdfgl >, `cf`lr gj akgu Fgskrfr k gl jpäàj \uknrl algulc .
Gl prðxfal
jpäàj Ágmf`k,olgkcl skck`fjglr
alr`lr l jpäàj \uknrl mk pìdfgl
Lctkrlr gÿakrj 8 gj `lapj
ml pìdfgl, mfdftlrKstfcj ks`jcbkr
j gÿakrj 0 gjl
`lapj quk fgmf`l j fgá`fj ml guakrläàj, k `cf`lr gj njtàj Jh.
Ka skdufml, `cf`lr gj akgu Fgskrfr, gl jpäàj ^jmlpæ k ks`jcbkr l jpäàj Ágmf`k.

Mkpjfs, `cf`lr gj akgu Fgskrfr, gl jpäàj @lapjs k ka Gÿakrj ml pìdfgl.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L M
<42

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <20. L`kr`l mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws 2.<, mj kmftjr mk
tkxtj NrJiif`k Trftkr k mj prjdrlal mk glvkdläàj Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr <<, oucduk j
ftka l skdufr.
Ujr akfj mkutfcfzlgmj-sk
`japckxjs rkùrsjs mfspjgávkfs gj NrJiif`k
iugäûks quk pjmka skrTrftkr, æ pjssávkc
fgskrfmls rklcfzlr `ìcùcjs
gjs `lapjs mk ual
tlnkcl.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * * *
Aksaj ls ]lnkcls tkgmj ual kstruturl sfapcfif`lml gjs mjùakgtjs mj Trftkr, æ

pjssávkc rklcfzlr `ìcùcjs `japckxjs uslgmj ual sfgtlxk plrk`fml `ja ls
iugäûks uslmls gj CfnrkJiif`k @lc`.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <2=. L`kr`l mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws 2.<, mj kmftjr mk
tkxtj NrJiif`k Trftkr k mj prjdrlal mk glvkdläàj Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr <<, oucduk j
ftka l skdufr.
Gj NrJiif`k Trftkr, lj sk `cf`lr, `ja j njtàj mfrkftj mj ajusk, ual plclvrl
skck`fjglml, skrì kxfnfml ual jpäàj plrl l nus`l, gl Fgtkrgkt, mk sfgýgfajs
mkssl plclvrl.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
Ltkg
Lt àj ? NrJiif`k æ ual vkrsàj alfs lgtfdl mj ltulc CfnrkJiif`k.
kgää àj?
Lj sk `cf`lr gj njtàj mfrkftj mj ajusk ka ual plclvrl skck`fjglml gj

CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr ås jpäûks lprkskgtlmls skràj? ^k`jrtlr, @jpflr, @jclr, @jclr
kspk`flc, Cfaplr ijraltläàj mfrktl, @lrl`tkrk, Ulrìdrlij, Alr`lmjrks k
Guakrläàj, Uìdfgl, Lctkrlr `lfxl k Kmftlr kstfcj mk plrìdrlij.
Gkgbual mls jpäûks skrvka plrl nus`lr sfgýgfajs gl fgtkrgkt.
\ukstàj K^^LML
<46

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? MUK-PU Urjvl? Lglcfstl mk Pupjrtk
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <2;. [a Lglcfstl mk Pupjrtk mkskol `jgifdurlr l fapjrtläàj k
kxpjrtläàj mk mjùakgtjs mj Af`rjsjit Jiif`k gj CfnrkJiif`k ;.5.>, ka
pjrtuduïs, gj lanfkgtk Tfgmjws. L skäàj Jnoktjs fg`jrpjrlmjs kspk`fif`l j
aætjmj
vkrfif`ju,mk fapjrtläàj quk
`jrrktlakgtk, k kxpjrtläàj
plrl ilzkr mjs
fssj jnoktjs JCK ks`jcbkr?
æ gk`kssìrfj mj Af`rjsjit

Jiif`k. Kck
l) Ikrrlakgtls ∞ Jpäûks ∞ CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr ∞ ^kùrsjs mk
l)Ikrrlakgtls
Fapjrtläàj/Kxpjrtläàj.
n) Ikrrlakgtls ∞ Jpäûks ∞ @lrrkdlr/Plcvlr ∞ Af`rjsjit Jiif`k.
n)Ikrrlakgtls
`) Ijraltlr ∞ Kstfcjs k Ijraltläàj ∞ @lrrkdlr/Plcvlr ∞ Af`rjsjit Jiif`k.
Jiif`k.
m) Lr q
qufvj
ufvj ∞ Jpäûks ∞ CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr ∞ ^kùrsjs mk Fapjrtläàj/Kxpjrtläàj.
k) Ijraltlr ∞ Jpäûks ∞ @lrrkdlr/Plcvlr ∞ ^kùrsjs mk Fapjrtläàj/Kxpjrtläàj.
k)Ijraltlr Fapjrtläàj/Kxpjrtläàj.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
Yìrfjs prjdrlals jikrk`ka supjrtk lj JCK, quk æ uslmj plrl tjrglr j `jgtkÿmj
`rflmj ka ua prjdrlal, mfspjgávkc ka jutrj prjdrlal. Ujr kxkapcj, vj`ï pjmk
fgskrfr ua mjùakgtj mj Tjrm ka ual plstl mk trlnlcbj mj Kx`kc.
Pk vj`ï `jpflr fgijraläûks kgtrk j Kx`kc ju qulcqukr prjdrlal quk jikrkäl

supjrtk lj JCK, `jaj j CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr, `jpfk ls fgijraläûks `jaj ua jnoktj
vfgùclmj ju uasàj
k fg`jrpjrlmjs jnoktj fgskrfmj.
j cj`lc jgmk Ls
js prfg`fplfs
mlmjs sàjmfikrkgäls kgtrk kjnoktjs
lralzkglmjs, `jaj vfgùclmjs
j jnoktj æ
ltulcfzlmj mkpjfs quk vj`ï fgskrk gj lrqufvj mk mkstfgj.
Js jnoktjs fg`jrpjrlmjs sàj lralzkglmjs gl plstl mk trlnlcbj ka quk sàj

fgskrfmjs, pjræa, gàj sàj ltulcfzlmjs. Js jnoktjs vfgùclmjs pkralgk`ka `jaj
lrqufvjs skplrlmjs k pjmka skr ltulcfzlmjs.
Ulrl blnfcftlr kssl iug`fjglcfmlmk gj CfnrkJiif`k æ gk`kssìrfj fr ka?

Ikrrlakgtls ∞ Jpäûks ∞ @lrrkdlr Plcvlr ∞ Af`rjsjit Jiif`k
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L N
<25

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? [GKPU Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk Pupjrtk L`lmïaf`j F
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <29. Ka ua mjùakgtj mj CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr =.0.9.>, ka sul
`jgifdurläàj plmràj, lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk fgmf`l l läàj kxkùtlml pkcj
usuìrfj l plrtfr ml faldka <, quk prjmuzfu j rksuctlmj lprkskgtlmj gl faldka
>.
l) Luakgtlml l ijgtk mk cktrl.

n) Aumlgäl mk kstfcj plrl suns`rftj.
`) Ksplälakgtj mk cfgbls luakgtlmj mk sfapcks plrl mupcj.
m) Aumlgäl ml ijgtk mk cktrl plrl Lrflc.
k) Ijf `rflml ual quknrl mk pìdfgl lj ifglc mk `lml cfgbl.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
l) XK^^LMJQ
l)
ml XK^^LMJQ
ijgtk. Yfsfvkcakgtk æ pjssávkc pkr`knkr quk gàj ijf lctkrlmj j tlalgbj
n ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì gkgbua kstfcj suns`rftj gj tkxtj.
X@K^]JQ Bì ua ksplälakgtj kgtrk cfgbls gl faldka >, gàj sk slnk lj `krtj

` ) X@K^]JQ
sk æ rklcakgtk ksplälakgtj mupcj, pjræa, kssl æ l ÿgf`l lctkrgltfvl quk trltl
mk ksplälakgtj, kgtàj, `jg`cuáajs quk æ l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Gl faldka > æ pjssávkc jnskrvlr quk l ijgtk pkralgk`k l aksal
ml faldka <.
k) XK^^LMJQ L quknrl mk pìdfgl ckvlrfl `lml cfgbl plrl ual pìdfgl mfikrkgtk.
k) XK^^LMJQ
<2<

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]^K-LU Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Jpkrläàj mk @japutlmjrks
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <24. Ijf sjcf`ftlmj l ua ]æ`gf`j kmftlr j tkxtj lnlfxj gj
CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr =.=, ka pjrtuduïs, ijraltlgmj-j, mkpjfs mk kmftlmj, ka >
`jcugls.
Ka rkugfàj, ]^K-LU mknltk k bjajcjdl Uclgkolakgtj plrl rklcfzläàj

mls Kckfäûks >5<9
L ua lgj mls Kckfäûks Augf`fplfs mk >5<9, j ]rfnuglc ^kdfjglc Kckftjrlc (]^K-
LU) mknltku k lcfgbju läûks fgtkdrlmls kgtrk l Urksfmïg`fl, Mfrktjrfl Dkrlc,
sk`rktlrfls k `jjrmkglmjrfls ml Oustfäl Kckftjrlc plrl l rklcfzläàj mj prj`kssj
kckftjrlc.
Gl j`lsfàj, ijf bjajcjdlmj j pclgkolakgtj plrl l kxkùäàj mk akmfmls k
pjcátf`ls mj ]^K plrl lgtks k murlgtk j pckftj. [al @jafssàj, quk skrì ijralml
ltæ j ifglc mj aïs, skrì rkspjgsìvkc pjr ajgftjrlr j ùaprfakgtj mj quk ijf
pclgkolmj.
Ulrl `jcj`lr j tkxtj ka > `jcugls j ]æ`gf`j skck`fjgju j tkxtj kmftlmj ka <
`jcugl k utfcfzju l jpäàj @jcugls quk if`l gj akgu
l) Ijraltlr.
n) Clyjut.
`) Kmftlr.
m) ]lnkcl.
k) Ikrrlakgtls.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * * *
Ulrl ijraltlr j tkxtj ka muls `jcugls æ gk`kssìrfj `cf`lr gj akgu Ijraltlr ,
ka skdufml `cf`lr ka @jcugls k ks`jcbkr ual mls jpäûks mk `jcugls ml olgkcl.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L L
<2>

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]^] - =ª ^KDFÀJ (^P)Urjvl? Lglcfstl Oumf`fìrfj - Ìrkl Oumf`fìrfl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <22. [a lglcfstl skck`fjgju ua tkxtj mk ual pìdfgl ml
Fgtkrgkt quk pjssuf ua `jgougtj mk ijraltläûks mk ijgtk, pjræa, mkskol `jclr
kstk tkxtj ka ua mjùakgtj ska kstls ijraltläûks. Ulrl fssj, prkssfjgju l
`janfgläàj mkCfnrkJiif`k
mjùakgtj mj tk`cls @]^C k @ vkrsàj
Trftkr gj tkxtj=.<.<.>,
skck`fjglmj

ml pìdfgl ml Fgtkrgkt k, gj
l) prkssfjgju l `janfgläàj mk tk`cls @]^C k Y.

n) `cf`ju gj akgu Kmftlr k gl jpäàj @jclr tkxtj sfapcks.
`) prkssfjgju l `janfgläàj mk tk`cls @]^C, LC] k Y, skck`fjgju l jpäàj ]kxtj
sfapcks k `cf`ju gj njtàj JH.
m) `cf`ju gj akgu Ijraltlr, gl jpäàj @jclr Kspk`flc..., gl jpäàj ]kxtj sfapcks k
gj njtàj JH.
k) `cf`ju gj akgu Kmftlr, gl jpäàj @jclr Kspk`flc...,
K spk`flc..., gl jpäàj ]kxtj ska
ijraltläàj k gj njtàj JH.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ @]^C+Y `jpfl j tkxtj k l ijraltläàj plrl j mjùakgtj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì l jpäàj @jclr tkxtj sfapcks gj akgu Kmftlr.
` ) XK^^LMJQ @]^C+LC]+Y gàj æ ua ltlcbj vìcfmj gj Trftkr.
m ) XK^^LMJQ @jclr Kspk`flc kstì gj akgu Kmftlr, gàj gj akgu Ijraltlr.
k) X@K^]JQ @cf`lr gj akgu Kmftlr , gl jpäàj @jclr Kspk`flc..., ka skdufml

]kxtj ska ijraltläàj k gj njtàj JH, `jpflrì j tkxtj skck`fjglmj ml fgtkrgkt
ska ijraltläàj gj Trftkr.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? AK@ Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <26. L`kr`l mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws 2.< k mj kmftjr mk
tkxtj NrJiif`k Trftkr, oucduk j ftka l skdufr.
@lsj ua usuìrfj mkskok slcvlr ua lrqufvj `jaj ajmkcj mk tkxtj mj NrJiif`k
Trftkr, j lrqufvj skrì `rflmj `ja l kxtkgsàj JMI.
<20

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
Ltkg
Lt àj ? NrJiif`k Trftkr æ ual vkrsàj lgtfdl mj CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr.
kgää àj?
Ajmkcj mk tkxtj (tkapcltk) æ ual kstruturl mk tkxtj, jgmk oì kstàj præ mkifgfmjs
ijgtks, ksplälakgtjs, `lnkälcbj, plrìdrlijs k kt`. Kssk ajmkcj skrvk plrl
il`fcftlr l `rfläàj mk jutrjs mjùakgtjs quk prk`fsla tkr skaprk l aksal
kstruturl mk tkxtj. L kxtkgsàj uslml gkssk tfpj mk lrqufvj æ j J]]. Kxtkgsûks
JMI sàj uslmls ka lrqufvjs mk mjùakgtjs mk tkxtj , gàj ka ajmkcjs mk
tkxtj.
\ukstàj K^^LML
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? AK@ Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <65. L`kr`l mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws 2.< k mj kmftjr mk
tkxtj NrJiif`k Trftkr, oucduk j ftka l skdufr.
Ulrl fgskrfr, gj NrJiif`k Trftkr, njrmls ka ua mjùakgtj, æ `jrrktj lmjtlr j
skdufgtk prj`kmfakgtj? `cf`lr j akgu Fgskrfr k, gl cfstl mfspjgfnfcfzlml, `cf`lr l
jpäàj Njrmls.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * * *
Ltkg
Lt àj ? NrJiif`k Trftkr æ ual vkrsàj lgtfdl mj CfnrkJiif`k Trftkr.
kgää àj?
Kssl æ ual mlqukcls qukstûks quk lutjaltf`lakgtk tk fgmuz lj krrj. Fgskrfr
njrmls ka ua mjùakgtj gàj kstì gj akgu Fgskrfr , aksaj quk fssj pjssl
plrk`kr auftj cðdf`j. Gl rklcfmlmk, fgskrfr njrmls æ ua prj`kssj mk ijraltläàj
mj mjùakgtj k æ kg`jgtrlmj gj akgu Ijraltlr.
\ukstàj K^^LML
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <6<. Fmkgtfifquk l lctkrgltfvl quk `jgtæa js gjaks mjs
sjitwlrks mk `rfläàj mk tkxtjs, mk kmftjrläàj mk pclgfcbls, k mk `rfläàj mk
lprkskgtläûks ml suátk CfnrkJiif`k.
<2=

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
l) Tjrm, Kx`kc, Ujwkr Ujfgt
n) Trftkr, @lc`, Faprkss
`) Tjrm, @lc`, Urkskgtltjr
m) Tfrtkr, Kx`kc, Ujwkr Ujfgt
k) Tjrm, @lc`, Faprkss
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
XK^^LMJQ Tjrm, Kx`kc k UjwkrUjfgt ilzka plrtk ml suátk mk lpcf`ltfvjs mj

l) XK^^LMJQ
Af`rjsjit Jiif`k.
n ) X@K^]JQ Trftkr æ j kmftjr mk tkxtj, @lc` æ ua prjdrlal mk kmftjrläàj mk

pclgfcbls k j Faprkss æ ual lpcf`läàj plrl `rfläàj mk lprkskgtläûks. ]jmjs
kssks ilzka plrtk ml suátk CfnrkJiif`k.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Tjrm æ kmftjr mk tkxtj ml Af`rjsjit Jiif`k, pjrtlgtj, lctkrgltfvl

krrlml.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Kx`kc æ ua prjdrlal mk kmftjrläàj mk pclgfcbls, UjwkrUjfgt æ

ual lpcf`läàj plrl `rfläàj mk lprkskgtläûks, pjræa, js mjfs lpcf`ltfvjs ilzka
plrtk ml suátk Af`rjsjit Jiif`k.
k) XK^^LMJQ Tjrm æ kmftjr mk tkxtj ml Af`rjsjit Jiif`k, pjrtlgtj, lctkrgltfvl

krrlml.
<2;

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <6>. Jnskrvk l faldka l skdufr, quk ajstrl l olgkcl mk
prjprfkmlmks mk ual `lfxl mk tkxtj prkvflakgtk skck`fjglml gj CfnrkJiif`k
Faprkss =.0, ka sul `jgifdurläàj plmràj k ka pjrtuduïs.
Ukcl faldka, æ pjssávkc vkrfif`lr quk

l) j rkùj lgtks mj tkxtj æ mk 5,9 à.
n) j rkùj mkpjfs mj tkxtj æ mk 5,< à.
`) j ksplälakgtj ka `fal mj plrìdrlij æ mk 5,= à.
m) j tlalgbj ml ijgtk æ 05.
k) j lcfgblakgtj mj plrìdrlij æ `kgtrlcfzlmj.

* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * * *
Ka `lml lctkrgltfvl skrì ajstrlmj l faldka rkikrkgtk l `jgifdurläàj mk `lml

lctkrgltfvl.
l) XK^^LMJQ J rkùj lgtks mj tkxtj æ mk 5,<5 à
n ) XK^^LMJQ J rkùj mkpjfs mj tkxtj æ mk 5,;5 à

` ) XK^^LMJQ J ksplälakgtj ka `fal mj plrìdrlij æ mk 5,05 à
<29

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
m ) XK^^LMJQ J tlalgbj ml ijgtk æ 0>
k) X@K^]JQ J lcfgblakgtj mj plrìdrlij æ `kgtrlcfzlmj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <60. @ja rkcläàj l fgijraìtf`l, oucduk j ftka quk sk skduk.
Ka ua tkxtj ju faldka `jgtfmj ka ksclfmk quk kstkol ka kmfäàj gj prjdrlal
Cfnrk Jiif`k Faprkss, æ pjssávkc, pjr akfj ml jpäàj Bypkrcfgh, `rflr ua cfgh quk
pkraftl j l`kssj l ual pìdfgl wkn.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
Ltkg
Lt àj ? ksclfmk æ j aksaj quk scfmk!
kgää àj?
Gj Faprkss æ pkraftfmj fgskrfr cfgh mk l`kssj å wkn pjr akfj ml jpäàj Bypkrcfgh
vfgùclgmj j cfgh tlgtj lj tkxtj qulgtj ka faldkgs.
MF@L? Æ `jaua uslr tlgtj Bf pkrcfgh qulgtj By pkrcfgh , ls muls algkfrls kstàj
`jrrktls.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? I[G^FJ Ðrdàj? FI-NL Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk ]k`gjcjdfl ml Fgijraläàj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <6=. Ulrl fgf`flr ual lprkskgtläàj, l plrtfr mj scfmk ltulc,
utfcfzlgmj j Faprkss mj CfnrkJiif`k vkrsàj =.=.<.> mkvk-sk prkssfjglr
l) ls tk`cls @trc k C (@trc+C).
n) l tk`cl I<>.
`) l tk`cl I;.
m) ls tk`cls Pbfit k I> (Pbfit+I<>).
k) ls tk`cls Pbfit k I; (Pbfit+I;).
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
l) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì `jalgmj lssj`flmj lj ltlcbj @trc+C.
<24

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
n ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì `jalgmj lssj`flmj l tk`cl I<>.
XK^^LMJQ L tk`cl I; kxfnk js scfmks ka ajmj mk lprkskgtläàj mksmk j

` ) XK^^LMJQ
fgá`fj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì `jalgmj lssj`flmj lj ltlcbj Pbfit+I<>.
k) X@K^]JQ Fgf`fl j ajmj mk lprkskgtläàj mj scfmk ltulc.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I[GFYK^PL Ðrdàj? Pk`rktlrfl ml @rflgäl - MI Urjvl? Kspk`flcfstl Pj`fjkmu`ltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <6;. Gl qukstàj, `jgsfmkrk quk tjmjs js prjdrlals
akg`fjglmjs kstàj ka `jgifdurläàj-plmràj, ka pjrtuduïs, k quk j ajusk kstì
`jgifdurlmj plrl pkssjls mkstrls. Lssfa, l akgjs quk skol kxpcf`ftlakgtk
fgijralmj
rkikrka-sk jl `jgtrìrfj,
`cfquks `jakxprkssûks `jaj `cf`lr,
j njtàj ksqukrmj `cfquk @jgsfmkrk
mj ajusk. sfapcks k tlanæa
`cfquk mupcj
quk
gàj bì rkstrfäûks mk prjtkäàj k mk usj ka rkcläàj l prjdrlals, lrqufvjs,
mfrktðrfjs k blrmwlrk utfcfzlmjs.
J rkùrsj mj CfnrkJiif`k Faprkss, vkrsàj =.=.;, quk pkraftk lj usuìrfj lssj`flr

ua kgmkrkäj wkn l ìrkls kspk`áif`ls, `jgbk`fmls `jaj pjgtjs mk l`kssj, ka
ual ifdurl ju ka ua drupj mk ifdurls, æ j(l)
l) ifdurl lgfgblml.
n) bfpkrcfgh.
`) pclykr
m) alpl mkmk faldka.
aámfl.
k) qulmrj icutulgtk.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì kssl jpäàj gj Faprkss.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J Bfpkrcfgh pkraftk lssj`flr ifdurls, faldkgs k tkxtjs l ua

ßGF@J
ßGF @J cfgh.
cfg h.
` ) X@K^]JQ J jpäàj Alpl ml Faldka pkraftk lgkxlr [^Cs l ìrkls kspk`áif`ls,
mkgjafglmls pjgtjs mk l`kssj , ka ual ifdurl ju ka ua drupj mk ifdurls.
[a alpl mk faldka æ ua drupj `ja ua ju alfs pjgtjs mk l`kssj .
<22

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Ltrlvæs mkstk rkùrsj vj`ï pjmk mkifgfr ìrkls ka ual faldka quk pjssufràj
cfghs plrl ua mktkrafglmj kgmkrkäj. Ujmkajs kg`jgtrlr kssl jpäàj ka?
Kmftlr ‐ Alpl mk Faldka .
m ) XK^^LMJQ Uclykr mk aámfl, kg`jgtrlmj gj akgu Ikrrlakgtls skrvk plrl

vfsulcfzlr tjmjs js lrqufvjs mk aámfl k tlanæa plrl fgskrfr j lrqufvj mk aámfl
ltulc ka sku mjùakgtj.
k) XK^^LMJQ J \ulmrj Icutulgtk æ ua rkùrsj mk vfsulcfzläàj mk ua

mjùakgtj mkgtrj mk jutrj mjùakgtj pjr akfj ml fgskräàj mk ual olgkcl gj
mjùakgtj ltulc.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? Urkikfturl mj ^fj mk Olgkfrj - Ô Ðrdàj? @îalrl Augf`fplc mj ^fj mk Olgkfrj Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk
]æ`gf`j Ckdfscltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <69. [a wkn mksfdgkr `rfju ual lprkskgtläàj mk =5 scfmks gj
sjitwlrk Faprkss mj pl`jtk CfnrkJiif`k v=.0.;.> ka ua af`rj`japutlmjr `ja
sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc [nugtu Cfgux k, gkstk ajakgtj, kstì `ja j scfmk mk gÿakrj
6 gj ajmj mk kmfäàj. Ulrl ilzkr l kxfnfäàj l plrtfr mj scfmk mk gÿakrj 6, kck
mkvk kxkùtlr j skdufgtk ltlcbj mk tk`clmj?
l) 3Pbfit7 + I;
n) 3Pupkr7 + I;
`) 3Pbfit7 + I<
m) 3Pupkr7 + I<
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * * *
l) X @K^]JQQ Kgtrl ka ajmj mk lprkskgtläàj l plrtfr mj scfmk ltulc.

l) X@K^]J
n ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj æ ua `jalgmj vìcfmj gj Faprkss.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj æ ua `jalgmj vìcfmj gj Faprkss.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj æ ua `jalgmj vìcfmj gj Faprkss.

XK^^LMJQ Gàj æ ua `jalgmj vìcfmj gj Faprkss.
k) XK^^LMJQ
<26

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? FNI@ Ðrdàj? @KU >2 Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <64. \ulgtj lj Af`rjsjit Jiif`k k j NrJiif`k, lglcfsk ls
lifraltfvls lnlfxj, mï vlcjrks Ykrmlmkfrj (Y) ju Ilcsj (I) k lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl
quk lprkskgtl l skquïg`fl `jrrktl (mk `fal plrl nlfxj)?
( )caprkss æ ua prjdrlal mk lprkskgtläàj mk scfmks sfafclr lj UjwkrUjfgt.

( ) NrJiif`k sjakgtk æ pjssávkc mk skr fgstlclmj ka lanfkgtks Cfgux.
l) Y -Y
n) Y ‐I
`) I ‐Y
m) I -I
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * * *
Ltkg
Lt àj ? NrJiif`k æ ual vkrsàj lgtfdl mj CfnrkJiif`k.
kgää àj?
J Faprkss æ ua prjdrlal mk lprkskgtläàj mk scfmks sfafclr lj UjwkrUjfgt. J

NrJiif`k, ltulc CfnrkJiif`k, pjmk skr fgstlclmj ka vìrfjs sfstkals jpkrl`fjglfs
`jaj? Tfgmjws, Cfgux k Al` JP.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L N
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]^K-^^ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Jpkrläàj mk @japutlmjrks
\ukstàj
\ukst àj <62. [a usuìrfj mk `japutlmjr `rfju ual lprkskgtläàj ka
Af`rjsjit UjwkrUjfgt >5<5, `jgtkgmj lgfaläûks quk lctkrla `jrks, kikftjs
kspk`flfs `ja sjgs gl trlgsfäàj mk scfmks k jnoktjs TjrmLrt. Kck drlvju l
lprkskgtläàj ka ijralmj mk lprkskgtläàj UU]R (jrfdfglc mj UjwkrUjfgt) k ka
JMU (Jpkg Mjùakgt), kstl ÿctfal plrl pjmkr kgvfì-cl plrl jutrj usuìrfj quk
pjssuf NrJiif`k k prk`fsl vkr l lprkskgtläàj. J usuìrfj pkr`knkrì, lj `japlrlr
l lprkskgtläàj ka JMU `ja l lprkskgtläàj ka UU]R, quk
l) tjmls ls iug`fjglcfmlmks ml lprkskgtläàj sàj algtfmls k sul ijraltläàj gàj

æ lctkrlml gj ijraltj JMU.
n) sjakgtk js rkùrsjs mk sja
s ja gl trlgsfäàj
trlgs fäàj mk scfmks
s cfmks sàj pkrmfmjs
p krmfmjs gj ijraltj
i jraltj
JMU.
<65

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
`) sjakgtk ls lgfaläûks quk lctkrla `jrks
` jrks mkfxla mk iug`fjglr
iug`f jglr gj ijraltj
ijr altj
JMU.
m) tjmls ls iug`fjglcfmlmks ml lprkskgtläàj sàj algtfmls gj ijraltj JMU, `ja
kx`käàj mjs tkxtjs ka TjrmLrt, js qulfs skràj `jgvkrtfmjs ka @lfxls mk
]kxtj ska l ijraltläàj lrtástf`l.
k) sjgs gl trlgsfäàj mk scfmks, ki
kikftjs
kftjs lrtástf`js
lrtást f`js ka tkxtj TjrmLrt
Tjr mLrt k lgfaläûks
lgfalä ûks
`ja aumlgäls mk `jrks sàj rkùrsjs pkrmfmjs gl `jgvkrsàj mk ijraltjs.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * * *
Ltkg
Lt àj ? NrJiif`k æ ual vkrsàj lgtfdl mj CfnrkJiif`k.
kgää àj?
XK^^LMJQ Gka tjmls ls iug`fjglcfmlmks pkralgk`kràj qulgmj ijrka

l) XK^^LMJQ
lnkrtjs gj NrJiif`k/CfnrkJiif`k.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Lcæa mj sja jutrjs kikftjs skràj pkrmfmjs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Jutrls kikftjs sjirkràj lctkrläûks lcæa ml lctkrläàj mk `jrks ml

lgfaläàj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ TjrmLrt æ ua mjs rkùrsjs quk sjirkrì lctkrläàj qulgmj lnkrtjs

gj NrJiif`k/CfnrkJiif`k.
k) X@K^]JQ sjgs gl trlgsfäàj mk scfmks, kikftjs lrtástf`js ka tkxtj TjrmLrt k

lgfaläûks
ijraltjs. `ja aumlgäls mk `jrks sàj rkùrsjs pkrmfmjs gl `jgvkrsàj mk
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? FLMKP Ðrdàj? [INL Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ka Fgijraìtf`l

\ukstàj
\ukst àj <66. Ks`jcbl l ikrrlakgtl cfvrk quk fgmf`l ua lprkskgtlmjr mk
scfmks k utfcfzl j plmràj Jpkg Mjùakgt Ijralt (JMI).
l) Faprkss.
n) UjwkrUjfgt.
`) L``kss.
m) Trftkr.
k) Lprkskgtltfjg.
<6<

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
l) X@K^]JQ J Faprkss, lpcf`ltfvj mk kmfäàj k lprkskgtläàj mk scfmks utfcfzl j

plmràj JMI ka skus lrqufvjs.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J UjwkrUjfgt, lpcf`ltfvj mk kmfäàj k lprkskgtläàj mk scfmks utfcfzl

j plmràj UU] ju UU]R.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J L``kss æ ua dkrkg`flmjr mk nlg`j mk mlmjs ml Af`rjsjit.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Trftkr æ ua kmftjr mk tkxtj.
k) XK^^LMJQ Lprkskgtltfjg æ ual jpäàj mk `butk plrl js `lgmfmltjs

mksltkgtjs.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IKUKPK Ðrdàj? AUK-P@ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ka @jgtls Uÿncf`ls
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >55. J lpcf`ltfvj Faprkss (NrJi`k.jrd / CfnrkJi`k) vkrsàj
=.5.=.> ka pjrtuduïs pkraftk slcvlr lprkskgtläûks plrl l`kssj vfl nrjwskr.
Pjnrk fssj, `jgsfmkrk ls skdufgtks lifraltfvls?
<. Ujmka-sk slcvlr lprkskgtläûks plrl l`kssj vfl nrjwskr utfcfzlgmj j Faprkss

ltrlvæs ml ikrrlakgtl ju rkùrsj Plcvlr @jaj. Gl `lfxl mk mfìcjdj quk sk lnrk,
mkvk-sk jptlr pkcj ijraltj mjùakgtj B]AC (.btac8.bta).
>. J Faprkss pkraftk slcvlr ls plrlaktrfzläûks mj usuìrfj sjnrk l lprkskgtläàj
vfl nrjwskr gl ijral mk mksfdgs quk pjmka skr skck`fjglmjs ka lprkskgtläûks
pjstkrfjrks.
0. Lj kxpjrtlr ual lprkskgtläàj plrl l`kssj vfl nrjwskr pkcj Faprkss, pjmk-sk
jptlr pjr slcvlr ls ifdurls ml lprkskgtläàj gj ijraltj UGD8 DFI ju OUD.
Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk fgmf`l tjmls ls lifraltfvls `jrrktls.

l) Æ `jrrktl lpkgls l lifraltfvl <.
n) Pàj `jrrktls lpkgls
lpkgls ls lifraltfvls < k >.
`) Pàj `jrrktls lpkgls
lpkgls ls lifraltfvls < k 0.
m) Pàj `jrrktls lpkgls
lpkgls ls lifraltfvls > k 0.
k) Pàj `jrrktls ls lifraltfvls <, > k 0.
<6>

CfnrkJ
rkJiif`
iif`k?
k? @lc`
Fapr
aprkss
kss
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
*
Ylajs lglcfslr ls lifraltfvls?
<. XK^^LMJQ Ulrl slcvlr ual lprkskgtläàj k l`kssì-cls ltrlvæs mj glvkdlmjr

(nrjwskr) æ gk`kssìrfj kxpjrtlr l lprkskgtläàj `cf`lgmj gj akgu Kxpjrtlr k
jptlr pkcj tfpj Mjùa
Mjùakgtj B]AC .
kgtj B]AC
>. X@K^]JQ Æ pjssávkc slcvlr l lprkskgtläàj Mjùakgtj B]AC k

pjstkrfjrakgtk usì-cj `jaj plrîaktrj mksfdg kxfstkgtk.
0. X@K^]JQ Lj utfcfzlr l ikrrlakgtl Kxpjrtlr, plrl slcvlr ka B]AC, surdk l

jpäàj mk slcvlr ls faldkgs gj ijraltj UGD, DFI ju OUD.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L M
<60

<6=

@lpátucj #5; ‐ Fgtkrgkt k Glvkdlmjr

Glvkdlmjrks
ks
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >5<. @ja rkcläàj ljs `jg`kftjs nìsf`js k ajmjs mk utfcfzläàj
mk tk`gjcjdfls, ikrrlakgtls, lpcf`ltfvjs k prj`kmfakgtjs lssj`flmjs å Fgtkrgkt k
å fgtrlgkt, oucduk j prðxfaj ftka.
Æ `jrrktj `jg`kftulr fgtrlgkt `jaj ual rkmk mk fgijraläûks fgtkrgls mk ual

jrdlgfzläàj, quk tka `jaj jnoktfvj `japlrtfcblr mlmjs k fgijraläûks plrl js
skus `jclnjrlmjrks, usuìrfjs mkvfmlakgtk lutjrfzlmjs l l`ksslr kssl rkmk.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Fgtrlgkt trltl-sk mk ual rkmk prfvlml mkgtrj mk ual jrdlgfzläàj quk kstì mk
l`jrmj `ja js aksajs plmrûks ml Fgtkrgkt, l`kssávkc lpkgls pjr akanrjs ml
jrdlgfzläàj, kaprkdlmjs ju tkr`kfrjs `ja lutjrfzläàj mk l`kssj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >5>. @ja rkcläàj ljs `jg`kftjs nìsf`js k ajmjs mk utfcfzläàj
mk tk`gjcjdfls, ikrrlakgtls, lpcf`ltfvjs k prj`kmfakgtjs lssj`flmjs å Fgtkrgkt k
@jjhfks sàj lrqufvjs kgvflmjs pjr lcdugs sátfjs ml Fgtkrgkt ljs `japutlmjrks
mjs usuìrfjs `ja j jnoktfvj mk jntkr fgijraläûks sjnrk ls vfsftls l kssks sátfjs8
gj kgtlgtj, j usuìrfj pjmk fapkmfr quk js `jjhfks skola lralzkglmjs ka sku
`japutlmjr.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Js `jjhfks sàj lrqufvjs mk tkxtj quk rkdfstrla ls prkikrïg`fls mj usuìrfj. @ja

kssk lrqufvj æ pjssávkc ilzkr `ja quk l kxpkrfïg`fl mk `lml usuìrfj skol ÿgf`l
glvkdlgmj gl fgtkrgkt, pjfs sàj rkdfstrlmjs skus bìnftjs mk glvkdläàj. Js
`jjhfks sàj auftj uslmjs gl puncf`fmlmk ml fgtkrgkt. Æ auftj `jaua quk vj`ï
tkgbl `cf`lmj ka ual prjpldlgmj k ka skdufml, murlgtk vìrfjs mfls, vj`ï
`jgtfguk vkgmj prjpldlgmls rkcl`fjglml l quk ijf `cf`lml lgtkrfjrakgtk. Kssl
kstrltædfl mls kaprksls æ nlsklml gjs `jjhfks quk kstàj fgskrfmjs gj sku
glvkdlmjr, pjræa, js `jjhfks pjmka skr ncjquklmjs sk j usuìrfj l`blr
gk`kssìrfj.
<6;


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >50.
mk tk`gjcjdfls,
@ja rkcläàj ljs `jg`kftjs nìsf`js k ajmjs mk utfcfzläàj
ikrrlakgtls, lpcf`ltfvjs k prj`kmfakgtjs lssj`flmjs å Fgtkrgkt k
Kanjrl js dkrkg`flmjrks mk mjwgcjlms pkraftla quk usuìrfjs nlfxka lrqufvjs

mk ijral rìpfml k `jgifìvkc, kssls ikrrlakgtls lfgml gàj pjssuka rkùrsjs plrl
quk lrqufvjs alfjrks quk <55 AN skola nlfxlmjs.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
]kjrf`lakgtk gàj bì
cfaftläàj kstì auftj alfscfaftläûks
ltrkclml lplrl ua dkrkg`flmjr
qulgtfmlmk mk mjwgcjlms
mk lralzkglakgtj , l
quk j sku
`japutlmjr pjmk supjrtlr. Ujr kxkapcj, sk j sku `japutlmjr tka ua kspläj
cfvrk mk <5DN, kgtàj, sku lrqufvj nlfxlmj pkcj dkrkg`flmjr gàj pjmkrì plsslr
mkssk tlalgbj, pjfs <5DN æ j cfaftk aìxfaj supjrtlmj pkcj sku `japutlmjr.
\ukstàj K^^LML
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >5=. @ja rkcläàj ljs `jg`kftjs nìsf`js k ajmjs mk utfcfzläàj
mk tk`gjcjdfls, ikrrlakgtls, lpcf`ltfvjs k prj`kmfakgtjs lssj`flmjs å Fgtkrgkt,
oucduk j prðxfaj ftka.
Gl Fgtkrgkt, kxfstka ikrrlakgtls quk jtfafzla l tlrkil mk algfpuclr lrqufvjs,

`jaj j Djjdck Mj`s, quk pkraftk j lralzkglakgtj jgcfgk k j `japlrtfcblakgtj
mk lrqufvjs, mfspkgslgmj l gk`kssfmlmk, pjr kxkapcj, mk ua usuìrfj kgvflr ua
aksaj lrqufvj pjr kalfc plrl vìrfjs mkstfgltìrfjs.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
J Djjdck Mj`s æ ua skrvfäj mfspjgfnfcfzlmj pkcj Djjdck plrl lralzkglr k
`japlrtfcblr lrqufvjs k mjùakgtjs mk algkfrl sfapcks. Gj Djjdck Mj`s pjmka
skr fgskrfmjs vìrfjs `jclnjrlmjrks ka ua ÿgf`j lrqufvj, jgmk tjmjs pjmka
<69


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
trlnlcblr lj aksaj tkapj, `jaj fssj, æ mfspkgsìvkc j kgvfj mk k-alfcs `ja
mjùakgtjs lgkxlmjs plrl js `jclnjrlmjrks.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? I[N Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >5;. L`kr`l mj usj mk ikrrlakgtls plrl l`kssj å Fgtkrgkt,
oucduk j ftka l skdufr.
skdufr.
L jpäàj quk pkraftk kx`cufr j bfstðrf`j mk glvkdläàj mjs nrjwskrs lpldl ml

akaðrfl mj `japutlmjr tjmjs js lrqufvjs quk tfvkrka sfmj nlfxlmjs ml Tkn k
lralzkglmjs gj `japutlmjr.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
J bfstðrf`j mk glvkdläàj æ j rkdfstrj mjs sftks l`ksslmjs pkcj usuìrfj. \ulgmj
sk kx`cuf j bfstðrf`j mk glvkdläàj, sfdgfif`l quk js rkdfstrjs mjs sftks
lralzkgl
lralz kglmjs
mjs gj glvkdlmjr
glvkdlmjr ijrla lpldlmjs . Lpldlr j bfstðrf`j mk glvkdläàj
ijr la lpldlmjs
gàj lpldl
lpldl tjmjs js lrqufvj
lrq ufvjss lralzkgl
lralzkglmjs
mjs gj
g j `japutlmjr.
`jap utlmjr.
\ukstàj K^^LML
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >59. L`kr`l mj usj mk ikrrlakgtls plrl l`kssj å Fgtkrgkt,
oucduk js
js ftkgs l skdufr.
Js `jjhfks sàj várus mk `japutlmjr fgstlclmjs lutjaltf`lakgtk qulgmj sk

l`kssl ual pìdfgl wkn.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
@jjhfks sàj pkqukgjs lrqufvjs mk tkxtj lralzkglmjs tkapjrlrflakgtk gj

glvkdlmjr fgstlclmj lssfa quk ual pìdfgl ml wkn æ l`ksslml.
\ulgmj sk vfsftl ua sftk pkcl prfakfrl vkz, kstk kgvfl ua @jjhfk `jaj rkspjstl
plrl j sku glvkdlmjr, `jgtkgmj ls suls prkikrïg`fls. Kstk lrqufvj if`lrì
lralzkglmj ka sku `japutlmjr ltæ quk pkr`l sul vlcfmlmk, pjrtlgtj, js
<64


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
`jjhfks sàj kxtrkalakgtk `jaugs gl glvkdläàj ml wkn k gàj tka
gkgbual `lrl`tkrástf`l mk várus.
várus .
\ukstàj K^^LML

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >54. L sjcuäàj mk `jgk`tfvfmlmk quk pkraftk j l`kssj kxtkrgj
l ual rkmk `jrpjrltfvl, `japlrtfcblgmj mlmjs plrl ifgs kspk`áif`js `jaj, pjr
kxkapcj, ijrgk`kmjrks ju `cfkgtks, æ mkgjafglml
l) Fgtrlgkt.
n) Jutgkt.
`) Fgtkrgkt.
m) Kxtrlgkt
k) PuppcfkrGkt.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Fgtrlgkt æ ual rkmk cj`lc prfvlml jgmk lpkgls pkssjls

lutjrfzlmls pjmka tkr l`kssj, `jaj ka nlg`js, kaprksls k kt`.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Jutgkt æ ua tkraj fgkxfstkgtk ka rkmk mk `japutlmjrks.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Fgtkrgkt æ ua `jgdcjakrlmj mk rkmks mk `japutlmjrks

`jgk`tlmjs. Ulrl `japlrtfcblakgtj kgtrk ijrgk`kmjrks k `cfkgtks sk ilz
gk`kssìrfj j usj ml kxtrlgkt.
m ) X@K^]JQ Kxtrlgkt æ ual rkmk mk `japutlmjrks quk pkraftk l`kssj

`jgtrjclmj. Nlsf`lakgtk l kxtrlgkt (rkmk kxtrl-kaprksl) æ ual kxtkgsàj ml
Fgtrlgkt quk pkraftk quk plr`kfrjs, ijrgk`kmjrks k `cfkgtks mk ual jrdlgfzläàj
tkgbl l`kssj `jgtrjclmj.
k) XK^^LMJQ Kssl skrfl skrfl ual lctkrgltfvl plrl js `lgmfmltjs mksltkgtjs,

pjfs Puppcfkr sfdgfif`l ijrgk`kmjr ka
ka fgdcïs, k Gkt sfdgfif`l rkmk, ju skol, rkmk
mk ijrgk`kmjrks, als kssk æ ua tkraj fgkxfstkgtk ka rkmk mk `japutlmjrks.
<62


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >52. Ikkms sàj cfstls mk ltulcfzläàj mk `jgtkÿmjs puncf`lmjs
pjr mktkrafglmjs wknsftks k rk`knfmjs pjr usuìrfjs. Ujmk-sk rk`knkr
ltulcfzläûks mk ikkms utfcfzlgmj j prjtj`jcj?
l) IkkmIwm.
n) PA]U.
`) F^@I.
m) GkwsI.
k) ^PP.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ IkkmIwm gàj æ ua prjtj`jcj mk `jaugf`läàj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ PA]U ju ka pjrtuduïs, Urjtj`jcj mk ]rlgsikrïg`fl mk @jrrkfj

Pfapcks, æ j prj
prjtj`jc
tj`jcj
j plmràj plrl kgvfj
kgvfj mk
m k k-alfcs ltrlvæs ml Fgtkrgkt. PA]U
k-alfcs
gàj æ ua prjtj`jcj plrl rk`knkr ltulcfzläûks mk wknsftks.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Gkssl lctkrgltfvl l qukstàj usju l sfdcl F^@I ju fgvæs mk F^@ quk

æ l sfdcl mk Fgtkrgkt ^kcly @blt, ual rkmk mk skrvfmjrks quk bjspkmla `lglfs
mk nltk-plpj , ju skol, ls slcls jgmk ls `jgvkrsls l`jgtk`ka. Kssk gàj æ ua
prjtj`jcj plrl rk`knkr ltulcfzläûks mk wknsftks.
m ) XK^^LMJQ GkwsI gàj æ ua prjtj`jcj mk `jaugf`läàj.
k) X@K^]JQ ^PP æ l sfdcl ka fgdcïs plrl ^f`b Pftk Puaalry ju ^klccy Pfapck
Pygmf`ltfjg, ju skol, ual ijral sfapcfif`lml mk lprkskgtlr j `jgtkÿmj mk ua
sftk, dkrlcakgtk js usuìrfjs utfcfzla j prjtj`jcj plrl rkugfr ls pjstldkgs k
gjtá`fls mj sftks ilvjrftjs ska l gk`kssfmlmk mk vfsftlr `lml sftk.

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >56. @japutläàj ka guvka æ l ijral mk utfcfzlr akaðrfl
`japutl`fjglc k cj`lc mk lralzkglakgtj mk lrqufvjs ka `japutlmjrks
fgtkrcfdlmjs å Fgtkrgkt,l pjmkgmj

mj augmj `jgk`tlmj kstl rkmk.kssks
lrqufvjs skr l`ksslmjs mk qulcqukr cudlr
<66


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
@japutläàj ka guvka (@cjum @japutfgd) rkikrk-sk å utfcfzläàj ml akaðrfl k

ml `lpl`fmlmk mk lralzkglakgtj mk `japutlmjrks k skrvfmjrks `japlrtfcblmjs
k fgtkrcfdlmjs pjr akfj ml Fgtkrgkt, pjmkgmj l`kssl-cjs ka qulcqukr cudlr mj
augmj.
\ukstàj @K^]L
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? @jpkrdìs - UK Urjvl? Luxfcflr Lmafgfstrltfvj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj ><5. [a iug`fjgìrfj ml @JUK^DÌP, lj glvkdlr gl fgtkrgkt ju
gl fgtrlgkt ml kaprksl,
l) l plrtfr mk ua `japutlmjr fgik`tlmj pjr ua `ðmfdj quk kspfjgl j tk`clmj pkcl
wkn`la k drlvl ls pjsfäûks `cf`lmls gl tkcl, gàj `jrrk rfs`j mk tkr sul skgbl
mks`jnkrtl sk kstfvkr gl fgtrlgkt.
n) pjmk mfdftlr sul skgbl ka ua sftk ilcsj, l`blgmj quk kstì gj sftk vkrmlmkfrj,
ska `jrrkr rfs`j mk kstl skr lralzkglml pjr ua ltl`lgtk.
`) kvftl quk sul skgbl skol mks`jnkrtl sk l skgbl mfdftlml kstfvkr `rfptjdrlilml k
ijr `lpturlml kgqulgtj trlikdl gl rkmk, ska quk kck pkr`knl l läàj mj
ltl`lgtk.
m) gàj `jrrk
`jr rk rfs`j mk tkr sul skgbl
s kgbl mks`jnkrtl pjr lmfvfgbläàj
lmfvfgblä àj sk kstl ijr
ijralml pjr auftjs gÿakrjs jntfmjs lj l`lsj.
k) kvftl quk sul skgbl
s kgbl skol mks`jnkrtl lj mfdftì-cl gl rkmk sk kstl kstfvkr
lralzkglml ka ua lrqufvj mk skgbls mk ijral `rfptjdrlilml.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Pk j `japutlmjr kstfvkr fgik`tlmj pjr ua `ðmfdj quk fmkgtfif`l ls

l) XK^^LMJQ
pjsfäûks mls tk`cls ltrlvæs ml wkn`la, æ tjtlcakgtk pjssávkc mks`jnrfr l
skgbl mj usuìrfj quk kstfvkr gl tkcl mk cjdfg mk ua sftk ju sfstkal ml kaprksl,
ju skol, kssl fgik`äàj pjmk j`jrrkr tlgtj gl fgtkrgkt qulgtj gl fgtrlgkt.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L`ksslr sftks ilcsjs æ ua drlgmk rfs`j plrl js usuìrfjs, pjmkgmj
blvkr `lpturl mk skgbls.
>55


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
` ) X@K^]JQ Ls skgbls `rfptjdrlilmls sàj auftj skdurls, aksaj gj `lsj mj
ltl`lgtk `lpturì-cl pkcj trìikdj ml rkmk, skrì prltf`lakgtk fapjssávkc ju fgvfìvkc
mks`rfptjdrliì-cl k tkr l`kssj l `jgtl mj usuìrfj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Pk l skgbl ijr lpkgls mk gÿakrjs luakgtl l qulgtfmlmk mk

`blg`ks mj ltl`lgtk mks`jnrfr l skgbl, aksaj skgmj ual skgbl `ja drlgmk
qulgtfmlmk mk gÿakrjs. Pkgbls alfs skdurls sàj `japjstls pjr gÿakrjs,
cktrls k `lrl `tkrks kspk`flfs (!,&,$,%...), pjfs lssfa, luakgtl lnsurmlakgtk l
` lrl`tkrks
qulgtfmlmk mk `janfgläûks pjssávkfs plrl mks`jnrfr l skgbl, tjrglgmj fgvfìvkc
mks`jnrfr pkcl drlgmk qulgtfmlmk mk tkapj gl tkgtltfvl ml mks`jnkrtl.
k) XK^^LMJQ Pkgbls lralzkglmls ka ua lrqufvj (mk tkxtj, pjr kxkapcj),

aksaj quk `rfptjdrlilmj, gàj dlrlgtk quk, qulgmj mfdftlmls pkcl rkmk
luakgtlrì l skdurlgäl `lsj blol fgtkrvkgäàj gl rkmk pjr ua ltl`lgtk. L
`rf ptjdrlifl
`rfptjd rlifl mkvk skr
skr ikftl
i kftl l
lgtks
gtks aksaj ml pkcl rkmk, pjfs
m l skgbl skr kgvflml pkcl
`lsj j ltl`lgtk tkgbl l`kssj ljs mlmjs `lpturlmjs gl rkmk l skgbl kstlrì
`rfptjdrlilml, tjrglgmj fapjssávkc ju fgvfìvkc j l`kssj å skgbl.

\ukstàj
\ukst àj ><<. @jgsfmkrk, pjr bfpðtksk, quk gl @JUK^DÌP kxfstl ual
YUG ∞ Yfrtulc Urfvltk Gktwjrh, quk `jgskduk kstlnkck`kr ual cfdläàj mfrktl
kgtrk ua `japutlmjr k j skrvfmjr mk mkstfgj, `rflgmj ua tfpj mk tÿgkc prjtkdfmj
gl fgtkrgkt. Gkstk `kgìrfj,
l) æ pjssávkc quk ua u a usuìrfj pjssl l`ksslr skus mjùakgtjs,
mjùakgtjs , k-alfcs
`jrpjrltfvjs k sfstkals gl guvka, vfl YUG, ska sk prkjùplr ka skr
fgtkr`kptlmj.
n) ua usuìrfj
usuìrf j pjmk ilzkr l`kssj å mfstîg`fl, quk
qu k æ ual tk`gjcjdfl
tk` gjcjdfl quk pkraftk
pkraf tk
quk ua `japutlmjr `jgsfdl l`ksslr ua skrvfmjr pÿncf`j pjr akfj mk ua jutrj
`japutlmjr quk mkvk kstlr ifsf`lakgtk `jgk`tlmj å rkmk.
`) l `jgkxàj å mfstîg`fl æ ikftl `ja skdurlgäl mk mlmjs sjakgtk gl mfrkäàj ml
kaprksl plrl j skrvfmjr kxtkrgj8 j `lafgbj `jgtrìrfj gàj æ skdurj.
m) æ pjssávkc
pjss ávkc
aksaj l`ksslr
l`ks slr
sfstkal j skrvfmjrmjlpkgls
jpkrl`fjglc mk `jaj
skrvfmjr, mfspjsftfvjs quk salrtpbjgks
mkshtjps, kstko
kstkola
la `ja juj
tlnckts `jgk`tlmjs å rkmk.
>5<


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
k) plrl rklcfzlr
rklcfz lr j l`kssj å mfstîg`fl æ gk`kssìrfj
gk`kss ìrfj ua blrmwlrk quk utfcfzk
utfcfz k j
prjtj`jcj PPCskd plrl ilzkr l cfdläàj mfrktl kgtrk j `japutlmjr k j skrvfmjr.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Lgtks aksaj mk lglcfslr `lml lctkrgltfvl vlajs mks`jnrfr j quk æ YUG.
YUG (Yfrtulc Urfvltk Gktwjrh) æ ual rkmk prfvlml vfrtulc quk ldk gl kstruturl
iásf`l ml rkmk pÿncf`l, `jaj l Fgtkrgkt, pjr kxkapcj. @jaj fssj l YUG utfcfzl l
fgirlkstruturl ml fgtkrgkt plrl `jgk`tlr rkmks mfstlgtks k rkajtls.
Lfgml bì ual `lrl`tkrástf`l iugmlakgtlc gl YUG, l `rfptjdrlifl, ju skol, lcæa

mk skr `lplz mk `jgk`tlr rkmks mfstlgtks mk algkfrl prfvlml, js mlmjs sàj
`rfptjdrlilmjs luakgtlgmj kxpjgkg`flcakgtk l skdurlgäl mjs mlmjs,
mfifùctlgmj l fgtkrvkgäàj pjr jutrjs usuìrfjs.
Mkssl algkfrl, l YUG kstlnkck`k ual cfdläàj mfrktl kgtrk ua `japutlmjr k j
skrvfmjr mk mkstfgj `rflgmj ual kspæ`fk mk – tÿgkc ‑, quk `blalajs mk
tugkclakgtj , jgmk js mlmjs pjmka skr kgvflmjs ska quk jutrjs usuìrfjs
tkgbla l`kssj.
Ylajs lglcfslr `lml lctkrgltfvl?
l) X@K^]JQ @ja l YUG j usuìrfj pjmk l`ksslr skus mjùakgtjs, k-alfcs

`jrpjrltfvjs k sfstkals ml guvka `ja alfs skdurlgäl, pjfs l YUG usl l
`rfptjdrlifl plrl lsskdurlr js mlmjs.
L]KGÄÀ J? Gj trk`bj ml lctkrgltfvl? – ska sk prkjùplr ka skr fgtkr`kptlmj‑,

L]KGÄÀJ?
pjmk skr fgtkrprktlmj mk vìrfls algkfrls k fssj dkrju ua drlgmk iurmugäj kgtrk
js `lgmfmltjs.
Ujmkajs fgtkrprktlr quk l lctkrgltfvl qufs lpkgls ijrtlck`kr quk l `rfptjdrlifl

tjrgl alfs mfiá`fc j l`kssj ljs mlmjs, `lsj skol fgtkr`kptlmj pjr ua
ltl`lgtk, mksprkjùplgmj j usuìrfj8 ju pjmkajs fgtkrprktlr quk l lctkrgltfvl
qufs mfzkr quk æ fapjssávkc mk skr fgtkr`kptlmj , j quk gàj æ vkrmlmk, pjfs gl
fgtkrgkt gàj pjmkajs lifralr quk lcdj æ <55% skdurj. Ujræa, l qukstàj gàj ijf
lguclml k kssl lctkrgltfvl `jgtfguju `jrrktl, aksaj lssfa, auftj ùfmlmj `ja
kssk tfpj mk qukstàj.
>5>


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
n ) XK^^LMJQ Pk lj fgvæs mk –l`ksslr ua skrvfmjr pÿncf`j ‑ mks`rftj gl
lctkrgltfvl kstfvkssk –l`ksslr ua skrvfmjr prfvlmj‑ l lctkrgltfvl kstlrfl `jrrktl,
pjfs j usuìrfj pjr akfj mk ua `japutlmjr `ja `jgkxàj l fgtkrgkt, pjmk
`jgk`tlr-sk lj skrvfmjr ml kaprksl quk æ prfvlmj , pjr kxkapcj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ ]jmls ls trlgsläûks ltrlvæs ml YUG sàj `rfptjdrlilmls, pjrtlgtj,

alfs skdurls.
m ) XK^^LMJQ L YUG fgmkpkgmk mk sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc, j alfs fapjrtlgtk æ l

`rfptjdrlifl mjs mlmjs, fgmkpkgmkgtk mj sfstkal quk j skrvfmjr ju j usuìrfj
kstkola uslgmj js mlmjs mkvka skr kgtrkduks mk algkfrl skdurl.
k) XK^^LMJQ Ulrl ilzkr l `jaugf`läàj `ja j skrvfmjr æ gk`kssìrfj lpkgls ua

`japutlmjr `ja l`kssj å fgtkrgkt.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? [GF^FJ Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk ka Lmafgfstrläàj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj ><>. Ulrl quk ua usuìrfj l`kssk l fgtrlgkt, fapclgtlml
`jrrktlakgtk, mk ual ugfvkrsfmlmk, l plrtfr mk sku `japutlmjr pkssjlc ka sul
rksfmïg`fl, j sktjr mk ]F ml ugfvkrsfmlmk mkvk pjssfnfcftlr j l`kssj vfl
l) MB@U n) CLG `) YUG m) I]U k) B]]U
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ MB@U æ ua prjtj`jcj uslmj plrl quk mfspjsftfvjs, å akmfml quk

sjcf`ftla l`kssj å rkmk, pjssla jntkr FU lutjaltf`lakgtk k fgdrksslr gkssl
rkmk.
XK^^LMJQ CLG æ ual ìrkl mk rkmk cj`lc rkstrftj l ua lanfkgtk iásf`j, `jaj
n ) XK^^LMJQ
ka ual `lsl, ks`jcl, ks`rftðrfj k kt`.
` ) X@K^]JQ YUG æ ual rkmk vfrtulc prfvlml quk utfcfzl l rkmk pÿncf`l plrl kgvflr
mlmjs mk algkfrl skdurl, trlnlcblgmj `jaj ual kspæ`fk mk tÿgkc . [slgmj l
YUG j usuìrfj ml ugfvkrsfmlmk pjmkrfl, ml sul prðprfl rksfmïg`fl, l`ksslr l
fgtrlgkt ml fgstftufäàj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ I]U æ j prjtj`jcj uslmj plrl trlgsikrïg`fls mk lrqufvjs.

>50


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
k) XK^^LMJQ B]]U æ prjtj`jcj uslmj plrl tkr l`kssj ås pìdfgls ml wkn.

k) XK^^LMJQ
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ><0. @jgsfmkrk ual pìdfgl gl Fgtkrgkt quk `jgtkgbl j
skdufgtk trk`bj?
–@blrcks Cutwfmdk Mjmdsjg, alfs `jgbk`fmj pkcj sku pskumýgfaj Ckwfs @lrrjcc,
ijf ua rjalg`fstl, `jgtfstl, ilnucfstl, pjktl, mkskgbfstl, ijtðdrlij, altkaìtf`j k
rkvkrkgmj lgdcf`lgj nrftîgf`j. Æ lutjr mj `cìssf`j cfvrj Lcf`k gj Ulás mls
Alrlvfcbls‑.
Lssfglck j tkxtj mk nus`l quk, utfcfzlmj gj Djjdck, gàj fg`cufrfl kssl pìdfgl gj
rksuctlmj ml nus`l.
l) "rjalg`fstl `jgtfstl"
n) "rjalg`fstl, `jgtfstl"
`) +Ckwfs - (@lrrjcc)
m) @blrcks Cutwfmdk -Mjmdsjg
k) Cutwf Mjmdsjg @blrcks
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Ltkg
Lt àj ? Ckanrk-sk quk l qukstàj pkmk l nus`l quk GÀJ fg`c
kgää àj? fg`cufrf
ufrfl
l gl pìdfgl
pìdfgl
mk rksuctlmjs .
l) XK^^LMJQ Uksqufslgmj pkcl plclvrl-`blvk? "rjalg`fstl `jgtfstl" , `ja
lspls mupcls, j rksuctlmj fg`cufrfl l pìdfgl ml qukstàj, pjfs aksaj
kspk`fif`lgmj plrl j Djjdck l skquïg`fl kxltl ml pksqufsl, gl pìdfgl bì j
trk`bj? –ijf ua rjalg`fstl, `jgtfstl, ilnucfstl‑, ju skol, aksaj blvkgmj l
várducl kgtrk ls plclvrls rjalg`fstl k `jcugfstl j Djjdck, lfgml lssfa, fg`cufrfl
gl pìdfgl mk rksuctlmjs.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Uksqufslgmj pkcl plclvrl-`blvk? rjalg`fstl, `jgtfstl , skrfl
fg`cuáml l pìdfgl gj rksuctlmj, pjfs bì kxltlakgtk kssk trk`bj gj tkxtj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ \ulgmj qukrkajs kx`cufr ua tkraj gl pksqufsl, pjmkajs uslr j

prkifxj `ja j sfglc mk akgjs (-) lgtks mj tkraj. Ujr kxkapcj, gl p lclvrl –slcsl‑
>5=


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
bì mjfs sfdgfif`lmjs, slcsl pjmk skr tlgtj ual pclgtl qulgtj ua kstfcj mk
mlgäl. Ulrl pksqufslr l pclgtl slcsl, mkvlajs kx`cufr j tkraj mlgäl, oì quk
qukrkajs lpkgls nus`l sjnrk l pclgtl, kgtàj gjssl pksqufsl pjmkrfl skr?
slcsl -mlgäl.
Gl qukstàj, plrl kx`cufr ua tkraj ijf fgskrfmj plrïgtksks gj tkraj? +Ckwfs -

(@lrrjcc) k `jaj gàj bì –(@lrrjcc)‑, `ja plrïgtksks gj tkxtj j Djjdck `krtlakgtk
rktjrglrfl l pìdfgl ml qukstàj.
m ) X@K^]JQ Cjdj gj fgá`fj ml pìdfgl bì j gjak mj lutjr (@blrcks Cutwfmdk

Mjmdsjg), pjræa, l pksqufsl qukr kx`cufr j tkraj Mjdsjg, pjfs fgskrfu j
jpkrlmjr mk kx`cusàj `ja j sfglc mk akgjs (-) gj tkr`kfrj gjak mj lutjr,
pjrtlgtj, j Djjdck gàj rktjrglrfl kssl pìdfgl pjr blvkr l plclvrl –Mjmdsjg‑ gl
pìdfgl. @jaj qukrkajs l pksqufsl quk gàj rktjrglrfl l pìdfgl kxfnfml gl
qukstàj, kssl æ l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
k) XK^^LMJQ Cutwf Mjmdsjg @blrcks æ auftj prðxfaj mj gjak mj lutjr mj tkxtj
fgskrfmj gl pìdfgl, pjrtlgtj, kssl skrfl ual mls pìdfgls mk rksuctlmj mj Djjdck.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ><=. @ja rkcläàj l fgijraìtf`l, oucduk j ftka quk sk skduk.
Gl Fgtkrgkt, js kgmkrkäjs FU (Fgtkrgkt Urjtj`jc) `jgstftuka rkùrsjs quk pjmka
skr utfcfzlmjs plrl fmkgtfif`läàj mk af`rj`japutlmjrks quk l`kssla l rkmk.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Lcæa mj FU skr j prjtj`jcj rkspjgsìvkc pjr `jgk`tlr `japutlmjrks l rkmk, kck

tlanæa UJMK ijrgk`kr fgijraläûks mjs `japutlmjrks quk l`kssla l rkmk.
]lfs fgijraläûks pjmka skr uslmjs plrl fmkgtfif`lr ua `rfak `fnkrgætf`j, pjr
kxkapcj. Gjtk quk l qukstàj usl j vkrnj –UJMK‑ k gàj j vkrnj –MKYK‑, gkssk
`lsj, l qukstàj kstì `jrrktl.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
>5;


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? AUK-Ô Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mj Afgfstærfj Uÿncf`j - Lmafgfstrltfvl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ><;. –[^C‑, trlmuzfmj mj fgdcïs `jaj –Cj`lcfzlmjr Ulmràj mk
^kùrsjs‑, k –kgmkrkäj FU‑ sàj mjfs tkrajs `kgtrlfs gj usj ml Fgtkrgkt.
Pjnrk kcks, lglcfsk ls lifraltfvls l skdufr?
F. j kgmkrkäj FU lssj`flmj l ual mktkrafglml [^C gàj pjmk aumlr lj cjgdj

mj tkapj8
FF. sjakgtk ual [^C pjmk kstlr lssj`flml l ua mktkrafglmj kgmkrkäj FU8
FFF. –ojljEdalfc.`ja‑ æ ua kgmkrkäj FU vìcfmj8
FY. –bttp?//www .apro.ap.nr‑ æ ual [^C vìcfml.
–bttp?//www.apro.ap.nr‑
L qulgtfmlmk mk lifraltfvls `jrrktls æ fdulc l?

l) zkrj8
n) ual8
`) muls8
m) trïs8
k) qultrj.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
F. XK^^LMJQ [al [^C pjmk aumlr mk kgmkrkäj FU gjralcakgtk. Æ auftj

`jaua quk lj cjgdj mj tkapj ua sftk iläl lctkrläûks kstruturlfs pjmkgmj
lctkrlr j FU, pjr kxkapcj.
FF. XK^^LMJQ [al [^C pjmk kstlr lssj`flmj l alfs mk ua FU. Ujr kxkapcj, j
sftk ml Dcjnj rkikrkgtk ås [^C‖s www.dcjnj.`ja
www.dcjnj.`ja k www.dcjnj.`ja.nr
lpjgtla plrl j aksaj kgmkrkäj mk FU <29.<6>.65.;, ju skol, pjmka blvkr
alfs mk ual [^C lssj`flmj lj aksaj FU.
FFF. XK^^LMJQ –ojljEdalfc.`ja‑ æ ua kgmkrkäj mk k-alfc k GÀJ ua kgmkrkäj

mk FU.
FY. X@K^]JQ bttp?//www.apro.ap.nr æ ual [^C vìcfml mj Afgfstærfj Uÿncf`j mj
^fj
quk mk Olgkfrj,æ plrl
rklcakgtk tkr kxfstkgtk.
ua sftk `krtkzl nlstl l`kssì-cl gj glvkdlmjr k `krtfif`l-sk
>59


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfv
ltf v l @K^]L CK]^L
C K]^L N

\ukstàj
\ukst
skdufr. àj ><9. L rkspkftj ml Fgtkrgkt k suls ikrrlakgtls, oucduk j ftka l
J ]@U/FU, `jgougtj mk prjtj`jcjs `rflmjs gj fgá`fj mj mkskgvjcvfakgtj ml
Fgtkrgkt, ijf sunstftuámj pjr prjtj`jcjs ajmkrgjs, `jaj j TfIf, quk pkraftka l
trlgsafssàj mk mlmjs pjr akfj mk rkmks ska ifj.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
]@U/FU æ ua `jgougtj mk prjtj`jcjs mk `jaugf`läàj kgtrk `japutlmjrks ka

rkmk. Oì j TfIf æ ual tk`gjcjdfl quk pkraftk `jaugf`läàj ska l mkpkgmïg`fl
mk ifj.
Gkssk kxltj ajakgtj vj`ï pjmk kstlr `ja j sku salrtpbjgk `jgk`tlmj å
fgtkrgkt pjr akfj mj TfIf ml sul rkmk mjaæstf`l, als l `jaugf`läàj `ja l
fgtkrgkt mj sku `kcuclr k mk tjml rkmk ml sul `lsl, sð kstì skgmj pjssávkc mkvfmj
js prjtj`jcjs ]@U/FU, pjrtlgtj, j TfIf k ]@U/FU sàj `jfsls mfstfgtls.
\ukstàj K^^LML
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ><4. Oucduk j ftka l skdufr l rkspkftj mk `jg`kftjs mk
fgijraìtf`l.
Mkkp Tkn æ j `jgougtj mk `jgtkÿmjs ml Fgtkrgkt gàj l`kssávkc mfrktlakgtk pjr
sátfjs mk nus`l, j quk fg`cuf, pjr kxkapcj, mjùakgtjs bjspkmlmjs ka sátfjs quk
kxfdka cjdfg k skgbl. L jrfdka k l prjpjstl jrfdfglc ml Mkkp Tkn sàj ckdátfals,
lifglc gka tjmj altkrflc mkvk skr l`ksslmj pjr qulcqukr usuìrfj. J prjnckal æ
quk, cjgdk ml vfdfcîg`fl pÿncf`l, kssl kgjrak ìrkl sk`rktl ijf tjalml pkcj
mksrkdrlakgtj, k kstì rkpcktl mk ltfvfmlmks fckdlfs.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Mkkp Tkn æ ual kxprkssàj ka fgdcïs quk qukr mfzkr "Fgtkrgkt Urjiugml". Kssl æ
ual zjgl ml fgtkrgkt `jgstftuáml pjr ua `jgougtj mk sftks, iðrugs k `jaugfmlmks
quk gàj pjmka skr nus`lmjs pkcjs trlmf`fjglfs sftks mk nus`ls, `jaj j Djjdck
>54


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
ju j Nfgd, pjr kxkapcj, pjr fssj æ `jgsfmkrlml ual "fgtkrgkt fgvfsávkc", pjfs sku
`jgtkÿmj GÀJ æ mk iì`fc l`kssj plrl l alfjrfl mjs fgtkrglutls, k js prjmutjrks
mkssks `jgtkÿmjs jptla pjr algtkr j sku lgjgfaltj, ltrlvæs mk sjitwlrks quk
mfifùctla l sul fmkgtfif`läàj. Mkvfmj j mfif`ácfaj rlstrkfj ml Mkkp Tkn,
`jgtkÿmjs fckdlfs sàj il`fcakgtk kg`jgtrlmjs gkstk l`krvj.
\ukstàj @K^]L
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ><2. J Djjdck pkraftk j kaprkdj mk kxprkssûks quk rkifgla j
prj`kssj mk nus`l. Lglcfsk, gl ifdurl lnlfxj, l prfakfrl plrtk mj rksuctlmj mk
ual nus`l rklcfzlml pkcj Djjdck.
Gkssk `lsj, j tkxtj mfdftlmj gl `lfxl mk nus`l ijf?

l) mkifgk prjvl.
n) mf`fjgìrfj prjvl.
`)
m) ++prjvl.
$prjvl.
k) :prjvl.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ l plclvrl –mkifgk‑ uslml gj nus`lmjr mj Djjdck pkraftk loumlr j

l)
usuìrfj l kg`jgtrlr l mkifgfäàj mk plclvrls, gkssk `lsj, j nus`lmjr prjùrju
pkcl mkifgfäàj ml plclvrl –prjvl‑ quk rksuctl kxltlakgtk gl faldka mkifgfml gl
qukstàj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ j tkraj –mf`fjgìrfj prjvl‑ æ ual plclvrl `blvk `jaua plrl j

Djjdck quk vlf rktjrglr sftks mk mf`fjgìrfjs jgcfgk rkikrkgtk lj sfdgfif`lmj ml
plclvrl –prjvl‑.
>52


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
` ) XK^^LMJQ Dkrl ual pksqufsl `jaua pkcl plclvrl-`blvk –++prjvl‑.
XK^^LMJQ Dkrl ual pksqufsl `jaua pkcl plclvrl-`blvk –$prjvl‑.

m ) XK^^LMJQ
k) XK^^LMJQ Dkrl ual pksqufsl `jaua pkcl plclvrl-`blvk –:prjvl‑.

k) XK^^LMJQ
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]^K-A] Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Dkrlfs plrl j @lrdj 9
\ukstàj
\ukst àj ><6. Lssfglck l jpäàj quk lprkskgtl ual ijral lmkqulml k
kspk`áif`l mk nus`lr gj Djjdck pjr lrqufvjs pmi rkcl`fjglmjs lj NrJiif`k.
l) ifcktypk?pmi nrjiif`k
n) rkcltkm?pmi nrjiif`k
`) cfgh?pmi nrjiif`k
m) cfgh nrjiif`k
k) typk?ifck nrjiif`k
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
\ulgmj prk`fslajs kg`jgtrlr lcdua lrqufvj gj Djjdck jgmk oì slnkajs j tfpj

mj lrqufvj, `jaj j UMI sjcf`ftlmj gkssl qukstàj, pjmkajs uslr ual nus`l
rkifglml.
Gj Djjdck pjmkajs uslr –ifcktypk?kxtkgsàjZmjZlrqufvjZnus`lmj ‑, jgmk
ifcktypk sfdgfif`l tfpj mk lrqufvj, plrl mkifgfrajs quk qukrkajs nus`lr pjr ua
tfpj kspk`áif`j
NrJiif`k, mk uslr
pjmkajs lrqufvj. @jaj pksqufsl?
l skdufgtk qukrkajsifcktypk
kg`jgtrlr
?pmiua
ifcktypk?pmi nrjilrqufvj
if`k. ka UMI mj
nrjiif`k
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L L

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >>5. L`kr`l mj usj mk ikrrlakgtls plrl l`kssj å Fgtkrgkt,
oucduk js
js ftkgs l skdufr.
Gj glvkdlmjr Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr, l jpäàj Ncjquklmjr mk Ujp-ups pjssfnfcftl quk
sk fapkäl l lnkrturl mk gjvls dufls.
>56


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Dufls sàj lnls plrl l`kssj ås pìdfgls ml fgtkrgkt. @ja j Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr
lnkrtj pjmk-sk lnrfr vìrfls dufls (lnls) plrl l`ksslr sftks mfikrkgtks sk
gk`kssìrfj.
J Ujp-up æ ual olgkcl kxfnfml gj glvkdlmjr qulgmj ual pìdfgl æ l`ksslml.
Dkrlcakgtk kssks pjp-ups kxfnka lgÿg`fjs ju sjcf`ftl j `lmlstrj mj usuìrfj pjr
k-alfc. Js pjp-ups pjmka skr dkrkg`flmjs pkcj usuìrfj, pkraftfgmj, ju gàj, l
kxfnfäàj mkssls olgkcls plrl sftks kspk`áif`js, als GÀJ ncjqukfl
ncj qukfl l lnkrt
lnkrturl
url mk
gjvls dufls.
duf ls.
\ukstàj K^^LML
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >><. [a Lssfstkgtk mk Dkstàj Ks`jclr, pjr akfj mj Djjdck
@brjak, vkrsàj =5, ka sul `jgifdurläàj plmràj, l`kssl ua sftk ldulrmlgmj l
puncf`läàj mk ua kmftlc quk pjmk skr ikftl l qulcqukr ajakgtj. Lj `jgstltlr quk
j kmftlc lfgml gàj kstì mfspjgávkc, j lssfstkgtk, pjr akfj mk ltlcbj mj tk`clmj,
mk`fmk ltulcfzlr l pìdfgl quk kstì skgmj kxfnfml gj glvkdlmjr.
Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk `jgtæa j ltlcbj mks`rftj gj kgug`flmj.

l) @trc + I>
n) I;
`) I=
m) I>
k) Pbfit + I>
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì `jalgmj vìcfmj plrl j ltlcbj @trc+I>.

n ) X@K^]JQ I; ju @trc+r ltulcfzl l pìdfgl ltulc. Kssk skrfl j `jalgmj `krtj
plrl j lssfstkgtk uslr kgqulgtj ldulrml l puncf`läàj mj kmftlc.

` ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì `jalgmj vìcfmj plrl j ltlcbj I=.
><5


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
m ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì `jalgmj vìcfmj plrl j ltlcbj I>.
k) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì `jalgmj vìcfmj plrl j ltlcbj Pbfit+I>.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >>>. L ifdurl lnlfxj lprkskgtl plrtk mk ual olgkcl mj
glvkdlmjr mk fgtkrgkt Djjdck @brjak.
Gl olgkcl, j á`jgk rkprkskgtlmj pjr ual ifdurl mk kstrkcl
l) fgmf`l quk j sftk ltulc kstì lralzkglmj gl cfstl mk ilvjrftjs.

n) fgmf`l quk j sftk ltulc æ l`ksslmj `ja auftl irkquïg`fl.
`) fgmf`l quk j sftk ltulc kstì prkskgtk gj bfstðrf`j mk glvkdläàj.
m) æ utfcfzlmj plrl lnrfr j sftk ltulc ka ual gjvl olgkcl.
k) æ utfcfzlmj plrl lralzkglr j sftk ltulc gl cfstl mk ilvjrftjs.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
\ulgmj ua sftk æ lralzkglmj gl cfstl mk ilvjrftjs j Djjdck @brjak mkfxl l

ifdurl ml kstrkcl prkkg`bfmj, `jaj gl faldka lnlfxj.
Gj `lsj ml faldka ml qukstàj l kstrkcl kstì vlzlml, fgmf`lgmj quk j sftk gàj
sk kg`jgtrl kgtrk js ilvjrftjs.
@cf`lgmj
gjs gl kstrkcl j usuìrfj pjmkrì fgskrfr j sftk mj bttps?//www.djjdck.`ja.nr
ilvjrftjs.
><<


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
ltf vl @J^^K]L C K]^L K

Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]@K-UL Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js- @lrdj 06
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >>0. Gj quk mfz rkspkftj ljs lanfkgtks k lpcf`ltfvjs mk l`kssj
l Fgtkrgkt, oucduk j prðxfaj ftka.
Gj Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr, ual pìdfgl lmf`fjglml å nlrrl mk ilvjrftjs sk tjrglrì l
bjakpldk mj usuìrfj qulgmj j glvkdlmjr ijr lnkrtj.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Js ilvjrftjs æ ual cfstl mk sftks skck`fjglmjs pkcj usuìrfj plrl tjrglr j l`kssj
alfs rìpfmjs, ska l gk`kssfmlmk mk tkr quk mfdftlr j kgmkrkäj gj glvkdlmjr ju
ilzkr nus`ls. Ulrl quk ua sftk sk tjrgk l bjakpldk mj glvkdlmjr æ gk`kssìrfj
quk j usuìrfj
glvkdlmjr j `jgifdurk
ijr lnkrtj ka? @jgifdurläûks
j sftk skck`fjglmj -7 Fgf`flcfzläàj
skrì l`ksslmj , mlá, qulgmj j
lutjaltf`lakgtk.
\ukstàj K^^LML
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]@K-UL Urjvl? Luxfcflr ]æ`gf`j mk @jgtrjck Kxtkrgj - Ìrkl Fgijraìtf`l
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >>=. L rkspkftj mjs `jg`kftjs nìsf`js mk Fgtkrgkt k fgtrlgkt,
prjtj`jcjs, ikrrlakgtls k lpcf`ltfvjs, oucduk js ftkgs skdufgtks.
Glvkdlmjr wkn æ ua prjdrlal quk blnfcftl j usuìrfj plrl fgtkrldfr `ja

mjùakgtjs B]AC bjspkmlmjs ka skrvfmjrks quk rkspjgmka lj prjtj`jcj
B]]U k (ju) lj B]]UP.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Js glvkdlmjrks pkraftka quk js usuìrfjs fgtkrlola `ja j `jgtkÿmj vfgmj mjs

skrvfmjrks ltrlvæs mjs prjtj`jcjs B]]U k/ju B]]UP. L iugäàj mjs glvkdlmjrks
æ fgtkrprktlr j `jgtkÿmj B]AC rkspjgmfmjs pkcjs skrvfmjrks, `ja fssj bì
fgtkrläàj mj usuìrfj `ja ls pìdfgls ml wkn.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L

><>


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >>;. [a usuìrfj mj Djjdck @brjak ka pjrtuduïs mkskol
ltfvlr j rkùrsj plrl loumlr l `japcktlr pksqufsls k [^Cs mfdftlmjs gl nlrrl mk
kgmkrkäjs mj glvkdlmjr. Ulrl fssj kck mkvk l`ksslr j njtàj –Ukrsjglcfzlr k
@jgtrjclr j Djjdck @brjak‑, `cf`lr gl jpäàj –@jgifdurläûks‑, gl jpäàj –Ajstrlr
`jgifdurläûks lvlgälmls...‑ k `cf`lr gj qulmrlmj quk blnfcftl kstk rkùrsj quk sk
kg`jgtrl ka
l) –@jgtkÿmj ml wkn‑.
n) –Kxtkgsûks‑.
`) –Uksqufslr‑.
m) –^kmk‑.
k) –Urfvl`fmlmk‑.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
J ^kùrsj mk prkvfsàj plrl prkkg`bfakgtj mk pksqufsls pjmka skr kg`jgtrlmjs

ka? @jgifdurläûks, jpäàj Ajstrlr `jgifdurläûks lvlgälmls k ka skdufml gl
ìrkl mk prfvl`fmlmk alr`lr l `lfxl quk `jgtæa? [slr ua skrvfäj mk prkvfsàj
plrl loumlr
loumlr l prkk
pr kkg`b
g`bkr
kr pksqufsls
pksqufs ls k [^Cs
[^Cs mfdftlmjs
mfd ftlmjs gl kgmkrkäj.
g l nlrrl mk kgmkrkäj.
L faldka lnlfxj ajstrl j akgu mk Urfvl`fmlmk jgmk pjmk skr blnfcftlmj kssk
rkùrsj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >>9. Pjnrk ls jpkrläûks mk mjwgcjlm mk lrqufvjs gj
glvkdlmjr @brjak, lssfglck l lifraltfvl `jrrktl.
l) Js lrqufvjs mkvka skr skaprk drlvlmjs gl plstl kspk`fif`lml pjr akfj ml

pìdfgl mk `jgifdurläûks.
n) Js lrqufvjs mkvka skr skaprk drlvlmjs gl plstl –Mjwgcjlms‑ mj Tfgmjws.
`) Kxfstk ual `jgifdurläàj quk ks`jcbk l plstl gj ajakgtj ml drlvläàj.
><0


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
m) Kxfstk ual `jgifdurläàj quk pkraftk kspk`fif`lr l plstl mk l`jrmj `ja j tfpj
mj lrqufvj.
k) Kxfstk ual `jgifdurläàj quk pkraftk kspk`fif`lr l plstl mk l`jrmj `ja j
tlalgbj mj lrqufvj.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ L plclvrl –PKAU^K‑ gkssl lctkrgltfvl kstì fg`jrrktl, pjfs kxfstk
l)
ual jpäàj gj @brjak quk pkraftk pkrdugtlr lj usuìrfj qulc j cj`lc mk drlvläàj
mkskol drlvlr.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Js lrqufvjs pjmka skr fgskrfmjs ka mfvkrsjs cudlrks, nlstl quk j
usuìrfj `jgifdurk j cj`lc mk mks`lrrkdlakgtj mkskolmj.
` ) X@K^]JQ Kxfstk ual `jgifdurläàj quk ks`jcbk l plstl gj ajakgtj ml

drlvläàj. Kssl jpäàj pjmk skr kg`jgtrlml ka? @jgifdurläûks, akgu Mjwgcjlm
k skck`fjglr j jpäàj Ukrdugtlr jgmk slcvlr `lml lrqufvj lgtks mk ilzkr j
Mjwgcjlm . L faldka lnlfxj ajstrl kxltlakgtk jgmk blnfcftlr kssk rkùrsj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj æ pjssávkc kspk`fif`lr l plstl mk l`jrmj `ja j tfpj mj

lrqufvj.
XK^^LMJQ Gàj æ pjssávkc kspk`fif`lr l plstl mk l`jrmj `ja j tlalgbj mj

k) XK^^LMJQ
lrqufvj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >>4. Lssfglck l jpäàj `jrrktl l`kr`l mk ikrrlakgtls mk
glvkdläàj gl Fgtkrgkt.
l) J Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr pkraftk quk j usuìrfj lctkrk
lct krk l ijral mk vfsulcfzläàj
vfsulcfzlä àj mls
pìdfgls, `jaj, pjr kxkapcj, l pjsfäàj mk tkxtjs k mk faldkgs.
n) Gj Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr, j akgu Ilvjrftjs pkraftk j lralzkglakgtj mk
kgmkrkäjs mk sátfjs prkikrfmjs, mk ajmj l il`fcftlr gjvjs l`kssjs `ja ua
><=


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
`cfquk lpkgls, gàj blvkgmj l gk`kssfmlmk mk mfdftlr gjvlakgtk kssks
kgmkrkäjs.
`) J ncjquklmjr mk pjp-ups ilz quk faldkgs k lgfaläûks quk if`la lplrk`kgmj
gl tkcl skola ifxlmls k gàj sk ajvfakgtka, plrl gàj fg`jajmlr l ckfturl.
m) Uìdfgls ml Fgtkrgkt l`ksslmls gàj pjmka skr slcvls sl cvls gj `japutlmjr? sku
s ku
`jgtkÿmj æ mk prjprfkmlmk kx`cusfvl mj `rflmjr ml pìdfgl.
k) Gj Fgtkrgkt
Fgtk rgkt Kxpcjrkr,
Kxpcjr kr, æ pjssávkc kx`cufr j bfstðrf`j
bfstðrf` j mk glvkdläàj, j quk
fapkmfrì j l`kssj l sátfjs oì vfsftlmjs.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Ls lctkrläûks pkraftfmls pkcj Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr sàj rkcltfvls l

ijral mk kxfnfäàj mj `jgtkÿmj ml pìdfgl `jaj? _jja, lctkrlr tlalgbj ml ijgtk
k kt`. Gàj æ pjssávkc lctkrlr l pjsfäàj mk tkxtjs ju faldkgs, pjfs l iugäàj mj
glvkdlmjr æ lpkgls mk kxfnfr j `jgtkÿmj vkgmj ml fgtkrgkt.
X@K^]
n ) X JQ Js rkùrsj Ilvjrftjs pkraftk quk j usuìrfj slcvk js sftks prkikrfmjs,
@K^]JQ
tjrglgmj j l`kssj alfs rìpfmj å pju`js `cfquks.
XK^^LMJQ J Ncjquklmjr mk pjp-up pkraftk ncjquklr olgkcls quk slctla mk

` ) XK^^LMJQ
algkfrl fgkspkrlml mk sftks quk utfcfzla kssk rkùrsj. Ujræa, æ pjssávkc quk j
usuìrfj dkrkg`fk kssls pkrafssûks mk `lml sftk mk algkfrl pkrsjglcfzlml.
m ) XK^^LMLQ Æ pjssávkc slcvlr qulcqukr pìdfgl ml fgtkrgkt mk algkfrl quk l

kstruturl k j kstfcj ifquka fgtl`tjs. Ulrl fssj, nlstl `cf`lr `ja j njtàj mfrkftj mj
ajusk sjnrk ual pìdfgl, `cf`lr gl jpäàj Plcvlr @jaj8 k mì ua gjak l pìdfgl
jgmk slcvlrì l kstruturl, j `jgtkÿmj k j kstfcjs ml pìdfgl `japcktl.
k) XK^^LMJQ Kx`cufr j bfstðrf`j mk glvkdläàj gàj fapkmk j usuìrfj mk l`ksslr

js sftks mkcktlmjs gjvlakgtk.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? KPLI Ðrdàj? LGL@ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Lmafgfstrltfvj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >>2. [a glvkdlmjr Tkn `jgsfstk ka
l) ua lpcf`ltfvj quk ua usuìrfj fgvj`l plrl l`ksslr k kxfnfr ual pìdfgl Tkn.
n) ua prjdrlal-ijgtk quk ua usuìrfj fgvj`l plrl l`ksslr ua prjdrlal-jnoktj.
`) ua lpcf`ltfvj ks`jcbfmj pkcl aìqufgl plrl mkpurlr pìdfgls Tkn.
><;


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
m) ua lpcf`ltfvj,
lpcf`ltf vj, ùojs prjdrlals sàj
s àj ltulcfzlmjs pkcj
pkc j usuìrfj, plrl kxfnfr ual
pìdfgl Tkn.
k) ual pìdfgl Tkn l`ksslml pkcj usuìrfj plrl dkrkg`flr skus lrqufvjs mk ijral
jii-cfgk.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X
l) X@K^] JQ [a glvkdlmjr æ ua lpcf`ltfvj sjcf`ftlmj pkcj usuìrfj plrl l`ksslr k
@K^]JQ
kxfnfr pìdfgls wkn.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J glvkdlmjr æ ua lpcf`ltfvj plrl l`ksslr pìdfgls wkn.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Mkpurlr æ l`japlgblr mktlcblmlakgtk j plssj l plssj ml

kxkùäàj mk mktkrafglmj trk`bj mj `ðmfdj. Kssl æ ual iugäàj prkskgtk gjs
prfg`fplfs glvkdlmjrks, pjræa, l lctkrgltfvl lifral quk j glvkdlmjr æ ks`jcbfmj
pkcl aìqufgl, j quk gàj æ vkrmlmk, j glvkdlmjr æ ks`jcbfmj k kxkùtlmj pkcj
usuìrfj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ J glvkdlmjr æ ua lpcf`ltfvj quk pjmk skr ltulcfzlml

algulcakgtk pkcj usuìrfj ju pjmk skr ltulcfzlmj lutjaltf`lakgtk.
k) XK^^LMJQ J Glvkdlmjr gàj æ ual pìdfgl wkn, glvkdlmjr æ ua lpcf`ltfvj

quk l`kssl k kxfnk pìdfgls ml wkn.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? @JMKNL Urjvl? Dulrml Ujrtuìrfj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >>6. @ja rkcläàj lj glvkdlmjr Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr << N^,
lglcfsk ls lifraltfvls l skdufr.
F. Ulrl kxfnfr j `jgtkÿmj ml pìdfgl mk ua sftk gl ajmlcfmlmk tkcl `bkfl,

mkvk-sk l`fjglr l tk`cl mk iugäàj I<<.
FF. Ulrl faprfafr j `jgtkÿmj mk ual pìdfgl mk ua sftk, mkvk-sk kxkùtlr j
ltlcbj mk tk`clmj @trc + U.
FFF. Ulrl l`ksslr l olgkcl Jpäûks ml Fgtkrgkt, mkvk-sk l`fjglr j á`jgk .
Lssfglck?
><9


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
`) sk sjakgtk ls lifraltfvls F k FF kstfvkrka `jrrktls.
m) sk sjakgtk ls lifraltfvls FF k FFF kstfvkrka `jrrktls.
k) sk tjmls ls lifraltfvls kstfvkrka `jrrktls.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
F. X@K^]JQ Ulrl blnfcftlr j ajmj mk tkcl `bkfl gj Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr nlstl
prkssfjglr l tk`cl mk iugäàj I<<.
FF. X@K^]JQ Ulrl faprfafr j `jgtkÿmj mk ual pìdfgl mk ua sftk gj Fgtkrgkt

Kxpcjrkr, mkvk-sk kxkùtlr j ltlcbj mk tk`clmj @trc + U.
FFF. XK^^LMJQ J á`jgk rkikrk-sk ljs sftks ilvjrftjs skck`fjglmjs pkcj

usuìrfj.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L M
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? @JMKN LUrjvl? ]æ`gf`j Ujrtuìrfj - Lpjfj Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >05. L ifdurl l skdufr fcustrl j ùrsjr mj ajusk pjsf`fjglmj å
ksqukrml gl olgkcl mk mfìcjdj mj Djjdck, gl tkcl mj nrjwskr Ifrkijx Ajzfccl.
Ulrl mfdftlr l [^C mj sftk ml @JMKNL gkssk glvkdlmjr, bì gk`kssfmlmk mk

l`ksslr l Nlrrl mk Kgmkrkäjs k, plrl fssj, mkvk-sk kxkùtlr j skdufgtk ltlcbj
mk tk`clmj?
l) @trc + C n) @trc + K `) Pbfit + C m) Lt + K k) Lct + C

* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ Ls tk`cls mk ltlcbj plrl skck`fjglr l nlrrl mk kgmkrkäj sàj? I9,
l)
Lct+M, @trc+C.
><4


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
n ) XK^^LMJQ @trc+K skrvk plrl ij`lr gl nlrrl mk pksqufsl.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì `jalgmj vìcfmj plrl kssk ltlcbj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì `jalgmj vìcfmj plrl kssk ltlcbj. ]lcvkz l lctkrgltfvl

qufskssk `jgiugmfr `ja j ltlcbj Lc t+K, quk skck`fjgl l dufl Kmftlr mj Ifrkijx, lj
Lct+K,
fgvæs mk Lt+K.
k) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì `jalgmj vìcfmj plrl kssk ltlcbj.

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >0<. [al mls `lrl`tkrástf`ls mjs glvkdlmjrks TKN alfs
rk`kgtks æ pjssufr ua rkùrsj quk, lj skr ltfvlmj, lvfsl lj usuìrfj quk ual
mktkrafglml pìdfgl quk sk mkskol l`ksslr vlf jikrk`kr rfs`js lj `japutlmjr,
lgtks aksaj quk j sftk skol lnkrtj.
Kssk tfpj mk rkùrsj æ fmkgtfif`lmj `jaj
l) rss
n) icf`hr
`) `jjhfks
m) pldkrkikr
k) lgtfpbfsbfgd
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ ^PP æ ual ijral sfapcfif`lml mk lprkskgtlr j `jgtkÿmj mk ua

sftk. @ja j ^PP j usuìrfj gàj prk`fsl l`ksslr tjmjs sftks k ncjds mj sku
fgtkrkssk plrl `bk`lr ls gjvfmlmks, j ^PP dkrkg`fl ls ltulcfzläûks mk algkfrl
iì`fc plrl j usuìrfj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Icf`hr æ ua sftk mk `japlrtfcblakgtj mk bjspkmldka mk ijtjs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ @jjhfks sàj pkqukgjs lrqufvjs mk tkxtj `lplzks mk fmkgtfif`lr j

`japjrtlakgtj mj usuìrfj k tjalr lcduals mk`fsûks nlsklmls gkssls
fgijraläûks.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Kssk gàj æ ua tkraj uslmj ka fgijraìtf`l.
><2


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
k) X@K^]JQ Ubfsbfgd tka j jnoktfvj mk –pks`lr‑ fgijraläûks k mlmjs pkssjlfs
fapjrtlgtks ltrlvæs mk akgsldkgs ilcsls. Js glvkdlmjrks ajmkrgjs `jaj j
Ajzfccl Ifrkijx, Djjdck @brjak k Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr utfcfzla ikrrlakgtls lgtf-
pbfsbfgd plrl ifctrlr njl plrtk mkssls lakläls.

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >0>. Lssfglck l jpäàj quk lprkskgtl l `janfgläàj mk tk`cls
quk pkraftk lnrfr ual gjvl lnl gj glvkdlmjr Ajzfccl Ifrkijx, ka sul vkrsàj
alfs rk`kgtk k `ja `jgifdurläàj plmràj, fgstlclml ka ual aìqufgl `ja
sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws.
l) @trc + N
n) @trc + M
`) @trc + K
m)
k) @trc
@trc +
+]L
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ @trc+N kxfnk l nlrrl mk ilvjrftjs.
n ) XK^^LMJQ @trc+M lmf`fjgl ua gjvj sftk l cfstl mk ilvjrftjs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ @trc+K skck`fjgl l nlrrl mk pksqufsl.
X@K^]JQ @trc+] lmf`fjgl ual gjvl lnl.

m ) X@K^]JQ
k) XK^^LMJQ @trc+L skck`fjgl tjmj j `jgtkÿmj ml pìdfgl.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? MU[ Urjvl? Ldkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >00. L`kr`l mjs `jg`kftjs k mls tk`gjcjdfls rkcl`fjglmjs å
Fgtkrgkt, lj Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr 2 k å skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj, oucduk j ftka
sunskqukgtk.
J Ajmj mk Kxfnfäàj mk @japltfnfcfmlmk mj Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr 2, qulgmj ltfvlmj,
ilz quk pìdfgls wkn mkskgvjcvfmls l plrtfr mk vkrsûks lgtkrfjrks lj Fgtkrgkt
Kxpcjrkr 2 skola kxfnfmls `jaj sk kstfvksska uslgmj ual vkrsàj alfs rk`kgtk
mj glvkdlmjr.
><6


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
àj ? Kssl ijf ual qukstàj mkikgmfml `jaj @K^]L pkcj @KPUK, pjræa, bì

Lt kgää àj?
Ltkg
prjvl mk quk bjuvk krrj gl lgìcfsk ml qukstàj.
J Ajmj mk Kxfnfäàj mk @japltfnfcfmlmk, qulgmj ltfvlmj, pkraftk quk js sftks

mkskgvjcvfmjs ka vkrsûks lgtkrfjrks lj Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr 2 skola kxfnfmjs `jaj
sk kstfvksska ka YK^PÛKP LG]K^FJ^KP, pkraftfgmj quk blol
`japltfnfcfmlmk kgtrk ls vìrfls vkrsûks mj glvkdlmjr.
L qukstàj lifral quk? –pìdfgls wkn mkskgvjcvfmls l plrtfr mk vkrsûks lgtkrfjrks

lj Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr 2 skola kxfnfmls `jaj sk kstfvksska uslgmj ual vkrsàj
alfs rk`kgtk mj glvkdlmjr‑, als gàj æ ual vkrsàj rk`kgtk, k sfa, ual vkrsàj
lgtkrfjr.
\ukstàj K^^LML

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >0=. L rkspkftj ml Fgtkrgkt k suls ikrrlakgtls, oucduk j ftka l
skdufr.
J Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr æ ua glvkdlmjr jikrk`fmj drltuftlakgtk pkcl Af`rjsjit ougtj

lj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc Tfgmjws k quk, pjr skr mk `ðmfdj lnkrtj, pjmk skr
fgstlclmj ka qulcqukr `japutlmjr.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
J Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr krl j glvkdlmjr jif`flc mjs sfstkals lgtkrfjrks lj Tfgmjws

<5, ltulcakgtk æ uslmj j glvkdlmjr Af`rjsjit Kmdk, pjræa j Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr k
j Af`rjsjit Kmdk GÀJ sàj mk `ðmfdj lnkrtj, als sfa, mk `ðmfdj ik`blmjik`blmj , ju
skol, gàj æ pkraftfmj l`ksslr j `ðmfdj-ijgtk, ilzkr lctkrläûks ju aksaj mfstrfnuá-
cj drltuftlakgtk. Js glvkdlmjrks alfs ilajsjs mk `ðmfdj lnkrtj sàj j Djjdck
@brjak k j Ajzfccl Ifrkijx.
\ukstàj K^^LML
>>5


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >0;. Oucduk j ftka l skdufr l rkspkftj mk `jg`kftjs mk
fgijraìtf`l.
[al mls vlgtldkgs mj Djjdck @brjak æ pkraftfr l rklcfzläàj mk nus`l l plrtfr
ml nlrrl mk kgmkrkäj. Ulrl fssj, æ suif`fkgtk `cf`ì-cl, mfdftlr j quk sk mkskol
pksqufslr k, ka skdufml, prkssfjglr l tk`cl KG]K^.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Gj Djjdck @brjak æ pjssávkc ilzkr pksqufsls ltrlvæs ml nlrrl mk kgmkrkäj

fgskrfgmj lpkgls j quk mkskol skr pksqufslmj, ka skdufml, prkssfjglr l tk`cl
Kgtkr.
\ukstàj @K^]L
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]^K-^P Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Nìsf`js

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >09. Gj quk mfz rkspkftj ljs prjdrlals Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr <<,
Ajzfccl Ifrkijx, Djjdck @brjak k ]bugmkrnfrm, lssfglck l jpäàj `jrrktl.
l) [a glvkdlmjr æ ua prjdrlal mk `japutlmjr `rflmj plrl ilzkr rkqufsfäûks mk

pìdfgls gl Tkn, rk`knkr k prj`ksslr kssls pìdfgls. \ulgmj æ mfdftlmj j
kgmkrkäj mk ua sátfj gl nlrrl mk kgmkrkäjs k prkssfjglml l tk`cl KG]K^, j
glvkdlmjr kgvfl ual `blalml å prjùrl ml pìdfgl sjcf`ftlml. Pk bjuvkr ual
rkspjstl
ckfturl mjpjsftfvl,
`jgtkÿmjjumlskol, sk lk pìdfgl
pìdfgl ijrplrl
ajstrl-j kg`jgtrlml, kgtàj j glvkdlmjr ilz l
j usuìrfj.
n) J ]bugmkrnfrm æ j glvkdlmjr cámkr mk akr`lmj k `jg`jrrkgtk mfrktj mj Fgtkrgkt
Kxpcjrkr, `ja fgtkril`k sfapcks k jnoktfvl quk il`fcftl l glvkdläàj
prfg`fplcakgtk ka pìdfgls skdurls.
`) L ks`jcbl mj glvkdlmjr mkpkgmk gk`ksslrflakgtk
gk` ksslrflakgtk mj tfpj
tfp j mj sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc fgstlclmj gj `japutlmjr. Ujr kxkapcj, j Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr <<
pkraftk alfjr vkcj`fmlmk quk j @brjak qulgmj fgstlclmj ka `japutlmjrks
`ja j Tfgmjws 4 ju supkrfjr.
m) J Ajzfccl Ifrkijx æ ua glvkdlmjr fmklc plrl sk trlnlcblr `ja sjitwlrks cfvrks,
k) pjfs pjssufvlgtldka
L drlgmk `ðmfdj lnkrtj.
mj Djjdck @brjak æ l pjssfnfcfmlmk mk, `ja kck, sk pjmkr
nus`lr fgijraläûks rìpfmls mk mfvkrsjs lssugtjs, pjfs l pìdfgl fgf`flc æ ua
sátfj mk nus`l.
>><


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X @K^]JQQ J glvkdlmjr æ sfapcksakgtk ua fgtkrprktlmjr mk pìdfgls wkn, jgmk

l) X@K^]J
æ gk`kssìrfj quk j usuìrfj fgsfrl j sftk quk mkskol glvkdlr gl nlrrl mk
kgmkrkäj, ka skdufml, prkssfjglr Kgtkr plrl quk j glvkdlmjr iläl ual
rkqufsfäàj lj sftk, sk bjuvkr ual rkspjstl pjsftfvj, j glvkdlmjr ilz l ckfturl mj
`jgtkÿmj k kxfnk plrl j usuìrfj.
XK^^LMJQ ]bugmkrnfrm æ ua lpcf`ltfvj mk dkrkg`flakgtj mk k-alfc k gàj ua

n ) XK^^LMJQ
glvkdlmjr.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Bì glvkdlmjrks quk gàj mfspjgfnfcfzla vkrsûks ka qulcqukr

sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc, gj `lsj mj Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr k Af`rjsjit Kmdk gàj pjmka
skr fgstlclmjs mk algkfrl jif`flc ka sfstkals Cfgux, pjr kxkapcj. J prjnckal
mkssl lctkrgltfvl kstì ka lifralr quk j Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr << pkraftk alfjr
vkcj`fmlmk quk j @brjak qulgmj fgstlclmj ka `japutlmjrks `ja j Tfgmjws 4
ju supkrfjr, fssj GÀJ pjmk skr lifralmj mk algkfrl `jg`rktl, pjfs l
vkcj`fmlmk gàj æ ual `lrl`tkrástf`l pkralgkgtk k fautìvkc mjs glvkdlmjrks.
m ) XK^^LMJQ ]lgtj j Ajzfccl Ifrkijx qulgtj j Djjdck @brjak sàj glvkdlmjrks

mk `ðmfdj lnkrtj, pjrtlgtj gàj æ pjssávkc lifralr quk j Ifrkijx æ fmklc plrl
trlnlcblr `ja sjitwlrk cfvrk, l qukstàj lquf oucdl lpkgls mj pjgtj mk vfstl
pkssjlc, pjrtlgtj, kstì fg`jrrktj.
k) XK^^LMJQ L pìdfgl mk nus`l lssj`flml l pìdfgl fgf`flc mj Djjdck @brjak

gàj æ ual `lrl`tkrástf`l kx`cusfvl mkssk glvkdlmjr. Æ pjssávkc `jgifdurlr ual
pìdfgl mk nus`l gl pìdfgl fgf`flc gj Ifrkijx, Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr, Af`rjsjit Kmdk k
qulcqukr jutrj glvkdlmjr, kssk æ ua rkùrsj nìsf`j kgtrk js glvkdlmjrks.

Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? UDK-^J Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ml Urjùrlmjrfl - Pka Kspk`flcfmlmk
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >04. Jnskrvk l faldka l skdufr, jntfml pkcl `lpturl mk tkcl
ajstrlml pkcj @brjak lpðs ua `cfquk mj ajusk gj á`jgk cj`lcfzlmj gj `lgtj
supkrfjr mfrkftj.
>>>


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
Pjnrk js `jalgmjs k jpäûks mfspjgávkfs gkssl tkcl, kstì `jrrktj lifralr quk?
l) j `jalgmj –Nus`lr...‑ fgf`fl ual gjvl nus`l pjr pìdfgls ml Fgtkrgkt8

n) j á`jgk cj`lcfzlmj gl ÿctfal `jcugl ml cfgbl fgf`flml pkcj `jalgmj –_jja‑
skrvk plrl afgfafzlr l pìdfgl `jrrkgtkakgtk lnkrtl8
`) j `jalgmj –Ilvjrftjs‑ pkraftk lpkgls cj`lcfzlr k lnrfr pìdfgls alr`lmls `jaj
ilvjrftls, k gàj skrvk plrl fg`cufr l pìdfgl `jrrkgtkakgtk lnkrtl gl cfstl mk
ilvjrftls8
m) j tkxtj –@trc+]‑, å mfrkftl mj `jalgmj –Gjvl dufl‑, æ ua ltlcbj mk tk`clmj plrl
l `rfläàj mk ual gjvl dufl, als gàj tka kikftj qulgmj uslmj gkssl tkcl8
k) j `jalgmj –Gjvl olgkcl‑ prjmuz kxltlakgtk j aksaj kikftj mj `jalgmj
–Gjvl dufl‑.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ J `jalgmj –Nus`lr‑ kxfnk ual `lfxl mk pksqufsl plrl kg`jgtrlr
ual plclvrl ju irlsk gl pìdfgl ltulc.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J á`jgk –_jja‑ æ rkprkskgtlmj pkcl faldka l skdufr?
Kssk á`jgk blnfcftl j ajmj mk tkcl `bkfl mj glvkdlmjr.
>>0


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
` ) XK^^LMJQ L jpäàj mk Ilvjrftjs tlanæa pkraftk lmf`fjglr l pìdfgl ltulc gl
cfstl mk ilvjrftjs ltrlvæs ml jpäàj? Lm
Lmff ` f jglr
jg lr kstl
ks tl pìd
p ìdfg
fgll ljs
lj s ilvj
ilv j r f tjs
tj s .
m ) X@K^]JQ @trc+] lnrf ual gjvl dufl, pjræa sk `cf`lr gj á`jgk cj`lcfzlmj gj
`lgtj supkrfjr mfrkftj k ka skdufml prkssfjglr ls tk`cls @trc+], gàj lnrfrì ual
gjvl dufl.
k) XK^^LMJQ –Gjvl olgkcl‑ fgf`fl ual gjvl olgkcl pkraftfgmj fgf`flr vìrfls dufls,
oì l –Gjvl dufl‑ pkraftk `rflr ual gjvl lnl mk glvkdläàj ka ual aksal
olgkcl.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >02. Lglcfsk l cfstl mk lpcf`ltfvjs l skdufr.
F. Djjdck @brjak
FF. Ajzfccl Ifrkijx
FFF. Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr
FY. Tfgmjws Kxpcjrkr
Y. Tfgmjws Akmfl Uclykr
Lssfglck l jpäàj quk fgmf`l js lpcf`ltfvjs quk pjmka skr utfcfzlmjs `jaj
glvkdlmjrks (nrjwskrs) gl Fgtkrgkt.
l) F k FY, lpkgls.
n) F k FF, lpkgls.
`) F, FF k FFF, lpkgls.
m) F, FF, FFF k FY, lpkgls.
k) F, FF, FFF, FY k Y.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
F. Djjdck @brjak (Glvkdlmjr)

FF. Ajzfccl Ifrkijx (Glvkdlmjr)
(Glvkdlmjr)
FFF. Fgtkrgkt Kxpcjrkr (Glvkdlmjr)
(Glvkdlmjr)
FY. Tfgmjws Kxpcjrkr (Dkrkg`flmjr
(Dkrkg`flmjr mk Lrqufvjs)
Lrquf vjs)
Y. Tfgmjws Akmfl Uclykr (^kprjmut
(^kprjmutjr
jr mk Aámfls)
>>=


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
ltf vl @K^]L CK]^L
CK]^ L @

Lgj? >5<4 Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? ]OA-PU Urjvl? Ks`rkvkgtk ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >06.
kcktrýgf`j uslgmj
[a usuìrfj prkplrju ual akgsldka mk `jrrkfj
j Af`rjsjit Jutcjjh >5<5, ka sul `jgifdurläàj plmràj, k
kgvfju plrl j mkstfgltìrfj. Ujræa, lcdua tkapj mkpjfs, pkr`knku quk ksquk`ku
mk lgkxlr ua lrqufvj. Kssk aksaj usuìrfj prkplrju, kgtàj, ual gjvl
akgsldka `ja j aksaj lssugtj, k kgvfju plrl j aksaj mkstfgltìrfj, ldjrl
`ja j lgkxj.
Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.

l) L akgsldka jrfdfglc, ska j lgkxj, ijf lutjaltf`lakgtk lpldlml gj
`japutlmjr mj mkstfgltìrfj k sunstftuáml pkcl skdugml akgsldka, ual vkz
quk lanls tïa j aksaj lssugtj k sàj mj aksaj rkaktkgtk.
n) @jaj ls muls akgsldkgs tïa j aksaj lssugtj, l skdugml akgsldka gàj
ijf trlgsaftfml, pkralgk`kgmj gj `japutlmjr mj mkstfgltìrfj lpkgls l
prfakfrl akgsldka.
`) L skdugml akgsldka gàj pjmk skr trlgsaftfml k if`l ncjquklml gl `lfxl mk
sláml mj rkaktkgtk, ltæ quk l prfakfrl akgsldka tkgbl sfmj cfmj pkcj
mkstfgltìrfj.
m) J mkstfgltìrfj
mks tfgltìrfj rk`knku > akgsldkgs, skgmj, l prfakfrl, ska
s ka lgkxj, k l
skdugml, `ja j lgkxj.
k) J rkaktkgtk
rka ktkgtk gàj rk`knku gkgbual mls akgsldkgs, pjfs gàj æ pjssávkc
trlgsaftfr alfs mk ual akgsldka `ja j aksaj lssugtj k aksaj rkaktkgtk.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Fgmkpkgmkgtk mj prfakfrj k-alfc tkr lgkxj kck ijf kgvflmj plrl j
l) XK^^LMJQ
mkstfgltìrfj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Fgmkpkgmkgtk mjs lssugtjs skrka js aksajs gjs mjfs kgvfjs, j

mkstfgltìrfj rk`knku js mjfs k-alfcs, `lsj `jgtrìrfj, skrfl fapjssávkc rk`knkr k-
alfcs `ja j aksaj tátucj, j quk gàj æ vkrmlmk.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Fgmkpkgmkgtk mj mkstfgltìrfj tkr cfmj ju gàj j prfakfrj k-alfc, kck

`jgtfgulrì rk`knkgmj js k-alfcs mj rkaktkgtk.
>>;


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
m ) X@K^]JQ J mkstfgltìrfj rk`knku ls muls akgsldkgs, skgmj l prfakfrl ska
lgkxj k l skdugml `ja lgkxj.
k) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì rkstrfäûks ml qulgtfmlmk mk k-alfcs kgvflmjs pkcj aksaj

rkaktkgtk, auftj akgjs j ncjqukfj mk akgsldkgs quk tkgbla j aksaj tátucj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >=5. Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk prkkg`bk, `jrrktl k
rkspk`tfvlakgtk, ls clùgls mj kgug`flmj.
Gl faldka l skdufr, quk ajstrl ua k-alfc skgmj prkplrlmj plrl kgvfj, pjmk-sk
pkr`knkr quk kxfstka ZZZZZ lrqufvjs lgkxlmjs, ZZZZZ kgmkrkäj(s) mk k-alfc mk
rkaktkgtk(s) k ZZZZZ kgmkrkäj(s) mk k-alfc mk mkstfgltìrfj(s).
l) > … > … >

n) > … < … 0
`) 0 … < … 0
m) 0 … > … >
k) < … > … >
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Ylajs `japcktlr ls clùgls ml qukstàj lglcfslgmj ls alr`läûks ml faldka l
skdufr?
>>9


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
Gl alr`läàj < ka vkrakcbj, æ pjssávkc fmkgtfif`lr quk j k-alfc kstì plrtfgmj mk

lpkgls < rkaktkgtk, pjfs tka lpkgls ua kalfc. Gl alr`läàj > ka lzuc, tkajs
0 mkstfgltìrfjs8 k gl alr`läàj 0 ka lalrkcj, pjmkajs jnskrvlr quk bì >
lgkxj . Ujrtlgtj, tkajs l skquïg`fl > … < … 0.
lrqufvjss ka lgkxj
lrqufvj
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L N
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >=<. L`kr`l mj pl`jtk Af`rjsjit Jiif`k, oucduk j ftka l skdufr.
Gj Jutcjjh, sk l jpäàj @ja `ðpfl jùctl (@`j) kstfvkr ltfvlml murlgtk l `rfläàj
mk ual gjvl akgsldka mk kalfc, pjmkrì skr kiktulml l fgskräàj mk ua ju alfs
kgmkrkäjs `jaj mkstfgltìrfjs, quk rk`knkràj `ðpfls mj kalfc `ja j `jgtkÿmj
jùctlmj.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
@` j , quk sfdgfif`l @ðpfl @lrnjgj

@`j Jùc tj æ ua rkùrsj mj k-alfc quk pjssfnfcftl
@lrnjgj Jùctj
jùctlr mj mkstfgltìrfj quk jutrls pkssjls tlanæa rk`knkrla j aksaj k-alfc
`ja tumj `jgtkÿmj.
Kssk rkùrsj æ auftj `jaua ka kaprksls qulgmj æ gk`kssìrfj kgvflr ua k-
alfc
pjræa,l sk`rktìrfl
l sk`rktìrfjk gàj
mkskol quk quk
slnkrì j `bkik kstkol
j `bkik `fkgtkual
rk`knku quk`ðpfl
kcl rk`knku
mj k-alfc.j k-alfc,
L qukstàj lifral quk j `jgtkÿmj mj k-alfc if`lrì jùctj, j quk gàj æ vkrmlmk,
if`lràj jùctjs js `jgtltjs (k-alfcs) fgskrfmjs gj `lapj @`j.
>>4


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
\ukstàj K^^LML
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >=>. Gj Af`rjsjit Jutcjjh >5<5, plrl gjtfif`lr jutrls pkssjls
sjnrk lusïg`fls tkapjrìrfls, `jaj pkrájmj mk iærfls, plrl quk ls pkssjls quk
kgvflrla j k-alfc slfnla quk vj`ï gàj rkspjgmkrì ås suls akgsldkgs
fakmfltlakgtk, æ gk`kssìrfj `jgifdurlr
l) Pj`flc @jggk`tjr.
n) @lckgmìrfj.
`) Lmf`fjglr Ckanrktk.
m) ^kspjstls Lutjaìtf`ls.
k) @japrjafssj.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Pj`flc @jggk`tjr æ ual rkmk sj`flc mj Jutcjjh jgmk vj`ï pjmk
if`lr ltulcfzlmj sjnrk j stltus k ls ltfvfmlmks mk skus `jgtltjs, skola kcks ml
rkmk ml sul jrdlgfzläàj, skola mk sftks mk rkmks sj`flfs gl Fgtkrgkt.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J @lckgmìrfj æ j `japjgkgtk mk ldkgmlakgtj k æ tjtlcakgtk

fgtkdrlmj ljs `jgtltjs mk kalfc k jutrjs rkùrsjs `jaj? @rflr `japrjafssjs k
kvkgtjs, Jrdlgfzlr rkugfûks, Kxfnfr ldkgmls mk drupj k kt`. Gàj bì j rkùrsj mk
kgvfj mk akgsldka fakmfltj sjnrk lusïg`fls tkapjrìrfls gj `lckgmìrfj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J rkùrsj plrl Lmf`fjglr Ckanrktks fgijraì-cj qulgmj l mltl mk

rkugfàj ju mk ua `japrjafssj kstì prðxfal. Yj`ï pjmk tlanæa uslr ckanrktks
plrl vìrfjs jutrjs ftkgs pkgmkgtks, `jaj mkmf`lr tkapj l ua kalfc ju l ual
tlrkil.
m ) X@K^]JQ ^kspjstl Lutjaìtf`l, `jaj j prðprfj gjak sudkrk, kgvfl rkspjstls

lutjaìtf`ls (Lusïg`fl ]kapjrìrfl) mj Jutcjjh, mk ajmj quk ls pkssjls quk
kgvflrka kalfc plrl vj`ï slfnla quk gàj rk`knkràj ual rkspjstl fakmfltl.
k) XK^^LMJQ
k) XK^^LMJQ
k quk @japrjafssjs
gàj kgvjcvka `jgvftks lsàj ltfvfmlmks
jutrls quk
pkssjls vj`ï
gka ldkgml
rkskrvl gj sku `lckgmìrfj
mk rkùrsjs.
>>2


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >=0. Alrfl tka rk`knfmj k-alfcs gàj sjcf`ftlmjs, mk jrfdka
mks`jgbk`fml. @jaj kssk tfpj mk k-alfc æ `lml vkz alfs `jaua, lcdugs mjs
prfg`fplfs dkrkg`flmjrks mk k-alfc jikrk`ka ak`lgfsajs plrl afgfafzlr js
fg`jgvkgfkgtks `luslmjs pjr kssls akgsldkgs.
Lssfglck l jpäàj quk fgmf`l j tkraj pkcj qulc kssk tfpj mk k-alfc æ rkikrfmj.
l) Lgtfvárus.
n) @lvlcj mk ]rjfl.
`) Alcwlrk.
m) Ppla.
k) Yárus.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Lgtfvárus æ ual ikrrlakgtl plrl mktk`äàj k prkvkgäàj mk várus ka

ua mfspjsftfvj. Kssk gàj æ ua ak`lgfsaj uslmj pkcjs dkrkg`flmjrks mk k-alfcs
plrl fmkgtfif`lr kssk tfpj mk fg`jgvkgfkgtk.
n ) XK^^LMJQ @lvlcj mk trjfl æ ua alcwlrk quk kgtrl gj `japutlmjr lnrfgmj

pjrtls plrl ual pjssávkc fgvlsàj. Kssk tlanæa gàj skrfl ua rkùrsj quk
loumlrfl l fmkgtfif`lr k-alfcs fg`jgvkgfkgtks.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Alcwlrks sàj sjitwlrks alcf`fjsjs, ju skol, alc fgtkg`fjglmjs

quk qulgmj fgstlclmjs mkfxla j `japutlmjr vucgkrìvkc.
m ) X@K^]JQ Ppla æ j tkraj uslmj plrl rkikrfr-sk ljs k-alfcs gàj sjcf`ftlmjs,
quk dkrlcakgtk sàj kgvflmjs plrl ua drlgmk gÿakrj mk pkssjls. Js
dkrkg`flmjrks mk kalfc pjpuclrks utfcfzla ak`lgfsajs plrl fmkgtfif`lr kssk tfpj
mk akgsldka k trlgsikrka-gjs plrl ual dufl dkrlcakgtk `blalmjs mk Ppla,
mfafgufgmj l fg`jgvkgfïg`fl plrl j usuìrfj.
k) XK^^LMJQ Yárus æ ua prjdrlal alcf`fjsj quk qulgmj fgstlclmj gj
`japutlmjr tjrgl-j vucgkrìvkc.
>>6


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? KCK]^JN^LP-KCK]^JP[C Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Pkdurlgäl mj ]rlnlcbj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >==. Æ pjssávkc ilzkr j mjwgcjlm mk akgsldkgs mk ual `jgtl
mk wknalfc k vfsulcfzì-cls pjr akfj mk prjdrlals `jaj j Af`rjsjit Jutcjjh.
Ulrl `jgk`tlr j Jutcjjh lj skrvfmjr mk k-alfc, mk ijral quk skol rklcfzlml l
sfg`rjgfl mls akgsldkgs k, lpðs kssk prj`kssj, skol algtfml l `jgkxàj plrl
quk ls gjvls akgsldkgs rk`knfmls gj wknalfc skola ltulcfzlmls, mkvk-sk
`jgifdurlr j skrvfmjr mk rk`knfakgtj mk k-alfcs gl `jgtl mk k-alfc mj Jutcjjh
plrl utfcfzlr j l`kssj pjr akfj mj prjtj`jcj
l) FALU.
n) UJU.
`) PA]U.
m) I]U.
k) PAGU.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ FALU æ ua prjtj`jcj jgcfgk, jgmk æ gk`kssìrfj ua sjitwlrk
dkrkg`flmjr mk k-alfc `jaj j Jutcjjh, pjr kxkapcj, plrl `jgk`tlr-sk lj skrvfmjr
k sfg`rjgfzlr js k-alfcs ml `jgtl j usuìrfj. Lssfa, tjmls ls lctkrläûks skràj
sfg`rjgfzlmls ougtj lj skrvfmjr mk k-alfc.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Ulrl j prjtj`jcj UJU æ gk`kssìrfj l utfcfzläàj mk ua prjdrlal

mk k-alfcs. J prjtj`jcj UJU ju UJU0 æ ua prjtj`jcj jiicfgk gj qulc, j sjitwlrk
mk kalfcs `jgk`tl-sk lj skrvfmjr, rklcfzl j mjwgcjlm mls akgsldkgs k lpðs
kssk prj`kssj, ifglcfzl l `jgkxàj k lpldlgmj tjmjs js k-alfcs mj skrvfmjr mk k-
alfc.
` ) XK^^LMJQ PA]U mj fgdcïs Pfapck Alfc ]rlgsikr Urjtj`jc ju Urjtj`jcj mk

]rlgsikrïg`fl mk @jrrkfj Pfapcks æ j prjtj`jcj plmràj uslmj plrl j kgvfj mk k-
alfcs ltrlvæs ml Fgtkrgkt.
m ) XK^^LMJQ I]U æ ua prjtj`jcj mk trlgsikrïg`fl mk lrqufvjs.

k) XK^^LMJQ PAGU æ j prjtj`jcj plmràj plrl ajgftjrlakgtj k dkrkg`flakgtj
mk rkmks.
>05


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >=;. @ja rkcläàj l prjdrlals mk `jrrkfj kcktrýgf`j, lssfglck l
jpäàj `jrrktl.
l) \ulgmj j usuìrfj `rfl ua gjvj kgmkrkäj mk kalfc, gkck skràj
lutjaltf`lakgtk cfstlmjs tjmjs js kgmkrkäjs mjs mkstfgltìrfjs plrl js qulfs j
usuìrfj kgvfju sul ÿctfal akgsldka.
n) Akgsldkgs rk`knfmls pjmkràj skr kg`lafgblmls
k g`lafgblmls l jutrjs mkstfgltìrfjs,
mkstfgltìrf js,
skgmj, gkssk `lsj, lutjaltf`lakgtk `jpflmls plrl js rkaktkgtks jrfdfglfs.
`) Lj sk
s k rkspjgmkr ual akgsldka mk `jrrkfj kcktrýgf`j utfcfzlgmj
ut fcfzlgmj l jpäàj
^kspjgmkr l tjmjs, tjmjs js usuìrfjs `ja kgmkrkäjs `jpflmjs gj `lnkälcbj
ml akgsldka rk`knkràj ual `ðpfl ml rkspjstl, aksaj lqukcks quk ijrla
lpkgls `jpflmjs gl akgsldka.
m) J `ltìcjdj
` ltìcjdj mk kgmkrkäjs pjssuf gjak k kalfc mk tjmjs cfstlmjs gjs
`lnkälcbjs mls akgsldkgs rk`knfmls pkcj usuìrfj.
k) Gl `lfxl mk sláml, sàj lralzkglmjs tjmjs js kalfcs kgvflmjs pkcj usuìrfj mj
prjdrlal mk `jrrkfj kcktrýgf`j.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Pk j usuìrfj `rfju ual `jgtl mk k-alfc gjvl, kgtàj gàj bì

`jgtlmjs gkstl `jgtl. Lcæa mfssj, gàj bì fapjrtläàj lutjaìtf`l mk `jgtltjs mk
jutrls `jgtls.
n ) XK^^LMJQ \ulgmj sk kg`lafgbl ual akgsldka, mkvk-sk fgijralr j gjvj

mkstfgltìrfj gàj blvkgmj kgvfj lutjaìtf`j mk `ðpfl plrl js rkaktkgtks jrfdfglfs.
` ) X@K^]JQ L
L jpäàj mk –^kspjgmkr l ]jmjs‑ pkraftk kgvflr ual `ðpfl l tjmjs
js usuìrfjs `ja kgmkrkäjs gj `lnkälcbj ml akgsldka. Lssfa, tlgtj j
rkaktkgtk prfg`fplc (`lapj UL^L), @` (`lapj mk `ðpfl `lrnjgj) k @`j (`lapj
mk `ðpfl `lrnjgj jùctj) rk`knkràj l akgsldka.
m ) XK^^LMJQ J @ltìcjdj mk Kgmkrkäjs tka lpkgls js kgmkrkäjs quk j usuìrfj

`lmlstrju, gàj js quk rk`knku.
k) XK^^LMJQ L @lfxl mk Pláml lralzkgl tjmls ls akgsldkgs kgvflmls pkcj

usuìrfj.
>0<


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? Y[GKPU Ðrdàj? [GFIKPU Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ka Pkdurlgäl mj ]rlnlcbj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >=9. J usuìrfj Altkus rk`knku ual akgsldka mk `jrrkfj
kcktrýgf`j `ja ls skdufgtks `lrl`tkrástf`ls?
Mk? dufcbkrakEvugksp.`ja.nr
Ulrl? dustlvjEvugksp.`ja.nr
@/@? altkusEvugksp.`ja.nr
Lssugtj? ^ksjcuäàj mk Ukgmïg`fls
Lgkxj? UKGMKG@FLP.]R]
Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk lprkskgtl j rksuctlmj `jrrktj qulgmj Altkus `cf`l ka

Kg`lafgblr.
l) J lgkxj UKGMKG@FLP.]R] æ algtfmj gl gjvl akgsldka.
n) L gjvl akgsldka oì lplrk`k `ja j `lapj Ulrl prkkg`bfmj `ja
dufcbkrakEvugksp.`ja.nr, k j `lapj @/@ if`l ka nrlg`j.
`) L gjvl akgsldka
a kgsldka oì lplrk`k `ja j `lapj Ulrl prkkg`bfmj `ja
dufcbkrakEvugksp.`ja.nr, k j `lapj @/@ if`l prkkg`bfmj `ja
dustlvjEvugksp.`ja.nr.
m) L gjvl akgsldka gàj `jgtæa gkgbua lgkxj.
k) L gjvl akgsldka lplrk`k `ja j `lapj lssugtj ka nrlg`j.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ
qulgmj J lrqufvj
j usuìrfj ka lgkxj UKGMKG@FLP.]R] æ algtfmj gl akgsldka
j kg`lafgblr.
n ) XK^^LMJQ \ulgmj j usuìrfj prktkgmk –Kg`lafgblr‑ ua k-alfc, j `lapj

–Ulrl‑ lplrk`k ka nrlg`j.
` ) XK^^LMJQ \ulgmj j usuìrfj prktkgmk –Kg`lafgblr‑ ua k -alfc j `lapj

–Ulrl‑ lplrk`k ka nrlg`j.
m ) XK^^LMJQ \ulgmj kg`lafgblmj, j lgkxj pkralgk`k gj k-alfc.
k) XK^^LMJQ J `lapj lssugtj pkralgk`k qulgmj j usuìrfj prktkgmk

–Kg`lafgblr‑ ua k-alfc.
>0>


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >=4. L `japutläàj ka guvka ijrgk`k lcdugs skrvfäjs mk
`japutläàj pkcl fgtkrgkt? pjr kxkapcj, lralzkglakgtj, prj`ksslakgtj mk
mlmjs, rkmk, lgìcfsk mk mlmjs, mkgtrk jutrjs. Ls kaprksls ijrgk`kmjrls mkssks
skrvfäjs `japutl`fjglfs ka guvka, ka sul alfjrfl, jikrk`ka kssls
iug`fjglcfmlmks k `jnrla pjr sul utfcfzläàj. Lssfglck lctkrgltfvl quk fgmf`l muls
prjvkmjrls dcjnlfs mk skrvfäjs mk guvka pÿncf`l (@cjum `japutfgd).
l) Af`rjsjit k Lalzjg.
n) [nkr k TbltsLpp.
`) Cfgux k Af`rjsjit.
m) Af`rjsjit k Tlcalrt.
k) Lppck k Il`knjjh.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ L Af`rjsjit jikrk`k j skrvfäj Jgk Mrfvk mk `japutläàj gl guvka,
kgqulgtj l Lalzjg jikrk`k j skrvfäj Lalzjg @cjum. Jgk Mrfvk k Lalzjg @cjum
kstàj kgtrk js prfg`fplfs skrvfäjs mk guvka gj augmj.
XK^^LMJQ [nkr æ ual kaprksl quk jikrk`k skrvfäj mk trlgspjrtk. J

n ) XK^^LMJQ
TbltsLpp æ ua lpcf`ltfvj mk `jaugf`läàj ltrlvæs mk mfspjsftfvjs aðvkfs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ [al mls mfstrfnufäûks mj Cfgux, j [nugtu, `rfju j skrvfäj gl

guvka `blalmj
ka jutrjs [nugtu
mfspjsftfvjs, Jgk,kssk
pjræa jgmkskrvfäj
pjmkrfl
ijf skr slcvj lrqufvjs k sfg`rjgfzlmjs
mks`jgtfgulmj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Tlcalrt æ ual mls alfjrks cjols mk vlrkoj gj augmj.
k) XK^^LMJQ Lppck æ ual kaprksl mk `japutlmjrks k mfspjsftfvjs aðvkfs k j

Il`knjjh æ ual rkmk sj`flc.
>00


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
Lgj? >5<4 Nlg`l? FNDU Ðrdàj? @FPP[C - AD Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Kgikraldka
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >=2. J Nrlsfc kstì kgtrk js plásks `ja alfjr gÿakrj mk
usuìrfjs mk rkmks sj`flfs.
Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk æ `jgbk`fml `jaj rkmk sj`flc prjifssfjglc.
l) Il`knjjh.
n) Blgdjuts.
`) ]wfttkr.
m) CfghkmFg.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ J Il`knjjh æ ual rkmk sj`flc quk pkraftk `jgvkrslr `ja lafdjs
k `japlrtfcblr akgsldkgs, cfghs, vámkjs, ijtjdrlifls, ilzkr trlgsafssûks lj vfvj
jgcfgk k kt`.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J Blgdjuts æ ual pcltlijral mk akgsldkgs fgstlgtîgkls k `blt

mk vámkj mkskgvjcvfmj pkcj Djjdck. Kssl ikrrlakgtl tlanæa pjmk skr uslml
plrl vfmkj`jgikrïg`fl, nltk plpj `ja js lafdjs, `rflr drupjs ks`jclrks, mkgtrk
jutrls iugäûks.
` ) XK^^LMJQ ]wfttkr æ ual rkmk sj`flc quk pkraftk js usuìrfjs `japlrtfcblr

ltulcfzläûks pkssjlfs mk jutrjs `jgtltjs ka tkxtjs mk ltæ <=5 `lrl`tkrks.
X @K^]JQQ J CfghkmFg æ ual rkmk sj`flc vjctlml plrl gkdð`fjs jgmk æ pjssávkc
m ) X@K^]J
`rflr ua pkrifc prjifssfjglc kspk`flcfzlmj ka rkcl`fjglakgtj prjifssfjglc.
Lgj? >5<4 Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]^K-PU Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj ‐ Ìrkl Lmafgfstrltfvl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >=6. [a ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj prk`fsl aumlr j gjak k l skgbl ml
rkmk wfrkckss mj ks`rftðrfj jgmk trlnlcbl, pjfs mks`jgifl quk kcl kstì skgmj
utfcfzlml pjr pkssjls gàj lutjrfzlmls. Ulrl fssj, kck mkvk kgtrlr gl ìrkl mk
`jgifdurläàj mj ajmka quk rk`knk l fgtkrgkt k quk tlanæa æ rjtklmjr. Ulrl
l`ksslr kssl ìrkl, gj `japutlmjr cfdlmj lj ajmka rjtklmjr, mkvk lnrfr j
glvkdlmjr wkn k, gl cfgbl mk kgmkrkäj, mfdftlr j
l) `jalgmj bttp?//fp`jgifd.
n) kgmkrkäj mk akaðrfl mj rjtklmjr.
`) `jalgmj bttp?//sktup.
>0=


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
m) `jalgmj bttp?//skttfgds.
bttp?//skttfg ds.
k) FU mk l`kssj lj rjtklmjr.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ –fp`jgifd‑ qulgmj mfdftlmj gj prjapt mk `jalgmj , kxfnk

`jgifdurläàj mk rkmk. Kssk `jalgmj gàj pkraftk l`kssj ås `jgifdurläûks
fgtkrgls mj rjtklmjr.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj æ pjssávkc l`ksslr j rjtklmjr mfdftlgmj j kgmkrkäj mk

akaðrfl mj rjtklmjr.
XK^^LMJQ Kssk gàj æ ua `jalgmj vìcfmj plrl tkr l`kssj lj rjtklmjr.

` ) XK^^LMJQ
m ) X@K^]JQ Ulrl l`ksslr j rjtklmjr æ gk`kssìrfj j FU mk l`kssj, `ja fssj, æ

pjssávkc tkr l`kssj l tjmls ls `jgifdurläûks.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? FI-KP Ðrdàj? FI-KP Urjvl? Ukmldjdj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >;5. [a prjnckal mk skdurlgäl lj glvkdlr gl fgtkrgkt pjmk
tjrglr j `japutlmjr fgmfspjgávkc k `jcj`lr ka rfs`j l `jgifmkg`flcfmlmk k l
fgtkdrfmlmk mjs mlmjs gkck lralzkglmjs. Pjnrk glvkdläàj skdurl, lssj`fk l
skdugml `jcugl `ja l prfakfrl.
F) B]]U
FF) B]]UP
FFF) KY PPC
FY) @jjhfks
( ) @krtfif`lmj quk fg`cuf l vkrfif`läàj mk quk l kaprksl ijf ckdlcakgtk rkdfstrlml,

kg`jgtrl-sk ltfvl k quk mktæa j rkdfstrj mj mjaágfj plrl j qulc j `krtfif`lmj skrì
kaftfmj.
( ) Ukqukgjs lrqufvjs quk sàj drlvlmjs gj `japutlmjr qulgmj l`kssl sftks gl
Fgtkrgkt k quk sàj rkkgvflmjs l kstks aksajs sftks qulgmj gjvlakgtk vfsftlmjs.
(sftk
) Urjtj`jcj quk
mk mkstfgj utfcfzlml`krtfif`lmjs
qulgtj jrfdka, `lsjmfdftlfs plrl lsskdurlr l fmkgtfmlmk, tlgtj mj
pjssul.
( ) Urjtj`jcj sjn j qulc js mlmjs trlikdla ska `rfptjdrlifl.
>0;


Glvkdlmjrks
ks
Lssfglck l lctkrgltfvl quk `jgtæa l skquïg`fl @J^^K]L mk lssj`fläàj, mk
`fal plrl nlfxj.
l) FF, F, FFF, FY
n) FFF, FY, FF, F
`) FY, FF, FFF, F
m) FY, FFF, FF, F
k) FFF, F, FF, FY
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
(KY PPC ) @krtfif`lmj quk fg`cuf l vkrfif`läàj mk quk l kaprksl ijf ckdlcakgtk
rkdfstrlml, kg`jgtrl-sk ltfvl k quk mktæa j rkdfstrj mj mjaágfj plrl j qulc j
`krtfif`lmj skrì kaftfmj.
(@jjhfks ) Ukqukgjs lrqufvjs quk sàj drlvlmjs gj `japutlmjr qulgmj l`kssl

sftks gl Fgtkrgkt k quk sàj rkkgvflmjs l kstks aksajs sftks qulgmj gjvlakgtk
vfsftlmjs.
(B]]UP) Urjtj`jcj quk utfcfzl `krtfif`lmjs mfdftlfs plrl lsskdurlr l fmkgtfmlmk,

tlgtj mj sftk mk mkstfgj qulgtj ml jrfdka, `lsj pjssul.
(B]]U) Urjtj`jcj sjn j qulc js mlmjs trlikdla ska `rfptjdrlifl.
MF@L? Ulrl rksjcvkr kssl qukstàj, nlstl slnkr lpkgls j quk sàj `jjhfks k vj`ï
kg`jgtrlrì l lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]
@J^^K]L
L CK]^L
C K]^L N
>09

>04

@lpátucj #5; ‐ Pkdurlgäl ml Fgijraläàj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >;<. Lpðs j rk`knfakgtj k l ckfturl mk ua kalfc `ja lgkxj, j
usuìrfj pkr`knku quk j `japutlmjr ijf fgik`tlmj pjr lcdua tfpj mk alcwlrk.
Ilzkgmj ual pksqufsl gl fgtkrgkt, j usuìrfj fmkgtfif`ju quk j alcwlrk quk
fgik`tju j `japutlmjr æ mj tfpj wjra, pjfs
l) lrqufvjs mks`jgbk`fmjs ijrla fgstlclmjs gj Mkshtjp mj `japutlmjr.
n) lrqufvjs mk mjùakgtjs mk tkxtj ijrla mkcktlmjs ml plstl Mjùakgtjs.
`) j `japutlmjr rklcfzl ltfvfmlmks `jaj sk kstfvkssk skgmj `jgtrjclmj
rkajtlakgtk.
m) j `japutlmjr kgvfju vìrfls akgsldkgs mk kalfc `ja prjpldlgml
fgmkvfmlakgtk.
k) j `japutlmjr if`ju ckgtj fgmf`lgmj drlgmk `jgsuaj mk rkùrsjs.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Lgtks mk lglcfslrajs ls lctkrgltfvls æ fapjrtlgtk slnkr quk j wjra æ mfikrkgtk

mk várus. Js Tjras k js várus sàj tfpjs mk alcwlrks (sjitwlrk alcf`fjsj) k `lml
ua mkcks lprkskgtla `lrl`tkrástf`ls mfikrkgtks.
Js várus sàj plrtks mk ua prjdrlal, kgqulgtj js wjras sàj prjdrlals

`japcktjs. Js wjras gàj gk`kssftla skr kxkùtlmjs plrl ldfrka, oì js várus
prk`fsla. Js várus gk`kssftla mk ua bjspkmkfrj plrl sk prjpldlr, ju skol, sk
prjpldl fgik`tlgmj jutrjs lrqufvjs mj `japutlmjr, kgqulgtj quk js Tjras sk
auctfpcf`la lutjaltf`lakgtk, ska l gk`kssfmlmk mk ua bjspkmkfrj.
Yfstj ls mfikrkgäls nìsf`ls, vlajs ås lctkrgltfvls?
l) XK^^LMJQ Ulrl quk j wjra fgik`tk ua `japutlmjr, gàj bì gk`kssfmlmk mk

ua lrqufvj bjspkmkfrj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L lctkrläàj k/ju rkajvkr lrqufvjs æ ual `lrl`tkrástf`l mjs várus k

gàjs mjs wjras.
XK^^LMJQ J alcwlrk quk pkraftk quk j ltl`lgtk tkgbl l`kssj rkajtj lj
` ) XK^^LMJQ
`japutlmjr fgik`tlmj
l`kssj iuturj æ `jgbk`fmj
lj `japutlmjr `jaj Nl`hmjjr
`japrjaktfmj, quk æ uslmj
pkraftfgmj plrl
quk kck lsskdurlr
skol l`ksslmjj
rkajtlakgtk.
>02


m ) XK^^LMJQ Kssl æ ual `lrl`tkrástf`l lssj`flmj lj Ppla, quk kgvfl vìrfjs k-
alfcs plrl ual fakgsl cfstl mk `jgtltjs, jgmk, gl alfjrfl mls vkzks bì
prjpldlgml gj `jrpj mj k-alfc.
k) X@K^]JQ @jaj ual mls prfg`fplfs `lrl`tkrástf`ls mjs wjras æ l lutj-

rkpcf`läàj k l kxkùäàj lutjaìtf`l, ua mjs alfjrks mlgjs æ j luakgtj
kxldkrlmj mk `jgsuaj mjs rkùrsjs mj `japutlmjr, tjrglgmj-j ckgtj, pjfs l
`lml gjvl rkpcf`ldka alfs rkùrsjs sàj `jgsuafmjs k alfs ckgtj if`l j
`japutlmjr.

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >;>. Bì ltlquks quk `jgsfstka ka sjnrk`lrrkdlr ua skrvfmjr
`ja ual qulgtfmlmk kx`kssfvl mk sjcf`ftläûks mk skrvfäjs. Bì auftls vlrflgtks
mkssk
fgstlcl tfpj
gkcksmkua
ltlquk. Kazuanf.
sjitwlrk ual mkcls j ldrkssjr
\ulgmj rk`knkafgvlmk auftjs
l jrmka plrl `japutlmjrks k
fgf`flr j ltlquk,
js zuanfs njanlrmkfla j skrvfmjr-lcvj, tfrlgmj-j mj lr. Kssk tfpj mk ltlquk æ
`jgbk`fmj `jaj?
l) GDPY.
n) MMjP.
`) PkrvNcj`h.
m) Tjra.
k) @lvlcj mk ]rðfl.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ GDPY gàj æ ua tkraj utfcfzlmj gl fgijraìtf`l.
n ) X@K^]JQ J ltlquk MMjP, tlanæa `jgbk`fmj `jaj Gkdläàj mk Pkrvfäj, tka

`jaj jnoktfvj tjrglr ua skrvfmjr, skrvfäj ju fgirlkstruturl fgmfspjgávkc pjr
sjnrk`lrdl mk l`kssjs. Auftls vkzks sàj utfcfzlmjs sjitwlrks zuanfs ka jutrjs
`japutlmjrks quk rk`knka j `jalgmj mk l`ksslr ua mktkrafglmj skrvfäj
tjmjs lj aksaj tkapj, `luslgmj j ksdjtlakgtj k tfrlgmj-j mj lr.
` ) XK^^LMJQ PkrvNcj`h gàj æ ua tkraj utfcfzlmj gl fgijraìtf`l.
XK^^LMJQ Tjra æ ua tfpj mk alcwlrk (sjitwlrk alcf`fjsj) k gàj ua tfpj mk

m ) XK^^LMJQ
ltlquk.
>06


XK^^LMJQ @lvlcj mk ]rðfl æ ua tfpj mk alcwlrk (sjitwlrk alcf`fjsj) k gàj
k) XK^^LMJQ
ua tfpj mk ltlquk.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? @jpkrdìs - UK Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Jpkrl`fjglc Ak`îgf`j
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >;0. Pkaprk quk ua l`kssj kgvjcvkr l trlgsafssàj mk
fgijraläûks sfdfcjsls, æ fapjrtlgtk quk ua iug`fjgìrfj ml @JUK^DÌP sk
`krtfifquk mj usj mk `jgkxûks skdurls. Fgmf`l ual `jgkxàj skdurl qulgmj
l) j kgmkrkäj mj sftk `jakäl `ja bttp?//.
n) j kgmkrkäj mj sftk gàj `jakäl ``ja ja www. Fssj
F ssj fgmf`l
fgmf `l quk j prjtj`jcj
p rjtj`jcj mk
skdurlgäl ijf jaftfmj pjr sk trltlr mk ual `jgkxàj skdurl.
`) ua sáanjcj mj sftk (cjdjtfpj) æ lprkskgtlmj prðxfaj å nlrrl mk kgmkrkäj k, lj
plsslr j ajusk sjnrk kck, gàj bì mktlcbks ml fmkgtfmlmk mj sftk, pjfs l
`jgkxàj æ skdurl.
m) sjnrk
lpkglskck,
j mkskgbj
j gjak mk ual `blvk
vkrmlmkfrj mjæsftk
ajstrlmj gl nlrrl
æ kxfnfmj, mk kgmkrkäj
fgmf`lgmj k, lj
sk trltlr mk `cf`lr
ual
`jgkxàj skdurl.
k) l nlrrl mk kgmkrkäj/rk`jrtk sàj lprkskgtlmjs gl `jr vkrmk k bì j gjak mj
prjprfktìrfj mj sftk, fgmf`lgmj sk trltlr mk `jgkxàj `ja KY PPC, auftj skdurl,
`jaj tlanæa æ j bttps.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ bttp æ j prjtj`jcj uslmj plrl l`ksslr l wkn, als plrl l`ksslr mk
mk ajmj skdurj æ uslmj j bttp s (`ja –s‑), quk fgmf`l quk j sftk l`ksslmj æ
skdurj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ –www‑ sfdgfif`l Tjrcm Tfmk Tkn quk ka trlmuäàj cftkrlc skrfl –tkfl
mj tlalgbj mj augmj‑. J –www‑ gàj fgmf`l quk j sftk æ skdurj, fgmf`l quk æ
lpkgls ua sftk gl fgtkrgkt.
` ) XK^^LMJQ \ulgmj j sftk æ `krtfif`lmj `jaj skdurj æ ajstrlmj j á`jgk mk ua

`lmklmj ik`blmj prðxfaj l nlrrl mk kgmkrkäj, fgmf`lgmj quk j sftk æ `jgifìvkc.
L lctkrgltfvl lifral quk quk æ lprkskgtlmj j cjdjtfpj (alr`l) mj sftk, als gl
rklcfmlmk æ ajstrlmj ua `lmklmj.

m ) XK^^LMJQ J á`jgk mk ua `lmklmj ik`blmj æ ajstrlmj qulgmj j sftk æ
`krtfif`lmj `jaj skdurj.
>=5


k) X@K^]JQ J KY PPC (Kxtkgmkm Ylcfmltfjg Pkùrk Pj`hkt Clykr ) æ ua
`krtfif`lmj quk fgmf`l quk j sftk æ skdurj k quk l fmkgtfmlmk mj sftk ijf vkrfif`lml
pjr ual Lutjrfmlmk @krtfif`lmjrl (@L) mk l`jrmj `ja ls alfs rfdjrjsls gjrals
kstlnkck`fmls pkcj @L. [al mls `lrl`tkrástf`ls ajstrlmls gkssk tfpj mk
`krtfif`läàj æ mkfxlr l nlrrl mk kgmkrkäj vkrmk ougtj `ja j gjak mj prjprfktìrfj
mj sftk. Gl faldka lnlfxj æ pjssávkc vkr kxltlakgtk kssk tfpj mk `krtfif`lmj ka
läàj, `ja l `jr mk iugmj ml nlrrl mk kgmkrkäj vkrmk k j gjak ml kaprksl
@JAJMJ @L Cfaftkm gl aksal nlrrl.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? KCK]^JN^LP-KCK]^JP[C Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Pkdurlgäl mj ]rlnlcbj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >;=. @jgsfmkrk, pjr bfpðtksk, quk l Kcktrjsuc mkskol luakgtlr
l skdurlgäl mls fgijraläûks utfcfzlgmj rkdfstrjs mls ltfvfmlmks mk skus
`jclnjrlmjrks. L plrtfr ml lgìcfsk mkstks rkdfstrjs lralzkglmjs ka lrqufvj ju
ka nlsk mk mlmjs, l kaprksl pjmk skr `lplz mk?
∞ mktk`tlr j usj fgmkvfmj mk `japutlmjrks, `jaj ua usuìrfj tkgtlgmj l`ksslr

lrqufvjs mk jutrjs usuìrfjs, ju lctkrlr lrqufvjs mj sfstkal8
∞ mktk`tlr ua ltlquk, `jaj mk ijräl nrutl, ju l kxpcjrläàj mk lcdual
vucgkrlnfcfmlmk8
∞ rlstrklr ju lumftlr ls läûks kxkùtlmls pjr ua usuìrfj gj sku `japutlmjr,
`jaj prjdrlals utfcfzlmjs, `jalgmjs kxkùtlmjs k tkapj mk usj mj sfstkal8
∞ mktk`tlr prjnckals mk blrmwlrk ju gjs prjdrlals k skrvfäjs fgstlclmjs gj
`japutlmjr.
Kstks rkdfstrjs sàj mkgjafglmjs

l) nl`hups.
n) pbfsbfgd.
`) cjds.
m) blsbks.
k) ifrkwlccs.
>=<


* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
àj ? Gjtk quk l qukstàj nus`l pjr ual sjcuäàj quk pjssl ilzkr rkdfstrj
Lt kgää àj?
Ltkg
mls ltfvfmlmks mjs `jclnjrlmjrks ml kaprksl.
l) XK^^LMJQ –nl`hup‑ æ nlsf`lakgtk ual `ðpfl mk skdurlgäl mjs mlmjs ,

kanjrl skol ksskg`flc plrl qulcqukr kaprksl, j nl`hup gàj ilz rkdfstrj mk
ltfvfmlmks mk usuìrfjs.
n ) XK^^LMJQ –pbfsbfgd‑ æ ual ijral mk irlumk kcktrýgf`l, `lrl`tkrfzlml pjr

tkgtltfvls mk lmqufrfr mlmjs pkssjlfs, plrl `ja fssj plsslr pjr ual pkssjl
`jgifìvkc k rklcfzlr jpkrläûks irlumuckgtls.
` ) X@K^]JQ –cjd‑ æ ual kxprkssàj utfcfzlml plrl mks`rkvkr j prj`kssj mk

rkdfstrj mk kvkgtjs rkckvlgtks ka ua sfstkal `japutl`fjglc, skgmj `lplz mk
rlstrklr tjmjs js –plssjs‑ mlmjs pjr qulcqukr usuìrfj jpkr lgmj
lgmj j sfstkal.
XK^^LMJQ –blsbk‑ æ ual tæ`gf`l uslml plrl fmkgtfif`lr lrqufvjs mk algkfrl

m ) XK^^LMJQ
ÿgf`l, plrl fssj, æ `rflmj ua `ðmfdj `ja cktrls k gÿakrjs quk pjmka skr
`japlrlmjs k lvlcflmjs. Ujr kxkapcj, `lsj vj`ï qukfrl slnkr sk ua lrqufvj
`japlrtfcblmj æ rklcakgtk j aksaj k gàj sjirku lctkrläûks, nlstl `japlrlr j
blsbk mj lrqufvj jrfdfglc `ja j `japlrtfcblmj, sk ijrka fdulfs sfdgfif`l quk æ j
aksaj lrqufvj k gàj tkvk lctkrläûks.
k) XK^^LMJQ –ifrkwlcc‑ æ ual sjcuäàj mk skdurlgäl quk pjmk skr nlsklmj tlgtj
ka blrmwlrk (mfspjsftfvj kcktrýgf`j) ju ka sjitwlrk, quk ajgftjrl l kgtrlml k
sláml mk trìikdj, pjmkgmj ncjqukì-cl `lsj oucduk fgskdurj plrl j sfstkal.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? [GF^FJ Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk ka Lmafgfstrläàj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >;;. Js rkspjgsìvkfs pjr prj`kmfakgtjs mk Pkdurlgäl ml
Fgijraläàj mkvka-sk prkjùplr `ja usuìrfjs alc-fgtkg`fjglmjs, auftls vkzks
rkspjgsìvkfs pjr dkrläàj mk prkouázjs kaprkslrflfs mfsskafglgmj alcwlrks,
rjunlgmj skgbls ju rklcfzlgmj jutrl läàj qulcqukr mk fgvlsàj mjs sfstkals ml
kaprksl. [a kxkapcj
prjmuz prjdrlal tápf`j`lplz
alcf`fjsj æ j prjdrlalmjr `japktkgtk,
mk prjpldlr-sk als alupkcl
lutjaltf`lakgtk `lrìtkr,
rkmkquk
mk
`japutlmjrks ml kaprksl ka quk trlnlcbl, pjr akfj mk `ðpfls mk `japutlmjr
plrl `japutlmjr, prjvj`lgmj, pjr kxkapcj, ckgtfmàj gl rkmk, mkslplrk`fakgtj
mk lrqufvjs, kt`. Js alcks quk kssk tfpj mk prjdrlal prjmuz lfgml skrfla alfs
>=>


drlvks sk mfspuskssk, `jaj jutrjs alcwlrks, mk ak`lgfsajs mk `jaugf`läàj
quk prjpjr`fjglsska sku `jgtrjck rkajtj pkcj ldkgtk fgvlsjr.
Kssk tfpj mk prjdrlal alcf`fjsj æ `jgbk`fmj `jaj

l) Lmwlrk
n) Ppywlrk
`) Hkycjddkr
m) Yárus
k) Tjra
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ J lmwlrk æ ua tfpj mk alcwlrk kspk`áif`j plrl lprkskgtlr

prjpldlgmls ska l pkrafssàj mj usuìrfj. Dkrlcakgtk js lmwlrks sàj
lprkskgtlmjs kapkdlr
fgstlgtk tkgtlgmj ijrals
ua mk pjp-up
`cfquk (pkqukgls
mkspkr`knfmj olgkcls) Gàj
mj usuìrfj. quk bjuvk
lnrkagkgbual
l tjmj
akgäàj gl qukstàj sjnrk prjpldlgml ju lgÿg`fjs, pjrtlgtj, gàj æ ua lmwlrk.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Ppywlrk æ ua prjdrlal prjoktlmj plrl ajgftjrlr ls ltfvfmlmks mk

ua sfstkal k kgvflr ls fgijraläûks `jcktlmls plrl tkr`kfrjs. J spywlrk gàj sk
pldl lutjaltf`lakgtk pkcl rkmk, pjrtlgtj, gàj æ ual mls lctkrgltfvls plrl
prjpldl
prj
l qukstàj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Hkycjddkr æ ua tfpj mk spywlrk, jgmk æ `lplz mk `lpturlr k

lralzkglr ls tk`cls mfdftlmls
æ pjssávkc mks`jnrfr pkcj usuìrfj
cjdfg k skgbl gj `jgtls
mk vìrfls tk`clmjmj
mj usuìrfj
`japutlmjr, `jaj
trlzkgmj fssj,
drlvks
mlgjs. Ujr skr ua tfpj mk spywlrk gàj æ lutjaltf`lakgtk prjpldlmj pkcl
rkmk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Gl alfjrfl mls vkzks `jstualajs mfzkr quk tjmj j prjdrlal

alcf`fjsj quk fgik`tl gjssj `japutlmjr æ ua várus, als gàj æ nka lssfa, js
várus sàj ua tfpj mk alcwlrk, lssfa `ja j spywlrk, `lvlcj mk trðfl, wjra k kt`.
`lml ua `ja `lrl`tkrástf`ls mfikrkgtks.
Yárus æ ua prjdrlal ju plrtk mk ua prjdrlal mk `japutlmjr, gjralcakgtk
alcf`fjsj, quk sk prjpldl

jutrjs prjdrlals fgskrfgmj `ðpfls
k lrqufvjs. Ujræa mkjs
sf aksaj
várus kgàj
sk tjrglgmj plrtk mk
sk prjpldla
lutjaltf`lakgtk pkcl rkmk lssfa `jaj js spywlrks.
>=0


k) X@K^]JQ Tjra æ ua prjdrlal `lplz mk sk prjpldlr lutjaltf`lakgtk pkcls
rkmks, kgvflgmj `ðpfls mk sf aksaj mk `japutlmjr plrl `japutlmjr. Mfikrkgtk
mj várus, j wjra gàj sk prjpldl pjr akfj ml fg`cusàj mk `ðpfls mk sf aksaj ka
jutrjs prjdrlals ju lrqufvjs, als, pkcl kxkùäàj mfrktl mk suls `ðpfls . Ujr
rkpcf`lrka-sk mk algkfrl rìpfml k lutjaìtf`l, j wjra `jgsjak auftj rkùrsj
mjs `japutlmjrks mkfxlgmj-js ckgtjs.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >;9. \ulgmj lnkrtjs fglmvkrtfmlakgtk, lrqufvjs lgkxlmjs l
ua k-alfc pjmka `jgstftufr særfks lakläls å skdurlgäl mk ua `japutlmjr.
Lssfglck l jpäàj quk fgmf`l l kxtkgsàj mk lrqufvj quk `lrl`tkrfzl lrqufvjs
pkrfdjsjs.
l) .kxk
n) .opd
`) .ppt
m) .txt
k) .xac
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ Kxtkgsûks .kxk sàj lrqufvjs kxkùtìvkfs mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc ml

Af`rjsjit. Ujr kxkapcj, qulgmj vj`ï mkskol fgstlclr ua prjdrlal gj Tfgmjws,
dkrlcakgtk kssk fgstlclmjr usl l kxtkgsàj .kxk. K ml aksal algkfrl quk pjmk
skr fgstlclmj ua prjdrlal `jgifìvkc, vj`ï tlanæa pjmk fgstlclr ua prjdrlal
alcf`fjsj k fgik`tlr j sku `japutlmjr.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L kxtkgsàj .opd sàj mkstfglmls l lrqufvjs mk faldkgs, `jaj

ijtjdrlifls k drlvurls, pjr kxkapcj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ [a UU] æ ua lrqufvj mk scfmks mj Af`rjsjit UjwkrUjfgt. J

usuìrfj pjmk lnrfr, kmftlr k ilzkr lctkrläûks gjs scfmks ml lprkskgtläàj,
l`rks`kgtlgmj ftkgs, kikftjs k jutrjs rkùrsjs. Nlsf`lakgtk j UU] gàj
lprkskgtl rfs`js qulgmj nlfxlmj pjr k-alfc.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Lrqufvjs .txt sàj lrqufvjs mk tkxtj sfapcks. \ulgmj `rflajs ua

lrqufvj gj Ncj`j mk Gjtls, pjr kxkapcj, l kxtkgsàj mj lrqufvj æ .txt, pjrtlgtj,
kssk gàj skrfl ual lakläl `lsj ijssk nlfxlmj pjr k-alfc.
>==


k) XK^^LMJQ .xac æ ual cfgduldka mk alr`läàj auftj utfcfzlmj gl fgtkrgkt quk
skrvk plrl plmrjgfzlr ual skquïg`fl mk mlmjs `ja j jnoktfvj mk jrdlgfzlr,
skplrlr j `jgtkÿmj k fgtkdrì-cj `ja jutrls cfgduldkgs. Kssk tfpj mk lrqufvj gàj
skrfl jikgsfvj `lsj ijssk nlfxlmj mj k-alfc.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >;4. @ja rkcläàj l fgijraìtf`l, oucduk j ftka quk sk skduk.
L fgik`äàj mk ua `japutlmjr pjr várus kgvflmj vfl `jrrkfj kcktrýgf`j pjmk sk mlr
qulgmj sk lnrk lrqufvj fgik`tlmj quk pjrvkgturl kstkol lgkxlmj å akgsldka
kcktrýgf`l rk`knfml.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
[al mls algkfrls mk fgik`äàj pjr várus æ ltrlvæs mk ua lrqufvj lgkxlmj ka ua

k-alfc, als plrl quk rklcakgtk l`jgtkäl l fgik`äàj æ gk`kssìrfj quk j usuìrfj
kxkùtk j lrqu
lrqufvj f gik`tlmj , pjfs kssl æ l algkfrl `jaj js várus sàj ltfvlmjs.
fvj fgik`tlmj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Pàj Ulucj - PU Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk Dkstàj mk Ujcátf`ls Uÿncf`ls F
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >;2. Æ prj`kmfakgtj `jrrktj mk skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj
l) rklcfzlr trlgsläûks nlg`ìrfls uslgmj `japutlmjrks
` japutlmjrks mfikrkgtks, läàj quk
mfifùctl j alpklakgtj mjs `japutlmjrks pkcjs `rl`hkrs.
n) mksltfvlr l ltulcfzläàj mk prjdrlals `jaj Olvl k js mkalfs pcud-fgs.
`) gàj l`ksslr sátfjs ùojs kgmkrkäjs sk fgf`fka `ja bttps.
m) ncjquklr, pjr akfj mk ak`lgfsajs
ak` lgfsajs mk `jgtrjck gj `japutlmjr, j l`kssj l
gjtá`fls rkcl`fjglmls å skdurlgäl ml Fgtkrgkt.
k) uslr sjcuäûks mk skdurlgäl `jaj lgtfvárus k ifrkwlccs.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ L`ksslr l `jgtl nlg`ìrfj mk vìrfjs `japutlmjrks pjmk skr ua
rfs`j, pjfs gàj sk slnk qulfs `japutlmjrks kstàj rklcakgtk fgik`tlmjs k quk
pjmka `lpturlr l sul `jgtl nlg`ìrfl, pjr kxkapcj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Olvl æ ual cfgduldka mk prjdrlaläàj auftj utfcfzlml ka sftks,

lpcf`ltfvjs mk `kcuclrks k `japutlmjrks. J Olvl rktrltlmj gl qukstàj rkikrk-sk l
>=;


ua pl`jtk quk æ fgstlclmj gj `japutlmjr quk pkraftk quk lpcf`läûks quk
utfcfzka l cfgduldka Olvl pjssla skr kxkùtlmls. Æ auftj fapjrtlgtk quk j
Olvl kstkol skaprk ltulcfzlmj gj `japutlmjr mj usuìrfj, pjfs `jgtæa
lprfajrlakgtjs fapjrtlgtks plrl akcbjrlr j mkskapkgbj, l kstlnfcfmlmk k l
skdurlgäl mls lpcf`läûks Olvl kxkùtlmls gjs mfspjsftfvjs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ bttp æ j prjtj`jcj plmràj ml wkn quk pkraftk l`ksslr ls afcblrks

mk pìdfgls ksplcblmls pkcl fgtkrgkt, pjræa, gàj bì ua plmràj mk skdurlgäl. Oì
bttps (`ja –s‑) ilz j aksaj quk j bttp lmf`fjglgmj `lrl`tkrástf`ls mk
skdurlgäl. Æ kxltlakgtk j bttps quk æ uslmj gl fgtkrgkt nlghfgd, k-
`jaakr`ks k vìrfjs jutrjs sftks quk gk`kssftla mk skdurlgäl gl bjrl mk
trlikdlr mlmjs pkssjlfs mjs usuìrfjs.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Ncjquklr gjtá`fl sjnrk Pkdurlgäl ml Fgijraläàj gàj æ ual

sjcuäàj mk skdurlgäl. Lctkrgltfvl ska iugmlakgtj.
k) X@K^]JQ [slr sjcuäûks mk skdurlgäl `jaj lgtfvárus k ifrkwlcc æ ual njl
algkfrl mk prkvkgfr rjunj mk mlmjs, fgik`äûks k kt`. Js lgtfvárus skrvka plrl
mktk`tlr k kcfafglr pjssávkfs lrqufvjs k prjdrlals mlgjsjs lj sfstkal. Oì j
ifrkwlcc tka l iugäàj mk rlstrklr j trìikdj ml rkmk, pkraftfgmj ju ncjquklgmj j
trìikdj quk oucdlr fglmkqulmj.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? LGU Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ka ^kducläàj mk Uktrðckj k Mkrfvlmjs
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >;6.
skus usuìrfjs, j DalfcUlrl
gàj prkvkgfr
pkraftk quk
quk várus
skolaskkgvflmjs
fgstlcka ju
gjsrk`knfmjs
`japutlmjrks mk
lrqufvjs
kxkùtìvkfs.
@jaj `jgskquïg`fl mkssl pjcátf`l, mkgtrk js lrqufvjs cfstlmjs lnlfxj, j ÿgf`j
quk pjmkrfl skr kgvflmj pjr k-alfc ltrlvæs mj Dalfc æ
l) lrqZl.pfi
n) lrqZn.kxk
`) lrqZ`.nlt
m) lrqZm.olr
k) lrqZk.txt
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Dalfc æ skrvfäj mk k-alfc pjpuclr mj Djjdck. Ujr skr trltlr mk ua mjs alfs
`jgbk`fmjs skrvfäjs mk k-alfc mj augmj trlgsftlgmj afcblrks mk kalfcs pjr mfl, j
>=9


Dalfc tjal lcduals akmfmls mk skdurlgäl plrl quk js usuìrfjs gàj sjirla
mlgjs pjr nlfxlr lgkxjs mjs skus k-alfcs. K plrl quk fssj gàj j`jrrl j
Dalfc ncjquklr lrqufvjs kxkùtìvkfs , jgmk js usuìrfjs gàj pjmka rk`knkr
gka kgvflr kssk tfpj mk lrqufvj.
Ylajs lglcfslr kgtrk ls lctkrgltfvls qulc j lrqufvj UJMK PK^ KGYFLMJ pjr k-
alfc?
l) XK^^LMJQ Lrqufvjs UFI sàj lrqufvjs kxkùtìvkfs `jgbk`fmjs `jaj Lrqufvjs

mk Urjdrlals mk Fgijraläàj. K pjr skrka kxkùtìvkfs, gàj pjmka skr kgvflmjs.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Lrqufvjs KRK sàj lrqufvjs kxkùtìvkfs mj Tfgmjws k tlanæa

gàj pjmka skr kgvflmjs k rk`knfmjs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Lrqufvj .NL] æ ua `jgougtj mk `jalgmjs kxkùtlmjs ka cjtk. Ujr

skr kxkùtìvkc, tlanæa gàj skrfl kgvflmj pjr k-alfc.
XK^^LMJQ OL^ æ ua lrqufvj `japl`tlmj quk lralzkgl fgstruäûks quk

m ) XK^^LMJQ
pjmka skr kxkùtlmjs. Ujr fssj, tlanæa gàj pjmk skr kgvflmj pjr k-alfc.
X@K^]JQ ]R] æ l kxtkgsàj utfcfzlml plrl lrqufvjs mk tkxtj sfapcks. Ujr skr
k) X@K^]JQ
lpkgls lrqufvjs mk tkxtjs k gàj kgvjcvkr kxkùäàj mk prjdrlals, lrqufvjs `ja
kxtkgsàj ]R] pjmka skr kgvflmjs k rk`knfmjs uslgmj j skrvfäj mk kalfc mj
Dalfc.
Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? LGU Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j ka ^kducläàj mk Uktrðckj k Mkrfvlmjs
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >95. [al bl`hkr lakläju mfvucdlr gl Tkn fgijraläûks
sfdfcjsls mk ual kaprksl lpðs tkr `jgskdufmj l`kssj l skus sfstkals mk
fgijraläàj. Ulrl `jgskdufr j l`kssj, kcl tkckijgju plrl ual mls sk`rktìrfls ml
mfrktjrfl, plsslgmj-sk pjr kspjsl mk ua mjs mfrktjrks. Ka skdufml, kcl mfssk å
sk`rktìrfl quk sku alrfmj tfgbl sjirfmj ua l`fmkgtk k kstlvl bjspftlcfzlmj.
Ujræa, lgtks mk if`lr fg`jgs`fkgtk, j mfrktjr cbk blvfl pkmfmj quk kgtrlssk ka
`jgtltj `ja l kaprksl l ifa mk quk ual mk suls sk`rktìrfls sjcf`ftlssk l
aumlgäl
l`fmkgtk kmj sku quk
tkafl cjdfglcduæa
k ml sul skgbl,
pumkssk pjfs js
fgvlmfr kcksfstkals
blvfl pkrmfmj sul ldkgml
ml kaprksl, gj
ual vkz
quk kssks mlmjs, pjr mksùfmj sku, kstlvla lgjtlmjs gl ldkgml pkrmfml. Ka
skdufml, l supjstl kspjsl ijrgk`ku js gjvjs cjdfg k skgbl å sk`rktìrfl.
>=4


Kssk tfpj mk ltlquk plrl jntkgäàj mk fgijraläûks æ `blalmj mk
l) fgijraläûks cfvrks
n) kgdkgblrfl sj`flc
`) vlrrkmurl mk vucgkrlnfcfmlmks
m) muapstkr mfvfgd
k) ltlquk iásf`j
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ fgijraläûks cfvrks gàj æ ua tfpj mk ltlquk, kssl æ ual

mlqukcls lctkrgltfvls nka kclnjrlmls plrl fgmuzfr lj krrj, pjfs j gjak æ auftj
sudkstfvj pkcj iltj ml bl`hkr sk plsslr pkcl kspjsl mj kaprksìrfj il`fcakgtk k
sjcf`ftlr quk l sk`rktìrfl lctkrk l skgbl mj kaprksìrfj.
X@K^]JQ Kgdkgblrfl Pj`flc æ ua mjs aætjmjs alfs uslmjs ka ltlquks

n ) X@K^]JQ
bl`hkrs pkcl algkfrl kgdkgbjsl mj ltlquk quk mkpkgmk ijrtkakgtk mk
fgtkrläàj bualgl, jgmk j bl`hkr ilz usj ml pkrsulsàj, auftls vkzks lnuslgmj
ml fgdkgufmlmk ju `jgiflgäl mj usuìrfj, plrl jntkr fgijraläûks quk pjmka skr
utfcfzlmls plrl tkr l`kssj l skgbls, sfstkals k ltæ mlmjs sfdfcjsjs, `jaj ijf j
`lsj ml bl`hkr gkssl qukstàj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Js bl`hkrs skaprk utfcfzla mk vucgkrlnfcfmlmks plrl rklcfzlr skus

ltlquks. Aksaj l bl`hkr uslgmj l kgdkgblrfl sj`flc, quk tlanæa æ ual
vucgkrlnfcfmlmk kgvjcvkgmj fgtkrläàj bualgl, gàj ijf ikftl gkgbual vlrrkmurl
mk vucgkrlnfcfmlmk mj pjgtj mk vfstl tæ`gf`j, ju skol, l bl`hkr gàj usju l
vucgkrlnfcfmlmk mk jutrj `japutlmjr plrl tkr l`kssj lj sfstkal ml kaprksl.
m ) XK^^LMJQ
XK^^LMJQ Muapstkr ]rlsbfgd æ ua tfpj mk ltlquk jgmk j bl`hkr
Muapstkr Mfvfgd ju ]rlsbfgd
vlsùcbl j cfxj mk ual kaprksl ju ua lcvj pkssjlc l ifa mk jntkr fgijraläûks
fapjrtlgtks quk sfrvla plrl j pclgkolakgtj mj ltlquk. Kssl gàj ijf j `lsj ml
gjssl bl`hkr ml qukstàj.
k) XK^^LMJQ Æ il`fcakgtk pkr`kptávkc quk gàj bjuvk ua ltlquk iásf`j plrl l
lctkrläàj mj cjdfg k skgbl mj kaprksìrfj.
>=2


\ukstàj
\ukst àj >9<. [al mls rkmks ml skmk mk ual kaprksl ijf fgvlmfml pjr
ua sjitwlrk quk `jcktju fgijraläûks mk vìrfjs `japutlmjrks, fgstlcju ilvjrftjs,
nlrrls mk ikrrlakgtls k cfghs fgmkskolmjs gjs glvkdlmjrks ml Tkn, lctkrju
bjak pldks plmràj k ikz `ja quk ijsska kxfnfmjs lgÿg`fjs mk pjp-ups
irkqukgtkakgtk.
[a ajmj mk prkvfgfr fgvlsûks mkssk dïgkrj æ

l) fgstlclr swft`bks fgtkcfdkgtks gl rkmk.
n) fgstlclr lgtfspywlrks gls aìqufgls ml rkmk.
`) `rflr ua lcdjrftaj mk `rfptjdrlifl plrl k-alfcs.
m) trlmuzfr js kgmkrkäjs FUv=s plrl ijraltj FUv9.
k) rkilzkr tjmls ls skgbls mk l`kssj ljs `japutlmjrks ml rkmk.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Pwft`b æ ua blrmwlrk quk pkraftk `jgk`tlr vìrfjs `japutlmjrks
ka rkmk. Fgstlclr ua gjvj swft`b gàj frì prkvkgfr j `japutlmjr mj ltlquk
mks`rftj gl qukstàj.
n ) X@K^]JQ Lglcfslgmj l mks`rfäàj mj prjnckal lprkskgtlmj gl qukstàj,

pjmkajs fmkgtfif`lr quk fgstlcju-sk ua LMTL^K gj `japutlmjr, jgmk sàj
kxfnfmjs lgÿg`fjs ijrälmlakgtk k pjp-ups fgmkskolmjs, `lrl`tkrástf`ls tápf`ls mk
ua spywlrk. @jaj ua lmwlrk æ ua tfpj mk spywlrk, ual algkfrl mk tkgtlr
mfafgufrywlrks
lgtfsp ju kxtkrafglr
lgtfspywlrks `japjsutlmjrks
mlgjs `luslmjs
gjs `japutlmjrks pkcjs
rkmk. Js
ml rkmk. spywlrks sàj
lgtfspywlrks æ l prjdrlals
fgstlcläàjùoj
mk
jnoktfvj æ tkgtlr kcfafglr? spywlrks, lmwlrks, hkycjddkrs, trjolgs k jutrjs
alcwlrks ltrlvæs mk vlrrkmurls.
` ) XK^^LMJQ @rflr ua lcdjrftaj mk `rfptjdrlifl plrl k-alfcs gàj kcfafglrì js

mlgjs `luslmjs pkcj spywlrk fgstlclmj gjs `japutlmjrks ml rkmk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Fpv9 k Fpv= sàj `janfgläûks guaærf`ls quk kstlnkck`ka
`jgkxûks kgtrk `japutlmjrks, æ ltrlvæs mkssls `janfgläûks quk pjmkajs gjs
`jgk`tlr l fgtkrgkt,
plrl kcfafglr pjr kxkapcj.
js spywlrks Aumlr mk Fpv=
gjs `japutlmjrks ml plrl
rkmk.Fpv9 gàj skrfl ual sjcuäàj
>=6


k) XK^^LMJQ ^kilzkr ls skgbls mjs `japutlmjrks ml rkmk gàj kcfafglrì j
spywlrk fgstlclmj gjs `japutlmjrks ml rkmk, j `jrrktj æ fgstlclr ua lgtfspywlrk
ka `lml ua mkcks.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? MUK-^^ Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >9>. Ulrl lsskdurlr l prjtkäàj k skdurlgäl mls fgijraläûks
quk trlikdla pkcl fgtkrgkt, ua Lssfstkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj mkvk tkr mfvkrsjs
ùfmlmjs, mkgtrk js qulfs?
l) Pkdufr l pjcátf`l mk `jgifmkg`flcfmlmk k mfvucdlr fgijraläûks prjifssfjglfs ka
ncjds k rkmks sj`flfs, mk ijral l luakgtlr l vfsfnfcfmlmk k l trlgsplrïg`fl mjs
skrvfäjs pÿncf`js.
n) If`lr ltkgtj ås aumlgäls quk j`jrrka gls pjcátf`ls mk usj k mk prfvl`fmlmk
mjs skrvfäjs quk utfcfzl, plrl gàj skr surprkkgmfmj `ja lctkrläûks quk pjssla
`) `japrjaktkr l sul
Gug`l gjtfif`lr prfvl`fmlmk.
ltftumks `jgsfmkrlmls lnusfvls, plrl gàj `japrjaktkr l
`rkmfnfcfmlmk ml Mkikgsjrfl.
m) Urjùrlr ilzkr j mjwgcjlm k kxkùtlr sfauctlgklakgtk mfikrkgtks prjdrlals
lgtfalcwlrk plrl luakgtlr l skdurlgäl ka sku `japutlmjr.
k) Ncjquklr skaprk js `jjhfks mj glvkdlmjr mk Fgtkrgkt, pjfs tjmjs js `jjhfks
fgstlcla alcwlrks quk pjmka mkfxlr ls fgijraläûks ml Mkikgsjrfl
vucgkrìvkfs.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
XK^^LMJQ Mfvucdlr fgijraläûks prjifssfjglfs ka ncjds k rkmks sj`flfs gàj

l) XK^^LMJQ
lsskdurl l prjtkäàj k skdurlgäl mls fgijraläûks quk trlikdl pkcl fgtkrgkt.
n ) X@K^]JQ If`lr ltkgtj ås aumlgäls quk j`jrrka gl pjcátf`l mk usj k

prfvl`fmlmk mjs skrvfäjs utfcfzlmjs dlrlgtk ua iug`fjglakgtj alfs skdurj, lcæa
mk if`lr ltkgtj sk lcdual mls lctkrläûks pjmka fgtkrikrfr gl skdurlgäl vfdkgtk.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Mkvk-sk skaprk vkrfif`lr ltftumks lnusfvls plrl gàj `japrjaktkr
l skdurlgäl.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Gàj bì gk`kssfmlmk mk fgstlclr alfs mk ua lgtf-alcwlrk gj

`japutlmjr, pjfs pjmkgmj j`jrrkr `jgicftjs quk pjmkrì l`lrrktlr gj luakgtj mk
fgstlnfcfmlmks, vucgkrlnfcfmlmks k `jgicftjs fgmkskolmjs gj sfstkal.
>;5


k) XK^^LMJQ Gàj æ vkrmlmk quk js `jjhfks fgstlcla alcwlrks. Js `jjhfks sàj
pkqukgjs lrqufvjs mk tkxtjs kgvflmjs lj usuìrfj qulgmj ua sftk æ l`ksslmj,
quk skrvka plrl lralzkglr ls prkikrïg`fls mj usuìrfj. Kssk rkùrsj æ
fgtkgslakgtk utfcfzlmj qulgmj l`ksslajs l wkn k gàj æ mkstfglmj plrl
fgstlcläàj mk alcwlrks.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]^K-A] Urjvl? @jgbk`fakgtjs Dkrlfs plrl j @lrdj 9
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >90. L iugäàj prfg`fplc mk ual ikrrlakgtl mk skdurlgäl mj
tfpj lgtfvárus æ
l) ajgftjrlr j trìikdj ml rkmk k fmkgtfif`lr pjssávkfs ltlquks mk fgvlsàj.
n) vkrfif`lr lrqufvjs quk `jgtkgbla `ðmfdjs alcf`fjsjs.
`) ilzkr nk`lpk mk skdurlgäl mjs lrqufvjs lrq ufvjs `jgsfmkrlmjs `rátf`js plrl j
iug`fjglakgtj mj `japutlmjr.
m) ncjquklr
k) kvftlr j sátfjs mk prjpldlgmls
rk`knfakgtj akgl
mk akgsldkgs Fgtkrgkt.fgmkskolmls mk kalfc,
gsldkgs k alfc, tlfs `jaj
akgsldkgs mj tfpj splas.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Ajgftjrlr j trìikdj ml rkmk æ iugäàj mj ifrkwlcc k gàj mj lgtfvárus.
n ) X@K^]JQ J lgtfvárus æ `lplz mk kcfafglr lrqufvjs k prjdrlals quk tkgbla

`ðmfdjs alcf`fjsjs k quk pjmka trlzkr mlgjs plrl j usuìrfj k plrl j sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Nl`lpk ju nl`hup, ka fgdcïs, æ ual `ðpfl mk skdurlgäl mjs

lrqufvjs, ikftj algulcakgtk ju ltrlvæs mk prjdrlals kspk`áif`js, als j nk`lpk
gàj æ tlrkil mjs lgtfvárus.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Kxfstka vìrfls ikrrlakgtls plrl ncjqukfj mk sftks kspk`áif`js,

lcduals mkcls pjmka skr ikftls ltrlvæs mk lgtfvárus, jgmk j prðprfj usuìrfj pjmk
mkifgfr qulfs sftks mkskol ncjquklr j l`kssj, als, rkplrk quk l qukstàj kstì
pkmfgmj l U^FG@FULC iugäàj mj lgtfvárus k ncjquklr sftks gàj æ l prfg`fplc.
k) , quk Ulrl
XK^^LMJQ
lgtfspla æ uancjquklr akgsldkgs fgmkskolmls
skrvfäj kspk`flcfzlmj tfpj spla
plrl ncjquklr spla,gl
æ gk`kssìrfj ua
`lfxl k k-alfc.
Lcdugs lgtfvfrus tka j rkùrsj mk lgtfspla, pjræa, kssk gàj l U^FG@FULC
iugäàj mj lgtfvárus.
>;<


Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? Urkikfturl mk Gftkrðf - Ô Urjvl? Ifs`lc mk Ujsturls
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >9=. Jnskrvk j skdufgtk mfìcjdj?
Ojàj? Pr. Dkrkgtk, sju usuìrfj fgf`flgtk mk `japutlmjrks. Kstju lprkgmkgmj l

rklcfzlr trlgsläûks nlg`ìrfls pkcl Fgtkrgkt, als kstju `ja auftj rk`kfj ka
rkcläàj å skdurlgäl mj sftk mj nlg`j. Ujmkrfl ak loumlr:
Dkrkgtk mj Nlg`j? @clrj, Pr. Ojàj. Ulrl `jgifralr l rklcfzläàj mk ual

trlgsläàj, vj`ï mkvk utfcfzlr ual skgbl, mkifgfml pjr vj`ï aksaj, k uslr ua
`lrtàj mk skdurlgäl, `ja `ðmfdjs prkvflakgtk mkifgfmjs, kaftfmj pkcj nlg`j.
L ijral mk lutkgtf`läàj quk `janfgl ual skgbl pkssjlc k ua `lrtàj mk

skdurlgäl jikrk`fml pkcj Dkrkgtk mj Nlg`j mk Ojàj æ?
l) Pfgdck sfdg-jg8
n) Pkgbl ijrtk8mfdftlc8
`) @krtfif`lmj
m) Ykrfif`läàj ka muls ktlpls8
k) ]jhkg.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Pfgdck sfgd-jg æ mkifgfmj `jaj ÿgf`j pjgtj mk kgtrlml, jgmk æ

gk`kssìrfj lpkgls ual ÿgf`l lutkgtf`läàj plrl tkr l`kssj l jutrjs skrvfäjs. Ujr
kxkapcj, kgtrlgmj gl `jgtl mj Dalfc ual ÿgf`l vkz, lutjaltf`lakgtk vj`ï
kstlrì
quk gàjcjdlmj gl `jgtl mj
ijf gk`kssìrfj uaDjjdck Mrfvk pjfs
gjvj cjdfg, k qulgmj l`ksslr
js mjfs l pìdfgl
skrvfäjs? Dalfcmj Mrfvk vkrì
k Mrfvk, sàj
mj Djjdck k vfgùclmjs ka ual ÿgf`l `jgtl, lssfa `jaj jutrjs skrvfäjs.
n ) XK^^LMJQ L skgbl ijrtk æ ual `lrl`tkrástf`l mk skdurlgäl, jgmk æ

rk`jakgmlmj uslr cktrls afgÿsùcls, cktrls alfÿsùcls, gÿakrjs k `lrl`tkrks
kspk`flfs. Ujræa, kssl gàj ijf l fgmf`läàj mj dkrkgtk mj nlg`j.
` ) XK^^LMJQ J @krtfif`lmj Mfdftlc æ ual lssfglturl `ja vlcfmlmk ourámf`l plrl
dlrlgtfr prjtkäàj mk trlgsläûks kcktrýgf`ls k skrvfäjs gl fgtkrgkt. Kanjrl l
qukstàj kstkol
sjcuäàj plrl ilclgmjmjmk
j `cfkgtk skdurlgäl gl fgtkrgkt, j `krtfif`lmj mfdftlc gàj æ l
nlg`j.
m ) X@K^]JQ Ykrfif`läàj mk muls ktlpls ju lutkgtf`läàj mk mjfs iltjrks, æ ual

ijral alfs skdurl k auftj utfcfzlml ltulcakgtk, jgmk j usuìrfj gk`kssftl mk
>;>


muls ktlpls mk lutkgtf`läàj plrl quk trlgsläàj skol vlcfmlml. Gj `lsj mj
`cfkgtk mj nlg`j, l skgbl quk kck prðprfj `rfju æ l prfakfrl ktlpl k j `lrtàj
mk skdurlgäl ijrgk`fmj
ijr gk`fmj pkcj nlg`j æ l skdugm
skdugmll ktlpl.
ktlpl.
k) XK^^LMJQ ]jhkg æ ua mfspjsftfvj kcktrýgf`j quk dkrl skgbls

lutjaltf`lakgtk l plrtfr mk ua mktkrafglmj tkapj ju l `lml `cfquk gj njtàj.
Kssk tfpj mk mfspjsftfvj skrvk `jaj skdugmj iltjr mk lutkgtf`läàj, ju skol, æ
uslmj qulgmj bì gk`kssfmlmk mk lutkgtf`läàj ka muls ktlpls. J tjhkg skrfl
ual sjcuäàj mk skdurlgäl plrl j `cfkgtk mj nlg`j, pjræa, j dkrkgtk ijf auftj
kspk`áif`j qulgmj fgijraju quk skrfl mfspjgfnfcfzlmj ua `lrtàj mk skdurlgäl
(`lrtàj `ja vìrfls skgbls mk skdurlgäl) quk plsslrfl l skr j skdugmj iltjr mk
lutkgtf`läàj.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]^K-UN Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Ìrkl Lmafgfstrltfvl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >9;. Ltulcakgtk, l ijral alfs utfcfzlml plrl l mfsskafgläàj
mk várus æ pjr akfj mk akgsldkgs mk k-alfcs `ja lgkxjs rk`knfmjs pkcl
fgtkrgkt. Ulrl quk j várus skol ltfvlmj?
l) æ gk`kssìrfl l trlgsikrïg`fl mj lgkxj plrl l Ìrkl mk trlnlcbj mj `japutlmjr.
n) æ gk`kssìrfj quk j lgkxj `jgtlafglmj skol lnkrtj ju kxkùtlmj.
`) nlstl rklcfzlr l lnkrturl ml akgsldka plrl l sul ckfturl.
m) æ suif`fkgtk
s uif`fkgtk j mjwgcjlm ml akgsldka
akgs ldka mj skrvfmjr mk k-alfc
k -alfc plrl j
`japutlmjr.
k) æ gk`kssìrfj
gk`kss ìrfj quk, ual vkz lnkrtl l akgsldka,
akgsld ka, blol ual `jgkxàj `ja l
fgtkrgkt.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Ulrl quk j várus skol ltfvj, nlstl quk skol kxkùtlmj,
fgmkpkgmkgtk mj cj`lc jgmk kstkol lralzkglmj.
n ) X@K^]JQ Ulrl quk j várus skol ltfvlmj æ gk`kssìrfj quk j lrqufvj ka lgkxj

skol nlfxlmj k kxkùtlmj (lnkrtj).
` ) XK^^LMJQ
`japutlmjr Ulrl
k ka j várus
skdufml skr ltfvlmj æ gk`kssìrfj quk skol nlfxlmj gj
kxkùtlmj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Nlfxlr æ lpkgls j prfakfrj plssj, plrl quk j várus skol rklcakgtk
ltfvlmj æ gk`kssìrfj kxkùtì-cj.
>;0

k) XK^^LMJQ Lpkgls lnrfr l akgsldka, ska quk j lrqufvj fgik`tlmj skol

nlfxlmj k kxkùtlmj, gàj blvkrì l ltfvläàj mj várus.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? MUK-PU Urjvl? Jif`flc mk Mkikgsjrfl Uÿncf`l
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >99. Alr`js Ulucj ikz ua nl`hup fg`rkakgtlc mk skus
lrqufvjs. Kck lpcf`ju ual iugäàj quk `jpfl
l) sjakgtk js lrqufvjs ``rflmjs
rflmjs ju lctkrlmjs
lct krlmjs mksmk j ÿctfaj nl`
nl`hup
hup gjralc ju
fg`rkakgtlc k js alr`l `jaj lrqufvjs quk plsslrla pjr nl`hup (j ltrfnutj mk
lrqufvj æ mksalr`lmj).
n) tjmjs js lrqufvjs skck`fjglmjs k js alr`l `jaj lrqufvjs quk plsslrla pjr
nl`hup (ju skol, j ltrfnutj mk lrqufvj æ mksalr`lmj).
`) tjmjs js lrqufvjs skck`fjglmjs quk ijrla ajmfif`lmjs gj mfl mk kxkùäàj mj
m) nl`hup
tjmjs jsmfìrfj.
lrqufvjs skck`fjglmjs, als gàj js alr`lalr` l `jaj lrqufvjs quk
plsslrla pjr nl`hup (ju skol, j ltrfnutj mk lrqufvj gàj æ mksalr`lmj).
k) lrqufvjs `rflmjs ju lctkrlmjs mksmk j ÿctfaj nl`hup gjralc ju fg`rkakgtlc.
Gàj alr`l js lrqufvjs `jaj lrqufvjs quk plsslrla pjr nl`hup (j ltrfnutj mk
lrqufvj gàj æ mksalr`lmj).
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Ltkg
Lt kgää àj?
àj ? Ckanr k-s k quk plrl kikftj mk lprkgmfzldka mfzkajs quk js
Cka nr k-sk
lrqufvjs
sfstkal, `jpflmjs plrl j js
æ j `jgtrìrfj, nl`hup sàj alr`lmjs
lrqufvjs `jpflmjs (ltrfnutj alr`lmj), als
sàj MKPalr`lmjs plrl j
(ltrfnutj
mksalr`lmj). Gl lctkrgltfvl jgmk kg`jgtrlajs? –j ltrfnutj mk lrqufvj æ
mksalr`lmj‑, rkikrk-sk å alr`läàj mk ltrfnutj mjs lrqufvjs plrl j sfstkal, quk
sk kg`jgtrla mksalr`lmjs.
l) X@K^]JQ Gj tfpj mk nl`hup fg`rkakgtlc lpkgls js lrqufvjs gjvjs ju

lctkrlmjs mksmk j ÿctfaj nl`hup gjralc ju fg`rkakgtlc sàj `jpflmjs, alr`lgmj
js ltrfnutjs mkssks lrqufvjs, quk gl rklcfmlmk, plrl j sfstkal js lrqufvjs sàj
mksalr`lmjs .
XK^^LMJQ Nl`hup fg`rkakgtlc `ðpfl lpkgls js lrqufvjs mksalr`lmjs, quk

n ) XK^^LMJQ
sàj js gjvjs lrqufvjs ju lrqufvjs lctkrlmjs.
>;=


` ) XK^^LMJQ J nl`hup mfìrfj æ quka kxkùtl nl`hups prjdrlalmjs
mflrflakgtk.
XK^^LMJQ Gj nl`hup fg`rkakgtlc js lrqufvjs quk plsslrla plrl nl`hup sàj

m ) XK^^LMJQ
alr`lmjs.
k) XK^^LMJQ J nl`hup fg`rkakgtlc AL^@L js lrqufvjs quk plsslrla plrl j

nl`hup.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]^K-LU Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Lmafgfstrltfvl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >94. [a usuìrfj mk `japutlmjr jnskrvju quk, lj `jgk`tlr ua
pkgmrfvk gj `japutlmjr, js lrqufvjs mj pkgmrfvk ijrla trlgsijralmjs ka
ltlcbjs, gàj `jgskdufgmj l`ksslr js lrqufvjs jrfdfglcakgtk lralzkglmjs. Kssk
sfgtjal æ `lrl`tkrástf`j mk ua alcwlrk mj tfpj
l) Ppywlrk.
n) Hkycjddkr.
`) Tjra.
m) Yárus.
k) Lmwlrk.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Ppywlrk æ ua prjdrlal `lplz mk ajgftjrlr ls ltfvfmlmks mk ua

l) XK^^LMJQ
sfstkal k kgvflr ls fgijraläûks `jcktlmls plrl tkr`kfrjs, `jaj js lmwlrks,
hkycjddkr k kt`. ]rlgsijralr lrqufvjs ka ltlcbjs gàj æ `lrl`tkrástf`l mk ua
spywlrk.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Hkycjddkr æ ua tfpj mk spywlrk `lplz mk `lpturlr k lralzkglr ls

tk`cls mfdftlmls pkcj usuìrfj. Kssk æ ual mls algkfrls mk `lpturlr cjdfgs k
skgbls, pjræa, trlgsijralr lrqufvjs ka ltlcbjs gàj æ `lrl`tkrástf`l mkssk tfpj
mk alcwlrk.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Tjra æ ua prjdrlal alcf`fjsj `lplz mk prjpldlr-sk
lutjaltf`lakgtk pkcl rkmk kgvflgmj `ðpfls mk sf aksaj, lcæa mk kxkùtlr-sk
ska quk skol sjcf`ftlmj pkcj usuìrfj. ]rlgsijralr lrqufvjs ka ltlcbjs gàj æ
`lrl`tkrástf`l mj wjra.
>;;


m ) X@K^]JQ Js Yárus pjmka kx`cufr lrqufvjs k sunstftufgmj-js pjr ltlcbjs quk
gàj kxkùtla lrqufvj lcdua. Kstl æ ual ltfvfmlmk tápf`l mk fgik`äàj pjr várus.
k) XK^^LMJQ Lmwlrk æ ua tfpj mk spywlrk prjoktlmj kspk`fif`lakgtk plrl

lprkskgtlr prjpldlgmls, ilzkgmj j ajgftjrlakgtj mk glvkdläàj mj usuìrfj.
Kssk tfpj mk alcwlrk gàj trlgsijral lrqufvjs ka ltlcbjs.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]^K-PK Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Ìrkl Lmafgfstrltfvl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >92. Kxfstk ual særfk mk rk`jakgmläûks plrl ilzkr usj
skdurj mj wknalfc, `jaj l `rfläàj mk ual skgbl mk l`kssj lmkqulml, l gàj
lnkrturl mk cfghs suspkftjs k l utfcfzläàj mk `jgkxûks mk l`kssj lj wknalfc
skdurls. [al `jgkxàj æ `jgsfmkrlml skdurl sk j kgmkrkäj ml pìdfgl mj
prjvkmjr mk wknalfc, utfcfzlml gj l`kssj lj k-alfc, ijr fgf`flml pjr
l)
n) B]]UP.
]@UP.

`) I]UP.
m) PGAU.
k) B]]U.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ B]]UP æ j prjtj`jcj mk `jaugf`läàj utfcfzlmj gl wkn lmf`fjglmj

mk ual `lalml mk skdurlgäl. Js skrvfäjs mk k-alfc alfs pjpuclrks k skdurjs
utfcfzla j B]]UP plrl l`ksslr j wknalfc.
n ) XK^^LMJQ ]kraj mks`jgbk`fmj ka fgijraìtf`l.
` ) XK^^LMJQ I]U æ ua prjtj`jcj mk trlgsikrïg`fl mk lrqufvjs gl wkn. J I]UP

æ j aksaj quk I]U, als lmf`fjglmj mk ual `lalml mk skdurlgäl. Ulrl
l`kssj lj wknalfc gàj æ gk`kssìrfj I]UP, als sfa, B]]UP.
XK^^LMJQ PGAU æ j prjtj`jcj uslmj plrl dkrkg`flakgtj mk rkmks.
m ) XK^^LMJQ
k) XK^^LMJQ B]]U æ j prjtj`jcj mk `jaugf`läàj utfcfzlmj gl wkn, pjræa gàj

k) XK^^LMJQ
bì skdurlgäl gkstk prjtj`jcj. Æ gk`kssìrfj ua B]]U P (`ja –P‑) plrl quk j
l`kssj lj wknalfc skol rklcakgtk skdurj.
>;9


\ukstàj
\ukst àj >96. Js ks`rfturìrfjs mk ual ldïg`fl ijrla `blalmjs plrl
ual rkugfàj `ja ua prjifssfjglc ml ìrkl mk skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj mk ua
nlg`j. J jnoktfvj mkssl rkugfàj krl fgijraì-cjs mk quk bjuvk ual ilcbl gjs
prj`kmfakgtjs mk skdurlgäl ml rkmk mk `japutlmjrks ml ldïg`fl, j quk
pkraftfu l prjpldläàj mk ua prjdrlal alcf`fjsj nlstlgtk pkrfdjsj.
Murlgtk l rkugfàj, j prjifssfjglc mk skdurlgäl mfssk quk j prjdrlal ka qukstàj
pkraftk ajgftjrlr l ajvfakgtläàj mj ajusk pjr sjnrk l tkcl mk ual lpcf`läàj
nlg`ìrfl, `ja j jnoktfvj mk mks`jnrfr l skgbl mfdftlml pjr ua usuìrfj quk kstkol
uslgmj ua tk`clmj vfrtulc.
Kck `japcktju sul kxpclgläàj mfzkgmj quk kssk tfpj mk `ðmfdj alcf`fjsj æ
`blalmj mk
l) várus
n) trjolg `cf`hkr
`) spywlrk
m) njtgkt
k) trjolg nl`hmjjr
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Js várus tïa `jaj `lrl`tkrástf`l fgskrfr `ðpfls mk sf aksaj ka

lrqufvjs k prjdrlals, pjmkgmj lctkrì-cjs k ltæ lpldì-cjs. Kspflr l pìdfgl l ifa
mk `lpturlr l ajvfakgtläàj mj ajusk gàj æ ual `lrl`tkrástf`l mk ua várus.
n ) XK^^LMJQ ]rjolg `cf`hkr æ ua alcwlrk mj tfpj trjolg, quk rkmfrk`fjgl l

glvkdläàj mj usuìrfj plrl sftks kspk`áif`js, `ja j jnoktfvj mk luakgtlr l
qulgtfmlmk mk l`kssjs l kstks sftks ju lprkskgtlr prjpldlgmls. L `lpturl mj
ajvfakgtj mj ajusk gàj æ ual `lrl`tkrástf`l mj trjolg `cf`hkr.
` ) X X@K^]JQ Js alcwlrks quk sàj `lplzks mk kspfjglr ls ltfvfmlmks mj usuìrfj

@K^]JQ
sàj `blalmjs mk spywlrk, ua mkcks æ j s`rkkgcjddkr, quk æ `lplz mk
lralzkglr l pjsfäàj mj ùrsjr (ajusk) k l tkcl lprkskgtlml gj ajgftjr,
pjmkgmj `lpturlr ls tk`cls mfdftlmls pkcjs usuìrfjs ka tk`clmjs vfrtulfs,
kxltlakgtk j ltlquk mks`rftj gl qukstàj.

m ) XK^^LMJQ Njtgkt æ ual rkmk ijralml pjr `kgtkgls ju afcblrks mk
`japutlmjrks zuanfs k quk pkraftk pjtkg`flcfzlr ls läûks mlgjsls kxkùtlmls
pkcjs njts. Js Njts sàj prjdrlals quk mfspûk mk ak`lgfsajs mk `jaugf`läàj
>;4


`ja j fgvlsjr quk pkraftka quk kck skol `jgtrjclmj rkajtlakgtk. Aksaj j
fgvlsjr tkgmj l`kssj rkajtj lj `japutlmjr mj usuìrfj ås mks`rfäûks fgijralmls
gl qukstàj gàj `lrl`tkrfzla l läàj mj njtgkt.
k) XK^^LMJQ Nl`hmjjr æ ua ak`lgfsaj quk pkraftk quk j fgvlsjr rktjrgk lj

k) XK^^LMJQ
`japutlmjr lgtkrfjrakgtk fgik`tlmj. J trjolg nl`hmjjr fgskrk nl`hmjjr gj
`japutlmjr fgvlmfmj pjssfnfcftlgmj j l`kssj rkajtj mj ltl`lgtk lj `japutlmjr.
J ajgftjrlakgtj mj ajusk k l `lpturl mk tkcl gàj ilzka plrtk mkssk tfpj mk
alcwlrk.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Nlg`j ml Lalzýgfl Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Nlg`ìrfj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >45. [a usuìrfj mkskol prjtkdkr sku `japutlmjr, mk ajmj l
fapkmfr quk ua bl`hkr utfcfzk pjrtls mk prjtj`jcj plrl fgvlmfr kssk `japutlmjr.
[al ijral mk pkraftfr kssl prjtkäàj æ ltrlvæs ml
l) `rfläàj mk ua mfs`j mk rkstlurläàj mj sfstkal
n) `jgifdurläàj mj glvkdlmjr plrl trlnlcblr ka ajmj lgýgfaj
`) fgstlcläàj mk ua sjitwlrk mk ifrkwlcc
m) `rfläàj mk skgbl plrl k-alfc
k) `ðpfl mk lrqufvjs mj sfstkal plrl ual plstl prjtkdfml
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Mfs`j mk rkstlurläàj mk sfstkal skrvk plrl rkstlurlr j sfstkal
jpkrl`fjglc
`jaugs mj qulgmj
sfstkal, bjuvkr
`ja j lcdua mlgj
mfs`j mk drlvk l pjgtj
rkstlurläàj fgtkrrjapkr
j sfstkal rjtfgls
pjmk vjctlr l
iug`fjglr `jrrktlakgtk. @rflr ua mfs`j mk rkstlurläàj mk sfstkal gàj æ ual
ijral mk prkvkgfr ua pjssávkc ltlquk lj `japutlmjr.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J ajmj mk glvkdläàj lgðgfal skrvk plrl glvkdlr gl Fgtkrgkt ka

prfvlmj ska quk j glvkdlmjr dulrmk js sftks vfsftlmjs. Glvkdlr ka ajmj
lgýgfaj gàj fapkmk quk j `japutlmjr skol fgvlmfmj.
` ) X@K^]JQ J ifrkwlcc æ ua sfstkal plrl `jgtrjclr j trìikdj ml rkmk mk
`japutlmjrks, mkskgvjcvfmj plrl kvftlr l`kssjs gàj lutjrfzlmjs ka ual rkmk
cj`lc ju rkmk prfvlml, mkssl algkfrl, æ pjssávkc ncjquklr ltl`lgtks mk fgvlmfrka
j `japutlmjr ltrlvæs ml rkmk.
>;2


m ) XK^^LMJQ @rflr ual gjvl skgbl plrl k-alfc gàj fapkmfrì quk ua tkgbl
l`kssj lj `japutlmjr.
k) XK^^LMJQ @jpflr lrqufvjs gàj fapkmfrì j ltlquk mj fgvlsjr.

k) XK^^LMJQ
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Nlg`j ml Lalzýgfl Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Nlg`ìrfj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >4<. @jaj æ `clssfif`lmj j `ðmfdj alcf`fjsj quk fgstlcl ua
skrvfmjr mk prjxy, mk ajmj l pkraftfr quk ua `japutlmjr skol utfcfzlmj plrl
glvkdläàj lgýgfal k kgvfj mk spla:
l) Ppywlrk
n) @lvlcj mk trjfl
`) Tjra
m) Njt
k) Nl`hmjjr
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Ppywlrk æ ua prjdrlal alcf`fjsj quk tka `jaj prfg`fplc

`lrl`tkrástf`l kspfjglr j usuìrfj. Kgtrk js tfpjs mk spywlrks kstàj? s`rkkgcjddkr,
hkycjddkr k j lmwlrk. Ujræa, gkgbua mkssks pkraftk l fgstlcläàj mk skrvfmjr
mk prjxy plrl l glvkdläàj lgýgfal k kgvfj mk spla.
n ) X@K^]JQ @lvlcj mk ]rðfl ju ]rjolg tka l `lpl`fmlmk mk kxkùtlr iugäûks
alcf`fjsls
j ]rjolg ska quk
Urjxy j usuìrfj
quk fgstlclpkr`knl. Kxfstkamk
ua skrvfmjr vìrfjs tfpjs pjssfnfcftlgmj
prjxy, mk trjolg, ua mkcks
quk æj
`japutlmjr skol utfcfzlmj plrl glvkdläàj lgýgfal k plrl kgvfj mk spla.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Tjra æ ua prjdrlal alcf`fjsj `lplz mk prjpldlr-sk

lutjaltf`lakgtk pkcl rkmk kgvflgmj `ðpfls mk sf aksaj, lcæa mk kxkùtlr ska
quk skol sjcf`ftlmj pkcj usuìrfj. Fgstlclr ua skrvfmjr mk prjxy gàj æ `lrl`tkrástf`l
mkssk tfpj mk alcwlrk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Js Njts sàj prjdrlals quk mfspûk mk ak`lgfsajs mk
`jaugf`läàj `ja j fgvlsjr quk pkraftka quk kck skol `jgtrjclmj rkajtlakgtk.
Fgstlclr skrvfmjr mk prjxy gàj æ `lrl`tkrástf`l mkssk tfpj mk alcwlrk.
>;6


k) XK^^LMJQ Nl`hmjjr æ ua ak`lgfsaj quk pkraftk quk j fgvlsjr rktjrgk lj
`japutlmjr lgtkrfjrakgtk fgik`tlmj. Fgstlclr skrvfmjr mk prjxy gàj æ
`lrl`tkrástf`l mkssk tfpj mk alcwlrk.

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >4>. Ka rkcläàj lj usj ml Fgtkrgkt k skus rkùrsjs, oucduk j
ftka l skdufr.
Algtkr l `ðpfl mk lrqufvjs ka ua pkgmrfvk æ ual ijral mk dlrlgtfr l skdurlgäl

mjs mlmjs, ual vkz quk kssl akmfml tlanæa dlrlgtk l skdurlgäl mj lanfkgtk
k mls `jgifdurläûks mj usuìrfj.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Algtkr l `ðpfl mk mlmjs lralzkglmj ka ua pkgmrfvk pjmk skr ual ijral mk

nl`hup mjs mlmjs, luakgtlgmj l skdurlgäl `lsj blol lcdua prjnckal `ja js
mlmjs jrfdfglfs, als gàj æ <55% skdurj, ltæ aksaj pkcl irldfcfmlmk mj
mfspjsftfvj. Ujræa, l skdurlgäl mj lanfkgtk k `jgifdurläûks mj usuìrfj mkvka
skr tjalmjs jutrjs prj`kmfakgtjs mk skdurlgäl.
\ukstàj K^^LML
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >40. Ka rkcläàj lj usj ml Fgtkrgkt k skus rkùrsjs, oucduk j
ftka l skdufr.
@krtfif`lmj mfdftlc mk k-alfc æ ual ijral mk dlrlgtfr quk l akgsldka kgvflml

pjssuf, ka lgkxj, l lssfglturl drìif`l mj kafssjr ml akgsldka.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
J `krtfif`lmj mfdftlc dlrlgtk l lutkgtf`fmlmk mk ual lssfglturl mfdftlc , GÀJ ual
lssfglturl drìif`l.
\ukstàj K^^LML
>95


\ukstàj
\ukst àj >4=. Ka rkcläàj lj usj ml Fgtkrgkt k skus rkùrsjs, oucduk j
ftka l skdufr.
L ifa mk kvftlr l fgik`äàj mk ua `japutlmjr pjr várus, mkvk-sk prfakfrlakgtk
fgstlclr ual vkrsàj ltulcfzlml mk ua lgtfvárus, k sjakgtk mkpjfs lnrfr js
lrqufvjs suspkftjs lgkxlmjs l k-alfcs.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Pk js lrqufvjs lgkxlmjs sàj fmkgtfif`lmjs suspkftjs, gàj æ rk`jakgmlmj lnrf-

cjs, aksaj ltulcfzlgmj j lgtfvárus, pjfs gàj bì <55% mk `krtkzl mk quk j
lgtfvárus frì fmkgtfif`lr lcdual fgtkgäàj alcf`fjsj gj lrqufvj kxkùtlmj, pjmkgmj
`luslr mlgjs drlvks tlgtj lj sfstkal qulgmj lj usuìrfj.
\ukstàj K^^LML
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? @îalrl Augf`fplc mk @lrulru - UK Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Ckdfscltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >4;. Gj quk mfz rkspkftj å skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj, j ifrkwlcc
æ
l) ua lpcf`ltfvj
lpcf` ltfvj quk tka pjr jnoktfvj a
akcbjrlr
kcbjrlr j mkskapkgbj
mks kapkgbj ml @U[ mk ua
af`rj`japutlmjr.
n) ua rkùrsj quk nus`l fapkmfr
fapkmf r j l`kssj fgmkskolmj mk bl`hkrs ås rkmks mk
`japutlmjrks.
`) ua prjdrlal lgtfvárus quk vfsl l prjtkdkr js af`rj`japutlmjrks mk prldls
vfrtulfs.
m) ual tæ`gf`l mk lutkgtf`läàj kaprkdlml gj l`kssj mjs usuìrfjs ås rkmks mk
`japutlmjrks.
k) ua várus `fnkrgætf`j quk ltul gl `jcktl mk skgbls mk fgtkrglutls quk l`kssla
sftks mk nlg`js.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
J ifrkwlcc pjmk skr tlgtj ua mfspjsftfvj kcktrýgf`j (blrmwlrk) qulgtj ua ua
sfstkal (sjitwlrk) plrl `jgtrjclr j l`kssj ås rkmks mk `japutlmjrks,
mkskgvjcvfmj plrl kvftlr l`kssjs gàj lutjrfzlmjs ka ual rkmk cj`lc ju rkmk
prfvlml, mkssl algkfrl æ pjssávkc ncjquklr fgvlsûks ltrlvæs ml rkmk.
Mkpjfs mk rkckanrlmj plrl quk skrvk j ifrkwlcc, vlajs lglcfslr ls lctkrgltfvls?

>9<


l) XK^^LMJQ J ifrkwlcc gàj tka pjr jnoktfvj akcbjrlr j mkskapkgbj ml @U[.
n ) X@K^]JQ J ifrkwlcc fapkmk quk bl`hkrs fgvlmla js `japutlmjrks ltrlvæs ml

rkmk.
XK^^LMJQ J ifrkwlcc æ mfikrkgtk mj lgtfvárus. J lgtfvárus tka pjr jnoktfvj

` ) XK^^LMJQ
prjtkdkr j `japutlmjr mk pjssávkfs lakläls quk trldla vucgkrlnfcfmlmk plrl j
sfstkal, prkvkgfgmj k/ju rkakmflgmj, sk gk`kssìrfj. Oì j ifrkwlcc `jgtrjcl l
rkmk, fapkmfgmj quk j`jrrla fgjvläûks pjr akfj mkcl.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Ifrkwlcc gàj æ ual tæ`gf`l mk lutkgtf`läàj. Kgtrk js tfpjs mk

tæ`gf`ls mk lutkgtf`läàj kstàj? skgbls, `blvk mk `rfptjdrlifl, UFG k kt`.
XK^^LMJQ J ifrkwlcc gàj æ ua várus. J várus æ ua prjdrlal ju plrtk mk ua

k) XK^^LMJQ
prjdrlal alcf`fjsj quk mkpkgmk ml kxkùäàj mj usuìrfj plrl ltfvläàj k quk
pjmk `luslr drlgmk trlgstjrgj tlgtj plrl j sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc qulgtj plrl j
usuìrfj. Oì l iugäàj mj ifrkwlcc æ `jgtrjclr l rkmk, fapkmfgmj quk j`jrrla
fgjvläûks vfmj ml rkmk.

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >49. J dkrkgtk mk ual ldïg`fl rk`knku ua k-alfc,
supjstlakgtk rkkgvflmj pjr ua `cfkgtk, `ja j skdufgtk `jgtkÿmj?
@JAU^LP^LUFMJ ‐ U^JAJÄÀJ
Urkzlmj Lafdj, vj`ï l`lnl mk skr `jgtkapclmj(l) gl prjajäàj @japrl
Urkaflml @JAU^LP^LUFMJ k dlgbju ^$ <.555,55 (Afc ^klfs) ka vlck
`japrls ka qulcqukr kstlnkck`fakgtj quk tkgbl ls aìqufgls
@JAU^LP^LUFMJ.
@cfquk gj njtàj lnlfxj k `lmlstrk-sk.

@lmlstrk-sk
\ulc mkvk skr l prjvfmïg`fl mj dkrkgtk:

l) @cf`lr gj njtàj k `lgmfmltlr-sk lj prïafj.
n) @jgtltlr j `cfkgtk k pkrdugtlr mj quk sk trltl.
`) Mkvjcvkr j k-alfc lj `cfkgtk, sjcf`ftlgmj fgijraläûks supckakgtlrks.
>9>


m) Kg`lafgblr j k-alfc ljs lafdjs, `kcknrlgmj j iltj k fg`kgtfvlgmj-js l
plrtf`fplr ml prjajäàj.
k) @jgtltlr j ðrdàj rkspjgsìvkc pkcl skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj, rkcltlr j iltj k
pkrdugtlr `jaj prj`kmkr.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ @cf`lgmj gj njtàj sudkrfmj pkcj rkaktkgtk pjmkajs tkr vìrfjs

prjnckals `jaj? nlfxlr lrqufvjs alcf`fjsjs, lnrfr pìdfgls ilcsls sjcf`ftlgmj
fgijraläûks pkssjlfs k kt`. Ujrtlgtj, `cf`lr ka –@LMLP]^K-PK‑ vj`ï pjmk `lfr
ka ual drlgmk kgrls`lml.
n ) XK^^LMJQ J supjstj `cfkgtk pjmk kstlr lpkgls sk plsslgmj mk `cfkgtk k

kgvflr lfgml alfs fgijraläûks quk pjmka ilzkr j usuìrfj `cf`lr ka lcdua mjs
cfghs sjcf`ftlmjs, pkralgk`kgmj gj aksaj prjnckal `jakgtlmj gl lctkrgltfvl L.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Pjcf`ftlr fgijraläûks supckakgtlrks lj supjstj `cfkgtk pjmk skr

pkrfdjsj, ual vkz quk kck pjmk `jgvkg`kr j usuìrfj, ka ua skdugmj ajakgtj,
l `cf`lr ka lcdua mjs cfghs sudkrfmjs, pjmkgmj `luslr drlgmks prjnckals lj
dkrkgtk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ [al mls pfjrks mk`fsûks quk j dkrkgtk pjmkrfl tjalr skrfl j
`japlrtfcblakgtj ml akgsldka, pjfs lcæa mkck prðprfj sjirkr drlvks mlgjs
`lsj `cf`lssk gj njtàj –@LMLP]^K-PK‑, j dkrkgtk luakgtlrfl ls `blg`ks mk
jutrls pkssjls lnrfrka j k-alfc k `cf`lr gj njtàj sudkrfmj pkcj supjstj `cfkgtk.
k) X@K^]JQ J akcbjr l ilzkr qulgmj rk`knkr ua k-alfc `jaj kssk, æ kgtrlr ka

`jgtltj `ja l kqufpk mk skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj plrl quk kcks mktk`tka sk bì
lcdua rfs`j ka `cf`lr gj njtàj sudkrfmj pkcj supjstj `cfkgtk.
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPD^LG^FJ Ðrdàj? Uktrjnrls Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Lmafgfstrläàj k @jgtrjck Oÿgfjr
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >44. [a drupj mk tjr`kmjrks, fgsltfsikftjs `ja j rksuctlmj mj
ojdj ka quk sku tfak sjirku ual djcklml, pclgkoju
pclgkoju fgvlmfr l rkmk mk
`japutlmjrks
ojdj. mjkskstìmfj
Js tjr`kmjrks
tjr`kmjr jgmka j`jrrku
cj`lcfzlrla
cj`lcfzlrl l rkmk, lpjræa,
mfsputl plrll tkgtlr
kgtrk lctkrlr kj lpcl`lr
rkmk fgtkrgl mj
kxtkrgl,
kg`jgtrlrla ual nlrrkfrl quk usju tk`gjcjdfl mk ifctrldka mjs pl`jtks quk kcks
kstlvla tkgtlgmj kgvflr.
>90


Kssl nlrrkfrl mk skdurlgäl mk ifctrj mjs pl`jtks æ j
l) ifrkwlcc
n) lgtfvárus
`) lgtfspla
m) prjxy
k) UHF
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) X@K^]JQ J ifrkwlcc pjmk skr tlgtj ua sfstkal qulgtj ua mfspjsftfvj kcktrýgf`j

(blrmwlrk) quk skrvk plrl `jgtrjclr j trìikdj ml rkmk l pjgtj mk ncjquklr j
l`kssj, `lsj skol fmkgtfif`lmj lcdua rfs`j. L nlr r kfr
kf r l kg`
kg ` jgtr
jg tr lml
lm l p kcjs
kc js
tjr`kmjrks
tjr `kmjrks ijf kxltlakgtk iug`f jglakgtj.
kxltlakgtk j ifrkwlcc ka iug`fjglakgtj
n ) XK^^LMJQ J lgtfvárus, pjr plmràj, gàj lglcfsl mj trìikdj ml rkmk, lpkgls

prkvfgk ju rkakmfl mk lakläls fgtkrgls mj `japutlmjr.
` ) XK^^LMJQ lgtfspla æ ua skrvfäj utfcfzlmj plrl ncjquklr akgsldkgs

fgmkskolmls gl `lfxl mk k-alfc mj usuìrfj. Dkrlcakgtk kssls akgsldkgs
lprkskgtla auftl prjpldlgml, várus lgkxlmjs k ltæ aksaj pjrgjdrlifl. J
lgtfspla gàj skrvk `jaj ncjquklmjr mk trìikdj mk rkmk.
m ) XK^^LMJQ prjxy æ ua skrvfmjr ju ual lpcf`läàj quk ltul `jaj fgtkrakmfìrfj

kgtrk ls rkqufsfäûks sjcf`ftlmls pkcj usuìrfj l jutrjs skrvfmjrks. [al mls
`lrl`tkrástf`ls mj prjxy æ pjssfnfcftlr? glvkdläàj lgjgfaltj lj usuìrfj,
mksncjqukfj mk `jgtkÿmj, mfspjgfnfcfmlmk mk rkùrsjs alfs rìpfmj k kt`. Kanjrl
j prjxy tkgbl l `jgjtläàj mk nlrrkfrl, pjr skr fgtkrakmfìrfj kgtrk j `cfkgtk k j
quk ijf sjcf`ftlmj pjr kck, j prjxy gàj ajgftjrl j `jgtkÿmj l ifa mk ijrgk`kr
skdurlgäl.
XK^^LMJQ Uuncf` Hky Fgirlstu`turk (UHF), ju ka pjrtuduïs, Fgirlkstruturl mk

k) XK^^LMJQ
@blvk Uÿncf`l. ^kikrk sk l ua `jgougtj mk blrmwlrk, sjitwlrk, pkssjls,
pjcátf`ls k prj`kmfakgtjs gk`kssìrfjs plrl `rflr, dkrfr, lralzkglr, mfstrfnufr k
rkvjdlr `krtfif`lmjs mfdftlfs. UHF gàj iug`fjgl `jaj ual nlrrkfrl mk prjtkäàj mk
trìikdj.
>9=


\ukstàj
\ukst àj >42. L rkspkftj mls lakläls l quk ual fgijraläàj pjmk skr
sunaktfml, lglcfsk ls lifraltfvls l skdufr.
F. Yárus æ ua prjdrlal quk sk `jgk`tl l ua lrqufvj k rkpcf`l- sk ska l

gk`kssfmlmk mk sul kxkùäàj.
FF. Tjra æ ua prjdrlal quk sk `jgk`tl l ua lrqufvj k rkpcf`l- sk lpðs skr
kxkùtlmj.
FFF. @lvlcj mk ]rjfl æ ua prjdrlal mfsilrälmj `jaj lpcf`läàj ÿtfc.
Lssfglck?
`) sk sjakgtk l lifraltfvl FFF kstfvkr `jrrktl.
m) sk sjakgtk ls lifraltfvls F k FF kstfvkrka `jrrktls.
k) sk sjakgtk ls lifraltfvls FF k FFF kstfvkrka `jrrktls.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
XK^^LMJQ Yárus gk`kssftl mk kxkùäàj plrl skr ltfvlmj.

F. XK^^LMJQ
FF. XK^^LMJQ Tjra kxkùtl lutjaltf`lakgtk ska j `jgskgtfakgtj mj usuìrfj,

FF. XK^^LMJQ
lcæa mk gàj prk`fslr mk lrqufvjs k prjdrlals plrl sk algfikstlr.
FFF. ÿtfc J
X@K^]JQ
prjdrlal @lvlcj
plrl mk ]rðfl
tlanæa ju ]rjolg
kxkùtlr iugäûksæ alcf`fjsls
ua sjitwlrk qukj sk
ska mfsilräl mk ua
`jgskgtfakgtj mj
usuìrfj.
Lctkr
Lc tkr g ltfvl
CK]^ L @

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >46. @ja rkcläàj ljs lpcf`ltfvjs plrl l skdurlgäl ml
fgijraläàj, lssfglck Y plrl l lifraltfvl vkrmlmkfrl k I plrl l ilcsl.
( ) Ifrkwlcc æ ua rkùrsj nlsklmj kx`cusfvlakgtk ka sjitwlrk, quk sk `jcj`l

kgtrk `japutlmjrks k rkmks, vfslgmj fapkmfr l`kssjs fgmkskolmjs jrfugmjs ml
rkmk.
( ) L mktk`äàj mk várus pjr akfj mk ua skrvfäj mk `japutläàj ka guvka pkraftk
>9;


l fmkgtfif`läàj mk lrqufvjs alcf`fjsjs k fgmkskolmjs pjr aÿctfpcjs ak`lgfsajs
mk mktk`äàj ka plrlckcj.
( ) Lgtfspywlrk æ ua sjitwlrk mk skdurlgäl quk tka j jnoktfvj mk mktk`tlr k
rkajvkr spywlrks, skgmj fgkif`lz `jgtrl js lmwlrks.
Ls lifraltfvls sàj, rkspk`tfvlakgtk,

l) I, Y k I.
n) I, Y k Y.
`) Y, I k I.
m) Y, Y k I.
k) I, I k Y.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
(I) Ifrkwlcc æ ua rkùrsj nlsklmj kx`cusfvlakgtk ka sjitwlrk, quk sk `jcj`l

kgtrk `japutlmjrks k rkmks, vfslgmj fapkmfr l`kssjs fgmkskolmjs jrfugmjs ml
rkmk.
@jakgtìrfj? Ifrkwlcc pjmk skr tlgtj sjitwlrk (sfstkal) qulgtj blrmwlrk

(mfspjsftfvj kcktrýgf`j).
(Y) L mktk`äàj mk várus pjr akfj mk ua skrvfäj mk `japutläàj ka guvka

pkraftk l fmkgtfif`läàj mk lrqufvjs alcf`fjsjs k fgmkskolmjs pjr aÿctfpcjs
ak`lgfsajs mk mktk`äàj ka plrlckcj.
@jakgtìrfj? Js lgtfvárus sàj ikrrlakgtls quk mktk`tla várus quk pjmka

`japrjaktkr j sfstkal k j usuìrfj. Ujræa, lifralr quk ua `japutlmjr `ja
lgtfvárus kstì faugk l qulcqukr lakläl, gàj æ vkrmlmk. Auftjs várus kxpcjrla
nrk`bls mjs prðprfjs lgtfvárus plrl prltf`lrka suls läûks alcf`fjsls k pjr kssk
ajtfvj sk ilz gk`kssìrfj ua gjvj rkùrsj plrl mktk`äàj alfs kif`lz, `ja j
@cjumLY, quk æ ua gjvj ajmkcj plrl mktk`äàj mk várus ka aìqufgls nlsklmj
gj ijrgk`fakgtj mk ua lgtfvárus `jaj ua skrvfäj mk `japutläàj ka guvka.
Kstk ajmkcj utfcfzl ual tæ`gf`l quk pkraftk l fmkgtfif`läàj mk lrqufvjs
alcf`fjsjs k fgmkskolmjs pjr aÿctfpcjs ak`lgfsajs mk mktk`äàj ka
plrlckcj . Lssfa, `lml lrqufvj æ lglcfslmj pjr ua prjdrlal lgtfvárus kspk`áif`j
gl guvka, akcbjrlgmj l fmkgtfif`läàj mk lakläls.
>99

(I) Lgtfspywlrk æ ua sjitwlrk mk skdurlgäl quk tka j jnoktfvj mk mktk`tlr k

rkajvkr spywlrks, skgmj fg
fgkif`lz
kif`lz `jgt rl js lmwlrks.
`jgtrl
@jakgtìrfj? Lmwlrk æ ua tfpj mk spywlrk. J Lmwlrk pjmk skr uslmj `jaj ua

prjdrlal alcf`fjsj quk tka `jaj prfg`fplc `lrl`tkrástf`l kxfnfr prjpldlgmls
fgsfstkgtkakgtk, pjmkgmj rlstrklr ls ltfvfmlmks mj usuìrfj ska quk kck pkr`knl.
[al mls algkfrls mk kcfafglr kssk tfpj mk lakläl æ fgstlclgmj ua
lgtfspywlrk,
lgtfsp ywlrk, ual vkz quk j lmwlrk æ ua tfpjt fpj mk spywlrk.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]
@J^^K]L C K]^L L.
L CK]^L
MF@L? Aksaj l skdugml lifraltfvl skgmj kstrlgbl k muvfmjsl, skrfl pjssávkc

rksjcvkr l qukstàj. Ls jutrls lifraltfvls lnrlgdka `jgbk`fakgtjs nìsf`js
sjnrk skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj k prjvlvkcakgtk vj`ï rk`jgbk`krfl quk l
prfakfrl k l tkr`kfrl sàj ilcsls, `ja fssj, rkstlrfl lpkgls
lpkgls l lctkrgltfvl
lctkrgltfvl L `jaj
rkspjstl.

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >25. L`kr`l mjs prj`kmfakgtjs k mjs lpcf`ltfvjs mk skdurlgäl,
oucduk j ftka sunskqukgtk
sunskqukgtk..
Mkvfmj lj drlu mk sfdfcj, js prj`kmfakgtjs quk pjssfnfcftla l prjtkäàj ml
fgijraläàj ka ual jrdlgfzläàj gàj mkvka skr mjùakgtlmjs.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Ukcj `jgtrìrfj, ka ual jrdlgfzläàj bì gk`kssfmlmk mk mjùakgtläàj `ja

prj`kmfakgtjs mk skdurlgäl mls fgijraläûks. Fssj skrvk plrl quk tjmjs
kgvjcvfmjs gl jrdlgfzläàj slfnla `jaj iug`fjgl l skdurlgäl, pkraftfgmj quk
tjmjs sfdla l aksal plmrjgfzläàj duflml pjr kssks prj`kmfakgtjs
mjùakgtlmjs.
\ukstàj K^^LML
>94


\ukstàj
\ukst àj >2<. L`kr`l mjs prj`kmfakgtjs k mjs lpcf`ltfvjs mk skdurlgäl,
oucduk j ftka sunskqukgtk
sunskqukgtk..
J Tfgmjws Mkikgmkr æ ua lgtfvárus gltfvj mj Tfgmjws 2.< quk prjtkdk j
`japutlmjr `jgtrl lcdugs tfpjs kspk`áif`js mk várus, `jgtumj kck æ fgkif`lz `jgtrl
js spywlrks.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
J Tfgmjws Mkikgmkr æ j lgtfvárus gltfvj mj Tfgmjws mksmk l vkrsàj mj

Tfgmjws 2 k quk tlanæa æ gltfvj gls vkrsûks? Tfgmjws ^], Tfgmjws 2.<,
Tfgmjws ^] 2.< k Tfgmjws <5.
Kgtrk ls `lrl`tkrástf`ls mj Tfgmjw Mkikgmkr kstàj? Urjtkäàj ka tkapj rklc
`jgtrl spywlrk, várus, rjjthfts k jutrjs tfpjs mk sjitwlrk alc-fgtkg`fjglmj.
\ukstàj K^^LML
Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]^K-DJ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Ìrkl Lmafgfstrltfvl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >2>. Oucduk j ftka sunskùtfvj, l`kr`l mk prj`kmfakgtjs mk
skdurlgäl k kmu`läàj l mfstîg`fl (KLM).
@jgvæa quk tjmj j trìikdj ml rkmk plssk pjr ifrkwlcc, ual vkz quk l kif`ì`fl ml
skdurlgäl prjpjr`fjglml pjr kssk mfspjsftfvj skrì `japrjaktfml `lsj kxfstla
rjtls lctkrgltfvls plrl l`kssj lj fgtkrfjr ml rkikrfml rkmk.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
L iugäàj mj ifrkwlcc æ dkrkg`flr tjmj j trìikdj ml rkmk l ifa mk fmkgtfif`lr

pjssávkfs fgvlsjrks quk pjssla `japrjaktkr js `japutlmjrks ml rkmk. Ujr
kssk ajtfvj æ fapjrtlgtk quk tjmj j trìikdj ml rkmk plssk pkcj ifrkwlcc, `lsj
blol rjtls lctkrgltfvls, j trlnlcbj mj ifrkwlcc skrì å tjl, pjfs js fgvlsjrks pjmka
uslr kxltlakgtk ls rjtls lctkrgltfvls k fgvlmfr js `japutlmjrks.
\ukstàj @K^]L
>92

Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? ]O-NL Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Ks`rkvkgtk - Ìrkl Oumf`fìrfl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >20. L `rfptjdrlifl æ ua mjs prfg`fplfs ak`lgfsajs mk
skdurlgäl utfcfzlmj plrl prjtkdkr l trlgsafssàj mk fgijraläûks gl Fgtkrgkt pjr
akfj mk `jmfif`läàj quk trlgsijral ua tkxtj `clrj ka ua tkxtj `firlmj, `jgijrak
fcustrlmj gl ifdurl l skdufr.
Mkgtrk
usuìrfjs.jutrls
Ulrlifglcfmlmks, l `rfptjdrlifl
fssj, j `ðmfdj uslmj æplrl
uslml`japrjvlr
plrl lutkgtf`lr l fmkgtfmlmkk mkl
l lutkgtf`fmlmk
fgtkdrfmlmk mk ual fgijraläàj, ju skol, quk kcl ijf rklcakgtk dkrlml pjr quka
mfz tkr ikftj k quk kcl gàj ijf lctkrlml, æ?
l) lutjrfmlmk `krtfif`lmjrl8
n) lssfglturl mfdftlc8
`) `krtfif`lmj mfdftlc8
m) `blvk akstrl8
k) `blvk sfaætrf`l.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Lutjrfmlmk `krtfif`lmjrl æ l kgtfmlmk rkspjgsìvkc pjr kaftfr k
dkrkg`flr
dkrk ` krtfif`lmjs mfdftlfs, quk pjmka skr kaftfmjs plrl mfvkrsjs tfpjs mk
g`flr `k
kgtfmlmks, tlfs `jaj? pkssjls, fgstftufäûks k kt`.
n ) X@K^]JQ Lssfglturl Mfdftlc æ ual algkfrl mk lssfglr qulcqukr mjùakgtj

kcktrýgf`j `ja vlcfmlmk ourámf`l, kqufvlckgtk l lssfglturl `ja j prðprfj pugbj.
Mkssl ijral, l `rfptjdrlifl uslml gl lssfglturl mfdftlc
mfd ftlc æ uslml plrl
plrl dlrlgtfr l
lutkgtf`fmlmk mj usuìrfj .
` ) XK^^LMJQ J `krtfif`lmj mfdftlc æ ua rkùrsj utfcfzlmj plrl lsskdurlr vlcfmlmk

ourámf`l, lutkgtf`fmlmk
lutkgtf`fmlmk k fgtkdrfmlmk
fgtkdrfmlmk mls trlgsläûks,
trlgsläûks, mk ijral l kvftlr quk
lmuctkrläûks, fgtkr`kptläûks mk fgijraläûks prfvlmls ju jutrjs tfpjs mk läûks
fgmkvfmls j`jrrla.
>96


m ) XK^^LMJQ L `blvk akstrl æ ual skgbl ÿgf`l uslml plrl prjtkdkr
(`rfptjdrlilr) jutrls skgbls.
k) XK^^LMJQ @blvk sfaætrf`l æ ua lcdjrftaj uslmj tlgtj plrl `rfptjdrlilr

qulgtj plrl mk`rkpftlr ual akgsldka.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >2=. L supkrvfsjrl mk `japrls mk ual pkqukgl kaprksl
rk`knk ual sjcf`ftläàj plrl l `japrl mk ua ifrkwlcc.
Kssk pkmfmj tka `jaj jnoktfvj kspk`áif`j l(j)

l) l`kckrläàj mjs `ìcùcjs mls pclgfcbls
n) rklcfzläàj mk vfmkj`jgikrïg`fl rkajtl
`) rklcfzläàj mk ldkgmlakgtj jg-cfgk mk rkugfûks
m) lralzkglakgtj mk k-alfcs fgifgftjs
k) luakgtj ml skdurlgäl ml rkmk
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Lctkrgltfvl
Lctkrgltfvl –ska pæ gka `lnkäl‑, l iugäàj mj ifrkwlcc æ dlrlgtfr l
skdurlgäl ml rkmk k gàj kstì rkcl`fjglmj l l`kckrläàj mk `ìcùcjs mk pclgfcbls.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Ulrl rklcfzläàj mk vfmkj`jgikrïg`fl sk ilz gk`kssìrfj usj mk

lpcf`ltfvjs plrl kstk ifa `jaj? Phypk, Djjdck Blgdjut, kgtrk jutrjs.
` ) XK^^LMJQ L rklcfzläàj mk ldkgmlakgtj jgcfgk mk rkugfûks pjmk skr ikftj
ltrlvæs mk lpcf`ltfvjs kspk`áif`js, `jaj j Djjdck Ldkgml, pjr kxkapcj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Lctkrgltfvl
Lctkrgltfvl –ska pæ gka
g ka `lnkäl‑, l iugäàj mj ifrkwlcc æ dlrlgtfr l
skdurlgäl ml rkmk k gàj kstì rkcl`fjglmj lj lralzkglakgtj mk kalfcs.
k) X@K^]JQ J ifrkwlcc tka j plpkc mk `jgtrjclr j trìikdj ml rkmk, fapkmfgmj quk
j`jrrl fgvlsàj ljs `japutlmjrks, `jgskqukgtkakgtk luakgtlgmj l skdurlgäl.
>45


\ukstàj
\ukst àj >2;. [a iug`fjgìrfj mk ual kaprksl `rfju, gl ìrkl mk
trlnlcbj mk sku gjtknjjh Tfgmjws, ua lrqufvj .txt `jgtkgmj lcduals
fgijraläûks pkssjlfs. @jaj kssk lrqufvj `jgtæa mlmjs sfdfcjsjs, kck djstlrfl
mk quk sku `jgtkÿmj gàj ijssk l`ksslmj pjr jutrls pkssjls, gj `lsj mk iurtj ju
rjunj mk sku kqufplakgtj.
Ulrl kvftlr j l`kssj fgmkvfmj lj `jgtkÿmj mkssk lrqufvj, æ gk`kssìrfj quk kssk
iug`fjgìrfj
l) rkgjakfk j lrqufvj plrl j ijraltj UMI.
n) utfcfzk `rfptjdrlifl sfaætrf`l `ja skgbl ijrtk.
`) dkrk ua lrqufvj lmf`fjglc `jgtkgmj j blsb mj lrqufvj .txt
m) trjquk j mfs`j fgtkrgj mj kqufplakgtj pjr ua `ja sfstkal IL]0>
k) ajvl j lrqufvj ml ìrkl mk trlnlcbj plrl j mfrktðrfj `?Stap.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ ^kgjaklr ua lrqufvj ju lctkrlr j ijraltj plrl UMI gàj dlrlgtk

quk jutrl pkssjl tkgbl l`kssj ljs mlmjs sfdfcjsjs.
X@K^]JQ [tfcfzlr `rfptjdrlifl gj lrqufvj æ ual algkfrl mk mfifùctlr j l`kssj

n ) X@K^]JQ
lj `jgtkÿmj sfdfcjsj, lfgml alfs qulgmj prjtkdfmj pjr skgbl ijrtk. @rfptjdrlifl
sfaætrf`l æ ua lcdjrftaj uslmj tlgtj plrl `rfptjdrlilr qulgtj plrl mk`rkpftlr
ual akgsldka, gkssk `lsj, l `rfptjdrlifl sfaætrf`l pjmk skr uslml gj lrqufvj
sfdfcjsj. Ujrtlgtj, lctkrgltfvl `jrrktl.
XK^^LMJQ Dkrlr ua lrqufvj lmf`fjglc, gàj ilrì mj lrqufvj mk tkxtj prjtkdfmj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ
L prjtkäàj mkvk skr lpcf`lml lj lrqufvj quk `jgtæa mlmjs sfdfcjsjs ka qukstàj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ ]rj`lr j mfs`j fgtkrgj, ska quk blol gkgbual skdurlgäl plrl tkr
l`kssj ljs mlmjs sfdfcjsjs mj lrqufvj mk tkxtj, gàj dlrlgtk quk jutrl pkssjl
tkgbl l`kssj k usk kssks mlmjs mk algkfrl alcf`fjsl.
k) XK^^LMJQ J mfrktðrfj mj Tfgmjws `?Stkap lralzkgl lrqufvjs tkapjrìrfjs

`jaj js lrqufvjs
mk prjdrlals. mk `jgifdurläàj,
L lctkrgltfvl lrqufvjs
sk rkikrk mj sfstkal
lj `lafgbj k lrqufvjs
`?Stap, pjræa mk
kstìbfstðrf`js
krrlmj, kl
plstl `jrrktl plrl js lrqufvjs tkapjrìrfj æ `?Stkap. Lcæa mfssj, ajvkr ua
lrqufvj sfdfcjsj plrl ual plstl mk lrqufvjs tkapjrìrfjs gàj fapkmk quk jutrjs
>4<


usuìrfjs tkgbla l`kssj.

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >29. Mjfs lafdjs kstàj `jgvkrslgmj sjnrk gjvfmlmks mk
fgijraìtf`l. [a mkcks `jakgtl quk j nl`hup mjs mlmjs mk sku `japutlmjr
pkssjlc kstì gl guvka (`cjum).
Fssj sfdgfif`l quk

l) ual `jgkxàj `ja l Fgtkrgkt
F gtkrgkt skrì
s krì gk`kssìrfl,
gk` kssìrfl, gl j`lsfàj
j` lsfàj mk kvkgtulc
kvkg tulc
gk`kssfmlmk mk rkstjrk mjs lrqufvjs.
n) j spjjc mk nl`hup, cj`lcfzlmj gj aksaj mfrktðrfj mj spjjc mk faprkssàj, æ j
cj`lc mk lralzkglakgtj mk skus mjùakgtjs pkssjlfs.
`) js nl`hups sàj lralzkglmjs, cj`lcakgtk, ka akaðrfl fgtkrgl, gàj vjcìtfc, mk
lctl vkcj`fmlmk k mk lctj ùstj.
m) js nl`hups sàj s àj lralzkglmjs
lralzk glmjs ka mjfs ju alfs mfs`js
mfs `js kxtkrgjs
kxt krgjs [PN,
`jgk`tlmjs lj `japutlmjr pkssjlc.
k) js lrqufvjs
lrquf vjs kxfstkgtks
kxfst kgtks gj `japutlmjr, ka sul tjtlcfmlmk, sàj, cj`lc
cj`lcakgtk,
akgtk,
mupcf`lmjs k `japl`tlmjs gj ijraltj AU=.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
X@K^]JQ Ulrl l`ksslr js lrqufvjs ml guvka æ gk`kssìrfj l`kssj l fgtkrgkt.

l) X@K^]JQ
^kstjrk æ j aksaj quk –rkstlurlr‑ k plrl rkstlurlr lcdua lrqufvj ml guvka
tlanæa skrì gk`kssìrfj l`kssj l fgtkrgkt.

n ) XK^^LMJQ Ppjjc mk faprkssàj æ j cj`lc jgmk sàj lralzkglmjs
tkapjrlrflakgtk js lrqufvjs plrl faprkssàj. Kssks lrqufvjs gàj if`la gj
aksaj cj`lc mjs lrqufvjs pkssjlfs mj usuìrfj.
` ) XK^^LMJQ Pk j nl`hup kstì gl guvka, fssj sfdgfif`l quk gà

gàjj kstì
lralzkglmj ka ual ìrkl cj`lc mj `japutlmjr.
XK^^LMJQ J nl`hup gl guvka kstì skaprk lralzkglmj ka lcdua skrvfmjr

m ) XK^^LMJQ
rkajtj, quk pjmk skr l`ksslmj pkcl fgtkrgkt.
k) XK^^LMJQ Js lrqufvjs mk nl`hup sàj `jpflmjs plrl ua skrvfmjr gl guvka, k
gàj, mupcf`lmjs cj`lcakgtk gj aksaj `japutlmjr.
>4>


\ukstàj
\ukst àj >24. [a Lssfstkgtk ]æ`gf`j rk`knk ua k-alfc `ja lrqufvj
lgkxj ka sku `japutlmjr k j lgtfvárus lùsl kxfstïg`fl mk várus.
Lssfglck l jpäàj quk fgmf`l j prj`kmfakgtj mk skdurlgäl l skr lmjtlmj gj
kxkapcj l`fal.
l) Lnrfr j k-alfc plrl vkrfif`lr j `jgtkÿmj, lgtks mk kgvfì-cj lj lmafgfstrlmjr mk
rkmk.
n) Kxkùtlr j lrqufvj lgkxj, `ja j jnoktfvj mk vkrfif`lr j tfpj mk várus.
`) Lpldlr j k-alfc, ska lnrf-cj.
m) Lralzkglr j k-alfc gl ìrkl mk nl`hup, plrl ifgs mk ajgftjrlakgtj.
k) Kgvflr j k-alfc
k- alfc suspkftj
s uspkftj plrl l plstl mk spla,s pla, vfslgmj
vfs lgmj l lglcfsì-cj
pjstkrfjrakgtk.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
àj ? Kssl qukstàj dkrju nlstlgtk mfsùssàj kgtrk js `jgùrskfrjs, pjræa,

Lt kgää àj?
Ltkg
l nlg`l gàj lgucju l qukstàj. Mj pjgtj mk vfstl plrtfùclr, kssl qukstàj gàj
lprkskgtl krrj, als pkralgk`k fg`japcktl qulgmj sk trltl mk lglcfslr j
prj`kmfakgtj mk skdurlgäl mflgtk mls lctkrgltfvls lprkskgtlmls.
l) XK^^LMJQ Ujmkajs ckvlr ka `jgsfmkrläàj quk lnrfr j kalfc k vkrfif`lr j

`jgtkÿmj pjmk fg`cufr nlfxlr k kxkùtlr j lrqufvj lgkxlmj . @jaj j prðprfj
lgtfvárus lckrtju sjnrk pjssávkc kxfstïg`fl mk várus kssl skrfl l pfjr läàj tjalml
pkcj usuìrfj, pjfs lj kxkùtlr, `lsj ijssk rklcakgtk ua várus, fgik`tlrfl j
`japutlmjr.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Kxkùtlr j lrqufvj lgkxlmj skrfl l pfjr akmfml tjalml pkcj

usuìrfj, pjfs sk rklcakgtk ijr ua várus, sul kxkùäàj ckvlrfl l fgik`äàj mj
`japutlmjr.
` ) X@K^]JQ Lpldlr j k-alfc ska lnrf-cj, gàj skrfl j akcbjr prj`kmfakgtj mk

skdurlgäl l skr tjalmj , pjræa, kssl æ l ÿgf`l akmfml kgtrk ls lctkrgltfvls
lprkskgtlmls quk gàj prkoumf`lrfl j usuìrfj `lsj rklcakgtk bjuvkssk ua várus
lgkxlmj gj k-alfc.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Lralzkglr j kalfc skrfl ua rfs`j, pjfs sk j usuìrfj vfkr l tkr

l`kssj lj lrqufvj lgkxlmj k kxkùtì-cj, j `japutlmjr skrfl fgik`tlmj.
>40


k) XK^^LMJQ Kgvflr j kalfc plrl l `lfxl mk spla, ska lnrfr k kxkùtlr j
lrqufvj lgkxj, skrfl ual akmfml skdurl, pjræa, qulgmj l lctkrgltfvl ilcl quk j
usuìrfj vjctlrì l lglcfslr j kalfc pjstkrfjrakgtk, fssj pjmk fg`cufr lnrfr k
kxkùtlr j lrqufvj pjssfvkcakgtk fgik`tlmj, fgik`tlgmj j `japutlmjr.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]O-PK Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Ìrkl Oumf`fìrfl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >22. L`kr`l mjs `jg`kftjs mk skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj k mk
rkmks mk `japutlmjrks, oucduk js prðxfajs ftkgs.
Kanjrl ls rkmks sj`flfs jikrkäla auftls il`fcfmlmks mk `jaugf`läàj, æ
faprks`fgmávkc quk skus usuìrfjs lmjtka bìnftjs mk skdurlgäl, `jaj, pjr
kxkapcj, j mk algtkr, ka skus `japutlmjrks, lgtfvárus ltulcfzlmj, plrl kvftlr
`jgtlafgläûks.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Ujr akmfml mk skdurlgäl æ rk`jakgmlmj quk js usuìrfjs skaprk ltulcfzka js
prjdrlals mk lgtfvárus, pjfs sàj `ja kssls ltulcfzläûks quk js lgtfvárus pjmka
mktk`tlr gjvjs tfpjs mk lakläls quk lgtkrfjrakgtk gàj skrfla kg`jgtrlmls.
Lssfa `jaj js várus bualgjs, js várus mk `japutlmjr k mk jutrjs mfspjsftfvjs
autla-sk il`fcakgtk, pjmkgmj ltæ aksaj uslr nrk`bls mjs prðprfjs lgtfvárus
plrl rklcfzlrka ual läàj alcf`fjsl. K plrl kvftlr lfgml alfs `jgtlafgläûks æ
fapjrtlgtk algtkr js lgtfvárus skaprk ltulcfzlmjs.
Ckanrk-sk
kxltlakgtkquk
pkcjgàj bì mk
iltj lgtfvárus quk afcblrks
kxfstfrka dlrlgtk <55% mk skdurlgäl
mk tfpjs k ijrals ljs usuìrfjs,
mkrfvlmls mk
alcwlrks quk lfgml gàj ijrla mktk`tlmjs k fg`jrpjrlmjs gl cfstl mk `lpturl mjs
lgtfvárus.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
>4=


\ukstàj
Ulrl kvftlr l `jgtlafgläàj mk ua lrqufvj pjr várus, æ suif`fkgtk slcvì-cj `ja l
jpäàj mk `japl`tläàj.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Js várus pjmka tjalr ijrals quk gka aksaj js lgtfvárus sàj `lplzks mk
mktk`tlr ka ùrtj prlzj. Kxfstka várus quk `jgskduka l`ksslr l plstl
`japl`tlml k sk fgstlclr gjs lrqufvjs k prjdrlals mkgtrj ml plstl, pjmkgmj
`jgtlafglr j usuìrfj `lsj js lrqufvjs ml plstl skola kxkùtlmjs. Ujrtlgtj, l
`japl`tläàj mk lrqufvjs gàj æ suif`fkgtk plrl kvftlr l `jgtlafgläàj pjr várus.
\ukstàj K^^LML
\ukstàj
J ifrkwlcc æ ua mfspjsftfvj quk `jgk`tl j `japutlmjr pkssjlc å rkmk augmflc
`ja dlrlgtfl mk skdurlgäl.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
J ifrkwlcc pjmk skr tlgtj ua mfspjsftfvj (blrmwlrk) qulgmj ua sfstkal

(sjitwlrk), als sul iugäàj gàj æ `jgk`tl j `japutlmjr pkssjlc å rkmk
augmflc. Ifrkwlcc skrvk, nlsf`lakgtk, plrl ifctrlr j trìikdj ml rkmk lglcfslgmj js
pl`jtks quk kgtrla k(ju) quk slka mk ua `japutlmjr k vkrfif`l sk j trìikdj æ
pkraftfmj ju gàj.
\ukstàj K^^LML
>4;


\ukstàj
\ukst àj >6<. L`kr`l mjs `jg`kftjs mk skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj k mk
J prj`kmfakgtj mk nk`lpk pjmk skr rklcfzlmj tlgtj plrl ua lrqufvj fgmfvfmulc
qulgtj plrl ua `jgougtj mk lrqufvjs, ju ltæ aksaj plrl ua BM fgtkfrj.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Nl`lpk æ j aksaj quk l plclvrl fgdcksl Nl`hup. J nk`lpk æ nlsf`lakgtk ual

`ðpfl mk skdurlgäl quk pjmk skr tlgtj mk lrqufvjs pkssjlfs, lrqufvj ÿgf`j,
`jgougtj mk lrqufvjs k ltæ aksaj ua mfs`j rádfmj (BM) fgtkfrj.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? P[PLA Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >6>. Gj `jgtkxtj ml skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj tka j`jrrfmj
`jgtlafgläàj pjr akfj mk ua prjdrlal alcf`fjsj `lplz mk sk prjpldlr
lutjaltf`lakgtk pkcls rkmks, kgvflgmj `ðpfls mk sf aksaj mk `japutlmjr plrl
`japutlmjr.
Mfikrkgtkakgtk mj várus, kssk prjdrlal gàj kanutk `ðpfls mk sf aksaj ka

jutrjs prjdrlals ju lrqufvjs k gàj prk`fsl skr kxpcf`ftlakgtk kxkùtlmj
plrl sk prjpldlr.
Pul prjpldläàj sk mì pjr akfj ml kxpcjrläàj mk vucgkrlnfcfmlmks

kxfstkgtks ju ilcbls gl `jgifdurläàj mk prjdrlals fgstlclmjs ka
`japutlmjrks.
Kssk prjdrlal æ `jgbk`fmj pjr
l) ifrkwlcc. n) njtgkt. `) wjra. m) `jjhfk. k) prjxy.

* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ J ifrkwlcc gàj æ ual lakläl å skdurlgäl, auftls vkzks æ ual

sjcuäàj, pjfs j ifrkwlcc tka j plpkc mk `jgtrjclr l rkmk fapkmfgmj quk blol
fgvlsàj mjs `japutlmjrks.
>49


n ) XK^^LMJQ Njtgkt æ ual rkmk ijralml pjr `kgtkgls ju afcblrks mk
`japutlmjrks zuanfs k quk pkraftk pjtkg`flcfzlr ls läûks mlgjsls kxkùtlmls
pkcjs njts. Njt æ ua prjdrlal quk mfspûk mk ak`lgfsajs mk `jaugf`läàj `ja
j fgvlsjr quk pkraftka quk kck skol `jgtrjclmj rkajtlakgtk. Ujssuf
prj`kssj mk fgik`äàj k prjpldläàj sfafclr lj mj wjra, ju skol, æ `lplz mk sk
prjpldlr lutjaltf`lakgtk, kxpcjrlgmj vucgkrlnfcfmlmks kxfstkgtks ka
prjdrlals fgstlclmjs ka `japutlmjrks.
Kstl skrfl ual njl lctkrgltfvl plrl js `lgmfmltjs quk kstumlrla js njts k
njtgkts, pjræa, ual mls prfg`fplfs `lrl`tkrástf`ls mkssks alcwlrks æ tkr
`jgtrjck
`jgtrjc k rkajtj
rkajtj sjn js `japutlmjrks fgik`tl mjs k kssl `lrl`tkrástf`l gàj ijf
fgik`tlmjs
`ftlml gl qukstàj.
` ) X@K^]JQ Tjras sàj prjdrlals lutjrrkpcf`lgtks, plsslgmj mk ua sfstkal l

jutrj, ska, gk`ksslrflakgtk, utfcfzlr ua lrqufvj ju prjdrlal. Gàj gk`kssftl skr
kxkùtlmj pkcj usuìrfj plrl sk prjpldlr.
m ) XK^^LMJQ `jjhfk æ ua pkqukgj lrqufvj mk tkxtj lralzkglmj

tkapjrlrflakgtk quk pjmk ajgftjrlr j `japjrtlakgtj mj usuìrfj. Aksaj
plrk`kgmj ua pju`j lssustlmjr, js `jjhfks sàj auftj utfcfzlmjs gl fgtkrgkt k
gàj trlzka pjtkg`flfs rfs`js plrl js usuìrfjs, gka lprkskgtl ls `lrl`tkrástf`ls
ajstrlmls gl qukstàj.
XK^^LMJQ prjxy æ ua skrvfmjr ju ual lpcf`läàj quk ltul `jaj fgtkrakmfìrfj

k) XK^^LMJQ
kgtrk ls rkqufsfäûks sjcf`ftlmls pkcj usuìrfj l jutrjs skrvfmjrks. [al mls
`lrl`tkrástf`ls mj prjxy æ pjssfnfcftlr l glvkdläàj ka lgjgfaltj lj usuìrfj,
mksncjqukfj mk `jgtkÿmj, mfspjgfnfcfmlmk mk rkùrsjs alfs rìpfmj k kt`.
Gkgbual mls `lrl`tkrástf`ls kxfnfmls gl qukstàj sàj `lrl`tkrástf`ls mj prjxy.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]@-MI Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Lmafgfstrläàj Uÿncf`l
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >60. Oucduk js ftkgs skdufgtks, l`kr`l mk Fgtkrgkt,
glvkdlmjrks k skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj.
J `jgtrjck mk l`kssj nfjaætrf`j æ ual mls ijrals mk luakgtlr l skdurlgäl gj
l`kssj å rkmk pjr akfj mj usj mk plclvrls-`blvk quk fmkgtfif`la `lrl`tkrástf`ls
nfjcðdf`ls mj usuìrfj plrl l ijraläàj mk skgbls lcilguaærf`ls skdurls.
>44


* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Nfjaktrfl æ ual algkfrl mk fmkgtfif`lr ugf`lakgtk ua fgmfvámuj pjr akfj mk

suls `lrl`tkrástf`ls iásf`ls. @jaj ijral mk skdurlgäl, l nfjaktrfl æ utfcfzlml
plrl rk`jgbk`fakgtj, fmkgtfif`läàj `rfafglc, `jgtrjck mk l`kssj l mlmjs k
lplrkcbjs kt`. Js sfstkals nfjaætrf`js pjmka rkqukrkr fmkgtfif`läàj ltrlvæs mk
mfikrkgtks `lrl`tkrástf`ls mj `jrpj mk ual pkssjl, `jaj js jcbjs, ls mfdftlfs mj
mkmj , l rktfgl, l árfs mjs jcbjs ju lfgml l plcal ml aàj. Als, gàj pjr akfj
mj usj
us j mk plclvrls
plclvrls `blvk `jaj lifralmj
lifr almj gl qukstàj.
\ukstàj K^^LML
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]O-@KUrjvl? Gávkc Aæmfj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >6=. [a `krtfif`lmj mfdftlc æ ua lrqufvj gj `japutlmjr quk
fmkgtfif`l j usuìrfj. L`kr`l mkssk lssugtj, lssfglck l jpäàj `jrrktl.
l) Js lpcf`ltfvjs mk kalfc lfgml gàj pjssuka rkùrsjs quk pjssfnfcftkapjssf nfcftka l
utfcfzläàj ml tk`gjcjdfl mj `krtfif`lmj mfdftlc.
n) Ujr qukstûks
qukst ûks mk skdurlgäl,
skdur lgäl, l `b
`blvk
lvk pÿncf`l mj usuìrfj gàj ilz plrtk mj
`krtfif`lmj mfdftlc.
`) Aksaj quk q uk ua sátfj kcktrýgf`j pjssul ual ìrkl rkstrftl,
rkstrf tl, gàj bì `jaj
prjdrlaì-cj mk ajmj l quk kck kxfol mj usuìrfj l lprkskgtläàj mk `krtfif`lmj
mfdftlc.
m) oustfäl
Gl prìtf`l,
plrl js `krtfif`lmjs
`japrjvlr
`japrjv mfdftlfs
lr l lutjrfl,
lutjr gàj
fl, pjr pjmka
kxkapcj,
kxkap skrua
cj, mk utfcfzlmjs pjrkcktrýgf`j
prj`kssj
prj`kssj kcua trfnuglc
ktrýgf`j.. mk
k) [a `krtfif`lmj mfdftlc pjmk skr kaftfmj tlgtj plrl ual pkssjl qulgtj plrl ua
`japutlmjr.
* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Js lpcf`ltfvjs mk kalfc pjssuka rkùrsjs quk pjssfnfcftla quk j
usuìrfj lssfgk ua k-alfc mfdftlcakgtk, als plrl fssj æ sk ilz gk`kssìrfj l
`jgifdurläàj mk ua `krtfif`lmj mfdftlc gl `jgtl mk k-alfc plrl vlcfmlr l
lutkgtf`fmlmk k l prj`kmïg`fl ml akgsldka.

n ) XK^^LMJQ L `blvk pÿncf`l ilz plrtk ml lssfglturl mfdftlc k æ kgvflml lj
mkstfgltìrfj plrl quk kck pjssl vkrfif`lr l lutkgtf`fmlmk ml lssfglturl.
>42


` ) XK^^LMJQ Pftks `jaj Fgtkrgkt Nlghfgd quk rklcfzla trlgsläûks ifglg`kfrls,
gk`kssftla mj `krtfif`lmj mfdftlc plrl dlrlgtfr quk rklcakgtk ual trlgsläàj
kstkol ikftl pkcj usuìrfj `jrrktj.
m ) XK^^LMJQ L `krtfif`läàj mfdftlc mì dlrlgtfl mk lutk

lutkgtf`
gtf`fmlmk,
fmlmk, fgtkdrfmlmk,
fg tkdrfmlmk,
`jgifmkg`flcfmlmk k, j alfs fapjrtlgtk, j gàj-rkpÿmfj. J Gàj-^kpÿmfj mkvk
skr vfstj sjn l ðtf`l ckdlc k tæ`gf`l. Pjn ual pkrspk`tfvl ckdlc, j Gàj-^kpÿmfj æ
mkifgfmj `jaj skgmj "... suif`fkgtk kvfmïg`fl plrl pkrsulmfr l lutjrfmlmk
ckdlc (oufz,
(oufz, ourlmj ju ìrnftrj)
ìrnftr j) l rkspkftj
rkspkftj mk
m k sul jrfdka, sunafssàj,
suna fssàj, kgtrkdl k
fgtkdrfmlmk, lpkslr ml tkgtltfvl mk gkdläàj pkcj supjstj rkspjgsìvkc pkcj
kgvfj" .
k) X@K^]JQ [a `krtfif`lmj mfdftlc pjmk skr kaftfmj tlgtj plrl ual pkssjl qulgtj
plrl ua `japutlmjr, ual kgtfmlmk, ual kaprksl k kt`.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? F@ANFJ Urjvl? Gávkc Aæmfj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >6;. @ja rkcläàj l dkrkg`flakgtj mk fgijraläûks k l
lpcf`ltfvjs plrl skdurlgäl, oucduk js ftkgs sunskqukgtks.
Ls vkrfif`läûks mk lgtfvárus ka ua lrqufvj j`jrrka `ja nlsk gl `japlrläàj
kgtrk j gjak mj lrqufvj k j nlg`j mk mlmjs mk vl`fgls, vfstj quk js lgtfvárus
gàj pjssuka rkùrsjs plrl lglcfslr j `jgtkÿmj mjs lrqufvjs.
* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
Kxfstka vìrfls ijrals mk mktk`äàj mk várus utfcfzlmj pkcjs lgtfvárus, ual mkcls æ
l mktk`äàj pjr lssfglturl, jgmk, qulgmj j lgtfvárus kg`jgtrl fgtkgäàj
alcf`fjsl æ tfrlmj ual fmkgtfif`läàj ÿgf`l (blsb) mkssk várus k lmf`fjgl ka
ual cfstl mk mkifgfäàj tlanæa `jgbk`fmj `jaj –nlg`j mk vl`fgls‑. Lssfa,
qulgmj bjuvkr ual gjvl vlrrkmurl `ja js `jgtkÿmjs mjs lrqufvjs mj
`japutlmjr skràj `ruzlmjs `ja ls –lssfglturls mk `ðmfdj‑ pkrtkg`kgtks l
várus `jgbk`fmjs, il`fcftlgmj l mktk`äàj.
Pk ua lrqufvj quk oì ijf fmkgtfif`lmj pkcj lgtfvárus `jaj alcf`fjsj k aksaj
lssfa
pjfs l ijr lctkrlmj æj ÿgf`l
lssfglturl gjak kplrl
l kxtkgsàj,
j aksajaksaj m klssfa
tf pj mk
tfpj várus.j. lgtfvárus frì fmkgtfif`ì-cj,
várus
Jutrl ijral mk mktk`äàj mk várus æ l mktk`äàj bkurástf`l, jgmk lj fgvæs mk

`japlrlr js lrqufvjs k prjdrlals `ja j nlg`j mk vl`fgls, usl-sk plrtk mk
>46


`ðmfdjs alcf`fjsjs `jgbk`fmjs k `japlrl `ja js lrqufvjs k prjdrlals,
pjmkgmj fmkgtfif`lr sk sàj lakläls plrl j `japutlmjr. Ulrl quk fssj skol
pjssávkc l mktk`äàj bkurástf`l prk`fsl fr l iugmj gl lgìcfsk mjs `jgtkÿmjs mjs
lrqufvjs.
Ujrtlgtj, j lgtfvárus gàj `japlrl ua lrqufvj pkcj gjak, als pkcl

fmkgtfif`läàj ÿgf`l (blsb), qulgmj uslmj j aætjmj mk mktk`äàj pjr lssfglturl.
Kgqulgtj l mktk`äàj bkurástf`l lglcfsl j `jgtkÿmj mjs lrqufvjs plrl
fmkgtfif`lr gjvls ijral mk várus quk lfgml gàj ijrla fmkgtfif`lmjs.
\ukstàj K^^LML
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? ]^] - <9ª ^KDFÀJ (AL)Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj - Lmafgfstrltfvl
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >69. J rkùrsj mk `rfptjdrlifl æ lapclakgtk utfcfzlmj gjs
skrvfäjs mk `jaugf`läàj ml fgtkrgkt plrl lsskdurlr l `jgifmkg`flcfmlmk ml
fgijraläàj trlgsaftfml. J l`kssj ås pìdfgls Tkn quk rkqukrka l fmkgtfif`läàj
pjr usuìrfj k skgbl, æ ikftj pjr akfj mj prjtj`jcj B]]UP, quk utfcfzl j ksqukal
mk `rfptjdrlifl mk `blvks
l) kcáptf`ls.
n) `japlrtfcblmls.
`) bánrfmls.
m) jrtjdjglfs.
k) pÿncf`ls.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
l) XK^^LMJQ Gàj kxfstk ua tfpj mk `blvk kcáptf`l, j quk kxfstk æ l `rfptjdrlifl

l) XK^^LMJQ
pjr ùrvl kcáptf`l, jgmk æ ajstrlmj ual ijral alfs kif`fkgtk mk dkrläàj mk
`blvks mk skdurlgäl.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Ka `rfptjdrlifl gàj kxfstk `blvk `japlrtfcblml, als sfa, `blvk
pÿncf`l.
` ) XK^^LMJQ
XK^^LMJQ
tlgtj Gàj kxfstk
`blvk sfaætrf`l uall `blvk
qulgmj `blvk lssfaætrf`l.
bánrfml, kxfstk `rfptjdrlifl bánrfml quk usl
m ) XK^^LMJQ Ka `rfptjdrlifl `blvk jrtjdjglfs sàj mks`jgbk`fmjs.
>25


k) X@K^]JQ Dkrlcakgtk plrl kgtrlr ka ìrkl rkstrftl mk sftks æ gk`kssìrfj j usj
k) X@K^]JQ
mk cjdfg k skgbl k plrl quk kssks mlmjs skola kgvflmjs mk ajmj skdurj, plrl
fssj, usl-sk j prjtj`jcj B]]UP quk æ nlsf`lakgtk l fapckakgtläàj mj
prjtj`jcj B]]U lmf`fjglmj mk ual `lalml mk skdurlgäl. Kssl `lalml
lmf`fjglc pkraftk quk js mlmjs skola trlgsaftfmjs pjr akfj mk ual `jgkxàj
`rfptjdrlilml k quk vkrfifquk l lutkgtf`fmlmk mj skrvfmjr k mj `cfkgtk, dlrlgtfgmj
l skdurlgäl mk lanjs. J B]]UP usl `rfptjdrlifl mk `blvk pÿncf`l quk
tlanæa pjmk skr `blalml mk `blvk lssfaætrf`l
lssfaætrf` l.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >64. @jgsfmkrk j tkxtj lnlfxj.
@ja kikftj, gkssk tfpj kspk`áif`j mk mkcftj, j ldkgtk jntæa, plrl kck ju jutrka,
vlgtldka fcá`ftl (guakrìrfj suntrlámj mk `jgtl nlg`ìrfl), ka prkouázj mk lcduæa
(l vátfal, `cfkgtk mk nlg`j) akmflgtk j kaprkdj mj lrtfiá`fj ml `jgstruäàj mk
ual pìdfgl kcktrýgf`l ilcsl ju kgvfj mk akgsldka kcktrýgf`l (k-alfc) mk
`jgtkÿmj irlumuckgtj. Gàj blvkrfl, `jaj sk mfssk, qulcqukr mfifùcmlmk mk
kgqulmrlakgtj mj prltf`lgtk mj –ltj fcá`ftj‑ gj lrt. <4< mj @U@, fapjgmj -cbk ls
slgäûks prkvfstls gkssk mfspjsftfvj (rk`cusàj, mk ua l `fg`j lgjs, k auctl).
Lcæa mj alfs, qulgmj j `rfafgjsj fapckakgtl j ÿctfaj kstìdfj ml kxkùäàj
fcá`ftl, quk æ l suntrläàj gàj lutjrfzlml mjs iugmjs kxfstkgtks gl `jgtl ml vátfal,
l ourfsprumïg`fl tka kgtkgmfmj quk lá kstì `lrl`tkrfzlmj j `rfak mk iurtj
qulcfif`lmj, prkvfstj gj lrt. <;;, § =µ , FF.
(Lmlptlmj mk? ^KFGLCMJ IFCBJ, Mkaj`rftj. Mfspjgávkc ka?
bttp?//www.tkck`j.`ja.nr/pmis/tutjrflcfgtnlgh.pmi)
Bfpjtktf`lakgtk, ua Lglcfstl Oumf`fìrfj mj ]^K-PU fmkgtfif`ju, `jrrktlakgtk, j

ltj fcá`ftj rkikrfmj kgtrk lspls gj tkxtj `jaj ua tfpj mk irlumk pjr akfj ml qulc
ua djcpfstl tkgtl jntkr mlmjs pkssjlfs k ifglg`kfrjs mk ua usuìrfj, pkcl
utfcfzläàj `janfglml mk akfjs tæ`gf`js k kgdkgblrfl sj`flc. @jauakgtk
rklcfzlmj pjr akfj ml fgtkrgkt, kssk djcpk æ `lrl`tkrfzlmj `jaj
l) fmkgtfty tbkit.
n) ifkcmfgd.
`) pbfsbfgd.
m) bl`hkr.
k) wjrafgd.
>2<


* * * * *
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
àj ? Kssl qukstàj æ nka kxtkgsl, pjræa sku kgtkgmfakgtj æ sfapcks.

Lt kgää àj?
Ltkg
Nlsf`lakgtk ua usuìrfj rk`knku ua k-alfc sk plsslgmj pjr ual pkssjl ju
fgstftufäàj `jgifìvkc, pkmfgmj quk j usuìrfj `cf`lssk ka ua cfgh gj `jrpj mj k-
alfc. Ka skdufml j usuìrfj ijf rkmfrk`fjglmj plrl ual pìdfgl ka quk ijf
sjcf`ftlmj skus mlmjs pkssjlfs.
Ldjrl, vlajs lglcfslr ls lctkrgltfvls k fmkgtfif`lr qulc j tfpj mk djcpk sjirfmj

pkcj usuìrfj?
l) XK^^LMJQ Fmkgtfty tbkit ju rjunj mk fmkgtfmlmk, æ j ltj pkcj qulc ual pkssjl
l) XK^^LMJQ
tkgtl sk plsslr pjr jutrl, ltrfnufgmj-sk ual ilcsl fmkgtfmlmk. Kssl gàj æ ual
mls `lrl`tkrástf`ls `ftlmls gl qukstàj.
n ) XK^^LMJQ Ifkcmfgd gàj æ ua tkraj `jgbk`fmj ka djcpks gl fgtkrgkt.
` ) X@K^]JQ Ubfsbfgd sfdgfif`l –pks`lgmj‑, k æ ual tæ`gf`l uslml pjr `rfafgjsjs

plrl rjunlr mlmjs pkssjlfs k ifglg`kfrjs mk ua usuìrfj. Dkrlcakgtk kssl
tæ`gf`l sk mì pjr akfj mk kalfcs k pìdfgls ilcsls nka `jgstruámls, quk plrk`ka
skr `jgifìvkfs l pjgtj mk j usuìrfj fgskrfr skus mlmjs pkssjlfs.
m ) XK^^LMJQ Bl`hkr æ ua tfpj mk pkssjl quk mktæa drlgmks blnfcfmlmks

qulgmj sk trltl mk `japutlmjrks, sfstkals, mfspjsftfvjs kcktrýgf`js, fgtkrgkt k
kt`. Pàj `lplzks mk ilzkr ajmfif`läûks k algfpucläûks gàj trfvflfs ju gàj
lutjrfzlmls ka sfstkals mk `japutläàj. J bl`hkr pjmk rklcfzlr ua djcpk,
als j tkraj bl`hkr gàj
gàj æ ua djcpk ka sf.
djc pk ka
XK^^LMJQ Tjra æ ua tfpj mk alcwlrk quk tka `lpl`fmlmk mk sk

k) XK^^LMJQ
lutjrkpcf`lr fgik`tlgmj `japutlmjrks ka rkmk, js wjras sàj nlstlgtk pkrfdjsjs
pjfs gàj prk`fsla, gka aksaj, quk j usuìrfj j kxkùtk plrl skr ltfvlmj. Kgtrk
ls `lrl`tkrástf`ls mj wjra kstàj j kgvfj mk spla k pbfsbfgd pjr kalfc
kalfc , pjræa,
kstlajs nus`lgmj ua tfpj mk DJCUK k gàj ua tfpj mk ALCTL^K. Gàj
ksqukäl mfssj!
>2>

Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? @LMK Urjvl? Gávkc Aæmfj

\ukstàj
\ukst àj >62. L`kr`l mjs `jg`kftjs mk dkrkg`flakgtj mk lrqufvjs k mk
skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj, oucduk j ftka sunskqukgtk.
Js várus mk `japutlmjr pjmka lpldlr lrqufvjs `rflmjs pkcj kmftjr mk tkxtj, gj
kgtlgtj sàj fg`lplzks mk fgik`tlr plrtks mj sfstkal jpkrl`fjglc, oì quk js
lrqufvjs mkssk sfstkal sàj prjtkdfmjs `jgtrl várus.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
Js várus pjmka fgik`tlr qulcqukr lrqufvj ju prjdrlal, nlstl quk plrl fssj kck
kxpcjrk suls vucgkrlnfcfmlmks. Ltæ aksaj lgtfvárus pjmka skr uslmjs pkcjs
várus plrl kxkr`kr sul ltfvfmlmk alcf`fjsl, pjfs kcks pjmka lmqufrfr vìrfls ijrals
`ja il`fcfmlmk k rlpfmkz lgtks aksaj quk js lgtfvárus mktk`tka. Fssj gàj
sfdgfif`l quksðj gàj
jpkrl`fjglc, lgtfvárus æ mksprkzávkc,
pjmkajs lifralr quk kck
ua æ`japutlmjr
iugmlakgtlc
qukka ua lgtfvárus
tkgbl sfstkal
olalfs skrì fgik`tlmj.
fgik`tlmj.
\ukstàj K^^LML
MF@L? \ulgmj ual qukstàj lifralr, mk lcdual algkfrl, quk ua `japutlmjr

`ja lgtfvárus gàj pjmk, mk algkfrl lcdual, skr fgik`tlmj pjr várus, kssl
qukstàj kstlrì PKAU^K FG@J^^K]L.
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? Ujcá`fl Ikmkrlc Urjvl? Ldkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj >66. L`kr`l mjs `jg`kftjs mk jrdlgfzläàj, dkrkg`flakgtj mk
lrqufvjs k skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj, oucduk js ftkgs l skdufr.
[a mjs jnoktfvjs ml skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj æ algtkr l fgtkdrfmlmk mjs mlmjs,
kvftlgmj-sk quk kcks skola lpldlmjs ju lctkrlmjs ska lutjrfzläàj mk sku
prjprfktìrfj.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
L skdurlgäl ml fgijraläàj vfsl dlrlgtfr l `jgifmkg`flcfmlmk, fgtkdrfmlmk,

mfspjgfnfcfmlmk k lutkgtf`fmlmk mjs mlmjs. Mkssl ijral, l fgtkdrfmlmk dlrlgtk
quk gàj blvkrì ajmfif`läàj gjs mlmjs lsskdurlmjs, jgmk pkssjls ska
lutjrfzläàj gàj pjmkrì lctkrì-cjs.
>20


\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L
Lgj? >5<= Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? AMF@ Urjvl? Ldkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj
\ukstàj
\ukst àj 055. @ja
lrqufvjs k å skdurlgäl
rkikrïg`fl å jrdlgfzläàj k dkrkg`flakgtj mk
ml fgijraläàj, oucduk js ftkgs sunskùtfvjs.
Js lgtfvárus, lcæa ml sul ifglcfmlmk mk mktk`tlr k kxtkrafglr várus mk
`japutlmjrks, lcduals vkzks pjmka skr uslmjs gj `janltk l spywlrks.
* ^KPUJP]L * * * * *
* * * * *
J lgtfvárus tka pjr ifglcfmlmk kcfafglr k prkvkgfr quk lrqufvjs k prjdrlals

alcf`fjsjs fgik`tk j `japutlmjr, kgtrk kssks alcwlrks kstàj js spywlrks, quk
sàj prjdrlals prjoktlmjs plrl ajgftjrlr ls ltfvfmlmks mk ua sfstkal k kgvflr
ls
Gkafgijraläûks
tjmjs js `jcktlmls
lgtfvárus plrl
tïa tkr`kfrjs.
ikrrlakgtls plrl `janltks spywlrks, als js
`jakr`flcfzlmjs pjpuclrakgtk sàj blnfcftlmjs plrl `janltï-cjs, pjrtlgtj, æ
`jaua kg`jgtrlr lgtfvárus `ja kssl `lrl`tkrástf`l, fg`cusfvk js drltuftjs.
\ukstàj
\ukst àj @J^^K]L
@J^^K]L

NFJP: Prjdrlal mk Nìsf`j mk Kgtrlml k Pláml

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NFJP: Prjdrlal mk Nìsf`j mk Kgtrlml k Pláml

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@jaj uslr kssk k-njjh

qukstûks `jakgtlmls lquf ijrla puncf`lmls ka `jg`ursjs

Ulrl quk vj`ï pjssl lprjvkftlr j aìxfaj mkssk altkrflc tjmls

Ku rk`jakgmj ijrtkakgtk quk ckfl tjmj altkrflc, als `lsj vj`ï

Ckanrk-sk quk l plrtfr mk ldjrl ku sju sku prjikssjr k quk

K-alfc plrl mÿvfmls? bkgrfqukEfgijraltf`l

Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? @JAUKPL Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk mk Plgklakgtj k

Urfakfrj mkvkajs mkifgfr j quk æ ual pcl`l-aàk ju, ka fgdcïs, ajtbkrnjlrm. L

l) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl ^LA (Akaðrfl mk L`kssj Lckltðrfj) æ rkspjgsìvkc pjr

n ) XK^^LMJQ L pcl`l mk rkmk æ rkspjgsìvkc pjr `jgk`tlr j `japutlmjr l rkmk,

` ) X@K^]JQ J @bfpskt æ ua `jgougtj mk `fr`uftjs fgtkdrlmjs oì

XK^^LMJQ J prj`ksslmjr æ rkspjgsìvkc pjr ilzkr js `ìc`ucjs, kxk`uäàj mk

l) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl ^LA (Akaðrfl mk L`kssj Lckltðrfj) æ rkspjgsìvkc pjr

n ) XK^^LMJQ @AJP (Pkaf`jgmutjr @japckakgtlr mk Ðxfmj Aktìcf`j) æ ual

m ) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl `l`bk tka `jaj prfg`fplc `lrl`tkrástf`l l vkcj`fmlmk,

k) XK^^LMJQ L akaðrfl vfrtulc æ ual tæ`gf`l quk usl plrtk ml akaðrfl

* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****

Kssl qukstàj lcæa mk kgvjcvkr `jg`kftjs nìsf`js mk fgijraìtf`l tlanæa kgvjcvk

<]N æ LU^JRFALMLAKG]K <.555DN, vlajs mfvfmfr <.555 DN pjr 2DN

n ) X@K^]JQ BMAF æ l sfdcl plrl Bfdb-Mkifgftfjg Auctfakmfl Fgtkril`k quk æ ua

` ) XK^^LMJQ YDL æ l sfdcl plrl (Yfmkj Drlpbf`s Lrrly) quk sfdgfif`l Ulmràj mk

m ) XK^^LMJQ J vámkj `japjgkgtk æ `japjstj mk 0 `japjgkgtks plrl trlgsaftfr

Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? KPLI Ðrdàj? LGL@ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Lmafgfstrltfvj

* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****

l) XK^^LMJQ k-dltks æ tk`gjcjdfl mk vkrfif`läàj k `jgtrjck mk plsslpjrtks ka

n ) XK^^LMJQ Bjst æ qulcqukr aìqufgl ju `japutlmjr `jgk`tlmj l ual rkmk.

m ) XK^^LMJQ Js ^jtklmjrks tka l iugäàj mk `jgk`tlr `japutlmjrks mk ual

k) XK^^LMJQ J Bun tka vìrfls pjrtls mk @JGKRÀJ k gàj mk `jgifdurläàj,

l) XK^^LMJQ MYM æ ua mfspjsftfvj mk lralzkglakgtj mk mlmjs, gàj pjssuf

n ) X@J^^K]JQ PPM æ l sfdcl plrl Pjcfm-Ptltk Mrfvk quk skrvk plrl

` ) XK^^LMJQ MMP æ ual sfdcl plrl `jgiugmfr js `lgmfmltjs mksltkgtjs `ja ls

k) XK^^LMJQ Mfsquktk æ ua mfspjsftfvj mk lralzkglakgtj `japjstj pjr ua

Lgj? >5<9 Nlg`l? @KPUK Ðrdàj? ]^K-UF Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j Oumf`fìrfj

* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****

` ) XK^^LMJQ [a pkgmrfvk `ja 0.255AN mk kspläj cfvrk gàj skrfl suif`fkgtk

k) X@J^^K]JQ J MYM-^T æ ua mfspjsftfvj mk lralzkglakgtj rkdrlvìvkc k

* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****

l) XK^^LMJQ <555 ijtjs mk ; akdlnytks mlrál ;.555AN (akdlnytks) ju ;DN

` ) XK^^LMJQ Ulrl `jgvkrtkr mk hfcjnytks ka akdlnytks æ gk`kssìrfj mfvfmfr pjr

Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? MUK-^^ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Fgijraìtf`l

l) X@J^^K]JQ Jvkr`cj`h æ ual tæ`gf`l plrl ijrälr j prj`ksslmjr l luakgtlr j

n ) XK^^LMJQ auctf-`jrk æ ua tkraj utfcfzlmj ljs prj`ksslmjrks `ja alfs mk

` ) XK^^LMJQ Js sjquktks sàj kstruturls plrl j kg`lfxk mk prj`ksslmjrks gl

m ) XK^^LMJQ sfgdck-`jrk æ ua tkraj uslmj plrl js prj`ksslmjrks mk lpkgls

Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? I@@ Ðrdàj? MUK-^^ Urjvl? ]æ`gf`j mk Fgijraìtf`l

n ) XK^^LMJQ Bì ua krrj auftj drlvk gkssl lctkrgltfvl, ugfmlmk mk mfs`j

m ) XK^^LMJQ Ucl`l mk akaðrfl `l`bk gàj kxfstk gl fgijraìtf`l.

k) XK^^LMJQ Kanjrl j mfspjsftfvj k[PN kxfstl l lctkrgltfvl sk rkikrk l ual

Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? PPU-LA Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk Jpkrl`fjglc

Ilzkgmj l `jgvkrsàj plssj l plssj mk >DN plrl nytk?

>.555.555.555 nytks / <55 nytks 1 >5.555.555 mk rkdfstrjs

Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? MUK-A] Urjvl? Lssfstkgtk Lmafgfstrltfvj

l) XK^^LMJQ Ls akaðrfls tïa `jaj iugäàj nìsf`l j lralzkglakgtj mlmjs k

n ) X@K^]JQ j hkrgkc, quk sfdgfif`l –gÿ`ckj‑, tka l tlrkil mk `jgk`tlr j sjitwlrk k

` ) XK^^LMJQ Pbkcc æ ua prjdrlal quk pkraftk j usuìrfj tkr l`kssj ljs

k) XK^^LMJQ MJP æ l sfdcl plrl Mfsh Jpkrltfgd Pystka ju Pfstkal Jpkrltfvj

Lgj? >5<; Nlg`l? IDY Ðrdàj? MUK-A]

* * * * ** ^KPUJP]L *****

l) XK^^LMJQ Blsb æ ual iugäàj ka fgijraìtf`l quk pjssfnfcftl fmkgtfif`lr ual

n ) X@K^]JQ ^LFM æ l sfdcl plrl ^kmugmlgt Lrrly ji Fgmkpkgmkgt Mfsh ju

` ) XK^^LMJQ @M-^JA æ ual aámfl lpkgls mk ckfturl.

m ) XK^^LMJQ Pfdcl lpkgls plrl `jgiugmfr js `lgmfmltjs mksltkgtjs.

* * * * ^KPUJP]L ***

* * * * ^KPUJP]L ***

* * * * ^KPUJP]L ***

* * * * ^KPUJP]L ***

* * * * ^KPUJP]L ***

* * * * ^KPUJP]L ***