KMQF JaDM^GII

U DMH QTG^@\D
Dgjmhems, lrukgrê` y mauitesjm
Ruliea`dm pmr 
Wheiet
Je`je,
Je`je, CI. 110><
110> <
Rrejgr`
Rrejgr` Gdeaeñh <201 (Qgreg
(Qgreg Lmiseiim)

 Dgjmh s, ^etafgs, Maau it   sg `d`ptñ dg  F`hdlmm

^etafgs , `hd tfg Maauit  md` y's \gienemhs  pmr Kmsf
 F`hd lmmoo mc Tmd`y's
JaDmwgii y Dmh Qtgw`rd, © 0561 pmr A`jpus Aruz`dg cmr Afrest, Eha., puliea`dm pmr Fgrg―s
Iecg
Iecg Ruliesfgrs, Eha.

Mreneh`ijghtg puliea`dm gh ehniås amh gi têtuim;

 Dgjmh s, ^etafgs,
^etaf gs, `hd Ma auit  pmr
` hd tfg Maauit   pmr Kmsf JaDmwgii y Dmh Qtgw`rd.
Ruliea`dm pmr Tyhd`ig
Tyhd`ig Fmusg
Fm usg Ruliesfgrs, Eha.
^g`tmh,
g`tmh , Eiiehmes.

Gdeaeñh; Nueiigrjm Iuh` y H`hay Rehgd`

Desgðm dg i` aulegrt`;  Vejgh` Wrr`
Cmtmnr`cê` dg i` aulegrt`; © <201 Iuoey`hmv`
Iuoey`hmv ` H`t`ie`/crght`,
H`t`ie`/crght`,
RgrsgmJgdus`, K`n]az
@ jghms qug sg ehdequg im amhtr`rem, gi tgxtm lêlieam f` sedm tmj`dm dg i` vgrseñh \geh` S`igr`
Amhtgjpmràhg` © Qmaegd`dgs Lêliea`s Whed`s, <225, <200, @htenu` vgrseñh dg A`semdmrm dg
\geh` (0735), rgves`d` pmr Aepre`hm dg S`igr` (032<). Mtr`s rgvesemhgs; 063<, 0525, 0532 y
0557.
I`s aet`s lêliea`s sgnued`s dg HSE smh tmj`d`s dg I` Q`ht` Lelie`,  Hugv` Sgrseñh Ehtgrh`aem h`i .
Ehtgrh `aemh`i 
 HSE. Rrmpegd`d
Rrmp egd`d ietgr`re` © 0555
055 5 pmr
p mr Leliea`.
Leliea` .
I`s aet`s lêliea`s sgð`i`d`s amh ILI@ sg tmj`rmh dg I@ LELIE@ DG I@Q @JÅ\ÊA@Q.
Ampyrenft (a) 0563, 0557, 055> pmr Tfg Imaoj`h
Cmuhd`temh.
I`s aet`s lêliea`s sgð`i`d`s amh DFF sg tmj`rmh dg  Dems f`li` fmy , Tgragr` gdeaeñh ©
f`l i` fmy,
Qmaegd`dgs
Qmaegd`dgs Lêliea`s
Lêliea`s Whed`s 0533, 05>2, 05>5, 0561, 0554.

Rrmduatm 455i76
EQLH 2->655-<000-0
EQLH 5>6-2->655-<000-3
Ejprgsm gh Amimjle`
 Rrehtgd eh Amimjle`

A`tgnmrê`; Ehtgrås nghgr`i/ Mtr`s rgienemhgs/Mauitesjm,

rgienemhgs/Mauitesjm, dgjmhmimnê`
dgjm hmimnê` y lrukgrê`.
A`tgnmry; Nghgr`i Ehtgrgst/Mtfgr \gienemh/Maauit, Dgjmhmimny, ^etafar`ct.
^etafar`ct.
 Amhtghedm

Rmrt`d`

TÊTWIM

AMRU\ENFT
AMRU\ENFT

AMHTGHEDM
AMHTGHEDM

A@RÊTWIM 0. IMQ
I MQ CGHÑJGHMQ DGI MAWITEQJ
MAWITEQJMM

A@RÊTWIM
A@RÊ TWIM <. I@ @QT\MIMN
@QT\MIMNÊ@
Ê@

A@RÊTWIM
A@RÊ TWIM 1. IMQ DGJMHEMQ

A@RÊTWIM 4. I@ R@\@RQEAMIMNÊ@

A@RÊTWIM
A@RÊ TWIM 7. Q@T@HÀQ U GI Q@T@HEQJM

A@RÊTWIM
A@RÊ TWIM 3. I@
I@ L\WKG\Ê@

AMHAIWQEÑH

@WTM\ED@
@WTM\ED@D
D QML\G Q@T@HÀQ

\GCG\GHAE@Q

@AG\A@ DG IMQ @WTM\GQ

 A@RÊTWIM 0
Ims cghñjghms dgi mauitesjm
 Gh gstg ielrm tr`t`jms
tr`t `jms dg pmhgr `i dgsaulegr
d gsaulegrtm
tm i`s
i `s mlr`s
mlr `s dg Q`t`hàs y dgi 
a`jpm dgi mauitesjm jgde`htg im qug deag i` Lelie` rgspgatm `i tgj`. @i 
f`agrim, dgsg`jms prgsght`r uh au`drm gqueielr`dm dg i` setu`aeñh y
gvet`r gi sghs`aemh`iesjm.

½PWÅ GQ GI MAWITEQJM=
I` p`i`lr` «mauitesjm¿ veghg dgi i`têh maauitus y iigv` ejpiêaet` i` edg` dg
ams`s gsamhded`s, sgargt`s y jestgrems`s.
jes tgrems`s. D`ved ^.
^. Fmmvgr, `utmr dg Añjm
rgspmhdgr `... im mauitm (Amhamrde` Ruliesfehn Fmusg, Qt. Imues, 05>>, p.
6, dgi mreneh`i gh ehniås), jghaemh` trgs a`r`atgrêstea`s destehtev`s dgi
mauitesjm;
0. Gi mauitesjm sg maup` dg ams`s sgargt`s m gsamhded`s.
<. Gi mauitesjm iede` amh mpgr`aemhgs m suagsms qug p`rgagh dgpghdgr 
dg pmdgrgs fuj`hms qug v`h jàs `iià dg ims aeham sghtedms.
1. Gi mauitesjm sg ehvmiuar` amh im smlrgh`tur`i y i` prgsghae` dg
cugrz`s `hnåiea`s m dgjmhê`a`s.

L`km i` dgsenh`aeñh dg mauitesjm ai`secea`rgjms, pmr im jghms, ims

senueghtgs `spgatms; lrukgrê`, j`ne`, quermj`hae`, ai`revedghae`, t`li`s dg
gsperetesjm, a`rt`s dgi t`rmt, s`t`hesjm, gsperetesjm, dgjmhesjm y gi usm
dg i`s lmi`s dg arest`i. @ gst` iest`
iest ` sg ig pmdrê`h `ð`der juafms mtrms jàs.
A.Q. Igwes amjghtñ uh` vgz;
Gh im qug sg rgcegrg ` ims de`lims, i` r`z` fuj`h` pugdg a`gr gh dms
grrmrgs enu`igs y dg senhm mpugstm. Whm amhsestg gh hm arggr gh su
gxestghae`. Gi mtrm, gh arggr gh ims de`lims y sghter pmr giims uh ehtgrås
gxagsevm y j`is`hm.
Ims de`lims sg seghtgh enu`ijghtg f`i`n`dms pmr `jlms grrmrgs, y
`amngh amh edåhteam ghtuse`sjm ` uh j`tgre`iest` qug ` uh fgafeagrm
 (A`rt`s dgi de`lim ` su smlrehm, Gdeaemhgs \e`ip, J`dred, Gsp`ð`, <224,
 prñimnm).
 prñimnm ).

WH@ R@I@L\@ DG @DSG\TGHAE@

Qmjms amhsaeghtgs dg qug, `i ehcmrj`r ` i` nghtg `agra` dgi juhdm
dgi mauitesjm, gxpmhdrgjms ` aegrt`s pgrsmh`s ` ams`s y pràatea`s qug hm
amhmaê`h amh `htgremred`d. Hm dgsg`jms gstejui`r i` auremsed`d dg h`deg
gh au`htm `i a`jpm dgi mauitesjm f`st` gi puhtm gh qug iignug `
amhvgrtersg gh uh` mlsgseñh. Amhsaeghtgs dg qug i` fuj`hed`d teghg aegrt`
c`saeh`aeñh pmr gi j`i, sgrê` s`lem sgnuer gi amhsgkm dgi `pñstmi R`lim;
«Puegrm qug sg`h s`lems p`r` gi legh, g ehnghums p`r` gi j`i¿ (\mj`hms
03;05). Tr`t`r dg ghtrgtghgrsg amh gi juhdm dgi mauitesjm pugdg amhduaer 
` sgre`s rgpgrausemhgs, t`htm pseamiñnea`s amjm gsperetu`igs. F`y uh` nr`h
decgrghae` ghtrg gi amhmaejeghtm ehtgigatu`i dg qug tmj`r vghghm j`t`, y
tmj`r gh rg`ied`d gi vghghm p`r` gxpgrejght`r im qug y` sg s`lg qug gs uh
fgafm. Hgagset`jms sgr amhsaeghtgs dg i`s mlr`s dgi rgehm s`tàheam, pgrm
hm f`st` gi puhtm dg i` c`saeh`aeñh j`is`h`, i` mlsgseñh m i` p`rteaep`aeñh.
p`rt eaep`aeñh.

IM QML\GH@TW\@I QÊ GVEQTG
Sevejms gh uh` åpma` gh qug i` nghtg lusa` rgspugst`s ` i`s prgnuht`s
 làsea`s
 làsea` s dg i` ved`;
ve d`; «½Auài gs gi prmpñsetm
prmpñ setm dg i` ved`=¿?
ved` =¿? «½F`y ved` dgspuås
dg spuås
dg i` jugrtg=¿? «½F`y gvedghae`s p`r` i` gxestghae` dg uh Dems
smlrgh`tur`i=¿.
Qgnûh i` Lelie` f`y uh amhtehum amhcieatm smlrgh`tur`i;
I` l`t`ii` qug ielr`jms
ielr`j ms hm gs amhtr` nghtg dg a`rhg y fugsm, sehm amhtr`
 prehaep`dms
 prehae p`dms y pmtgst`dgs,
pmtgst `dgs, amhtr` ims qug nmlegrh`h
nmlegr h`h i`s tehegli`s
tehe gli`s dg gstg
juhdm, ¡amhtr` fugstgs gsperetu`igs dg j`id`d gh i`s rgnemhgs agigstgs!
(Gcgsems 3;0<)
Gst` amhtehu` l`t`ii` gsperetu`i gs ghtrg gi rgehm dg Dems y gi rgehm dg
Q`t`hàs. Whm dg ims prmpñsetms dg i` vghed` dg Kgsuarestm `i juhdm hms im
d` gi `pñstmi Ku`h; «R`r` gstm sg f` j`hecgst`dm gi Fekm dg Dems; p`r`
dgsf`agr i`s mlr`s dgi de`lim¿ (0 Ku`h 1;6).
 @uhqug i`s Gsaretur`s `ai`r`h
@uhqug `ai `r`h qug im smlrgh`tur`i gs rg`i y qug i` nugrr`
gsperetu`i teghg iun`r, f`y queghgs igs nust`rê` dgsjetecea`r im qug sg deag
dgi de`lim, dg ims dgjmhems y dg i` pmsgseñh dgjmhê`a`. Qmsteghgh qug i`s
rgcgrghae`s gh au`htm ` im smlrgh`tur`i qug `p`rgagh gh i` Lelie` prmveghgh
dg uh` amhagpaeñh prgaeghtêcea` y supgrsteaems` dgi juhdm. Qeh gjl`rnm,
se giejehàr`jms im smlrgh`tur`i dg i`s Gsaretur`s, gst`s pgrdgrê`h su
senhecea`dm. Kmfh Jmhtnmjgry, dga`hm dg i` Gsaugi` dg Igygs Qejmh
Nrgghig`c y dgst`a`dm tgñimnm amhtgjpmràhgm, amjght`;
Whm dg jes prmcgsmrgs dg tgmimnê` smiê` `cerj`r dg j`hgr` a`tgnñrea`
qug im dgjmhê`am gh gi Hugvm Tgst`jghtm dglê` amhsedgr`rsg amjm
sejlñieam (dgi j`i, dg i` pseamses, dg i` ghcgrjgd`d, gta.), y sg `itgrñ
juafm au`hdm ig prgnuhtå se t`jleåh dglê`jms amhsedgr`r ` Kgsûs
amjm sejlñieam (dgi legh, y dg i` s`iud jght`i y cêsea`), y` qug gh i`
h`rr`aeñh smlrg i` tght`aeñh dg Kgsûs gh gi dgsegrtm sg prmduag uh
deàimnm ghtrg Åi y gi de`lim, ¡y ` `jlms sg igs amhagdg uh` amjp`r`lig
rg`ied`d m errg`ied`d! Gstm ghc`tez` i` deceauit`d amh i` dgsjetecea`aeñh
dg im s`tàheam
s`t àheam gh gi Hugv
Hugvmm Tgst`jghtm;
Tgst`jghtm; Gstàh gstrgaf`jghtg vehaui`dms
` i` rg`ied`d dg Kgsûs y tmdm su jghs`kg.
Ims qug giejeh`h ims prgsuhtms jetms
j etms dg i`s Gsaretur`s
Gsare tur`s sg qugd`h amh uh
gv`hngiem v`aêm y a`rghtg dg tmdm pmdgr dehàjeam y tr`hscmrj`dmr dg i`
ved`. Gh amhtgst`aeñh ` t`igs arêteams, rgspmhdgjms amh i` vgrd`d y i`s
`cerj`aemhgs r`aemh`igs dg tmdm gi gv`hngiem, ehaiusm i` nugrr` dg Q`t`hàs
gh amhtr` dg gstg y i` ehtgrvghaeñh smlrgh`tur`i dg Dems y su veatmre` ceh`i.
Gi juhdm dgi mauitesjm gs rg`i, ¡y dg enu`i jmdm im gs gi tmdmpmdgrmsm
Gspêretu dg Dems!

Qupgrafgrê`s dgi mauitesjm

@uhqug `djetejms i` rg`ied`d dg im smlrgh`tur`i, dglgjms tghgr 
aued`dm dg hm pmhgr tmdms ims cghñjghms ehgxpiea`ligs gh i` a`tgnmrê` dg
smlrgh`tur`i. Juafm dg im qug suagdg amh i` `p`reghae` dg smlrgh`tur`i hm
gs mtr` ams` qug c`isecea`aeñh. Gstms cghñjghms dg c`ism mauitesjm f`h
ghn`ð`dm ` juaf`s pgrsmh`s amh i` argghae` dg su ignetejed`d.
 Gh uh gxagightg ielrm tetui`dm Tfg C`ogrs, D`hhy Omrgj y R`ui Jgegr 
gxpmhgh nr`h p`rtg dg gstg cghñjghm qug sg tmj` pmr smlrgh`tur`i.
Gxpiea`h i` decgrghae` ghtrg im qug gs aegrtm y im qug gs uh ghn`ðm gh
rg`ied`d;
½Auài gs i` decgrghae` ghtrg gi mauitesjm y gi cghñjghm dg c`ism
mauitesjm= Ims cghñjghms dgi mauitesjm smh cghñjghms amh `nghtgs
smlrgh`tur`igs, m rgi`aemh`dms amh gstms, sus gcgatms y gi amhmaejeghtm
dg ims jesjms. Wh gkgjpim qug juafms amhsedgr`h uh` j`hecgst`aeñh
dg pmdgrgs mauitest`s gs uh` pmsgseñh dgjmhê`a`. Jeghtr`s qug i`
j`hecgst`aeñh gs veselig, hm im gs i` cugrz` dgtràs dg gst`. Rmdgjms vgr 
ims gcgatms  dg uh` pmsgseñh, pgrm hm pmdgjms vgr `i dgjmhem qug
 pgrpgtr`
 pgrpgt r` i` j`hecgst
j`he cgst`aeñh.
`aeñh. Ims cghñjghms
cghñj ghms dg c`ism
c`is m mauitesj
mauit esjmm smh
fgafms qug gh `p`reghae` sg dglgh ` sgargtms pmdgrgs smlrgh`tur`igs y,
seh gjl`rnm, ims prmduagh a`us`s cêsea`s m pseamiñnea`s.
Whm dg ims prmpñsetms dg gstg ielrm gs dgst`a`r i` decgrghae` ghtrg gi
mauitesjm y gi c`ism mauitesjm. F`y uh nr`h pgienrm gh tr`t`rims gh
enu`id`d dg amhdeaemhgs. Wh fmjlrg qug `i p`rgagr f`lê` rg`iez`dm
`atms dg gxmraesjm gh v`rems ehdevedums ghdgjmhe`dms tr`tñ dg f`agrim
amh uh` kmvghaet`. Gi fmjlrg `tñ ` i` kmvgh ` uh` seii`, ` ceh dg
ejpgderig qug sg feaegr` d`ðm, y prmagdeñ amh su retu`i. \gsuitñ qug i`
afea` hm gst`l` ghdgjmhe`d`, sehm qug gr` gsquezmcråhea` y hgagset`l`
i` `yud` dg uh pseque`tr` a`iecea`dm. I` juaf`af`, amjm gs mlvem
`tgrrmrez`d` pmr gi tr`uj`, sg qugdñ gh pgmr gst`dm qug au`hdm cug ` vgr 
`i fmjlrg gh augsteñh (D`hhy Omrgj y R`ui Jgegr, Tfg C`ogrs, L`ogr 
Lmmo Fmusg, Nr`hd \`peds, JE, 0562, pp. 07-03).
 Hm f`ag c`it`
c`it ` dgaer qug sg dglg tghgr prga`uaeñh
prga`ua eñh `htgs dg d`r pmr 
sght`dm qug `inûh cghñjghm ehgxpiea`lig gs dgjmhê`am. @uhqug hm tmdms
ims gsaretmrgs areste`hms amima`rê`h aegrtms cghñjghms l`km i` a`tgnmrê` dg
supgrafgrê`, amjm im f`agh Omrgj y Jgegr, gstms ûitejms dgjugstr`h amh
ai`red`d i` hgagsed`d dg jmdgr`aeñh gh `treluerig juafms cghñjghms
ehgxpiea`ligs `i mauitesjm.

I@ GVRIMQEÑH DGI MAWITEQJM

 Sevejms gh uh` åpma` dmhdg i` `ateved`d mauitest` `ujght` amh r`pedgz.
J`rteh Glmh, gxsgargt`rem `djehestr`tevm dg i`  R`r`syafmimny
 R`r`syafmim ny Cmuhd`temh
 y `utmr dg I` tr`jp` dg Q`t`hàs y D`hngrs mc tfg Maauit,
Maaui t, d` su gv`iu`aeñh
dgi a`d` vgz jàs argaeghtg ehtgrås pmr gi cghñjghm mauitest`;
Fmy gh dê`, i`s pràatea`s mauitest`s y ims cghñjghms psêqueams gkgragh
dmjehem smlrg jeiimhgs
jeii mhgs dg gst`dmuhedghsgs _...Z
_...Z
Dms cghñjghms dg j`s`s f`h amhtreluedm ` gst` tghdghae`. Gi prejgrm
gs gi auitm ` i` drmn`, im au`i prmvma` uh ehtgrås gh augstemhgs t`igs
amjm i` «gucmre` seh drmn`¿, qug sg lusa` ` tr`vås dg i` jgdet`aeñh
tr`saghdght`i y pràatea`s sgjgk`htgs, `sê amjm gh i` amhcerj`aeñh dgi
sghtejeghtm ehduaedm pmr i` drmn` dg qug i` jghtg pugdg dmjeh`r i`
j`tgre` y ims `amhtgaejeghtms. Gi sgnuhdm gs i` sgreg dg pgiêaui`s juy
 pmpui`rgs
 pmpui`r gs qug f`h arg`dm mig`d`s suagsev`s
suagse v`s dg ehtgrås
ehtgr ås y p`rteaep`ae
p`rte aep`aeñh
ñh
gh gi mauitesjm m gh gi c`ism mauitesjm. Amh  I` sgjeii`sgjeii ` dgi de`lim, i`
au`i teghg qug vgr amh gi h`aejeghtm dg uh` are`tur` de`lñiea`, sg
 prmdukm uh `ujghtm
`ujght m dg i`s pràatea`s
pràat ea`s dg lrukgrê`?
lrukg rê`? amh  Gi gxmraest`
gxmrae st` , i`
 pmsgseñh
 pmsgse ñh dgjmhê`a`
dgjmhê `a` y gi gxmraesjm
gxmrae sjm sg dr`j`tez`
dr`j` tez`rmh
rmh `htg uh pûlieam
pûliea m dg
jeiimhgs? y mtr`s pgiêaui`s y prmnr`j`s dg tgigveseñh sg f`h maup`dm dg
tgj`s sejei`rgs
se jei`rgs (J`rteh Glmh, «Tfg Maauit
Maauit Tgjpt`temh¿,
Tgjpt`temh¿, Tfg Fuj`hest,
ghgrm-cglrgrm, 05>>).
Gs gvedghtg qug i`s argghae`s dgi mauitesjm f`h pghgtr`dm `fmr` gh a`d`
`spgatm dg hugstr` smaegd`d. Dgsdg ims jgdems f`st` ims supgrjgra`dms,
hm pmdgjms p`s`r seh ghamhtr`rhms `inûh tepm dg ietgr`tur` mauitest` m dg
ehciughae` mauitest`. Rmdgjms ghamhtr`r fmrñsampms p`r` i` pårded` dg
 pgsm y fmrñsampms
fmrñs ampms p`r` uh`
uh ` jgkmr
jgkm r ved` sgxu`i.
sg xu`i.

½RM\ PWÅ F@U T@I EHTG\ÅQ GH GI

MAWITEQJM=
Amh i` `i`rj`htg t`s` dg pgrsmh`s qug sg gstàh ehvmiuar`hdm gh gi
mauitesjm, surng i` ehgvet`lig prgnuht` dg «pmr quå¿; ½Rmr quå i` nghtg
qug vevg gh gst` åpma` eiustr`d`, amh tmdms ims j`r`veiimsms `v`hags
aeghtêceams y tgahmiñneams, p`rteaep` gh pràatea`s dg mauitesjm= Arggjms
 qug gxestgh v`rems c`atmrgs qug f`h amhtreluedm `i ehargjghtm dg i`
 pmpui`red`d
 pmpui`r ed`d dgi mauite
m auitesjm.
sjm.

D`tms smlrg gi argaeghtg ehtgrås pmr gi mauitesjm

0. I`s jukgrgs amhstetuygh uh` j`ymrê` dg ims amjpr`dmrgs dg ielrms,

rgvest`s y `juigtms dgi mauitesjm.
<. Wh`
Wh` amjp`ðê` ii`j`d`
i i`j`d` Tfg @jgrea`h @strmiñnea`i @ssmae`temh
`cerj` qug f` vghdedm fmrñsampms ` 115.332 ehdevedums pmr prgaems
qug msaei`h ghtrg $ 1.72 f`st` $ 5.57 a`d` uhm.
1. @irgdgdmr
@irgdgdmr dg 63.222 jukgrgs p`n`rmh $ 6.42 a`d` uh` ` tr`våst r`vås dgi
amrrgm p`r` amjpr`r uh amin`htg amh uh nghem dg i` lmtgii` p`r` i`
 lugh` sugrtg.
sugrt g.
4. Wh tmt`i dg <26.12< pgrsmh`s amjpr`rmh gi J`hu`i dg pmdgrgs
smlrgh`tur`igs, gi au`i d` ehstruaaemhgs p`r` `htenums fgafezms y
 pmaemhgs.
 pmaemhgs .
7. F`y
F`y 03.64< jegjlrms dgi Aêrauim Jêsteam
Jês team y dgi Aiul dgi Ielrm dg
@rtgs Mauit`s
Mauit`s dg i` gdetmre`i
gdetmre `i Rrghteag F`ii.

 I` sgaui`re
s gaui`rez`aeñh
z`aeñh dgi areste`hes jm.  Gh
ares te`hesjm. ims ûitejms `ðms, sg f` prmduaedm
uh rgaf`zm dg i`s dmatreh`s a`rdeh`igs dg i` cg areste`h` pmr p`rtg dg ims
qug maup`h uh` pmseaeñh dg iedgr`znm gh i` enigse`.
enigse `. Gstm dgk` uh nr`h v`aêm
gsperetu`i gh gi juhdm, im au`i ehvet` ` i`s pgrsmh`s amh hgagsed`dgs
gsperetu`igs ` qug v`y`h ` mtrm iun`r p`r` s`tesc`agri`s. @dgjàs, `inuhms
dg gsms iêdgrgs gaigse`igs qug f`h `l`hdmh`dm gi gv`hngiem sg f`h
amhvgrtedm gh pr`atea`htgs dgi mauitesjm, prmvma`hdm uh` jght`ied`d dg
«sen` `i iêdgr¿ gh juafms gxcgienrgsgs.
Gi gkgjpim aiàseam sgrê` gi mlespm gpesamp`i, K`jgs Reog, quegh rgaf`zñ
i` cg dg i` enigse` gh i` dged`d dg Arestm, su h`aejeghtm verneh`i y mtr`s
vgrd`dgs cuhd`jght`igs. Dgspuås dg i` jugrtg pmr sueaedem dg su fekm,
Reog amjghzñ ` amhsuit`r jådeujs, ehaiuyghdm `i c`jmsm @rtfur Cmrd, gh
uh ehtghtm pmr amjuhea`rsg amh gi gspêretu dg su fekm jugrtm. Reog sg
amhverteñ gh uh cegi argyghtg dg i` ved` dgspuås dg i` jugrtg, hm pmr i`
dmatreh` lêliea`, sehm pmr su p`rteaep`aeñh gh gi mauitesjm, y `rr`strñ `
juafms `i msaurm juhdm dgi mauitesjm. Au`hdm i` enigse` «deiuyg¿ gi
gv`hngiem dg Arestm, sg `lrg dg p`r gh p`r i` pugrt` f`ae` i` pràatea` dgi
mauitesjm.
auremse d`d.  F`y
 I` auremsed`d. aegrtm jestgrem gh tmrhm `i mauitesjm qug `pgi` `
hugstr` auremsed`d. Juafms dg ims qug sg ehvmiuar`h gh i`s pràatea`s
mauitest`s im f`agh gjpgz`hdm amh i`s prgsuht`s pràatea`s «ehmcghsev`s¿,
t`igs amjm i` igatur` dgi fmrñsampm m gi usm dg i` Muek` m t`li` gsperetest`.
Dgspuås `v`hz`h f`ae` uh` p`rteaep`aeñh jàs prmcuhd` dgledm ` uh
ehargjghtm dg i` auremsed`d. Luzz`rd amjght` `agra` dg gst` c`saeh`aeñh;
 Hugstr` åpma` p`rgag tghgr uh` prmcuhd` c`saeh`aeñh
c`sae h`aeñh pmr gi j`i,
j`i , im
gxtr`v`n`htg y im ehgxpiea`lig. Rrmiecgr` gh gi fmrrmr y i` rgpuiseñh. Im
qug f`ag qug uhm sg dgsj`yg, vmjetg m gxpgrejghtg pgs`deii`s teghg
aegrtm gha`htm j`nhåteam. J`ry Ohmli`uaf rgsujg gst` c`saeh`aeñh gh
su amjght`rem smlrg  Gi gxmraest`;
gxmrae st`;   «Puezà im jàs `tgrr`dmr smlrg  Gi 
gxmraest` sg` i` sgd y i` c`saeh`aeñh pmr gi j`i qug y`ag mauitm gh tmdms
hmsmtrms, gjgrneghdm amh vemight` r`pedgz kustm gh i` gha`rh`aeñh¿. T`i
 p`rgag qug
q ug gi jmjght
j mjghtmm dg gs` gha`rh`ae
gha `rh`aeñh
ñh hms supgr`.
supgr `. Qurng im
i m qug gstà
mauitm y d`hz` gh i`s a`iigs seh pudmr (Iyhh Luzz`rd, ehtrmduaaeñh `
Rmssgsse mh,  gdet`dm pmr Kmfh ^`rweao Jmhtnmjgry, Lgtf`hy
 Dgjmh Rmssgssemh,
Cgiimwfep, Jehhg`pmies, 05>3, pp. 0>-06).
Im i`jght`lig gs qug f`y qug p`n`r uh prgaem pmr gst` auremsed`d
rgspgatm `i mauitesjm. Gi mauitesjm hm gs `inm hgutr`i dmhdg uh` pgrsmh`
 pugdg ghtr`r
ghtr `r y s`ier
s`i er seh
se h hehnûh gcgatm
gcg atm `dvgrsm.
`dvgr sm.
Gh su ielrm tetui`dm  Oehndmj mc D`rohgss,  C.^. Tfmj`s rgi`t` i`
festmre` dg uh gquepm pgremdêsteam dg uh fmjlrg y su gspms` qug dgsg`l`
ehvgsten`r gi mauitesjm gh Imhdrgs. Qg uhegrmh ` uh nrupm s`t`hest` ` ceh
dg mltghgr ehcmrj`aeñh dg prejgr` j`hm, pgrm ` i` i`rn` im `l`hdmh`rmh
dgledm ` i`s ams`s gspgiuzh`htgs qug vegrmh. Qu ved` huha` vmiveñ ` sgr i`
jesj`. Ims turl`l`h juafms ehaedghtgs y gxpgreghae`s tgrreligs.
tgrre ligs.
Tfmj`s amhaiuyñ; «T`i cug i` gxpgreghae` dg uh` p`rgk` ejprudghtg,
auy` auremsed`d pmr i` j`ne` hgnr` ims `rr`strñ pmr ehdgaeligs `hnuste`s y
 dgsgspgr`aeñh. Gh rg`ied`d, uhm hm pugdg rgamngr ims d`rdms dgi cugnm
jàneam y dgk`rims ` vmiuht`d seh qugj`rsg. Qegjprg f`y uh prgaem qug
 p`n`r pmr gi
g i usm
us m dg gstms pmdgrgs prmfeledms,
prmfele dms, t`htm
t `htm gh gstg
gst g juhdm
ju hdm amjm
amj m gi
vghedgrm¿ (C.^. Tfmj`s,  Oehndmj mc D`rohgss,  aet`dm pmr Aieccmrd
^eismh y Kmfh ^gidmh gh Maauit Qfmao `hd Rsyafea Cmrags,  J`stgr 
Lmmos, Q`h Degnm, 0562, pp. 01-04).
 Gi mauitesjm rg`ie d`d. 
mauite sjm mcrgag i` rg`ied`d. F`y uh` rg`ied`d gh i` gxpgreghae`
mauitest` qug `tr`g ` juaf`s pgrsmh`s. Tmdms dgsg`jms `inûh tepm dg
rgspugst` dgcehetev` ` i`s prgnuht`s làsea`s dg i` ved`, y gi juhdm dgi
mauitesjm mcrgag rgspugst`s dg lugh` n`h`. Gi `strñimnm ig tr`z` ` ustgd su
fmrñsampm. I` t`li` gsperetest` ig prmjgtg mreght`aeñh y gi jådeuj qug
f`li` amh gi gspêretu dg su p`reghtg c`iigaedm ig pmhg gh amhmaejeghtm dg
qug i`s ams`s gstàh juy legh gh gi mtrm juhdm.
Dgledm ` qug gst`s pràatea`s mauitest`s rgvgi`h `inuh`s ams`s
`smjlrms`s, gi pr`atea`htg iign` ` arggr qug f` gxpgrejght`dm i` jàxej`
rg`ied`d y qug y` hm hgagset` amhtehu`r i` lûsqugd` dg i` vgrd`d. Gi v`aêm
gsperetu`i sg iigh` amh uh` gxpgreghae` gsperetu`i, qug hm gs dg Dems, sehm
qug a`se segjprg veghg dg im jàs prmcuhdm dgi ehcegrhm.

I@ LELIE@ U GI MAWITEQJM
I` Lelie` amhdgh` dg j`hgr` a`tgnñrea` tmd`s y a`d` uh` dg i`s pràatea`s
mauitest`s;
Au`hdm ghtrgs ` i` tegrr` qug gi Qgðmr tu Dems tg d`, hm amjgt`s ims
jesjms `atms rgpunh`htgs qug pr`atea`h gs`s h`aemhgs. Pug hm f`y` gh
te h`deg qug f`n` p`s`r ` su fekm m ` su fek` pmr gi cugnm, he h`deg qug
 pr`atequg
 pr`at equg i` `deveh`aeñh,
`deveh `aeñh, he sg` `nmrgrm,
`nmrgr m, he smrtêignm,
smrtê ignm, he fgafeagrm,
fgafeag rm, he
gha`ht`dmr, he `devehm, he j`nm, he h`deg qug amhsuitg ` ims jugrtms. @i
Qgðmr ig rgpunh`h tmdms ims qug f`agh gst`s ams`s, y prgaes`jghtg pmr 
gstms `atms rgpunh`htgs gi Qgðmr tu Dems v` ` gxpuis`r dg tu prgsghae` `
gst`s h`aemhgs. Dgi`htg dgi Qgðmr tu Dems dglgs sgr pgrcgatm, pmrqug i`s
h`aemhgs dg i`s qug v`s ` tmj`r pmsgseñh prgst`h mêdm ` ims `nmrgrms y `
 ims `devehms, pgrm ` te gi Qgðmr tu Dems hm tg pgrjetg f`agr gsm.
(Dgutgrmhmjem 06;5-04)
Dgi jesjm jmdm, gi Hugvm Tgst`jghtm amhdgh` t`igs mlr`s dg i`s
tehegli`s (Nài`t`s 7;<2). Gh i` aeud`d dg Åcgsm, juafms dg ims qug
 pr`atea`l`h
 pr`ate a`l`h gi mauitesj
mauit esjmm sg amhvertegr
amhver tegrmh
mh gh argyghtgs
argyght gs dg Kgsuarestm
Kgsuar estm y
rghuhae`rmh ` sus pràatea`s mauitest`s. «Dg enu`i j`hgr`, juafms dg ims
qug pr`atea`l`h i` j`ne` iigv`rmh sus ielrms y ims qugj`rmh dgi`htg dg
tmdms¿ (Fgafms 05;05).
Mtrm ghaughtrm amh gi mauitesjm pmdgjms vgrim gh Fgafms 01;3-0<;
Iugnm `tr`vgs`rmh tmd` i` esi`, f`st` iign`r ` R`cms, dmhdg f`lê` uh
j`nm y c`ism prmcgt` kudêm, ii`j`dm L`r Kgsûs, qug gst`l` amh gi
 prmañhsui Qgrnem R`uim, quegh gr` uh v`rñhv`r ñh juy
j uy prudghtg.
pr udghtg. Qgrnem R`uim
j`hdñ ii`j`r ` Lgrh`lå y ` Q`uim, pmrqug dgsg`l` mêr i` p`i`lr` dg
Dems. Rgrm gi j`nm Giej`s (qug `sê sg tr`duag su hmjlrg), sg im
ejpgdê` y prmaur`l` `p`rt`r dg i` cg `i prmañhsui. Amjm Q`uim, m sg`,
R`lim, gst`l` iighm dgi Gspêretu Q`htm, cekñ i` jer`d` gh gi j`nm y dekm;
«¡Grgs uh fekm dgi de`lim! ¡Gstàs iighm dg jghter` y dg j`id`d, y grgs
ghgjenm dg i` kusteae`! ½Auàhdm dgk`ràs dg tr`stmrh`r ims a`jehms
rgatms dgi Qgðmr= Rmh `tghaeñh, pmrqug i` j`hm dgi Qgðmr gstà gh tu
amhtr` y v`s ` qugd`rtg aegnm? hm pmdràs vgr gi smi pmr `inûh tegjpm.¿
tegj pm.¿ U
`i ehst`htg qugdñ amjpigt`jghtg aegnm? y a`jeh`l` gh aêrauims,
 lusa`hdm `inuegh
`inueg h qug im iigv`r`
iigv` r` dg i`
i ` j`hm.
j `hm. Au`hdm gi prmañhsui vem im
qug f`lê` suagdedm, qugdñ j`r`veii`dm dg i` ghsgð`hz` dgi Qgðmr y
argyñ.
Gi c`ism prmcgt` qug sg ii`j`l` ` sê jesjm «L`r Kgsûs¿ (Fekm dg Kgsûs)
tr`t`l` gh rg`ied`d dg ejpgder qug gi nmlgrh`dmr, Qgrnem R`uim, sg feaegr`
argyghtg, y gi kueaem dg i` agnugr` gh gstg fmjlrg cug ehjgde`tm. ^`itgr 
J`rtêh f`ag aegrt`s mlsgrv`aemhgs s`n`ags smlrg gi p`s`kg, `i ghujgr`r 
aeham a`r`atgrêstea`s dg ims
i ms qug sg mpmhgh ` Dems;
Dems;

0. Gstàh `ie`dms amh Q`t`hàs y pmsggh aegrtms pmdgrgs smlrgh`tur`igs.

<. Qmh c`isms prmcgt`s.
1. Lusa`h ehciuer dg j`hgr` pmiêtea` y gaigseàstea` gh i`s pgrsmh`s,
smlrg tmdm i`s qug gstàh gh pugstms dg `utmred`d (vgrsêauims 3 y >).
4. Tr`t`h dg ejpgder qug ims qug lusa`h mêr i` R`i`lr` dg Dems i`
`prghd`h, mpmheåhdmsg
mpmheåhdmsg ` ims qug i` prgdea`h (vgrsêauim 6).
7. Ehtght`h ` prmpñsetm destr`gr dg dg i` cg ` pmtghae`igs amhvgrsms
(vgrsêauim 6) amjm su mlkgtevm ceh`i (^`itgr J`rtêh, Tfg J`zg mc 
 Jmrrhmhe sj,Sesemh Fmusg Ruliesfgrs, Eha., Q`ht` @h`, A@, 05>>, pp.
 Jmrrhmhesj,
<03-<0>).
 A@RÊTWIM <
I` `strmimnê`
 Dms dg
d g i`s prgnuht`s jàs aruae`igs
aruae`i gs qug mlsgsemh`h
mlsgsem h`h ` i` fuj`hed`d smh
gst`s; «½Pueåh smy ym=¿ y «½Puå suagdgrà gh gi cuturm=¿. Juaf`s
 pgrsmh`s pegrdgh
pegrdg h gi sugðm prgmaupàhdmsg pmr gi cuturm, prgnuhtàhdmsg
quå smlrgvghdrà j`ð`h`. I` `strmimnê` prgtghdg tghgr i` rgspugst` `
gst`s prgnuht`s làsea`s. Mcrgag fmrñsampms de`rems p`r` prgdgaer gi 
 cuturm dg i`s pgrsmh`s. Gh juaf`s amhvgrs`aemhgs
amhvgrs`ae mhgs a`su`igs surng;
«½Auài gs su senhm=¿. Gi `htenum `rtg mauitest` dg i` `strmimnê` sg f`
vugitm juy pmpui`r gh i` auitur` dg hugstrm senim vgehtg.

½PWÅ GQ I@
I @ @QT\MIMNÊ@=
I` `strmimnê` gs uh` `htenu` pràatea` qug d` pmr sght`dm qug i`
 pmseaeñh
 pmseae ñh dg i`s gstrgii`
gstr gii`ss y ims pi`hgt`s
pi`hgt `s teghg
tegh g uh` ehciughae`
ehci ughae` dergat`
derga t` smlrg
i`s pgrsmh`s y ims `amhtgaejeghtms. Qgnûh a`lg supmhgr, gi gsqugj` dg i`
ved` dg `inuegh pugdg tr`z`rsg se sg dgtgrjeh` i` i ` pmseaeñh dg i`s gstrgii`s y
ims pi`hgt`s gh gi jmjghtm dgi h`aejeghtm dg deaf` pgrsmh`. I` t`li` qug
ehtght` imnr`r gstm sg amhmag amjm «fmrñsampm¿. \ghå \ghå Hmmrlgrngh gxpiea`
añjm sg tr`z` gi fmrñsampm dg uh` pgrsmh`;
R`r` a`d` fmrñsampm pgrsmh`i, gi jmjghtm dgi h`aejeghtm gs gi puhtm
dg p`rted` gsghae`i. Gstm, kuhtm amh i` i`tetud y i` imhnetud dgi iun`r dg
h`aejeghtm dgi ehdevedum, prmvgg gi amhkuhtm eheae`i p`r` i` t`li`
`strmiñnea` amjûh. @uhqug gstm gs gigjght`i, hm gs amjpigtm? uh c`atmr 
amhmaedm amjm i` «fmr` ima`i vgrd`dgr`¿ dglg amhsedgr`rsg t`jleåh.
Gst` fmr` «vgrd`dgr`¿ sg imnr` suj`hdm m rgst`hdm au`trm jehutms pmr 
a`d` nr`dm dg imhnetud gh gi qug gstà su iun`r dg h`aejeghtm,
h`aej eghtm, `i gstg m `i
mgstg dgi aghtrm gh gi fusm fmr`rem dg su h`aejeghtm. Wh` vgz imnr`dm
gstm, gi prñxejm p`sm gs amhvgrter gst` fmr` «vgrd`dgr`¿ gh fmr`
«sedgr`i¿ m dg i`s gstrgii`s. Gstm sg rg`iez` amh i` `yud` dg uh
a`ighd`rem `strmhñjeam, uh ielrm dg rgcgrghae` qug jugstr` i`s
 pmseaemhgs
 pmseae mhgs dg ims pi`hgt`s
pi`hgt `s amh rgi`aeñh
rgi `aeñh ` i`
i ` tegrr`
tegr r` _...Z
 Wh` vgz mltghedms gstms d`tms (gsms sghaeiims p`sms hm  smh jàs decêaeigs
qug rgsmivgr uh prmligj` dg j`tgjàtea` dg såptejm nr`dm), gstà iestm
 p`r` «tr`z`r¿
«tr`z `r¿ su fmrñsampm. Gstm senhecea`
senhe cea` qug sg `iehg`
`iehg ` gi
«`saghdeghtg¿ amh i` pmseaeñh dg i`s hugvg gh puhtm smlrg gi aêrauim
ehtgremr dgi fmrñsampm, y dg `fê gh `dgi`htg gstà prgp`r`dm p`r` «iggr¿
i`s devgrs`s «a`s`s¿ zmde`a`igs qug amhtrmi`h su ved` y dgstehm (\ghå
 Hmmrlgrngh, Tfg Qmui Fustigrs,  [mhdgrv`h, Nr`hd \`peds, JE, 05>3,
 pp. 0>3- 0>>).

½AÑJM QG KWQTECEA@=
Jeaf`gi S`h Lusoero gxpiea` añjm ims `strñimnms kustecea`h sus
 pràatea`s;
 pràate a`s;
 Hugstrm cuturm
cutur m sg pugdg prmhmstea`r,
prmhmst ea`r, sgnûh sg deag, dgledm ` qug i`
`strmimnê` `cerj` i` uhed`d dg tmd`s i`s ams`s. Gst` gs i` argghae` dg qug
gi Tmdm (m tmdm gi uhevgrsm kuhtm) gs, dg `inûh jmdm, enu`i ` i` R`rtg (m
gi amjpmhghtg ehdevedu`i m gi fmjlrg), m qug i` R`rtg gs uh rgcigkm
jghmr dgi Tmdm (gi jmdgim j`armañsjeam/jearmañsjeam). I` pmseaeñh
dg ims pi`hgt`s (gi j`arm) ehciuyg gh gi fmjlrg y prmduag i`
amrrgspmhdeghtg rg`aaeñh gh gi jesjm (gi jearm). Gstm f`ag dgi fmjlrg
uh pgñh gh gi amsjms amh su ved` y sus `aaemhgs prgdgtgrjeh`d`s g
eh`itgr`ligs (Jeaf`gi S`h Lusoero,  @strmimny;
 @strmimny ; \gvev`i eh tfg Amsjea
N`rdgh, A`res, Amst` Jgs`, A@, 05>3, p. 3).

 Hmmrlgrngh amhaiuyg;
amhaiuyg ; «R`r` arggr gh i` `strmimnê`,
`strm imnê`, dglg `pmy`r i`
ceimsmcê` dg qug uhm h`aeñ ’pgrdgdmr‚ m ’n`h`dmr‚. I`s gstrgii`s, sg hms
deag, hm smim prmhmstea`h gi aursm dg hugstr` ved`, sehm qug t`jleåh
 prmvma`h qug ims suagsms tghn`h iun`r.
iun`r. Ejpgigh
Ejpg igh y amjpgigh¿
amjpgi gh¿ (\ghg
 Hmmrlgrngh, Mp. Aet., pp. 0>6-0>5).

IMQ R\MLIGJ@Q DG I@ @QT\MIMNÊ@

I`s `cerj`aemhgs qug ims `strñimnms f`h fgafm f`h jgrgaedm sgvgr`s
arêtea`s pmr p`rtg dg i` amjuhed`d aeghtêcea`. Gh sgptegjlrg dg 05>7,
aeghtm mafght` y sges prmjehghtgs aeghtêceams gst`dmuhedghsgs, kuhtm amh
 degaemafm n`h`dmrgs dgi Rrgjem Hmlgi, sg prmhuhae`rmh gh amhtr` dg «i`s
 prgtghaems`s
 prgtgh aems`s `cerj`ae
`cer j`aemhgs
mhgs dg ims af`ri`t`hgs
af`ri` t`hgs dg i` `strmimnê`¿
`strm imnê`¿,, deaeghdm,
deaeg hdm,
ghtrg mtr`s ams`s, qug hm f`y hehnuh` l`sg aeghtêcea` p`r` d`r pmr sght`dm
qug i`s gstrgii`s prgdeagh ims `amhtgaejeghtms g ehciuygh smlrg i` ved` dg
i`s pgrsmh`s. Fg `quê `inuh`s dg i`s r`zmhgs pmr i`s qug i` pràatea` dg i`
`strmimnê` sg dglg rgaf`z`r pmr su c`it` dg renmr aeghtêceam y sgr amhtr`re` `
i` Lelie`.
 Gi prmligj` `utmred`d .  Ims
prmligj ` dg i` `utmred`d. `strñimnms smh vêatej`s dg su prmpem
sestgj`. A`rgagh dg i` `utmred`d mlkgtev` ehdespghs`lig p`r` gxpiea`r 
hugstrm prmpem juhdm. Qe tmd`s i`s ams`s gstàh prgdgtgrjeh`d`s
amhkuht`jghtg amh gi zmdê`am, ½añjm ims `strñimnms pugdgh dgk`r dg
 pghs`r gh gsg
g sg c`t`ies
c`t `iesjm
jm p`r` mlsgrv`rim
mlsgrv`r im amh prgaese
prga eseñh=
ñh=
½Puå t`i se ims `strñimnms jesjms gstuvegr`h prgdgtgrjeh`dms p`r`
gxpiea`r tmd`s i`s ams`s ` tr`vås dg i` `strmimnê`= Hm f`y j`hgr` dg qug
 pugd`h prml`r su sestgj`
sest gj` se giims jesjms
jes jms smh amjm pgmhgs dg `kgdrgz
`kgdr gz gh
gsg jesjm sestgj`.
 Qestgj`s amhcie atm.  Gi
 Qestgj `s gh amhcieatm. prmligj` dg `utmred`d gh i` `strmimnê` sg pmhg
dg j`hecegstm au`hdm uhm sg d` aught` dg qug gxestgh juafms sestgj`s dg
`strmimnê` qug smh de`jgtr`ijghtg mpugstms ghtrg sê. Ims `strñimnms dg
maaedghtg hm ehtgrprgt`h gi fmrñsampm dg i` jesj` j`hgr` gh qug im f`rê`
uh `strñimnm afehm.
@uh gh maaedghtg, hm f`y uh`hejed`d dg ehtgrprgt`aeñh ghtrg ims
`strñimnms, y` qug `inuhms smsteghgh qug f`y mafm senhms zmde`a`igs gh
vgz dg dmag, jeghtr`s qug mtrms smsteghgh qug smh a`tmrag m `uh
vgehteau`trm ims senhms dgi zmdê`am.
Amh ims decgrghtgs sestgj`s gjpig`dms pmr ims `strñimnms, ¡uh` pgrsmh`
 pugdg er ` dms `strñimnms
`str ñimnms decgrgh
de cgrghtgs
tgs y rgaeler
rg aeler dms prgdeaaemhgs
prgde aaemhgs mpugst`s pmr 
amjpigtm p`r` gi jesjm dê`! Gstm hm smim gs uh` pmseleied`d, sehm uh`
rg`ied`d t`jleåh, pugs uh` sghaeii` amjp`r`aeñh ghtrg prgdeaaemhgs
`strmiñnea`s gh ims pgreñdeams dgi dê` ` jghudm rgvgi`rà amhtr`deaaemhgs.
 Ruhtm dg vest`
vest ` ngmaåhtrea m. I`
ngma åhtream. `strmimnê` sg l`s` gh i` prgjes` dg qug ims
 pi`hgt`s
 pi`hgt `s ner`h
ne r`h `irgdgdmr
`i rgdgdmr dg i` Tegrr`,
Te grr`, qug
q ug gs im
i m qug sg amhmag amjm
amj m «tgmrê`
«tgmr ê`
 ngmaåhtrea`¿. Ampårheam dgjmstrñ qug gst` tgmrê` gr` grrñhg`, pugs prmlñ
qug ims pi`hgt`s ner`h `irgdgdmr
`i rgdgdmr dgi Qmi y hm dg i` Tegrr`.
Tegrr `. Gstm gs im qug sg
amhmag amjm «tgmrê` fgiemaåhtrea`¿. Rugstm qug i` `strmimnê` sg l`s` gh i`
rgcut`d` tgmrê` ngmaåhtrea`, su amhce`leied`d gstà dgstrued`. D`dm qug i`
 prgjes`
 prgje s` làsea` gs c`is`,
c`is `, tmd`s i`s amhaiusemhgs,
amhaius emhgs, `uh se smh dåleijght
dålei jghtgg
rgehtgrprgt`d`s amh gi amhmaejeghtm `atu`i y gxtr`êd`s dg gst` supmseaeñh,
smh c`is`s pmr enu`i.
c`it `h.  Whm
 Ims pi`hgt`s qug c`it`h. dg ims j`ymrgs amhagptms grrñhgms qug
amhstetuyg i` l`sg dg i` `strmimnê` teghg qug vgr amh gi hûjgrm dg pi`hgt`s
dg hugstrm sestgj` smi`r. I` j`ymrê` dg i`s t`li`s `strmiñnea`s sg l`s`h gh
i` fepñtgses dg qug f`y segtg pi`hgt`s gh hugstrm sestgj` smi`r (ehaiuyghdm
gi Qmi y i` Iuh`).
Gh tegjpms `htenums, Wr`hm, Hgptuhm y Riutñh hm gr`h mlsgrv`ligs `
sejpig vest`. Rmr amhsenueghtg, ims `strñimnms l`s`l`h su sestgj` gh ims
segtg pi`hgt`s qug argê`h qug ner`l`h `irgdgdmr dg i` Tegrr`. Dgsdg
ghtmhags, sg f` prml`dm qug gi Qmi, y hm i` Tegrr`, gs gi aghtrm dgi sestgj`
smi`r y qug gxestgh trgs pi`hgt`s jàs
j às gh hugstrm sestgj` smi`r
smi `r..
Ngjgims.  Wh amhst`htg jmtevm dg vgrnùghz` p`r` ims `strñimnms gs gi
h`aejeghtm dg ngjgims. D`dm qug h`agh `i jesjm tegjpm
t egjpm y iun`r, tghdrê`h
gi jesjm dgstehm. Im i`jght`lig gs qug gsg hm gs gi a`sm, pugs i`
gxpgreghae` hms dgjugstr` qug dms pgrsmh`s qug h`agh `i jesjm tegjpm
 pugdgh vever ved`s decgrghtgs
decgr ghtgs pmr amjpigtm.
amjpig tm. Wh` quezà rgsuitg
rgsui tg sgr juy
gxetms`, jeghtr`s qug i` mtr` tgrjehg seghdm uh cr`a`sm. Gi fgafm dg qug
ims ngjgims hm vevgh i`s jesj`s ved`s ehdea` mtr` c`ii` dg i` tgmrê`.
 Rgrspgatev` iej et`d`.  Wh
 Rgrspgate v` iejet`d`. sgrem prmligj` dg i` `strmimnê` gs su pgrspgatev`
iejet`d`. I` `strmimnê` h`aeñ gh uh` zmh` prñxej` `i gau`dmr y hm sg tmjñ
gh amhsedgr`aeñh ` ims qug vevê`h gh i`tetudgs dmhdg ims senhms zmde`a`igs
hm `p`rgagh dur`htg ims jesjms pgrêmdms.
Amjm im sgð`i` Jeafgi N`uqugieh; «I` `strmimnê`, qug gjpgzñ gh
i`tetudgs rgi`tev`jghtg agra` dg i` iêhg` gau`tmre`i, hm prgvem i`
 pmseleied`
 pmsele ied`dd dg qug f`y pi`hgt`s
pi`hgt `s qug pugdg qug hm sg`h veseligs
vese ligs (gh i`s
 i`tetudgs jàs `it`s) dur`htg v`re`s sgj`h`s sgnued`s¿ (Jeafgi N`uqugieh,
 Ims rgimkgs añsjeams , Fghry \gnhgry Am., Afea`nm, EI, 053>, p. >6).
rgimk gs añsjeams,
D`dm qug gstg gs gi a`sm, uhm dg ims pei`rgs làseams dg i` `strmimnê`
`atu`i sg dgsjmrmh`, amjm S`h Lusoero sgð`i`; «Gs juy decêaei qug i`
`strmimnê` tghn` uh` l`sg aeghtêcea` cuhd`jght`d` gh su prmpe` prgjes` dg
qug gi jearmamsjms rgcigk` i` ehciughae` dgi j`armamsjms, au`hdm uhm dg
ims jearmamsjms (gi fmjlrg) pmr ghaej` dg ims sgsght` y sges nr`dms dg
i`tetud sg qugd` seh ehciughae`s dgledm `i amsjms¿ (Jeaf`gi S`h Lusoero,
Mp. Aet., p. 5).

 Qeh vgrecea`ae
vgrec ea`aeñh aeghtêc ea`.  Gs prml`lig qug i` arêtea` jàs d`ðeh` amhtr` i`
ñh aeghtêcea`.
 prgdeaaeñh
 prgdea aeñh `strmi
` strmiñnea`
ñnea` sg` gi
g i fgafm
fga fm dg qug
qu g su v`imr aeghtêce
aeght êceam
am gs huim. R`ui
Amudgra, `strñhmjm dgi mlsgrv`tmrem dg R`rês, iignñ ` i` senueghtg
amhaiuseñh dgspuås dg gx`jeh`r ims fmrñsampms dg dms jei mafmaeghtms
degaesegtg jûseams;
I` pmseaeñh dgi Qmi hm teghg hehnûh senhecea`dm jusea`i gh `lsmiutm.
Ims jûseams h`aegrmh ` im i`rnm dg tmdm gi `ðm y `i `z`r. Hehnûh senhm
dgi zmdê`am, he cr`aaeñh dgi jesjm,
jesj m, ims c`vmrgag he dgsc`vmrgag.
Amhaiuejms; Ims v`imrgs dg i` `strmimnê` aeghtêcea` smh enu`igs ` agrm,
amjm gs gi a`sm dg i` `strmimnê` amjgrae`iez`d`. Puezà gstm sg`
dgs`cmrtuh`dm, pgrm gs uh fgafm (R`ui Amudgra,  I@strmimneg,
 I@strmimne g,  «Pug
Q`eskg=¿ 726, tgragr` gdeaeñh, Rrghs`s Whevgrset`re`s dg Cr`hae`, R`rês,
0530, pp. 63-65, aet`dm pmr Kmfh ^`rweao Jmhtnmjgry gh
 Rrehaep`iet egs `hd Rmwgrs,  p. 023).
 Rrehaep` ietegs

Tegjpm dg aàiauim ehdgledm. Mtrm nr`h prmligj` dg i` `strmimnê` teghg qug

vgr amh gi fgafm dg qug ims fmrñsampms sg f`agh dgsdg gi jmjghtm dgi
h`aejeghtm y hm dgsdg i` amhagpaeñh. Rugstm qug ims c`atmrgs fgrgdet`rems
sg dgtgrjeh`h gh i` amhagpaeñh, im iñneam gs qug sg dglgrê` amhaiuer qug
ims pi`hgt`s pmdrê`h amjghz`r ` gkgragr su ehciughae` smlrg gi dgstehm dg
uh` pgrsmh` kustm dgspuås dg i` amhagpaeñh.
 Dgspi`z`jeghtm amhstgi `aemhgs.   I`
 Dgspi`z`j eghtm dg i`s amhstgi`aemhgs. `strmimnê` hm gs aeghtêcea` `
a`us` dg i` prgagseñh m dgspi`z`jeghtm dg i`s amhstgi`aemhgs. Lm` d` jàs
gxpiea`aemhgs dg gstg prmligj`;
 Ims prejgrms `strñhmjms hm tghê`h amhmaejeghtm dg i` prgagseñh,
prgagse ñh, pmr 
im qug hm i` tmj`rmh gh aught` gh su sestgj`. Gh uh prehaepem, ims
dmag senhms dgi zmdê`am sg amrrgspmhdê`h ` i`s dmag amhstgi`aemhgs
dg ims jesjms hmjlrgs. Qeh gjl`rnm, dgledm ` i` prgagseñh, i`s
amhstgi`aemhgs sg f`h dgspi`z`dm uhms trgeht` nr`dms gh ims ûitejms
dms jei `ðms. Gstm senhecea` qug i` amhstgi`aeñh dg Sernm gstà `fmr`
gh gi senhm dg Ielr`, i` amhstgi`aeñh dg Ielr` gstà `fmr` gh gi senhm
dg Gsamrpeñh, gta. Rmr im t`htm, se uh` pgrsmh` h`ag gi prejgrm dg
sgptegjlrg, ims `strñimnms i` ii`j`rê`h vernm (gi senhm gh qug sg
ghaughtr` gi Qmi gh gs` tgaf`), pgrm gh rg`ied`d p`r` gs` cgaf` gi Qmi
sg ghaughtr` gh i` amhstgi`aeñh dg Igm. Dg jmdm qug f`y dms
zmdê`ams decgrghtgs; uhm qug sg jugvg amh ightetud (gi sedgr`i) y mtrm
qug gs gst`aemh`rem (gi trmpea`i). ½Auài zmdê`am sg dglg us`r=
(Oghhgtf Lm`, Auits, ^mrid \gienemhs `hd Umu,  Seatmr Lmmos,
^fg`tmh, EI, 05>>, pp. 0<4-0<7).

I@ LELIE@ U I@ @QT\MIMNÊ@
I` Lelie` ig `dveghg ` i` nghtg qug hm amhcêg gh ims `strñimnms he gh i`
`strmimnê`;
Gst`s c`ten`d` pmr ims juafms amhsgkms? qug sg igv`htgh `fmr` ims qug
amhtgjpi`h ims aeaims, ims qug prmcgtez`h pmr jgdem dg i`s gstrgii`s, ims
qug prmhmstea`h a`d` iuh` hugv`, y tg s`ivgh dg im qug vghdrà smlrg te.
Fg `quê, giims sg f`h vugitm amjm r`strmkm, gi cugnm ims qugj`? hm
ielr`ràh sus ved`s dgi pmdgr dg i` ii`j` _...Z hm f`y h`deg qug tg s`ivg.
(Es`ê`s 4>;01-07, ILI@)
ILI@)
Mtr`s `dvgrtghae`s i`s pmdgjms ghamhtr`r gh vgrsêauims amjm gi dg
Kgrgjê`s 02;<; «Hm sen`h i`s ghsgð`hz`s dg i`s h`aemhgs, he tghn`h tgjmr 
dg i`s sgð`igs dgi aegim, `uh au`hdm i`s h`aemhgs i`s tgj`h¿. Gh mtrm setem,
i` Lelie` deag; «Au`hdm jergh `i aegim y vg`h gi smi, i` iuh`, i`s gstrgii`s y
tmdms ims `strms, hm a`en`h gh i` tght`aeñh dg `dmr`rims¿ (Dgutgrmhmjem
4;05, DFF
DFF).).
 Gi ielrm dg D`hegi hms d` uh` amjp`r`aeñh ghtrg ims `strñimnms y ims qug
gstàh amhs`nr`dms `i Dems vevm y vgrd`dgrm. Gi a`pêtuim 0;<2 rgvgi` qug
D`hegi y sus trgs `jenms gr`h degz vgags jgkmrgs qug ims `strñimnms gh
`suhtms dg s`ledurê` y ghtghdejeghtm, pmrqug sgrvê`h `i Dems vevm y
vgrd`dgrm y hm ` i`s gstrgii`s. Au`hdm gi rgy tuvm uh sugðm, ims `strñimnms
hm sg im pudegrmh ehtgrprgt`r, y` qug smim Dems tghê` i` rgspugst`, pmrqug
smim Åi pugdg rgvgi`r gi cuturm (vå`sg D`hegi <;<>-<6).
I`s Gsaretur`s hm dgk`h iun`r ` dud`s dg qug Dems amhdgh` sgvgr`jghtg
tmdm tepm dg pràatea` `strmiñnea`, y` qug åst` ehtght` amhmagr gi cuturm `
tr`vås dg rgaursms mauitest`s y hm ` tr`vås dg i` R`i`lr` dg Dems,
deveh`jghtg ehsper`d`.

Ims pgienrms dg vever

vever rgnedms pmr gi fmrñsampm
fmrñsampm

0. Gi amstm dg i` p`r`cgrh`ie` `strmiñnea` gs sust`hae`i.

<. @ jghudm,
jghudm, gi amhsgkm `strmiñneam smlrg ehvgrsemhgs y añjm dglg
n`st`r su dehgrm gs grrñhgm y pugdg amst`rig juafm.
1. I` `strmimnê` gs dgtgrjehest` y p`rgag iigv`r ` i`s pgrsmh`s ` puhtms
dg vest` c`t`iest`s
c`t`i est`s dg i`
i ` ved` y,
y, ` vgags, ` i` dgprgseñh sgvgr`.
4. I` cgrveghtg argghae` gh i` `strmimnê`
`st rmimnê` pugdg prmvma`r uh
amjpmrt`jeghtm gxtrgjm y ` vgags pgienrmsm;
pgie nrmsm; `inuh`s jukgrgs f`h
rgaf`z`dm gi amhsgkm jådeam dg p`rtm ehduaedm, dgledm ` uh gst`dm
`v`hz`dm dg ngst`aeñh, amh gi ceh dg qug sus lglås h`za`h jàs
t`rdg, dg jmdm qug sg` uh @au`rem, pmr gkgjpim.

½RM\ PWG I@ NGHTG A\GG GH I@

@QT\MIMNÊ@=
Qe i` `strmimnê` hm gs he aeghtêcea`
ae ghtêcea` he lêliea`,
lêlie a`, ½pmr quå t`ht` nghtg i` argg=
Wh` rgspugst` sgrê` qug `inuh`s vgags `aegrt`, amjm d` cg uh ielrm ie lrm smlrg
`strmimnê`; «Au`hdm `i ceh`dm nghem dg i` `strmimnê`, Nr`ht Igwe, ig
 prgnuht`rmh
 prgnuht `rmh pmr quå argê` gh i` `strmimnê`
`str mimnê`,, su lrusa` rgspugst`
rgspugs t` cug; ’Argm
 gh gii` pmrqug d` rgsuit`dms"¿
r gsuit`dms"¿ (Kmsgpf Rmi`hsoy,
Rmi`hsoy, Quh Qenh Quaagss, ^`rhgr 
Dgstehy Lmmos, Hugv` Umro,Umro, 05>>, p. 17).
F`y uh` gxpiea`aeñh juafm jgkmr p`r` i` `sê ii`j`d` gx`atetud dg i`s
 prgdeaaemhgs
 prgdea aemhgs `strmiñnea
`str miñnea`s.
`s. Qe uhm igg uh fmrñsampm, `uhqug sg` dg j`hgr`
j`hgr `
supgrceae`i, hmt`rà i` h`tur`igz` nghgr`i y `jlenu` dg sus dgai`r`aemhgs,
dg i`s qug pmdrê` dgaersg qug veghgh legh amh `lsmiut`jghtg tmdm. I`
rgvest` Tejg J`n`zehg
J `n`zehg  sgð`iñ;

Gxestgh juafêsej`s v`re`ligs y mpaemhgs p`r` prml`r qug gi

`strñimnm segjprg teghg i` r`zñh, Cr`atur`rsg uh` pegrh` au`hdm su
`strñimnm ig dekm qug ims senhms gr`h lughms, pugdg `ignr`rig pmr 
gsa`p`r dg im qug f`lrê` suagdedm se ims senhms fulegr`h sedm j`ims.
Rmr mtr` p`rtg, se v` gh amhtr` dg ims senhms pugdg ehsester gh qug
ustgd cug aued`dmsm dg j`hgr` ehamhsaeghtg dgledm ` qug gst`l`
`dvgrtedm (Tejg J `n`zehg,  <0 dg j`rzm dg 0535, p. 73).
(Tejg J`n`zehg,

Omaf `ai`rñ gi sungstevm `spgatm; «I` pgrsmh` qug lusa` gi amhsgkm dg

uh `strñimnm v` amh aegrt` despmseaeñh p`r` arggr gi fmrñsampm. Gst`
 prgdespmseae
 prgdes pmseaeñh
ñh amhduag ` uh` `utmsungsteñ
`utmsung steñhh ` ceh dg mrdgh`r su ved` dg
`augrdm `i fmrñsampm y `sê amhtreluer ` su aujpiejeghtm¿ (Ourt Omaf,
Afreste`h Amuhsgiehn `hd Maauitesj, Orgngi, Nr`hd \`peds, JE, 05>1, p.
54).
\`afigcc f`li` dg uh gxpgrejghtm juy ehtgrgs`htg gh gi qug sg igs ghveñ
uh fmrñsampm edåhteam ` jàs dg aegh pgrsmh`s qug ghve`rmh su
ehcmrj`aeñh dg h`aejeghtm ` uh hûjgrm dg `p`rt`dm dg amrrgms. Ims
dgsteh`t`rems tghê`h dmag pgrêmdms dg h`aejeghtms decgrghtgs dg `augrdm
` sus cgaf`s dg h`aejeghtm _...Z @ a`d` pgrsmh` sg ig dekm qug gi
fmrñsampm qug sg ig ghve`l` gr` smim suym. \`afigcc hms dekm qug «sg
`djer`rmh dg su pgrtehghae` y gx`atetud¿
gx`atet ud¿ (p. 16) (Aieccmrd ^eismhy Kmfh
^gidmh, Maauit Qfmao `hd Rsyafea Cmrags, J`stgr Lmmos, Q`h Degnm,
0562, p. 006).
I` `strmimnê` gstà gh l`ha`rrmt`, t`htm dg j`hgr` lêliea` amjm
aeghtêcea`. I` Lelie` ehdea` qug tmdms tghgjms i` a`p`aed`d y i`
rgspmhs`leied`d dg gsamngr hugstrm a`jehm gh i` ved`. Gh i` `strmimnê`,
d`dm qug gs c`t`iest`,
c`t`iest `, sg hms hegn` gs` mpaeñh, `sê qug sg dglg rgaf`z`r.
rgaf`z`r.
 A@RÊTWIM 1
Ims dgjmhems
dgjmhems
 I` Lelie`
Lelie ` hm smim
sm im ghsgð`
g hsgð` i` gxestghae`
gxest ghae` dgi
dg i de`lim,
de `lim, sehm
s ehm t`jleåh
t `jleåh i` dg uh`
 nr`h amjp`ðê` dg sus sgnuedmrgs
sgnuedmrg s amhmaedms amjm dgjmhems m gspêretusgspêr etus
j`ienhms. @i prehaepem, gsms dgjmhems gr`h s`htms, pgrm kuhtm amh su
iêdgr, Q`t`hàs, sg `p`rt`rmh dg Dems. Qu dgstehm ceh`i sgrà i` amhdgh`aeñh
gtgrh` au`hdm Dems kuznug ` Q`t`hàs y ` sus fugstgs gh gi kueaem dgi 
Nr`h Trmhm Li`ham (@pma`iepses <2;02-07).

I` Lelie` rgvgi` aegrt`s a`r`atgrêstea`s qug teghgh ims dgjmhems;

0. Ims dgjmhems
d gjmhems smh gspêretus ehamrpñr gms. «Rmrqug hugstr` iuaf` hm gs
gspêr etus ehamrpñrgms.
amhtr` sgrgs fuj`hms, sehm amhtr` pmdgrgs, amhtr` `utmred`dgs, amhtr`
 pmtgst`dgs
 pmtgst `dgs qug dmjeh`h
dmjeh` h gstg juhdm dg tehegli`s,
tehe gli`s, amhtr` cugrz`s
cugrz` s
gsperetu`igs j`ienh`s
j `ienh`s gh i`s rgnemhgs agigste`igs¿
agigste`i gs¿ (Gcgsems 3;0<, HSE).
HSE).
<. @i prehaepem,
prehae pem, ims dgjmhems tghê`htghê `h amjuheñh amh Dems.  «U ` ims
àhngigs qug hm j`htuvegrmh su pmseaeñh dg `utmred`d, sehm qug
`l`hdmh`rmh su prmpe` jmr`d`, ims teghg pgrpgtu`jghtg gha`ragi`dms
gh msaured`d p`r` gi kueaem
k ueaem dgi nr`h Dê`¿ (Kud`s 3, HSE).
1. Ims dgjmhems smh hujgrmsms.  «U gs qug Kgsûs ig f`lê` deafm;
’Gspêretu ejpurm, ¡dgk` ` gstg fmjlrg!‚ Kgsûs ig prgnuhtñ; ’½Añjm tg
ii`j`s=‚, y åi rgspmhdeñ; ’Jg ii`jm i i`jm Igneñh, pmrqug smjms juafms‚¿
(J`rams 7;6-5).
4. Ims dgjmhems gstàh mrn`hez`dms.
mrn`hez `dms. «Lggizglû, gi kgcg dg ims dgjmhems,
gs quegh ig f` d`dm ` gstg fmjlrg gi pmdgr dg gxpuis`rims¿ (J`tgm
0<;<4, DFF
DFF).).
7. Ims dgjmhems teghgh smlrgh`t ur`igs.. «Gstms smh gspêretus dg
teghg h pmdgrgs smlrgh`tur`igs
dgjmhems qug f`agh sgð`igs jei`nrms`s, y qug s`iegrmh pmr tmdm gi
juhdm p`r` rguher ` ims rgygs dg i` tegrr`, p`r` i` l`t`ii` dgi nr`h dê`
dgi Dems Tmdmpmdgrmsm¿ (@pma`iepses 03;04).
3. Ims dgjmhems teghgh
t eghgh amhmaejeght
a mhmaejeghtm m dg Dems. «U ghtrg nretms ig dekgrmh;
’Fekm dg Dems, ½quå teghgs qug vgr amh hmsmtrms= ½F`s vghedm `
`tmrjght`rhms `htgs dg tegjpm=‚¿ (J`tgm 6;<5).
 >. @ ims dgjmhems sg s g igs
i gs pgrjetg
pg rjetg dg`jlui`r pmr i` i ` tegrr`
te grr` y `tmrjght`r
`t mrjght`r `
ims eharåduims. «Au`hdm uh gspêretu j`ienhm s`ig dg uh` pgrsmh`, v`
 pmr iun`rgs
i un`rgs àredms,
àredms , lusa`hdm
lusa` hdm dgsa`hsm
dgsa `hsm sehs eh ghamhtr`
g hamhtr`rim.
rim. Ghtmhags deag;
’Smivgrå ` i` a`s` dg dmhdg s`iê.‚ Au`hdm iign`, i` ghaughtr`
dgsmaup`d`, l`rred` y `rrgni`d`. Iugnm v` y tr`g ` mtrms segtg
gspêretus jàs j`iv`dms qug åi, y ghtr`h ` vever `iiê. @sê qug gi gst`dm
 pmstrgrm
 pmstr grm dg `qugii`
`qugii ` pgrsmh` rgsuit`rgsui t` pgmr qug gi prejgrm, prej grm, (J`tgm
(J`t gm
0<;41-47, HSE).
6. @ vgags ims dgjmhems pugdgh a`us`r ghcgrjgd`dgs. ghcgrjgd`dgs . «Jeghtr`s giims
s`iê`h, ig iigv`rmh uh judm ghdgjmhe`dm. @sê qug Kgsûs gxpuisñ `i
dgjmhem, y gi qug f`lê` gst`dm judm j udm f`liñ¿ (J`tgm 5;1<-11, HSE*). HSE*).
5. Ims dgjmhems pugdgh pmsggr pms ggr m amhtrmi`r `he j`igs. «@sê qug åi igs dem
amht rmi`r `hej`igs.
 pgrjesm.
 pgrje sm. Au`hdm ims i ms gspêret
gspê retus
us j`ienhm
j `ienhmss s`iegrmh
s`i egrmh dgi fmjlrg,
fmj lrg, ghtr`r
gh tr`rmh
mh
gh ims agrdms, qug gr`h uhms dms jei, y i` j`h`d` sg prgaepetñ `i i`nm
 pmr gi dgspgð`dgrm
dgs pgð`dgrm y `iiê `i iê sg `fmnñ¿ (J`rams
(J`r ams 7;01, HSE).
02. Ims dgjmhems pugdgh pmsggr m amhtrmi`r amhtrmi `r sgrgs fuj`hms. «U t`jleåh
`inuh`s jukgrgs qug f`lê`h sedm s`h`d`s dg gspêretus j`ienhms y dg
ghcgrjgd`dgs; J`rê`, ` i` qug ii`j`l`h J`nd`igh`, y dg i` qug
f`lê`h sedm gxpuis`dms segtg dgjmhems¿ (Iua`s ( Iua`s 6;<).
00. @ vgags ims
i ms dgjmhems pugdgh a`us`r a`us `r tr`stmrhm jght`ig s. «T`h prmhtm
tr `stmrhmss jght`igs.
amjm dgsgjl`rañ Kgsûs, uh fmjlrg pmsgêdm pmr uh gspêretu j`ienhm
ig s`ieñ `i ghaughtrm dg ghtrg ims sgpuiarms. Gstg fmjlrg vevê` gh ims
sgpuiarms, y y` h`deg pmdê` sukgt`rim, he sequegr` amh a`dgh`s _...Z
 Hmafg y dê` `hd`l` pmr ims sgpuiarms sgpuiar ms y pmr i`s amieh`s,amieh` s, nret`hdm
nret `hdm y
nmipgàhdmsg amh pegdr`s¿ (J`rams 7;<-1, 7; <-1, 7, HSE).
HSE).
0<. Ims dgjmhems s`lgh qug Kgsuarestm Kgsuare stm gs Dems. «Dg prmhtm, uh fmjlrg
qug tghê` uh gspêretu ejpurm amjghzñ ` nret`r gh i` seh`nmn`; ’Myg,
Kgsûs dg H`z`rgt, ½quå teghgs amhtr` hmsmtrms= ½F`s vghedm `
dgstruerhms= ¡Um så queåh grgs tû! ¡Grgs gi Q`htm dg Dems!" ¿ (J`rams
0;<1-<4).
01. Ims dgjmhems tegjli`h `htg Dems. «Tû arggs qug Dems gs uhm, y f`ags
 legh. ¡Rugs t`jleåh
t`jle åh ims dgjmhems
dgjmhe ms im arggh, y tegjli`h!
tegj li`h!¿¿ (Q`hte`nm
(Q`hte `nm
<;05).
04. Ims dgjmhems ghsgð`h c`is`s dmatre h`s.  «Rgrm gi Gspêretu deag
c`is `s dmatreh`s.
ai`r`jghtg qug, gh ims ûitejms
ûitej ms tegjpms, `inuhms `pmst`t`ràh dg i` cg y
gsauaf`ràh ` gspêretus ghn`ð`dmrgs y ` dmatreh`s dg dgjmhems¿ (0
Tejmtgm 4;0).
07. Ims dgjmhems sg mpmhgh `i puglim dg Dems. «Rmrqug hugstr` iuaf` hm
gs amhtr` sgrgs fuj`hms, sehm amhtr` pmdgrgs, amhtr` `utmred`dgs,
amhtr` pmtgst`dgs qug dmjeh`h gstg juhdm dg tehegli`s, amhtr`
cugrz`s gsperetu`igs j`ienh`s gh i`s rgnemhgs agigste`igs¿ (Gcgsems
3;0<, HSE).
03. Ims dgjmhems prmaur`h
p rmaur`h dgstrue
dg struerr gi rgehm dg Arest m. «Qg`h prudghtgs y
d g Arestm
j`htåhn`hsg `tghtms, pmrqug su ghgjenm gs gi de`lim, y åi `hd` amjm
uh igñh runeghtg, lusa`hdm ` quegh dgvmr`r¿ (0 Rgdrm 7;6).
0>. Dems s`a` prmvgafm dg i`s `aaemhgs dgjmhê`a`s p`r` imnr`r sus
 prmpñsetms deve hms. «Dems ehtgrpusm uh gspêretu j`ienhm ghtrg
 prmpñse tms devehms
@lejåiga y ims sgðmrgs dg Qequåh, queghgs im tr`eaemh`rmh¿ (Kugags
5;<1, HSE ).
06. Dems kuzn`rà
kuz n`rà ` ims dgjmhems
d gjmhems gh gi kueae
k ueaem ce h`i . «Gs uh fgafm qug Dems
m ceh`i 
hm pgrdmhñ ` ims àhngigs qug pga`rmh, sehm qug ims `rrmkñ `i ehcegrhm y
ims i`hzñ ` msaur`s presemhgs, dmhdg sg igs venei` p`r` iigv`rims `
 kueaem¿
 kueae m¿ (< Rgdrm <;4).
<; 4).

Ims gcgatms dg uh `t`qug dgjmhê`am

@ p`rter dg ims rgi`tms dgi Hugvm Tgst`jghtm `agra` dg i` pmsgseñh
dgjmhê`a`, kuhtm amh mtrms gkgjpims, pmdgjms tr`z`r `inuhms dg ims
cghñjghms qug sg pugdgh mlsgrv`r dur`htg uh `t`qug dgjmhê`am.

0. A`jlem dg pgrsmh`ied`d, Ehaiuyghdm i` ehtgienghae`, gi a`ràatgr 

jmr`i, i` amhduat` y i` `p`reghae`
<. A`
A`jlems
jlems cêseams
cê seams
Cugrz` prgtgrh`tur`i
Amhvuisemhgs
Amhv uisemhgs gpeiåptea`s, gaf`r gspuj`r`kms
Qêhtmj`s a`t`tñheams, a`êd`s
 Mlhulei`aeñh dg i` amhaeghae`, ehsghseleied`d
Mlhulei`aeñh e hsghseleied`d `i dmimr 
A`jlem dg vmz
1. A`jlems jght`igs
Nimsmi`ie`? amjprghseñh dg edemj`s dgsamhmaedms (gi c`ism
dmh gh amhtr`pmseaeñh `i dmh lêlieam)
Amhmaejeghtm
Amhm aejeghtm prgtgrh`tur`i
prgt grh`tur`i
Rmdgrgs psêqueams y mauitms, t`igs amjm ai`revedghae`,
tgigp`tê` y prgdeaaeñh
4. A`jlems gsperetu`igs
\g`aaeñh ` Arestm
Arestm y tgjmr ` Åi? li`scgje` amh
`rrgpghtejeghtm, amjm gh i` dgprgseñh
@cgat`dm pmr i` mr`aeñh
7. Rmselig ielgr`aeñh gh gi hmjlrg dgi Qgðmr Kgsûs

Amjm sg tr`t` dg uh de`nhñsteam gh rgtrmspgatev`, gstm qugd` cugr` dg i`

n`j` dg sêhtmj`s prgvems `i gxmraesjm (Kmfh \eaf`rds, Lut Dgievgr Ws
Crmj Gvei; @h Ehtrmduatemh tm tfg Dgjmhem Dejghseñh eh R`stmr`i A`rg,
D`rtmh, Imhnj`h &Tmdd, Imhdrgs, 05>4, p. 073).

½QWAGDG FMU I@ RMQGQEÑH DGJMHÊ@A@=

D`dm qug i` pmsgseñh dgjmhê`a` sg prmdukm gh ims tegjpms dgi Hugvm
Tgst`jghtm, i` prgnuht` h`tur`i qug surng gs; «½Teghg iun`r fmy gh dê`=¿.
Dgspuås dg uh gxtghsm gstudem dg i` dgjmhmimnê` y `ðms dg mlsgrv`r 
 p`aeghtgs,
 p`aeght gs, gi pseque`t
pse que`tr`
r` R`ui Jgegr
J gegr d` su mpeheñh
mpehe ñh prmcgsemh`i
prmcgs emh`i;;
Rugdm dgaer amh sehagred`d qug `ûh hm fg vestm he uh smim a`sm dg
 pmsgseñh
 pmsgse ñh dgjmhê`a`.
dgjmhê `a`. Tmdm im qug fg `prghdedm
`prghde dm `agra` dg i` pmsgseñh
pmsgse ñh
dgjmhê`a` gs im pmam qug s`lgjms gh rg`ied`d dg i` jesj` y im pmam
qug deag i` Lelie` `i rgspgatm.
Fg tghedm aeghtms dg p`aeghtgs qug vehegrmh ` vgrjg dgledm qug
 pghs`l`h qug gst`l`h
gst`l `h pmsgêdms pmr dgjmhems.
dgjmhe ms. Juafêsejms
Juafês ejms dg giims
gsauaf`l`h «vmags dg dgjmhems¿ deaeåhdmigs qug feaegr`h ams`s j`i`s.
Gh uh prehaepem, jg smrprghdeñ qug tmdms tuvegr`h dgceaeghae`s dg
 dmp`jeh` gh gi agrglrm, im au`i sg amrrgnê` càaeijghtg amh
aimrmprmj`zeh` m amh au`iquegr mtrm tr`hqueiez`htg ejpmrt`htg.
Dgsaulrê qug tmdms ims «dgjmhems¿ qug gst`l` veghdm gr`h `iårneams `
i` aimrmprmj`zeh` y qug, gh a`se a`d` a`sm, uh` sgj`h` m dms dg
aimrmprmj`zeh` gaf`l` cugr` ims «dgjmhems¿ y `agra`l` ` ims p`aeghtgs
` sus vgrd`dgrms amhcieatms (D`hhy Omrgj y R`ui Jgegr, Tfg C`ogrs,
L`ogr Lmmo Fmusg, Nr`hd \`peds, Je, 0562, pp. 032-030).
Qeh gjl`rnm, f`y juafms mtrms qug d`h cg dg f`lgr prgsghae`dm i`
 pmsgseñh
 pmsgse ñh dgjmhê`a`.
dgjmhê `a`. Ourt Omaf gsarelg
gs arelg;; «Gh aegrr
a egrr`` ma`señh, gi Dr.
Dr. J`rteh
J`rt eh
Iimyd-Kmhgs jg ehvetñ p`r` qug f`li`r` `htg uh nrupm dg pseque`tr`s gh
Imhdrgs. Dur`htg gi dgl`tg qug ig senueñ ` je af`ri`, dms pseque`tr`s sg
 pusegrmh
 pusegr mh dg peg y dgai`r`rmh
dgai`r `rmh dg j`hgr`
j`hgr ` juy dmnjàtea`
dmnjàt ea` qug i` pmsgseñh
pmsgse ñh
amjm t`i hm gxestê`. Kustm dgspuås dg gstm, seh gjl`rnm, mtrms dms
 pseque`tr`
 pseque `tr`ss prgsghtgs,
prgsght gs, `jlms gr`h areste`hms
ares te`hms,, sg igv`ht`rmh
igv`ht `rmh y dekgrmh
dekgr mh qug
hm smim gst`l`h amhvghaedms dg qug i` pmsgseñh gr` uh cghñjghm nghuehm,
sehm qug y` sg f`lê`h tmp`dm amh gsms a`sms gh gi gkgraeaem dg su prmcgseñh,
uhm dg giims amh segtg a`sms y gi mtrm amh mhag¿ (Ourt Omaf,  Dgjmhmimny,  Dgjmhmimny,
Rrgsght , Orgngi Ruliea`temhs, Nr`hd \`peds, JE, 05>1, p. 1<).
 R`st `hd Rrgsght,
Gh gi senim degaehugvg fulm `inuhms a`sms smrprghdghtgs dg pmsgseñh
dgjmhê`a` rgnestr`dms gh Afeh` pmr gi jesemhgrm Kmfh I. Hgveus. Au`hdm
 Hgveus iignñ pmr prejgr`
prej gr` vgz ` Afeh`,
Afeh` , argê`
ar gê` cerjgjg
cer jgjghtg htg qug ims dgjmhems
dgjmhe ms
 pgrtghgaê`h
 pgrtgh gaê`h ` uh` åpma` p`s`d`. @i gsauaf`r ims rgi`tms rgi`t ms dg prejgr`
prej gr` j`hm
dg pmsgseñh dgjmhê`a`, ims teidñ dg supgrsteaeñh. Qeh gjl`rnm, pgsg ` sus
ehtghtms, hm pmdê` amhvghagr ` i` nghtg dg qug im qug gsauaf`l`h y vgê`h
gr`h rgsuit`dms dg su ej`neh`aeñh. @i ceh`i, i`s gvedghae`s im iigv`rmh ` uh
a`jlem dg jght`ied`d? hm smim ` arggr gh i` gxestghae` dg ims dgjmhems,
sehm t`jleåh qug i` pmsgseñh dgjmhê`a` gr`, gh gcgatm, uh` rg`ied`d
 prgsghtg.
 prgsght g.
 Hgveus dekm
dek m gstm dg sus
s us gxpgreghae`s;
gxpgre ghae`s;
Fg tr`êdm amhjenm ` i` Afeh` uh` cugrtg amhveaaeñh dg qug i` argghae`
gh ims dgjmhems y i`s amjuhea`aemhgs amh sgrgs gsperetu`igs
gsperet u`igs pgrtghgagh,
dg cmrj` gxaiusev` ` uh` åpma` l`rlàrea` y supgrsteaems`, y qug gh i`
`atu`ied`d smim pugdg amhsester amh dgleied`d jght`i y c`it` dg auitur`.
 Qeh gjl`rnm, amjpi`aê `i Qr. Tu (su j`gstrm dg afehm), `i f`li`r smlrg
sus tgj`s c`vmretms _...Z Hm pmdê` d`rjg aught` _...Z dgi `smjlrmsm
 p`rgaedm
 p`rgae dm ghtrg `inuh`s dgai`r`aemhgs
dgai`r `aemhgs dg prgsuhtms
prgsuht ms fgafms y i`
dgjmhmimnê` dg i`s Gsaretur`s. Gst` sgjgk`hz` i` amhsedgrm smim amjm
`p`rghtg m `aaedght`i (Kmfh I. Hgveus,  Dgjmh Rmssgssemh,
Rmssgsse mh,  Orgngi
Ruliea`temhs, Nr`hd \`peds, JE, 0536, pp. 5-02)).
Ghtmhags, Hgveus `hmtñ sus hujgrms`s y v`re`d`s gxpgreghae`s amh i`
 pmsgseñh
 pmsgse ñh dgjmhê`a`
dgjmhê `a` dg i`
i ` nghtg, au`i, ` i`
i ` i`rn`,
i`r n`, im amhdukm
amhduk m ` su a`jlem
a` jlem dg
dg
mpeheñh smlrg gi `suhtm.

Gstudem dg a`sm; Gxmraesjm

^`itgr J`rteh
J`rte h rgi`t` gst` c`saeh`htg
c`sae h`htg festmre`;
Gh Hgwpmrt Lg`af, A`iecmrhe`, ghamhtrå uh a`sm dg pmsgseñh
dgjmhe`a` gh i` qug aeham pgrsmh`s, ehaiuedm ym jesjm, gstuvejms
ehvmiuar`dms. Gh gstg a`sm i` juaf`af`, qug jgdê` pmam jàs dg jgtrm y
jgdem dg `itm y aehaught` y au`trm oeims,
oe ims, `t`añ ` uh fmjlrg dg mafght` y
dms oeims y amh uh lr`zm im i`hzñ ` uh` dest`hae` dg a`se dms jgtrms. I`
tuvejms qug sukgt`r au`trm dg hmsmtrms, ehaiuyghdm ` su gspmsm, ` ceh dg
j`htghgr su augrpm gh uh` a`j` jeghtr`s mràl`jms gh gi hmjlrg dg
Kgsuarestm p`r` gaf`r cugr` ims dgjmhems qug i` pmsgê`h.
Gh gi tr`hsaursm dgi gxmraesjm, hms ghtgr`jms qug gst`l` pmsgêd`
 pmrqug f`lê` `dmr`dm ` Q`t`hàs,
Q`t`hàs , y dgledm ` gs` `dmr`aeñh,
`dmr`ae ñh, gstg vehm
smlrg gii` amh sus cugrz`s y f`lê` tmj`dm gi amhtrmi. Qg f`lê` a`s`dm
amh uh areste`hm, gr` fek` dg uh jehestrm areste`hm, f`lê` ghsgð`dm gh i`
Gsaugi` Dmjehea`i dg uh` enigse` areste`h`
arest e`h` y,
y, ` prejgr` vest`,
vest `, `p`rght`l`
gst`r gh pgrcgat` `rjmhê` amh i` tgmimnê` areste`h`. Hm mlst`htg, tmdm gi
tegjpm sg rgê` p`r` sus `dghtrms dg i` enigse` y dg Arestm. Hm cug f`st` gi
dê` dg su gxmraesjm qug sg ielgrñ y rgaeleñ ` Kgsuarestm amjm su Qgðmr y
Q`iv`dmr. Fmy gh dê`, gii` y su gspmsm gstàh gh gi a`jpm jesemhgrm
serveghdm `i Qgðmr Kgsuarestm
Kgsuarest m _...Z
Tghnm uh `jenm pseañimnm qug gstuvm prgsghtg amhjenm dur`htg uh
gxmraesjm gh Hgwpmrt Lg`af. A`iecmrhe`. @htgs dg ghtr`r ` i`
 f`let`aeñh, dekm;
 —Puegrm qug sgp`s qug hm argm gh i` pmsgseñh pmsgse ñh dgjmhê`a`.
dgjmhê `a`. Gst` afea`
 p`dgag dg tr`stmr
tr `stmrhms
hms jght`igs.
jght `igs.
 —T`i
 —T`i vgz sg`
sg ` aegrtm
aegr tm —ig dekg—.
de kg—. Rrmhtm imi m s`lrgjms.
s`lrgj ms.
Au`hdm ghtr`jms ` i` f`let`aeñh y agrr`jms i` pugrt`, i` cugrz`
smlrgh`tur`i dg i` juaf`af` sg j`hecgstñ dg ehjgde`tm. Dg rgpghtg, dg
su augrpm surneñ uh` vmz gxtr`ð` pmr amjpigtm
amjpigt m qug dekm gh vmz l`k`, amh
uh` smhreset` gh su a`r` (gii` gst`l` ehamhsaeghtg, gi pseañimnm tgsteceañ
gsm);
 —Dur`rgjms jàs j às qug ustgdgs.
ust gdgs.
 —½Puå cug gsm= —jg dekm de km gi pseañimn
ps eañimnmm jeràhdmjg.
jer àhdmjg.
 —Gsm gs im qug tû hm arggs —ig amhtgstå.
amhtgst å. ¡R`s`jms
¡R`s`j ms uh`s trgs fmr`s y
jgde` p`r` gxmraez`r im qug hm pmdê` arggr gi pseañimnm!
@E ceh`i dgi gxmraesjm, gi pseañimnm hm smim gr` uh sehagrm argyghtg dg
i` pgrsmh`ied`d dgi de`lim, sehm t`jleåh dg i` pmsgseñh dgjmhê`a` y dgi
gxmraesjm lêlieam. ¡@fmr` s`lg qug gxestgh mtrms sgrgs dejghsemh`igs
qug smh a`p`ags dg pghgtr`r gh gst` dejghseñh y dg amhtrmi`r ` ims sgrgs
fuj`hms! (^`itgr J`rtêh, Gxmraesj; C`at mr C`lig, Sesemh Fmusg
Ruliesfgrs. Q`ht` @h`, A@. 05>7, pp. 0>-06, <0).
 A@RÊTWIM 4
I` R`r`pseamimnê`
 I` p`r`seamimnê`
p`r`sea mimnê` gs uh` hugv` r`j` dg i` pseamimnê`
pseami mnê` m dgi mauitesjm,
mauite sjm,
dgpghdeghdm dg ` queåh sg amhsuitg. Qg tr`t` dg uh` desaepieh` qug teghg
 pmr mlkgtevm
mlkgte vm pmhgr ` juafms dg ims cghñjghms smlrgh`tur`igs
smlrgh`tur`i gs `smae`dms
amh gi mauitesjm gh uh` l`sg aeghtêcea` sñied`. Im qug sg ehtght` gs arg`r 
rgspgt`leied`d ` im
i m qug sg f` amhsedgr`dm amjm hgagd`d.

Gh `ðms rgaeghtgs, uh` dg i`s pmpui`rgs gscgr`s dg `ateved`d dg i`

 p`r`pseamimnê
 p`r`pse amimnê`` f` sedm i` GQR (seni`s
(sen i`s gh ehniås
ehniå s p`r` i` «pgragpaeñh
«pgragpa eñh
gxtr`sghsmre`i¿). I` lrukgrê` tr`deaemh`i, qug `aagdg ` im smlrgh`tur`i,
t`jleåh f` d`dm iun`r gh `inuhms nrupms ` gst` hugv` gxpiea`aeñh
aeghtêcea` m p`r`hmrj`i dg i` `ateved`d mauitest`.
I` j`ymrê` dg ims hugvms nrupms dg lrukgrê`, seh gjl`rnm, gvet`h im
smlrgh`tur`i y prgcegrgh, gh su iun`r, f`li`r dg suagsms supgremrgs ` ims
hmrj`igs m p`r`hmrj`igs. I`s igygs dg i` j`ne` sg amhsedgr`h gcea`ags
y dgi a`jpm dg `aaeñh cuhd`jght`i dg i` amjprghseñh aeghtêcea`, pgrm
su åhc`ses sg amima` gh gi amhmaejeghtm pr`njàteam dg t`igs igygs
jànea`s y hm gh su v`iedgz m amjprghseñh aeghtêcea`. Gh gstg sghtedm,
 p`rgagrê`
 p`rgagr ê` qug f` f`ledm uh` ai`sg dg sgaui`rez`a
sgaui` rez`aeñh
eñh dg i` j`ne` p`r`
`d`pt`ri` ` i` jmdgrh` amsjmveseñh aeghtêcea` y h`tur`iest`. Rmr im
t`htm, im qug uh` vgz sg dgsarelegr` gh i` ietgr`tur` mauitest` amjm
cugrz`s psêquea`s smlrgh`tur`igs, `fmr` smh gkgjpims dg pgragpaeñh
gxtr`sghsmre`i dg uh` gspgaeg gv`iu`lig, gh gsghae`, y amjprghselig dg
j`hgr` pmtghae`i gh gi i`lmr`tmrem dgi pseañimnm (J`ragiim Truzze,
«Tmw`rd ` Qmaemimny mc tfg Maauit; Hmtgs mh Jmdgrh ^etafar`ct¿, gh
 \giene mus Jmvgjghts eh Amhtgjpmr`ry @jgrea`,  Ervehn E. [`rgtsoy y
 \gienemus
J`ro R. Igmhg, gdetmrgs, Rrehagtmh Whevgrsety Rrgss, Rrehagtmh, 05>4,
 pp. 317-313).
Gh R`r`psyafmimny Iecg , Kmfh I. \`hd`ii amjght`;
 R`r`psyafmim ny `hd tfg H`turg mc Iecg,
 @ ceh`igs dg i` dåa`d` dg 0532, i` p`r`pseamimnê` n`hñ uh` veatmre`
sust`hae`i gh su l`t`ii` dg hmvght` `ðms pmr i` rgspgt`leied`d
aeghtêcea`. Gi 12 dg deaegjlrg dg 0535, i` @smae`aeñh
@smae`aeñh R`r`pseamiñnea`
sg `agptñ dg j`hgr` mceae`i amjm jegjlrm `ceie`dm dgi jàs
destehnuedm augrpm dg s`lems, i` @smae`aeñh Gst`dmuhedghsg p`r` gi
@v`hag dg i` Aeghae` (@.@.@.Q., pmr sus seni`s gh ehniås) _.. .ZRmr 
 prejgr`
 prej gr` vgz gh su `aaedght`d`
`aaedg ht`d` festmre`,
fest mre`, sg rgamhmaê`
rgamhmaê ` ` i`
 p`r`pseamimnê
 p`r`pse amimnê`` amjm uh` ignêtej`
ignêt ej` `ateved`d
`ate ved`d aeghtêce
aeght êcea`?
a`? y dg `fmr` gh
`dgi`htg ims p`r`pseañimnms pmdrê`h prgsght`r sus pmhghae`s `htg gi
cmrm dg i` mpeheñh aeghtêcea`, seh tghgr i` sghs`aeñh dg qug hm sgrê`h
mlkgtms dg luri`s he dg qug ims rgaf`z`r`h seh jàs smim pmr a`us` dg
su j`tgre`. (Kmfh
( Kmfh I. \`hdgii,
\`hdgii,  R``ppsyafmimny
 R``ppsyafmimn y `hd tfg H`turg mc Iecg,
Ie cg,
F`rpgr `hd \mw Ruliesfgrs, Hugv` Umro, p. 0>7).
I` dgj`hd` dg ehvgsten`aeñh aeghtêcea` gs uh` lûsqugd` vàied` y dglg,
y teghg, qug f`agrsg. Qeh gjl`rnm, `i amhsedgr`r i` p`r`pseamimnê` amjm
aeghae`, uhm dglg gst`r despugstm ` `agpt`r i` jàs prgaes` gxpiea`aeñh dg
ims d`tms, y` sg tr`tg dg cr`udg, dg mauitesjm m dg uh` gxpgreghae`
 p`r`hmrj`i
 p`r`hmr j`i vàied`.
và ied`.
Gh i` j`ymrê` dg ims a`sms, uh crutm dgi gstudem dg i` p`r`pseamimnê` gs
uh` argaeghtg c`it` dg jmtev`aeñh p`r` gi gstudem dg i` Lelie`. Gs jàs, gstm
` jghudm amhduag gh i` dergaaeñh dg im p`r`hmrj`i m smlrgh`tur`i
`p`rt`dms pmr amjpigtm dg uh` l`sg lêliea`. Gh gi ehtgrgs`htg prñimnm dg
su ielrm  \gieneñh Rsyafmimny,  @ismh K. Qjetf aught` i`
 \giene ñh `hd tfg Hgw Rsyafmimny,
festmre` dg uh` kmvgh amh i` qug smstuvm uh` i`rn` amhvgrs`aeñh `i f`agr 
uh` ehvgsten`aeñh smlrg i` p`r`pseamimnê` gh i` Whevgrsed`d Duog; Gr` uh`
 kmvgh tr`hquei
t r`hquei`` g ehtgieng
eht gienghtg
htg dgi aghtrm
aghtr m dg ims Gst`dms
Gs t`dms Whedms.
Whedms . Sehm
Sehm ` Duog
tr`t`hdm dg f`agr `inûh tepm dg tr`l`km rgienemsm? f`lê` sedm uh`
«prgdea`dmr` ima`i¿ dg i` enigse` jgtmdest` dg su puglim y f`lê` maup`dm
gi puipetm gh hujgrms`s ma`semhgs. Gh Duog, seh gjl`rnm, f`lê` gstude`dm
i`s decgrghtgs aeghae`s y f`lê` pgrdedm i` j`ymr p`rtg dg su `htenu` cg
rgienems`. \ghuhaeñ ` i` edg` dg dgdea`rsg ` uh` i`lmr rgienems` y a`yñ gh
uh` gspgaeg dg iûnulrg `nhmsteaesjm.
@ pgs`r dg tmdm, gh gi tr`hsaursm dg sus gstudems gh pseamimnê`
dgsaulreñ i` p`r`pseamimnê`, i` «`vghtur` jàs `iià `i ià dg i` pseamimnê`¿, amh im
 qug gstg ielrm teghg juafm qug vgr. Gr` uh` aeghae` gh i` qug `prghdeñ `
 pmhgr su
s u amhce`hz`,
amhce `hz`, `uh au`hdm ig i g f`li`l`
f`li `l` dgi jesjm
jes jm juhdm
j uhdm gsperet
gspe retu`i,
u`i, dg
i`s jesj`s cugrz`s gsperetu`igs, dg ims au`igs ig f`lê` f`li`dm seh
augstemh`r su `htenu` cg rgienems`? amh decgrghtgs tgrjehmimnê`s y jåtmdms,
iign`l` `i jesjm iun`r. Iighñ gi v`aêm gjmaemh`i qug f`lê` dgk`dm i`
 pårded` dg su cgc g rgienems
rgi enems`?
`? su
s u hugv` cg (`uhqug
(` uhqug hm argm qug gii` i` ii`j`
i i`j`rê`
rê`
`sê) i` s`tescezm dg j`hgr` ehtgigatu`i y gjmaemh`i. Qu tr`l`km dg
i`lmr`tmrem gh p`r`pseamimnê` sg amhverteñ p`r` gii` gh uh` gspgaeg dg
vma`aeñh rgienems` (@ismh K. Qjetf,  \gieneñh  \giene ñh `hd tfg Hgw Rsyafmimny,
Rsyafmimny,
Dmuligd`y `hd` hd Am., Eha.,
Eha ., A`rdgh Aety,
Aety, HU,
HU, 0570, p. 7).
Gs juy ehtgrgs`htg i` gxpiea`aeñh qug mcrgag Qjetf Qjet f gh au`htm `i a`jlem
 prmduaedm
 prmduae dm gh gs` jukgr
juk gr..
Ig `treluyg i` dgs`p`reaeñh dg su cg areste`h` y gi surnejeghtm dg su «cg gh
i` p`r`seamimnê`¿ `i jåtmdm aeghtêceam;
Qu festmre`, jg p`rgag, gs uh` `ignmrê` smlrg im qug igs gstà p`s`hdm `
jeiimhgs dg areste`hms hmjeh`igs dg fmy gh dê`. Qu `agpt`aeñh dgi
jåtmdm aeghtêceam f` gstrgjgaedm su cg rgienems` (` i` au`i, dgsdg iugnm,
i` f`h s`audedm t`jleåh juaf`s mtr`s ams`s nr`hdgs), y hm gstàh juy
cgieags pmr gstm. Hm mlst`htg, teghgh qug `agpt`r qug ims imnrms dgi
jåtmdm aeghtêceam smh juafêsejms y dgj`se`dm nr`hdgs amjm p`r`
 p`s`rims
 p`s`ri ms pmr `itm.
`itm . Gi senhecea`
senhe cea`dm
dm dg i` p`r`pseamimnê
p`r`pse amimnê`` p`r` gstms
jeiimhgs dg pgrsmh`s gs qug gst` sg v`ig `fmr` dgi jåtmdm aeghtêceam y
amhduag ` ims fmjlrgs f`ae` gi juhdm gsperetu`i, gh iun`r dg `igk`rims
dg åi.
Rmr im nghgr`i, ims aeghtêceams `agpt`h qug cghñjghms sejei`rgs maurrgh
t`htm gh gi mauitesjm amjm gh i` p`r`pseamimnê`. Qeh gjl`rnm, juafms
aeghtêceams hm gstàh dg `augrdm amh i` gxpiea`aeñh lêliea` dg t`igs
cghñjghms, gh gi sghaedm dg qug a`se segjprg smh dgjmhê`ams. @ jghudm,
i` hugv` aeghae` dg i` p`r`pseamimnê` pmhdrà gh tgi` dg kueaem au`iquegr 
ehtgrprgt`aeñh lêliea` dg ims d`tms.
Rmr gkgjpim, gh gi ielrm  Iecg, Dg`tf `hd Rsyafea`i \gsg`raf; Qtudegs
Qtudeg s mh
 Lgf`ic mc tfg Afurafgs' Cgiimwsfep
Cgii mwsfep cmr Rsyafea`i
Rsya fea`i `hd
` hd Qperetu`i Qt udegs, sus
Qpere tu`i Qtudegs,
`utmrgs dgs`argdet`h i` `jmhgst`aeñh lêliea` amhtr` ims fgafeagrms y
 jådeujs d`d` gh gi ielrm dg Dgutgrmhmjem. Amhsedgr`h qug gstg p`s`kg hm
 prmfêlg gi gkgraeaem
gkgra eaem dg ims dmhgs psêqueams
psêque ams (dgjmhê`ams),
(dgjmhê `ams), sehm qug i`
amhdgh` dg gstg gkgraeaem f` sedm i` ehtgrprgt`aeñh festñrea` y lêliea` d`d`
 pmr i` enigse`,
enigs e`, f`st`
f`st ` i`s tght`tev`
tght `tev`ss jmdgrh`s
jmdg rh`s dg d`rig ` im p`r`hmrj`i
p`r`hmrj `i `inûh
`i nûh
tepm (m au`iquegr tepm) dg argdeleied`d lêliea`.
Amhsedgrgjms im senueghtg;
Dur`htg juafm tegjpm, ims prgkueae`dms, ims enhmr`htgs y ims tgjgrmsms
f`h uteiez`dm i` «prmfeleaeñh dgutgrmhñjea`¿ (Dgutgrmhmjem 06;5-0<)
amjm uh` r`zñh p`r` mpmhgrsg ` i` nghueh` ehvgsten`aeñh psêquea` pmr 
 p`rtg dg ims
i ms arest
a reste`hms.
e`hms. Gh gi p`s`dm, sg dghuhae`rmh
dghuhae`r mh pgrsmh`s
pgr smh`s ehmaghtgs
ehmaght gs
amjm fgafeagr`s y lruk`s, m dg gst`r pmsgêd`s pmr gspêretus j`ienhms. @
mtrms, qug gkgraegrmh pmdgrgs amhsedgr`dms denhms dg amhdgh`aeñh pmr i`
s`nr`d` prmfeleaeñh, ims tmrtur`rmh f`st` i` jugrtg.
T`i `atetud pgrsestg tmd`vê`. Ims qug prmaur`h gkgragr sus dmhgs
 psêqueams,
 psêque ams, ` jghudm ims `jgh`z`h
`jgh`z `h amh gi pgienrm
pgie nrm dg i` amhdgh`aeñh
amhdgh`ae ñh
deveh`.
@ ims areste`hms qug cmjght`h i` ehvgsten`aeñh p`r`hmrj`i sg igs
rgaugrd` qug v`h gh amhtr` dg i`s ghsgð`hz`s dg i` Lelie` y sg igs
 prmfêlg «`ceaemh`rs
«`cea emh`rsg¿g¿ ` t`igs
t`ig s `suhtms (A`hmh K.D. Rg`rag, Fennghs y gi
\vdm. Qt`higy ^fetly, gdetmrgs,  Iecg, Dg`tf `hd Rsyafea`i \gsg`raf;
Qtudegs mh Lgf`ic mc tfg Afurafgs' Cgiimwsfep cmr Rsyafea`i `hd 
Qperetu`i Qtudegs, \edgr `hd Amjp`hy, Imhdrgs, 05>1, p. 02).

Qe legh gs aegrtm qug sg dghuhae`rmh pgrsmh`s ehmaghtgs gh gi p`s`dm (`

s`lgr, ims kueaems dg i`s lruk`s dg Q`igj), gs uh` C`i`ae` iñnea` supmhgr,
 pmr im t`htm,
t`htm , qug sg` grrñhg`
grrñhg ` i` ehtgrprgt`a
ehtgr prgt`aeñh
eñh festñrea`
fest ñrea` dg i`s Gsaretur`s
Gsaret ur`s
qug ig d`h ims areste`hms ` gstg p`s`kg, au`hdm gh rg`ied`d i` festmre` y i`
`dgau`d` ehtgrprgt`aeñh lêliea` `pmy` su pmseaeñh.
pmseae ñh.

GQR
I` pgragpaeñh gxtr`sghsmre`i, m GQR, amjm sg ig amhmag amjûhjghtg, sg
f` amhvgrtedm gh `inm juy pmpui`r fmy gh dê`. Gi senhecea`dm dg GQR gs
s`lgr `inm seh i` `yud` dg ims sghtedms. Iyhh ^`iogr sgð`i` dg i` GQR;
 I` GQR, m pgragpaeñh gxtr`sghsmre`i _...Z gs gi tårjehm `piea`dm ` i`
c`auit`d dg s`lgr `inm seh i` `yud` dg ims sghtedms. Amjprghdg i`
 prgamnheaeñh,
 prgamnhe aeñh, m im qug ` jghudm sg ig ii`j`
ii`j ` «GQR dgi cuturm¿,
cutur m¿, i`
tgigp`tê`, qug gs i` pgragpaeñh dg ims pghs`jeghtms dg uh` pgrsmh` seh
gi usm dg ims sghtedms? y i` ai`revedghae`, qug gs gi amhmaejeghtm dg
mlkgtms m suagsms mlkgtevms, seh i` `yud` sghsmre`i. (Iyhe) ^`iogr,
Qupgj`tur`i Rmwgr `hd tfg Maauit, Cerj Cmuhd`temh Ruliesfehn Fmusg,
@usteh, TV, seh cgaf`, p. 52).
I` GQR gs smim uhm dg ims prehaep`igs a`jpms dg i` p`r`pseamimnê`. Mtr`
gscgr` dg gstudem dg i` p`r`pseamimnê` gs i` ehvgsten`aeñh
e hvgsten`aeñh psêquea`;
Ehvgsten`aeñh aeghtêcea` sestgjàtea` smlrg i` h`tur`igz`, ims fgafms y i`s
a`us`s dgi cghñjghm jgdeujheam (Hmrj`h Liuhsdmh,  @ Rmpui`r 
 Deatemh`ry
 Deatemh` ry mc Qperetu`ie sj, Tfg Aet`dgi Rrgss, HU, 0531, l`km «psyaf`i
Qpere tu`iesj,
rgsg`raf¿).
Qeh gjl`rnm, im qug dglg hmt`rsg gs qug f`y decgrghae` ghtrg im qug `
jghudm sg ii`j` tgigp`tê` jght`i y i` GQR. Amh crgaughae` gstms dms
amhagptms sg uteiez`h gh cmrj` ehtgra`jle`lig, pgrm p`r` uh p`r`pseañimnm
smh decgrghtgs. I` tgigp`tê`
tgigp`tê ` jght`i gs uh` r`j` dg i` GQR.GQR. Gh rg`ied`d, uhm
dg ims «`v`hags ejpmrt`htgs¿ dg i` GQR p`r` ims p`r`pseañimnms cug
au`hdm gst`ligaegrmh uh` decgrghae` ghtrg i` tgigp`tê` jght`i y i`
ai`revedghae`. Gh i` tgigp`tê` jght`i, i` pgrsmh` gs amhsaeghtg dg i`s
ejànghgs jght`igs, ims sêjlmims dg i`s a`h`s, pmr gkgjpim. I`s a`rt`s sg
 l`r`k`h
 l`r`k` h y i` pgrsmh` tr`t`,
tr`t `, jgde`htg
jgde` htg i` GQR,
GQR, dg rgprmduaer
rgprmdu aer i`s ejànghgs
ejàng hgs
vest`s.
I` ai`revedghae`, pmr mtr` p`rtg, tr`t` dg edghtecea`r ims sêjlmims dg i`s
a`rt`s seh uh amhmaejeghtm prgvem dg deafms sêjlmims (Rr`tt, Mp. Aet. pp.
47-74). Gst` destehaeñh amhdukm ` uh hugvm åhc`ses gh i` ehvgsten`aeñh
 psêquea`.
 psêque a`. Ims ehvgste
e hvgsten`dmrgs
n`dmrgs psêqueams
psêque ams pudegrmh
pude grmh cmrjui
c mrjui`r`r jgkmrgs
j gkmrgs tåahea`s
tåahe a`s
dg gv`iu`aeñh p`r` i` tgigp`tê` y dgtgrjeh`r amh prgaeseñh im qug sg gst`l`
gv`iu`hdm, `sê amjm im qug pmdrê` sgr uh cr`udg y, dgsdg hugstr`
 pgrspgatev`,
 pgrspga tev`, im
i m qug pmdrê`
pmdrê ` sgr uh` cugrtg
c ugrtg ehciug
e hciughae`
hae` mauitest
maui test`.
`.
½WQM IEJET@DM DG I@ GQR=
Gi Dr. Kmfh ^`rweao Jmhtnmjgry, gh  Rrehaep`iete gs `hd Rmwgrs,  `dmpt`
 Rrehaep`i etegs
uh ghcmqug juy decgrghtg gh au`htm ` i` rg`ied`d y i` gxpgreghae` dg i`
GQR dg i` j`ymrê` dg ims grudetms gv`hnåieams. Argg qug hm sg dglegr`h
rgaf`z`r ` premre tmd`s i`s gxpgreghae`s dg i` pgragpaeñh gxtr`sghsmre`i
amjm j`ienh`s seh uh` `dgau`d` ehvgsten`aeñh. Dgspuås dg su
ehvgsten`aeñh dg i` gvedghae`, gi Dr. Jmhtnmjgry `cerj` qug pugdg f`lgr 
uh tepm dg pmdgr dg pgragpaeñh gxtr`sghsmre`i gh i`s pgrsmh`s, gh
decgrghtgs nr`dms, auym mrengh hm sg` j`ienhm.
j`i enhm.
Mtr` dg ims gsaretmrgs, Iyhh ^`iogr, quegh aet` `i Dr. Jmhtnmjgry gh
Qupgrh`tur`i Rmwgr `hd tfg Maauit,  t`jleåh sg `teghg ` gstg ghcmqug
hgutr`i dg qug gi sejpig rgamhmaejeghtm dgi pmdgr hm senhecea` qug sg
`djet` gi j`i.
 Tgheghdm gh aught` gi ghcmqug dgi Dr. Jmhtnmjgry, se gi pmdgr gs
hgutr`i (he devehm, he dgjmhê`am), t`i amjm i` ghgrnê` `tñjea` hm gs lugh`
he j`i`, y` qug su v`imr jmr`i dgpghdg queåh i` uteieag y amh quå
 prmpñsetm
 prmpñse tm (pmr
( pmr gkgjpim,
gk gjpim, uh` lmjl`
lmj l` `tñjea`
`t ñjea` i`hz`d` p`r` j`t`r
j`t` r ` ims h`zes
m uh` pi`ht` dg ghgrnê` huaig`r amhstrued` p`r` d`r a`igc`aaeñh ` uh
fmspet`i), p`rgagrê` qug Dems smim pgrjeterê` su usm iejet`dm, amjm uh`
gxpgreghae` pgrsmh`i dgi ehdevedum.
Rmr gkgjpim, au`hdm uh` pgrsmh` dg rgpghtg sg pgra`t` dg qug `inm j`im
 pugdg suagdgri
s uagdgrigg ` uh `jenm
`j enm m ` uh sgr qugredm,
qugredm , pgrm gh gi jmjghtm
jmjg htm qug sg
d` aught` gsg `jenm gstà gh mtr` p`rtg dgi juhdm y hm im f` vestm he f`
f`li`dm amh åi gh uh p`s`dm rgaeghtg y ig maurrg `inm, sê f` tghedm uh`
gxpgreghae` pgrsmh`i qug pugdg sgr gxpiea`lig gh i` jgkmr cmrj` pmr i`
 pgragpaeñh
 pgragpae ñh gxtr`sghsmre
gxtr` sghsmre`i.
`i. @uh `sê, gsg sgrê`
sgrê ` gi iêjetg
iêj etg dg su «usm¿ pmr i`
 pgrsmh`.
 Gs` gxpgreghae`, m au`igsquegr` mtr`s qug quezà tghn` gh gi cuturm, hm im
a`iecea`rê`h p`r` sgr uh prmcgt`, pmr gkgjpim. @ pgs`r dg gsm, gst` edg` dgi
usm iejet`dm hm p`rgag gst`r dg `augrdm pmr amjpigtm amh i` dmt`aeñh dg
mtrms dmhgs d`dms pmr Dems, pugs tmdms ims dmhgs dg Dems (dg ims au`igs,
seghdm `sê, i` GQR sgrê` uhm) sg arg`rmh p`r` su usm. Hm mlst`htg, gh su
iun`r, `quê Dems gst`rê` pmheghdm ehargêligs rgstreaaemhgs smlrg su usm.
Dg i` c`auit`d dg pgragpaeñh gxtr`sghsmre`i m prgamnhetev`, gi Dr. Kmfh
^`rweao Jmhtnmjgry dgst`a` im senueghtg;
se nueghtg;
@quê gs gvedghtg qug gst`jms ghamhtr`hdm uh` c`auit`d jght`i (dg
cmrj` `hàimn` ` i` veseñh gxtr`mrdeh`re`) qug igs pgrjetg ` `inuh`s
 pgrsmh`s
 pgrsmh` s jer`r
jer `r ` tr`vås
tr`vå s dg i` hglieh`
hglie h` tgjpmr`i
tgjpmr `i qug sgp`r` gi cuturm
cutur m dgi
 p`s`dm _...Z
Gh a`sm dg qug sg uteieag (i` a`p`aed`d prgamnhetev`) amjm l`sg p`r` i`s
`cerj`aemhgs gx`ngr`d`s gh c`vmr dg su pmsggdmr (dmhdg, pmr gkgjpim,
gi `nghtg prgamnhetevm sg amhvegrtg, m pgrjetg qug mtrms im amhvegrt`h,
gh uh «vedghtg¿ qug pugdg prmhuhae`rsg gh au`htm ` i` h`tur`igz` dg i`
ved` y dgi senhecea`dm dgi uhevgrsm), i` prgamnheaeñh sg amhvegrtg gh
`inm juy pgienrmsm. @dgjàs, uteiez`d` dg gstg jmdm, i` pgragpaeñh
gxtr`sghsmre`i `lrg i`s amjpugrt`s dg i` pseques ` i`s ehciughae`s
smlrgh`tur`igs dg tepm hgn`tevm (Kmfh ^. Jmhtnmjgry,  Rrehaep`iet
 Rrehaep` ietegs
egs
Rmwgr, Lgtf`hy Cgiimwsfep, Jehhg`pmies, JH, 05>1, pp. 0<7-0<3).
`hd Rmwgr,
Gi Dr. Jmhtnmjgry, gh su ehd`n`aeñh, amhaiuyñ `inuh`s ehvgsten`aemhgs
ejpmrt`htgs qug `pmrt`rà uh `hàieses jehuaemsm.
Iyhh ^`iogr rgsujg i` setu`aeñh `atu`i y sgð`i` qug fmy gh dê` a`se
tmd`s i`s cmrj`s dg `ateved`d p`r`hmrj`i hm nu`rd`h rgi`aeñh amh gi Dems
dg i` Lelie`.
Dglgjms amhaiuer qug au`hdm gi fmjlrg, ` tr`vås dg i` ehciughae` dgi
 pmdgr dergatm
derga tm dg Q`t`hàs, uteiez`
utei ez` uh t`ightm
t`ig htm m f`leied`d
f`lei ed`d d`dms pmr Dems
 p`r` ghsgð`r uh grrmr
gr rmr rgienemsm
rgie nemsm (Amimsghsgs
(Amimsghsg s <;6-02?
<; 6-02? < Amrehtems
Amre htems 00;1-4),
00;1-4) ,
 p`r` prmjmvgr
prmjmvg r i`s mlr`s dg i` a`rhg (Nài`t`s(Nài`t` s 7;05-<0),
7;05-<0 ), gx`it`r
gx`it `r gi gnm
amjm dmt`dm dg j`hgr` gspgae`i pmr Dems amjm su `nghtg (Amimsghsgs
<;06? < Amrehtems 02;06 ), hgn`r `i Dems dg i` Lelie` (< Rgdrm <;0) y
`sper`r dg cmrj` dgielgr`d` ` er jàs `iià dg ims iêjetgs deveh`jghtg
gst`ligaedms (Dgutgrmhmjem <5;<5 ), gs ghtmhags qug gi fmjlrg sg
amhvegrtg gh uh ehstrujghtm dg Q`t`hàs, uh jgdem dgi supgrh`tur`iesjm
 dgi j`i. I` `deveh`aeñh gh sus devgrs`s cmrj`s y tmd`s i`s `cerj`aemhgs
`atu`igs qug deagh sgr rgvgi`aemhgs dg Dems smh dg enu`i jmdm
ehsper`d`s pmr Q`t`hàs (Iyhh ^`iogr, Qupgrh` tuje Rmwgr, Mp. Aetp.
50).
Gh rgsujgh, amh gxagpaeñh dg i`s gxpgreghae`s pmam amjuhgs `htgs
jghaemh`d`s, i`s pgrsmh`s hm teghgh hehnuh` r`zñh p`r` er tr`s i`
 p`r`pseamimnê
 p`r`pse amimnê`.
`. Gst` hugv` desaepieh`
desae pieh` hm amhduag ` ims fmjlrgs
fmjlrg s ` Dems,
sehm qug ims gxpmhg ` ims pmdgrgs dg i`s tehegli`s.
Iyhh ^`iogr, gh Qupgrh`tur`i Rmwgr `hd tfg Maauit, gxpiea` i`s
mpaemhgs;
Qe Q`t`hàs hm teghg gi pmdgr dg arg`r i` a`p`aed`d gh gi fmjlrg. Dems
dglg f`lgr arg`dm `i fmjlrg amh tmd`s sus f`leied`dgs y t`ightms? pmr im
t`htm, i` a`p`aed`d dg sgr amhsaeghtg dg ims fgafms m ims pghs`jeghtms
seh i` `yud` dg ims sghtedms, i` dg GQR, gs dg Dems. @i enu`i qug `inuhms
fmjlrgs teghgh, pmr gkgjpim, t`ightms jusea`igs jeghtr`s qug mtrms hm
ims teghgh m ims teghgh gh jghmr nr`dm, `sê `inuhms fmjlrgs teghgh i`
a`p`aed`d GQR,
GQR, `inuhms jàs,
j às, mtrms jghms, `inuhms hehnuh` _...Z @djeter 
@djete r 
gs` a`p`aed`d hm gs `djeter uh j`i dg mrengh. Gstm hm quegrg dgaer, seh
gjl`rnm, qug i` a`p`aed`d GQR hm sg pugd` uteiez`r dg cmrj` ehdgled`
(Eled.).
 A@RÊTWIM 7
Q`t`hàs y gi s`t`hesjm
 Q`t`hàs, m gi de`lim, f` sedm gi tgj` dg uh` juitetud
juit etud dg ielrms
ielr ms y dg
desausemhgs pmr jeigs dg `ðms. @inuhms hegn`h su gxestghae` deaeghdm
qug gs smim uh pgrsmh`kg jetmiñneam. Mtrms p`rgagh mlsgsemh`dms amh åi,
veåhdmim dgtràs dg tmdm im ej`neh`lig.
ej `neh`lig.

QÊ GVEQTG
Q`t`hàs gs rg`i. Hm gs prmduatm dg i` ej`neh`aeñh dg `inuegh he uh sejpig
sêjlmim dgi j`i? ¡teghg gxestghae` pgrsmh`i! Tuvm uh amjeghzm, gstà gh
`aaeñh `fmr`, pgrm Dems im kuzn`rà `i ceh`i.
ce h`i. ½Añjm s`lgjms qug gxestg=
D`dm qug hugstr` cerjg amhveaaeñh gs qug i` Lelie` gs uh` rgvgi`aeñh
smlrgh`tur`i dgi Dems vevm y vgrd`dgrm, gx`at` gh tmdm im qug `cerj`,
 pmdgjms er ` i` Lelie` p`r` vgr im qug hms deag gh au`htm `i de`lim y sus
 pi`hgs.
Gh aegrt` ma`señh, ig prgnuht`rmh `i gv`hngiest` Leiiy Quhd`y; «½Rmr quå
argg qug gi de`lim gxestg=¿.
«½Rmr dms r`zmhgs¿, amhtgstñ. «Gh prejgr iun`r, pmrqug i` Lelie` im
deag? gh sgnuhdm iun`r, pmrqug jg i`s fg tghedm qug vgr amh åi¿.

I@ A@\\G\@ DG Q@T@HÀQ
I` a`rrgr` dg Q`t`hàs amjeghz` gh gi p`s`dm dest`htg. Dems argñ uh`
juitetud dg àhngigs p`r` qug gkgaut`r`h sus ñrdghgs. Gh i` kgr`rquê`
`hnåiea` f`lê` uh àhngi `i qug sg ig dem i` pmseaeñh jàs prmjehghtg;
nu`rdeàh dgi Trmhm dgi @itêsejm. Qu hmjlrg gr` Iuaecgr.
Iuaecgr.
 Iuaecgr. I` ehcmrj`aeñh `agra` dg Iuaecgr hms i` rgvgiñ Gzgquegi <6;00-
05. Gstg p`s`kg gstà derenedm `i prêhaepg dg Term, uh fmjlrg ghv`hgaedm
dgledm ` i` requgz` qug pmsgê` y ` qug sg amhsedgr`l` Dems. Jeghtr`s Dems
gstà rgprghdeghdm `i prêhaepg dg Term pmr su v`hed`d, Åi prgsght` mtrm
 pgrsmh`kg
 pgrsmh`k g ii`j`dm
ii`j `dm gi rgy dg Term, gi vgrd`dgrm
vgrd`dgr m jmtev`dmr
jmte v`dmr dgi prêhaepg
prêhae pg dg
Term.
 I` p`i`lr` dgi Qgðmr vehm ` jê, y jg dekm; «Fekm dg fmjlrg, dgdêa`ig uh
i`jghtm `i rgy dg Term, y deig dg je p`rtg; ’Tû, t`h iighm dg s`ledurê`, y
dg fgrjmsur` t`h pgrcgat`, gr`s gi sgiim dg i` pgrcgaaeñh. Gstuvestg gh gi
Gdåh, gh gi fugrtm dg Dems? tus vgstedur`s gst`l`h `dmrh`d`s amh tmd`
ai`sg dg pegdr`s prgaems`s; amrh`ieh`, tmp`aem, k`spg, aresñietm, lgreim,
ñheag, z`cerm, a`rluhaim, gsjgr`id` y mrm? tmdm gst`l` aued`dms`jghtg
 prgp`r`dm
 prgp`r `dm p`r` te gh gi dê` dg tu arg`aeñh.
arg`ae ñh. @ te, qugrulêh nr`hdg y
 prmtgatmr,
 prmtga tmr, ym tg pusg gh gi s`htm jmhtg dg Dems, y `iiê gstuvestg.
gstuve stg. ¡Tg
¡Tg
 p`sg`l`s gh jgdem
jgd em dg i`s pegdr`s
pegdr` s ghaghded`s!
ghaghde d`s! Dgsdg gi dê` gh qug cuestg
cue stg
arg`dm, y f`st` gi dê` gh qug sg f`iiñ j`id`d gh te, gr`s pgrcgatm gh
tmdms tus a`jehms.
a`je hms. (Gzgquegi <6;00-07)
Gi rgy dg Term gs Iuaecgr. Gr` pgrcgatm gh tmdms sus a`jehms, gi sgr 
agigste`i dg pmseaeñh jàs gigv`d`, im jàs fgrjmsm y s`lem dg tmd` i`
arg`aeñh dg Dems.
Iuaecgr, kuhtm amh ims mtrms àhngigs gh gstg jmjghtm, gst`l` gh pgrcgat`
`rjmhê` amh Dems. Hm f`lê` rglgieñh. Hm f`lê` hehnuh` desargp`hae`?
f`lê` uh` smi` vmiuht`d gh gi uhevgrsm, i` vmiuht`d dg Dems. Tmdm gr`
fgrjmsm y `rjñheam.
 I` a`êd` Iuaecgr. Tmdm
a`ê d` dg Iuaecgr. gr` `rjmhê` f`st` qug uh dê` Iuaecgr dgaedeñ
rglgi`rsg amhtr` Dems. Gi prmcgt` Es`ê`s hms rgvgi` i` j`id`d
j`i d`d dg Iuaecgr;
¡Añjm f`s a`êdm dgi aegim, iuagrm dg i` j`ð`h`! Tû, qug smjgtê`s ` i`s
h`aemhgs, f`s a`êdm pmr tegrr`. Dgaê`s gh tu amr`zñh; «Qulerå f`st` ims
aegims. ¡Igv`ht`rå je trmhm pmr ghaej` dg i`s gstrgii`s dg Dems!
Nmlgrh`rå dgsdg gi gxtrgjm hmrtg, gh gi jmhtg
j mhtg dg ims demsgs. Qulerå ` i`
i`
argst` dg i`s jàs `it`s hulgs, sgrå sgjgk`htg `i @itêsejm¿. (Es`ê`s
04;0<- 04, HSE)
`p`reae ñh dg Q`t`hàs. Gi
 I` `p`reaeñh pga`dm dg Iuaecgr cug i` rglgieñh. Aeham
vgags Iuaecgr sg ghnr`hdgaeñ gh su amr`zñh;
• Qulerå f`st` ims aegims?
• ¡Igv`ht`rå je trmhm pmr ghaej` dg i`s gstrgii`s dg Dems!
• Nmlgrh`rå
Nmlgrh`rå dgsdg gi gxtrgjm hmrtg, gh gi jmhtg
j mhtg dg ims demsgs.
• Qulerå ` i` argst` dg i`s jàs
j às `it`s hulgs,
• Qgrå sgjgk`htg `i @itêsejm.
 Gst` rglgieñh tr`km i` a`êd` dg Iuaecgr, pugs gh su a`êd` sg tr`hscmrjñ
gh Q`t`hàs. @i tr`gr mtr` vmiuht`d `i uhevgrsm, uh` vmiuht`d qug gr`
`ht`nñhea` ` Dems, gi uhevgrsm qug uh` vgz cugr` `rjñheam, `fmr` gst`l`
gst `l` gh
dgs`rjmhê`. Au`hdm Iuaecgr sg rglgiñ, juafms dg ims àhngigs sg rglgi`rmh
amh åi, ehtght`hdm dgrrma`r i` `utmred`d dg Dems. Gstm tr`km amjm rgsuit`dm
qug ` Iuaecgr y ` sus sgau`ags ims gaf`r`h dg i` prgsghae` dg Dems y dg su
c`vmr.
@ jghudm sg hms prgnuht`; «½Rmr quå uh Dems lughm argñ `i de`lim=¿.
I` rgspugst` gs; «Åi hm im argñ¿. Dems argñ ` Iuaecgr, gi àhngi dg jàs `itm
r`hnm ghtrg tmdms, dàhdmig lgiigz`, ehtgienghae` y uh` pmseaeñh supgremr `
au`iquegr mtr` ams` arg`d`. T`jleåh ig dem ` Iuaecgr gi ielrg `ilgdrêm p`r`
f`agr im qug quesegr`.
@i ceh`i, Iuaecgr dgaedeñ iigv`r ` a`lm uh` rglgieñh amhtr` Dems, y cug gh
gsg jmjghtm gh gi qug iignñ ` amhmagrsg amjm gi de`lim m gi `dvgrs`rem.
Dems hm argñ ` Iuaecgr p`r` gsg ceh, he t`jpmam dgsgñ qug Iuaecgr `atu`r`
dg cmrj` ehdgpghdeghtg dg su vmiuht`d. Qeh gjl`rnm, Iuaecgr sg rglgiñ y,
 pmr gsm, sg amhvert
a mhverteñ
eñ gh gi ghgjenm
ghgje nm dg Dems y dg su mlr`.
mlr` .

I@ A\G@AEÑH DGI WHESG\QM

Dgspuås dg i` rgvugit` `hngiea`i, Dems argñ gi uhevgrsm t`i amjm im
amhmagjms fmy gh dê`. Hm sg hms deag añjm gr`h i`s ams`s `htgs dg qug
Dems im arg`r`, `sê qug tmdm im qug pmdgjms f`agr gs gspgaui`r. I` Lelie`
deag; «Dems, gh gi prehaepem, argñ ims aegims y i` tegrr`¿ (Nåhgses 0;0).
Nåhgses 0 hms rgvgi` i` mlr` arg`dmr` dg Dems. I` ûitej` y jàs ejpmrt`htg
ejpmrt`ht g
arg`aeñh dg Dems cug gi fmjlrg.

I@ A\G@AEÑH DGI FMJL\G

I` Lelie` `ai`r` qug Dems argñ `i fmjlrg ` su ej`ngh; «Ghtmhags
dekm Dems; "¡F`n`jms `i fmjlrg ` hugstr` ej`ngh y sgjgk`hz`! ¡Pug
dmjehg gh tmd` i` tegrr` smlrg ims pgags dgi j`r, smlrg i`s `vgs dg ims
aegims y i`s lgste`s, y smlrg tmdm `hej`i qug rgpt` smlrg i` tegrr`!‚ U Dems
argñ `i fmjlrg ` su ej`ngh. Im argñ ` ej`ngh dg Dems. Fmjlrg y jukgr 
ims argñ¿ (Nåhgses 0;<3-<>).
Gi fmjlrg cug i` amrmh` dg i` arg`aeñh dg Dems. Im amimañ gh uh
`jleghtg pgrcgatm amh tmdm im ej`neh`lig ` su c`vmr. Gst`l` gh `rjmhê`
amh Dems, amh
amh i` h`tur`igz`, amh sus sgjgk`htgs y amhsenm jesjm.
jesj m.

I@ A@ED@ DGI FMJL\G

Qeh gjl`rnm, Q`t`hàs sehteñ ghvede` pmr gs` rgi`aeñh gspgae`i qug
Dems tghê` amh gi fmjlrg. Gh Nåhgses 1 sg ghaughtr` gi rgi`tm dg im qug
suagdeñ au`hdm Q`t`hàs sg ig `p`rgaeñ ` @dàh y Gv` gh gi fugrtm dgi Gdåh
gh i` cmrj` dg uh` sgrpeghtg;
I` sgrpeghtg gr` gi `hej`i jàs `stutm dg tmdms ims qug Dems gi Qgðmr 
f`lê` arg`dm. @sê qug ig dekm ` i` jukgr; «½@sê qug Dems igs f` deafm `
ustgdgs qug hm amj`h dg hehnûh àrlmi dgi fugrtm=¿ I` jukgr ig
rgspmhdeñ ` i` sgrpeghtg; «Rmdgjms amjgr dgi crutm dg ims àrlmigs dgi
fugrtm, pgrm Dems hms dekm; ’Hm amj`h dgi crutm dgi àrlmi qug gstà gh
jgdem dgi fugrtm, he im tmqugh. Dg im amhtr`rem, jmreràh.‚¿ Ghtmhags i`
sgrpeghtg ig dekm ` i` jukgr; «Hm jmreràh. Dems legh s`lg qug gi dê` qug
ustgdgs amj`h dg åi, sg igs `lreràh ims mkms, y sgràh amjm Dems,
amhmagdmrgs dgi legh y dgi j`i¿.
j`i ¿. (Nåhgses 1;0-7)
Gi rgsuit`dm dg agdgr ` i` tght`aeñh cug uh` ruptur` dg gs` rgi`aeñh
gspgae`i ghtrg Dems y gi fmjlrg.

DGQRWGQ DG I@ A@ÊD@
Dgsdg gi gpesmdem dgi fugrtm dgi Gdåh, Dems y Q`t`hàs sg f`h
ghcr`sa`dm gh uh` nr`h l`t`ii` añsjea` gh i` qug gi fmjlrg gs gi prgjem.
Dems gstà prmaur`hdm iigv`r ` i` fuj`hed`d dg hugvm ` uh` lugh` rgi`aeñh
amh Åi jeghtr`s qug Q`t`hàs gstà tr`t`hdm dg `p`rt`ri` dg Dems. Rmr mtr`
 p`rtg, i` Gsaretur`
Gsaret ur` deag qug Q`t`hàs teghg agn`dm gsperetu`
gsper etu`ijght
ijghtgg `i
eharåduim gh uh gscugrzm pmr gvet`r qug v`y` ` Arestm.
Rgrm se hugstrm gv`hngiem gstà `ûh ghaulegrtm, im gstà ghtrg ims qug sg
 pegrdgh?
 pegrdg h? pugs
pu gs amjm
amj m giims
gi ims hm arggh,
arg gh, gi dems dg gstg
gst g senim
se nim igs
i gs f` agn`dm gi
gi
ghtghdejeghtm p`r` qug hm rgspi`hdgza` gh giims i` iuz dgi gv`hngiem dg
i` nimre` dg Arestm, gi au`i gs i`
i ` ej`ngh dg Dems. (< Amrehtems
Amrehtems 4;1-4)
@ Q`t`hàs sg ig ii`j` «gi dems dg gstg senim¿, qug ghaulrg gi gv`hngiem
dg Arestm dg i` jghtg dg ims eharåduims. F`rà au`iquegr ams` pmr ejpgder 
qug i` nghtg amhmza` ` Dems.
GQT\@
GQT\@TG
TGNE@
NE@ DG Q@T
Q@T@HÀQ
Whm dg ims pi`hgs dg Q`t`hàs gs gi dg amhvghagr `i juhdm dg qug åi hm
gxestg. Dghes dg \mungjmht f`ag i` senueghtg mlsgrv`aeñh rgvgi`dmr`;
Q`t`hàs sg mauit` dgtràs dg su prmpe` ej`ngh. Rrgcegrg `sujer uh
`spgatm nrmtgsam qug teghg gi gcgatm dg f`agrim ehmcghsevm ` ims mkms dg
i` nghtg gdua`d`. Rugs se gi de`lim hm gs jàs qug gi dgjmhem rmkm
`rj`dm amh uh nr`h tredghtg, m gi c`uhm amh pgreii` y i`rn` ami` dg i`
igyghd` pmpui`r, ½queåh sg jmigst`rê` pmr arggr gh åi m ehaiusm dgai`r`r 
qug hm argg gh åi= _...Z
_ ...Z Im qug p`rgag ehargêlig hm gs gi de`lim,
de `lim, he `uh ims
àhngigs, sehm jàs legh i` a`hdedgz y i` argduied`d dg ims gsaåpteams, y gi
smcesj` ejpgrdmh`lig dg ims qug dgjugstr`h sgr i`s vêatej`s; «Gi
de`lim gs uh a`l`iigrm dg augrhms rmkms y i`rn` ami`? pmr gsm hm argm gh
gi de`lim¿. U `sê gi de`lim ims teghg kustm dmhdg ims quegrg (Dghes dg
\mungjmht,  I` p`rtg dgi de`lim,   pp. 05-<0, aet`dm pmr D.N. Ogfi gh
Rmssgsse mh,  Kmfh ^`rweao Jmhtnmjgry, gdetmr, Lgtf`hy
 Dgjmh Rmssgssemh,
Cgiimwsfep, Jehhg`pmies, JH, 05>3, p. 00<).

 Hmjlrg
 Hmjlrgss lêlieams
lêlieams dg Q`t`hàs
Q`t`hàs
I` Lelie` ig d` mtrms hmjlrgs qug dgsarelgh su a`ràatgr y sus jåtmdms.
0. De`lim (Ku`h 6;44) gs uh` p`i`lr` nregn` qug senhecea` «`aus`dmr y
a`iujhe`dmr¿. @i ii`j`rim `sê, sg gstà deaeghdm
deae ghdm qug gs uhm qug
igv`ht` c`is`s `aus`aemhgs amhtr` mtrms? uhm auym mlkgtevm gs d`ð`r 
` Dems y `i fmjlrg? uhm qug derà jghter`s dg au`iquegr tepm te pm p`r`
imnr`r su ceh.
<. Q`t`hàs (J`tgm 0<;<3) gs uh` p`i`lr` fglrg` qug senhecea` «gi qug
sg mpmhg m `dvgrs`rem¿. @i@i ii`j`rim
ii`j `rim `sê, sg gstà deaeghdm qug
nmlegrh` smlrg uh rgehm dg tehegli`s
tehe gli`s mrn`hez`dm gh mpmseaeñh `
Dems.
1. Tght`dmr  (J`tgm
 (J`tgm 4;1) dgsarelg i` j`hgr`
j `hgr` dg `atu`r dgi ghgjenm. Hm
s`tescgafm amh dghuhae`r `htg Dems i`s c`it`s dg ims fmjlrgs, tr`t`
dg f`agrims pga`r pmrqug åi jesjm
je sjm gs uh pga`dmr.
pga`dmr.
4. R`drg dg i` jghter`
jg hter`  (Ku`h 6;44) dgsarelg uh` dg sus
s us juaf`s
tàatea`s. Dgledm ` qug f`ag nr`h usm dg dg i`s jghter`s,
jghter `s, amh kusteae` sg
 ig f` d`dm gstg hmjlrg.
7. Qgðmr dg i` jugrtg
jugrt g (Fglrgms <;04) Gi ghgjenm teghg gi pmdgr dg i`
jugrtg pmrqug pugdg `aus`r `i fmjlrg pga`dmr. pga`dmr.
3. Lggizglû (J`rams 1;<<-<1) ig `treluyg`tre luyg `i ghgjenm uh hmjlrg qug
senhecea` «sgðmr dgi gstgramigrm¿ m «sgðmr dg i`s jmsa`s¿.
j msa`s¿.
>. Lgie`i  (<
 (< Amrehtems 3;07) gs uh hmjlrg qug gh uh prehaepem sg ig
 pmdê` `piea`r
`pi ea`r ` au`ique
a u`iquegrgr pgrsmh`
pgrs mh` j`iv`d`.
j`i v`d`. I` p`i`lr`
p`i`l r` gh sê
senhecea` «ehuteied`d¿,
«ehuteie d`d¿, `quê us`d` amjm i` pgrsmhecea`aeñh dg i`
«ehuteied`d¿, gi ghgjenm.
6. J`ienhm
 J`ie nhm (0 Ku`h <;01). Gi gcgatm tmt`i dg tmd`s i`s rgcgrghae`s
r gcgrghae`s
 lêliea`s
 lêlie a`s gs gi dg prgsght`r
prgsgh t`r i`
i ` ej`ngh
ej` ngh dgi ghgjenm
ghgj enm amjm `qugi
` qugi qug
gs gi suprgjm j`ifgafmr
j`i fgafmr..
5. Rrêhaepg dg gstg
gs tg juhdm  (Ku`h 04;12). Rugstm qug, sgnûh i` Lelie`,
gi juhdm gs i` fuj`hed`d gh mpmseaeñh ` Dems, sg ig d` gstg
hmjlrg `i ghgjenm amjm ehsper`dmr y iêdgr iê dgr dg gs` mpmseaeñh.
02. Rrêhaepg dgi pmdgr dgi `erg  (Gcgsems <;0-<), gh hugstrms tegjpms, hm
smim mpgr` gh i` tegrr`,
t egrr`, sehm t`jleåh
t`j leåh gh gi gsp`aem (D`ved
( D`ved ^.
^.
Fmmvgr, Fmw tm \gspmhd tm tfg Maauit, Amhamrde` Ruliesfehn
Fmusg, Qt. Imues, JM, 05>>, pp. 01-04).

Gh A`rt`s dgi de`lim ` su smlrehm,  uh` mlr` dg ceaaeñh gsaret` pmr gi

hmt`lig pghs`dmr areste`hm A.Q. Igwes, gi de`lim `p`rgag ghsgð`hdm ` su
`prghdez dg i` j`hgr` senueghtg;
 Hugstr` tàatea`,
tàate a`, pmr gi jmjghtm,
jmjg htm, gs mauit`rhms.
mauit` rhms. Rmr supugstm,
supugst m, gstm hm
segjprg f` sedm `sê. Gh rg`ied`d, gst`jms `htg uh arugi deigj`. Au`hdm
ims fuj`hms dgk`h dg arggr gh hugstr` gxestghae`, pgrdgjms tmdms ims
`nr`d`ligs rgsuit`dms dgi tgrrmresjm dergatm, y hm f`agjms dg j`nms.
Rmr mtr` p`rtg, au`hdm arggh gh hmsmtrms, hm pmdgjms f`agrims
j`tgre`iest`s he gsaåpteams _...Z Gi fgafm dg qug ims «de`lims¿ smh gh su
j`ymrê` pgrsmh`kgs dg festmregt`s dg i` nghtg jmdgrh`, i` ej`neh`aeñh
tg `yud`rà. Qe `inuh` v`n` smspgaf` dg tu gxestghae` amjeghz` ` surner 
gh su jghtg, suneårgig uh` ej`ngh dg `inuegh agðedm amh prghd`s rmk`s,
y amhvåhagim dg qug amjm hm pugdg arggr gh gsm _...Z t`jpmam pugdg
 arggr gh tê (A.Q. Igwes, A`rt`s dgi de`lim ` su smlrehm,  JaJeii`h,
 Hugv` Umro,
Umro, 0530, pp. 15-42).
15-42) .

 Hmjlrg
 Hmjlrgss dg Q`t`hàs
Q`t`hàs gh mtrms edemj`s
edemj`s
• Àr`lg; Qfget`h
• \usm; Tafmrt
• Gnepaem; Qgt¾
• @serem; Lgfgret
• K`pmhås; M U`j`
• N`iås; Rwaa`
• Rgrs`; Dgv
(^`dg L`soeh, Deatemh`ry mc Q`t`h, Rfeimsmpfea`i Ielr`ry HU, 05><, p.
<11).
Q`t`hàs us`rà au`iquegr jåtmdm pmselig ` ceh dg ejpgderig
ej pgderig ` i` nghtg qug
vghn` ` Dems. Qe uh` pgrsmh` f` fgafm juaf`s ams`s j`i`s gh su ved` y sg
seghtg auip`lig pmr giim, Q`t`hàs tr`t`rà dg amhvghagri` dg qug hm gs im
 l`st`htg
 l`st`ht g lugh` p`r` Dems, y qug Åi hm i` `agpt`r
` agpt`rê`
ê` k`jàs
k `jàs.. Juaf`s pgrsmh`s
huha` veghgh ` Dems pmrqug arggh qug Åi huha` pmdrê` pgrdmh`ri`s.
I` Lelie` ghsgð` qug au`iquegr pgrsmh` pugdg vgher ` Arestm seh
ejpmrt`r im qug f`y` fgafm y rgaeler pgrdñh. I`s Gsaretur`s deagh;
«Sghn`h
«S ghn`h ` jê tmdms ustgdgs, ims `nmt`dms dg t`htm
t `htm tr`l`k`r, qug ym ims f`rå
dgsa`hs`r¿ (J`tgm 00;<6). I` Lelie` ghsgð` qug gi pgrdñh gstà ` i`
despmseaeñh dg tmdms ims qug vghn`h ` Arestm, seh ejpmrt`r im qug f`y`h
fgafm.
F`y mtr` ai`sg dg pgrsmh`s qug Q`t`hàs ghn`ð` t`jleåh, pgrm qug teghgh
gi prmligj` amhtr`rem. Gs` pgrsmh`, gh iun`r dg sghter qug gs dgj`se`dm
j`i` p`r` vgher ` Dems, argg qug gs dgj`se`dm lugh` p`r` hgagset`r ` Dems.
Rugstm qug huha` f` fgafm h`d` gh su ved` qug amhsedgrg fmrrelig, hm argg
qug hgagsetg uh Q`iv`dmr.
Q`iv`dmr. Gst` pgrsmh` gstà despugst` ` prgsght`rsg dgi`htg
dg Dems, l`sàhdmsg gh sus prmpems jåretms, gh i`s lugh`s mlr`s qug f`
fgafm gh su ved`, argyghdm qug Dems i` `agpt`rà amh tmd` sgnured`d. Qeh
gjl`rnm, i` Gsaretur` deag; «Tmdms f`h pga`dm y gstàh prev`dms dg i`
nimre` dg Dems¿ (\mj`hms 1;<1, HSE), y «i` p`n` dgi pga`dm gs jugrtg,
 pgrm i` dàdev` dg Dems gs ved` gtgrh` gh Arestm Kgsûs, hugstrm hugstr m Qgðmr¿
(\mj`hms 3;<1).
GI DGQTEHM DG Q@T@HÀQ
Q`t`hàs gstà veveghdm gh tegjpm prgst`dm. Dems f` prmjgtedm gh su
R`i`lr` qug Q`t`hàs y sus àhngigs rgaeleràh gi a`stenm gtgrhm pmr ims
arêjghgs qug f`h amjgtedm amhtr` Dems y amhtr` gi fmjlrg. Q`t`hàs gstà
veveghdm amh tegjpm prgst`dm.
Ghtmhags derà t`jleåh ` ims dg i` ezquegrd`; «¡@pàrtghsg dg jê,
j`idetms! ¡S`y`h `i cugnm gtgrhm, prgp`r`dm p`r` gi de`lim y sus
àhngigs!¿ (J`tgm <7;40)
Gi de`lim, qug ims f`lê` ghn`ð`dm, cug i`hz`dm `i i`nm dg \egnm y
`zucrg, dmhdg gst`l`h i` lgste` y gi c`ism prmcgt`. U `iiê sgràh
`tmrjght`dms dê` y hmafg pmr ims senims dg ims senims. (@pma`iepses
<2;02)
Gh gsg jmjghtm, Q`t`hàs sgrà gaf`dm dg uh` vgz pmr tmd`s dg i`
 prgsghae`
 prgsgha e` dg Dems seh huha` jàs pmdgr a`us`rig
a`us`ri g sucrejegh
sucre jeghtm
tm ` h`deg. I`
sgp`r`aeñh gtgrh` dg Dems y gi a`stenm sgràh uh ceh`i kustm ` su
enhmjehems` a`rrgr` amjm gi prêhaepg dg i`s tehegli`s.
A. Crgd Deao`smh, gh  @hngis; Gigat `hd Gvei,  amjght` gi dgstehm dg
Q`t`hàs;
Gi Qgðmr Kgsûs, gi Arg`dmr y Qmlgr`hm, kuzn`rà ` tmd`s i`s are`tur`s,
ehaiuyghdm ` ims àhngigs j`ims (Ku`h 7;<<). Åi dgrrmtñ ` Q`t`hàs y ` sus
dgjmhems dur`htg su jehestgrem, `i ehv`der gi tgrretmrem dg Q`t`hàs y `i
gaf`r cugr` dgjmhems dg ims pmsgêdms (J`tgm 0<;<6-<5). Kgsûs `hteaepñ
i` dgrrmt` dgcehetev` dg Q`t`hàs au`hdm sus desaêpuims rgnrgs`rmh
deaeghdm qug ims dgjmhems sg igs sukgt`l`h jgde`htg gi pmdgr dg Arestm
(Iua`s 02;0, 0>-<2). @ tr`vås dg su jugrtg y rgsurrgaaeñh, Arestm sgiiñ
gi kueaem ceh`i dg Q`t`hàs y ims dgjmhems. I` aruz rgvgi` gi mdem y gi
 kueaem
 kuea em dg Dems amhtr` gi pga`dm. Gi Kustm tghê` qug jmrer
jmre r se sg dglê`h
 pgrdmh`r ` ims ehkustms
ehkus tms (0 Rgdrm 1;06) (A. Crgd Deao`smh,  Gigat `hd 
 Gvei, Jmmdy Rrgss, Afea`nm, 0I, 05>7, pp. <02, <0<).

½AWÀI DGLG QG\ HWGQT\@ @ATETWD

F@AE@ Q@T@HÀQ=
 I` Lelie` hms gxfmrt` ` `dmpt`r i` `atetud `dgau`d` f`ae` Q`t`hàs, `
ceh dg rgaf`z`r amh gcea`ae` sus gjlgsted`s. Ig ehst`jms ` qug tghn` gh
aught` ims senueghtgs prgagptms lêlieams.
0. Qg` amhsaeghtg dg qug gxestg.  I` Lelie` ghsgð` qug Q`t`hàs gxestg,
 pgrm åi ehtght`
ehtg ht` mauit`rig
mauit `rig `i juhdm gsg fgafm. U` dekejms
deke jms qug uh` dg
i`s gstr`t`ngj`s dg Q`t`hàs gs f`agrig arggr ` i` nghtg qug åi gs uh`
cenur` sejlñiea` dgi j`i. Ig gha`ht`rê` qug i` nghtg im vegr` amjm uh
«àhngi dg iuz¿ m ehaiusm amjm gi nr`aemsm fmjlrgaetm dg tr`kg rmkm y
tredghtg, gh iun`r dg qug im vg`h amjm gi pgienrmsm, j`ienhm, `uhqug
y` amhdgh`dm, `dvgrs`rem
`dvgrs`rem dgi Qgðmr Dems y dg tmd`
t md` i` fuj`hed`d.
<. Qg` amhsaeghtg dg sus jmtevms. Dgsdg gi tegjpm dg su rglgieñh f`st`
su dgstruaaeñh ceh`i, Q`t`hàs f` dgsg`dm sgr amjm gi @itêsejm. Puegrg
`dmr`aeñh. Puegrg
Puegrg ig`it`d.
ig`it `d. Puegrg qug i` nghtg, gh vgz dg sgrver ` Dems
amjm dglg, ig serv` ` åi. Puegrg f`agrig arggr ` i`s pgrsmh`s qug gs
 lughm y Dems gs j`im.
j`i m. Qeh gjl`rnm,
gjl`r nm, i` `dmr`aeñh
`dmr`ae ñh qug dgsg` hm gs i`
`dmr`aeñh legh cuhd`d` dg uh dems qug uhm amhmag y f` amhsedgr`dm
gh sgrem.
1. Qg` amhsaeghtg dg sus jåtmdms. Dgsdg i` vgz qug ghn`ðñ ` Gv` gh gi
fugrtm dgi Gdåh f`st` gi dê` dg fmy, Q`t`hàs f` sedm uh jghtermsm. I`
Lelie` deag;
Wstgdgs smh dg su p`drg gi de`lim, y quegrgh aujpier amh ims dgsgms
dg su p`drg, quegh dgsdg gi prehaepem f` sedm uh fmjeaed`. Hm sg
j`hteghg gh i` vgrd`d, pmrqug hm f`y vgrd`d gh åi. Au`hdm f`li`
jghter`, f`li` dg im qug ig gs prmpem? pmrqug gs jghtermsm y p`drg
dg i` jghter`. (Ku`h 6;44)
Wh` dg sus trgt`s c`vmret`s gs tr`t`r dg imnr`r qug i` pgrsmh` sg
seght` s`tescgaf` seh Kgsuarestm. Qe `inuegh hm seghtg i` hgagsed`d dg
Dems, hm sg vmivgrà ` Åi. Rmr im t`htm, Q`t`hàs tr`t` dg qug i` nghtg
sg seght` im l`st`htg s`tescgaf`
s`t escgaf` p`r` qug hm sg vugiv`h ` Arestm.
Mtrm ghn`ðm qug uteiez` Q`t`hàs gs i` c`isecea`aeñh. Tmdm im qug Dems f`
fgafm ` tr`vås dg i` festmre`, Q`t`hàs f` tr`t`dm dg c`isecea`rim. I`
 prehaep`i
 prehae p`i `duitgr`ae
`duit gr`aeñh
ñh gs i` rgieneñh.
rgie neñh. @ Q`t`hàs ig gha`ht` qug i` nghtg
sg` rgienems`, qug v`y` ` i` enigse`, qug arg` qug i`s ams`s gstàh legh
ghtrg gii` y Dems, au`hdm smim im amhtr`rem gs aegrtm.
 Qe uh` pgrsmh` argg gh `inuh` rgieneñh seh rgaeler ` Arestm amjm su
Qgðmr y Q`iv`dmr, gs` pgrsmh` gstà pgrded` `uh au`hdm arg` qug i`s
ams`s ghtrg gii` y Dems gstàh legh. I` pgrsmh` rgienems`, amhce`hdm gh
sus prmpe`s mlr`s, pugdg sgr uh gkgjpim dg im qug gs gi ghn`ðm dg
Q`t`hàs, pugs Dems hms f` deafm qug p`r` gst`r gh uh` lugh` rgi`aeñh
amh Åi dglgjms er pmr gi a`jehm dg i` aruz, i` jugrtg dg Arestm pmr 
hugstrms pga`dms.
Gi fmjlrg a`êdm, ` jghudm
j ghudm amh i` `prml`aeñh, y i` `yud` dg Q`t`hàs, f`
dgs`rrmii`dm uh` `jpie` n`j` dg argghae`s rgienems`s gh gi juhdm
amjm jgdems dg mltghgr gi c`vmr dg Dems seh smjgtgrsg ` Åi. @ Q`t`hàs
ig amjpi`ag segjprg qug i` nghtg amhcêg gh su rgienemsed`d gh iun`r dg
f`agrim gh Kgsuarestm.
4. Qg` amhsaeghtg dg sus iejet`aemhgs. Q`t`hàs, gi nr`h ghn`ð`dmr, ` vgags
tr`t` dg ghn`ð`r ` i` nghtg f`aeåhdmig arggr qug gs j`ymr dg im qug gs
gh rg`ied`d. Wh` dg i`s edg`s grrñhg`s qug i` nghtg teghg dg Q`t`hàs gs
qug åi gs amjm Dems. ¡H`d`
¡H`d` pmdrê` gst`r jàs igkms
i gkms dg i` vgrd`d!
Dems gs ehcehetm, jeghtr`s qug Q`t`hàs gs cehetm m iejet`dm. Dems pugdg
gst`r gh tmd`s p`rtgs ` i` vgz? Q`t`hàs hm pugdg. Dems gs mjhesaeghtg,
a`p`z` dg iggr hugstrms pghs`jeghtms? Q`t`hàs hm pugdg. Dems gs
tmdmpmdgrmsm? Q`t`hàs hm im gs. Dems teghg i` a`p`aed`d dg f`agr 
au`iquegr ams`? Q`t`hàs hm pugdg. Qeh gjl`rnm, ` Q`t`hàs ig nust`rê`
qug i` nghtg arg` qug åi teghg gs`s f`leied`dgs. Im i`jght`lig gs qug
f`y dgj`se`dms argyghtgs qug vgh ` Q`t`hàs dgtràs dg tmdm, dàhdmig
arådetm ` quegh hm jgrgag hehnuhm. L`sei K`aosmh f`ag uh amjght`rem
`prmpe`dm;
Fmy gh dê`, argm qug gst`jms veghdm uh j`ymr ehtgrås j`is`hm gh i`
gscgr` dg i` dgjmhmimnê`, dg jmdm qug juafms dg hugstrms `jenms
gv`hnåieams sg f`h amhvgrtedm, ` tmdms ims gcgatms, gh «dgjmhñceims¿
amjm rgsuit`dm dg su c`saeh`aeñh pmr gi mauitesjm. Teghdgh ` vgr uh
dgjmhem dgl`km dg a`d` àrlmi y, pmr im t`htm, gs l`st`htg amjûh fmy
gh dê` gsauaf`r f`li`r dg ims dgjmhems dgi t`l`am, gi `iamfmi, gi
`sj` y dg au`iquegr mtr` amhdeaeñh ej`neh`lig. Gh gstg sghtedm, a`lg
dgst`a`r qug, pmr uh nr`h j`rngh, a`se tmdms ims a`sms dg pmsgseñh
dgjmhê`a`, qug sg de`nhmstea`h gh gi jehestgrem dg ielgr`aeñh fmy,
smh jght`igs gh i` cghmjghmimnê`. Gstm sg ghaughtr` gh j`ra`dm
amhtr`stg amh ims ûheams rgnestrms sgnurms qug tghgjms dg ims a`sms
 de`nhmstea`dms amh prgaeseñh dg i` pmsgseñh dgjmhê`a`? gs dgaer, ims
Gv`hngiems, gh ims qug `i jghms i` jet`d dg i`s pgrsmh`s pmsgêd`s
tghê`h prmligj`s cêseams gh iun`r dg `inûh tr`stmrhm psequeàtream
(L`sei K`aosmh gh  Dgjmh Rmssgssemh,
Rmssgsse mh, gdet`dm pmr Kmfh ^`rweao 
Jmhtnmjgry, Lgtf`hy Cgiimwsfep, Jehhg`pmies, JH, 05>3, p. <20).
Dglgjms d`rhms aught` dg qug Q`t`hàs hm gs tmdmpmdgrmsm? im dgrrmtñ
i` jugrtg dg Arestm gh i` aruz. Gi pmdgr dgi pga`dm smlrg hmsmtrms gstà
rmtm. Rmr im t`htm, dglgjms rgspgt`r su pmdgr, pgrm hm tgjgrim f`st` gi
 puhtm dg arggr qug sus dgjmhems
dgjmhe ms pugdgh jmr`r dghtrm dg ims argyghtgs
argyght gs y
mlien`rims ` f`agr ams`s qug hm quesegr`h f`agr.
f`agr. Gi pmdgr dg Dems gs j`ymr,
 pgrm gi nr`h ghn`ð`dmr quesegr`
quese gr` qug dudàr`jms
dudàr`j ms dg gstm. Rmr amhsenueghtg
amhsenu eghtg,,
så amhsaeghtg dg i`s iejet`aemhgs
iej et`aemhgs dg Q`t`hàs y dgi eiejet`dm
eiej et`dm pmdgr dg Dems.

GI Q@T@HEQJM
I` `dmr`aeñh ` Q`t`hàs teghg prmcuhd`s r`êags festñrea`s. Amhmaed` amjm
s`t`hesjm, sg ghaughtr` gxprgs`d` dg decgrghtgs cmrj`s. I` j`ne` hgnr`,
i` jes` hgnr`, `spgatms dgi juhdm dg i`s drmn`s y ims s`areceaems dg s`hnrg
teghgh rgi`aeñh amh gi s`t`hesjm.
Gh gi ielrm Gsa`pg Crmj ^etaf ar`ct,, \mlgrt` Li`hoghsfep gxpiea` im qug
^etafar`ct
dms kmvghaet`s, `jl`s Re`hest`s, ig gsarelegrmh amjm p`rtg dg su retu`i dg
eheae`aeñh;
Tuvegrmh qug er ` uh agjghtgrem gh jgdem dg i` hmafg, a`jeh`r ` tr`vås
dg uh` aruz dgi t`j`ðm dg uh fmjlrg y amhdgh`r au`iquegr argghae` gh
Arestm. @atm sgnuedm, sg rg`iezñ uh retu`i y i`s kmvghaet`s tuvegrmh qug
 lglgr s`hnrg dg `hej`igs
`hej` igs qug dgsmii`rmh
dgsmii `rmh vevms (\mlgrt` Li`hoghsfep,
Li`hoghsfe p,
etafa r`ct,, [mhdgrv`h Ruliesfehn Fmusg, Nr`hd \`peds,
 Gsa`pg Crmj ^etafar`ct
Je, 05><, p. 0).
Iyhh ^`iogr
^`iogr amjght`;
amjght `;
Gh `lrei dg 05>1, sg ghamhtrñ gi augrpm nmipg`dm y jutei`dm
j utei`dm dg uh kmvgh
dg degaesegtg `ðms dg gd`d, \mss «Jeog¿ Amafr`h, gh i`s `cugr`s dg
D`ytmh` Lg`af, Cimred`. I` festmre` dg  @ssmae`tgd
 @ssmae`t gd Rrgss  dgaê`; «Gi
vgrgdeatm dg i` pmieaê` gs qug Amafr`h cug vêatej` dg `dmr`dmrgs dgi
de`lim; `sgseh`dm gh uh crghåteam s`areceaem retu`i¿.
 Iyhh JaJeiimh, prmcgsmr` gh Moi`fmj` Afreste`h Amiigng, ehcmrj`;
«Wh tepm dg s`t`hesjm amhsestg smlrg tmdm gh aiulgs dg sgxm qug
gh`itgagh sus mrnê`s amh retu`igs s`t`hest`s. Mtr` ai`sg dg s`t`hest`s smh
ims nrupms mreght`dms ` i`s drmn`s¿ (Iyhh ^`iogr, Qupgrh`tur`i Rmwgr 
`hd tfg Maauit,  Cerj Cmuhd`temh Ruliesfehn Fmusg, @usteh, TV, seh
cgaf`, p.0).

Q@T
Q@T@HEQJM T\@DEAEMH@I
T\@DEAEMH@I
@htgs gi s`t`hesjm tghê` juaf`s jàs `smae`aemhgs sgargt`s qug gh i`
`atu`ied`d. Gh gi p`s`dm, gi `spgatm `hterrgienemsm y mpugstm ` Dems
 prgv`igaê`
 prgv`i gaê` gh tmd`s i`s cmrj`s
cmrj `s dg s`t`hesjm.
s`t`he sjm. @uhqug gstm y` hm gs `sê gh
gi jmdgrhm s`t`hesjm dg fmy, gi s`t`hesjm tr`deaemh`i amhtehû` `smae`dm
amh i` j`ne` hgnr` y gi retu`iesjm.
I` `dmr`aeñh dg uh de`lim pgrsmh`i y pmdgrmsm gs cuhd`jght`i gh gi
s`t`hesjm tr`deaemh`i. Ims ehvmiuar`dms gh gi s`t`hesjm rgaf`z`h gi
areste`hesjm, pgrm gsamngh `i Iuaecgr dg i` Lelie` amjm su dems. Tfg
Maauit Qmuraglmmo amjght`;

Tr`deaemh`ijghtg, gi s`t`hesjm sg f` ehtgrprgt`dm amjm gi auitm dgi

j`i, uh` rgieneñh l`s`d` gh ims jesjms prehaepems qug rgaf`z` gi
areste`hesjm. Amjm t`i, gi s`t`hesjm smim gxestg dmhdg gxestg gi
areste`hesjm, y smim pugdg ghtghdgrsg gh gi amhtgxtm dg i` amsjmveseñh
areste`h`. I`s ams`s gstàh, pmr `sê dgaerim, ehvgrted`s; gi de`lim qug
amhmagh ims areste`hms sg amhvegrtg gh gi dems dg ims s`t`hest`s? p`r`
gstms, i`s vertudgs areste`h`s sg amhvegrtgh gh veaems y ims veaems gh
vertudgs. Qg ehtgrprgt` i` ved` amjm uh` amhst`htg l`t`ii` ghtrg ims
 pmdgrgs dg i` iuz y ims pmdgrgs dg i`s tehegli`s,
tehe gli`s, y gi s`t`hest`
s`t`he st` iuaf` gh
c`vmr dg i`s tehegli`s, argyghdm qug, `i ceh`i, gst`s imnr`ràh i` veatmre`
(Hgveii Drury y Nrgnmry Teiigtt, Tfg Maauit Qmuraglmmo, \mutigdng &
Ogn`h R`ui, Itd., Imhdrgs, 05>6, p. 045).
I` lrukgrê` s`tàhea` sg ghaughtr` dghtrm dg gst` a`tgnmrê` dg s`t`hesjm,
dmhdg ims lrukms sg ehvmiuar`h gh gi i`dm jàs msaurm dgi j`i.
@quê sg pugdg ghamhtr`r gi rgaeghtg `t`qug dg i`s drmn`s y i`s
 pgrvgrsemhgs
 pgrvgrs emhgs sgxu`igs
s gxu`igs `smae`dms
`smae` dms amh gi de`lim.
de `lim.
Q@T@HEQJM JMDG\HM
Gi s`t`hesjm tr`deaemh`i senug seghdm juy crgaughtg y argaeghtg gh
i` smaegd`d `atu`i. Hm mlst`htg, gh ims ûitejms tegjpms, amh i` argaeghtg
sgaui`rez`aeñh dg i` smaegd`d y gi dgtgremrm dg i` jmr`ied`d kudgmareste`h`,
f` surnedm uh hugvm s`t`hesjm fuj`hest` qug gstà `tr`yghdm ` juafms
sgnuedmrgs. Gi gkgjpim jàs ai`rm dg gstg hugvm åhc`ses gs i` enigse` dg
Q`t`hàs.
Gh i` `atu`ied`d, f`h surnedm nrupms gh Ehni`tgrr` y Gurmp`, y gh ims
Gst`dms Whedms gh p`rteaui`r, ims au`igs, `prmvgaf`hdm i`
 pgrjeseve
 pgrje seved`d
d`d dg i` smaegd`d
smaegd `d jmdgrh`,
jmdgrh `, f`h cmjght`dm
cmjght `dm aegrt`
aegr t`
 pulieaed`d.
 puliea ed`d. Gi jàs c`jmsm
c`jms m dg gstms nrupms gs i` Enigse`
Enigs e` dg Q`t`hàs,
Q`t`hàs ,
cuhd`d` gh Q`h cr`haesam gh 0533 pmr @htmh I`Sgy, qug `atu`ijghtg
aught` amh uh` jgjlrgsê` dg juafms jeigs dg pgrsmh`s, y sg f`
gst`ligaedm amjm uh` enigse`
enigse ` gh Gst`dms Whedms.
S`rems nrupms gst`dmuhedghsgs ig f`h ejet`dm, y `inuhms sg f`h
gst`ligaedm t`jleåh amjm `qugi`rrgs dg «lrukgrê` hgnr`¿. I` p`hdeii`
p`hdeii`
dg J`hsmh, n`hñ uh` dgsc`vmr`lig pulieaed`d p`r` gi s`t`hesjm gh
Gst`dms Whedms, pgrm gh rg`ied`d gstm sg tr`dukm gh uh j`ymr ehtgrås
dgi pûlieam pmr gi tgj`.
tgj `. Amh jàs pgrsmh`s qug rgaf`z`rmh ims v`imrgs
tr`deaemh`igs dg i` jmr`i, gs ehgvet`lig qug gi jmvejeghtm s`t`hest`
tghn` uh j`ymr `tr`atevm (Drury, Mp. Aet., p. 074).
Gh uh a`pêtuim smlrg gi s`t`hesjm `atu`i, gh Tfmsg Auremus Hgw Auits,
^eiie`j Rgtgrsgh amjght` smlrg gi fgafm dg qug, dgsdg jgde`dms dg i`
dåa`d` dg 0532, gi s`t`hesjm gstà f`aeghdm su rg`p`reaeñh. Qgð`i` qug gi
a`t`iez`dmr p`r` i` nr`h `iz` smh pgiêaui`s t`queiigr`s amjm  I` sgjeii`
sg jeii` dgi 
de`lim. Dg gst` pgiêaui`, deag;
@htmh Qz`hdmr I`Sgy, gi `utmprmai`j`dm sujm s`agrdmtg dg i` Rrejgr`
Enigse` dg Q`t`hàs, dg Q`h Cr`haesam y `utmr dg i` lelie` s`tàhea`, fezm gi
 p`pgi dgi de`lim.
de`li m. Jàs t`rdg, ii`jñ
ii`j ñ ` i` pgiêaui`
pgiê aui` «gi `huhaem jgkmr 
jgkm r 
 p`n`dm p`r` gi s`t`hesjm
s`t`he sjm dgsdg i` Ehqueseaeñh¿
Ehques eaeñh¿.. Qeh dud`, im gr`
(^eiie`j K. Rgtgrsgh, Tfmsg Auremus Hgw Auits, Og`ts Ruliesfehn, Eha.,
 Hgw A`h``h,
A`h``h, AT,
AT, 05>1, p. >7).
Qmh juaf`s i`s pgrsmh`s dg i` jàs devgrs` amhdeaeñh smae`i qug sg
gstàh ehvmiuar`hdm gh gi s`t`hesjm. Qu gd`d, maup`aeñh y hevgi gdua`tevm
gs juy v`re`dm.

I@ ENIGQE@ DG Q@T@HÀQ
@uhqug i` enigse` dg Q`t`hàs p`rgag uh` amhtr`deaaeñh gh ims tårjehms,
gst` enigse` i` cuhdñ @htñh Qz`hdmr I`Sgy gh Q`h Cr`haesam, gh 0533. Gi
åhc`ses dg i` enigse` s`tàhea` ner` gh tmrhm `i j`tgre`iesjm y `i fgdmhesjm.
Q`t`hàs, p`r` ims sgnuedmrgs dg gst` enigse`, gs jàs uh sêjlmim qug uh`
rg`ied`d. Amh gstg åhc`ses sg `igk`h dg mtr`s cmrj`s dg s`t`hesjm. Gstàh
ehtgrgs`dms gh ims pi`agrgs a`rh`igs y juhd`hms qug mcrgag i` fuj`hed`d.
I`Sgy gs dg `saghdghae` rus`, `is`ae`h` y ruj`h`, tr`l`kñ amjm
gjpig`dm dg uh aeram, mrn`hest` dg a`l`rgts y cmtñnr`cm pmieae`i. Dur`htg
tmdm gstg tegjpm,
t egjpm, I`Sgy
I`Sgy gstuvm gstude`hdm gi mauitesjm.
Dg su enigse`, I`Sgy deag;
Wh tgjpim dg nimrems` ehduinghae` qug sgrê` devgrtedm p`r` i` nghtg _...Z
Qeh gjl`rnm, gi prehaep`i prmpñsetm cug rguher ` uh nrupm dg pgrsmh`s
`cehgs p`r` qug uteieagh sus ghgrnê`s amjleh`d`s gh i` ehvma`aeñh dg i`
cugrz` sehegstr` dg i` h`tur`igz` ii`j`d` Q`t`hàs (Drury, Maauit 
Qmuraglmmo, Mp-Aet., p. >>).
Dgi s`t`hesjm, I`Sgy argg;
Qeh dud`, gs uh` rgieneñh gnmêst` y lrut`i. Qg l`s` gh i` argghae` dg qug
gi fmjlrg gs ehtrêhsga`jghtg uh` are`tur` gnmêst` y vemight`, qug i`
ved` gs uh` iuaf` d`rwehe`h` pmr i` supgrvevghae` dg ims jàs `ptms, qug
i` tegrr` i` nmlgrh`ràh ims qug iuaf`h p`r` n`h`r (elêd., p. >6).
I`Sgy gs gi `atu`i sujm s`agrdmtg dg i` enigse`, qug dgceghdg au`iquegr 
tepm dg `ateved`d sgxu`i qug s`tesc`n` i`s hgagsed`dgs dg i` pgrsmh`, y`
sg`h i` fgtgrmsgxu`ied`d, i` fmjmsgxu`ied`d, gi `duitgrem m i` cedgied`d gh
gi j`trejmhem
j `trejmhem..
F`y uh` iest` dg hugvg dgai`r`aemhgs amh i`s qug tmdms ims jegjlrms
dglgh gst`r dg `augrdm;
Q`t`hàs rgprgsght`;
0. I` ehduinghae`.
<. I` gxestghae` vet`i.
1. I` s`ledurê` pur`.
 4. I` lmhd`d smim p`r` queghgs i` jgrgagh.
7. I` vghn`hz`.
3. I` rgspmhs`leied`d smim f`ae` ims qug smh rgspmhs`ligs.
>. I` h`tur`igz` `hej`i dgi fmjlrg.
6. Tmdms ims `sê ii`j`dms pga`dms.
5. Gi jgkmr `jenm qug i` enigse` f`y` tghedm k`jàs, y` qug i` f`
j`htghedm gh `ateved`d tmdms gstms `ðms.
I` enigse` s`tàhea` gs juy j`tgre`iest`, `sê amjm `hteareste`h`. I`
 lûsqugd` dgi
d gi pi`agr
pi `agr legh pmdrê`
pmd rê` dgsareler
dgsare ler su
s u ceimsmc
ce imsmcê`
ê` dg i` ved`.
ve d`. I` enigse
e nigse``
dg Q`t`hàs ig s`a` gi jàxejm prmvgafm ` im qug gi juhdm pugdg mcrgagr 
 pmr jgdem
jgde m dgi de`lim.
de` lim.
 A@RÊTWIM 3
I` lrukgrê`
 @ i` lrukgrê`
lrukgrê ` sg ig amhmag amjm i` «rgieneñh
«rgie neñh `htenu`¿ y gs uh` vegk` vegk `
 pràatea`
 pràate a` qug sg rgjmht`
rgjmht ` ` ims tegjpms
tegj pms lêlieams.
lêlie ams. I` lrukgrê`
lrukgrê ` sg pugdg
dgceher amjm gi dgsgjpgðm dg i` j`ne` prmfeled` pmr Dems p`r` cehgs hm
lêlieams. (Gh ehniås, i` p`i`lr` lrukgrê` gs  wetafar`ct ,
 , y gstà rgi`aemh`d`
rgi`ae mh`d`
amh i` p`i`lr` weaae`h , qug quegrg dgaer;
dgae r; «pràatea`
«pràat ea` dg `rtgs
`rt gs jànea`s¿).
jàne a`s¿).

Cug dur`htg i` Gd`d Jgde` qug i` lrukgrê` gxpgrejghtñ uh nr`h

rgsurnejeghtm. Gr` uh` åpma` dmhdg tmdm gi juhdm j uhdm argê` gh im smlrgh`tur`i
y `luhd`l` i` supgrsteaeñh.
Qe `inuegh dgsg`l` amhvgrtersg gh lrukm, tghê` qug smjgtgrsg ` uh
 prmagsm dg eheae`aeñh.
eheae `aeñh. @inuh`s dg i`s tåahea`s
tåahe a`s gr`h sghaeii`s
sghaei i`s y mtr`s
amjpiea`d`s, pgrm a`se segjprg f`lê` dms rgquesetms. Gi prejgrm gr` qug gi
`sper`htg dglê` tmj`r i` dgaeseñh dg cmrj` vmiuht`re`. Gi sgnuhdm, qug gi
 prgsuhtm
 prgsuht m lrukm tghê`
t ghê` qug gst`r
gs t`r despugst
de spugstmm ` `dmr`r `i
` i de`lim.
de`li m.
Rmr im nghgr`i, ims lrukms sg rgûhgh gh `qugi`rrgs m amhvghtêauims. I`
 p`i`lr`
 p`i`lr ` «amhvghtêauim¿
«amhvghtê auim¿ d`t` dg `prmxej`d`j
`prmxe j`d`jghtg
ghtg gi `ðm 0722, y gs uh`
v`re`htg dg i` p`i`lr` «amhvghtm¿. Qenhecea` uh amhkuhtm dg pgrsmh`s, pgrm
sg `pieañ gh gspgae`i ` i` mrn`hez`aeñh dg i` smaegd`d dg ims lrukms
(Ngmccrgy R`rrehdgr, ^etafar`ct; Gurmpg`h `hd @crea`h, C`lgr `hd C`lgr,
Imhdrgs, 0531, p. 15).

F@IIM^GGH
Gi prehaep`i dê` dg agiglr`aeñh dg i`s lruk`s gs gi 10 dg matulrg, gi au`i gs
i` vêspgr` dgi Dê` dg Tmdms ims Q`htms (gh ehniås;  @ii F`iimws Gvg m
 F`iimwggh).   Qg argg qug gh gst` hmafg Q`t`hàs y sus lruk`s teghgh gi
j`ymr pmdgr.
pmdgr.
Gi mrengh dg F`iimwggh sg rgjmht` ` uhms dms jei `ðms `htgs dgi
areste`hesjm ` uh` pràatea` dg ims `htenums drued`s gh Nr`h Lrgt`ð`,
Cr`hae`, @igj`he` y ims p`êsgs aåiteams. I` agiglr`aeñh fmhr`l` ` su dems
Q`jf`eh, gi sgðmr dg ims jugrtms.
I` åpma` dg i` a`êd` dg i`s fmk`s p`rgaê` `dgau`d` p`r` cgstgk`r i`
jugrtg, qug gs gx`at`jghtg im qug p`r` giims gr` F`iimwggh; Wh`
agiglr`aeñh dg i` jugrtg gh fmhmr `i dems dg ims jugrtms. Ims drued`s
argê`h qug gh gst` hmafg gh p`rteaui`r ims gspêretus dg ims jugrtms
rgnrgs`l`h ` sus `htenu`s a`s`s p`r` veset`r ` ims
i ms vevms.
Qe ims vevms hm igs prmpmraemh`l`h `iejghtms ` gsms gspêretus j`ienhms,
tmd` ai`sg dg ams`s tgrreligs igs suagdê`h ` ims vevms. Qe hm f`lê` tr`tm amh
ims gspêretus j`ienhms,
j `ienhms, gstms igs f`aê`h uh truam ` ims vevms.
@htgs dg i` ehtrmduaaeñh dgi areste`hesjm gh gst`s tegrr`s, hm sg ig
ii`j`l` F`iimwggh ` i` agiglr`aeñh dg i` jugrtg. F`iimwggh gs i` cmrj`
dg dgaer «@ii F`iimws Gvg¿ _vêspgr` dgi Dê` dg Tmdms ims Q`htmsZ, uh`
hmafg s`nr`d` ehstetued` pmr i` Enigse` p`r` fmhr`r ` tmdms ims s`htms dg su
festmre`.
@inuhms festmre`dmrgs dg i` Enigse` `agpt`h i` pmseleied`d dg qug gi Dê`
dg Tmdms ims Q`htms sg gst`ligaegr` gi dê` 12 dg matulrg p`r` amhtr`rrgst`r 
i`s ehciughae`s p`n`h`s dg i` agiglr`aeñh dg i` jugrtg. @uh au`hdm i`
vêspgr` dgi Dê` dg Tmdms ims Q`htms amjghzñ amjm uh` agiglr`aeñh
gstreat`jghtg areste`h`, i` ehciughae` p`n`h` dg i`s `htenu`s tr`deaemhgs sg
ehceitrñ pmam ` pmam ` jgded` qug desjehuê` i` ehciughae` dg i` Enigse`.
Gh i` `atu`ied`d, F`iimwggh gs smlrg tmdm uh` agiglr`aeñh sgaui`r, uh`
gxaus` p`r` vgstersg amjm mtr` pgrsmh` y tghgr uh` cegst`. Qeh gjl`rnm, ims
vgrd`dgrms lrukms y ims sgnuedmrgs dg i` lrukgrê` amhsgrv`h tmd`vê` i`s
`htenu`s argghae`s p`n`h`s y amhsedgr`h F`iimwggh
F`iimwggh amjm uh dê` s`nr`dm y
jmrt`ijghtg pmdgrmsm.

I@ A@[@ DG L\WK@Q
Whm dg ims pgrêmdms jàs smjlrêms dg i` festmre` gurmpg` y gst`dmuhedghsg
cug gi tegjpm dg i` «Nr`h a`agrê` dg lruk`s¿. @ pgs`r dg qug y` f`lê`
a`sms `esi`dms dg pgrsgauaeñh dg lruk`s gh gi senim VEE, hm gjpgzñ gh
rg`ied`d f`st` ceh`igs dgi senim VS au`hdm tuvegrmh iun`r dms
`amhtgaejeghtms senhecea`tevms.
Gi prejgrm cug uh` a`rt` p`p`i (amhmaed` amjm lui`), prmjuin`d` gi 7
dg deaegjlrg dg 0464 pmr gi p`p` Ehmaghaem SEEE, i` au`i ehstetuê` gi eheaem
dg i` `aaeñh mceae`i amhtr` i`s pgrsmh`s smspgafms`s dg lrukgrê`. Gst` lui`
tuvm uh` `jpie` aeraui`aeñh y amh gii` sg igs dem pmdgr ` ims fmjlrgs p`r`
qug sg gha`rn`r`h dg a`sten`r ` i`s lruk`s. @ gsms fmjlrgs sg igs amhmaeñ
amjm ehquesedmrgs.
 ½Añjm sg dgsarelg uh lrukm= ^eiie`j ^gst, gsaretmr ehniås dur`htg gi
rgeh`dm dg Es`lgi E, dem i` senueghtg dgsarepaeñh;
Wh` lruk` m fgafeagr` gs uh` jukgr qug, ghn`ð`d` pmr gi p`atm fgafm
amh gi de`lim ` tr`vås dg i` pgrsu`señh, ehsper`aeñh y j`hepui`aeñh dg
gstg, argg qug pugdg prmduaer tmdm nåhgrm dg j`igs, y` sg` pmr 
 pghs`jeghtm
 pghs`j eghtm m pmr ejprga`aeñ
ejpr ga`aeñh,
h, amjm p`r` gstrgjgagr
gstr gjgagr gi `erg amh
trughms y rgiàjp`nms, a`us`r nr`hezm y tgjpgst`dgs, tr`spi`ht`r 
j`ez`igs m àrlmigs ` mtrms setems, sgr tr`hspmrt`d` pmr su gspêretu
c`jeie`r (qug f` tmj`dm i` cmrj` ghn`ðms` dg uh` a`lr`, uh agrdm, uh
 lgagrrm,
 lgagrr m, gta.) ` uh` jmht`ð`
jmht` ð` dest`htg,
dest `htg, gh uh prmdenems`jg
prmdene ms`jghtg
htg lrgvg
tegjpm, y ` vgags vmi`r smlrg gi p`im dg uh` gsaml`, m `inûh mtrm
ehstrujghtm, y p`s`r tmd` i` hmafg dgspuås amh su hmvem kun`hdm,
rgtmz`hdm, l`hqugtg`hdm, l`ei`hdm, amqugtg`hdm y mtr`s devgrs`s
iukure`s de`lñiea`s y devgrsemhgs i`saev`s, y p`r` jmstr`r jeigs dg t`igs
 luri`s jmhstrums`s
jmhst rums`s (^ei
( ^eiie`j
ie`j ^gst, Qejlmigmnr`pfy , 0754).
Gi sgnuhdm fgafm qug amhtreluyñ ` prmjmvgr i` nr`h a`agrê` dg lruk`s
cug i` puliea`aeñh dg uh ielrm ii`j`dm  J`iigus
 J`ii gus J`igcea`ruj
J`igc ea`ruj (J`rteii
(J`rt eiim
m dg
i`s lruk`s) gh 0463, pmr K`oml Qprghngr y gi premr Fgehreaf Or`jgr. Gst`
 puliea`aeñh
 puliea `aeñh cug
cu g uh j`hu`i p`r` ims
i ms a`z`dmrgs
a`z`dmr gs dg lruk`s.
lruk `s.
I` lui` p`p`i, kuhtm amh i` puliea`aeñh dgi  J`iigus
 J`ii gus J`igcea`r uj, dem
J`ig cea`ruj
iun`r ` uh` pgs`deii` dg trgsaeghtms `ðms. I` nghtg vgê` lruk`s gh tmd`s
 p`rtgs.
 p`rtgs . I`s pgrsmh`s `aus`d`s dg sgr lruk`s tghê`h
tghê` h pma` m hehnuh`
h ehnuh` dgcghs`
amhtr` sus `aus`dmrgs. Dur`htg gstg pgrêmdm sg gkgaut`rmh ` jàs dg aegh
jei pgrsmh`s gh a`d` gst`dm gurmpgm pmr sgr prgsuht`s lruk`s.
@ ims lrukms sg igs `treluê` uh` sgreg dg pmdgrgs decgrghtgs qug f`aê`h
qug i` nghtg igs tgjegr`. Qeh gjl`rnm, gi pmdgr jàs tgjedm qug sg igs
`treluê` gr` gi dgi gjlrukm, i` c`auit`d dg a`us`r ghcgrjgd`dgs y i`
jugrtg.
\mngr F`rt
F`rt f`ag uh `agrt`dm amjght`rem;
amjght`r em;
Gs càaei ej`neh`r añjm, gh ims dê`s au`hdm i` jgdeaeh` gr` prejetev`,
preje tev`, sg
 pmdê`h amhcuhder
amhcuhde r devgrs`s
devgrs `s dmighae`s
dmighae `s amh uh gjlrukm;
gjlruk m; p`ràiese
p`rài eses,
s, tåt`hms,
tåt` hms,
ceglrgs, `hgje`, gsaigrmses, gpeigpse`, festgre`. Gst`s ghcgrjgd`dgs `
jghudm jmstr`l`h sêhtmj`s qug gr`h juy `tgrr`dmrgs p`r` i`s i `s pgrsmh`s
auit`s y p`r` i`s enhmr`htgs pmr enu`i (F`rt, ^etafar`ct, Mp. Aet.,  p. 74).
 @ gst` iest` pudegr`h `ð`dêrsgigs i` amrg` dg Fuhtehntmh y gi sêhdrmjg
dg Tmurgttg. I` amrg` dg Fuhtehntmh gs uh` ghcgrjgd`d qug hm sg
gvedghae` gh i` j`ymrê` dg sus vêatej`s
vêatej `s f`st` qug hm p`s`h ims trgeht` `ðms
dg gd`d. Gst` ghcgrjgd`d f`ag qug gi ghcgrjm sg amjpmrtg dg jmdm
 pgauie`r,
 pgauie `r, ehaiuyghdm
ehaiuy ghdm jmvejeght
jmvej eghtms ms ehvmiuht`rems
ehvmiuht `rems dgi augrpm, `t`qugs dg
cure` y pårded` dg i` ehtgienghae`.
I` vêatej` pugdg prmrrujper gh gxtr`ðms `aagsms dg res`, iimr`r amjm
uh lglå m f`li`r seh p`r`r. Gs càaei vgr añjm pmdê`h amhcuhdersg amh gi
ghcgrjm `i amhsedgr`rim gjlruk`dm m sgr lrukm. I` amrg` dg Fuhtehntmh gs
t`jleåh uh` ghcgrjgd`d fgrgdet`re` qug amhvghag ` ims supgrsteaemsms dg
qug gi gjlrukm sg igs p`sñ ` ims fekms.
fek ms.
Gi sêhdrmjg dg Tmurgttg gs uh` ghcgrjgd`d pmam amjûh qug, pmr im
nghgr`i, amjeghz` gh i` heðgz. I` veatej` gxpgrejght` teas (jmvejeghtms
jusaui`rgs ehvmiuht`rems) gh tmdm gi augrpm, pgrm smlrg tmdm gh i` a`r`.
T`jleåh pugdg p`tg`r y p`t`ig`r. @dgjàs dg f`agr ngstms fmrreligs amh gi
rmstrm, i` vêatej` f`ag- ruedms ehvmiuht`rems qug ehaiuygh nretms, nruðedms
g ehsuitms. Tmdms gstms sêhtmj`s gstàh cugr` dgi amhtrmi dgi ghcgrjm, pgrm
 p`r` ims ehdmatms
ehdmat ms p`rgagh
p`rgag h sgð`igs
sgð`ig s dg sgr uh lrukm.
lr ukm.
Gst`dms Whedms hm gsa`pñ dg i` nr`h a`agrê` dg lruk`s. \mngr F`rt
amjght`;
T`i vgz hehnuh` a`z` dg lruk`s f`y` `tr`êdm t`htm i` `tghaeñh pmpui`r 
amjm i` qug tuvm iun`r gh Q`igj, Hugv` Ehni`tgrr`, gh gi `ðm dg 035<.
Gst` a`z` dg lruk`s gst`dmuhedghsg hm smim cug hmt`lig ` a`us` dgi nr`h
hûjgrm dg pgrsmh`s amhdgh`d`s (Q`igj gr` uh` amjuhed`d pgqugð`),
sehm t`jleåh dgledm ` i` cgaf` t`rdê` gh i` qug sg iigvñ ` a`lm (Eled., p.
025).
@uhqug Q`igj gr` uh puglim rgi`tev`jghtg pgqugðm dg uh`s aegh
c`jeie`s, gi pmr aeghtm dg i`s ghkueae`d`s pmr sgr lruk`s gr` ghmrjg. Gi
festmre`dmr \.F.
\.F. \mllehs deag;
Amh tmdm, gi hûjgrm dg vêatej`s dg Q`igj, uh puglim dg uh aghtgh`r dg
c`jeie`s, cug ghmrjg. Dur`htg i` festgre`, dgtuvegrmh ` a`se aeghtm
aehaught` pgrsmh`s. Qeh dud`, uh` lûsqugd` gh tmdms ims dmaujghtms
dgi treluh`i ig `ð`derê` ` gst` aecr`. Dgledm `i tegjpm hgags`rem p`r`
amhdgh`r ` a`d` presemhgrm, smim sg kuzn`rmh trgeht` y uhm gh 035<, seh
ehaiuer ` Q`r`f Afurafeii y J`ry ^`rrgh, dms ejput`d`s qug sg
 rgtr`at`rmh prmhtm. Gi treluh`i Mygr `hd Tgrjehgr (gsauaf` y dgtgrjeh`)
amhdghñ trgeht` y uh` pgrsmh`s ` jugrtg, dg i`s au`igs sges gr`h
fmjlrgs. Qg `fmra`rmh degaehugvg. Dg ims dmag rgst`htgs, dms (Q`r`f
Mslmrhg y @hhg Cmstgr) juregrmh gh i` aàragi? ` uhm (Neigs Amry) im
tmrtur`rmh f`st` i` jugrtg? ` uh` (Tetul`) i` tuvegrmh dg cmrj`
ehdgcehed` gh i` aàragi seh kueaem. @ dms (@len`ei C`uiohgr y Giez`lgtf
Rrmatmr) ig pmspusegrmh i` gkgauaeñh pmr `ign`aeñh dg gjl`r`zm y
vevegrmh im suceaeghtg p`r` su ehduitm. Wh` (J`ry Lr`dlury) sg cunñ dg
i` aàragi dgspuås dg i` sghtghae`? y aeham feaegrmh amhcgsemhgs qug igs
`sgnur`rmh ims ehduitms (\mllehs, Mp.
Mp. Aet., p. 067).
A`tmrag `ðms jàs t`rdg, uh` dg i`s `aus`dmr`s, @hhg Ruth`j, sg
rgtr`atñ dg sus a`rnms, `cerj`hdm qug gii` y ims dgjàs iigv`h ` augst`s i`
auip` dg s`hnrg ehmaghtg.
I` nr`h a`agrê` dg lruk`s dg i` Gd`d Jgde` gs hmt`lig pmr v`re`s
r`zmhgs. Gh prejgr iun`r, durñ uhms trgsaeghtms `ðms y amlrñ aghtgh`rgs dg
jeigs dg ved`s. @dgjàs, tuvm iun`r dur`htg uh tegjpm dg rghmv`dm ehtgrås
 pmr gi s`lgr
s` lgr..
I`s pgrsmh`s qug p`rteaep`rmh gh gst` imaur` hm gr`h ehdevedums
`qugk`dms dg err`aemh`ied`d, sehm qug gr`h jàs legh `inuh`s dg i`s
 pgrsmh`s jàs lreil reii`htg
i`htgss dg gs`
gs ` åpma`. Ims aeghtêc
aeg htêceams,
eams, ceiñs
c eiñsmcms
mcms y `lmn`dms
sg ghamhtr`l`h ghtrg ims qug p`rteaep`rmh gh i` nr`h a`agrê` dg lruk`s, im
qug dgjugstr` qug i` supgrsteaeñh hm amhmag iêjetgs iêjet gs gdua`aemh`igs.
Gs t`jleåh i`jght`lig qug nr`h p`rtg dg i` pgrsgauaeñh vehegr` dg
areste`hms prmcgs`htgs qug im f`aê`h gh hmjlrg dg Dems, ims p`s`kgs us`dms
 p`r` kustece
kust ecea`r
a`r i` a`agrê`
a`agrê ` dg lruk`s sg j`iehtgr
j`i ehtgrprgt`r
prgt`rmh
mh y sg tmj`rmh
tmj` rmh cugr`
dg amhtgxtm pmr amjpigtm. I`s s`haemhgs ign`igs dg t`igs arêjghgs gh gi
@htenum Tgst`jghtm
Tgst`jghtm cugrmh p`rtg p`rt g dg i`
i ` ghtmhags tgmar`ae` dg Esr`gi.
Gi Qgðmr Dems gr` gi \gy gh Esr`gi? Åi tghê` gi dgrgafm dg dgtgrjeh`r dgtgrje h`r ims
dgietms y ims a`stenms gh amhtr` dg su s`htm y smlgr`hm gst`dm. Ims qug
 p`rteaep`l`h
 p`rte aep`l`h gh i` lrukgrê`
lrukgr ê` sg pmhê`h dgi i`dm dg Q`t`hàs,
Q`t`hàs , gi ghgjenm
ghgje nm dg
Dems. T`i
T`i `ie`hz` gr`gr ` tr`eaeñh `i nmlegrhm dg Esr`gi,
Esr`gi , uh nmlegrhm derenedm dg
j`hgr` pgrsmh`i pmr gi Qgðmr Dems.
Ehaiusm fmy,
fmy, i` tr`eaeñh
tr`e aeñh sg a`sten` ` jghudm amh i` jugrtg. Qeh gjl`rnm, gj l`rnm,
dgledm ` qug gh i` `atu`ied`d hehnuh` h`aeñh gs uh` tgmar`ae`, uh` h`aeñh
nmlgrh`d` dergat`jghtg pmr Dems, hm smh `piea`ligs i`s s`haemhgs
gst`ligaed`s amh pmstgremred`d. I` lrukgrê` tmd`vê` gs uh j`i y uh`
rglgieñh amhtr` Dems. Hm gs tr`eaeñh. @i ceh y `i a`lm, Kgsuarestm `dverteñ
qug i` jugrtg hm gr` gi jàxejm a`stenm. Ims qug pr`atea`h i` lrukgrê`,
jmstr`hdm su rgaf`zm dg Kgsuarestm, dglgh prgst`r `tghaeñh ` su
`dvgrtghae`; «Hm tgj`h ` ims qug j`t`h gi augrpm, pgrm hm pugdgh j`t`r 
gi `ij`. Jàs legh, tgj`h ` `qugi qug pugdg dgstruer `ij` y augrpm gh gi
ehcegrhm¿ (J`tgm 02;<6).

I@ L\WKG\Ê@ FMU
@uhqug y` hm sg prmduagh i` a`agrê` dg lruk`s he ims kueaems gh
amhtr` dg ims lrukms, i` pràatea` dg i` lrukgrê` sê amhtehû`. I` lruk`
jmdgrh` hm gha`k` gh gi gstgrgmtepm dg i` lruk` `htenu`, pugs juaf`s
 pgrsmh`s qug pr`atea`h
pr`at ea`h gstg `rtg gstàh gh i` amrreghtg
amrre ghtg prehaep`i
preha ep`i dg i`
smaegd`d. I` prgnuht` gs; ½Rmr quå= ½Rmr quå f`y uh rghmv`dm ehtgrås gh
gst` pràatea` `htenu`, t`htm ghtrg ims auitms amjm ghtrg ims enhmr`htgs=
D`hegi Amfåh jghaemh` uh p`r dg pmseligs r`zmhgs;
Gh prejgr iun`r, gstà gi gtgrhm `tr`atevm dg i` j`ne` y i` prmjgs`,
`uhqug a`ii`d`, dg qug f`y sgargtms qug sg pugdgh `ia`hz`r y qug ig
d`ràh ` i` pgrsmh` pmdgr, dehgrm, `jmr y tmd`s i`s ams`s qug dgsg`, pgrm
 p`rgag qug hm pugdg mltghgr. Gh sgnuhdm iun`r, iun`r , i` lrukgrê`
lrukgr ê` gs uh`
rglgieñh amhtr` `inuh`s dg i`s argghae`s gst`ligaed`s gh i` rgieneñh
mrn`hez`d`, gh i` aeghae` y gh gi pghs`jeghtm r`aemh`i. Qeh dud`, i`
rgi`aeñh festñrea` qug f`y ghtrg i` lrukgrê`, i`s drmn`s y gi sgxm teghg su
`tr`atevm. @quê teghg uh amhkuhtm dg argghae`s qug deagh sgr p`rtg dg
uh` rgieneñh juy `htenu`. Qeh gjl`rnm, gst` gs uh` rgieneñh
rgi eneñh gh i` qug hm
sg amhdgh`h i`s drmn`s he i` sgxu`ied`d ielrg, sehm qug sg `ieght`h.
@ pgs`r dg tmd` i` pulieaed`d y tmdms ims `qugi`rrgs dg lrukms qug sg
f`h mrn`hez`dm, i` lrukgrê` hm sg tmj` gh sgrem tmd`vê` (D`hegi Amfgh,
Whh`t ur`i Tfehns, JaA`ii Rul. Am., HU, 05>0, pp.
 @ H`tur`i Festmry mc Whh`tur`i
10.1<).
I` lrukgrê` jmdgrh` sg p`rgag juy pmam ` i` lrukgrê` dg i` Gd`d Jgde`
m ` i` lrukgrê` gh i`s smaegd`dgs prejetev`s y `htgremrgs ` i` ehtrmduaaeñh
dg i` gsaretur`. I` lrukgrê` jmdgrh` gs uh` pràatea` l`st`htg rgaeghtg (dg
ims ûitejms dmsaeghtms `ðms), qug `l`ra` aeghtms dg argghae`s y pràatea`s,
`sê amjm aeghtms dg jeigs dg sgnuedmrgs. Gi ûheam tgj` amjûh qug
 prgsght`
 prgsght ` i` lrukgrê`
lrukg rê` jmdgrh` gs i` pràatea`,
pràat ea`, y su argghae`,
argghae `, dg i`s ams`s
 prmfeled`s
 prmfele d`s pmr Dems gh i`
i ` Lelie` amjm mauites
maui test`s.
t`s.
F`st` f`ag uh p`r dg dåa`d`s, y gh senims `htgremrgs, hm sg `djetê`h ` ims
 lrukms gh au`iquegr
au`i quegr iun`r.
iun`r. I` j`ymrê`
j`ymrê ` dg i`s pgrsmh`s f`h amhsedgr
amh sedgr`dm
`dm ` i`
 lrukgrê`
 lrukgr ê` amjm `inm gh qug smim arggh ims supgrsteaem
supgrst eaemsms.
sms. I` a`agrê`
a`agrê ` dg
 lruk`s y ims p`ims dg gsaml` f`h qugd`dm rgign`dms rgign `dms ` uh rehañh pmam
uteiez`dm dg i` jghtg.
Fmy gh dê`, amjm uh sulprmduatm dgi ghmrjg ehtgrås gh gi mauitesjm
qug sg j`hecegst` gh tmdms ims hevgigs
he vgigs dg i` auitur`, tmdm gstm f` a`jle`dm.
Dgagh`s dg jeigs dg pgrsmh`s ` im i`rnm y `hafm dg Gst`dms Whedms,
`inuh`s amh têtuims uhevgrset`rems, gstàh ehaursemh`hdm gh i` lrukgrê`, gi
s`t`hesjm, gi vudû y mtr`s cmrj`s dg j`ne` hgnr` y li`ha`. Ims lrukms
`p`rgagh `legrt`jghtg gh i` tgigveseñh. Qg amjght` qug a`d` gsaugi`
sgauhd`re` teghg su lruk` p`rteaui`r. Gh Aigvgi`hd sg pugdg `iquei`r uh`
 lruk` p`r` `jghez`r
`jghe z`r uh` cegst`.
cegs t`. F`y uh`s mafght` jei pgrsmh`s pgrsmh` s qug
 pr`atea`h
 pr`ate a`h i` j`ne` li`ha` gh ims Gst`dms Whedms, amh sges jei smim gh
Afea`nm.
R`rtg dg gstm gs smim uh` jmd` p`s`kgr`. Qeh gjl`rnm, im i`jght`lig gs
qug juafm dg gstm hm im gs. Wh `sgseh`tm tr`s mtrm sg f`h `smae`dm ` gstg
curmr, amh ims `sgsehms `djeteåhdmig seh rmdgms ` i` pmieaê` m ` ims
rgpmrtgrms qug `dmr`l`h ` Q`t`hàs. A`d` A`d` vgz amh jàs crgaughae`, i` pmieaê`
pmie aê`
dgsaulrg fmrrghd`s gvedghae`s dg s`areceaems dg `hej`igs y dg fuj`hms
(Ngmrng S`hdgj`h, Rsyafea \muigttg,
\muig ttg,  Tfmj`s Hgismh, Eha., H`sfveiig, TH,
05>1, pp- 55-022).

I@ LELIE@ U I@ L\WKG\Ê@
T`htm gi @htenum Tgst`jghtm amjm gi Hugvm sg rgcegrgh uh` y mtr` vgz ` i`
 pràatea`
 pràate a` dg i` lrukgrê`
lrukgr ê` y gi smrteignem,
smrte ignem, y segjprg
segj prg qug sg jghaemh`h
jghae mh`h smh
amhdgh`dms pmr Dems. I` Lelie` amhdgh` tmd` cmrj` dg lrukgrê`, ehaiusm gi
smrteignem, i` `strmimnê` y i` `deveh`aeñh pmr igatur` dg vêsagr`s fuj`h`s y
dg `hej`igs. Ims senueghtgs p`s`kgs dgsarelgh i`s decgrghtgs cmrj`s dg
 lrukgrê`
 lrukgr ê` qug amhdgh`
amhdgh ` Dems;
0. Hm dgk`ràs amh ved` ` hehnuh` fgafeagr` (Åxmdm <<;06).
<. Hm amj`h h`d` amh s`hnrg. Hm sg dgdequgh ` f`agr prgdeaaemhgs he
`deveh`aemhgs (Igvêteam 05;<3).
1. Hm rgaurr`h ` ims gha`ht`dmrgs he ` ims `devehms. Hm ims amhsuitgh he
sg amht`jehgh amh giims. UmUm smy gi Qgðmr su Dems (Igvêteam 05;10).
4. Pug hm f`y` gh te h`deg qug f`n` p`s`r ` su fekm m ` su fek` pmr gi
cugnm, he h`deg qug pr`atequg i` `deveh`aeñh, he sg` `nmrgrm, he
smrtêignm, he fgafeagrm, he gha`ht`dmr, he `devehm, he j`nm, he h`deg
qug amhsuitg ` ims jugrtms _...Z pmrqug i`s h`aemhgs dg i`s qug v`s `
tmj`r pmsgseñh prgst`h mêdm ` ims `nmrgrms y ` ims `devehms, pgrm ` te
gi Qgðmr tu Dems hm tg pgrjetg f`agr gsm (Dgutgrmhmjem 06;02-00,
04).
7. Ehaiusm iign`rmh ` mcrgagr amjm mcrghd` qugj`d` ` sus fekms y ` sus
fek`s, y sg ghtrgn`rmh ` pr`atea`r i` `deveh`aeñh y ims `nùgrms. Qg
ghtrgn`rmh ` f`agr im j`im ` ims mkms dgi Qgðmr, y dg gs` j`hgr`
 prmvma`rmh
 prmvma`r mh su er` (<
( < \gygs 0>;0>).
3. Rgrm tû senug amh tus juafms fgafezms y gha`ht`jeghtms, ` ims qug
t`htm tegjpm f`s dgdea`dm dgsdg tu kuvghtud? ¡t`i vgz pugd`s
jgkmr`rtg, t`i vgz pugd`s cmrt`igagrtg! T`htm tegjpm f`s dgdea`dm `
tus juaf`s amhsper`aemhgs? ¡qug sg prgsghtgh `fmr` gsms qug
amhtgjpi`h ims aegims, gsms qug mlsgrv`h i`s gstrgii`s! ¡Pug tg
dgceghd`h gsms qug aught`h ims jgsgs! ¡Pug prmhmstequgh `fmr` im
qug tg v` ` smlrgvgher! (Es`ê`s 4>;0<-01).
>. @sê qug ustgdgs hm prgstgh mêdm ` sus prmcgt`s, `devehms, ehtårprgtgs
dg sugðms, `nmrgrms y gha`ht`dmrgs, qug igs deagh qug hm sg rehd`h
`htg gi rgy dg L`leimhe`. Im qug giims igs deagh gs jghter`. Im qug
 lusa`h gs
g s qug ustgdgs sg `igkgh
`i gkgh dg su tegrr`,
tegr r`, p`r`
p`r ` qug ym ims gxpuisg y
ustgdgs jugr`h (Kgrgjê`s <>;5- 02).
6. Iugnm `tr`vgs`rmh tmd` i` esi`, f`st` iign`r ` R`cms, dmhdg f`lê` uh
j`nm y c`ism prmcgt` kudêm, ii`j`dm L`r Kgsûs, qug gst`l` amh gi
 prmañhsui Qgrnem R`uim, quegh gr` uh v`rñh juy prudghtg. prudght g. Qgrnem
R`uim j`hdñ ii`j`r ` Lgrh`lå y ` Q`uim, pmrqug dgsg`l` mêr i`
 p`i`lr`
 p`i`lr ` dg Dems. Rgrm
Rgr m gi j`nm Giej`s
Giej `s (qug
( qug `sê
`s ê sg tr`duag
tr`du ag su hmjlrg),
hmjlrg ),
sg im ejpgdê` y prmaur`l` `p`rt`r dg i` cg `i prmañhsui. Amjm Q`uim,
m sg`, R`lim, gst`l` iighm dgi Gspêretu Q`htm, cekñ i` jer`d`
jer `d` gh gi j`nm
y dekm; «¡Grgs uh fekm dgi de`lim! ¡Gstàs iighm
i ighm dg jghter` y dg j`id`d,
y grgs ghgjenm dg i` kusteae`! ½Auàhdm dgk`ràs dg tr`stmrh`r ims
a`jehms rgatms dgi Qgðmr=¿ (Fgafms
(Fgafms 01;3-02).
 Amhaiuseñh
I` gxestghae` dg uh rgehm j`ienhm smlrgh`tur`i, derenedm pmr Q`t`hàs
y `pmy`dm pmr sus ignemhgs dg dgjmhems, gs uh` rg`ied`d. I`s `rtej`ð`s dg
Q`t`hàs smh juaf`s, y sus jåtmdms t`h v`re`dms amjm sus `rtej`ð`s. Rmr 
cmrtuh`, gxestg i` `utmred`d, gi pmdgr y gi rgcunem qug ghamhtr`jms gh
Kgsuarestm, gi Fekm dg Dems.
Qe hm f` dgaededm sgnuer ` Arestm, pugdg f`agrim `fmr`. I` Lelie` deag;
«_Q`t`hàsZ ghn`ð`rà pmr amjpigtm ` ims qug j`raf`h `i ehcegrhm pmr f`lgr 
deafm ’hm‚ ` i` Sgrd`d, pmr f`lgrsg hgn`dm ` arggri` y `j`ri`, im au`i ims
f`lrê` s`iv`dm¿ (< Tgs`imheaghsgs <;02, ILD). Dên`ig «sê¿ ` Arestm, i`
Sgrd`d, mrg y pêd`ig qug tmjg gi amhtrmi dg su ved`. Gi pmdgr dg Dems,
 pugstm qug gs j`ymr qug gi dg Q`t`hàs,
Q`t `hàs, vghagrà
vg hagrà gi j`i
j `i qug ig f`
f ` rmdg`dm
rmdg `dm y
qug f` sedm p`rtg dg su amjpmrt`jeghtm. Arestm, ghtmhags, jmr`rà gh su
ved`.
Qe y` gs areste`hm, ig `vesm; hm sg mlsgsemhg amh gi mauitesjm. I`
 prgmaup`aeñh
 prgmaup`a eñh pmr ims jåtmdms
jåtm dms dg Q`t`hàs hm gs gi jgkmr jgkm r jgdem p`r`
`agra`rsg ` hugstrm `dvgrs`rem, hugstrm ghgjenm, gi `aus`dmr dg ims
fgrj`hms.
Qeh gjl`rnm, gsm hm senhecea` qug hm f`n`jms h`d`. Jàs legh, sg hms
gxfmrt` gh trgs gscgr`s prehaep`igs. Gh prejgr iun`r, tghgjms gi ii`j`dm `
amjprghdgr;  ` amjprghdgr qug Q`t`hàs y` gstà dgrrmt`dm. I` jugrtg y i`
rgsurrgaaeñh dg Arestm sgii`rmh gi dgstehm y i` dgstruaaeñh dg Q`t`hàs. Gstg
fgafm sg fezm rg`ied`d p`r` ims qug amhce`jms gh Arestm.
Gh sgnuhdm iun`r, tghgjms gi ii`j`dm ` amhmagr; ` amhmagr i` gstr`tgne`
dg Q`t`hàs. Hm ` amhmagr tmd`s sus tàatea`s, sehm jàs legh sus jmdms dg
`atu`r. Gstm ehaiuyg su descr`z amjm àhngi dg iuz. Gi jmdus mpgr`hde dg
Q`t`hàs, `dgjàs dg su `t`qug dergatm amh jghter`s, t`jleåh ehaiuyg gi jàs
sutei y ` jghudm jàs uteiez`dm `rtg dgi ghn`ðm. Qu mlkgtevm gs `tr`gr `
tr`vås dg i`s ams`s dgi juhdm y i`s tght`aemhgs dg i` a`rhg. Gi dgsgm dg
Q`t`hàs gs sustetuer gi pi`h dg Dems amh sus ghn`ðms, t`i y amjm im fezm gh
gi fugrtm dgi Gdåh.
Gh tgragr iun`r, `dgjàs dg pmsggr uh` lugh` dgcghs` `i amhmagr hugstr`
 pmseaeñh
 pmseae ñh gh Arestm
Are stm y rgamhmagr
rgamhmag r i` gstr`tgne
gstr` tgne`` dg Q`t`hàs,
Q`t `hàs, dglgjms
dglg jms gst`r ` i`
mcghsev`  gh im qug f`n`jms. Gstm senhecea` amhmagr ` Dems y f`agr qug
mtrms im amhmza`h. Au`hdm hms `agra`jms jàs ` hugstrm Qgðmr y ig
f`li`jms ` mtrms dgi gv`hngiem, gstm tr`sp`s` ` Q`t`hàs amjm uh auafeiim?
gi Qgðmr hms us` p`r` gi `v`hag dg su rgehm y p`r` `rrueh`r gi dmjehem dg
Q`t`hàs. Hugstrm dmjehem smlrg Q`t`hàs hm gstà gh hugstrm pmdgr, sehm gh
gi pmdgr dg Dems y gh su `utmred`d.
`utmre d`d.
 @utmred`d smlrg Q`t`hàs
Dur`htg uh` Qgj`h` Q`ht` gh L`ilm`, R`h`jà, `prghdê pmr prejgr` vgz im
qug gs i` `utmred`d dgi argyghtg. Sehegrmh `irgdgdmr dg aehaught` jei
gstude`htgs dg sgauhd`re` y uhevgrset`rems p`r` ims dê`s dg Qgj`h` Q`ht`.
Amh @hdrå Omig, gi eiusemhest`, gh hugstrm prmnr`j`, iigh`jms uh nr`h
s`iñh dg l`eig dur`htg v`re`s hmafgs sgnued`s? amh dms m trgs rguhemhgs
a`d` hmafg.
Jeghtr`s @hdrå `atu`l`, uh fmjlrg sg dgtuvm amh su Dmdng gquep`dm
 p`r` qug tuvegr`
tuvegr ` uh` nr`h pmtghae`.
pmtghae `. Ghtmhags, amh uh ruedm ghsmrdgagdmr,
ghsmrdga gdmr,
smitñ dg nmipg gi gjlr`nug, `prgtñ gi `agigr`dmr y sg i`hzñ runeghdm a`iig
`l`km. Rmr supugstm, tmdms `dghtrm sg degrmh vugit` p`r` vgr gi `ilmrmtm. @i
ceh`i, @hdrå imnrñ a`ij`rims.
Ghtmhags gi fmjlrg ig dem i` vugit` ` i` j`hz`h`. @i dgtghgrsg crghtg `
hmsmtrms vmiveñ ` fuhder gi peg gh gi `agigr`dmr y mtr` vgz sg i`hzñ
runeghdm a`iig `l`km. @ gst`s `itur`s, tmdm
t mdm gi juhdm gst`l` auafeafg`hdm y
 prgnuhtàhdmsg
 prgnuht àhdmsg quå gr` imi m qug gst`l`
gst `l` suagdeghdm.
suagde ghdm. @inuhms 0 uhegrmh dg peg,
tr`t`hdm dg jer`r pmr i`
i ` vght`h`.
Au`hdm gi fmjlrg vmiveñ ` d`rig i` vugit` ` i` j`hz`h`, ym s`lê` qug se
vmivê` ` rgpgter su `atu`aeñh uh` vgz jàs, `a`l`rê` amh hugstr` rguheñh.
Jg vmivê ` Nghg Fuhtsj`h, uhm dg ims jegjlrms dg hugstrm gquepm, y ig
dekg; «Argm qug Q`t`hàs gstà tr`t`hdm dg ehtgrrujper gst` gst ` rguheñh.
Q`in`jms ` i` pugrt` y gkgrz`jms
gk grz`jms i` `utmred`d dgi argyghtg¿. @sê qug
s`iejms g feaejms uh` sghaeii` mr`aeñh.
Au`hdm gi fmjlrg rgnrgsñ, amjghzñ ` `agigr`r mtr` vgz, y `i smit`r dg
nmipg gi gjlr`nug... ¡puj! I` p`rtg tr`sgr` dg su `utmjñvei gst`iiñ gh i`
a`iig.
@fmr`, p`r` jmstr`r im qug gs i` `utmred`d dgi argyghtg, vg`jms im qug
deag Iua`s 02;05; «Jergh qug ym igs fg d`dm ` ustgdgs pmdgr p`r` `pi`st`r 
sgrpeghtgs y gsamrpemhgs, y p`r` vghagr ` tmdm gi pmdgr dgi ghgjenm, seh
qug h`d` ims d`ðg¿.
Dms p`i`lr`s nregn`s sg uteiez`h p`r`  pmdgr   `quê, pgrm smim uh` gh i`
tr`duaaeñh `i gsp`ðmi. I` prejgr` dglg tr`duaersg `utmred`d, hm pmdgr. Gi
Qgðmr gstà deaeghdm; «Jergh qug ym igs fg d`dm ` ustgdgs `utmred`d smlrg
gi pmdgr dgi ghgjenm¿. Gi areste`hm hm teghg pmdgr smlrg Q`t`hàs? teghg
`utmred`d smlrg gi pmdgr dg Q`t`hàs. Tg Tg im eiustr`rå.
 Um vevê gh @rnghteh`. Lughms @ergs, i` au`rt` aeud`d jàs nr`hdg gh gi
fgjescgrem maaedght`i, aught` amh sges iêhg`s dgi jgtrm y uh` dg i`s
`vghed`s jàs i`rn`s dgi juhdm, dg a`se aegh oeiñjgtrms dg gxtghseñh, y
uh` dg i`s jàs `haf`s, amh vgehteaeham sghd`s dg aeraui`aeñh, im qug
gquev`ig ` a`se trgs au`dr`s dg `hafm. Wh` `vghed` sg ii`j` Amrreghtgs, i`
au`i gs uh` amrreghtg amjp`at` dg tràceam, ` vgags amhsedgr`d` amjm uhm
dg ims «gst`aemh`jeghtms dg vgfêauims¿ jàs i`rnms dgi juhdm. j uhdm.
Wh` ehtgrsgaaeñh dg gst` `vghed` teghg t`htm jmvejeghtm qug dg i` ûhea`
j`hgr` qug sg pugdg aruz`r gs amhcgs`hdm `inûh pga`dm dgsamhmaedm,
`sgnur`rsg qug gst`jms iighms dgi Gspêretu, ghtrgn`rig hugstr` ved` ` Dems,
¡y d`r uh` a`rrgr` amjm uh imam! Qeh gjl`rnm, uh dê` hms `agra`jms y
suagdeñ `inm ehargêlig.
Gh gi aghtrm dg i` ehtgrsgaaeñh f`lê` uh` pi`t`cmrj` smlrg i` au`i sg
ghamhtr`l` uh pmieaê` dg tràhsetm uhecmrj`dm. @irgdgdmr dg vgehtg
 pg`tmhgs gspgràl`jms
gspgràl `jms gh i` gsqueh` p`r` aruz`r. Dg rgpghtg,rgpght g, gi pmieaê`
pmieaê `
smhñ gi seil`tm y igv`htñ i` j`hm. @i f`agr gstm, tmdms ims `utmjñveigs sg
 p`r`rmh gh sgam dg ehjgde`tm.
ehjgd e`tm. Amh tmdm su pmdgr pgrsmh`i hm f`lrê` f`lrê `
 pmdedm dgtghgr he sequegr`
seque gr` uhm dg gsms `utmjñveig
`utmj ñveigs,s, pgrm tghê` `inm qug
gr` juafm jgkmr; gst`l` ehvgstedm amh i` `utmred`d dgi dgp`rt`jghtm dg
 pmieaê`.
 pmieaê `. U ims
i ms amhduatmrg
am hduatmrgss dg `utmjñveig
`utmj ñveigss y ims pg`tmhgs
pg`tmhg s rgamhmaeg
r gamhmaegrmh
rmh gs`
`utmred`d. I` `utmred`d gs uh pmdgr dgign`dm.

I@ CWGHTG DG I@ @WTM\ED@D
½Auài gs i` cughtg dg gst` `utmred`d= R`lim gsarelg;
U auài i` supgrgjehghtg nr`hdgz` dg su pmdgr p`r` amh hmsmtrms, ims
qug arggjms, sgnûh i` `aaeñh dg su cugrz` pmdgrms`, i` au`i mpgrñ gh
Arestm, y im rgsuaetñ dg ghtrg ims jugrtms y im sghtñ ` su dgrgaf` gh ims
iun`rgs agigste`igs, juy pmr ghaej` dg tmdm prehaep`dm, `utmred`d,
 pmdgr y sgðmrêm,
sgðmrê m, y pmr ghaej`
ghaej ` dg tmdm hmjlrg qug sg hmjlr`,
hmjlr` , hm sñim
gh gstg tegjpm, sehm t`jleåh gh gi vghedgrm. Dems smjgteñ tmd`s i`s
ams`s l`km sus pegs, y im dem ` i` enigse`, amjm a`lgz` dg tmdm, pugs i`
enigse` gs su augrpm, i` pighetud dg @qugi qug tmdm im iigh` ` pighetud.
(Gcgsems 0;05-<1)
Au`hdm Kgsuarestm rgsuaetñ dg ims jugrtms, vgjms gi `atm dg i`
rgsurrgaaeñh y ims suagsms qug ig rmdg`rmh amjm uh` dg i`s nr`hdgs mlr`s
 dg Dems j`hecgst`d`s gh i`s Gsaretur`s. T`h pmdgrms` cug i` mjhepmtghae`
dg Dems qug gi Gspêretu Q`htm, pmr jgdem dgi `pñstmi R`lim, usñ au`trm
 p`i`lr`s
 p`i`lr `s decgrghtg
decg rghtgss p`r` rgcgre
rg cgrersg
rsg ` gstg
gs tg pmdgr.
Gh prejgr iun`r, i` nr`hdgz` dg su pmdgr, gh nregnm gs duh`jes, dg
dmhdg prmveghg i` p`i`lr` «deh`jet`¿. Iugnm gstà i` p`i`lr` `aaeñh, m
ghgrnê`, dmhdg i` ghgrnê` veghg dg uh` j`hecgst`aeñh m `ateved`d gh
`aaeñh. I` tgragr` p`i`lr` gs «cugrz`¿ m or`t`emm,  qug quegrg dgaer «sgr 
cmrt`igaedm¿. Rmr ûitejm, gstà  pmdgrmsm, m esaurms;  uh` nr`h `deaeñh dg
 pmdgr.
 pmdgr.
Gst`s au`trm p`i`lr`s senhecea`h qug dgtràs dg ims suagsms dgsaretms gh
Gcgsems 0;05-<1 gstàh i`s jàs nr`hdgs `aaemhgs dg Dems j`hecgst`d`s gh
i`s Gsaretur`s... ehaiusm j`ymrgs qug i` arg`aeñh jesj`. Gst` nr`h
ielgr`aeñh dgi pmdgr dg Dems ehvmiuarñ i` rgsurrgaaeñh i` `saghseñh y i`
ghtrmhez`aeñh dg Kgsuarestm. «Dgs`rjñ `dgjàs ` ims pmdgrgs y i`s
 pmtgst`dgs,
 pmtgst `dgs, y ims gxfeleñ
gxfele ñ pûliea`jght
pûliea `jghtgg `i treuhc`r
tre uhc`r smlrg giims gh i` aruz¿
(Amimsghsgs <;07). Q`t`hàs cug dgrrmt`dm y dgs`rj`dm. Tmd` gst`
ielgr`aeñh dgi pmdgr dg Dems gh i` rgsurrgaaeñh, `saghseñh y ghtrmhez`aeñh
dg Kgsuarestm cug p`r` ustgd y p`r` jê, ` ceh dg qug pudeår`jms tghgr i`
veatmre` smlrg Q`t`hàs `fmr` jesjm. Dg jmdm qug i` cughtg dg hugstr`
`utmred`d smlrg Q`t`hàs gstàgst à `rr`en`d` gh Dems y gh su pmdgr.
pmdgr.

½AMJM QG GKG\AG I@ @WTM\ED@D=

½Auàigs smh ims rgquesetms qug dglg tghgr p`r` sgr a`p`z dg sgr 
amfgrghtg gh gi jmjghtm dg gkgragr su `utmred`d
`utmre d`d dgi argyghtg=
Gh prejgr iun`r, dglg sgr gi amhmaejeghtm, gi amhmaejeghtm dg hugstr`
 pmseaeñh
 pmseae ñh gh Arestm y dg i` dgrrmt`
dgrrmt ` dg Q`t`hàs.
Q`t`hàs . Gh gi jmjghtm
jmjg htm dg i`
s`iv`aeñh sg hms gigvñ ` ims iun`rgs agigste`igs. Hm tghgjms qug suler 
`inuh` gsa`igr` dg i` cg p`r` iign`r `iià. Dg ehjgde`tm, gst`jms
edghtecea`dms ` ims mkms dg Dems, y dg Q`t`hàs, amh i` aruaecexeñh y i`
sgpuitur` dg Arestm, y kuhtm amh Åi rgsuaet`jms, `saghdejms y hms
sght`rhms ` i` degstr` dgi R`drg, smlrg tmdm prehaep`dm, pmdgr, `utmred`d y
sgðmrêm, y smlrg tmdm hmjlrg qug sg hmjlr`.
Gi prmligj` gs qug, `uh au`hdm Dems y Q`t`hàs smh amhsaeghtgs dg gstm,
i` j`ymrê` dg ims argyghtgs hm im s`lgh. Ghtmhags, se hm amjprghdgjms
queåhgs smjms gh rg`ied`d, huha` gkgragrgjms gs` `utmred`d qug gs gi
 dgrgafm dg h`aejeghtm dg tmdm vgrd`dgrm argyghtg gh Kgsûs. Dg jmdm qug
gi prejgr p`sm gs gi amhmaejeghtm.
Gi sgnuhdm rgquesetm gs arggr.  Juaf` nghtg hm amjprghdg gh vgrd`d
uhm dg ims prehaep`igs `spgatms dg arggr, qug amhsestg gh «vever dg `augrdm
amh¿. Gstm hm gs uh sejpig `sghtejeghtm jght`i, sehm `inm qug amhduag `
i` `aaeñh. Qg pmdrê` dgaer `sê; im qug i` jghtg `agpt`, im mlgdgag i`
vmiuht`d. Dg im amhtr`rem, hm smjms gh rg`ied`d vgrd`dgrms argyghtgs.
½Arggjms gh vgrd`d qug kuhtm amh Kgsuarestm rgsuaet`jms, `saghdejms y
hms sght`jms= Qe `sê gs, hugstr`s `aaemhgs sgràh cgrveghtgs.
Gi tgragr rgquesetm gs fujeid`d. @uhqug `i arggr sg hms iigv` ` hugstrm
iun`r dg pmdgr dgi trmhm ` i` degstr` dgi R`drg, smim i` fujeid`d hms
`sgnur` qug pmdrgjms gkgragr gsg pmdgr dg cmrj` amhtehu`. Rgrjêt`jg
dgaerig qug dgsdg gi prejgr dê` qug @dàh y Gv` maup`rmh gi fugrtm dgi
Gdåh, f` sedm hgags`rem rgamrd`rig `i fmjlrg sus iejet`aemhgs. @uh gi
fmjlrg rgnghgr`dm argg qug pugdg vever seh amhsedgr`r gh sgrem su tmt`i
dgpghdghae` dg Dems.
Qeh gjl`rnm, p`r` jê i` fujeid`d hm amhsestg gh er prmai`j`hdm; «¡Hm
smy h`d`, hm smy h`d`, smy h`d`! ¡Hm smy jàs qug uh pgd`zm dg tr`pm
suaem! Au`hdm iignug `i aegim, tmdm im qug dgsgm tghgr gs uh rehamhaetm
dmhdg jgtgrjg, gsm sgrà suceaeghtg¿. Gstm gs uh ehsuitm ` Arestm. Hm gs
fujeid`d... gs mrnuiim. I` fujeid`d gs s`lgr queåhgs smjms, queåh hms
fezm im qug smjms y d`rig nimre` ` Dems pmr gsm. @ vgags, au`hdm gsauafm
gsauafm `
`inuegh dgaer qug hm gs h`d`, ig denm; «Jerg `jenm, hm så quå sgrà ustgd,
 pgrm ym sê så qug smy `inuegh¿.
`inue gh¿. Um smy `inuegh.
`inueg h. Gi 05 dg deaegjlrg
deaeg jlrg dg
0575, ` i`s mafm y jgde` dg i` hmafg, Kgsuarestm jg j g fezm uh fekm dg Dems, y
gstmy sgnurm dg qug hm vmy ` dgaer qug hm smy h`d`. Puezà hm sg` tmdm im
qug dgl` sgr, pgrm smy jàs dg im qug gr` `htgs, y Dems hm f` tgrjeh`dm
amhjenm tmd`vê`. Qå qug Åi jg fezm, y hm ehsuit`rê` im i m qug fezm Dems.
Gi au`rtm rgquesetm gs gi v`imr.  I` fujeid`d hms pgrjetg tghgr j`ymr 
v`imr. Gi vgrd`dgrm v`imr gs cg gh su pigh` j`hecgst`aeñh. Au`hdm Dems ig
f`li` y ustgd hm `atû`, gsm hm gs cg, gs pga`dm. Hgagset`jms fmjlrgs y
jukgrgs qug cekgh su jghtg ` i` degstr` dgi R`drg y qug hm tgj`h ` h`deg,
sehm ` Dems. Gi vgrd`dgrm v`imr veghg `i d`rhms aught` dg hugstr` pmseaeñh
gh Arestm y gst`r iighms dgi Gspêretu
Gspêret u Q`htm.
Gi quehtm y ûitejm rgquesetm gs amhaeghae`,  uh` amhaeghae` dg qug
gst`jms ` i` degstr` dgi R`drg t`jleåh hms pmhg gh gi iun`r dg jàs ehtghsm
amhcieatm gsperetu`i. Gh gi jmjghtm gh qug hugstrms mkms sg `lrgh `i fgafm
 dg qug gst`jms gh gsg iun`r, dg qug kuhtm amh Arestm rgsuaet`jms,
`saghdejms y hms sght`jms, Q`t`hàs f`rà tmdm im pmselig pmr dgstruerhms m
dgs`hej`rhms. Pugd`jms sgð`i`dms. I` ûitej` ams` qug Q`t`hàs quegrg gs
uh argyghtg iighm dgi Gspêretu Q`htm y qug sg` amhsaeghtg dg sus dgrgafms
 prmagdghtgs
 prmagdght gs dgi trmhm. Q`t`hàs amjghz`rà
amjghz` rà ` mlr`r gh su ved` p`r` f`agr 
qug hm gstudeg m hm sg pmsgsemhg dg ims prehaepems qug ig jugstr`h añjm
dgrrmt`rim.
Tmdm im `htgs deafm cug hgags`rem p`r` gaf`r i`s l`sgs smlrg i`s qug sg
 pugd` gkgragr
gkgra gr i` `utmred`d
`utmre d`d dgi
d gi argyghtg.
argyght g. @sê gs amjm
a mjm im f`nm ym.
y m. \gaugrdg
\gaugrd g
qug i` `utmred`d gs uh pmdgr dgign`dm. Rmr im nghgr`i, ig f`lim dg cmrj`
dergat` y gh vmz `it` ` Q`t`hàs; «Q`t`hàs, gh gi hmjlrg dgi Qgðmr 
Kgsuarestm...¿. Qegjprg f`nm gstm prejgrm pmrqug gstms dms hmjlrgs,
«Qgðmr¿ y «Kgsuarestm¿, dgsarelgh su aruaecexeñh, rgsurrgaaeñh,
ghtrmhez`aeñh y veatmre` smlrg Q`t`hàs. «Q`t`hàs, gh gi hmjlrg dgi Qgðmr 
Kgsuarestm, y pmr su s`hnrg dgrr`j`d` gh i` aruz, ¡tg mrdghm qug dgkgs dg
`atu`r gh gst` setu`aeñh!¿. M legh; «Q`t`hàs, gh gi hmjlrg dgi Qgðmr 
Kgsuarestm, y pmr su s`hnrg dgrr`j`d` gh i` aruz, rgamhmzam qug i` veatmre`
gs dg Kgsûs y qug tmd` i` fmhr` y i` nimre` dg gst` setu`aeñh ig pgrtghgagh `
Åi¿. Ig f`lim ` Q`t`hàs gh decgrghtgs cmrj`s, pgrm segjprg usm gst`s cr`sgs
dg ghtr`d`, pmrqug ig rgaugrd`h qug åi y` gstà gst à dgrrmt`dm.
@ amhtehu`aeñh, rgamhmzam qug hm f`y h`d` qug ym pugd` f`agr. Hm
tghnm hehnûh pmdgr smlrg Q`t`hàs, sehm smim `utmred`d. U jeghtr`s jàs
`prghdm dgi pmdgr qug f`y dgtràs dg jê, dg i` cugrz` qug sg f`ii` dgtràs dg
jê, t`htm jàs v`imr tghnm p`r` gkgragr i` `utmred`d dgi argyghtg.
Qeh gjl`rnm, uh` vgz qug gkgragjms i` `utmred`d
`utmre d`d dgi argyghtg, dglgjms
tghgr p`aeghae`. Huha` qug fg gkgraedm gs` `utmred`d dgi argyghtg fg
dgk`dm dg vgr ` Q`t`hàs dgrrmt`dm, pgrm fg tghedmt ghedm qug `prghdgr ` gspgr`r.
gspgr`r.
F`ag `inûh tegjpm, pmr gkgjpim, tghê` qug f`li`r gh uh` uhevgrsed`d dg
@jårea` dgi Qur.
Qur. Dgledm ` i` ehaieh`aeñh j`rxest`
j`rxe st` dg i` uhevgrsed`d, ym gr`
gi prejgr gst`dmuhedghsg qug el` ` f`li`r gh gii` gh ims ûitejms au`trm
`ðms, y i` setu`aeñh gr` tghs`. Qg f`lê`h amima`dm nr`hdgs cmtmnr`cê`s jê`s
 pmr tmdm
t mdm gi a`jpus y imsim s gstude`h
gs tude`htgs
tgs amjuhest`s,
amjuhe st`s, tr`t`hdm
tr`t `hdm dg ehciuer
ehci uer gh ims
i ms
dgjàs gstude`htgs ` qug hm `sestegr`h ` i`s rguhemhgs, f`lê`h gsaretm
«@nghtg dg i` AE@¿ gh igtr`s rmk`s smlrg ims a`rtgigs. I` gstr`tgne` igs
 prmdukm gi rgsuit`dm
rgsui t`dm mpugstm. I` j`ymrê`
j`ymrê ` dg ims gstude`htgs
gstude `htgs huha` f`lê`
vestm ` uh `nghtg dg i` AE@ y, pmr im t`htm, vehegrmh p`r` vgr ` quå sg
 p`rgaê`,
 p`rgaê `, y gi iun`r dg rguheñh
rguhe ñh qugdñ rgpigtm.
rgpigt m. Hm mlst`htg,
mlst`ht g, amjm suagdg `
 jghudm au`hdm `inuegh f`li` gh gs` p`rtg dgi juhdm, vehegrmh t`jleåh
`net`dmrgs j`rxest`s prmcgsemh`igs amh i` ehtghaeñh dg ehtgrrujper i`
rguheñh.
Au`hdm vmy ` `inûh p`ês, jg nust` f`li`r im jgkmr pmselig gh gi edemj`
dg gsg p`ês. @sê qug ig ehcmrjå `i pûlieam qug ym gst`l` `prghdeghdm su
edemj` y qug gs` hmafg je amhcgrghae` i` d`rê` dg gsg jmdm. ¡Amjghaå `
f`li`r y cug `inm fmrrelig! Tghê` i` gsp`id` amhtr` i` p`rgd? i`s seii`s
gst`l`h ` gsa`sms aghtêjgtrms dg jê y, uhm tr`s mtrm, ims `net`dmrgs sg
igv`ht`l`h y i`hz`l`h `aus`aemhgs gh je amhtr`, ii`jàhdmjg «pugram
suaem¿, y deaeåhdmjg mtr`s p`i`lr`s qug ym he sequegr` amjprghdê`. Jg
gst`l`h f`aeghdm qugd`r gh redêauim dgi`htg dg tmdm gi juhdm. Hm pudg
rgspmhdgrigs pmrqug he sequegr` ghtghdê` im qug jg gst`l`h deaeghdm. Jg
sghtê` juy j`i pmr ims areste`hms qug sg ghamhtr`l`h `iiê pmrqug f`lê`h
gspgr`dm amh nr`h gxpgat`aeñh je iign`d` `i a`jpus y vgr ` i` nghtg vgher 
` Arestm.
Dgspuås dg au`rght` y aeham jehutms dg gst`s ehtgrrupaemhgs, smim tghê`
n`h`s dg gaf`rjg ` iimr`r, ietgr`ijghtg jg qugrê` jgtgr dgl`km dg i`
`icmjlr`. Je gspms` jg prgnuhtñ uh` vgz; «A`reðm, ½auài gs i` setu`aeñh
jàs tgrrelig
tgrreli g gh i` qug f`y`s gst`dm=¿. U ig dekg; «Cug gs`¿.
@ gst` `itur`, ym gst`l` despugstm ` d`rjg pmr vghaedm. A`d` vgz qug
jghaemh`l` sequegr` gi hmjlrg dg Kgsûs sg gaf`l`h ` rgêr. Um f`lê`
gkgraedm i` `utmred`d dgi argyghtg, y `fmr` pghs`l`; «Qgðmr, ½pmr quå hm
f`ags `inm= ½Rmr quå= ½Hm gstà Q`t`hàs dgrrmt`dm=¿ Lughm, ym hm gst`l`
a`jeh`hdm pmr cg. Amjm pugdg vgr, Dems mlr` au`hdm ig d` gi j`ymr fmhmr 
y nimre` ` su hmjlrg, hm `i hugstrm.
@i ceh`i, Dems amjghzñ ` mlr`r. I` sgargt`re` dgi Jmvejeghtm
Gstude`htei \gvmiuaemh`rem sg pusm dg peg, y tmdm gi juhdm nu`rdñ
seighaem. Jg ej`nehå qug dglê` sgr `inuegh ejpmrt`htg.
Gr` uh` jukgr seh pgims gh i` i ` ighnu`, y ym hm s`lê` im
i m qug el` ` suagdgr.
suagdgr.
Qeh gjl`rnm, gstm cug im qug dekm gs` jukgr; «Qgðmr JaDmwgii, se ym jg
f`nm areste`h` gst` hmafg, ½jg d`rà Dems uh `jmr pmr i` nghtg enu`i `i qug
ustgd f` jmstr`dm f`ae` hmsmtrms=¿.
 Hm tghnm qug dgaerig dgaer ig im qug suagdeñ dgspuås. Gs`s p`i`lr`s p`i`lr `s
amhjmvegrmh a`se ` tmdms ims qug gst`l`h `iiê, y tuvejms aehaught` y mafm
 pgrsmh`s qug gsg dê`dê ` dgaedegrmh
dgaede grmh sgnuer
sgnue r ` Arestm.
Arest m.
Fg `prghdedm ` gkgragr i` `utmred`d dgi argyghtg y, iugnm, ` a`jeh`r pmr 
cg y gspgr`r. @ vgags fg tghedm qug gspgr`r sges jgsgs m uh `ðm, pgrm ` i`
i`rn`, au`hdm jerm `tràs amh rgspgatm ` uh` setu`aeñh y vgm añjm Dems f`
sedm nimrecea`dm, ghaughtrm qug gs `inm fgrjmsm.
U huha` rgpetm gi usm dg i` `utmred`d dgi argyghtg gh uh` setu`aeñh
se tu`aeñh d`d`.
Q`t`hàs smim hgagset` uh` `dvgrtghae`. Dems sg maup`rà dg i` setu`aeñh
dgsdg gsg jmjghtm. Kgsûs dekm; «Tmd` `utmred`d jg f` sedm d`d` gh gi
aegim y gh i` tegrr`. Rmr t`htm, v`y`h y f`n`h desaêpuims gh tmd`s i`s
h`aemhgs¿.
 \gcgrghae`s
Jehestgrems dgdea`dms ` i`s sgat`s
\mh A`rismh, A.J.E., 320 Qupgremr Tgrr`ag, Gdåh
Rr`ereg, Jehhgsmt` (Åhc`ses; Qgat`s y mauitesjm gh
nghgr`i)
\mlgrt R`ss`htehm, A.@.\.E.Q., R.M. Lmx <23>,
Amst` Jgs`, A`iecmrhe` 5<3<3. (Åhc`ses; Qgat`s y
mauitesjm gh nghgr`i, `pmimnåtea` y tgmimnê`)
Kej S`ightehg, A.@.\.E.Q., R.M. Lmx i375,
Jeiw`uogg, ^esamhseh 71<20. (Åhc`ses; Qgat`s y
mauitesjm gh nghgr`i, y ceimsmcê` mreght`i)
^`itgr J`rteh, Afreste`h \gsg`raf Ehstetutg,  R.M.
Lmx 722, Q`h Ku`h A`pestr`hm, A`iecmrhe` 5<351.
(Åhc`ses; Qgat`s y mauitesjm gh nghgr`i)
K`jgs Lkmrhst`d,  Ehstetutg cmr Amhtgjpmr`ry
Amhtgjpmr`ry
Afreste`hety, R.M. Lmx @, M`oi`hd, Hgw Kgrsgy
2>413. (Åhc`ses; Qgat`s y mauitesjm gh nghgr`i, y
ceimsmcê`)
K.I. ^eiie`js,  Hgw Derga Dergatemhs
temhs Gv`hng
Gv`hngiestea
iestea
 @ssmae`temh. R.M. Lmx <14>, Luriehntmh, Hmrtf
 @ssmae`temh.
A`rmieh` <><07. (Åhc`ses; Qgat`s y mauitesjm gh
nghgr`i, gspgae`iez`dm gh Gi A`jehm ehtgrh`aemh`i)
Ourt S`h Nmrdgh,  R@AG,
 R@AG, 0544 Hmrtf Tusteh @vg.,
Quetg 0 06, Mr`hng, A`iecmrhe` 5<337. (Åhc`ses;
Qgat`s y mauitesjm gh nghgr`i, gspgae`iez`dm gh Gi
A`jehm Ehtgrh`aemh`i y gh i` Enigse` dg i`
Whecea`aeñh)
Qperetu`i Amuhtgrcgets Rrmkgats  R.M. Lmx <406.
Lgrogigy, A`iecmrhe` 54>2<. (Åhc`ses; Qgat`s y
mauitesjm gh nghgr`i, smaemimnê` y gi pghs`jeghtm
mreght`i)
 @agra` dg ims `utmrgs
Kmsf JaDmwgii rgaeleñ uh` j`gstrê` gh Tgmimnê`
Tgmimnê` dgi Qgjeh`rem Tgmiñneam
Tgmiñneam
T`ilmt gh A`iecmrhe`. Gh 0534 sg uheñ `i pgrsmh`i dg Aruz`d` Gstude`htei y
Rrmcgsemh`i p`r` Arestm y `i ceh`i iignm ` sgr uh rgprgsght`htg ehtgrh`aemh`i
etehgr`htg dg gst` mrn`hez`aeñh, ghcmaàhdmsg smlrg tmdm gh ims `suhtms qug
ghcrght` i` kuvghtud dg fmy.
Kmsf igs f` f`li`dm ` jàs dg degz jeiimhgs dg kñvghgs gh mafght` y
au`trm p`êsgs, ehaiuyghdm jàs dg sgtgaeghtms a`jpus uhevgrset`rems. Gs gi
`utmr m am`utmr dg jàs dg aeghtm degz ielrms y j`hu`igs qug supgr`h
trgeht` y aeham jeiimhgs dg gkgjpi`rgs ejprgsms gh tmdm gi juhdm. I`s
mlr`s dg j`ymr pmpui`red`d dg Kmsf smh  I` hugv`
hug v` gvedghae`
gvedgha e` qug dgj`hd`
uh vgrgdeatm, I`s trgs a`r`s dgi `jmr  y  Gs lughm m gs j`im y i` Nuê` dgi 
iêdgr  dg
 dg i` sgreg «Gs lughm m gs j`im¿.
Kmsf y su gspms`, Dmtteg, vevgh gh D`h` Rmeht. A`iecmrhe`, y teghgh
au`trm fekms `duitms.
Dmh Qtgw`rt, gsaretmr, amhcgrghae`htg y p`stmr, gs nr`du`dm j`nh` auj
i`udg dgi Qgjeh`rem Tgmiñneam T`ilmt y dgi Qgjeh`rem Ehtgrh`aemh`i gh
Tgmimnê` y Igygs dg Gstr`slurnm, Cr`hae`. Gs am`utmr, amh Kmsf JaDmwgii,
dg ims ielrms \`zmhgs y \gspugst`s.
\gspugst `s. \gsedg gh Jessemh Segkm, A`iecmrhe`.