OGBXGM AH OGBQHB@O@HBQD AH
[@\L@BG AH X\D LDMHLQ@VD

7
 

@BA@LH3 OGBQHB@O@HBQD AH [@\L@BG AH X\D LDMHLQ@VD 

QHOG 73 LGYGLQHY@\Q@LG\ EHBHYGMH\.

QHOG 93 OGBXGM AH OGBQHB@O@HBQD QDOD @

QHOG <3 OGBXGM AH OGBQHB@O@HBQD QDOD @@

9
 

QHOG 73 LGYGLQHY@\Q@LG\ EHBHYGMH\.

7.7 LG[GL@AGA AH MG [@\L@BG

Glgbmtlhusmg arh h hxgolptghozghrb ltuhg mgqsu a`hdrs t`srg athg opr`hdbatudl thdbs squ pïo`s`l`dbsg ,q auhi ah
lidhbrdç lghar` l`udçbmg hrs g smu g elgupgg. l`aga. Ah hstg fdrog, pdarç

7 ppo ? 7 oe/m ? 7 er/o<

   [`sl`bg l`rlumgr - Mdbe`tua (o) x gblnurg (o) x

- [rdf. Oha`g (o) x ;,5> ? vdmuohb (o < )

   [`sl`bg rhltgbeumgr -Mdbe`tua (o) x gblnurg (o) x d lugar

gag
-[rdf. Oha`g (o) ? vdmuohb (o < )
   [`sl`bg dvgmgag -Mdbe`tua (o) x gblnurg (o) x
-[rdf. Oha`g (o) x ;,>0 ? vdmuohb (o < )

7.9 AH\@BFHLL@DB P F@MQYGAD AHM GEXG

Hm geug, gubquh hstà lmgrg y trgbspgrhbth, t`hbh prhshbths o`lrddregb`sods quh ngy quh hm`o`bgr oha`gbth
ubg ldrrhltg ahs`bfhll`üb. Xbg pgrth ahm lmdrd quh g÷ga`rhods sh ldbsuoh gm ahstru`r mds ldbtgo`bgbths.
Hm rhstd phrogbhlh ldod lmdrd rhs`augm, prhpgrgad pgrg gltugr ldbtrg tdads gquhmmds buhvds ldbtgo`bgbths quh
sh
`btrdaulhb g trgvàs ahm v`hbtd, mds ig÷`stgs, htl. G hsth rhs`augm ah ahs`bfhltgbth sh mh mmgog lmdrd rhs`augm
m`irh.

[grg gsheurgr ubg iuhbg ahs`bfhll`üb ahm geug ah mg p`sl`bg ahih ogbthbhrsh ub b`vhm ah lmdrd rhs`augm m`irh
hbtrh ;,8 y 9 ppo.

Hm ldbsuod ah lmdrd vgrïg ldb mg thophrgturg, mg `bl`ahbl`g sdmgr, h m bóohrd ah ig÷`stgs y mg pdmul`üb. [dr
hstg rgzüb, hs prhl`sd gbgm`zgr hm b`vhm ah lmdrd a`gr`gohbth ldb mg gyuag ah ub hstulnh gbgm`zgadr ah lmdrd y
pN.

Hm g`rh, mds ig÷`stgs y hm hbtdrbd `btrdaulhb sul`haga gm geug md quh lgusg turi`ahz y sh ldbv`hrth hb hm gm`ohbtd
ah iglthr`gs y gmegs.

[dr hmmd, hs bhlhsgr`d hm`o`bgrmgs ldb mg gyuag ahm hqu`pd ah f`mtrgl`üb. Hm f`mtrd rht`hbh mgs pgrtïlumgs ah sul`haga,
ogbthb`hbad hm geug trgbspgrhbth y lr`stgm`bg. Hs `opdrtgbth quh hm f`mtrd trgigch hb iuhbgs ldba`l`dbhs y
quh tdad hm vdmuohb ah geug shg f`mtrgag ldod oïb`od ubg vhz gm aïg

7. < [XH\QG HB OGYLNG AH MG [@\L@BG

< 
 
Gm `b`l`d ah mg thopdrgag ahih rhgm`zgrsh mg puhstg hb ogrlng ah mg p`sl`bg. Hs `opdrtgbth sheu`r hm
prdlha`o`hbtd gahlugad pgrg hv`tgr prdimhogs aurgbth mg thopdrgag ah ig÷ds.

< 
 

7.  Ldopruhih quh hm hqu`pd ah su p`sl`bg (idoig, f`mtrd, htl.) fubl`dbh ldrrhltgohbth.
9.  \` fuhsh bhlhsgr`d, vglïh mg p`sl`bg y m`op`h hm vgsd ldb Ahs`blrustgbth ah suphrf`l`hs h xtr g .
Mg m`op`hzg ahm vgsd ahih rhgm`zgrsh hb ndrgs ah pdld sdm, ogbthb`hbad nóohags mgs pgrhahs y
hm fdbad. Gpm`quh hm prdaultd Ahs`blrustgbth ah suphrf`l`hs h xtr g . G ldbt`bugl`üb, ahch
gltugr hm prdaultd aurgbth oha`g ndrg y hbcugeuh muhed ldb geug.

<.  Xbg vhz m`op`d hm vgsd, mmhbh mg p`sl`bg.

1.  Yhgm`lh ubg lmdrgl`üb ah lndquh ldb A`lmdrd e r gbumgad (78 e. pdr lgag o < ah geug) d ldb Qgimhtgs
ah lmdrd rçp`ad (7 ü 9 tgimhtgs pdr lgag o < ah geug). \` su p`sl`bg tgrag
Oçs ah ub aïg hb mmhbgrsh, hs rhldohbagimh ads`f`lgr hm prdaultd A`lmdrd e
r gbumgad d Qgimhtgs ah lmdrd rçp`ad aurgbth mg dphrgl`üb.
8.  Gbgm`lh hm pN ahm geug y s` hs bhlhsgr`d gcósthmd hbtrh 5,9 y 5,1 ldb
o`bdrgadr ah pN d `blrhohbtgadr ah pN.
6.  Hop`hlh hm prdergog ah ogbthb`o`hbtd.

7.1   [YHVHBL@DB LDBQYG MG\ GMEG\

Hm pN `ba`lg mg gl`ahz d mg igs`l`aga ahm geug. Hb ubg p`sl`bg ahih ogbthbhrsh gcustgad hbtrh mds vgmdrhs 5,9
y 5,1. Hsth `bthr vgmd ah pN, gahoçs ah ldbshr vgr mg `bstgmgl`üb hb üpt`ogs ldba`l`dbhs, hs hm
`ahgm pgrg mg p`hm y mds dcds ahm ig÷`stg. [grg ogbthbhrmd hbtrh hstds ads vgmdrhs gbgm`lh a`gr`gohbth hm pN ldb
ub hstulnh gbgm`zgadr ah lmdrd y pN. \` hm pN hs suphr`dr g 5,1 g÷gag gm geug o`bdr gadr ah pN . \ `
h m pN hs `bfhr`dr g 5,9 g÷gag gm geug `blrhohbtgadr ah pN.

Mgs gmegs sdb dregb`sods vhehtgmhs ub`lhmumgrhs quh puhahb ahsgrrdmmgrsh y oumt`pm`lgrsh rçp`agohbth hb hm geug,
sdirh tdad lugbad su thophrgturg hs thopmgag. Mgs hspdrgs ah gmegs sh `btrdaulhb hb hm geug a h m g
p`sl`bg g trgvàs ahm v`hbtd, mg mmuv`g, htl.

[grg prhvhb`r su ahsgrrdmmd, gahoçs ahm ahs`bfhltgbth, ahih usgrsh ub prdaultd gbt`gmegs.

7.8  [YDEYGOG AH OGBQHB@O@HBQD

A`gr`gohbth

   Gbgm`lh hm pN ahm geug y gcósthmd hbtrh 5,9 y 5,1 s` hs bhlhsgr`d.

   Gbgm`lh hm b`vhm ah lmdrd rhs`augm m`irh, ogbthb`àbadmd hbtrh ;,8 y 9 ppo. \` ut`m`zg ub ads`f`lgadr,
rheómhmd ah ogbhrg quh sh ogbthbeg hsth rhs`augm ah lmdrd.
   M`op`h hm geug ah ndcgs h `bshltds.

\hogbgmohbth
   M`op`h mds sj`oohrs y lhp`mmh mgs pgrhahs ahm vgsd. G ldbt`bugl`üb, pgsh hm m`op`gfdbads.
   Ngeg ub ldbtrgmgvgad ahm f`mtrd y m`op`h hm prhf`mtrd ah mg idoig.
   Yhpdbeg mds ldopgltds Ldopgltds ah tr`lmdrd ah mds sj`oohrs d ahm ads`f`lgadr (vhr trgtgo`hbtd ahm
geug).

1
 

   G÷gag mg ads`s ah ogbthb`o`hbtd ah su prdaultd gbt`gmegs.

Gthbahr g
  Ogbthbhr hm b`vhm ah geug ldrrhltd.


  Lugbad ngeg gpdrtgl`dbhs ah geug buhvg g mg p`sl`bg, gbgm`lh hm b`vhm ah lmdrd y hm pN, s`


hs bhlhsgr`d, gcósthmds.
  Gbth lugmqu`hr gohbgzg ah mmuv`g, guohbth hm b`vhm ah lmdrd y ah gbt`gmegs. Yhv`sh y ogbthbeg hb


su ldrrhltd fubl`dbgo`hbtd hm ads`f`lgadr ah lmdrd.

7.6  QYGQGO@HBQD AH N@IHYBGL@DB

Lugbad mg thophrgturg ahm geug hstà pdr ahigcd ah 78³L, gcustgr hm pN hbtrh 5,9 y 5,6 y rhgm`zgr
ubg lmdrgl`üb ah lndquh ldb a`lmdrd e rgbumgad (78 e. pdr lgag o < ah geug).

Ahch hb fubl`dbgo`hbtd hm f`mtrd y gm aïg s`eu`hbth g÷gag `bvhr bgadr bdr ogm d hm hsphl`gm pgr g
p`sl`bgs ah m`bhr (8 m`trds pdr lgag 7;; o < ah geug). Hsth prdlha`o`hbtd hstgi`m`zg hm geug pgrg quh
bd lrhzlgb gmegs, bgzlgb i`lnds...

Gbgm`lh hm pN ahm geug pgrg thbhr ub pN hbtrh 5,9 y 5,6 y ahch hb fubl`dbgo`hbtd hm f`mtrd aurgbth
ubgs > ndrgs pgrg mdergr ubg phrfhltg a`str`iul`üb ahm prdaultd hb hm geug.

Yhgm`lh ubg m`op`hzg ahm f`mtrd ldb m`op`gadr ahs`blrustgbth süm`ad , rhluhrah nglhr ub iuhb ldbtrgmgvgad y
hbcugeuh ahspuàs ah mg m`op`hzg ahm f`mtrd y luirg su p`sl`bg ldb ub ldihrtdr.

Hs `opdrtgbth rhpht`r tdads hstds pgsds g o`tga ah mg thopdrgag `bvhrbgm. \h puhah ut`m`zgr hm ads`f`lgadr
fmdtgbth ah n`ihrbgl`üb hb vhz ahm `bvhr bgadr ah ads`f`lgl`üb ogbugm quh hv`tg mg ahsldopds`l`üb ahm geug hb
mgs àpdlgs hb mgs quh bd sh ut`m`zg.

7.5  QYGQGO@HBQD AHM GEXG

[grg a`spdbhr ah ub geug lr`stgm`bg y ahs`bfhltgag, mh rhldohbagods hm s`eu`hbth trgtgo`hbtd.

Qrgtgo`hbtd `b`l`gm
Yhgm`lh ubg lmdrgl`üb ah lndquh ldb 78 e. ah a`lmdrd e r gbumgad d ldb 7 ü 9 tgimhtgs ah lmdrd rçp`ad,
ads`f`lgbad hm prdaultd g trgvàs ah mds sj`oohrs. Q `hbh quh ldopmhohbtgr hstg lmdrgl`üb ldb mg ga`l`üb
ah ub prdaultd gbt`gmegs tgm ldod hm gbt`gmegs ldblhbtr gad d hm gbt`gmegs h xtr g , g rgzüb ah 7 m`trd lgag
7;; o < ah geug.

Qrgtgo`hbtd ah ogbthb`o`hbtd
Mg ga`l`üb ah lmdrd gm geug ah mg p`sl`bg sh rhgm`zg ldb hm prdaultd ldopgltds ah tr`lmdrd (7 ldopgltd pdr
lgag 9; o < ah geug, shogbgmohbth). Mds ldopgltds sh ldmdlgb phr`üa`lgohbth hb mds sj`oohrs d
hb ub ads`f`lgadr. Gprdx`ogagohbth ubg vhz pdr shogbg, ahih ldoprdigrsh hm b`vhm ah ldopgltds y
rhpdbhrmds s` hs prhl`sd. Hsth trgtgo`hbtd mh prdpdrl`dbg ubg ergb `bahphbahbl`g y mh gsheurg ub rhs`augm
ah lmdrd mgs 91 ndrgs ahm aïg.

8 
 

Mg gll`üb ahs`bfhltgbth ahm lmdrd ahih ldopmhohbtgrsh, ubg vhz pdr shogbg, ldb mg ga`l`üb ah ub
prdaultd gbt`gmegs, tgm ldod gbt`gmegs ldblhbtr gad d hm gbt`gmegs h xtr g , a ds`f`lgbad hm prdaultd
a`rhltgohbth gm geug, g rgzüb ah 7/1 ah m`trd pdr lgag 7;; o < ah geug

7.>  [YHLGXL@DBH\ HB HM X\D AH [YDAXLQD\ WX@O@LD\

   Gm usgr mds prdaultds quïo`lds, mhg ldb gthbl`üb mg ht`quhtg y s`eg sus `bstrull`dbhs.

   Bd ohzlmgr mds prdaultds hbtrh sï. G÷ga`r gm geug ah mg p`sl`bg pr`ohrd ubd y g ldbt`bugl`üb dtrd
pgrg hv`tgr pds`imhs rhgll`dbhs hbtrh hmmds.

   Lugbad a`muyg ub prdaultd, bublg g÷gag hm geug sdir h hm prdaultd.

   Gpmïquhmd a`rhltgohbth gm geug ah mg p`sl`bg d hb ads`f`lgadrhs y sj`oohrs.

   Ogbthbhr mds hbvgshs lhrrgads, hb muegr shld, prdthe`ads ahm lgmdr y fuhrg ahm gmlgblh ah mds b`÷ds.

   Hb lgsd ah ldbtgltd ldb mds dcds, mçvhmds `boha`gtgohbth ldb giubagbth geug y gluag gm oàa`ld.

   Hv`th hm ldbtgltd ah mds prdaultds ah p`sl`bg ldb dtrd t`pd ah prdaultds quïo`lds

7.0  [YDIMHOG\ P \DMXL@DBH\

7.0.7 [YDIMHOG GEXG QXYI@G

Lgusg

  F`mtrgl`üb pdirh


   [N gmtd
   Hxlhsd ah rhs`auds dreçb`lds
\ dmul`üb

\dmul`db
  Yhgm`lh ub ldbtrgmgvgad ah f`mtrd.


  G÷gag 7 m. ah Fmdlumgbth Mïqu`ad pdr lgag



  7;; o < ah geug.



  Gbgm`lh hm pN y gcósthmd hbtrh 5,9 y 5,1.



  G÷gag 78 e. ah A`lmdrd Ergbumgad pdr lgag o < ah geug



6 
 

7.0.9 [YDIMHOG3 GEXG VHYAH

Lgusg

Fdrogl`üb ah gmegs

\dmul`db

   Yhgm`lh ubg lmdrgl`üb ah lndquh ldb 78 e. ah A`lmdrd Ergbumgad pdr lgag o < ah geug. G÷gag <,8 m. ah
Gme`l`ag [mus pdr lgag 7;; o < ah geug.
   Gcusth hm pN.

7.0. < [YDIMHOG3 GEXG OGYYDB

Lgusg

[rhshbl`g ah n`hrrd d ogbegbhsd

\dmul`db

   Gcusth hm pN hbtrh 5,9 y 5,1.

   G÷gag 78 e. A`lmdrd Ergbumgad pdr lgag o <
   ah geug.
   \heu`agohbth, g÷gag 7 m. ah Fmdlumgbth
   Mïqu`ad pdr lgag 7;; o < ah geug.

7.0.1 [YDIMHOG3 OGBLNG\ HB MG\ [GYHAH\

Lgusg

[rhshbl`g ah `dbhs ohtçm`lds

\dmul`db

   Vglïh mg p`sl`bg y m`op`h mgs ogblngs ldb

   Ahs`blrustgbth ah \uphrf`l`hs Hxtrg.

7.0.8 [YDIMHOG3 @BLYX\QGL@DBH\

Lgusg

[rhl`p`tgl`üb ah mgs sgmhs lçml`lgs hb hm geug

\dmul`db


  Gcusth hm pN hbtrh 5,9 y 5,1.
   G÷gag ubg vhz pdr shogbg Gbt`-Lgmlçrhd
   Hxtrg.

5 
 

7.0.6 [YDIMHOG3 @YY@QGL@DB AH DCD\ P [@HM

Lgusg

  pN ahsgcustgad


  Hxlhsd ah rhs`auds


 


dreçb`lds

\dmul`db

  Gbgm`lh hm pN y gcusthmd hbtrh 5,9 y 5,1.



  Yhgm`lh ubg lmdrgl`üb ldb 78 e. ah A`lmdrd



  Ergbumgad pdr lgag o < ah geug.



> 
 

QHOG 93 OGBXGM AH OGBQHB@O@HBQD QDOD @

9.7 LDBLH[QD\ IG\@LD\

9.7.7 VG\D
\h ahbdo`bg vgsd g mg p`sl`bg prdp`gohbth a`lng, hs ahl`r gm rhl`p`hbth ah geug, a`fhrhbl`çbadmd ahm rhstd ah
hmhohbtds. Gm ut`m`zgr mg pgmgirg p`sl`bg, pdahods rhfhr`rbds sdmd gm vgsd d gm ldbcubtd ldopmhtd, `blmuyhbad
`bstgmgl`dbhs, gsï quh hm tàro`bd bd rhsumtg prhl`sd. A`l`hbad vgsd, ldblrhtgods quh bds rhfhr`ods ób`lgohbth gm
rhl`p`hbth.
Mg lgpgl`aga ahm vgsd sh suhmh oha`r hb ohtrds lói`lds (o<), y pgrg lgmlumgrmg ngy quh oha`r hm vgsd, y oumt`pm`lgr hm
gblnd, pdr hm mgred y mg gmturg, hb ohtrds. \` hm fdbad t`hbh `blm`bgl`üb, sh tdogrç mg gmturg oha`g, o`a`hbad hb hm
lhbtrd custd ahm vgsd. \` mg p`sl`bg t`hbh fdrog gs`oàtr`lg, pdahods shpgrgrmg hb a`st`btgs zdbgs y oha`r lgag ubg
pdr shpgrgad, suogbad f`bgmohbth tdads mds vgmdrhs. Xb o< ah geug ldbt`hbh 7;;; m`trds. Hs `opdrtgbth ldbdlhr mg
lgpgl`aga ah mg p`sl`bg pgrg ads`f`lgr ldrrhltgohbth mds prdaultds, y tgoi`àb pgrg gcustgr hm t`hopd ah ahpurgl`üb.

9.7.9 AH[XYGADYG
Içs`lgohbth, mg ahpurgadrg sh ldopdbh ah ubg idoig y ub f`mtrd. Gahoçs, bdrogmohbth ngy dtrds hmhohbtds,
ldod vçmvumgs d mmgvhs, y hqu`pds ah ads`f`lgl`üb.

Idoig

Mg idoig sh hblgreg ah odvhr hm geug quh v`hbh ahm vgsd g trgvàs ah mds sj`oohrs, mg tdog ah fdbad d mg tdog ah
gsp`rgl`üb, y hopucgrmg ldb suf`l`hbth fuhrzg pgrg gtrgvhsgr hm f`mtrd ah grhbg y vdmvhr gm vgsd.
Mgs idoigs ah p`sl`bg `bldrpdrgb ub f`mtrd ah rhc`mmg pgrg hv`tgr quh gmeób dichtd ag÷h mg idoig. Hsth f`mtrd ahih
ogbthbhrsh m`op`d, sdirh tdad s` sh gluoumg phmd d f`irgs, quh puhahb thro`bgr hbrhaçbadsh hb mg turi`bg ah mg
idoig prdvdlgbad gvhrïgs.
Hs ouy `opdrtgbth quh mg idoig hstà s`hoprh mmhbg ah geug. Hb hm lgsd ah quh trgigch hb shld, sh ag÷grç hm shmmd
ohlçb`ld, quh hs ubg cubtg quh shmmg hm hch o`hbtrgs e`rg.

F`mtrd ah grhbg

Hm f`mtrd hs ub rhl`p`hbth rhmmhbd ah grhbg quh ahcg pgsgr hm geug, rhthb`hbad mgs pgrtïlumgs hbtrh mds ergbds ah grhbg.
Hs ub s`sthog ah m`op`hzg ah ergb hf`lgl`g. Lugbad mg sul`haga sh vg gluoumgbad hbtrh mds ergbds, hm geug t`hbh oçs
a`f`lumtga pgrg pgsgr, s`hbad bhlhsgr`g su m`op`hzg phr`üa`lg.
\h puhahb ut`m`zgr grhbgs ah a`st`btg ergbumdohtrïg (a`çohtrd ahm ergbd). Hb hm f`mtrd d hb hm ogbugm ah `bstrull`dbhs
gpgrhlhb mds agtds ah mg grhbg rhldohbagag pdr hm fgir`lgbth. Mg grhbg pgrg f`mtrds ah p`sl`bgs hstç
ldopuhstg bdrogmohbth pdr sïmhx, quh hs ub o`bhrgm igstgbth aurd y pdld pdrdsd. Gltugmohbth hstç gpgrhl`hbad
dtrd s`sthog igsgad hb v`ar`d tr`turgad, quh t`hbh ubg ohbdr pdrds`aga, pdr md quh hs oçs fçl`m su mgvgad y sh
ldbshrvg aurgbth oçs t`hopd.

Vçmvumg ah 6 vïgs
Mg vçmvumg ah 6 vïgs phro`th rhgm`zgr vgr`gs fubl`dbhs ldb mg ahpurgadrg, ldod mgvgr mg grhbg, vgl`gr mg p`sl`bg, y dtrgs
mgidrhs ah ogbthb`o`hbtd. Hs ouy `opdrtgbth quh hstg vçmvumg sh ogb`pumh s`hoprh ldb mg idoig pgrgag.

0 
 

Mmgvhs ah pgsd

Lgag hbtrgag ah geug quh v`hbh ahsah hm vgsd suhmh thbhr ubg mmgvh ah pgsd, pgrg pdahr shmhll`dbgr ah
aübah gsp`rgrhods hm geug pgrg f`mtrgr. Hb hm lgsd ah quh mg ahpurgadrg hstà pdr ahigcd ahm b`vhm ahm
geug ahm vgsd, tgoi`àb sh `bstgmg ubg mmgvh hb hm tuid ah rhtdrbd, pgrg g`smgr mg ahpurgadrg y hv`tgr quh sgmeg
geug aurgbth mgs mgidrhs ah ogbthb`o`hbtd, ldod mg m`op`hzg ahm f`mtrd ah mg idoig.

9.7.< HM GEXG
Hm geug ah ubg p`sl`bg t`hbh lgrglthrïst`lgs hsphl`gmhs. Ldod sh trgtg ah geug m`op`g y ldb pdld
odv`o`hbtd, ahihods gpm`lgr ub trgtgo`hbtd pgrg hv`tgr quh gpgrhzlgb gmegs d eàrohbhs. Hstd sh ldbs`euh
gpm`lgbad prdaultds ahs`bfhltgbths (bdrogmohbth lmdrd) y ogbthb`hbad mg gl`ahz (oçs ldbdl`ag ldod [N) ahm geug
hb hm b`vhm bgturgm ah mg p`hm nuogbg.

Lmdrd

Hm lmdrd hs ub hmhohbtd quïo`ld ouy vdmçt`m, pdr md quh t`hbah g hvgpdrgrsh, sdirh tdad ldb hm sdm fuhrth.
[grg ogbthbhr su hf`lgl`g hs bhlhsgr`d g÷ga`r lmdrd gm geug phr`üa`lgohbth, yg shg hb fdrog ah pgst`mmg,
pdmvd, d lrhçbadmd ldb ub lmdrgadr sgm`bd.

H`rmr `btg`vlh`dm bühpst `ohbd pa`h ml, m drcds h, bo ublgd spg`s,l `hbsgt rhdsp ahhg 7hpm pohm d(p, garhthst `p÷dhr mog
`mrmdüpbg) ,d h gtmle. dG oahobdçs., Xpbu haxhl hpsrd avdhl lgmrd rdh gplrld`dvdblhgs gmàre`lgs d rhsp`rgtdr`gs. Mg
 
fgmtg ah lmdrd phro`th quh sh ahsgrrdmmhb gmegs, ndbeds y iglthr`gs.

[N

Hm [N hs hm b`vhm ah gl`ahz ahm geug. Hm [N `ahgm pgrg hm geug hs 5,9 hb p`sl`bgs ah erhs`th u dtrds ogthr`gmhs
ah ldbstrull`üb, y 5,; hb p`sl`bgs ah rhs`bg d pmçst`ld. Lugbad hm [N sh gmhcg oulnd ah hstds vgmdrhs, hm lmdrd p`hrah
su hf`lgl`g ldod ahs`bfhltgbth.

Gmeubds prdaultds quïo`lds, ldod mgs pgst`mmgs oumt`fubl`üb, `bldrpdrgb hmhohbtds quh gyuagb g hstgi`m`zgr hm b`vhm
ah [N. Hb lgsd ah quh hsth vgmdr sh ahsgcusth, pdahods ldrrhe`rmd g÷ga`hbad ub prdaultd çl`ad d gmlgm`bd, pgrg
bhutrgm`zgrmd. [grg nglhr hstg tgrhg oçs s`opmh, mds prdaultds sh ldohrl`gm`zgb ldod [N+ d [N-, pgrg `ba`lgrbds su
fubl`üb. \` hm [N oha`ad hb mg p`sl`bg hs gmtd, gerhegods [N-, y s` hs igcd, g÷ga`ods [N+. Hb hm lgsd ah mgs p`sl`bgs

a h l m d r g l `ü b s g m `b g , h m [ N s `h o p r h s u i h p d r hm h f hl t d
g g÷ g a ` h b a d [ N - ( ç l `a d ) p g rg `r l dr r `e ` à b a d m d . H s r l d o h b a
a h mg h m h l t ü m` s` s a h m ge u g , a h o a d qu h h s b h l h s gr ` d ` r
gi m h ` b s t g mg r u b g i d o i a d s ` f` l g adr g g u t d o ç t `l g , p g r q u h
rhgm`lh hm prdlhsd gutdoçt`lgohbth. Hstgs idoigs `byhltgb hb hm geug ub çl`ad ouy ldblhbtrgad, ah odad quh hm
prdaultd aurg oulnd t`hopd.

Gmegs

Lugbad ngimgods ah gmegs, rçp`agohbth bds v`hbh g mg lgihzg mg `ogehb ah mgs ndcgs vhrahs quh fmdtgb hb hm ogr d
hstçb t`rgags pdr mg dr`mmg. Hstd bd dlurrh hb ubg p`sl`bg. Mgs gmegs puhahb shr o`lrdslüp`lgs. Lugbad mgs
gmegs hbluhbtrgb ub goi`hbth gprdp`gad, sh rhprdaulhb rçp`agohbth lrhgbad ldmdb`gs ldb o`mhs ah hchopmgrhs,
ngstg shr v`s`imhs pdr su ldmdr vhradsd.
Mgs gmegs sh rhprdaulhb ouy rçp`agohbth ldb b`vhmhs ah lmdrd igcds y [N gmtd. Gbths ah shr v`s`imhs,
pdahods gprhl`gr su hx`sthbl`g pdrquh lrhgb ubg phmïlumg hb mgs pgrhahs ahm vgsd, quh sh gprhl`g gm pgsgr mg ogbd,
bdtgbad quh hstçb gmed rhsigmga`zgs.

[grg prhvhb`rmgs igstg ldb quh mds b`vhmhs ah lmdrd y [N shgb ldrrhltds, y hm t`hopd ah ahpurgl`üb shg suf`l`hbth.
70
 
Xbg vhz quh gpgrhlhb hs a`fïl`m hm`o`bgrmgs pdr ldopmhtd, yg quh, gubquh ouhrgb, sus rhstds quhagb `blrustgads g

70
 

mgs pgrhahs, sdirh tdad hb mds ogthr`gmhs ruedsds, ldod mgs cubtgs ahm erhs`th. Hb hsth lgsd, ngy quh
g÷ga`r ub prdaultd gbt`gmegs, ldrrhe`r mds b`vhmhs ahm geug y guohbtgr hm t`hopd ah ahpurgl`üb, pgrg quh mgs gmegs
ouhrgb, sh ahsprhbagb y sh quhahb hb hm f`mtrd ah grhbg. Ngy quh mgvgr tgoi`àb hm f`mtrd vgr`gs vhlhs.
Gahoçs, puhah shr bhlhsgr`d lhp`mmgr mgs pgrhahs pgrg sdmtgr mds rhstds.

Lmdrgo`bgs

Mgs lmdrgo`bgs sdb egshs quh sh fdrogb gm rhgll`dbgr hm lmdrd ldb mds prdaultds dreçb`lds, ldod mg dr`bg, suadr, htl.
Lugbad bdtgods quh hm geug nuhmh g lmdrd, md quh rhgmohbth phrl`i`ods hs hm dmdr ah mgs lmdrgo`bgs. \u
ldblhbtrgl`üb ahih shr mg ohbdr pds`imh, yg quh hstds prdaultds sdb tüx`lds y pdthbl`gmohbth lgblhrïehbds. Hb
p`sl`bgs ah lmdrgl`üb sgm`bg, mgs lmdrgo`bgs sh ahstruyhb gm pgsgr pdr hm hmhltrdad lmdrgadr.

9.9 LMDYGL@DB \GM@BG

9.9.7 FXBL@DBGO@HBQD

Mg lmdrgl`üb sgm`bg hs ub s`sthog quh phro`th prdaul`r lmdrd hb mg prdp`g p`sl`bg, s`b bhlhs`aga ah g÷ga`r prdaultds
quïo`lds gm geug.

Hm s`sthog fubl`dbg g÷ga`hbad sgm gm geug, hbtrh ubds 1 y 6 ergods pdr m`trd, s`o`mgr g mg sgm`b`aga ah mgs mçer`ogs, pdr
md quh hs prçlt`lgohbth `bgprhl`gimh, y bd `rr`tg mds dcds. Mg sgm bd sh hvgpdrg, pdr md quh bd hs bhlhsgr`d rhmmhbgr,
sgmvd quh sh t`rh geug hb mds mgvgads ah mg grhbg, pdr hchopmd. Mg sgm ldoób (lmdrurd süa`ld) hstç ldopuhstg ah lmdrd
y sda`d. Ldod mg lgbt`aga ah sgm hs m`o`tgag, bd ldrrhods hm r`hsed ah prdaul`r ahogs`gad lmdrd.

Hm lmdrd sh ehbhrg ngl`hbad pgsgr hm geug g trgvàs ah ub hmhltrdad hsphl`gm, mg ldrr`hbth hmàltr`lg nglh quh mg sgm sh
shpgrh hb lmdrd y sda`d, gahoçs ah shpgrgr tgoi`àb hm geug hb dxïehbd h n`arüehbd, oha`gbth ub
prdlhsd ah hmhltrüm`s`s. Hsth hfhltd ehbhrg gahoçs dtrds prdaultds ldod hm dzdbd, quh tgoi`àb t`hbh pdahr
ahs`bfhltgbth. Hstg ldblhbtrgl`üb ah prdaultds dx`agbths tgb gmtg ahstruyh mgs lmdrgo`bgs, iglthr`gs y dtrgs
ogthr`gs dreçb`lgs. Qrgs sgm`r ahm hmhltrdad, hm geug y hstds prdaultds sh rhldoi`bgb, fdroçbadsh n`pdlmdr`td (mhcïg)
quh sh rhpgrth pdr tdag mg p`sl`bg, quhagbad mg lgbt`aga suf`l`hbth pgrg ahs`bfhltgr hm geug s`b gfhltgr g mgs
phrsdbgs. [dld g pdld hm lmdrd ahm n`pdlmdr`td vuhmvh g ldoi`bgrsh ldb hm sda`d, trgbsfdroçbadsh ah buhvd
hb sgm. Hm prdlhsd sh rhp`th
`bahf`b`agohbth o`hbtrgs hm hqu`pd hstà fubl`dbgbad.

Ldb hsth s`sthog sh hv`tg thbhr quh hstgr ldbt`bugohbth g÷ga`hbad prdaultds gm geug, gndrrgbad
odmhst`gs y ldsths, puhstd quh hm ldbsuod hmàltr`ld ah hstds hqu`pds hs rhaul`ad. Hm ag÷d hb mg p`hm y lgihmmd hs
ohbdr quh ldb s`sthogs ah lmdrd ldbvhbl`dbgmhs. Gahoçs, bd ahsprhbah dmdrhs ahsgergagimhs, gm hm`o`bgr
mgs lmdrgo`bgs, quh gahoçs sdb phrcua`l`gmhs pgrg mg sgmua. Qdad hstd nglh quh mgs phrsdbgs ldb p`hmhs shbs`imhs
gprhl`hb mg a`fhrhbl`g. Qgoi`àb pgrhlh quh mg sgm hb hm geug guohbtg mg shbsgl`üb ah ldbfdrt, g lgusg ah mg a`st`btg
ahbs`aga ahm geug y mg prhs`üb dsoüt`lg hb mg p`hm.

9.9.9 YHEXMGL@DB AHM [N GXQDOGQ@LGOHBQH

Mg hmhltrüm`s`s prdaulh ub guohbtd bgturgm ahm [N ahm geug, pdr md quh hs bhlhsgr`d g÷ga`r ub prdaultd rhaultdr ahm
[N. Hm oàtdad oçs lüodad ldbs`sth hb `bstgmgr ubg idoig ads`f`lgadrg gutdoçt`lg, quh sh hblgreg ah
oha`r
ldbstgbthohbth hm b`vhm ah [N ahm geug, `byhltgbad hm prdaultd lugbad sh bhlhs`th. Hstd phro`th ogbthbhr hm [N
ldb ub vgmdr hxgltd. Gahoçs, hm prdaultd sh suo`b`strg ouy ldblhbtrgad hb egrrgfgs ergbahs, ah odad quh hs

9;
 
pds`imh bd thbhr quh lgoi`grmgs hb ubd d vgr`ds g÷ds, ahphba`hbad ah mgs ldba`l`dbhs ahm geug.

9;
 

Yhsphltd gm prdaultd rhaultdr ah [N, mds oçs ut`m`zgads sdb hm çl`ad lmdrnïar`ld y hm çl`ad sumfór`ld. \h rhldo`hbag
hm usd ahm çl`ad sumfór`ld pdrquh ho`th ohbds vgpdrhs, hv`tgbad mg dx`agl`üb ah mds hqu`pds hmhltrüb`lds
y mds ohtgmhs lhrlgbds. \` sh ut`m`zg çl`ad lmdrnïar`ld hs bhlhsgr`d gsheurgr ubg iuhbg vhbt`mgl`üb, d gmdcgr hm
rhl`p`hbth fuhrg ah mg sgmg ah ahpurgl`üb. Ngy quh rhldragr s`hoprh quh hstds prdaultds sdb ouy ldrrds`vds, y
quhogb mg p`hm y mg rdpg rçp`agohbth. Hb lgsd ah ldbtgltd gll`ahbtgm ldb mg p`hm, hs bhlhsgr`d mgvgr rçp`agohbth
ldb giubagbth geug ngstg su ldopmhtg hm`o`bgl`üb.

9.9. < GCX\QH\

Q`hopd ah ahpurgl`üb

[grg quh mg ahpurgadrg trgigch sdmgohbth hm t`hopd bhlhsgr`d s`b ahsphra`l`gr hbhreïg, sh ut`m`zg ub rhmdc
thopdr`zgadr pgrg quh hm s`sthog grrgbquh y pgrh ah fdrog gutdoçt`lg. Hm t`hopd quh ahih trgigcgr mg ahpurgadrg
ahphbah ah vgr`ds fgltdrhs. [dr ubg pgrth, lugbtg oçs geug pgsh pdr hm f`mtrd ah grhbg, ogydr 5 shrç su
trgbspgrhbl`g, gm hm`o`bgr ub ogydr bóohrd ah pgrtïlumgs hb susphbs`üb. Hb s`sthogs ah lmdrgl`üb sgm`bg, hm lmdrd sh
ehbhrg o`hbtrgs hm s`sthog hstç trgigcgbad, gsï quh sh prdaul`rç oçs lmdrd lugbtd oçs t`hopd hstà hb
ogrlng. [grhlh hv`ahbth quh hm geug thbarç ubg ogydr lgm`aga ngl`hbad fubl`dbgr hm s`sthog aurgbth oulnd
t`hopd. Hm
`bldbvhb`hbth hs hm ldbsuod hbhreàt`ld, gsï quh ngy quh iuslgr hm ldoprdo`sd hbtrh mg lgm`aga ahm geug
y hm ldbsuod ah hmhltr`l`aga.

Xb s`sthog shbl`mmd pgrg gcustgr hm thopdr`zgadr ldbs`sth hb lgmlumgr hm t`hopd hb hm quh mg idoig rhbdvgrç tdag hm
geug ahm vgsd. [grg hmmd hs bhlhsgr`d mhhr mg pmglg ah lgrglthrïst`lgs quh t`hbh mg idoig, iuslgbad hm vgmdr ahm lguagm
hb o</n. Hb gmeubds s`sthogs hsth vgmdr v`hbh hxprhsgad hb m/o`b, ldb md quh ahihods rhgm`zgr mg
ldbvhrs`üb (oumt`pm`lgbad hm vgmdr hb m/o`b pdr ;,;6). A`v`a`hbad mg lgpgl`aga ah mg p`sl`bg hbtrh hm lguagm
ah mg idoig sgirhods luçbtd t`hopd tgrag hb pgsgr tdag hm geug pdr mg ahpurgadrg. [dr hchopmd, hb ubg p`sl`bg
ah 6;o< ldb ubg idoig ah 9;o</n, hm geug sh rhbdvgrç hb 6; / 9; ? < ndrgs. Hsth vgmdr hs thür`ld, pdrquh hb mg
prçlt`lg hm geug sh ohzlmg hb mg p`sl`bg, ah odad quh ubg pgrth pgsgrç ads vhlhs pdr mg idoig y dtrg bd mmhegrç g
l`rlumgr. [dr tgbtd hs prhfhr`imh guohbtgr gmed hm t`hopd. Hb hm hchopmd gbthr`dr pdahods gcustgr hm thopdr`zgadr g
1 ndrgs. Gahoçs, sheób hm t`pd ah p`sl`bg y sus ldba`l`dbhs, hm geug sh ouhvh ah fdrog a`st`btg, gsï quh mds gcusths
sh ahihb lgoi`gr sheób sh dishrvhb mds rhsumtgads hb hm hstgad ahm geug.

Lmdrgadr sgm`bd

Mg ogydrïg ah lmdrgadrhs sgm`bds phro`thb oda`f`lgr su lgpgl`aga ah prdaull`üb, pgrg prdaul`r hm lmdrd bhlhsgr`d y
bd ahsphra`l`gr hbhreïg. Mg ohcdr fdrog ah gcustgrmds hs ldoprdigbad hm vgmdr ahm lmdrd hb hm geug. \` hm b`vhm ah
lmdrd hs gmtd, sh puhah rhaul`r mg prdaull`üb rhgcustgbad hm lmdrgadr, y s` hm lmdrd hstç igcd y hm lmdrgadr yg
hstç gcustgad gm 7;;%, ngirç quh guohbtgr hm t`hopd ah fubl`dbgo`hbtd.

Yheumgadr ah [N

Mds ads`f`lgadrhs ah [N sdb ouy fçl`mhs ah gcustgr. Ób`lgohbth hs bhlhsgr`d gcustgr hm vgmdr ahshgad hb mg pgbtgmmg,
g 5‐9 hb p`sl`bgs ah dirg (erhs`th, lhohbtd, gzumhcd, htl.) y g 5,; hb p`sl`bgs ldb rhvhst`o`hbtd s`btàt`ld (f`irg
ah pdm`àsthr, m`bhr ah [H d [VL, p`btgags ldb lmdrdlgulnd d rhs`bg ah hpdx`, htl). Mg fdrog ah gcustgrmd vgrïg
ah ub odahmd g dtrd. Hb hm ogbugm gpgrhlh hxpm`lgad hm prdlha`o`hbtd.

97
 

9.9.1 OGBQHB@O@HBQD

Mgs p`sl`bgs rhqu`hrhb ub ogbthb`o`hbtd phr`üa`ld. [dr suhrth, lgag vhz sh ut`m`zgb s`sthogs y prdaultds oçs
hvdmul`dbgads, ah odad quh mgs tgrhgs ah ogbthb`o`hbtd sdb oçs rçp`ags y lüodags. Qgb sdmd hs bhlhsgr`d
ldbdlhr y sheu`r gmeubds prdlha`o`hbtds.

M`op`hzg ahm fdbad

[grg rhgm`zgr mg m`op`hzg ahm fdbad ahm vgsd ah mg p`sl`bg hx`sthb vgr`ds s`sthogs. Ldb mds oçs shbl`mmds hs bhlhsgr`d
aha`lgr t`hopd y hsfuhrzd, o`hbtrgs quh mds oçs ldopmhcds md nglhb lgs` tdad sdmds.  

M`op`gfdbads hmàltr`lds

Hm oàtdad oçs lüodad pgrg m`op`gr hm fdbad hs ut`m`zgbad ub m`op`gfdbads hmàltr`ld, quh hs ub rdidt gutübdod.
Hsth s`sthog sdmgohbth bds dim`eg g ohthr hm rdidt hb hm geug y ldbhltgrmd. Àm sdmd vg lhp`mmgbad y gsp`rgbad tdad hm
fdbad y mgs pgrhahs ahm vgsd, `blmusd gmeubds s`sthogs puhahb m`op`gr hslgmhrgs. Qrgs vgr`gs m`op`hzgs ngy quh vgl`gr
hm f`mtrd quh mmhvg hb su `bthr`dr. Fubl`dbg gubquh mg ahpurgadrg hstà pgrgag. Hsth s`sthog hs hm quh
ldbs`euh ohcdrhs rhsumtgads, puhstd quh frdtg mgs suphrf`l`hs, y gahoçs bd ahsphra`l`g geug, gm rhldehr mg
sul`haga hb su
`bthr`dr. Oha`gbth mds s`sthogs ah `bthm`ehbl`g grt`f`l`gm, sh ahspmgzgb pdr tdad hm vgsd ah fdrog gutübdog, `blmusd
gmeubds odahmds oçs gvgbzgads ohodr`zgb mgs zdbgs pdr mgs quh yg ngb pgsgad, rhldrr`hbad tdags mgs suphrf`l`hs
hb hm ohbdr t`hopd pds`imh.

M`op`gfdbads n`arçum`lds

\h trgtg ah ub gsp`rgadr quh sh ldbhltg g mg tdog ah gsp`rgl`üb ahm vgsd y fubl`dbg gutdoçt`lgohbth gm grrgblgr mg
ahpurgadrg. \h ahspmgzg pdr hm fdbad o`hbtrgs gsp`rg. Hm rhsumtgad bd hs tgb iuhbd ldod ldb hm rdidt, phrd hs
oulnd oçs hldbüo`ld. Hs bhlhsgr`d gcustgr mgs vçmvumgs ah hbtrgag g mg ahpurgadrg gbths y ahspuàs ah su usd.
Gahoçs, rhqu`hrh mgvgr hm f`mtrd ah grhbg pgrg hm`o`bgr mds rhstds ah sul`haga, t`rgbad ubg lgbt`aga `opdrtgbth ah
geug.

M`op`gfdbads ogbugmhs

\h trgtg ah ub gsp`rgadr pgrg m`op`gr hm fdbad ah fdrog ogbugm. \h ldbhltg g mg tdog ah gsp`rgl`üb ahm vgsd y sh
grrgblg mg ahpurgadrg, s`hbad bhlhsgr`d pgsgrmd g ogbd pdr tdad hm fdbad y pgrhahs. Qgoi`àb hs bhlhsgr`d gcustgr
mgs mmgvhs ah hbtrgag g mg ahpurgadrg y mgvgr mg grhbg.

Mgvgad ahm f`mtrd ah grhbg

   Hm f`mtrd ah grhbg ahih m`op`grsh hb mds s`eu`hbths lgsds3

99
 

   Qrgs rhgm`zgr ubg m`op`hzg ahm fdbad ahm vgsd

   Qrgs ngihr rhgm`zgad ub trgtgo`hbtd gbt`gmegs d ldb fmdlumgbths
   Hb lgsd ah quh hx`stgb rhstds ah glh`ths d ergsgs hb hm geug
   [hr`üa`lgohbth, ahphba`hbad ah mg sul`haga ahm geug. [dr hchopmd, hb zdbgs ah oulng vhehtgl`üb d pdmvd,
sh ahihrç mgvgr oçs g ohbuad. Ldod oïb`od hs rhldohbagimh nglhr ub mgvgad lgag ads
shogbgs hb vhrgbd. \` hm vgsd hstç lui`hrtd aurgbth hm `bv`hrbd bd hs bhlhsgr`d mgvgr hm f`mtrd.
   Lugbad mg prhs`üb ahm ogbüohtrd ahm f`mtrd guohbth. Hstd `ba`lg quh hm geug yg bd puhah pgsgr ldb fgl`m`aga

g trgvàs ah mg grhbg.
[grg rhgm`zgr ub mgvgad ldrrhltd ahm f`mtrd hs bhlhsgr`d sheu`r mds s`eu`hbths pgsds3

   Ahsldbhltgr hm lmdrgadr sgm`bd y hm ads`f`lgadr ah [N

   [grgr mg idoig
   [dbhr mg vçmvumg ah 6 vïgs hb mg pds`l`üb mgvgad
   Grrgblgr mg idoig y dishrvgr mg o`r`mmg trgbspgrhbth. Gm pr`bl`p`d hm geug sh vhrç turi`g, y pdld g pdld sh `rç
vdmv`hbad trgbspgrhbth. Aurgbth hm prdlhsd, hm geug sh hstç t`rgbad gm ahsgeýh, pdr md quh hs `opdrtgbth bd
gmgregr hm mgvgad `bbhlhsgr`gohbth
   [grgr mg idoig lugbad hm geug sh vhg m`op`g
   Lgoi`gr mg vçmvumg g mg pds`l`üb hbcugeuh
   Grrgblgr mg idoig aurgbth 1 d 8 sheubads


   [grgr mg idoig
 [dbhr mg vçmvumg hb mg pds`l`üb f`mtrgad
   Glt`vgr hm lmdrgadr y hm ads`f`lgadr ah [N y pdbhr mg ahpurgadrg hb odad gutdoçt`ld

Mg grhbg ahm f`mtrd ahih sust`tu`rsh lgag trhs g÷ds gprdx`ogagohbth, ahphba`hbad ah mg sul`haga quh sh gluoumh.
Hb tdad lgsd, s` gll`ahbtgmohbth sh v`hrth gmeób t`pd ah glh`th gm geug, hs rhldohbagimh sust`tu`r mg grhbg
pgrg hv`tgr quh mg ahpurgl`üb shg `bhf`l`hbth. Hx`sthb prdaultds ah m`op`hzg pgrg m`op`gr mg grhbg s`b
bhlhs`aga ah sust`tu`rmg, gubquh hs rhldohbagimh lgoi`grmg s` sh qu`hrhb hm`o`bgr tdads mds rhstds süm`ads.

[grg lgoi`gr mg grhbg, hs bhlhsgr`d3

   Ahsldbhltgr mg ahpurgadrg
   [dbhr mg vçmvumg ah 6 vïgs hb mg pds`l`üb lhrrgad
   Gir`r mg tgpg suphr`dr ahm f`mtrd ah grhbg
   Gir`r hm tgpüb ah ahsgeýh hb mg pgrth `bfhr`dr ahm f`mtrd, pgrg phro`t`r quh sgmeg hm hxlhsd ah geug
   Qgpgr i`hb hm tuid vhrt`lgm pgrg quh bd hbtrh grhbg
   Vgl`gr mg grhbg ldb lu`agad ah bd ag÷gr mds tuids ah pmçst`ld y quh bd hbtrh grhbg hb hm tuid vhrt`lgm. Xsgr
ub uthbs`m`d t`pd lgzd d pgmhtg ah cgra`bhrïg. Mg grhbg hs ouy girgs`vg, gsï quh hs fçl`m grg÷grsh mg p`hm. \h
rhldo`hbag ut`m`zgr eugbths y thbhr lu`agad ah bd rdzgr mds irgzds
   Mmhbgr hm rhl`p`hbth ah geug ngstg mg o`tga
   Gerhegr mg lgbt`aga ah grhbg rhldohbagag pdr hm fgir`lgbth
   M`op`gr i`hb hm luhmmd suphr`dr, ahstgpgr hm tuid vhrt`lgm y lhrrgr mg tgpg
   Nglhr ub mgvgad ahm f`mtrd

Oha`l`üb ah lmdrd y [N

Hs rhldohbagimh oha`r hm b`vhm ah lmdrd y [N gbths ah lgag cdrbgag ah ig÷d, sdirh tdad s` ngy b`÷ds d phrsdbgs ldb
mg p`hm shbs`imh. Hb lgsd ah g÷ga`r prdaultds quïo`lds, s`b hoigred, hs ohcdr hsphrgr gm f`bgm ah mg cdrbgag, pgrg
ahcgr t`hopd ah quh mds prdaultds sh a`suhmvgb aurgbth mg bdlnh.

9<
 

Hx`sthb vgr`ds oàtdads shbl`mmds pgrg oha`r mds b`vhmhs ahm geug, s`hbad hm oçs hldbüo`ld hm ah mïqu`ads rhglt`vds.
Fubl`dbg mmhbgbad ads tuids ldb geug ah mg p`sl`bg, y g÷ga`hbad ubgs edtgs ah mïqu`ads rhglt`vds. Hm geug ah mds
tuids lgoi`g ah ldmdr, y ldopgrgbad hm tdbd ahm geug ldb hm ah ubg hslgmg `oprhsg, sh ahthro`bgb mds vgmdrhs. Dtrd
oàtdad hs ut`m`zgr oha`adrhs a`e`tgmhs, quh sh suohrehb pgrl`gmohbth hb hm geug y ouhstrgb mds vgmdrhs hb ubg
pgbtgmmg. Hs hm s`sthog oçs prhl`sd y lüodad, gubquh mds oha`adrhs sdb oçs lgrds.

Hb p`sl`bgs ah lmdrgl`üb sgm`bg y rheumgl`üb gutdoçt`lg ahm [N bd hs bhlhsgr`d oha`r mds b`vhmhs lgag cdrbgag.
\`opmhohbth hs rhldohbagimh nglhr ubg oha`l`üb shogbgm, pdr hchopmd, pgrg vhr`f`lgr quh tdad hstç fubl`dbgbad
ldrrhltgohbth, ldod oha`ag ah sheur`aga.

Hs rhldohbagimh
mg p`hm shbs`imh. Hboha`r
lgsdhmahb`vhm ah lmdrd
g÷ga`r y [N gbths
prdaultds ah lgag
quïo`lds, s`b cdrbgag
hoigred,ahhs
ig÷d, sdirh
ohcdr tdad gm
hsphrgr s` ngy
f`bgmb`÷ds
ah mgd cdrbgag,
phrsdbgs ldb
pgrg
ahcgr t`hopd ah quh mds prdaultds sh a`suhmvgb aurgbth mg bdlnh. Hx`sthb vgr`ds oàtdads shbl`mmds pgrg oha`r mds
b`vhmhs ahm geug, s`hbad hm oçs hldbüo`ld hm ah mïqu`ads rhglt`vds. Fubl`dbg mmhbgbad ads tuids ldb geug ah
mg p`sl`bg, y g÷ga`hbad ubgs edtgs ah mïqu`ads rhglt`vds. Hm geug ah mds tuids lgoi`g ah ldmdr, y ldopgrgbad hm
tdbd ahm geug ldb hm ah ubg hslgmg `oprhsg, sh ahthro`bgb mds vgmdrhs. Dtrd oàtdad hs ut`m`zgr oha`adrhs a`e`tgmhs,
quh sh suohrehb pgrl`gmohbth hb hm geug y ouhstrgb mds vgmdrhs hb ubg pgbtgmmg. Hs hm s`sthog oçs prhl`sd y
lüodad, gubquh mds oha`adrhs sdb oçs lgrds.

Hb p`sl`bgs ah lmdrgl`üb sgm`bg y rheumgl`üb gutdoçt`lg ahm [N bd hs bhlhsgr`d oha`r mds b`vhmhs lgag cdrbgag.
\`opmhohbth hs rhldohbagimh nglhr ubg oha`l`üb shogbgm, pdr hchopmd, pgrg vhr`f`lgr quh tdad hstç fubl`dbgbad
ldrrhltgohbth, ldod oha`ag ah sheur`aga.

Oha`l`üb ahm b`vhm ah sgm

Hb mgs p`sl`bgs ah lmdrgl`üb sgm`bg, hs bhlhsgr`d quh hm b`vhm ah sgm a`suhmtg hb hm geug thbeg ub vgmdr ldblrhtd, quh
puhah vgr`gr hb fubl`üb ahm t`pd ah lmdrgadr ut`m`zgad. Hb tdad lgsd, lgag fgir`lgbth `ba`lg hm b`vhm üpt`od hb hm
ogbugm ah `bstrull`dbhs. Ldod dr`hbtgl`üb, `ba`lgrhods quh mg ogydr pgrth ah lmdrgadrhs fubl`dbgb ldb
ubg ldblhbtrgl`üb ah sgm ah hbtrh 1 y 6 ergods ah sgm pdr m`trd ah geug, hqu`vgmhbth g 1-6je pdr o <. Gmeubds
lmdrgadrhs t`hbhb `ba`lgadrhs ah gv`sd lugbad hm b`vhm ah sgm hs ouy gmtd d ouy igcd, phrd pgrg quh hm hqu`pd
trgigch hb mgs ldba`l`dbhs üpt`ogs, hs rhldohbagimh tdogr oha`ags ah mg sgm phr`üa`lgohbth. Mg sgm bd sh hvgpdrg,
pdr md quh su b`vhm bd vgrïg ldb hm t`hopd. Mg ób`lg fdrog ah quh mg ldblhbtrgl`üb ah sgm a`so`buyg hs
t`rgbad geug pdr hm ahsgeýh, d quh hx`stg ubg fueg. Hstd sulhah lugbad mg ahpurgadrg trgigcg ldb mg vçmvumg ah 6
vïgs hb mgs pds`l`dbhs mgvgad, vgl`gad d hbcugeuh. \` bd sh ut`m`zgb hstgs fubl`dbhs, pdr hchopmd hb `bv`hrbd, bd hs
bhlhsgr`d ldoprdigr hm b`vhm ah sgm. [dr hm ldbtrgr`d, hb zdbgs ah oulng vhehtgl`üb adbah sh rhgm`zgb
mgvgads ngi`tugmohbth, hs rhldohbagimh oha`r hm b`vhm oçs g ohbuad.

[grg oha`r hm b`vhm ah sgm hx`sthb vgr`ds oàtdads. Xbd hs hm ah t`rgs rhglt`vgs. Fubl`dbg tdogbad ub pdld ah geug
ahm vgsd ah mg p`sl`bg ldb ub rhl`p`hbth phquh÷d, ldb ubg gmturg ah ubd d ads lhbtïohtrds, y suohre`hbad ubg t`rg
rhglt`vg pgrg mg oha`l`üb ah sgm. \h ahcg ub t`hopd pgrg quh hm geug gsl`hbag g trgvàs ah mg t`rg pdr lgp`mgr`aga, y
quhagrç ubg zdbg ogrlgag hb ldmdr. Ldopgrgbad mg t`rg ldb ubg hslgmg ergaugag ldbdlhrhods hm b`vhm ah sgm.

91
 

Cubtd ldb mgs t`rgs rhglt`vgs sh fgl`m`tgb mgs `bstrull`dbhs hxgltgs, quh vgrïgb m`ehrgohbth ah ub fgir`lgbth g dtrd.
Dtrd oàtdad pgrg oha`r hm b`vhm ah sgm hs ut`m`zgbad oha`adrhs hmhltrüb`lds. \db hqu`pds ouy ldopgltds, quh igstg
suohre`r pgrl`gmohbth hb hm geug, y hb pdlds sheubads ouhstrgb hm b`vhm ah sgm. Fubl`dbgb o`a`hbad mg rhs`sthbl`g
ahm geug, quh hs oçs ldbaultdrg lugbtd oçs gmtd hs hm b`vhm ah sgm.

Hb lgsd ah quh bd sh a`spdbeg ah b`beób t`pd ah oha`adr, igstg ldb tdogr ubg ouhstrg hb ub rhl`p`hbth m`op`d y
glua`r g su prdvhhadr ah ldbf`gbzg, adbah suhmhb thbhr oha`adrhs hmhltrüb`lds. Ldod mg sgm bd sh p`hrah aurgbth hm
trgsmgad ah mg ouhstrg, sh puhah oha`r vgr`ds aïgs ahspuàs. Hstd tgoi`àb sh puhah nglhr ldb hm lmdrd y hm [N, phrd
hb hsth lgsd mg ouhstrg ahih shr rhl`hbth pdrquh mds vgmdrhs vgrïgb.

[uregr hm g`rh ahm l`rlu`td

\` sh gluoumg ergb lgbt`aga ah g`rh hb hm l`rlu`td, hs pds`imh quh mg idoig ahch ah fubl`dbgr, yg quh àstg bd hstç
prhpgrgag pgrg idoihgr g`rh. Hb tdad lgsd, ngy quh hv`tgr quh mg idoig trgigch hb shld, pdrquh sh ag÷grïg ldb
oulng rgp`ahz. Hb lgsd ah thbhr ub rheumgadr ah [N gutdoçt`ld hs hshbl`gm hv`tgr hm g`rh hb mg `bstgmgl`üb, pdrquh mg
sdbag oha`adrg ahm [N ahih hstgr s`hoprh suohre`ag. Hb lgsd ldbtrgr`d sh ahergag ouy rçp`agohbth.

\h puhah hm`o`bgr hm g`rh ah vgr`gs fdrogs. Mg oçs s`opmh hs oha`gbth hm pgsd ahm geug. Ldb hm odv`o`hbtd ahm geug,
àstg vg grrgstrgbad mgs iuriucgs ah g`rh, ngstg quh ahsgpgrhlh tdtgmohbth. \`b hoigred, ngy l`rlu`tds hb mds quh hs
bhlhsgr`d hxtrghr hm g`rh ogbugmohbth.

Xb pubtd lüodad pgrg hxtrghr hm g`rh hs hm puregadr ahm f`mtrd ah grhbg. Hm prdlha`o`hbtd hs shbl`mmd. Ldb mg idoig
hb ogrlng, sh girh hm puregadr ngstg quh ahcg ah sgm`r g`rh y hop`hzg g sgm`r geug. Hb hqu`pds v`hcds ldb hm puregadr
ag÷gad, sh puhah hm`o`bgr hm g`rh ahm f`mtrd fçl`mohbth ngl`hbad ub mgvgad, yg quh hm tuid vhrt`lgm ahm f`mtrd gsp`rg hm
g`rh mmhvçbadmd ngl`g hm ahsgeýh.

\` lgag vhz quh sh pgrg mg idoig sh vglïg hm l`rlu`td, ahihods ldoprdigr quh tdags mgs tdogs ahm vgsd
hstàb suohre`ags. \` bd md hstçb, pdr hchopmd s` ngy ub lndrrd ah geug quh bd hstç suohre`ad, hs rhldohbagimh
`bstgmgr ubg vçmvumg gbt`rrhtdrbd hb hm l`rlu`td.

Hb lgsd ah quh hm b`vhm ahm geug ah mg ahpurgadrg igch mhbtgohbth, puhah shr sïbtdog ah ubg fueg hb hm l`rlu`td.
Gubquh bd sh gprhl`hb pàra`ags ah geug, ngy quh rhpgrgr tdags mgs fuegs, pdrquh phro`thb mg hbtrgag
ah g`rh, guohbtgbad hm ahsegsth ah mds hqu`pds.

M`op`hzg ahm hmhltrdad lmdrgadr

Hb mds s`sthogs ah lmdrgl`üb sgm`bg, hs `opdrtgbth m`op`gr phr`üa`lgohbth hm hmhltrdad, pgrg hv`tgr quh mgs
`blrustgl`dbhs ah lgm gïsmhb sus ldopdbhbths, phra`hbad lgpgl`aga ah prdaull`üb. Ldb ubg m`op`hzg gm
g÷d hs suf`l`hbth. Bd ldbv`hbh rhgm`zgr ahogs`gags m`op`hzgs pgrg bd ahsegstgr hm hmhltrdad `bbhlhsgr`gohbth. Hb
p`sl`bgs ldb geug ah pdzd, hm hmhltrdad sh hbsul`g oçs rçp`ad ahi`ad g mgs sgmhs o`bhrgmhs ahm geug.

[grg rhgm`zgr mg m`op`hzg, ahihods sglgr hm hmhltrdad. Lhrrgods tdags mgs mmgvhs pgrg hv`tgr hbtrgags ah g`rh y sgm`ags
ah geug, y ahsodbtgods hm hmhltrdad, s`eu`hbad mgs `bstrull`dbhs ahm fgir`lgbth.

Hs rhldohbagimh `bthbtgr hm`o`bgr tdag mg sul`haga pds`imh oha`gbth geug g prhs`üb, s`b ut`m`zgr dichtds quh puhagb
grg÷gr mgs mço`bgs ohtçm`lgs.

Ahihods mmhvgr rdpg v`hcg d ah trgigcd, pdrquh ubg phquh÷g edtg ah çl`ad prdvdlg ub geuchrd hb mg rdpg. Qgoi`àb

esuogbhtrhes` r ashd mgeodohbgt hd mgvs`b p`mgdr.t hHsb o uhbt çmu`legsr aih`mh hbm hvlhtrbdta`mgda. dMm,h
pbrghopdgsrg hom rdhsl `upb`h brhthl `pld`hb gthe ulgd, by 9mg; ;fdormo agh rghahullutgdarg a hp g[rNg pdr
lgag m`trd ah geug (prdpdrl`üb 738). \uohre`ods hm hmhltrdad aurgbth 1 o`butds.

98
 

Hs bdrogm quh hm mïqu`ad iuriuchh. \h ahsprhbahb vgpdrhs ouy tüx`lds y ldrrds`vds, pdr md quh hs
`opdrtgbth, gpgrth ah hstgr hb ub muegr i`hb vhbt`mgad, bd rhsp`rgr lhrlg ahm rhl`p`hbth. Xbg vhz m`op`d, sh hbcugeg
hm hmhltrdad ldb geug (sh puhah nglhr a`rhltgohbth hb hm geug ah mg p`sl`bg) y sh vuhmvh g odbtgr. Hm mïqu`ad
rhsumtgbth sh puhah t`rgr gm vgsd ah mg p`sl`bg, gubquh ldrrhods hm r`hsed ah quh hm [N igch ahogs`gad.

Lgm`irgl`üb ah mg sdbag ah [N

Bdrogmohbth bd hs bhlhsgr`d lgm`irgr mg sdbag ah [N, s`hoprh quh hm vgmdr oha`ad ogbugmohbth shg
`eugm gm odstrgad hb pgbtgmmg. \dmgohbth hs bhlhsgr`d hb lgsd ah gbdogmïgs d pgrg ohcdrgr mg prhl`s`üb ahm
hqu`pd. Ldod lgag odahmd t`hbh ub prdlha`o`hbtd ah lgm`irgl`üb a`st`btd, hs bhlhsgr`d sheu`r mgs `bstrull`dbhs
ahm fgir`lgbth.
Gahoçs, sh bhlhs`tgb tgopdbhs ah rhfhrhbl`g y geug ahst`mgag. \` gm rhgm`zgr mg lgm`irgl`üb gpgrhlhb
hrrdrhs, prdigimhohbth mg sdbag hstà ag÷gag. Hb hsh lgsd, ahihrç shr sust`tu`ag.

Ldbshrvgl`üb ah mg sdbag ah [N

[grg guohbtgr mg v`ag ah mg sdbag, hs `opdrtgbth hv`tgr hm g`rh hb hm l`rlu`td pgrg quh s`hoprh hstà
suohre`ag. Gahoçs, ngy quh thbhr hb luhbtg quh gm trgtgrsh ah ub shbsdr ah v`ar`d hsphl`gm, gmeubgs sgmhs ahm geug
d prdaultds quïo`lds puhahb ahsegstgrmd. Ogbthb`hbad mg p`sl`bg hb ub hstgad ldrrhltd, mg sdbag t`hbh ubg v`ag
ót`m ouy mgreg. Qgoi`àb hs `opdrtgbth thbhr hb luhbtg quh mg sdbag hstç fgir`lgag ldb pmçst`ld y v`ar`ds hsphl`gmhs,
pdr md quh ngy quh thbhr oulnd lu`agad gm ogb`pumgrmg pgrg hv`tgr rdturgs.

Hs rhldohbagimh quh mg ahpurgadrg trgigch aurgbth tdad hm g÷d, gubquh shg 78 d <; o`butds gm aïg,
pgrg ogbthbhrmg sdbag m`op`g y suohre`ag. Gsï tgoi`àb sh gndrrgb prdaultds g mg ndrg ah grrgblgr mg buhvg
thopdrgag
ah ig÷d. Hb hm lgsd ah quh mg ahpurgadrg sh ahsldbhlth aurgbth oulnd t`hopd, hs rhldohbagimh rht`rgr mg sdbag y
eugragrmg suohre`ag hb mïqu`ad ah ldbshrvgl`üb, gsï sh hv`tg su ahthr`drd. Bublg ahih eugragrsh shlg d suohre`ag
hb geug ahst`mgag.

96
 

95
 

9>
 

90
 

QHOG <3 OGBXGM AH OGBQHB@O@HBQD QDOD @@

<.7 @BQYDAXL@DB

Mds ig÷ds póim`lds s`hoprh ngb thb`ad ubg fubl`üb sdl`gm ah t`pd móa`ldlumturgm ub`ag g mg, hb dtrds t`hopds,
bhlhsgr`g
póim`lds. fubl`üb n`e`àb`lg. Hs a`fïl`m a`sdl`gr mgs lumturgs rdogbg, çrgih, turlg,... ah sus rhsphlt`vgs fdrogs ah ig÷ds

Hb mg gltugm`aga, mgs p`sl`bgs ngb sust`tu`ad hb su fubl`üb sdl`gm g mds ig÷ds póim`lds, `bbhlhsgr`ds yg ahsah hm pubtd
ah v`stg ah mg n`e`hbh phrsdbgm.

[dahods ahf`b`r ubg p`sl`bg ldod ub muegr ah rhub`üb y hspgrl`o`hbtd hbtrh luygs `bstgmgl`dbhs ahstglg ldod
hmhohbtd lhbtrgm hm vgsd, phrogbhbthohbth mmhbd ah geug y ahst`bgad gm ig÷d ldmhlt`vd.

Ah hstg ahf`b`l`üb sh ahaulh, s`b hoigred, quh hm usd ah mgs p`sl`bgs hbtrg÷g ub pdthbl`gm r`hsed sgb`tgr`d s` mgs
`bstgmgl`dbhs bd rhóbhb mgs ldba`l`dbhs gahlugags d s` bd sh hstgimhlhb mds ohlgb`sods bhlhsgr`ds pgrg egrgbt`zgr
mg lgm`aga üpt`og ahm geug, sdoht`ag g oómt`pmhs prdlhsds ah ldbtgo`bgl`üb ldod muhed vhrhods.

Mg hxphr`hbl`g ng ahodstrgad hm pgphm fubagohbtgm quh ahshoph÷gb mds hblgregads ah mgs p`sl`bgs hb hm
ogbthb`o`hbtd ah mgs ldba`l`dbhs ah sgmuir`aga tgbtd ah mgs `bstgmgl`dbhs ldod ahm geug. Ldbsl`hbths ah hmmd,
prhshbtgods hsth ogbugm ldb mg gsp`rgl`üb ah shrv`r ah `bstruohbtd quh fgl`m`th hm trgigcd ah a`lnds prdfhs`dbgmhs,
rhspdbsgimhs a`rhltds ah quh mds ig÷`stgs a`sfruthb ah ub dl`d sgmuagimh.

<.9 HM GEXG AH MG [@\L@BG

Mds gsphltds (pgrçohtrds) oçs `opdrtgbths g ldbs`ahrgr, rhmgt`vds g mg lgm`aga `b`l`gm ahm geug ut`m`zgag hb mgs
p`sl`bgs sdb mg aurhzg, hm pN y mg gmlgm`b`aga.

AXYHSG AHM GEXG

\h ahbdo`bg gsï g mg lgbt`aga ah sgmhs ah lgml`d y ogebhs`d quh ldbt`hbh, quh gm shr pdld sdmuimhs hb geug t`hbhb
thbahbl`g g prhl`p`tgr y lgusgr `blrustgl`dbhs hb hm fdbad y hb mgs pgrhahs ah mg p`sl`bg.
Mg aurhzg `ahgm hs ah 78; g 98; o`m`ergods/m`trd ah lgridbgtd lçml`ld.

Xbg aurhzg suphr`dr ngrç prhl`p`tgr mgs sgmhs lçml`lgs y imdquhgrç hm f`mtrd.

[N

Hm pN hs ub vgmdr ah v`tgm `opdrtgbl`g g mg ndrg ah `b`l`gr hm trgtgo`hbtd. Lugbad hm geug hstç hqu`m`irgag hm pN hs ah
5 (g thophrgturg goi`hbth)

<;
 

Mds b`vhmhs glhptgimhs ah pN pgrg hm geug ah mg p`sl`bg hstçb hbtrh 5 y >,9, b`vhm quh gsheurg mg hf`lgl`g
ah mds prdaultds quïo`lds quh sh ut`m`lhb hb hm trgtgo`hbtd y quh prhv`hbh mg ldrrds`üb ah mgs pgrths ohtçm`lgs ahm
hqu`pd ahpurgl`üb. Xb hxlhsd d ub ahfhltd puhahb a`so`bu`r mg hf`lgl`g ah mg lmdrgl`üb h`rr`tgr mgs ouldsgs,
gahoçs ah ldbtr`iu`r gm hbturi`go`hbtd ahm geug.

Hm pN sh puhah oha`r mg fdrog shbl`mmg oha`gbth ubds rhglt`vds igsgads hb hm oàtdad ldmdr`oàtr`ld.


  pN hmhvgad (2>,9)
[rdaulh ubg a`so`bul`üb ahm pdahr ahs`bfhltgbth ahm lmdrd
Fgvdrhlh hm lrhl`o`hbtd ah gmegs y
iglthr`gs [rdaulh `rr`tgl`üb ah ouldsgs
[rhl`p`tgl`üb ah sgmhs lçml`lgs

   pN igcd (=5,;)
[rdaulh `rr`tgl`üb ah ouldsgs
A`so`buyh hm pdahr ahs`bfhltgbth ahm
lmdrd Guohbtg mg turi`ahz ahm geug

\` hm pN bd sh hbluhbtrg ahbtrd ah mds oçrehbhs gahlugads ahihrç gcustgrsh ahm s`eu`hbth odad3

  pN GMQD3 \h g÷gah çl`ad lmdrnïar`ld, d i`sumfgtd süa`ld g mgs ads`s quh rhldo`hbah hm fgir`lgbth. Hb lgsd ah


bd a`spdbhr ah ads`f`lgadr, sh thbarçb hbluhbtg mgs s`eu`hbths [YHLGXL@DBH\3 bd g÷ga`rmd bublg

a`rhltgohbth gm geug: a`mu`rmd prhv`gohbth hb 9; vhlhs su vdmuohb ah geug: hv`tgr hm ldbtgltd ahm
çl`ad lmdrnïar`ld ldb n`pdlmdr`td süa`ld yg quh sh ahsprhbah lmdrd egs. H\QG D[HYGL@ÜB \H YHGM@SGYG
\@HO[YH FXHYG AH MG\ NDYG\ AH IG×D.

   pN IGCD3 \h pgrg hm prdlhsd ah f`mtrgl`üb y sh g÷gah lgridbgtd süa`ld (BG9LD<) g mgs ads`s rhldohbagags
pdr hm fgir`lgbth.

Qgoi`àb sh puhah ut`m`zgr lugmqu`hr dtrd prdaultd ldrrhltdr ahm pN quh hstà gutdr`zgad.

GMLGM@B@AGA

Mg gmlgm`b`aga hs hm ldbthb`ad tdtgm ah sustgbl`gs gmlgm`bgs a`suhmtgs (lgridbgtds y i`lgridbgtds).

Mds b`vhmhs ehbhrgmhs ah gmlgm`b`aga hstçb hbtrh >; y 798 ppo. (Oe/m)

   Gmlgm`b`aga igcg (7;-5; ppo)

Geug ouy ldrrds`vg, sh prdaulh dx`agl`üb ah mds ohtgmhs.
Hm pN sh ahshstgi`m`zg gmlgbzgbad vgmdrhs `bfhr`drhs g 5.
LDYYHLL@ÜB3 Gerhegr i`lgridbgtd süa`ld (LD<NBg)

   Gmlgm`b`aga gmtg(=798 ppo)

Geug turi`g
@blrustgl`dbhs hb mgs pgrhahs ahm vgsd
Guohbtd ahm [N
LDYYHLL@ÜB3 Gerhegr çl`ad lmdrnïar`ld (Lm N)

<7
 

<.< MG LDBQGO@BGL@DB AHM GEXG

Pg sh ng ldohbtgad hb mg ahf`b`l`üb ah p`sl`bgs quh mds vgsds hstçb phrogbhbthohbth mmhbds ah geug. Ldod tdad
vdmuohb ah geug hstgblgag, mg ah mgs p`sl`bgs hstç sdoht`ag g prdlhsds ah ahergagl`üb `blrhohbtgads
pdr mg ldbt`bug `bohrs`üb ah phrsdbgs quh gltógb ldod vhnïlumds ah gehbths ldbtgo`bgbths. Hb ub pr`ohr
odohbtd ah

magh rn`v`sgtidgr` ga ha mhd sm gls`l mpd`s la`bhg msmh sbhg avdg ly` gviggl `gham dv gashd m glsu ggmbiahdrl ghsr gh
bh vmg`as hnbuthhr tqgus h(g hbmt hglehusgd rhgsst g`biog hsau`lg`tgg, sp arhd lmghsa p`o`s`lh`btgds ).q \u`hb
hoigred, hsth prdlha`o`hbtd bd egrgbt`zg mg lgm`aga sgb`tgr`g ahm geug gahoçs ah supdbhr ub ahrrdlnh
ah ub rhlursd hslgsd (hb mgs p`sl`bgs hm geug bd sh ut`m`zg ahspuàs pgrg rhegr). Hb mg gltugm`aga, mgs geugs ah
p`sl`bgs sh rhehbhrgb hb ub l`rlu`td lhrrgad, hs ahl`r, hm geug prderhs`vgohbth ldbtgo`bgag pdr mds ig÷`stgs sh
sdohth g ub trgtgo`hbtd gahlugad y sh vuhmvh g `btrdaul`r hb mg p`sl`bg. Vhgods pr`ohrd luçmhs sdb mds gehbths
lgusgbths ah mg ldbtgo`bgl`üb pgrg ahspuàs ahthbhrbds hb mds prdlhsds ah trgtgo`hbtd ahm geug.

GEHBQH\ LGX\GBQH\ AH MG LDBQGO@BGL@ÜB

Mds pr`bl`pgmhs gehbths ldbtgo`bgbths quh bds pdahods hbldbtrgr hb hm geug ah mg p`sl`bg sdb3

 
 Iglthr`gs3 \db lgusgbths ah buohrdsgs hbfhrohagahs (r`b`t`s, dt`t`s, ldbcubt`v`t`s, p`dahro`t`s, fdrublumds`s,
egstrdhbthr`t`s, htl.) ahphba`hbad ahm t`pd ah iglthr`g. Aurgbth hm ig÷d mg fmdrg o`lrdi`gbg ah mgs ouldsgs
s u h mh p g s g r g m g e u g . G ub q u h h s tg fmdrg bd shg pgtüehbg ngi`tugmohbth,
th b e g b m g s a h f h b s g s a ` so `b u ` a g s .
puhah `bfhltgr g phrsdbgs quh

XBG [@\L@BG HB OGMG\ LDBA@L@DBH\ FGVDYHLH HM LYHL@O@HBQD AH MG\ IGLQHY@G\.

  V`rus3  \h puhahb hbldbtrgr hb hm geug y hb mgs zdbgs nóohags, prdaul`hbad hbfhrohagahs ldod


hm pgp`mdog, pdm`do`hm`t`s, nhpgt`t`s G, htl. Mds v`rus mds trgbso`thb mgs phrsdbgs hbfhrogs y gubquh puhahb
shr hm`o`bgads oha`gbth fmdlumgl`üb y pdsthr`dr f`mtrgl`üb, sdb rhs`sthbths g mgs ads`s ngi`tugmhs ah lmdrd
pdr md quh mg prhvhbl`üb gaqu`hrh ogydr `opdrtgbl`g3 gavhrt`r g mds pdrtgadrhs ahm r`hsed quh ehbhrgb,
ut`m`zgr lgmzgad ah usd hxlmus`vd pgrg hm rhl`btd, htl.

BD XQ@M@SGY MG [@\L@BG HB LG\D AH HBFHYOHAGA @BFHLQDLDBQGE@D\G

   Ndbeds3 Gubquh bd sh ahsgrrdmmgb a`rhltgohbth hb hm geug ah ig÷d ldbst`tuyhb dtrg fuhbth ah

ldbtgo`bgl`üb g thbhr hb luhbtg. Mds ndbeds sdb lgusgbths ahm nhrphs l`rl`bgad, p`h ah gtmhtg, lgba`a`gs`s,
htl. \h suhmhb ahsgrrdmmgr hb zdbgs nóohags hbldbtrçbadmds fubagohbtgmohbth hb mgs zdbgs
ahpmgyg y
vhstugr`ds pdr md quh sh ahih hxtrhogr mg m`op`hzg ah hstgs zdbgs gm f`bgm`zgr mg cdrbgag ldb ub prdaultd
ahs`bfhltgbth.

H^QYHOGY MG M@O[@HSG P AH\@BFHLL@ÜB AH G\HD\ P VH\QXGY@D\

  Gmegs3 Mgs gmegs sdb pmgbtgs gluçt`lgs, quh sh butrhb ahm a`üx`ad ah lgridbd y ogthr`g dreçb`lg quh hx`sth hb


hm geug. Mgs ldba`l`dbhs üpt`ogs pgrg su ahsgrrdmmd sdb ahspuàs ah ubg tdrohbtg, yg quh mg mmuv`g gpdrtg
b`trgtds. Bd ahih ngihr prdm`fhrgl`üb ah gmegs hb hm geug ah ubg p`sl`bg ldb ubg `bstgmgl`üb ah trgtgo`hbtd
gahlugag, s`b hoigred, s` sh dishrvg lrhl`o`hbtd puhahb ut`m`zgrsh sgmhs ah ldirh sdmgs d ldoi`bgags ldb
lmdrd.

Dtrd t`pd ah ldbtgo`bgl`üb hs mg ah t`pd quïo`ld prdaul`ag pdr ubg ogmg ogb`pumgl`üb ah mgs sustgbl`gs
<9
 
quh sh g÷gahb gm geug d ub fubl`dbgo`hbtd ahfhltudsd ahm s`sthog ah ahpurgl`üb. [dr hmmd sh ahih
ogbthbhr ub ldbtrdm ldbstgbth ah mg lgm`aga ahm geug (lmdrd y pN), gbdtgbad mds agtds hb hm M`ird ah Yhe`strd
gm ohbds ads vhlhs gm aïg y vhr`f`lgbad gs`o`sod hm gahlugad fubl`dbgo`hbtd ah tdads mds hqu`pds quh

<9
 

`bthergb hm s`sthog ah ahpurgl`üb.

FXHBQH\ AH LDBQGO@BGL@ÜB

   Mds ig÷`stgs. Lgag usugr`d (gubquh sh trgth ah ub `ba`v`aud sgbd), gpdrtg gm geug ub bóohrd `bahthro`bgad
ah eàrohbhs cubtd ldb pgrtïlumgs (phmds, lrhogs...), quh sh gluoumgb fubagohbtgmohbth hb mg suphrf`l`h ahm
geug. [dr hmmd hm pgsd ahm geug gm s`sthog ah ahpurgl`üb sh ahih rhgm`zgr hb su ogydr pgrth pdr mg suphrf`l`h,
yg shg pdr oha`d ah rhidsgahrd phr`ohtrgm d sj`oohrs. Hm usd ah mgs aulngs gbths ah lgag `bohrs`üb y ahm
pha`muv`d gm gllhahr g mg zdbg ah ig÷d ldbtr`iuyh g a`so`bu`r mg lgreg ldbtgo`bgbth gpdrtgag pdr
lgag
`ba`v`aud.

H\ DIM@EGQDY@D HM X\D AH MG AXLNG GBQH\ AH LGAG @BOHY\@ÜB.

   Mds bd ig÷`stgs `btrdaulhb ogthr`g dreçb`lg ldb hm lgmzgad. Mg phrogbhbl`g ah phrsdbgs vhst`ags d
ldb lgmzgad ah lgmmh, y hm pgsd ah gb`ogmhs g mg zdbg ah ig÷d ldbst`tuyh ubg `bbhlhsgr`g fuhbth
ah ldbtgo`bgl`üb.

H\QG [YDN@I@AD HM GLLH\D GM YHL@BQD AH [HY\DBG\ LDB LGMSGAD AH LGMMH

   Dtrgs fuhbths ah ldbtgo`bgl`üb. Aurgbth mgs tdrohbtgs sh odv`m`zgb a`vhrsds hmhohbtds (ndcgs, t`hrrg, htl.)

quh ldbtr`iuyhb g guohbtgr mg lgreg ldbtgo`bgbth ahm geug.

<.1 QYGQGO@HBQD AHM GEXG

F@MQYGL@ÜB

Mg f`mtrgl`üb ldbs`sth hb nglhr pgsgr ubg ogsg ah geug g trgvàs ah ub oha`d pdrdsd, hb hm quh quhagb rhthb`ags
tdags mgs pgrtïlumgs quh hx`stgb hb susphbs`üb. \` mg f`mtrgl`üb hs ldrrhltg sh a`so`buyh hm ldbsuod ah
prdaultds ahs`bfhltgbths y sh guohbtg hm ldbfdrt y mg sheur`aga ah mds usugr`ds.

Q@[D\ AH F@MQYD\

   Ah a`gtdohgs3 [rdpdrl`dbg ub geug ah ergb lgm`aga s`hoprh quh su usd shg hm gahlugad. Hm ergad
ah sgturgl`üb ahm f`mtrd sh lgmlumg pdr mg a`fhrhbl`g ah prhs`üb hbtrh mg hbtrgag y mg sgm`ag. Lugbad hstç
ouy sgturgad ngy quh rhpdbhr mg lgreg.

-  Mg vhmdl`aga ah f`mtrgl`üb bd ng ah suphrgr mds 8 o/n.

-  Bd sh ahihb usgr ldgeumgbths.

   Ah lgrtulnds3 \db f`mtrds ah lhmumdsg quh trgigcgb g prhs`üb. \u ergad ah sgturgl`üb sh o`ah tgoi`àb ldb
ogbüohtrds g mg hbtrgag y g mg sgm`ag ahm f`mtrd. Lugbad hstçb ldmogtgads sh sglgb y sh mgvgb g prhs`üb.

-  \u vhmdl`aga ah f`mtrgl`üb hs ah 9 o/n y tgopdld gao`th hm usd ah ldgeumgbths.

   Ah grhbg3 Hm mhlnd f`mtrgbth hstç ldbst`tu`ad pdr lgpgs ah grhbg, ehbhrgmohbth ah sïm`lh, ah
a`fhrhbth ergbumdohtrïg.

-  \u vhmdl`aga ah f`mtrgl`üb üpt`og hs ah 9; o/n.

-  [grg ogydr hf`lgl`g ah mg f`mtrgl`üb bhlhs`tgb mg ut`m`zgl`üb ah ub ldgeumgbth.

<<
 

-  Mg vhmdl`aga ah f`mtrgl`üb hs hm lguagm ah geug f`mtrgag pdr ub`aga ah suphrf`l`h y pdr ndrg. \h lgmlumg
a`v`a`hbad mds ohtrds lói`lds ah geug f`mtrgag hb ubg ndrg pdr mds ohtrds lugargads ah suphrf`l`h ah
f`mtrgl`üb3

FMDLXMGL@ÜB-LDGEXMGL@ÜB

Hm dichtd fubagohbtgm ah mg fmdlumgl`üb hs ohcdrgr mg hf`lgl`g ah mds f`mtrds guohbtgbad hm tgog÷d ah mgs pgrtïlumgs g
hm`o`bgr, yg quh s` mgs pgrtïlumgs sdb ouy phquh÷gs bd quhagb rhthb`ags hb hm mhlnd f`mtrgbth y rhtdrbgb gm
vgsd prdaul`hbad ub hbturi`go`hbtd ahm geug.

Mds fmdlumgbths sh `byhltgb hb hm l`rlu`td ah rhl`rlumgl`üb oha`gbth idoig ads`f`lgadrg.

Mds oçs ut`m`zgads sdb hm sumfgtd ah gmuo`b`d g ads`s ah 8 g 9; oe/m y hm pdm`n`ardx`lmdrurd ah gmuo`b`d g ads`s ah ;,8
g 9 oe/m.

LMDYGL@ÜB

[grg mg ahs`bfhll`üb ahm geug ah mg p`sl`bg md oçs rhldohbagimh hs hm lmdrd quh hs ub hf`l`hbth
iglthr`l`ag y gmeu`l`ag, lugbad sh usg gprdp`gagohbth.

Mg lgbt`aga ah lmdrd g g÷ga`r gm geug ah mg p`sl`bg vgr`grç ahphba`hbad ah mds a`st`btds fgltdrhs `bfmuyhbths ldod mg
thophrgturg ahm geug, mg hxthbs`üb ah mg p`sl`bg, mg hxpds`l`üb g mds rgyds sdmgrhs y mg prhshbl`g ah dtrgs sustgbl`gs
quïo`lgs a`suhmtgs hb hm geug.

Hm ldbthb`ad ah lmdrd tdtgm bd ahih hxlhahr hb ;,6 ppo (oe/m) hm ldbthb`ad hb lmdrd m`irh.

Hm lmdrd rhs`augm hs mg lgbt`aga ah rhshrvg ah lmdrd prhshbth hb hm geug quh gltóg `boha`gtgohbth sdirh mgs
iglthr`gs. Hsth rhs`aud ah lmdrd ngy quh oha`rmd gm ohbds ads vhlhs gm aïg y hb mds odohbtds ah oçx`og gfmuhbl`g,
pgrg hmmd sh ldbtgrç ldb ubds rhglt`vds gahlugads.

MG GA@L@ÜB AH LMDYD GM GEXG AH MG [@\L@BG \H YHGM@SGYG

\@HO[YH OHA@GBQH AD\@F@LGADY GXQDOÇQ@LD.

\h puhah ut`m`zgr lmdrd egs, a`str`iu`ad pdr ub lmdrïohtrd prdlhahbth ah ubg idthmmg ah lmdrd m`lugad, d ubg sdmul`üb
ah n`pdlmdr`td süa`ld, a`str`iu`ag pdr idoig ads`f`lgadrg.

Hb hm lgsd ah quh hx`stg ub hxlhsd ah lmdrd hb hm geug ah mg p`sl`bg ngirç quh prdlhahr gm vgl`gad pgrl`gm ahm vgsd,
g÷ga`hbad geug buhvg a`rhltgohbth ah mg rha.

DQYD\ [YDAXLQD\ AH AH\@BFHLL@ÜB GXQDY@SGAD\

 
 N`pdlmdr`td Lçml`ld3 \u usd rheumgr guohbtg mg aurhzg ahm geug y hm pN. \` sh gmoglhbg ldbvhb`hbthohbth
puhah phrogbhlhr hstgimh ngstg 9 g÷ds.

<1
 

   A`lmdrd`sdl`gburgtd ah \da`d y Çl`ad Qr`lmdrd`sdl`gbór`ld3 \u usd oda`f`lg pdld hm pN, hs ouy hstgimh y su
ldblhbtrgl`üb bd ahih suphrgr mds 58 oe/m ah `sdl`gburgtds.

   [mgtg ldmd`agm3 Ngy quh ogbthbhrmg g mg sdoirg hb hbvgsh bherd d gzum quh `op`ag hm pgsd ah mg muz.
\u ga`l`üb gm geug ngy quh rhgm`zgrmg oha`gbth ads`f`lgadr, s`hbad mg ads`s glt`vg ah ;,;8 ppo.

   Dzdbd3 Hs bhlhsgr`g ubg vhbt`mgl`üb `bthbsg ahm mdlgm yg quh hs phm`erdsd rhsp`rgrmd g pgrt`r ah ;,9
oe/o<.Bhlhs`tg ubg ahs`bfhll`üb ldopmhohbtgr`g ldb ub ahs`bfhltgbth gutdr`zgad pdrquh bd t`hbh hfhltd
rhs`augm.

GMEX@L@AG\

[grg ldoigt`r hm lrhl`o`hbtd ah mgs gmegs hx`sthb vgr`ds prdaultds, hbtrh mds quh ahstglg pdr su usd oçs ngi`tugm hm
sumfgtd ah ldirh, hm lugm sh ahih ut`m`zgr ldb prhlgul`üb ahi`ad g su tdx`l`aga, s`hbad suf`l`hbth pgrg quh hchrzg su
gll`üb ubg ads`s ah ;,7-9 oe pdr m`trd ah `üb ldirh sheób mds lgsds.

Aurgbth hm phrïdad ah gushbl`g ah ig÷`stgs, sh puhah ut`m`zgr prhpgrgbad ubg sdmul`üb ah sumfgtd ah ldirh gm 7;% ah
prdaultd ldohrl`gm hb pdmvd, quh sh `btrdaulh a`rhltgohbth g md mgred ah mgs pgrhahs ah mg p`sl`bg.

Mg ads`s bhlhsgr`g hs ah 98; e ah pdmvd pdr lgag 8; o ah geug. Ahspuàs ah ubgs ndrgs ahih pgsgrsh mg igrrhahrg ah
p`sl`bg.

Qgoi`àb puhah g÷ga`rsh hm sumfgtd ah ldirh, g rgzüb ah 9 e pdr o, oha`gbth ub ads`f`lgadr quh fubl`dbh ah fdrog
a`sldbt`bug.

Xbg lmdrgl`üb ldb fuhrths ads`s ldbs`euh s`o`mgrhs rhsumtgads gmeu`l`ags phrd s`hoprh ng ah rhgm`zgrsh hb ndrgs ah
gushbl`g ah ig÷`stgs.

MG GA@L@ÜB AH LXGMWX@HY GA@Q@VD AXYGBQH MG\ NDYG\ AH IG×D \H YHGM@SGYÇ LDB AD\@F@LGADY
GXQDOÇQ@LD

<.8 DQYD\ G\[HLQD\ G LDB\@AHYGY

OHA@AG\ AH \HEXY@AGA

[grg egrgbt`zgr mg sheur`aga ah mds usugr`ds3

   \h hx`eh mg prhshbl`g phrogbhbth ah ub sdldrr`stg hxphrtd hb tàlb`lgs ah rhgb`ogl`üb.

   \h prdnïih mg hx`sthbl`g ah pgmgblgs ah sgmtds y trgopdm`bhs.
   Hb mgs prdx`o`agahs ah mds çbeumds ahm vgsd y hb mgs zdbgs ah lgoi`d irusld ah phba`hbth sh
`bstgmgrçb hslgmhrgs tuiumgrhs ohtçm`lgs, ldb phmag÷ds gbt`ahsm`zgbths, hopdtrgads gm ohbds hb su pgrth
suphr`dr.
   Mgs `bstgmgl`dbhs gbhxgs ldod ogqu`bgr`gs, gpgrgtds pgrg hmhvgl`üb ahm geug, ehbhrgadrhs hmàltr`lds,
gmoglàb ah ogthr`gm, htl., hstgrçb hopmgzgads hb muegrhs `bahphba`hbths ah mds ahst`bgads gm póim`ld y hb mg
fdrog quh hb lgag lgsd hstgimhzlg mg Yhemgohbtgl`üb gpm`lgimh.
   Mgs `bstgmgl`dbhs hmàltr`lgs ngb ah luopm`r md a`spuhstd hb hm Yhemgohbtd Hmhltrdtàlb`ld ah Igcg Qhbs`üb

<8
 

\GMXIY@AGA AH MG\ @B\QGMGL@DBH\3 VH\QXGY@D\ P G\HD\

 
 Mds gshds a`spdbarçb hb tdad odohbtd ah geug ldrr`hbth quh ngirç ah thbhr mg lgm`f`lgl`üb ah pdtgimh, y
hstgrçb adtgads ah tdgmmgs odbdusd, ads`f`lgadr ah cgiüb mïqu`ad y pgphm n`e`àb`ld.
  Mds shrv`l`ds ahihrçb a`spdbhr ah vhbt`mgl`üb gahlugag y hstgr ldbstru`ads ldb ogthr`gmhs `ophrohgimhs ah


fçl`m ahs`bfhll`üb y p`sd gbt`ahsm`zgbth quh hv`th hblngrlgo`hbtds.

  Mg m`op`hzg y ahs`bfhll`üb shrç a`gr`g.


  Mds vhstugr`ds ldbtgrçb ldb ads gllhsds3 ubd pgrg phrsdbgs vhst`ags y dtrg pgrg phrsdbgs hb trgch ah ig÷d.


<.6 [Y@BL@[GMH\ [YDIMHOG\ WXH [XHAH HBLDBQYGY HB \X

[@\L@BG

<.5 [Y@BL@[GMH\ YHLDOHBAGL@DBH\ [GYG HM OGBQHB@O@HBQD AH

MG [@\L@BG
[N

   ´Wuà nglhr43 V`e`mgbl`g y gbçm`s`s a`gr`d (9 vhlhs gm aïg)



   ´[dr quà43 Xb hxlhsd d ub ahfhltd puhah `rr`tgr mgs ouldsgs d a`so`bu`r mg hf`lgl`g ah mg f`mtrgl`üb.
 ´Lüod ogbthbhr b`vhmhs gahlugads43 Ldb ldrrhltdrhs ah pN.

<6
 

LMDYD

   ´Wuà nglhr43 V`e`mgbl`g y gbçm`s`s a`gr`d (9 vhlhs gm aïg)

   ´[dr quà43 [dld lmdrd3 phm`erd ah ldbtgo`bgl`üb o`lrdi`gbg. Oulnd lmdrd3 quhogaurgs, ldbcubt`v`t`s
   ´Lüod ogbthbhr b`vhmhs gahlugads43 Lmdrgl`üb ldbt`bóg ldb hm ads`f`lgadr g ldblhbtrgl`dbhs gahlugags. \`
sh bhlhs`tg trgtgo`hbtd ah lndquh, s`hoprh ah bdlnh.

AH[XYGADYG

   ´Wuà nglhr43 M`op`hzg ah f`mtrds phr`üa`lg pgrg hv`tgr su ldmogtgl`üb (mg phr`da`l`aga ahphbah ahm t`pd ah
f`mtrd)
   ´[dr quà43 [grg ldbsheu`r ub iuhb f`mtrgad.
   ´Lüod m`op`gr mds f`mtrds43 @bv`rt`hbad hm prdlhsd, d pdr dtrd oàtdad ldod `bsufmgr g`rh.

YHBDVGL@ÜB AHM GEXG

   ´Wuà nglhr43 Gpdrtgr a`gr`gohbth ub 8% ahm vdmuohb tdtgm, ogydr s` guohbtg mg ldbault`v`aga
   ´[dr quà43 [grg hv`tgr quh sh ldblhbtrhb mds ga`t`vds hopmhgads.
   ´Lüod43 Gpdrtgbad geug ah mg rha.

OGBQHB@O@HBQD AHM VG\D

   ´Wuà nglhr43 M`op`hzg ahm fdbad g a`gr`d. M`op`hzg ah mg suphrf`l`h g a`gr`d (ndcgs, pgrtïlumgs). Ldbtrdm ahm
b`vhm ahm geug. M`op`hzg ah mgs lhst`mmgs. M`op`hzg ah mds pha`muv`ds y ldbtrdm ah mg iuhbg rhbdvgl`üb ahm geug
quh ldbt`hbhb.
   ´[dr quà43 [grg hv`tgr lrhl`o`hbtd ah o`lrddregb`sods y mg hx`sthbl`g ah ogthr`g dreçb`lg.
   ´Lüod43 Xt`m`zgr m`op`gfdbads, rhahs odsqu`thrgs, htl.

LDB\HCD\ GM X\XGY@D

   ´Wuà nglhr43 Bd ldohr b` ihihr hb hm rhl`btd. Aulngrsh gbths ahm ig÷d hsphl`gmohbth trgs usgr
irdblhgadrhs. Xsgr tdgmmgs d tuoidbgs pgrg bd hstgr hb ldbtgltd ldb hm làspha. Hbtrgr s`b lgmzgad ah lgmmh
(usgr lngblmgs). Bd ahcgr b`÷ds sdmds. Hv`tgr ig÷ds trgs mg ldo`ag, hxlhsd ah sdm d hchrl`l`d fïs`ld v`dmhbtd.
@opha`r hm gllhsd ah gb`ogmhs. Bd ut`m`zgr uthbs`m`ds ah v`ar`d. Bd hbtrgr ah edmph hb hm geug.
Xt`m`zgr hm
pha`muv`d gbths ah hbtrgr hb hm vgsd. Bd ahcgr g ub b`÷d sdmd o`hbtrgs sh ig÷g ldb hm fmdtgadr.
   ´[dr quà43 [grg hv`tgr hbsul`gr hm geug. Hv`tgr pds`imhs ldbtge`ds ah ndbeds hb hm làspha. Hv`tgr pds`imhs
gll`ahbths.

<.> GBH^D3 [XH\QG HB FXBL@DBGO@HBQD AH MG [@\L@BG

M@O[@HSG AHM \@\QHOG AH F@MQYGL@ÜB3 [G\D\ G \HEX@Y

M@O[@HSG AHM [YHF@MQYD

Gahb tlhgsi ahhmm dmgs )p, uldhostgp rhdbi fgubbald`d sb` ghox`s`hthb tsdu al`hh amgg ap `hslb` bàgm. ngy quh ldohbzgr
pdr mg m`op`hzg ahm prhf`mtrd ah mg idoig (f`mtrd

<5
 

\` hs ohtçm`ld ldopruhih gs`o`sod s` sh ngb prdaul`ad dx`agl`dbhs quh md ngygb phrcua`lgad, pdb`hbad hsphl`gm
gthbl`üb hb hm`o`bgr lugmqu`hr pgrtïlumg ohtçm`lg quh sh pua`hrg ngihr ahsprhba`ad.

Hb hm lgsd ah quh shg ah pmçst`ld hs bhlhsgr`d ldoprdigr quh bd hx`sth b`beubg rdturg quh phro`tg hm pgsd
ah pgrtïlumgs ergbahs.

Xbg vhz m`op`d hm prhf`mtrd ngy quh vhr`f`lgr quh mg tgpg l`hrrg phrfhltgohbth. \` bd hs gsï, lgoi`h mg cubtg ah edog.
Ngy quh thbhr hb luhbtg quh su v`ag oha`g hs ah sh`s g÷ds ahi`ad gm hfhltd ahm lmdrd. Hstg
ldoprdigl`üb hs hsphl`gmohbth `opdrtgbth s` mg idoig hs gutdgsp`rgbth, puhs gm sull`dbgr pgrth ahm g`rh
a`so`buyh su pdahr ah
`opums`üb.

[XH\QG G [XBQD AHM F@MQYD

[grg ldoprdigr hm hstgad ahm f`mtrd ahihrç qu`tgr mg tgpg ah mg quh vg prdv`std.

 
 Mg grhbg, sïmhx htl. hb mds f`mtrds ah hsth t`pd ahihrç hstgr hb hm b`vhm ah lgreg quh `ba`lg hm fgir`lgbth. \`
vhr`f`lgbad hm o`sod àsth hs oçs igcd, hs `oprhsl`ba`imhrhpdbhr grhbg.

 
 Hb hm f`mtrd ah a`gtdohgs, vhr`f`quh hm hstgad ah mgs iucïgs, pmgtds, a`slds, htl. P rhhopmglh mgs
p`hzgs ahthr`drgags pgrg egrgbt`zgr ub iuhb fubl`dbgo`hbtd. [uhah dlurr`r quh mgs a`gtdohgs hstàb
gphmogzgags

hbsbt hlu ty`pdd l aghsd f `smthrrdçs bhdl shhs garh`di hrbh euhtb`mh`zrggrr ltddgtegumomghbbthths .hm f`mtrd,
vdmv`hbad g pdbhr ubg lgreg ldopmhohbtg, ldb

 
 Hb hm lgsd ah quh hm f`mtrd shg ah lgrtulnd, mg m`op`hzg ahm o`sod, sh rhgm`zg igcd ub fuhrth lndrrd ah geug g
prhs`üb. \` hstç ouy sul`d ngy quh rhhopmgzgrmd.

M@O[@HSG AHM F@MQYD P LDBAXLL@DBH\

Hs ldbvhb`hbth pgrg hm`o`bgr mgs `blrustgl`dbhs quh ngygb pda`ad fdrogrsh hb tuihrïgs y f`mtrds, hfhltugr
ub trgtgo`hbtd hb l`rlu`td lhrrgad ldb ub ahthrehbth çl`ad.

Hm t`hopd ah hsth mgvgad shrç ah ubds 9; o`butds y gltd sheu`ad sh ag sgm`ag g a`lng sdmul`üb, ngl`hbad l`rlumgr
geug m`op`g. Gs`o`sod sh rhgm`zgrç mg hm`o`bgl`üb ah pds`imhs ahpüs`tds ah gmegs hb hm l`rlu`td ah
ahpurgl`üb oha`gbth mg gpm`lgl`üb ah ub prdaultd gbt`gmegs.

M@O[@HSG AHM VG\D

VGL@GAD P M@O[@HSG AHM VG\D

Xbg vhz rhgm`zgags mgs dphrgl`dbhs gbthr`drohbth ahslr`tgs, sh prdlhahrç gm vgl`gad ahm geug ah mg p`sl`bg,
pgrg hfhltugr mg m`op`hzg y trgtgo`hbtd ahm fdbad y pgrhahs ahm vgsd. [grg hmmd ahihrç ut`m`zgr ubds eugbths ah
edog yg quh mg ut`m`zgl`üb ah prdaultds çl`ads puhah ag÷gr mg p`hm ah sus ogbds.

\h puhah usgr sgmfuoçb, gubquh md ohcdr hs ut`m`zgr ub prdaultd hsphl`gmohbth fgir`lgad pgrg mg m`op`hzg ah mg
p`sl`bg, prdlha`hbad gm rgspgad ldb ub lhp`mmd ah lhrags aurgs pgrg egrgbt`zgr mg m`op`hzg y ahs`blrustgl`üb lgmlçrhg
hx`sthbth hb mgs pgrhahs y fdbad ahm vgsd. G ldbt`bugl`üb sh prdlhah gm glmgrgad ldb giubagbth geug y ohcdr ldb
ubg ogbeuhrg g prhs`üb ahcgbad quh tdag hm geug sul`g sh p`hrag pdr hm suo`ahrd y ahsgeýh.

G[M@LGL@ÜB AH XB [YDAXLQD GBQ@GMEG\

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Yhgm`zgad hm vgl`gad y m`op`hzg ahm vgsd sh prdlhah g mg gpm`lgl`üb ah ub prdaultd gbt`gmegs hb mgs pgrhahs y fdbad
ahm vgsd, yg shg pdr pumvhr`zgl`üb, d lugmqu`hr dtrd s`sthog, ahcgbad trgbslurr`r ubgs 6 ndrgs, gbths ah mmhbgr hm vgsd,
pgrg quh hm prdaultd thbeg t`hopd ah gltugr y ganhr`rsh g mgs suphrf`l`hs.

Aurgbth hm mmhbgad ah mg p`sl`bg y lugbad hm geug gmlgblh ubds <;-1; lo. Hs gldbshcgimh pgsgr hm m`op`gfdbads pgrg
hm`o`bgr lugmqu`hr rhstd ah sul`haga ahpds`tgag hb hm fdbad ahm vgsd.

Ahihrç gisthbhrsh ah mg ut`m`zgl`üb `boha`gtg ah mg p`sl`bg ngstg quh bd ngyg ldbstgtgad hm iuhb fubl`dbgo`hbtd
ahm hqu`pd ah f`mtrgl`üb y hm hstgad ahm geug (pN).

M@O[@HSG AH MD\ F@MQYD\ AH GYHBG

Xbg prho`sg g thbhr hb luhbtg shrç hm ogbthbhr mg lgpgl`aga f`mtrgbth ahm f`mtrd. Hmmd sh ldbs`euh ngl`hbad fubl`dbgr
hm o`sod g ldbtrgldrr`hbth, pgrg hv`tgr mg fdrogl`üb ah fgbeds y hm gphmogzgo`hbtd ah mg ogsg f`mtrgadrg.

Mg frhluhbl`g ah mds mgvgads hs ouy vgr`gimh y ahphbah ah mg ldmogtgl`üb (gtgslgo`hbtd) ah mds f`mtrds,
ehbhrgmohbth sh rhgm`zg ubg vhz pdr shogbg, gubquh hb phrïdads ah ogydr gfmuhbl`g ngy quh guohbtgr mg
frhluhbl`g.

Hm ergad ah ldmogtgl`üb ah mds f`mtrds sh pdbh ah ogb`f`hstd pdr ubg a`so`bul`üb ahm lguagm ah sgm`ag, y oha`gbth hm
ogbüohtrd `bstgmgad gm hfhltd.

Hb lugbtd gm pN ahm geug, ahihrç ngmmgrsh hbtrh ub vgmdr oïb`od ah 5,9 y oçx`od ah 5,>. Hs ouy gldbshcgimh, gm
pr`bl`p`d ah mg ut`m`zgl`üb ah mg p`sl`bg, ldbtrdmgr frhluhbthohbth hm pN.

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