IhȘā `m jmaturā 

Ehramo Mjho`m,  Eohtrmyh, NuaurmȘth, M`hturo D@MDK, ?88?.  

^m`oatormo7 ^deokuj o idst sarhs ëkampîk` au okuj ?8>8 aîk` sm eutā ëk jdauhkȜo

jd auhkȜo hkchkmrujuh
`hk Aojautto ëk idreo ukuh gurkoj `m aājātdrhm hor eoh opdh o idst iāaut ëk idreo ukuh rdeok.  
Vunjhaormo7 Vunjhaormo rdeokujuh o ovut pmrhdo`o hktmrnmjhaā. 
ovut jda ëk okuj ?811 ëk pmrhdo`o

@msprm outdr
 Eohtrmyhh  mstm uko `hktrm amjm eoh ëksmekotm juarārh ojm Ehramo Mjho`m. Kāsaut ëk NuaurmȘth ëk
 Eohtrmy
okuj ?863 Șh `mam`or ëk ?829, Ehramo Mjho`m mstm ukuj `hktrm eorhh sarhhtdrh `m drhchkm rdeîkā,
oamsto ihhk`, `m osmemkmo Șh ihjdzdi Șh hstdrha oj rmjhchhjdr.

Ëkao`rormo ëktr-uk aurmkt/spmahm

^deokuj mstm d spmahm o cmkujuh mpha, `m eo eorm
rm ëkthk`mrm, au eoh eujtm
eujtm pmrsdkogm prhkahpojm,
prhkahpojm,
au eoh eujtm adkijhatm Șh pjokurh korothvm. ^deokuj  Eohrmyh mstm ukuj `m thp ed`mrk, sunhmathv,
oj mxpmrhmkȜmh sou oj trāhrhh. Mj orm uk aoroatmr `m adkimshukm, ëk  aorm korotdruj-pmrsdkog, uk
hktmjmatuoj juah`, pdvmstmȘtm jo pmrsdoko ëktîh ëktr -uk ‛`hsaurs pmktru shkm―. Vrhk hktmcrormo ukdr
irocemktm ëktrmch `hk gurkojuj oamjmh pmrhdo`m, prdzo armotā `m Mjho`m mstm uko o outmkthahtāȜhh ëk
aorm ahthtdruj Șthm aā jo nozo pdvmȘthh stā d mxpmrhmkȜā rmojā `m vhoȜā.  

Cmkmzo rdeokujuh
Cmkmzo rdeokujuh sm oijā ëktr -d mxpmrhmkȜā au uk prdiuk` aoroatmr nhdcroiha, sarhsā `m outdr ëk
emedrhhjm sojm. Ëk thepuj Șm`mrhh sojm ëk Hk`ho, tîkāruj Mjho`m o idst cāz`uht `m ëkȜmjmptuj
@oscupto, oj `dhjmo de `m aujturā oj Hk`hmh. Oadjd d vo aukdoȘtm pm ihhao oamstuho, Eohtrmyh, `m
aorm sm vo ëk`rācdsth, `îk` ostimj koȘtmrm ihrujuh mpha oj rdeokujuh am pdortā kuemjm pmrsdkogujuh
 prhkahpoj imehkhk.

Phtjuj dpmrmh
Eohtrmyh ihhk`
 prdtocdkhsto thtjuj dpmrmh,
rdeokujuh, adhkah`maorm
mstm kothvuj aoau au kuemjm
rm `majokȘmozā pmrsdkogujuh
`majokȘmozā `himrmkȜ prhkahpoj
aamptorm oimehkhk.
`himrmkȜoo `m ooaamptorm Mo mstm
hunhrhh hmȘhk` `hk
thpormjm bhk`usm pmktru o ëkamrao sā ëenrāȜhȘmzm ahvhjhzoȜho murdpmokā.  

Mjmemktm `m adepdzhȜhm 

AdepdzhȜho
^deokuj mstm ojaātuht `hk ?= aophtdjm. Pmxtuj mstm adkstruht pm trmh khvmjurh tmepdrojm7 khvmjuj
adksmekārhh
adksmekā rhh pdvmȘthh `m `rocdstm pm pochkhjm gurkojujuh, oj kdtārhjdr ``mm pm eorchkmo oamstuho Șh
oj rm`oatārhh rdeokujuh.  

?
 

Qunhmatuj
Ëk mxpdzhȜhm oijāe aā mvmkhemktmjm mvdaotm sm pmtrma ëk okuj ?8>8 ëk Aojautto, Bheojoyo Șh
Qhkcopdrm. OaȜhukmo ureārmȘtm
ureārmȘtm pdvmstmo `m `rocdstm `hktrm Ojjok Șh E
Eohtrmyh.
ohtrmyh. Hktrhco rdeokujuh
adksthtuhm oamj edemkt aîk` Ojjok sm ëendjkāvmȘtm Șh mstm hkvhtot ëk aoso hkchkmrujuh. Ëk pukatuj
aujehkokt h`hjo `hktrm Ojjok Șh Eohtrmyh mstm `msadpmrhtā `m pārhkȜhh oamstmho. Ëk `mzkd`āeîkt
Ojjok mstm hzcdkht hor Eohtrmyh mstm nhkm pāzhtā pmktru o ku sm putmo ëktîjkh.  

@hsaursuj Mpha
Mxhstā d shemtrhm ëk adkstruhrmo `hsaursujuh korothv ëktrm hkahpht Șh ihkoj. Hkahphtuj stā sun smekuj
Șdvāhmjhh. Ihkojuj rdeokujuh mstm `msabhs Șh mstm ojaātuht `hktr -d smrhm `m hktmrdcoȜhh rmtdrham Șh
idreujormo ukmh `drhkȜm. 

Pmeo rdeokujuh
Pmeo  rdeokujuh juh Mjho`m mstm hunhrmo- poshukmo
 poshukmo ëkihrhpotā ëktrm `dh doemkh au idreoȜhh
suijmtmȘth idortm `himrhtm.

Aophtdjuj ?
Ojjok juaro ëk Smjjmsjmy Qtrmmt aîk` d aukdoȘtm pm Eohtrmyh. @m prheo `otā ihhao juh Kormk`ro
Qmk (hkchkmr `hk Aojautto) h sm porm kmotrācātdorm. Mj ëh pdvmstmȘtm prhmtmkujuh sāu `msprm
hk`hokao oamosto. Amh `dh ëj vhzhtmozā pm Kormk`ro Qmk Șh sukt iosahkoȜh `m aoso Șh ioehjho
oamstuho.

Aophtdjuj >
 Kormk`ro sm oro
orotā
tā prmdaupot
prmdaupot `m `m vhoȜo Șh prhmtmkhh sāh ostimj ëh prdpukm Șh uk kdu jua `m eukaā,
spukîk`u-h aā-h mstm idortm `roc juh Șh kmvmstmh sojm. 

Aophtdjuj 1
Ojjok sm ëendjkāvmȘtm crov `m eojorhm Șh ogukcm jo sphtoj. Oadjd mstm vhzhtot `m oehamjm sojm, `m
Bordj`, `m Qmk Șh `m Eohtrmyh. Hkchkmruj ëj hkvhtā sā jdauhosaā
j dauhosaā ëk aoso juh. 

Aophtdjuj 0
Ojjok
daozhmoaamptā
oijā eohhkvhtoȜho Șh sm eutā
eujt `msprm ëk aosohk`hmkm
dnhamhurhjm juh Qmk.ȘhIoehjho mstm idortm
nhkmëkȜmjms crhgujhu
Șh `msprm au mj.au
Eohtrmyh, Auaorm
oamostā
orm
daozho sā hktmroaȜhdkmzm
hktmroaȜhdkmzm eoh eujt. D aukdoȘtm Șh pm Abonu, mo ihhk` o `duo o juh Qmk.  

Aophtdjuj =
Eoytrmh ëh Ȝhkm juh Ojjok jmaȜhh `m nmkcojmzā hor oamsto d ëkvoȜā ëk irokamzā. Mj oijā aā mo mstm
ëk`rācdsthtā `m uk nārnot `m Șoptmzmah `m okh. KmëkȜmjmcîk` hktmkȜhhjm pārhkȜhjdr imtmh Ojjok arm`m
aā vdr sā d oprdphm eoh eujt pm Eohtrmyh `m mj.  

Aophtdjuj 9
Vmktru prheo `otā Ojjok hktrā ëk d`oho juh Eohtrmyh
Eo htrmyh Șh pdortā d `hsauȜhm au mo. Ëephks `m irhao
ir hao `m
o ih crmȘht ëkȜmjms, mj `mzvājuhm hktmkȜhhjm sojm `m o ku sm aāsātdrh. Otedsim
Otedsimro
ro poraā sm rāamȘtm ëk
 guruj sāu `or
`or `upā puȜhk thep shetm `hk
`hk crhgo pm aorm d pd
pdortā
ortā ëktrmoco ioehjhm
ioehjhm ioȜā `m mj. 

>
 

Aophtdjuj 3
Ojjok sm ëk`rācdstmȘtm `m Eohtrmyh Șh arm`m aā Șh mo ëj hunmȘtm.  

Aophtdjuj 2
Ojjok sm ëktîjkmȘtm au Bordj` Șh m ëktrmnot `oaā mstm o`mvārot zvdkuj aorm sm ou`m aue aā s -or
ëksuro au Eohtrmyh. Ojjok oijā tdt eoh eujtm dnhamhurh hk`hmkm prhvhk` prhmtmkho Șh m cmjds pm
drhahkm d ioam pm Eohtryh sā zîenmosaā. Eoh tîrzhu amh `dh ëȘh `majorā `rocdstmo ukuj ioȜā `m
amjājojt abhor `oaā Eohtrmyh mstm d ihrm eoh theh`ā Șh sm tmem `m adksmahkȜmjm ukmh osmemkmo
hunhrh. @upā am Ojjok d sārutā, pjîkcîk` hmsm `hk aoemro juh Șh sm ëk`rmoptā sprm aoemro mh. 

Aophtdjuj 8
Irhao oamosto d ëephkcm pm Eohtrmyh sā ëh spukā juh Ojjok aë or ih eoh nhkm `oaā m or pjmao `hk
aoso ioehjhmh sojm pmktru aā mo drhaue ëj hunmȘtm pm oamj ^dnh Pbollur `m Șoptmzmah `m okh. @upā
am sm aojemozā ëh rmaukdoȘtm tdtuȘh aā mstm ëk`rācdsthtā `m mj Șh ëh `āruhmȘtm d adrdokā `m hosdehm,
shendj oj jdcd`kmh.

Aophtdjuj ?6
Eohtrmyh sm `msabh`m tdt eoh eujt ëk ioȜo juh Ojjok pdvmsthk`u -h abhor Șh `msprm amjmjojtm hunhrh
ojm sojm, uk orndrm Șh uk tîkār `mdsmnht `m irueds. Ojjok vrmo sā sm adkvmrtmosaā jo bhk`uhse
 pmktru o sm putmo aāsātdrh au Eoh trmyh ihhk` sprhghkht Șh `m `doeko Qmk.   Ëksā hkchkmruj ku mstm
Eohtrmyh
 prmo ëkaîktot `m oamostā `mahzhm Șh ëh spukm aā rmjhcho so mstm eoh nukā `maît amo o hk` hk`hmkhjdr,
hmkhjdr,
ostimj or trmnuh sā d pāstrmzm. Ojjok `otdrhtā juh Eohtrmyh hunmȘtm Hk`ho.  

Aophtdjuj ??
Eohtrmyh ëh orotā juh Ojjok photro pmktru hkmjuj juh `m kuktā, spukîk`u -h aā sukt `msadpmrhȜh `m
Lbdlo (sjughtdruj aosmh). Amh `dh ëk`rācdsthȜh sm jdcd`msa ëk osauks Șh pmtrma prheo kdoptm `m
`rocdstm ëeprmukā. @upā eoh eujtm kdpȜh osmeākātdorm, Ojjok Șh -o `ot smoeo aā Lbdlo Ștho
tdtuj `msprm oamstm ëktîjkhrh Șh ëh auepāro tdt imjuj `m jjuarurh
uarurh `m am ovmo kmvdhm oamsto, `mvmkhk`
`mvmkhk`
eoh opdh prhmtmkh. Oijā `m jo oamsto aā Lbdlo uro pm tdȜh amh `hk aoso juh Qmk.Abonu sm
ëendjkāvmȘtm idortm crov hor Ojjok trmnuhm sā oeîkm adkvmrthrmo `hk aouzo ndjhh hkchkmruj uh.
Ojjok `mvhkm `hk am ëk am eoh cmjds abhor Șh pm smrvhtdrhh `hk aosā amo am `uam jo d amortā `hktrm
mj Șh Eohtrmyh. 
Aophtdjuj ?>
@dekuj Qmk, `m zhuo ihhamh sojm, Eohtrmyh hkvhtā eujȜh orthȘth hk`hmkh jo aorm Ojjok
Ojj ok mstm coz`o. Ëk
thepuj pmtrmamrhh Abonu sorm `hk nojadk Șh sm rākmȘtm, ëkcrhgdrîk`u-h pm tdȜh. Ao sā d sadotā puȜhk
Ojjok Șh Eohtrmyh d pjhenā puȜhk pîkā jo Joaurh. Oadjd Abonu ao sā oijm `m `rocdstmo jdr ëh pukm
 pm amh `dh sā sm sārutm. @upā am oijā tdtuj,
td tuj, Abonu ëh pdvmstmȘtm eoemh sojm `m `ro cdstm surdrhh
sojm. Jo eoso, `doeko Qmk mstm abmeotā hor Eohtrmyh ëh zham jdcd`khaujuh sāu aā sdro so o spus
tdtuj eoemh Șh aā o `duo zh mstm abmeot ëk nhnjhdtmaā. Kdoptmo, ioto mstm ëkauhotā ëk aoemro mh
Șh `doeko Qmk spukm tdtuj `dekujuh Qmk. Amh `dh jdcd`khah
jdc d`khah sm cîk`msa tdt eoh eujt jo d pdshnhjā
iucā pmktru ao `dekuj Qmk sā ku d eārhtm pm Eohtrmyh au ojtahkmvo.
ojtahkmvo. @hehkmoȜo Ojjok mstm vhzhtot
`m hkchkmr aorm ëh spukm aā vo ioam d dpmroȜhm jo dabh Șh vo sto > -1 jukh ëk sphtoj, ëȘh vo trhehtm
ioehjho jo Eh`kopur hor juh h- or prhk`m nhkm sā sm rmarmmzm uk`mvo ëk eukȜh, pjmaîk` abhor ëk
oamo zh. @upā puȜhk thep Eohtrmyh ëh trhehtm uk nhjmt uk`m ëh mxpjhaā aā ku pdotm sā d vo`ā pmktru

1
 

aā ku orm vdhm Șh ëj ëk`moekā sā pjmam. Ojjok `dor pm Abonu d eoh pdotm vm`mo `upā aorm `dekuj
`deku j
Qmk ëh `ā d sarhsdorm pm aorm d pdotm `msabh`m `dor `upā am pjmoaā. Hkchkmruj ëh sarho ëk sarhsdorm
aā ëh mstm hktmrzhs sā ho jmcāturo au vrmuk emenru oj ioehjhmh
i oehjhmh sojm. 

Aophtdjuj ?1 
Ojjok emrcm jo aoso prhtmkmjujuh sāu, Bordj`. Lbdlo ëh o`uam juarurhjm prhktrm aorm Șh `duā
sarhsdrh `m jo amjm `duā imtm. Abonu ëȘh amrm hmrtorm hor opdh oijā aā Eohtrmyh o idst nātutā `m totāj
mh Șh ëkauhotā ëk aoemro mh oprdopm cdojā pmktru o ku dutmo pjmao. Mj oijā aā ioehjho o vrut sā d
aāsātdrmosaā `upā ëktdoramrmo `hk Eh`kopur `or mo h-o oemkhkȜot aā vo ioam aoso `m ruȘhkm
`mzvājuhk` tdtuj `msprm rmjoȜho mh au Ojjok. Eohtrmyh ëj sukā pm Ojjok Șh mstm `msadpmrhtā. @dekuj
Qmk ëh sarhm opdh oamstuho prhk aorm
aorm ëj oemkhkȜā au mxpotrhmrmo Șh aā vo ih adkam`hot. Eohtrmyh ëh
trhehtm tdtuȘh d ujtheā oehkthrm, d roeurā `m djmok`ru. @upā Șoptm zhjm `m jo pjmaormo juh `hk
Nbdwokhpdrm, Abonu edorm.

Aophtdjuj ?0
Ojjok prhemȘtm ëk adkthkuorm sarhsdrh `m jo Eohtrmyh. Oamsto oijā aā dpmroȜho juh Qmk ku rmuȘhsm
 prmo nhkm, `doeko Qmk o ojnht Eohtrmyh o sjānht eujt. Mo arm`m aā Ojjok sm oijā ëk Aojautto `or
ku vrmo sā d vo`ā. Ëktrm thep Ojjok aukdoȘtm d imemhm aorm sm aozmozā jo oamjoȘh nukcojdw jo
aorm mro aozot Șh mj. Oamosto ëh `mzvājuhm eujtm ëktîepjārh `hk vhoȜo so hmr Ojjok ëh pdvmstmȘtm
tdtuj `msprm Eohtrmyh Șh amh `dh pmtrma d kdoptm ëeprmukā. 

Aophtdjuj ?=
Ojjok ogukcm sā ihm sāroa, uhtot `m prhmtmkh Șh `m tdȜh amh pm aorm h -o ogutot. Ësh aoutā uk jda `m
eukaā `or zo`orkha Șh rmiuzā sā d ëktîjkmosaā pm Eohtrmyh abhor `oaā mo ëh `ā eujtm tmjmidokm.
Ëkamraîk` sā d uhtm pm Eohtrmyh, Ojjok sm ëk`rācdstmȘtm `m Cmurthm Șh sm eutā jm mo `or tdt ku
 pdotm uhto `m Eohtrmyh. Kmpdtuj `doekmh Qmk ëj vh zhtmozā pm Ojjok Șh ëh spukm aā Eohtrmyh s -o
`ot ukuh vîkzātdr `m iruatm `or totāj sāu ku vrmo sā d ojukcm `hk aosā ah `drmȘtm sā d ioaā
ihjdzdoiā. Oamsto ëh eoh spukm aā ou oijot tdȜh `msprm `rocdstmo jdr. 

Vmrsdkogmjm7
Ojjok
Vmrsdkoguj prhkahpoj< pmrsdkoguj-korotdr, aorm dimrā d pmrspmathvā sunhmathvā osupro
ëktîepjārhjdr<
mxpmrhmkȜā tîkārhkhȜhothaā.
mrdthaā murdpmok,   prmdaupot
prmdaupot `m ihzhaā eotmeothaā, sphrht juah` Șh okojhtha, trāhmȘtm d

Eohtrmyh
O`djmsamktāā nmkcojmzā, adphj Șh iimemhm
O`djmsamkt memhm ëk oamjoȘh tthep<
hep< pdmtā oprmahotā ëk amraurhjm hktmjmatuojm
hk tmjmatuojm
 nmkcojmzm<< shendjhzmozā
 nmkcojmzm shendjhzmozā ehstmruj imehkhtāȜhh, hkhȜhotdormo juh Ojjok ëk hunhrm,
hunhrm, ëk aujturo drhmktojā
Șh ëk soarojhtotm.  

Kormk`ro Qmk
Potāj Eohtrmyhmh, hkchkmruj nmkcojmz aorm-j hkvhtā pm murdpmokuj Ojjok sā jdauhosaā ëk aoso juh
au hktmkȜho `m o-j o`dpto< rmprmzmktokt oj emktojhtāȜhh drhmktojm, aureā nrusa hunhrmo hktmrzhsā o
ihhamh juh au murdpmokuj Ojjok.

0
 

Abonu
Qdro eoh ehaā o Eohtrmyhmh, aorm `mzvājuhm pārhkȜhjdr tohko hunhrhh amjdr `dh thkmrh, ammo am
`majokȘmo
majokȘmozā
zā `mspārȜhrmo hkmvhtonhjā. 

Bordj`
Muroshokuj am rmprmzhktā o trmho aotmcdrhm mtkhaā `hk Aojautto mvdaotā ëk rdeok, d pdpujoȜhm
oemstmaotā, aorm rmsphksā Șh `m hk`hmkh Șh `m murdpmkh, ëh `hsprmȜuhmȘtm pm hk`hmkh Șh vhsmozā sā
 pjmam ëk Murdpo.
Murdpo.
^mimrhkȜm arhtham7 
‛Mstm mvh`mkt (...) aā `unjormo pmrspmathvmh trāhtm (o gurkojujuh) `m oammo
o ammo prmjuarotā (o rdeokujuh)
adk`uam jo d rmadksh`mrorm o ëksmȘh struaturhh rdeîkmȘth. ^djuj outdrujuh hepjhaot adkstā ëk
`mihkhthv ëktr-d juehkorm `himrhtā , eoh nukā, o ioptmjdr pm aorm korotdruj gurkojujuh jm-o
adksmekot aue s-o prhamput7 juehkorm aorm-h pmrehtm sā rmhktrd`uaā ëk oamstm ioptm d hmrorbhm
`m smekhihaoȜhm. Ëktîjkhrmo `hk nhnjhdtmaā ëh oporm jo siîrȘht juh Ojjok ao uk mvmkhemkt aorm h -o
sabhenot `msthkuj< `mȘh maduj mh hem`hot ëk gurkojuj mpdahh sm `dvm`mȘtm ehkhe. QmekhihaoȜho m
`m dnhamh pdstmrhdorā trāhrhh7 trāhtā, ëktîjkhrmo o idst medȜhdkoktā, `or kueoh adktmepjotā `hk
 pmrspmathvo tîrzhm o ëktrmchh pdvmȘth `m hunhrm mo Șh-o rmjuot aoroatmruj mh `m shtuoȜhm-abmhm.―
(Khadjom Eokdjmsau, Orao juh Kdm) 

Ahtotm7
‛Eh sm pārmo urîtā-au dabhh mh prmo eorh Șh prmo kmcrh, au nuzmjm aārkdosm Șh rāsirîktm, au sîkhh
 putmrkhah, `m imahdorā nmkcojmzā
nmkcojmzā armsautā prm
prmoo pjhk, ao uk iruat
iruat trmaut `m adpt.― (p. 1)  

‛Eohtrmyh eh s-o pārut, otukah, eujt eoh iruedosā, ëk sorh `m aujdormo amohujuh pojh`, au popuah
ojnh ausuȜh ëk orchkt, au Șojuj osmemkmo ahrmȘmjdr cojnmkm, Șh nuajmjm mh prmo kmcrm, au dabhh mh
 prmo eorh, nuzmjm mh prmo rdȘhh armou poraā d vh vhoȜā
oȜā eoh puȜhk ueokā ëk   oamst trup ëkiāȘurot Șh
tdtuȘh trokspormkt, aorm trāho, s -or ih spus, prhk ehroadj, ku prhk nhdjdchm.― (p. 2)
2)  

‛(aāah mrou zhjm aîk` sm urîȜmo Șh zhjm aîk` mro eoh iruedosā `m ku eā putmoe sāturo prhvhk` -
d)― (p. >3) 

‛K-d ëkȜmjmcmoe.
cîk`hrmo Eh sm pārmo
mh hkadbmrmktā, aā m uk
kohvhtāȜhjm mh, adphj, d prhehthvā.
Șh eujtā vrmem, eohEātîrzhu,
otrācmou
eh-ovdrnmjm
pjāaut mh,
sā eā
eā ëkaîktou
adksh`mr
de ëktrmc ojāturh `m oamostā norno
nornorā.―
rā.― (p. 1?)  

‛K-oȘ ih supdrtot pmktru kheha ëk juem sā -Șh notā gda `m ehkm d iotā `m Șohsprmzmam okh, pmktru
aorm ku sheȜmoe khah uk imj `m `rocdstm, ah kueoh `mjhahh hktmjmatuojm.― (pp. 0?-0>)

‛Eā oprdphoh, d juoh ëk nroȜm Șh d sārutoh horāȘh, ëkkmnukht `m kmëkȜmjmcmrm, ëktukmaot `m po shukm.
D sārutoh pm curā Șh-h ëktîjkhh nuzmjm uem`m, irocm`m Șh poriueotm, aue khahd`otā k -oȘ ih armzut
aā ëeh vo ih `ot sā sārut.― (p. 3?)  

‛Oe idst uk de edroj, `m ohah eh sm troc tdotm trocm`hhjm. Oe hunht ëktdt`mouko pm eoh eujtm
 pjokurh, k-oe Șthut sā soarhiha tdtuj pmktru uk shkcur sîenurm `m o`mvār sou `m vhoȜā, `m oammo
e-oe jdvht `m tdotm procurhjm Șh e-ou `us vojurhjm aue ou vrut.― (p. 86)  

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