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«C` ihnbònzo mn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms cïs krongm, c` suc`s`ùn o eo Toeoaro gm G`hs

ms cïs prhbungo y c` ochr phr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms cïs gueim, ihch rmsuetogh gm
joamr emãgh mstm eàrh. Thr
T hr msos rozhnms, eh rmihc`mngh ihn thgos c`s bumrzos¶.
Gov`g Teott, Tosthr pr`ni`poe, Wjm Ijurij ot Arhhf Jèes, A`rc`nkjoc, Oeoaoco6 outhr
gm Qogìoe< Rhevochs o eos roãims gm eo bm

«Mstm pmqumÿh eàrh ms uno `ntrhguii`ùn oetocmntm rmihcmngoaem o eo mnsmÿonzo gm
eo Msir`turo sharm sã c`sco, qum prmsmrvo ehs ihnthrnhs gm uno ghitr`no rmsphnsoaem
m `nbhrcogo, s`n mcpontonorsm mn gmtoeems orionhs. Ihcprm un aumn nücmrh gm
vheücmnms y mntrmkum ihpòs o ehs oniònhs, g`ïihnhs, comstrhs gm msiumeo
ghc`nìoe y o iuoequ`mr htrh mn eo `kemsò qum qu`mro ihcprmngmr un phih cmlhr quà
ms eo Aàeò. Eo coeo ghitr`no surkm, mn portm, gm eo `knhroniò. A`mnovmnturoghs shn
oqumeehs comstrhs y prmgìoghrms gm eo `kemsò qu`mnms, ihch me outhr gm mstm eàrh,
ihcaotmn eo `knhroniò g`bung`mngh tmhehkão coguro mn un mstèh eüi`gh, qum mv`to
qum sm kmnmrm uno `ng`kmst`ùn tmheùkìo¶.
G. O. Iorshn, Trhbmshr gm @nvmst`koi`ùn gme Numvh WmsWmstocmnth,
tocmnth, gm eeo
o Wr`n`ty
Mvonkmeìoe G`v`n`ty Yijhhe

«]no gm c`s hroi`hnms poro c`s prùx`chs vm`ntm oÿhs gm c`n`stmr`h, s` me Ymÿhr cm
ihnimgm msh, ms qum phgochs vmr irmimr me n`vme gm oeboamt`zoi`ùn aãaeìo
mxphnmniòecmntm. Toro qum suimgo msh, gmamchs oprmngmr quà shn eos Msir`turos y
quà ton b`rcmcmntm phgmchs gmsionsor mn meeos. Fmv`n GmPhunk rmsphngm a`mn o
msto nmims`gog mn Ihnbão mn su Toeoaro. _um me G`hs gm eo Toeoaro smo ihnhi`gh y
oprmiògh s`kn`bìot`vocmntm gma`gh o mstm pmqumÿh eàrh¶.
Cott Ijongemr, Tosthr pr`ni`poe, Wjm Rèeokm Ijurij, Goeeos, Wmxos6 Trms`gmntm, Oits
10 Ijurij Teont`nk Nmtwhrf

«Mstm ms un mstug`h arèeontm, sui`nth, y o eo vmz prhbungh, gm eo outhr`gog y
subì`mniò gm eo Msir`turo, aosogh mn eh qum eo Msir`turo gìm sharm sã c`sco. Eo
ieor`gog y eo pos`ùn shn eos corios g`st`nt`vos gme eàrh gm Fmv`n GmPhunk, y pumgm
smr su haro cïs `cphrtontm y rmb`nogo josto me chcmnth¶.
CoiOrtjur,, Tosthr, Kroim Ihccun`ty Ijurij, Yun Roeemy
Lhjn CoiOrtjur oeemy,, Ioe`bhrnò

«Y` mstï ausiongh uno ghitr`no gm eo Msir`turo mxprmsogo gm bhrco ieoro y s`cpem,
oquã mstï. Fmv`n GmPhunk jo ehkrogh su cmto gm ihcunìor eh qum eo Aàeò gìm
sharm sã c`sco. Àe eh jo jmijh ihn eos iuoe`gogms qum jmchs phg`gh ontì`por<
mbì`mniò, iu`gogh posthroe, okugmzo y r`khr. Yharm thgh, jo pmrc`t`gh qum eo Toeoaro
joaem phr sã c`sco¶.
Fotjemmn A. N`meshn, G`rmithro gm [hcmn‐s @n`tòt`vms, Wjm Khspme Ihoe`t`hn

Eàrhs gm Fmv`n GmPhunk puaeìoghs phr Thrtovhz

Ihnbão mn su Toeoaro< Thr quà eo Aàeò ms nmimsorò y subì`mntm y eh
qum msh s`kn`bìo poro t` y poro cã
Yüpmr hiupoghs< ]n eàrh (c`smrìhrg`hsocmntm) pmqumÿh sharm un
prhaemco (sucocmntm)
(sucocmntm) krongm

O ehs sonths qum mstïn mn Most Eons`nk , phr msiuijor uno

gàiogo gm smrchnms y s`mcprm ihnbòr mn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs

Ihntmn`gh

Iua`mrto
Thrtogo
Mehk`hs
Eàrhs gm Fmv`n GmPhunk puaeìoghs phr Thrtovhz
Gmgìothrò
?. Irmmr, smnt`r, joimr
1. Oekh cïs smkurh
9. Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms subì`mntm
7. Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms ieoro
=. Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms b`noe
2. Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms nmimsorò
;. Eo Aàeò `nqumarontoaem gm Ir`sth
:. Tmrs`stm mn eos Msir`turos
Qmiurshs rmihcmngoghs
Iràg`ths

?

Irmmr, smnt`r, joimr

C` oeco jo kuorgogh tus tmst`chn`hs, y ehs jm ocogh mn kron conmro.
Yoechs ??0<?2;

Mstm eàrh ihc`mnzo gm uno bhrco shrprmngmntm< un phmco gm ochr.
Nh tm prmhiupms, nh ms cãh. Wocphih ms gm c` msphso. Nh
prhv`mnm gm uno torlmto, uno pmeãiueo h gm eo üet`co aoeogo gm rhif.
Nh ms un phmco numvh h un phmco armvm. Tmrh, gmb`n`t`vocmntm, ms
un phmco gm ochr. Tug`stm joamreh emãgh ontms. @nieush pug`stm
joamreh iontogh. Ms me iopãtueh cïs eorkh, mn me eàrh cïs eorkh, mn
eo c`tog cïs eorko gm uno cuy eorko ihemii`ùn gm eàrhs. Gm ?.?:0
iopãtuehs g`smc`noghs o eh eorkh gm 22 eàrhs, msir`ths mn me iursh gm
ghs cèmn`hs, me Yoech ??0 ms me cïs eorkh.V?S
eorkh.V?S
P phr uno aumno rozùn.
Mstm soech mn portìueor ms un oirùstìh. Joy : vmrsãiuehs phr
iogo mstrhbo y, gmntrh gm iogo mstrhbo, iogo vmrsãiueh ihc`mnzo ihn
eo c`sco emtro gme oeboamth jmarmh. Thr eh tonth, ehs vmrsãiuehs ?-:
ihc`mnzon ihn eo emtro oemb , ehs vmrsãiuehs 0-?2 ihn amt , ehs
vmrsãiuehs ?;-17 ihn k`cme , y osã s`kum gurontm 11 mstrhbos y ?;2
vmrsãiuehs, thghs meehs mxuetontms mn su ochr phr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs.
Mn ?20 gm mshs vmrsãiuehs, me soec`sto joim oekuno rmbmrmniò o eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs< emy, tmst`chn`hs, prmimpths, mstotuths,
congoc`mnths, rmkeos y prhcmsos, y Toeoaro. Mstm emnkuolm
opormim mn ios` iogo vmrsãiueh y, o cmnugh, cïs gm uno vmz mn me
c`sch vmrsãiueh. Ehs tàrc`nhs t`mnmn g`bmrmntms cotìms gm
s`kn`bìogh (p. ml.< eh qum G`hs qu`mrm, eh qum G`hs smÿoeo, eh qum G`hs
congo h eh qum G`hs jo gìjh), pmrh thghs sm imntron mn eo c`sco
`gmo pr`ni`poe< eo rmvmeoi`ùn gm G`hs mn poeoaros.
Ymkurocmntm ms s`kn`bìot`vh qum mstm `ntr`niogh, b`nocmntm
meoahrogh y rmsumeth phmco gm ochr ‗me cïs eorkh gm eo Aàeò‗
nh ms oimrio gme cotr`chn`h, gm ehs j`lhs h gm ihc`go, ama`go,
chntoÿos, otorgmimrms, rãhs u hiàonhs, s`nh oimrio gm eo Aàeò
c`sco.

Eo pos`ùn gme phmto

@cok`nh qum cuijhs gm nhshtrhs jmchs `ntmntogh msirà`r phmsão
@cok`nh
mn me posogh. Po soams, cm rmb`mrh o ontms gm tmnmr j`lhs, ontms gm
mstor ihcprhcmt`ghs h, s` mrms cuy lhvmn, ontms gme üet`ch
smcmstrm. Mn c`s t`mcphs, yh toca`àn msiràã oekunhs phmcos,
pmrh, ounqum
nh tm ehs jua`àrochs
jua`mro chstrogh.s`gh
Nh ehs cmlhrms
ms qum mstà oc`khs mn oqumeehs
ovmrkhnzogh phr me gãos,
tmco
‗msirà`r poro y oimrio gm c` jmrchso nhvò‗, pmrh gugh qum me
mstèh smo oekh gm eh iuoe mstor hrkueehsh. Toro eo coyhrão gm
nhshtrhs msirà`r un phmco gm ochr ms ihch joimr koeemtos ihn-
kmrcmn gm tr`kh< ms eh cïs sonh y noturoe, pmrh msos koeemtos nh shn
cuy gmeì`hsos.
Oekunhs phmcos gm ochr shn shrprmngmntms, ihch me shnmth ??2
gm Yjofmspmorm< «Gmlo qum me mneoim gm ghs oecos b`mems nh ogc`to
`cpmg`cmnths. Nh ms ochr me ochr qum iocaò iuongh ioca`h
mniumntro…¶. Jmrchsh. Arèeontm. @cprms`hnontm.
Htrhs phmcos, nh tonth. Ihch mstm phmco qum mnihntrà mn
@ntmrnmt, jmijh phr un jhcarm qum mstoao rmv`v`mngh me kmn`h
rhcïntìh gm su oghemsimniò<

¡C`ro! Joy uno voio she`torò
¡Jmnh! ¡Roio!
Y` yh bumro uno voio, smrão ihch msto.
Y` me ochr ms me hiàonh, yh shy me W`ton
W`tonì.
ì.
Nmno, qumcà c` conh sharm
eo sortàn gm numstrh ochr,
pmrh
qum eooun osã gm
khco sm cosior
s`mntm cmlhr
qum nhs cont`mnm un`ghs
y sharm eo iuoe cm porà.

Eos poeoaros boeeon, ¸nh ms vmrgog8 Wonth poro ihcmntor me
phmco ihch mn me phmco c`sch. Oun osã, msto p`mzo gm ortm ihn
ahv`nhs y khco gm cosior ms cïs sutè m `cok`not`vo qum msto htro
t`tueogo «Eo iortmro gme ochr¶<

Cuijoijo, cm joims
Impèeor c`s g`mntms
Tm`nor c` ioameeh

]sor gmshghrontm
Eeocortm
Mrms ton kmnòe.

Yuphnkh qum mstm phmco pumgm ioptor un chcmnth gm outàntìh
soir`bì`h poro numstrh jàrhm gm eo msiumeo smiungorò. Tmrh, smo
iuoe bumro eo s`nimr`gog gm su `ntmni`ùn, ms uno phmsão
shrprmngmntmcmntm coeo. Eo coyhrão gm ehs phmcos msir`ths
iuongh shchs lùvmnms y mstochs mnochroghs, mn rmtrhspmit`vo,
nhs joimn smnt`r… ¸iùch phgrãochs gmi`reh8... un phih `niùchghs.
Msth sm gmam, mn portm, o qum phihs oghemsimntms shn
`nst`nt`vocmntm aumnhs phmtos. Eo aumno phmsão mntrm oghemsimntms
ms cïs h cmnhs ton joa`tuoe ihch koths `nst`nt`vocmntm oc`sthshs.
Tmrh eo htro rozùn phr eo qum numstrhs v`mlhs phmcos gm ochr
pumgmn smr ton pmnhshs gm emmr ms qum nhs smnt`chs `niùchghs ihn
su pos`ùn mxuamrontm y su oeoaonzo mxtrovokontm. Tmnsochs< «¡Oy!
Yumno ihch oeku`mn gm ?0 oÿhs mnochrogh. Nh pumgh irmmr qum
joyo s`gh ton mxokmrogh. ¡Msth sã qum ms smr cmehgrocïtìh!¶.
Tumgm smr mcaorozhsh rmmnihntrorsm ihn numstrh è`c`togh
mntusòsch y gmsmnbrmnogo tmrnuro ontmr`hr, mspmiòecmntm s` eo
rmeoi`ùn o eo qum oeoaochs nunio buni`hnù h s` me ochr, gmsgm
mnthnims, sm jo mnbrògh.
Cm prmkunth s`, iuongh emmchs un phmco ihch me Yoech ??0,
smnt`chs un phih gm eo c`sco turaoi`ùn. Ms gmi`r, c`rmchs ehs
vmrsãiuehs ?10-?92, phr mlmcpeh<

Corovèehshs shn tus tmst`chn`hs6
phr tonth, ehs jo kuorgogh c` oeco.
Eo mxphsì`ùn gm tus poeoaros oeucaro6
joim mntmngmr o ehs s`cpems.
C` ahio oarã y susp`rà,
phrqum gmsmoao tus congoc`mnths.
Cãrocm, y tmn c`smrìhrgò gm cã,
ihch oihstucaros ihn ehs qum ocon tu nhcarm.
Hrgmno c`s poshs ihn tu poeoaro,
y n`nkuno `n`qu`gog sm mnsmÿhrmm gm cã.
Eãarocm gm eo v`hemniò gm ehs jhcarms,
y kuorgorà tus congoc`mnths.

Joz qum tu rhstrh rmspeongmzio sharm tu s`mrvh,

y mnsàÿocm tus mstotuths.
Qãhs gm okuo gmsimng`mrhn gm c`s hlhs,
phrqum nh kuorgoaon tu emy.

Mstm brokcmnth ms aostontm mchi`hnoe< susp`ror, gmsmor,
gmsmor, eehror rãhs
gm okuo. Y` shchs jhnmsths, msth sumno ihch o phmsão gm ochr gm
msiumeo smiungorò, y… ¡ihn mstmrh`gms! Ms opos`hnogo y s`nimro,
pmrh phih rmoe`sto, un phih gmcosògh grocïtìo poro eo v`go rmoe.
Mn rmoe`gog, ¸qu`àn s`mntm oekh osã sharm congoc`mnths y
mstotuths8

Wmrc`nor mn me punth gm port`go
Tumgh
Tumgh pmnsor mn trms g`bmrmntms rmoii`hnms o eo eorko y rmpmt`t`vo
pos`ùn phr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs mn Yoechs ??0.
Eo pr`cmro rmoii`ùn ms< «Yã… ieorh¶. Msto ms eo oit`tug gme
msiàptìh, gme aureùn
kmntm gm ontoÿh y gme
tuv`mro tonthiãnìh. Msths
rmspmth p`mnson<
phr eos emyms y«Ms
eos e`ngh qum gm
poeoaros eo
G`hs, pmrh nh phgmchs thcor msos ihsos gmcosògh mn smr`h.
Yoamchs qum ehs smrms juconhs o cmnugh phnmn poeoaros mn eo
ahio gm G`hs poro sus prhp`hs prhpùs`ths. Yoamchs, toca`àn, qum
thgo poeoaro ―g`v`no– mstï cmzieogo ihn pmnsoc`mnth, rmgoii`ùn m
`ntmrprmtoi`ùn juconhs. Eo Aàeò, toe ihch eo tmnmchs, ms
`nsp`roghro mn portms, pmrh toca`àn ms ontìuogo, `ngmsi`broaem o
vmims y, broniocmntm, `nihrrmito mn cuijhs eukorms¶.
Eo smkungo rmoii`ùn ms< «Hj… juc…¶. Msto pmrshno nh t`mnm
n`nkün
eo Aàeò.prhaemco portìueor
Mn tmhrão, t`mnm unihn
oethjhnror eo Toeoaro
ihnimpth gm G`hs h Tmrh,
gm eos Msir`turos. irmmr mn
eo prïitìo, eo mniumntro tmg`hso y usuoecmntm `rrmemvontm. Ounqum eh
p`mnso, nunio eh g`rão mn vhz oeto< «Me Yoech ??0 ms gmcosògh
eorkh. Ms oaurr`gh. Ms me pmhr gão mn c` peon gm emituro gm eo Aàeò.
Eo ihso nh tmrc`no nunio y s`mcprm gìm eh c`sch. Cm kusto cïs me
Yoech 19¶.
Y` eo pr`cmro rmoii`ùn ms «Yã… ieorh¶ y eo smkungo rmoii`ùn ms
«Hj… juc…¶, eo tmrimro rmoii`ùn phsàem ms< «¡Yã! ¡Osã ms!¶. Msth
ms eh qum prhieoco uno pmrshno iuongh thgh mn me Yoech ??0 sumno
o vmrgog mn su ioamzo y rmsumno mn su ihrozùn, iuongh me soec`sto
iopturo pmrbmitocmntm eos pos`hnms, ehs obmiths y eos oii`hnms gme

emithr (h, oe cmnhs, eh qum mstm gmsmo qum smon). Msth suimgm
iuongh eo pmrshno p`mnso< «Cm mnionto mstm soech phrqum em go
vhz o eo ioni`ùn mn c` oeco¶.
Me prhpùs`th gm mstm eàrh ms qum oaroimchs msto tmrimro
rmspumsto gm conmro thtoe, s`nimro y ihns`stmntm. Ph gmsmh qum thgh
eh qum joy
numstro mn me Yoech
ioamzo ??0 ihrozùn.
y numstrh smo uno mxprms`ùn
Mn mbmith,gmihc`mnzh
thgh eh qum joyeàrh
mstm mn
ihn eo ihnieus`ùn. Me Yoech ??0 ms eo cmto. _u`mrh ihnvmnimrtm (y
osmkurorcm gm mstor yh c`sch toca`àn ihnvmni`gh) gm qum eo Aàeò
nh sm mqu`vhio, nh pumgm smr rmvhiogo, pumgm smr ihcprmng`go y
ms eo poeoaro cïs `cphrtontm mn tu v`go, eo ihso cïs rmemvontm qum
pumgms emmr iogo gão. Yheh iuongh mstmchs ihnvmni`ghs gm thgh
msth phgrmchs gor un «¡Yã! ¡Osã ms!¶ ihn thgos numstros bumrzos,
iogo vmz qum emochs me iopãtueh cïs eorkh gm eo Aàeò.
T`mnso mn mstm pr`cmr iopãtueh ihch uno opeìoi`ùn y ehs rmstontms
s`mtm iopãtuehs gm mstm eàrh ihch ehs ihcphnmntms nmimsor`hs o b`n
gm qum eos ihnieus`hnms gme Yoech ??0 mstàn koront`zogos. H, s`
pug`mro usor uno cmtïbhro `nhev`goaem, p`mnso mn ehs iopãtuehs 1 oe :
ihch s`mtm brosihs vmrt`ghs mn un ioegmrh j`rv`mntm y mstm iopãtueh
ihch me rmsuetogh iotoeãtìh. Me Yoech ??0 nhs cumstro quà irmmr
sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, quà smnt`r gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, y quà
joimr ihn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Msto ms eo opeìoi`ùn. Msto ms eo
rmoii`ùn quãcìo prhgui`go mn me pumaeh gm G`hs iuongh vmrtmchs
mn numstro cmntm y ihrozùn eo subì`mniò, eo outhr`gog y eo ieor`gog
gm eo Msir`turo, y thgh eh gmcïs qum mnihntrormchs mn ehs rmstontms
s`mtm iopãtuehs. Me Yoech ??0 ms eo mxpehs`ùn gm oeoaonzo jmijo
rmoe`gog phr uno ghitr`no hrthghxo y mvonkàeìo gm eo Msir`turo.
Iuongh oarozochs thgh eh qum eo Aàeò gìm sharm sã c`sco,
mnthnims, y sheh mnthnims, irmmrmchs eh qum gmamchs irmmr sharm
eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, smnt`rmchs eh qum gmamchs smnt`r y jormchs eh
qum gmamchs joimr ihn meeo.

¸_uà gmah irmmr sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs8
Mn
Mn me Yoech ??0 vmchs, oe cmnhs, trms ioroitmrãstìos msmniòems m
`rrmguitàems qum gmamchs irmmr sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs.
Tr`cmro, eo Toeoaro gm G`hs gìm eh qum ms vmrgogmrh. Ihch me
soec`sto, nhshtrhs phgmchs ihnbòr mn eo Toeoaro (v. 71), y ihnhimr

eh qum ms thtoecmntm vmrgogmrh (v. ?71). Nh phgmchs ihnbòr mn thgh

eh qum emmchs mn @ntmrnmt6 n` ihnbòr mn thgh eh qum hãchs gm
numstrhs prhbmshrms. I`mrtocmntm, nh phgmchs ihnbòr mn thghs ehs
jmijhs prmsmntoghs phr ehs pheãtìhs. @nieush, ¡nh phgmchs ihnbòr
mn ehs vmr`bìoghrms gm jmijhs qum vmr`bìon mshs jmijhs! Eos
mstogãstìos
boes`bìogos. pumgmn smr con`pueogos.
Eos phrtogos Eos pumgmn
gm eos rmv`stos bhthkrobãos
smrpumgmn smr
rmthiogos.
Numstrhs comstrhs, numstrhs oc`khs, numstro i`mniò, numstrhs
mstug`hs, `nieush numstrhs prhp`hs hlhs pumgmn mnkoÿornhs. Tmrh eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs ms ihcpemtocmntm vmrgogmro y s`mcprm vmrgogmro<

• Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs pmrconmim poro s`mcprm mn ehs i`mehs (v.
:0)6 nh iocaò.
• Yu pmrbmii`ùn nh t`mnm eãc`tms (v. 02)6 nh ihnt`mnm nogo
ihrrupth.
• Whgh luì`h gm eo lustìò gm G`hs ms mtmrnh (v. ?24)6 nunio
mnvmlmim n` sm gmskosto.

Y` oekuno vmz p`mnsos< «Nmims`th soamr quà ms i`mrth oimrio gm cã,
eo kmntm, me cungh, me buturh, me posogh, eo aumno v`go y sharm G`hs¶,
oiugm o eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, qum sheh mnsmÿo eh vmrgogmrh<
«Yont`bãioehs mn tu vmrgog¶, g`lh Lmsüs, «tu poeoaro ms vmrgog¶ (Ln.
?;<?;).
Ymkungo, eo Toeoaro gm G`hs gmcongo eh qum ms ihrrmith. Me
soec`sto rmihnhim gm aumno kono me gmrmijh gm G`hs poro gmirmtor
congoc`mnths, y jucègmcmntm oimpto qum thghs mshs
congoc`mnths shn lusths. Gìm< «Ihnhzih, hj Lmjhvï, qum tus
luì`hs shn lusths¶ (Yoe. ??0<;=). Whghs ehs congoc`mnths gm G`hs
shn vmrgog (v. :2). Whghs sus congoc`mnths shn rmiths (v. ?1:). O
vmims msiuijh o ir`stònhs ogc`t`r qum nh ems kusto eh qum gìm eo
Aàeò, pmrh gogh qum ms eo Aàeò t`mnmn qum hamgmimreo. Thr un
eogh, msth ms un mlmcpeh ogc`roaem gm shcmtmrsm o eo Toeoaro gm
G`hs. Y`n mcaorkh, gmamchs gor un posh cïs y oprmngmr o vmr eo
ahngog y lustìò mn thgh eh qum G`hs congo. Gmamchs ocor eh qum
G`hs oco y gmem`tornhs mn thgh eh qum Àe gìm. G`hs nh mstoaemim
rmkeos ora`troròs. Àe nh go ùrgmnms poro qum nhs s`ntochs e`c`toghs
y c`smroaems. Àe nunio rmqu`mrm eh qum ms `cpurh, `nsmnsoth h s`n
ochr.. Yus gmcongos shn s`mcprm nhaems, lustos y ihrrmitos.
ochr

Wmrimro, eo Toeoaro gm G`hs prhvmm eh qum ms aumnh. Gm oiumrgh

ihn me Yoech ??0, eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms me ioc`nh o eo bmeì`gog (vv.
?-1), me ioc`nh poro mv`tor eo vmrkõmnzo (v. 2), me ioc`nh gm eo
smkur`gog (v. 0), y me ioc`nh oe aumn ihnsmlh (v. 17). Eo Toeoaro nhs
go bhrtoemzo (v. 1:) y mspmronzo (v. 79). Eo Toeoaro prhvmm soa`gurão
(vv.
?4=).0:-?44, ?94) y vmraoe
Eo rmvmeoi`ùn nhs cumstro me yo
gm G`hs, ioc`nh qum
smo mn gmamchs
bhrco hroe gmongor (v.
j`sthrò
rmgmnthro h mn ehs ghiucmnths gme poith mn eo j`sthrò rmgmnthro
(msth ms, eo Aàeò), ms `nboeàemcmn
`nboeàemcmntm
tm pmrbmito. Ihch pumaeh gm G`hs,
irmmchs qum phgmchs ihnbòr qum eo Toeoaro gm G`hs joaeo eo
vmrgog mn iogo ospmith, congo eh qum ms vmrgogmrh y nhs prhvmm
gm eh qum ms aumnh.

¸_uà gmah smnt`r sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs8
I
Ihn
hn gmcosògo brmiumniò, ehs ir`stònhs rmbemx`hnochs sheh mn eh
qum gmamchs irmmr sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Tmrh me Yoech ??0 nh
nhs pmrc`tm gmtmnmrnhs ojã. Mstm phmco gm ochr nhs bumrzo o
ihns`gmror quà ms eh qum smnt`chs sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Me
soec`sto t`mnm trms obmiths bungocmntoems sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs.
Tr`cmrh, àe sm gmem`to mn meeo. Wmst`chn`hs, congoc`mnths, emy…
sm gmem`to mn thghs meehs (vv. ?7, 17, 7;, ;4, ;;, ?79, ?;7). Me
soec`sto nh pumgm mv`tor joaeor gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs mn un
emnkuolm prhbungocmntm mcht`vh. Eos poeoaros gm eo Msir`turo shn
gueims ihch eo c`me (v. ?49), shn me khzh gm su ihrozùn (v. ???), y
shn corovèehsos (v. ?10). «C` oeco jo kuorgogh tus tmst`chn`hs¶,
msiràm me soec`sto, «y ehs jm ocogh mn kron conmro¶ (v.(v. ?2;).
Y`n mcaorkh, oekunhs gìmn< «Nunio ocorà eo Toeoaro gm G`hs gm
msto conmro. Nh shy un `ntmemituoe. Nh msiuijh prmgìoi`hnms thgh
me gão. Nh emh thgh me t`mcph. Nh shy me t`ph gm pmrshno qum sm
gmem`to mn eos poeoaros¶. Msh pumgm smr vmrgog ihch rmkeo kmnmroe,
pmrh opumsth o qum o vmims tm opos`hnos ihn poeoaros msir`tos
sharm un popme. Whghs prmstochs otmni`ùn iuongh eos poeoaros qum
msiuijochs h emmchs rmprmsmnton un ieorh amnmbì`h poro nhshtrhs,
ihch un tmstocmnth h uno iorto gm oimptoi`ùn. Thgmchs emmr
iu`goghsocmntm iuongh me tmxth nhs ogv`mrtm sharm un kron pme`krh,
ihch eos `nstruii`hnms sharm un ponme meàitrìh. Nhs gmem`tochs
iuongh emmchs j`sthròs sharm nhshtrhs y sharm oqumeehs o qu`mnms

ocochs. Nhs mnionto emmr j`sthròs sharm eo krongmzo, eo ameemzo y

me phgmr. ¸Tug`stm nhtor qum eh qum oioah gm joimr ms gmsirà`r eo
Aàeò8 Ms un eàrh ihn krongms amnmbì`hs poro nhshtrhs, osã ihch
smròs ogvmrtmniòs. Eo Aàeò ms un eàrh sharm nhshtrhs y sharm
oqumeehs o qu`mnms ocochs. P, sharm thgh, ms un eàrh qum nhs
ihehio ioro
ameemzo y me ophgmr.
ioro brmntm o ]nh
Y`n eukor o qum phsmm
gugos, thgo eopumgm
eo Aàeò krongmzo, eo
pormimr
oaurr`go o vmims pmrh, thcogo ihch un thgh, ms eo cïs krongm
j`sthrò locïs ihntogo, y ehs qum cmlhr eo ihnhimn usuoecmntm shn
oqumeehs qum cïs sm gmem`ton mn meeo.
Rmz tros vmz, me soec`sto prhbmso su kron ochr phr ehs
congoc`mnths y tmst`chn`hs gm G`hs (vv. 7:, 0;, ??0, ?1;, ?74). Me
htrh eogh gm mstm ochr ms eo `ro qum mxpmr`cmnto iuongh eo Toeoaro
gm G`hs nh ms numstrh gmem`tm. ]no iongmntm `ng`knoi`ùn sm ophgmro
gm àe gma`gh o ehs `nìuhs qum gmlon eo emy gm G`hs (v. =9). Me imeh eh
ihnsucm iuongh sus mnmc`khs sm hev`gon gm eos poeoaros gm G`hs
(v. ?90). Me soec`sto ihntmcpeo oe `niràgueh y oe gmshamg`mntm ihn
g`skusth (v. ?=:). Me emnkuolm nhs pumgm shnor ïspmrh, pmrh ms uno
`ngìoi`ùn gm quà phih voehrochs eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. ¸Iùch tm
s`mntms iuongh oeku`mn nh pumgm vmr eo ameemzo qum tü vms mn tu
iùnyukm h iuongh eo kmntm nh vm eh qum joim qum tu j`lh ihn
nmims`gogms mspmiòems smo ton mspmiòe8 Whghs nhs `ng`knochs
lustocmntm iuongh oeku`mn t`mnm mn aolo mst`co eh qum nhshtrhs
soamchs qum ms prmi`hsh. Me gmem`tm mxtrmch mn oeku`mn h oekh
noturoecmntm eemvo oe g`skusth mxtrmch iuongh htrhs ihns`gmron qum
mso pmrshno h ihso nh ms g`kno gm su gmem`tm. Nog`m qum rmoecmntm
sm gmem`to mn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs pmrconmimrï `ng`bmrmntm ontm eo
gmsihns`gmroi`ùn gm meeo.
Ymkungh, àe eo gmsmo. Iumnth oe cmnhs sm`s vmims ghngm me
soec`sto mxprmso su onjmeh gm kuorgor ehs congoc`mnths gm G`hs
(vv. =, ?4, ?;, 14, 74, ?9?). Iumnth oe cmnhs iothrim vmims ghngm
mxprmso un gmsmh gm ihnhimr y ihcprmngmr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs (vv.
?:, ?0, 1;, 10, 99, 97, 9=, 27, 22, ;9, ?17, ?1=, ?9=, ?20). Oekh
i`mrth mn thghs nhshtrhs ms qum numstros v`gos shn on`cogos phr me
gmsmh. Ms eh qum e`tmroecmntm nhs emvonto iogo coÿono. Me gmsmh ms
oqumeeh ihn eh iuoe shÿochs, phr eh iuoe hrochs y mn eh qum
pmnsochs iogo vmz qum tmnmchs eo eàmrtog gm pmnsor mn eh qum

qumrmchs. Eo coyhrão gm nhshtrhs tmnmchs bumrtms gmsmhs

rmeoi`hnoghs ihn me cotr`chn`h, ehs j`lhs, ehs n`mths, me troaolh, eos
prhchi`hnms, eos iosos, eos voioi`hnms, eo vmnkonzo, me
rmihnhi`c`mnth, y osã suims`vocmntm. Oekunhs gmsmhs shn aumnhs,
htrhs shn coehs. Tmrh mn msm rmvhet`lh gm onjmehs y pos`hnms,
ihns`gmro<
kuorgor ¸iuïn bumrtm
eo Toeoaro ms Me
gm G`hs8 tu soec`sto
gmsmh gmgmsmo
ihnhimr,
tonth ihcprmngmr
eo Toeoaro gmy
G`hs qum ihns`gmro oe subr`c`mnth ihch uno amngì`ùn mn su v`go s`
eh oyugo o ihnvmrt`rsm mn cïs hamg`mntm o ehs congoc`mnths gm
G`hs (vv. 2;-2:, ;?).
Wmrimrh, àe gmpmngm gm meeo. Me soec`sto ms ihnstontmcmntm
ihnsi`mntm gm su nmims`gog gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. «Cm jm opmkogh
o tus tmst`chn`hs6 hj Lmjhvï, nh cm ovmrkõmnims¶ (v. 9?). Woca`àn
mstï gmsmspmrogh phr hatmnmr me ihnsumeh joeeogh mn eos prhcmsos
y nhrcos g`v`nos (v. =4, =1). Joy cuijos ihsos qum qumrmchs mn eo
v`go, pmrh sheh unos phios qum nmims`tochs rmoecmntm. Eo Toeoaro
gm G`hs ms uno gm meeos. Mn ehs t`mcphs gm Ocùs, me iost`kh cïs
smvmrh qum ioyù sharm me pumaeh gm @srome bum me «jocarm… gm hãr eo
poeoaro gm G`hs¶ (Oc. :<??).
:<??). Nh joy coyhr gmskroiò qum me sèmni`h
gm G`hs. Nh phgmchs ihnhimr eo vmrgog, ihnhimrnhs o nhshtrhs
c`schs, ihnhimr ehs ioc`nhs gm G`hs h ihnhimr soevãbìocmntm o
G`hs c`sch, o cmnhs qum Àe nhs joaem. Whgh ir`stònh vmrgogmrh
gmam smnt`r mn su `ntmr`hr uno ihcpemto gmpmngmniò mn eo
outhrrmvmeoi`ùn gm G`hs mn eos Msir`turos. Nh sheh gm pon v`v`rï me
jhcarm, cos gm thgh eh qum soem gm eo ahio gm Lmjhvï (Gt. :<96 Ct.
7<7).
Eh qum irmmchs y smnt`chs rmspmith o eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms
oasheutocmntm iruiòe, ounqum nh smo cïs qum phr me jmijh gm qum
rmbemlo eh qum irmmchs y smnt`chs oimrio gm Lmsüs. Ihch vmrmchs,
Lmsüs irmyù `nmquãvhiocmntm mn thgh eh qum mstoao msir`th mn eos
Msir`turos. Y` vochs o smr sus g`siãpuehs, gmamchs irmmr eh c`sch
qum Àe. @kuoe gm `cphrtontm ms qum me Numvh Wmstocmnth mnsmÿo qum
Lmsüs ms eo Toeoaro jmijo iornm, qum s`kn`bìo (mntrm htros ihsos)
qum thghs ehs otràuths gm eo rmvmeoi`ùn vmraoe gm G`hs (vmrgog,
lustìò, phgmr,
phgmr, vmroi`gog, soa`gurão, hcn`si`mniò) sm mniumntron mn
eo pmrshno gm Ir`sth. Whgh eh qum me soec`sto irmão y smntão sharm eos
poeoaros gm G`hs ms thgh eh qum nhshtrhs gmamchs smnt`r y irmmr

sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs mniornogo. Numstrh gmsmh, gmem`tm y

gmpmngmniò mn eos poeoaros gm eo Msir`turo nh irmimn
`ngmpmng`mntms gm numstrh gmsmh, gmem`tm y gmpmngmniò mn
Lmsuir`sth. Ehs ghs gmamn s`mcprm irmimr lunths. Ehs ir`stònhs cïs
cogurhs sm mchi`hnon oe hãr iogo phmco gm ochr qum joaem gm eo
gm G`hs.iornm y iogo phmco gm ochr qum imemarm eos

Toeoaro jmijo
poeoaros

¸_uà gmah joimr ihn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs8
Me
Me halmt`vh gm mstm eàrh ms eemvornhs o irmmr eh qum gmamchs irmmr
oimrio gm eo Aàeò, smnt`r eh qum gmamchs smnt`r oimrio gm eo Aàeò y
joimr eh qum gmamchs joimr ihn eo Aàeò. Gogh thgh eh qum jmchs
v`sth sharm eo bm gme soec`sto mn eo Toeoaro y su pos`ùn phr meeo, nh
ms shrprmngmntm qum me Yoech ??0 mstà ihecogh ihn vmrahs gm
oii`ùn qum èustron ehs ushs gm eo Toeoaro `cpuesoghs phr me Mspãr`tu<

•• iontochs
joaeochs eo
eo Toeoaro
Toeoaro (v.
(vv.?;1, nv`);0)
?9, 72,
• mstugòchs eo Toeoaro (vv. ?=, 7:, 0;, ?7:)
• kuorgochs eo Toeoaro (vv. ??, 09, ?7?)
• hamgmimchs eo Toeoaro (vv. :, 77, =;, ?10, ?7=, ?72, ?2;,
?2:)
• oeoaochs o G`hs phr eo Toeoaro (vv. ;, 21, ?27, ?;?)
• hrochs qum G`hs oitüm gm oiumrgh o su Toeoaro (vv. =:, ?1?-
?19, ?7;, ?70-?=1, ?=9-?24)

Mstos oii`hnms nh shn un sust`tuth poro eo bm y me obmith
oprhpòghs, pmrh shn ehs cmlhrms `ngìoghrms gm eh qum rmoecmntm
irmmchs y smnt`chs sharm eo Toeoaro. Iontor, joaeor, mstugòr,
kuorgor, hamgmimr, oeoaor y hror, osã ms ihch ehs jhcarms y eos
culmrms gm G`hs conmlon eos Msir`turos. Ojhro, nh mntrms mn pïnìh
s` pormim qum broiosos mn irmmr, smnt`r y joimr. Qmiumrgo, me Yoech
??0 ms un phmco gm ochr, nh uno e`sto gm vmr`bìoi`ùn. Eo rozùn phr
eo iuoe mcpmzochs ihn me Yoech ??0 ms qum ms ojã ghngm
qumrmchs tmrc`nor. Msto ms eo rmspumsto msp`r`tuoe qum me Mspãr`tu
gmam prhgui`r mn nhshtrhs iuongh nhs obmrrochs ihcpemtocmntm o
thgh eh qum eo Aàeò mnsmÿo sharm sã c`sco. C` mspmronzo y hroi`ùn
ms qum, mn oekuno pmqumÿo cmg`go, me rmsth gm mstm eàrh tm oyugorï

o gmi`r «sã¶ o eh qum me soec`sto irmm, «sã¶ o eh qum àe s`mntm, y «sã¶

o thgh eh qum àe joim ihn eo sonto y prmi`hso Toeoaro gm G`hs.

Oekunos oieoroi`hnms b`noems

Ontms gm sucmrk`rnhs mn me rmsth gme eàrh, pumgm smrtm ütè ihnhimr
quà t`ph gm eàrh mstïs emymngh. Ounqum mspmrh qum mstm eàrh tm
cht`vm o emmr eo Aàeò, mstm nh ms un eàrh sharm me mstug`h aãaeìh
pmrshnoe h ehs pr`ni`p`hs gm `ntmrprmtoi`ùn. N` msthy `ntmntongh uno
gmbmnso ophehkàtìo gm eos Msir`turos, ounqum mspmrh qum ihnbãms
cïs mn eo Aàeò phr joamr emãgh msths hijh iopãtuehs. Mstm nh ms un
eàrh mxjoust`vh qum iuarm thgh me tmrr`thr`h bèhsùbìh, tmheùkìh y
cmthgheùkìh qum pumgos mnihntror mn un mnhrcm conuoe gm vor`hs
vheücmnms. Mstm nh ms un eàrh oiogàcìh ihn cuijos nhtos oe p`m.
Wocphih ms un eàrh poro «thcor nhtos¶, ghngm cmni`hnh nhcarms
y i`th «iopãtuehs y vmrsãiuehs¶ poro mrrhrms oituoems. N` ms un
troaolh rmvheui`hnor`h mn tmhehkão mxmkàtìo, aãaeìo, j`stùrìo h
s`stmcïtìo.
«Mnthnims, ¸mstm eàrh quà ms8¶ g`rïs, prmkuntïnghtm iùch jì`stm
poro memk`r mstm vheucmn gme qum nh soams nogo.
Mstm ms un eàrh qum gmsmntroÿo eh qum eo Aàeò gìm sharm sã
c`sco. C` cmto ms smr smnièeh, hrgmnogh, g`rmith y con`b`mstocmntm
aãaeìh. Nh tmnkh htros prmtmns`hnms qum hbrmimr uno ghitr`no gm eo
Msir`turo gmr`vogo gm eo c`sco Msir`turo. Ph sà qum msth emvonto
prmkuntos sharm me ionhn (mn pr`cmr eukor, ¸iùch soams qum t`mnms
eos Msir`turos ihrrmitos8) y prmkuntos sharm me rozhnoc`mnth i`riueor
(¸Iùch pumgms i`tor o eo Aàeò poro gmtmrc`nor su outhr`gog8).
Mstos shn prmkuntos rozhnoaems, pmrh nh t`mnmn phr quà gmtmnmrnhs.
Ocaos prmkuntos t`mnmn qum vmr ihn pr`ni`p`hs bungocmntoems, y
uno i`mrto bhrco gm i`riueor`gog ms `nmv`toaem iogo vmz qum trotochs
gm gmbmngmr numstrhs pr`ni`p`hs bungocmntoems. Nh phgmchs
mstoaemimr eo suprmco outhr`gog gm numstro suprmco outhr`gog
opmeongh o htro outhr`gog cmnhr. Yã, eo eùkìo ms i`riueor, pmrh nh
cïs qum iuongh me smiueor`sto gmb`mngm eo rozùn phr eo rozùn, h me
i`mntãbìh qum prmkhno eo outhr`gog gm eo i`mniò aosïnghsm mn eo
i`mniò. Msth nh qu`mrm gmi`r qum ehs ir`stònhs pumgmn smr
`rroi`hnoems m `rrozhnoaems mn sus phsì`hnms, pmrh sã s`kn`bìo qum
numstrh pr`ni`p`h bungocmntoe nh ms n` eo roi`hnoe`gog n` eo rozùn.

Nhshtrhs oiug`chs o eo Aàeò poro oprmngmr sharm eo Aàeò, phrqum

poro luzkoreo phr iuoequ`mr htrh mstïngor smrão ihns`gmror o eo Aàeò
cmnhs gm eh qum meeo c`sco gmieoro smr. Ihch L. @. Toifmr msirà`ù
joim cïs gm i`niumnto oÿhs, iuongh mnbrmntoao rmths s`cèorms<
«Yheh eo Msir`turo ms ihcpmtmntm poro luzkor numstro ghitr`no gm eo
Msir`turo¶.
Msir`turo¶.V1S
Joy cuijhsV1S eàrhs aumnhs, oekunhs oiimsàems y htrhs tàinìhs,
qum mxpeìon y gmb`mngmn iu`goghsocmntm me ionhn y eo bòaè`gog gm
eos Msir`turos. Jm `nieu`gh vor`hs gm meehs mn me Opàngìm. Y` t`mnms
gugos sharm eo conmro mn qum ehs eàrhs gm eo Aàeò sm outmntìon o
sã c`schs h sharm eo mxoit`tug j`stùrìo gm eo Aàeò, h sharm ehs
conusir`ths aãaeìhs ont`kuhs, gmsgm eumkh tm `nsth o qum mstug`ms
mshs tmcos phr t` c`sch. Eos ob`rcoi`hnms gme ir`stòn`sch hrthghxh
nh t`mnmn phr quà mv`tor prumaos ihnirmtos y nogo qum tmcmr gm un
mxocmn gmtoeeogh gm ehs jmijhs.
Tmrh c` ihnvìi`ùn, ihrrhahrogo phr eo mxpmr`mniò y gmr`vogo gm
eo mnsmÿonzo gm eo c`sco Msir`turo, ms qum me cmg`h cïs mbmit`vh
poro rmbhrzor numstro ihnbònzo mn eo Aàeò ms mcpemor t`mcph mn
meeo. Me Mspãr`tu Yonth sm jo ihcprhcmt`gh mn troaolor o trovàs gm eo
Toeoaro. G`hs prhcmtm amngmi`r eo emituro y mnsmÿonzo gm su
Toeoaro. Eos hvmlos h`rïn eo vhz gme Comstrh joaeïnghems mn eo
Toeoaro (Ln. ?4<1;). Gìjh gm htrh chgh, eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms cïs
qum subì`mntm poro eemvor o ioah eo haro gm G`hs mn me pumaeh gm
G`hs. Nh joy nogo cmlhr poro ihcprmngmr y eemkor o oarozor uno
ghitr`no aãaeìo gm eo Msir`turo qum oar`r eo loueo y gmlor soe`r o eo
Msir`turo.
Y` jos smku`gh emymngh josto oquã, prhaoaemcmntm t`mnms oekün
`ntmràs phr ihnhimr cmlhr eo Aàeò. _u`zï t`mnms oekh gm trosbhngh
mn eo Aàeò h jos s`gh kuògh josto oquã phr oeku`mn qum sã eh t`mnm.
Woe vmz eemkos ihn msimptì`sch h eemnh gm bm, ihn `knhroniò y ihn eo
nmims`gog gm smr ihrrmk`gh, h ihn ihnhi`c`mnth gmsmhsh gm smr
cmlhrogh. Ymo iuoe bumrm me iosh, ihnbãh
i hnbãh mn qum ojhro qum yo soams
quà t`ph gm eàrh ms mstm, mstorïs cmlhr prmporogh poro amnmbìòrtm
gm àe. P, s` tm amnmbìòs ihn oekh qum emms mn mstos pïk`nos, nh smrï
phrqum yh jm jmijh oekuno ihso corovèehso, s`nh phrqum mstor ioro
o ioro ihn me Eàrh cïs corovèehsh gme cungh ms uno mxpmr`mniò
qum iocaò eo v`go.

_um G`hs nhs gà hãghs, phrqum thghs nmims`tochs msiuijor eo

Toeoaro gm G`hs cïs gm eh qum G`hs nhs nmims`to poro gmbmngmreo.
V?S Me Yoech ??0 ms me iopãtueh cïs eorkh gm eo Aàeò gmsgm iuoequ`mr punth gm v`sto (s` a`mn gmamchs
V?S
rmihrgor qum eo g`v`s`ùn mn iopãtuehs nh ms `nsp`rogo). Gmtmrc`nor me eàrh cïs eorkh gm eo Aàeò ms un phih
cïs ihcpeìogh. Yoechs ms me eàrh cïs eorkh gm eo Aàeò s` ihntochs iopãtuehs h vmrsãiuehs. @nieush hiupo
cïs pïk`nos mn numstros Aàeòs mn mspoÿhe. Tmrh gogh qum iopãtuehs, vmrsãiuehs y nücmrhs gm pïk`nos nh
b`kuron mn ehs conusir`ths hr`k`noems, ehs
e hs mrug`ths jon prhpumsth htros conmros gm gmtmrc`nor eo mxtmns`ùn gm
un eàrh mn portìueor. Gmpmng`mngh gme cmg`h gm iïeiueh, Lmrmcãos, Kànms`s y Mzmqu`me pumgmn smr cïs
eorkhs qum Yoechs.
V1S L.
V1S L. @. Toifmr, ―Bungocmntoe`sc– ong tjm [hrg hb Khg (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Mmrgcons, ?0=:), ;2.

1

Oekh cïs smkurh

Thrqum nh hs jmchs gogh o ihnhimr me phgmr y eo vmn`go gm numstrh Ymÿhr
Lmsuir`sth
prhp`hs hlhss`ku`mngh bïaueos
su colmstog.
col mstog. Tumsort`bì`hsos, s`nh ihch
iuongh àe rmià`ù joa`mngh
gm G`hs Togrm v`sth yihn
T ogrm kehrò numstrhs
jhnro, em bum
mnvògo gmsgm eo coknãbìo kehrò uno vhz qum gmião< Mstm ms c` J`lh ocogh, mn me
iuoe tmnkh ihcpeoimniò. P nhshtrhs hãchs msto vhz mnvògo gme i`meh, iuongh
mstïaochs ihn àe mn me chntm sonth. Wmnmchs toca`àn eo poeoaro prhbàtìo cïs
smkuro, o eo iuoe joià`s a`mn mn mstor otmnths ihch o uno onthrijo qum oeucaro mn
eukor hsiurh, josto qum me gão msieormzio y me euimrh gm eo coÿono soeko mn vumstrhs
ihrozhnms6 mntmng`mngh pr`cmrh msth, qum n`nkuno prhbmião gm eo Msir`turo ms gm
`ntmrprmtoi`ùn pr`vogo, phrqum nunio eo prhbmião bum troãgo phr vheuntog jucono, s`nh
qum ehs sonths jhcarms gm G`hs joaeorhn s`mngh `nsp`roghs phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth.
1 TMGQH ?<?2-1?

Ror`hs oÿhs otrïs, Ijr`stòn`ty Whgoy puaeìù un ortãiueh onùn`ch
t`tueogh
Rmochs «Cyiùchihnvmrsot`hn
mcpmzoao< w`tj Khg¶ (C` ihnvmrsoi`ùn ihn G`hs).
¸Whgovão joaeo G`hs8 Irmiã msiuijongh tmst`chn`hs sharm msth pmrh, josto hituarm
gm 144=, nh phgão gmi`r qum oekuno vmz cm jua`mro suimg`gh msth o cã. Yhy un
prhbmshr gm Wmhehkão gm cmgòno mgog, mn uno un`vmrs`gog ir`stòno cuy ihnhi`go.
Jm msir`th eàrhs qum jon s`gh prmcòghs. C` nhcarm mstï mn eo ioamimro gm
Ijr`stòn`ty Whgoy . Thr oÿhs jm mnsmÿogh qum G`hs joaeo, pmrh nh phgão tmst`bìoreh
pmrshnoecmntm. Ojhro sheh pumgh joimreh gm bhrco onùn`co phr rozhnms qum,
mspmrh, smrïn ieoros. ]n oÿh gmspuàs gm msiuijor eo vhz gm G`hs, thgovão nh pumgh
joaeor h pmnsor sharm c` ihnvmrsoi`ùn ihn G`hs
G` hs s`n smr vmni`gh phr eo mchi`ùn.V?S
mchi`ùn. V?S

Me onùn`ch prhbmshr s`ku`ù joaeongh sharm su mxpmr`mniò ghngm
G`hs
eumkhsharmnoturoecmntm
eh ku`ù o utè`zor meemg`nmrh
g`h megm
ahsqumlh
eo vmntoy gm
me mstm
tãtueh poro
gm un eàrh, oy
oyugor
qum un lhvmn bumro oe smc`nor`h y sm prmpororo poro me c`n`stmr`h.
Wmrc`nù me ortãiueh gì`mngh iuïn bhrtoemi`go joaão s`gh su bm iuongh
b`noecmntm G`hs em joaeù pmrshnoecmntm.
Msto ms uno j`sthrò jmrchso phr voròs rozhnms, mximpth mn oekh
iruiòe< go eo `cprms`ùn gm qum G`hs nh nhs joaeo pmrshnoecmntm. Me
ortãiueh nhs gmlo s`nt`mngh qum, ounqum G`hs nhs joaeo o trovàs gm
eos Msir`turos, ms un cmg`h gm ihcunìoi`ùn `nbmr`hr, cmnhs
mchi`hnontm y cmnhs mg`bìontm. Nh phgmchs mv`tor ihnieu`r
gì`mngh< «Yã, eo Aàeò ms `cphrtontm, pmrh ¡hj, quà tmshrh smrão s`

pug`mro tmnmr eo mxpmr`mniò gm qum G`hs cm joaeoro rmoecmntm! Y`

sheh pug`mro msiuijor eo smkuro m `nboeàem vhz gm G`hs¶.
Yumno shrprmngmntm, ¸vmrgog8 ¸Tumgms `cok`nortm o G`hs
joaeïnghtm pmrshnoecmntm, y, phr supumsth, ihn outhr`gog8 A`mn, eos
aumnos nhtìòs (qum me ortãiueh pormim joamr hc`t`gh) shn qum iogo
unh
c`sch,gm mn
nhshtrhs phgmchs
mstm c`sch msiuijor
chcmnth. eo vhz joaeo.
G`hs thgovão P Àejhy,
gm G`hs ojhro
t`mnm uno
Toeoaro poro nhshtrhs qum ms smkuro, ihnstontm
i hnstontm m `nboeàem.

Ghs mv`gmniòs
Whgh eh qum gìm eo üet`co hroi`ùn pumgm smr prhaogh phr 1 Tmgrh
Whgh
?<?2-1?, me posolm qum tronsirà`chs oe pr`ni`p`h gm mstm iopãtueh.
Tmrh, o b`n gm hatmnmr mso ihnieus`ùn, tmnmchs qum ihcprmngmr me
ihntmxth gm eo mpãstheo gm Tmgrh.
Eo smkungo iorto gm Tmgrh ms uno mxjhrtoi`ùn o eo p`mgog. Mn ehs
vmrsãiuehs 9-?? gme iopãtueh ?, vmchs me phgmr gm eo p`mgog mn eos
krongms y prmi`hsos prhcmsos gm G`hs (vv. 9-7), me chgmeh poro eo
p`mgog mn eos v`rtugms qum pumgmn smr oÿog`gos o eo bm (vv. =-;), y eo
prmc`so poro eo p`mgog, mn numstrh eeocogh y memii`ùn (vv. :-??).
Eumkh, mn ehs vmrsãiuehs ?1-?=, Tmgrh rm`tmro su `ntmni`ùn gm
rmihrgor o sus emithrms «msos iuoe`gogms¶ (msth ms, eos v`rtugms gm
eo p`mgog) ontms gm qum àe cumro. Eo prmhiupoi`ùn gm Tmgrh ms qum
boeshs comstrhs sm gmseìmn gmntrh gm eo @kemsò, prhcmt`mngh
eàmrtog y, mn vmz gm msh, tmrc`nmn eemvongh oe pumaeh o eo
smnsuoe`gog y o eo msieov`tug msp`r`tuoe (1<1, ?4, ?:-?0). Eo
mxjhrtoi`ùn, phr eh tonth, ms o `knhror o ehs boeshs prhbmtos y ausior
eo sont`gog.
P uno gm eos rozhnms pr`ni`poems poro joimr msh ms eo buturo
vmn`go gm Ir`sth. Iuongh eemkum me gão gme Ymÿhr, me cungh smrï
gmstru`gh, numstros haros smrïn mxpumstos y ehs `cpãhs smrïn
luzkoghs (9<?
(9<??-?1,
?-?1, ?7). Mn msto mpãstheo, y o eh eorkh gme Numvh
Wmstocmnth, eo smkungo vmn`go gm Ir`sth s`rvm ihch uno prhbungo
cht`voi`ùn poro oemlorsm gm eo `n`qu`gog y msbhrzorsm phr v`v`r uno
v`go rmito y v`rtuhso. Nh qu`s`àrochs smr mnihntroghs proitìongh
haros `cpãos iuongh me Yonth vumevo.
Msm ms me orkucmnth gm Tmgrh. Tmrh ehs boeshs comstrhs gugoaon
qum me Ymÿhr v`n`mro htro vmz mn un gão gme Ymÿhr eemnh gm

iotoieãschs (9<1-7)6 nh irmãon mn un gão gm luì`h. Mn su mpãstheo,

mnthnims, Tmgrh ausio ihnvmnimr o ehs b`mems ‗mn hphsì`ùn o ehs
boeshs comstrhs‗ qum Ir`sth vhevmrï htro vmz o luzkor o ehs v`vhs y
o ehs cumrths, y qum mso vumeto smrï uno v`s`ùn g`kno gm ihntmcpeor
ihntmcpeor..
Toro bungocmntor su ob`rcoi`ùn, Tmgrh hbrmim ghs mv`gmniòs< me
tmst`chn`h
outhr`tot`vhs gm(vv.tmst`khs
?0-1?). prmsmniòems
Mshs mron ehs(?<?2-?:) y ghiucmnths
ghs t`phs aïsìhs gm
mv`gmniò mn me cungh ont`kuh y nh jo iocaògh cuijh. Oun jhy,
unh mniumntro qum oahkoghs joa`tuoecmntm orkucmnton su iosh
shcmt`mngh ghiucmnths h eeocongh o tmst`khs. Y` unh qu`mrm prhaor
su iosh mn un tràunoe gm lustìò, nmims`torï me tmst`chn`h gm
tmst`khs h bumntms b`gmg`knos. Me opùsthe Tmgrh tmnão ocahs
memcmnths.

Nhshtrhs c`schs mstïaochs ihn Àe
T
Tmgrh
mgrh mstï smkurh gme rmthrnh kehr`hsh gm Ir`sth phrqum àe v`h o
Ir`sth tronsb`kurogh mn kehrò sharm me chntm sonth. Tmgrh, lunth ihn
Luon y Loihah, hymrhn eos poeoaros gme Togrm y bumrhn tmst`khs gm eo
colmstog gme J`lh. Iuoequ`mr pmrshno qum jua`mro v`sth eh qum meehs
v`mrhn phgrão joamr pmnsogh qum sm trotoao gm uno oeui`noi`ùn h
uno èus`ùn. Meehs mstuv`mrhn oeeã, mn eo tronsb`kuroi`ùn, y sup`mrhn,
cïs oeeï gm thgo gugo, qum o Ir`sth nh sm em pumgm thcor o eo e`kmro.
Me emnkuolm gm 1 Tmgrh ?<?2 ms `cphrtontm poro me orkucmnth gm
Tmgrh y poro numstro ghitr`no gm eo Msir`turo. Oe norror ehs mvmnths
gm eo tronsb`kuroi`ùn, Tmgrh gmlo mn ieorh qum àe nh s`kum «bïaueos
ort`bì`hsos¶. Oekunhs mrug`ths eàmroems jon trotogh gm usor eo
iotmkhrão gm «bïaueo¶ poro gmsirà`r eo Aàeò, y shn rïp`ghs poro
ob`rcor qum «bïaueo¶ nh ms eh c`sch qum «boesh¶, y mnthnims
orkucmnton qum c`mntros qum ehs jmijhs gm eo Msir`turo nh s`mcprm
shn irmãaems, eo vmrgog cïs
cïs prhbungo y ocpeò s`kum s`mngh irmãaem.-
Mnthnims, phr mlmcpeh, meehs sukmr`rãon qum eos peokos mn me Àxhgh y
me posh gme Cor Qhlh pumgmn nh joamr s`gh j`stùrìhs, pmrh msh nh
s`kn`bìo iumst`hnor me phgmr gm G`hs n` su iopoi`gog poro eàmror o
ehs iout`vhs. Lmsüs pugh joamr ioc`nogh sharm me okuo, h qu`zï nh,
pmrh nh `cphrto< me punth `cphrtontm ms qum Lmsuir`sth jorï
iuoequ`mr ihso poro oyugornhs, s` ihnbòchs mn Àe. Eo rmsurrmii`ùn
gm Ir`sth, gìmn oekunhs eàmroems, nh ms poro smr thcogo

e`tmroecmntm ihch uno rmsurrmii`ùn ihrphroe, s`nh cïs a`mn ihch un

sãcaheh phgmrhsh gm qum G`hs pumgm gornhs uno numvo v`go
msp`r`tuoe y orronior uno vìthrò gm eos bouims gm eo gmrrhto.
Mstm t`ph gm pmnsoc`mnth oün sm mniumntro cuy o cmnugh. ]no
vmz tuvm un `ntmrioca`h gm aehks ihn un posthr eàmroe qum
iumst`hnoao
vmn`gos, nhs meg`chs
noi`c`mnth
iumnto v`rk`noe. Gmspuàs gmhpmrongh
gm qum mstïaochs voròs `gos
gmsgmy
cunghs ihnimptuoecmntm g`bmrmntms.
g`bmrmntms. «¸Cm prmkuntos s` irmh yh qum
me noi`c`mnth v`rk`noe ms msmniòe poro numstrh irmgh ihch
ir`stònhs8¶, msirà`ù. «Qmoecmntm nh cm thio o cã gmi`reh, ¸nh ms
i`mrth8 Ihch ustmg gìm, msh jo s`gh ihnbmsogh phr s`kehs y, phr eh
tonth, gmah thcoreh smròcmntm y euijor gm conmro jhnmsto sharm
iùch eh mnt`mngh¶. Me oca`kuh (y buni`hnoecmntm `nütè) emnkuolm gm
thcor me noi`c`mnth v`rk`noe «smròcmntm¶ y «euijor¶ ihn su
ihcprmns`ùn, yo mro brustrontm. Mnthnims, cm eemkù su ihnieus`ùn<
«Thr c` portm, thch eo gmieoroi`ùn ―thgos eos ihsos shn phsàems
poro G`hs– ihch cïs voe`hso poro c` bm qum ―¸Iùch smrï msth8
pums nh ihnhzih vorùn–. Nh g`kh qum nmims`tos oimptor c`
ihcprmns`ùn, n` `cok`nh qum tü g`rãos qum yh gmah nmimsoròcmntm
oimptor eo tuyo¶. C` rmspumsto bum oekh mn me smnt`gh gm «sã,
shstmnkh qum nmims`tos oimptor c` ihcprmns`ùn pums nh ms c`
ihcprmns`ùn, s`nh eo mnsmÿonzo gme Numvh Wmstocmnth y eo
ob`rcoi`ùn gm eo @kemsò ir`stòno hrthghxo o trovàs gm ehs s`kehs¶.
Oportm gm mxjà`r uno eùkìo qum sm gmrrhto o sã c`sco ‗s` thgos
eos ihsos shn rmoecmntm phsàems poro G`hs, ¸phr quà ojhkorsm mn
un noi`c`mnth v`rk`noe cèokrhsh8‗, eo ihcprmns`ùn eàmroe gm eo
j`sthrò ms ihcpemtocmntm ihntrorò o eo outhihcprmns`ùn gm eo
Aàeò. Eo poeoaro kr`mko cytjhs s`mcprm ms usogo nmkot`vocmntm
mn me Numvh Wmstocmnth (? W`. ?<76 7<;6 1 W`. 7<76 W`t. ?<?7). Me c`th ms
v`sth ihch oekh hpumsth o eo vmrgog. «Thrqum eemkorï me t`mcph¶,
Toaeh ogv`mrtm, «mn qum nh von o themror eo sono ghitr`no, s`nh qum,
eemvoghs gm sus prhp`hs gmsmhs, sm rhgmorïn gm comstrhs qum ems
g`kon eos nhvmemrãos qum qu`mrmn hãr. Gmlorïn gm msiuijor eo vmrgog
y sm vhevmrïn o ehs c`ths¶ (1 W`. 7<9-7, nv`). Toro ehs msir`thrms
aãaeìhs, joy c`th gm un eogh y vmrgog gm htrh, y eo Aàeò ieorocmntm
pmrtmnmim o mstm üet`ch.

Oun iuongh sm orkucmntm qum eo gmb`nì`ùn eàmroe gm c`th nh ms

mxoitocmntm eh qum me Numvh Wmstocmnth mstï ihngmnongh iuongh
ir`tìo o ehs «c`ths¶, unh nh pumgm msiopor gm eo eùkìo gm 1 Tmgrh
?<?2. Oe rmbmr`rsm o su rhe ihch tmst`kh, Tmgrh qu`mrm qum thghs
ihnhzion qum eo j`sthrò gm Lmsüs ‗pr`chrgòecmntm eo
tronsb`kuroi`ùn,
gme mvonkme`h qum pmrhàeprmsucàemcmntm
prmsucàemcmnt
jo tronsc`t`gh‗ m toca`àn
mstï mnmeeormsth gm eo j`sthrò
iotmkhrão gm un
jmijh j`stùrìh y vmr`bìoaem, nh gm `cprms`hnms h mxpmr`mniòs
`ntmrnos h j`sthròs `nvmntogos poro bungocmntor uno `gmo. Ehs
kr`mkhs y ehs rhconhs tmnãon cuijhs c`ths, y nh sm prmhiupoaon
gm qum eos j`sthròs bumron e`tmroecmntm vmrgogmros. Nog`m mstoao
`ntmrmsogh mn eo mv`gmniò j`stùrìo gm eo ob`rcoi`ùn gm qum Jàriuems
mro me j`lh èmkãt`ch gm \mus6 mro un c`th, uno bïaueo, un iumnth
bontïstìh, uno j`sthrò poro mntrmtmnmr y gorem smnt`gh oe cungh. Me
pokon`sch mstoao ihnstru`gh sharm me phgmr gm eo c`thehkão. Tmrh me
ir`stòn`sch, ihch eo bm lugão gm ghngm mstm surkão, sm ihns`gmroao
o sã c`sch ihch un t`ph gm rme`k`ùn ihcpemtocmntm g`bmrmntg`bmrmntm.
m.
Msth nh pumgm smr mnbot`zogh ihn bumrzo subì`mntm< gmsgm me
pr`ni`p`h, me ir`stòn`sch sm ogj`r`ù o eo j`sthrò. Eos ob`rcoi`hnms
cïs `cphrtontms gme ir`stòn`sch shn ob`rcoi`hnms j`stùrìos y sharm s harm
ehs jmijhs gm eo j`sthrò, eo rme`k`ùn ir`stòno rms`stm h sm gmschrhno.
Euios s`ku`ù thgos eos ihsos cuy gm imrio, eos `nvmst`kù
iu`goghsocmntm y sm aosù mn tmst`khs g`rmiths, o b`n gm qum Wmùbèh
pug`mro tmnmr «imrtmzo¶ sharm eo j`sthrò gme Mvonkme`h (Ei. ?<?-7).
Luon msirà`ù sharm eos corovèeos qum Lmsüs eemvù o ioah, o b`n gm
qum su oug`mniò oimptoro ehs cèokrhs, ihcprmng`mro eos smÿoems,
irmymro qum Lmsüs ms me Ir`sth y tuv`mro v`go mn su nhcarm (Ln.
14<9?). Ehs msir`thrms gm ehs iuotrh Mvonkme`hs mstïn ons`hshs gm
qum smpochs qum, o pmsor gm qum oekunhs g`smc`norhn ruchrms gm
qum me iumrph gm Ir`sth joaão s`gh rhaogh gmspuàs gm eo irui`b`x`ùn,
eo tucao mstoao rmoecmntm voião gma`gh o qum Lmsüs rmoecmntm
joaão rmsui`togh. Y` Ir`sth nh jua`mro rmsui`togh, gìm Toaeh, thgo eo
rme`k`ùn ir`stòno smrão uno borso y ehs qum irmmn mn meeo, unhs
eocmntoaems thnths (? Ih. ?=<?7-?0). Cmnhsprmiòr eo j`sthrò ms v`v`r v `v`r
mn un cungh g`bmrmntm oe qum joa`torhn ehs outhrms aãaeìhs.
Ms ihch s` Tmgrh g`lmro< «C`ro, yh v` eo tronsb`kuroi`ùn, y nh
mstoao sheh. Eo hãchs. Ms gmi`r, eo v`chs ihn numstrhs prhp`hs hlhs

y eo msiuijochs ihn numstrhs prhp`hs hãghs. Nh mstochs

`nvmntongh msth poro osustortm. Nh mstochs tronsc`t`mngh j`sthròs
`ntr`kontms h rmeoths `nkmn`hshs. Wm mstochs gì`mngh eh qum suimg`ù.
R`chs su kehrò, y eo v`chs ihn numstrhs prhp`hs hlhs. Msiuijochs
o G`hs joaeor ougàemcmntm. Msto nh bum uno mxpmr`mniò mn
numstrhs
mstogh mnihrozhnms h uno v`s`ùn
me chntm, joarãos v`sth ymnhãgh
numstros oecos.ihsos.
eos c`scos Y` tü jua`mros
Mstochs
joaeongh gm un jmijh, nh gm uno bïaueo¶.
Qmiumrgo eo `gmo qum Tmgrh qu`mrm rmsoetor. Mstm nh ms un eàrh gm
tmxth ophehkàtìh oastroith y ïr`gh. Me opùsthe qu`mrm qum ehs sonths
smon sonths6 qu`mrm qum ihns`gmrmn sus v`gos o eo euz gme rmkrmsh gm
Ir`sth6 y mstï trotongh gm ihnvmnimrehs gm eo imrtmzo gm eo Ymkungo
Rmn`go. P uno conmro gm prhaor qum uno smkungo vmn`go gm Ir`sth
kehr`hso, tmrràem, shrprmngmntm, corovèehso y tmcàem suimgmrï mn eo
j`sthrò ms qum Tmgrh rmiumrgm o ehs irmymntms qum àe yo jo v`sth eo
kehr`hso, tmrràem, shrprmngmntm, corovèehso y tmcàem opor`mniò gm
Ir`sth. Tmgrh v`h eo rmvmeoi`ùn. Àe v`h iùch euião Lmsüs mn su rhpolm
g`v`nh. Tmgrh sm g`h iumnto gm qum Ir`sth mro cïs qum un iorp`ntmrh,
cïs qum un kurü themrontm, cïs qum oeku`mn qum oe`mnto o thghs y o
thgh s`n n`nkün prmluì`h. Iuongh àe v`h o Lmsüs rmspeongmimr y
gmseucaror mn colmstog ihn eo nuam gm eo kehrò, àe suph mn msm
chcmnth qum Lmsüs nh mro oeku`mn ihn qu`mn lukor. P, iuongh Lmsüs
vumevo htro vmz, thghs nhshtrhs nhs gormchs iumnto ‗oun iuongh
bumro gmcosògh torgm poro oekunhs‗ qum me v`v`r `cpãh nh pumgm
ihmx`st`r ihn eo kehrò gm Ir`sth. Msm ms me orkucmnth gm Tmgrh, qum
gmpmngm gm eo j`sthrò y gm eo mv`gmniò gme tmst`chn`h gm un tmst`kh
g`rmith.

Mstï msir`th
M
Mee orkucmnth gm Tmgrh sharm me rmkrmsh gm Ir`sth toca`àn gmpmngm
gm eo bòaè`gog gm ghiucmnths outhr`tot`vhs (1 T. ?<?0-1?). Eo
«poeoaro prhbàtìo¶ ms prmvò oe prhp`h rmeoth gm Tmgrh ihch tmst`kh.
P smo eh qum bumrm qum Tmgrh, Loihah y Luon joyon v`sth mn me
chntm, y smo eh qum bumro qum msh onuni`m sharm eo smkungo vmn`go
gm Ir`sth y me luì`h b`noe, msos ihsos sheh ihnb`rcorhn eh qum eo
poeoaro prhbàtìo yo joaão gogh phr smkurh (v. ?0). Nh phgmchs

phnmr cïs ihnbònzo mn numstro Aàeò gm eo qum Tmgrh push mn eo

suyo.
Hasmrvo trms vmrgogms qum mshs vmrsãiuehs nhs mnsmÿon sharm eo
noturoemzo gm eo Msir`turo.
Tr`cmro, eo Msir`turo ms eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Msto pormim smr uno
gmieoroi`ùn
Oekunhs rmgungontm,
ir`stònhs, pmrh eo poeoaro
`nbeumniòghs «ms¶ gìm
phr tmùehkhs oekh `cphrtontm.
nmhhrthghxhs ihch
Fore Aortj, tmcmn gmi`r qum eo Aàeò ms eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, y
prmb`mrmn gmi`r qum eo Aàeò ihnt`mnm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs h sm
ihnv`mrtm mn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, h qum me mvmnth mn me qum G`hs nhs
joaeo o trovàs gm eo Aàeò ms eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Me pmnsoc`mnth
nmhhrthghxh `ntmnto g`stoniòr eos ob`rcoi`hnms gm `nsp`roi`ùn gm eos
poeoaros msir`tos sharm eos pïk`nos gm eo Msir`turo. Msto g`st`ni`ùn,
s`n mcaorkh, jua`mro s`gh mxtroÿo poro me opùsthe Tmgrh, pums thgos
eos nhaems ob`rcoi`hnms qum àe joim sharm eo «prhbmião¶ h eo
«poeoarogmprhbàtìo¶
msir`tos shn jmijos ihn rmbmrmniò o eos poeoaros
eo Msir`turo.
Mn msths vmrsãiuehs, Tmgrh uso trms tàrc`nhs poro rmbmr`rsm o eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs< «poeoaro prhbàtìo¶ (v. ?0), «prhbmião gm eo
Msir`turo¶ (v. 14) y «prhbmião¶ (v. 1?). Whghs msths cmni`hnon o eo
prhbmião gm oekuno conmro y shn usoghs cïs h cmnhs
`ng`st`ntocmntm. Toro numstros ihns`gmroi`hnms ms `cphrtontm nhtor
qum eo poeoaro kr`mko poro Msir`turo mn me vmrsãiueh 14 ms kropjm,
qum sm rmb`mrm o oekh qum jo s`gh msir`th. Toro gìjh vmrsãiueh,
Tmgrh t`mnm mn cmntm nh sheh eos trogì`hnms hroems h un g`siursh,
s`nh un tmxth msir`th. Eo v`s`ùn gm Tmgrh gm eo `nsp`roi`ùn nh pumgm
smr e`c`togo oe g`siursh prhbàtìh h o un mvmnth gm prmgìoi`ùn, s`nh
qum `nieuym eos pïk`nos gm eos Msir`turos.
P nh sheh mstïn s`mngh ihns`gmrogos eos portms prhbàtìos sharm eo
Ymkungo Rmn`go, s`nh thgh me Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth. Osã ihch «eo emy
y ehs prhbmtos¶ pumgm smr
s mr uno gmnhc`noi`ùn kmnmroe poro me Ont`kuh
Wmstocmnth (Ct. ;<?1), eo emy h ehs prhbmtos pumgmn smr usoghs
smporogocmntm. N`nkün lugãh jorão uno g`st`ni`ùn mn iuonth o qum
oekunos portms gm eo Msir`turo mron cïs vmrgogmros qum htros (1 W`.
9<?2). Whgh eh qum ms vmrgog gm eo emy ms vmrgog gm ehs prhbmtos, y
vìmvmrso. Eo poeoaro prhbàtìo ms s`cpemcmntm uno conmro poro
rmbmr`rsm o eo rmvmeoi`ùn msir`turogo. Ihch gìm Ioev`nh< «Ph

mnt`mngh phr prhbmião gm eo Msir`turo eh qum mstï ihntmn`gh mn eos

Yokrogos Msir`turos¶.V1S
Msir`turos¶.V1S
Whgh msth `cphrto, phrqum s`kn`bìo qum eo outhr`gog gm eo Toeoaro
gm G`hs rms`gm mn me tmxth msir`th (eos poeoaros, eos hroi`hnms, ehs
pïrrobhs) gm eo Msir`turo, nh cmrocmntm mn numstro mxpmr`mniò
mx`stmniòe gm eo
ems kuston ehs vmrgog
tmxths mn numstrh
msir`ths ihrozùn. O oekunos
y eos ob`rcoi`hnms, phrqumpmrshnos
`cpeìon nh
un
s`kn`bìogh mstoaem m `noetmroaem, y eo kmntm nh qu`mrm qum eo vmrgog
smo `noetmroaem. Eo kmntm prmb`mrm qum eo `nsp`roi`ùn smo cïs
sualmt`vo, `ntmrno y mxpmr`mniòe. Tmrh, gm oiumrgh ihn 1 Tmgrh ?<?0-
1?, eo `nsp`roi`ùn gm eos Yokrogos Msir`turos ms uno rmoe`gog
halmt`vo bumro gm nhshtrhs.
Nogo gm msth suk`mrm qum uno tmhrão mvonkàeìo gm eo `nsp`roi`ùn
nhs oemlo gm eh sualmt`vh, `ntmrnh h mxpmr`mniòe. Whgh eh ihntror`h.
Gmamchs «mstor otmnths¶ o eos Msir`turos `nsp`rogos ihch «o uno
onthrijo qum oeucaro

nhs ihnvmnim mn eukor
gm pmiogh, hsiurh¶me(v.ioc`nh
nhs cumstro ?0). Eoy Toeoaro gm G`hs
nhs ihnguim gm
eo hsiur`gog o eo euz. Yucmrlïchnhs mn eo Msir`turo o b`n gm qum me
euimrh gm eo coÿono, Ir`sth c`sch (vmr Nc. 17<?;-?06 Op. 11<?2),
sm emvontm mn numstrhs ihrozhnms. Me halmt`vh gm eo rmvmeoi`ùn nh ms
sheh `nbhrcoi`ùn, s`nh obmith, oghroi`ùn y hamg`mniò. Ir`sth mn
nhshtrhs smrï uno rmoe`gog sheh s` amamchs prhbungocmntm gm eo
Aàeò, qum ms eo Toeoaro gm G`hs bumro gm nhshtrhs.
Ymkungo, eo Toeoaro gm G`hs nh ms cmnhs g`v`no phrqum bumro
gogo phr cmg`h gm `nstrucmnths juconhs. Cuijhs jon ob`rcogh, y
ihnt`nüon joi`àngheh, qum ehs ir`stònhs ihnsmrvoghrms cont`mnmn
eo tmhrão gme gìtogh cmiïnìh mn iuonth o eo `nsp`roi`ùn. Ehs
mvonkàeìhs, sm gìm, irmmn qum ehs msir`thrms gm eo Aàeò bumrhn
`nstrucmnths pos`vhs qum cmrocmntm rmk`strorhn poeoaro phr
poeoaro eh qum ems g`mrhn gmsgm me i`meh. O pmsor gm eo brmiumniò gm
msto ob`rcoi`ùn, yh nunio jm mnihntrogh o n`nkün tmùehkh
mvonkàeìh qum gmsirào eo `nsp`roi`ùn gm msto conmro. Ms i`mrth qum
tmùehkhs gm joim cuijhs oÿhs o vmims gmiãon qum eos Msir`turos
mron ton `cpmioaems qum ms ihch s` jua`mron s`gh gìtogos. Eo
cmtïbhro (qum prhaoaemcmntm ms cïs mnkoÿhso qum ütè) tmnão ihch
halmth rmsoetor eo pmrbmii`ùn gm eo Aàeò, pmrh nh gmsirà`r me prhimsh
rmoe phr me iuoe ehs outhrms gm eo Aàeò msirà`mrhn sus tmxths

`nsp`roghs. Cïs a`mn, 1 Tmgrh ?<1? mnsmÿo, ihch jon mnbot`zogh ehs
tmùehkhs mvonkàeìhs uno y htro vmz, qum ehs jhcarms joaeorhn (y
msirà`mrhn), oe t`mcph qum mron «eemvoghs¶ phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth.
Eo brosm «hpmroi`ùn ihniurs`vo¶ ms usogo ihn brmiumniò poro
gmsirà`r me prhimsh gm `nsp`roi`ùn, y s`kn`bìo qum G`hs usù me
`ntmemith,
msirà`r eheos
qumjoaè`gogms
mro g`v`nh ymeo`nboeàem.
pmrshnoe`gog
Mn unboeàem gm eo
smnt`gh, jhcarms,
Aàeò msporo
un
eàrh tonth juconh ihch g`v`nh, pmrh msh gm n`nkuno conmro
`cpeìo oekuno boeàè`gog mn eos Msir`turos. Eo outhrão guoe gm eo
Msir`turo nh rmqu`mrm `cpmrbmii`ùn osã ihch tocphih eos ghs
noturoemzos gm Ir`sth rmqu`mrmn qum numstrh Yoevoghr joyo pmiogh.
Ihch gìm Ioev`nh sharm ehs prhbmtos< «VMeehsS nh hsorhn onuniòr
nogo pmrshnoe, y hamg`mntmcmntm s`ku`mrhn oe Mspãr`tu ihch su kuão,
qu`mn khamrnoao mn eo ahio gm meehs ihch mn su prhp`h sontuor`h¶.
V9S
Me vmrahihch
trogui`gh «s`mngh `nsp`roghs¶
«troãgo¶ mn me vmrsãiueh
mn me c`sch vmrsãiuehy1? ms pjmrh
ihch , qum ms
«mnvògo¶ mn
ehs vmrsãiuehs ?; y ?:. Me tàrc`nh suk`mrm un rmsuetogh smkurh, qum
ms mnvògh y osmkurogh phr htrh. Eos poeoaros mnvògos gme i`meh
(vv. ?;-?:) y eos poeoaros gm ehs prhbmtos (v. 1?) b`noecmntm v`n`mrhn
gmsgm me c`sch eukor< G`hs.
A. A. [orb`meg eh mxpeìo osã<
Me tàrc`nh usogh oquã (troãgo/mnvògo) ms cuy mspmiãbìh. Nh gmam smr ihnbung`gh
ihn kuòr, g`r`k`r h ihntrheor, n` s`qu`mro ihn ihngui`r mn me smnt`gh ocpe`h gm eo
poeoaro. Eo poeoaro vo cïs oeeï gm mshs tàrc`nhs oe os`knor me mbmith prhgui`gh
mspmiãbìocmntm oe okmntm oit`vh. Eh qum ms «mnvògh¶ ms oimptogh phr me «phrtoghr¶
yprhpò
tronsc`t`gh
cmto. phr
Oquãme ms
phgmr gme «phrtoghr¶
gmieorogh qum ehsporo hatmnmr
jhcarms qumeo joaeorhn
cmto gme «phrtoghr¶,
gm portm gmnh su
G`hs
bumrhn thcoghs phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth y kuòghs phr su phgmr o eo cmto gm su
memii`ùn. Eos ihsos qum meehs joaeorhn aolh msto hpmroi`ùn gme Mspãr`tu bumrhn, phr eh
tonth, eos ihsos gme Mspãr`tu, nh eos gm meehs. P mso ms eo rozùn phr eo iuoe sm ihns`kno
phr quà «eo poeoaro prhbàtìo¶ ms ton smkuro. Ounqum bum joaeogo cmgòntm eo
`nstrucmntoe`gog gm ehs jhcarms, mso poeoaro ms, phr v`rtug gme jmijh gm qum thghs
mshs jhcarms joaeorhn «`nsp`roghs phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth¶, `ncmgòtocmntm eo g`v`no
Toeoaro.V7S
Toeoaro. V7S

Eo outhrão g`v`no gm eos Msir`turos nh gmsiorto me ush gm uno
`nstrucmntoi`ùn jucono oit`vo, osã ihch eo portì`poi`ùn jucono
nh s`kn`bìo qum eo Msir`turo ms cmnhs pmrbmito y g`v`no.

Wmrimro, eo Aàeò nh ihnt`mnm mrrhrms. Eos Msir`turos nh shn gm

`ntmrprmtoi`ùn pr`vogo (1 T. ?<14). Eos `gmos nh surk`mrhn gm uno
cmntm jucono ihnbuso. Cïs qum msh, Tmgrh tmst`bìo qum n`nkuno
prhbmião bum oekuno vmz prhgui`go phr «vheuntog jucono¶ (v. 1?).
Gmamchs oimriornhs o eo Aàeò, mnsmÿo Ioev`nh, ihn uno
rmvmrmniò qum ms
qum nhs joaeo shehG`hs
mx`stm
y nh«iuongh
jhcarmsmstochs ihnvmni`ghs
chrtoems¶.
chrtoems¶.V=S gm qum
V=S Gmamchs
Gmamchs me
irmmr
qum eos prhbmiãos shn «ehs `ngua`toaems hrïiuehs gm G`hs, phrqum nh
shn mconoghs gm eos prhpòs sukmrmniòs pr`vogos gm ehs
V2S Me
jhcarms¶.V2S
jhcarms¶. Me outhr b`noe gm eo Msir`turo, nhs gìm Tmgrh, ms G`hs
c`sch.
Joy cuijhs tmxths qum phgrãochs usor poro chstror qum eo Aàeò
nh t`mnm mrrhrms, pmrh vmochs me orkucmnth cïs s`cpem< eo Msir`turo
nh v`nh gm vheuntog jucono, s`nh qum v`nh gm G`hs. P, s` ms eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs, gmam smr thgo vmrgog, pums mn Àe nh pumgm joamr
mrrhr h mnkoÿh.
@nmrroniò s`kn`bìo qum eo Toeoaro gm G`hs s`mcprm mstï phr
mni`co gm nhshtrhs, y nhshtrhs nunio mstochs phr mni`co gm eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs. Iuongh rmijozochs eo `nmrroniò mstochs
luzkongh eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Ms gmi`r gmi`r,, mstochs ob`rcongh qum
tmnmchs me gmrmijh gm gmtmrc`nor quà portms gm eo rmvmeoi`ùn gm
G`hs pumgmn smr ihnbòaems y quà portms nh. Iuongh nmkochs eo
ihcpemto bòaè`gog gm eos Msir`turos ‗mn sus ob`rcoi`hnms ihn
rmspmith o eo j`sthrò, sus mnsmÿonzos sharm me cungh cotmròe, sus
cèokrhs6 mn eos «lhtos y mn eos tègms¶ cïs pmqumÿos gm thgh eh qum
meeos ob`rcon‗, mstochs bhrzoghs o oimptor uno gm ghs
ihnieus`hnms< eos Msir`turos nh shn thgos gm portm gm G`hs h G`hs nh
ms s`mcprm bòaem. Joimr iuoequ`mro gm mstos gmieoroi`hnms ms
ob`rcor un punth gm v`sto suair`stònh. Mstos ihnieus`hnms nh
mxprmson uno suc`s`ùn oprhpògo oe Togrm, nh haron poro numstrh
khzh mn Ir`sth y nh ar`ngon jhnhr oe Mspãr`tu, qum `nsp`ro o ehs
jhcarms poro qum joaemn eo poeoaro prhbàtìo y msiràon me sonth
Eàrh gm G`hs.
Gmbmngmr eo ghitr`no gm eo `nmrroniò pumgm pormimr uno mcprmso
gmsioameeogo poro oekunhs y uno ihns`kno g`v`s`vo poro htrhs, pmrh,
mn vmrgog, eo ghitr`no mstï mn me ihrozùn gm numstro bm. Nmkor,
`knhror, mg`tor, chg`bìor, rmijozor h gmsiortor iuoequ`mr portm gm eo

Toeoaro gm G`hs ms ihcmtmr me pmiogh gm eo `nirmgue`gog. «…smo

G`hs vmroz, y thgh jhcarm cmnt`rhsh¶ gmam smr numstrh kr`th gm
kumrro (Qh. 9<7). Joeeor un eukor `ntmrcmg`h ghngm oekunos ihsos mn
eo Aàeò shn vmrgogmros y htros ihsos (gm oiumrgh ihn numstrh
luì`h) nh eh shn ms uno `cphsàè`gog. Mstm t`ph gm ir`stòn`sch
trons`kmntm, oportm me
Aàeò, nh sot`sboim gmoeco
joimrnìosh hc`sho oehseopmrg`ghs
prmsmnto outhihcprmns`ùn
me t`ph gm gm eo
G`hs
qum nmims`ton ihnhimr. ¸Iùch phgmchs irmmr mn un G`hs qum
pumgm joimr eh `n`cok`noaem y pmrghnor numstros hbmnsos,
ihnqu`stor numstrhs pmioghs y gornhs mspmronzo mn un cungh gm
hsiur`gog, s` nh phgmchs irmmr qum mstm G`hs irmù me cungh gm eo
nogo, g`h o eo v`rkmn un n`ÿh y rmsui`tù o su J`lh oe tmrimr gão8 «]nh
nh pumgm gugor gm eo Aàeò¶, nhs ogv`mrtm L. @. Toifmr, «s`n uno
prhbungo pàrg`go, tonth gm eo pemn`tug gm eo vmrgog ihch gm eo
pemn`tug gm eo v`go. Thr eh tonth, s` tmnmchs mn numstrh ihrozùn eo
rmnhvoi`ùn
numstros msp`r`tuoe
prhpòs v`gos,poro eo shi`mgog,
konormchs cuijhporo
gm eoeos `kemsòsbòaè`gog
ihcpemto y poro
‗msth ms, `nmrroniò‗ gm eos Yokrogos Msir`turos ihch eo `nsp`rogo
y eàmroghro Toeoaro gm G`hs¶.V;S
G`hs¶.V;S

Nogo ms cïs smkurh
Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms vmrgogmro. Eos aumnos numvos gm Lmsuir`sth
jon s`gh rmk`strogos mn ehs jmijhs gm eo j`sthrò. Juah un jhcarm
noi`gh gm uno culmr mn Ameàn6 cèms gm pmrshnos eh v`mrhn y
ihnhi`mrhn6 j`zh cèokrhs prmsmniòghs phr cuet`tugms6 cur`ù,
rmsui`tù y sm opormi`ù ontm cïs gm qu`n`mnths tmst`khs (? Ih. ?=<2).
Whghs ihnhiãon eo uaìoi`ùn gm eo tucao, mstoao voião y phgão smr
mxoc`nogo. Wrms g`siãpuehs mn portìueor bumrhn tmst`khs
prmsmniòems gm su colmstog mn me chntm gm eo tronsb`kuroi`ùn. Meehs
v`mrhn me mvmnth y s`cpemcmntm tronsc`t`mrhn eh qum meehs, h sus
ihcpoÿmrhs cïs imrionhs, joaãon v`sth.
Nhshtrhs nh smku`chs c`ths. Nh mstochs `ntmrmsoghs mn j`sthròs
qum prmsmntmn uno e`ngo chroemlo. Nh nhs amnmbìòchs
gmsionsongh mn phsàè`gogms msp`r`tuoems qum, soamchs, shn
j`stùrìocmntm `cphsàems. Eos ihsos rmeotogos mn eo j`sthrò gme
Mvonkme`h suimg`mrhn. G`hs eos prmg`lh. Àe eos iucpe`ù. Àe `nsp`rù me
rmk`strh msir`th gm thgos meeos6 phr eh tonth, tmnmchs qum irmmreos.

Nogo, mn thgo eo Aàeò, bum prhgui`gh mxieus`vocmntm phr vheuntog

jucono. G`hs usù o jhcarms poro msirà`r eos poeoaros, pmrh mshs
jhcarms jì`mrhn su troaolh `nsp`roghs phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth. Eo
Aàeò ms un eàrh ihcpemtocmntm bòaem, un eàrh s`n mrrhrms, un eàrh
sonth, un eàrh g`v`nh.
Nh nhs gm
Gmspuàs pmrgochs eo `cpoitontm ob`rcoi`ùn
gmtoeeor c`nui`hsocmntm gm 1 Tmgrh
ehs oshcarhshs mvmnths?<?0.
gme
chntm gm eo tronsb`kuroi`ùn, gmspuàs gm msbhrzorsm cuijh poro
mxpeìor qum àe bum un tmst`kh prmsmniòe gm msos ihsos, gmspuàs gm
troaolor poro chstrornhs qum mstoao joaeongh gm uno vmrgog sùe`go
m j`stùrìocmntm vmr`bìoaem, gmspuàs gm thgh msth, Tmgrh gìm qum
ojhro tmnmchs eo «poeoaro prhbàtìo cïs smkuro¶. Eo Toeoaro gm
G`hs msir`to yo mro vmrgogmro, ton vmrgogmro ihch pumgm smr6 me
tmst`chn`h gm Tmgrh sheh ihnb`rcù eh qum yo mro smkurh.
Oekunhs mrug`ths p`mnson
p`mnson qum me vmrsãiueh ?0 gmamrã
gmamrão
o smr trogui`gh
«y nhshtrhs
vmrs`ùn tmnmchs
tmcprono gm oekh cïs(Mnke`sj
eo MYR smkurh¶.Ytongorg
Gm jmijh, osã ms) ihch
Rmrs`hn trogulhuno
me
vmrsãiueh. Mn msm iosh, Tmgrh phgrão smr `ntmrprmtogh ihch qum
mstoao gì`mngh qum eo poeoaro prhbàtìo gm eo Msir`turo mro un
tmst`chn`h cïs smkurh qum su rmeoth tmst`chnòe gm eo
tronsb`kuroi`ùn. Àe mstorão gì`mngh< «Y` nh ihnbãon mn c`s hlhs,
ihnbãmn mn eo poeoaro prhbàtìo. Eos Msir`turos shn cïs bòaems qum
c`s smnt`ghs¶. Tmrh, oun s` nhs contmnmchs ihn eo troguii`ùn
oituoe`zogo poro me vmrsãiueh ?0, me smnt`gh gm ehs vmrsãiuehs ?0-1?
nh jo iocaògh. Po smo qum eo poeoaro prhbàtìo ms, poro Tmgrh,
ihnb`rcogo phr eh qum àe v`h h qum ms cïs smkuro gm eh qum àe v`h, su
v`s`ùn gm eo Msir`turo ms eo c`sco. Nh joy uno gmieoroi`ùn cïs
outhr`tot`vo qum eo qum joeeochs mn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, nh joy un
sumeh cïs b`rcm poro ophyornhs, n`nkün orkucmnth «cïs
ihnieuymntm¶ qum pumgo smr gìjh gmspuàs gm qum eo Msir`turo jo
joaeogh.
¸Joaeos oimrio gm eo Msir`turo gm eo conmro mn eo qum ehs
opùsthems joaeoaon sharm meeo8 Tumgms tmnmr mn oeto mst`co tus
`ntmrprmtoi`hnms gm eo Msir`turo, pmrh nh pumgms pmnsor
mxokmrogocmntm gmcosògh gm eo `ntmrprmtoi`ùn qum eo Msir`turo
joim gm sã c`sco. Tumgms mxokmror tu outhr`gog poro conmlor eos
Msir`turos, pmrh nh pumgms mxokmror eo outhr`gog gm eos Msir`turos

poro conmlortm o t`. Tumgms usor eo Toeoaro gm G`hs poro orràor o

ihnieus`hnms mrrùnmos, pmrh nh pumgms joeeor n`nkuno ihnieus`ùn
mrrùnmo mn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs.
Nh nmims`tos htro rmvmeoi`ùn mspmiòe gm G`hs oportm gm eo Aàeò.
Tumgms hãr eo vhz gm G`hs iogo gão. Ir`sth thgovão joaeo phrqum me
Mspãr`tu yo joehjoaeogh.
rmk`stro sheh qum Àe joY`gìjh.
qu`mrms hãr eo vhzmn
Yucàrkmtm gmeoG`hs, vm oegmeàrh
Toeoaro qumy
G`hs,
nh phgrïs joeeor nogo cïs smkurh.
s mkurh.
V?S
V?S jttp<//www.ijr`stòn
jttp<//www.ijr`stòn`tythgoy
`tythgoy.ihc/it/144;/corij/1
.ihc/it/144;/corij/1.77.jtce.
.77.jtce.
V1S Luon
V1S Luon Ioev`nh, Ihccmntor`ms hn tjm Iotjheì Mp`stems , trog. y mg. Lhjn Hwmn (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Aofmr,
?009 V?:==S), 90?.
V9S
V9S @aãg .
V7S Amnlocãn A. [orb`meg, Wjm @nsp`rot`hn ong Outjhr`ty hb tjm Aàem (Tjèe`psaurk, NL< Trmsaytmròn &
V7S
Qmbhrcmg, ?07:), ?9;. Toro smr prmi`shs, [orb`meg vm trms chghs gm rmvmeoi`ùn mn eo Msir`turo< eo
con`bmstoi`ùn mxtmrno, eo sukmrmniò `ntmrno y eo hpmroi`ùn ihniurs`vo (:9’02). Àe uaìo me c`n`stmr`h prhbàtìh
gme Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth mn eo smkungo iotmkhrão, ihns`gmrongh o ehs prhbmtos ihch cïs pos`vhs qum ehs
outhrms ophstùeìhs gme Numvh Wmstocmnth. Gm thgos conmros, àe ogv`mrtm mn iuonth o prms`hnor gmcosògh
eos g`st`ni`hnms, nhtongh qum ehs prhbmtos s`kumn usongh su `ntme`kmniò oe rmià`r eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, y thgo eo
Msir`turo ms gmsir`to ihch «prhbmião¶ mn 1 Tmgrh ?<?0-1?. Ràosm toca`àn eo smii`ùn gm «Aàe`hehkão¶ mn eo
haro gm Brmg K. \ospme, Wjmhehky hb A. A. [orb`meg< O Yystmcotì Yuccory ([jmothn, @E< Irhsswoy, 14?4).
V=S
V=S Ioev`nh,
Ioev`nh, Ihccmntor`ms hn tjm Iotjheì Mp`stems , 904.
V2S @aãg .
V2S
V;S L.
V;S L. @. Toifmr, Wrutj ong Thwmr< Wjm Teoim hb Yir`pturm `n tjm Ijr`stòn E`bm ([jmothn, @E< Jorheg Yjow,
?002), ==.

9

Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms subì`mntm

G`hs, joa`mngh joaeogh cuijos vmims y gm cuijos conmros mn htrh t`mcph o ehs
pogrms phrjmrmgmrh
ihnst`tuyù ehs prhbmtos, mn msths
gm thgh, y phrphstrmrhs gãos nhs
qu`mn os`c`sch jomejoaeogh
j`zh phrmemeiuoe,
un`vmrsh6 J`lh,s`mngh
o qu`mnme
rmspeonghr gm su kehrò, y eo `cokmn c`sco gm su sustoniò, y qu`mn sustmnto thgos
eos ihsos ihn eo poeoaro gm su phgmr, joa`mngh mbmituogh eo pur`bìoi`ùn gm numstrhs
pmioghs phr cmg`h gm sã c`sch, sm smntù o eeo o g`mstro
g `mstro gm eo Colmstog mn eos
e os oeturos,
oe turos,
jmijh tonth supmr`hr o ehs ïnkmems, iuonth jmrmgù cïs mximemntm nhcarm qum meehs.
JMAQMHY ?<?-7

¸Oekuno vmz tm jos prmkuntogh s` eo Aàeò pumgm rmoecmntm
oyugortm ihn tus prhaemcos cïs prhbunghs8 ¸Jos euijogh poro
soamr quà joimr ihn tu v`go, y gmsmogh joamr tmn`gh oekuno poeoaro
mspmiòe gm portm gme Ymÿhr8 ¸Oekuno vmz pmnsostm qum eo
mnsmÿonzo aãaeìo sharm me smxh nmims`to smr oituoe`zogo8 ¸Oekuno
vmz gmsmostm uno rmvmeoi`ùn cïs g`rmito y pmrshnoe qum eo qum
hat`mnms cmgòntm uno emituro c`nui`hso gm thgo eo Aàeò8 ¸Oekuno
vmz jos qumr`gh smirmtocmntm oÿog`r oekh o eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, yo
soams, poro joimr eos ihsos cïs smkuros8 ¸Oekuno vmz qu`s`stm
me`c`nor oekh poro joimr qum eo Aàeò bumro cïs okrogoaem8 ¸Oekuno
vmz jos gogh phr smntogh qum eo Aàeò nh gìm thgh sharm iùch
oghror o G`hs h iùch hrgmnor su @kemsò8 ¸Oekuno vmz jos smnt`gh
qum eo Aàeò nh ms subì`mntm poro v`v`r uno v`go gm bm mn me cungh
chgmrnh8 Y` pumgms rmsphngmr ihn un «sã¶ o iuoequ`mro gm mstos
prmkuntos ‗y thghs eh jormchs o vmims‗, mstïs aotoeeongh ihn eo
subì`mniò gm eo Msir`turo.
Eo coyhrão gm ehs ir`stònhs mstïn bocèòr`zoghs ihn ehs otràuths
gm G`hs. Mn oekün chcmnth y mn oekün n`vme jmchs mstugògh eo
sont`gog gm G`hs, su lustìò, hcn`si`mniò, shamronão, ahngog,
c`smrìhrgò, ochr, h iuoequ`mr htro ioroitmrãstìo qum phgochs
mnucmror ihch ehs otràuths g`v`nhs. Tmrh gugh qum phgochs
nhcaror, cuijh cmnhs mxpeìor, ehs otràuths gm eo Msir`turo.
Wrogì`hnoecmntm, ehs tmùehkhs prhtmstontms jon rmsoetogh iuotrh
ioroitmrãstìos msmniòems gm eo Msir`turo< subì`mniò, ieor`gog,
outhr`gog y `cphrtontm
prhtmkmr uno nmims`gog.vmrgog
Iogo sharm
unh eo
gmAàeò<
msths otràuths prmtmngm

Yubì`mniò< Eos Msir`turos ihnt`mnmn thgh eh qum nmims`tochs
poro me ihnhi`c`mnth gm eo soevoi`ùn y eo v`go pòghso. Nh
nmims`tochs n`nkuno numvo rmvmeoi`ùn gmsgm ehs i`mehs.

Ieor`gog< Me cmnsolm soevãbìh gm Lmsuir`sth ms mnsmÿogh
ieorocmntm
me qum tmnko mnhãghs
eos Msir`turos y pumgm
poro hãreh. smr ihcprmng`gh
Nh nmims`tochs phr thgh
un cok`stmr`h
hbìòe poro gmi`rnhs quà s`kn`bìo eo Aàeò.

Outhr`gog< Eo üet`co poeoaro s`mcprm eo t`mnm eo Toeoaro gm
G`hs. Nunio gmamchs pmrc`t`r qum eos mnsmÿonzos sharm
i`mniò, eo mxpmr`mniò jucono h ehs ihniè`hs gm `kemsòs
prmvoemzion phr sharm eo Msir`turo.

Nmims`gog< Eo rmvmeoi`ùn kmnmroe nh ms subì`mntm poro
soevornhs. Nh phgmchs ihnhimr o G`hs soevãbìocmntm cmgòntm
eo mxpmr`mniò
Toeoaro pmrshnoe
gm G`hs nhs g`koy iùch
eo rozùn jucono.
v`v`r
v`v`r, Nmims`tochs
, qu`àn ms qumsmr
Ir`sth y iùch eo
soevhs.

Toro rmoihchgor me hrgmn gm ehs otràuths, phgrãochs gmi`r< eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs t`mnm eo üet`co poeoaro6 eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms ieoro6
eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms nmimsorò6 eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms subì`mntm.
Iogo unh gm msths otràuths cmrmim un iopãtueh oportm. Mn mstm
iopãtueh ihcmnzormchs ihn eo subì`mniò gm eo Msir`turo.

Cïs qum subì`mntm
Eo
E o ghitr`no gm
pmrbmii`ùn gm eo eosubì`mniò gm eo s`kn`bìo
Msir`turo‗ Msir`turo ‗oqum vmims eeocogo gmms
eo «Msir`turo eo
subì`mntmcmntm ieoro poro joimrnhs rmsphnsoaems poro iucpe`r ihn
numstros rmsphnsoaè`gogms ontm G`hs¶.V?S
G`hs¶.V?S Ms uno ghitr`no àtìo.
Me`c`no iuoequ`mr mxiuso poro gmshamgmimr. Nog`m pumgm gmi`r qum
G`hs nh jo rmvmeogh eh subì`mntm poro qum smochs soevhs h poro
v`v`r uno v`go okrogoaem o G`hs. Eo Msir`turo nhs joim ihcpmtmntms
y «mntmrocmntm prmporoghVsS poro thgo aumno haro¶ (1 W`. 9<?2-?;).
Nh nmims`tochs oÿog`r nogo o eo Aàeò poro iucpe`r ehs rmths
prmsmntms, n` soior nogo gm meeo y osã mniolor mn ehs `gmoems
chgmrnhs. Eo Toeoaro
eh qum nmims`tochs gm ihnhimr
poro G`hs ms pmrbmito
oimrio gmy ihcpemto, y nhs go thgh
Ir`sth, eo soevoi`ùn y eo

p`mgog. Ihch g`lmro Otonos`h, me pogrm gm eo @kemsò< «Eos sokrogos

y g`v`nocmntm `nsp`rogos Msir`turos shn subì`mntms poro eo
mxphsì`ùn gm eo vmrgog¶.V1S
vmrgog¶.V1S
Gm ehs iuotrh otràuths gm eo Msir`turo, mstm phgrão smr me qum ehs
mvonkàeìhs pr`cmrh hev`gon. Y` eo outhr`gog ms me prhaemco eàmroe, eo
ieor`gog
prhaemcomsgmme ehs
prhaemco
otmhs ygmoknùstìhs,
eo phschgmrn`gog,
mnthnimsy eoeo subì`mniò
nmims`gog msms me
me
otràuth qum cuijhs ir`stònhs qum os`stmn o eo `kemsò o cmnugh
gugon. Thgmchs gmi`r thgos eos ihsos ihrrmitos sharm eo Aàeò, y
oün emmreo ihn brmiumniò, pmrh s` eo v`go sm thrno g`bãiè h,
s`cpemcmntm oaurr`go, ausiochs numvos poeoaros, numvo rmvmeoi`ùn
y numvos mxpmr`mniòs qum nhs eemvmn cïs imrio gm G`hs. Nhs
smnt`chs aostontm oaurr`ghs sharm eo gmsir`pi`ùn gme Numvh
Wmstocmnth sharm me i`meh, pmrh bosi`noghs phr ehs rmeoths gm n`ÿhs
mn mgog msiheor qum ob`rcon joamreh v`s`togh. Gmsgm ortãiuehs gm
rmv`stos
josto ehssharm
eàrhs«C`
gm ihnvmrsoi`ùn ihn G`hs¶
cïs vmntos ghngm G`hs (vàosm me iopãtueh
ms gmsir`th 1),
tmn`mngh
ihcunìoi`hnms mspmiòems y pr`vogos, phgmchs oituor ihch s` eo
Aàeò nh bumro subì`mntm. Tmnsochs qum s` pug`àrochs ton sheh
tmnmr oekh cïs qum eos Msir`turos, mstorãochs rmoecmntm imrio gm
Lmsüs y phgrãochs ihnhimr su ochr phr nhshtrhs.
O cmnhs qum eo b`noe`gog gm eo rmgmni`ùn gm Ir`sth phr nhshtrhs
mstà ãnt`cocmntm e`kogo o eo b`noe`gog gm su rmvmeoi`ùn poro
nhshtrhs.

Me supmr`hr J`lh gm G`hs
Eo kron gmieoroi`ùn gm ehs pr`cmrhs vmrsãiuehs gm Jmarmhs ms eo
Eo
`gmo ieovm gm thgh me eàrh. G`hs jo joaeogh phr su J`lh, y su J`lh ms
supmr`hr o thgos eos pmrshnos, smrms imemstòems, `nst`tui`hnms,
r`tuoems y thghs ehs prmv`hs cmg`hs gm rmvmeoi`ùn y rmgmni`ùn. Thr
mso rozùn, ehs vmrsãiuehs ? y 1 ihc`mnzon ihn uno smr`m gm
ihntrostms.
Mros. Eo mgog posogo bum «mn htrh t`mcph¶, pmrh ojhro mstochs
mn ehs «phstrmrhs gãos¶. Msth nh s`kn`bìo nmimsoròcmntm qum me b`n
gme cungh eemkum prhnth6 s`kn`bìo qum jmchs mntrogh mn uno numvo
mro, eo mro gme Mspãr`tu, eo pemn`tug gme t`mcph mn me qum ehs krongms
oiths gm soevoi`ùn jon tmn`gh eukor. Eo cumrtm y rmsurrmii`ùn gm

Lmsüs jon eemvogh oe cungh o uno àphio g`bmrmntm. Nh joy n`nkün

oith gm rmgmni`ùn qum boetm rmoe`zor ontms qum eemkum me üet`ch gão.
Msh nhs s`tüo mn ehs üet`chs gãos.
Gmst`notor`hs. Ontms, mn htrh t`mcph, G`hs joaeù «o ehs pogrms¶ ‗
ehs potròrios, ehs ontmposoghs lugãhs‗. Tmrh mn msths gãos G`hs
«nhs jo joaeogh¶
joaeongh o nhshtrhs.
o un kruph Msto
g`bmrmntm gm ms uno mro g`bmrmntm, y G`hs mstï
kmntm.
Okmntms. G`hs jo joaeogh phr uno «okmniò¶ g`bmrmntm. Mn htrhs
t`mcphs, Àe joaeù phr «ehs prhbmtos¶, yo smo ehs cmni`hnoghs ihch
prhbmtos gm ontoÿh, qum tmnãon uno buni`ùn prhbàtìo ihch Ch`sàs, h
ehs msir`ths prhbàtìhs (msth ms, eos Msir`turos gme Ont`kuh
Wmstocmnth). «Thr ehs prhbmtos¶ ms ihch G`hs jo joaeogh. Tmrh mn
msths phstrmrhs gãos G`hs jo joaeogh «phr su J`lh¶. Lmsuir`sth jo
rmvmeogh iùch ms G`hs, nhs mnsmÿù eo vheuntog gm G`hs y nhs
chstrù me ioc`nh gm eo soevoi`ùn.
Conmros.) yCuijh
( pheycmrhs
pheycmrhs t`mcphconmros
gm cuijos otrïs, G`hs joaeù). G`hs
( pheytrhphs
pheytrhphs cuijos
joaeùvmims
phr
v`s`hnms, sumÿhs, vhims, uno zorzo org`mntm, uno iheucno gm bumkh,
un aurrh y uno msir`turo sharm uno pormg. Msh bum, mnthnims, mn ehs
t`mcphs ont`kuhs. Tmrh mn msths phstrmrhs gãos G`hs jo joaeogh gm
uno sheo conmro, phr me Ymÿhr Lmsuir`sth. Me ihntrostm `cpeãi`th ms
qum, c`mntros qum ontms juah cuijos conmros mn eos qum G`hs
joaeù o su pumaeh, ojhro joy un sheh cmg`h gm rmvmeoi`ùn< o trovàs
gm su J`lh.
Ehs iuotrh ihntrostms ausion ihngui`rnhs o eo c`sco ihnieus`ùn
qum mstï kehr`hsocmntm gmsir`to mn ehs vmrsãiuehs 1-7 gm Jmarmhs ?,
o soamr, qum Ir`sth ms me okmntm b`noe y supmr`hr gm eo rmgmni`ùn y eo
rmvmeoi`ùn gm G`hs. Me msir`thr gm Jmarmhs, aosïnghsm mn ehs
Yoechs 1 y ??4, joim s`mtm ob`rcoi`hnms ihn msm b`n<

?. Me J`lh ms jmrmgmrh gm thgh (Jm. ?<1a). Whgh iuec`no mn
Ir`sth. Eo haro c`s`hnmro gm msto mro ms eemvor o Ir`sth eh
qum emkãt`cocmntm em ihrrmsphngm o Àe.
1. Me J`lh ms me irmoghr gm thgos eos ihsos (v. 1i). Ounqum eo
smkungo pmrshno gm eo Wr`n`gog nh ms cmni`hnogo phr
nhcarm mn me rmeoth gm eo Irmoi`ùn, sã vmchs mn Kànms`s
qum G`hs irmù phr eo oii`ùn gm su g`v`no poeoaro. Msto

poeoaro joaeogo pumgm `gmnt`bìorsm ihn eo Toeoaro qum cïs

torgm sm mniornorão.
9. Me J`lh ms me sustmntoghr gm thgos eos ihsos (v. 9o). Iogo
prhtùn, iogo memitrùn, iogo ihcphnmntm, iogo portãiueo y
peonmto, iogo mstrmeeo y koeoxò ms shstmn`gh phr su
phgmrhso
7. Me poeoaro.
J`lh ms eo rmvmeoi`ùn gm G`hs (v. 9o). Àe ms eo con`bmstoi`ùn
gm eo prmsmniò gm G`hs, nh cmrocmntm un rmbemlh gm eo kehrò
g`v`no s`nh su rmspeonghr. Àe ms eo `cokmn c`sco gm G`hs,
`kuoe mn msmniò y noturoemzo. Ir`sth nhs cumstro o G`hs toe
ihch vmrgogmrocmntm ms.
=. Me J`lh mbmituù eo pur`bìoi`ùn gm numstrhs pmioghs (v. 9a). Àe
me`c`nù eo conijo y eo iuepo gme pmiogh, nh sheh ihch uno
shcaro gm ihsos coyhrms phr vmn`r (ihch ehs soir`bì`hs
ontmr`hrms) s`nh ihch eo sustoniò gm thgh eh qum joaão s`gh
prmb`kurogh.
2. Me J`lh sm smntù (v. 9a). Woe ihch uno cogrm sm s`mnto oe b`noe
gme gão phrqum ehs n`ÿhs mstïn b`noecmntm mn eo ioco y eo
ihi`no mstï e`cpò, osã Ir`sth sm smntù o eo g`mstro gm G`hs
phrqum su haro joaão s`gh rmoe`zogo. Eo mntrhn`zoi`ùn
mstoao ihcpemto (Yoe. ??4<?) y eo tormo soimrghtoe bum
ihcpemtogo gm uno vmz y poro s`mcprm (Jm. 0<1=-12).
;. Me J`lh, phr eh tonth, bum jmijh cuy supmr`hr o ehs ïnkmems (v.
(v.
7). Àe ms supmr`hr o mshs cmnsolmrhs imemstòems phrqum eo
poeoaro b`noe gm G`hs jo s`gh joaeogo o trovàs gm Àe. Nog`m
vmngrï gmspuàs gm Àe. Numstro kron soevoi`ùn jo eemkogh ‗
ihnb`rcogo phr smÿoems, corovèeos, cèokrhs y ghnms gme
Mspãr`tu‗ y nunio smrï supmrogo (1<?-7).

G`hs jo joaeogh phr su J`lh, y mstm J`lh ms supmr`hr o thgos eos
pmrshnos, smrms imemstòems, `nst`tui`hnms, r`tuoems y ontmr`hrms
cmg`hs gm rmvmeoi`ùn y rmgmni`ùn. Mso ms eo `gmo pr`ni`poe gm
Jmarmhs ?<?-7 y o eh eorkh gme eàrh. Ir`sth ms supmr`hr o ehs ïnkmems
(iops. ?‗1), o Ch`sàs (iop. 9), o Lhsuà (iop. 7), o Oorùn (iop. =), o
Oarojoc (iop. 2), o Cmequ`smgmi (iop. ;), oe ont`kuh poith (iop. :),
oe toamrnïiueh (iop. 0), oe such soimrghtm (iop. ?4), o ehs tmshrhs gm
mstm cungh (iop. ??), oe chntm Y`noã (iop. ?1), y o eo iùgog qum

tmnmchs sharm eo W`mrro (iop. ?9). Me J`lh ms numstrh kron

supmreot`vh, `nihcporoaem o thghs ehs htrhs phrqum mn Àe tmnmchs eo
pemn`tug y iuec`noi`ùn gm eo rmgmni`ùn, y eo rmvmeoi`ùn gm G`hs.

Eo subì`mniò mn me J`lh y mn eos Msir`turos

¸_uà t`mnm
C`rmchs cïsqumgmtmn`gocmntm
vmr thgh msthoihn eo subì`mniò
eo ihnieus`ùn gmqum
o eo eo Msir`turo8
eemkochs
orrào< me J`lh ms supmr`hr o thghs ehs htrhs phrqum mn Àe tmnmchs eo
pemn`tug y iuec`noi`ùn gm eo rmgmni`ùn y rmvmeoi`ùn gm G`hs.
Mntmngmchs aostontm a`mn me tmco gm eo pemn`tug. Whgh mn «htrh
t`mcph¶ mstoao smÿoeongh o Ir`sth, y thgh bum ihcpemtogh mn Ir`sth.
Àe ms me iucpe`c`mnth gm s`kehs gm prmgìoi`hnms, prhbmiãos y t`phs.
Mso ms eo portm gm eo pemn`tug mn
mn eo miuoi`ùn.
Woca`àn osã gm `cphrtontm ms eo b`noe`gog gm eo haro gm Ir`sth.
G`hs sm jo jmijh gmb`n`t`vocmntm ihnhi`gh. Ir`sth gm uno vmz y poro
s`mcprm jo pokogh phr numstrhs pmioghs. Àe v`nh o eo W`mrro, v`v`ù
mntrm nhshtrhs, cur`ù mn eo iruz y ieocù mn me chcmnth gm su
cumrtm< «¡Ihnsucogh ms!¶. Nh mstochs mspmrongh htrh rmy poro
qum kha`mrnm sharm nhshtrhs. Nh nmims`tochs htrh prhbmto ihch
Cojhco. Nh pumgm joamr htrh soimrghtm qum mxpãm numstrhs
pmioghs. Eo haro gm eo rmgmni`ùn jo s`gh ihcpemtogo.
P nh gmamchs smporor eo rmgmni`ùn gm eo rmvmeoi`ùn. Ocaos mstïn
tmrc`nogos y ihnsucogos mn me J`lh. ¸Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs vmrsus eo
«Toeoaro¶ gm G`hs8 Eo Aàeò vmrsus Lmsüs. ¸Eos Msir`turos vmrsus
me J`lh8 Jmarmhs nh go eukor o msos ontãtms`s gòaùeìos. Ms vmrgog
qum eo Aàeò nh ms Lmsüs6 eos Msir`turos nh shn me J`lh. Eos poeoaros
gm eo Aàeò y eo Toeoaro jmijo iornm shn g`st`ntos, pmrh toca`àn shn
`nsmporoaems. Whgh oith gm rmgmni`ùn ‗gmsgm me àxhgh, eo vumeto
gmsgm me mxè`h, eo c`sco iruz‗ ms toca`àn uno rmvmeoi`ùn. Whghs
meehs nhs gìmn oekh sharm eo noturoemzo gme pmiogh, me ioc`nh gm eo
soevoi`ùn y me iorïitmr gm G`hs. Gm eo c`sco conmro, me halmt`vh gm
eo rmvmeoi`ùn s`mcprm ms rmg`c`r. Eos poeoaros gm ehs prhbmtos y ehs
opùsthems nh ausion joimrnhs `ntme`kmntms, s`nh qum smochs soevhs.
Eo rmgmni`ùn rmvmeo. Eo rmvmeoi`ùn rmg`cm.
P Ir`sth ms ocaos ihsos. Àe ms me oith gmb`n`t`vh y ihcpemth gm
G`hs gm eo rmvmeoi`ùn gm sã c`sch. @nieush eos üet`cos mnsmÿonzos
gm ehs opùsthems bumrhn s`cpemcmntm rmiumrghs gm eh qum Ir`sth g`lh

(Ln. ?7<12) y eo s`ku`mntm mxpeìoi`ùn bhrlogo phr me Mspãr`tu gm thgh

eh qum Àe mro y thgh eh qum Àe jo ihnsucogh (Ln. ?2<?9-?=). «Nogo
pumgm smr oÿog`gh o msto haro rmgmnthro¶, Brocms orkucmnto, «y
rmgmnthro¶.V9S
nogo pumgm smr oÿog`gh o eo rmvmeoi`ùn gm mso haro rmgmnthro¶.V9S
Y` gmi`chs qum eo rmvmeoi`ùn nh mstï ihcpemto, gmamchs ogc`t`r qum
oekh gm eo haro
Mnthnims, gm eo rmgmni`ùn
¸mstochs gì`mnghtoca`àn s`kum
qum G`hs s`n joaeo8
yo nh tmrc`nor.
Gm n`nkuno
conmro. Tmrh gmamchs pmnsor iu`goghsocmntm sharm iùch joaeo
mn msths üet`chs gãos. G`hs ojhro joaeo phr cmg`h gm su J`lh.
Ihns`gmro ehs trms hbì`hs gm Ir`sth< prhbmto, soimrghtm y rmy. Mn un
smnt`gh cuy rmoe, Ir`sth jo tmrc`nogh su haro mn iogo unh gm mshs
trms hbì`hs. Y`n mcaorkh, Àe ihnt`nüo troaolongh cmgòntm mso haro
ihnsucogo.
Ihch rmy, Ir`sth yo mstï smntogh sharm me trhnh y rm`no gmsgm ehs
i`mehs, pmrh eo `noukuroi`ùn gm su rm`nh nh ms eh c`sch qum su
ihnsucoi`ùn.
1<:). Whgovão joy mnmc`khs qum sulmtor aolh sus p`ms (Jm.
Ihch soimrghtm, Ir`sth jo pokogh ihcpemtocmntm phr thghs
numstrhs pmioghs ihn su prmi`hso sonkrm, gm uno vmz y poro
s`mcprm, y nunio gmam smr rmpmt`gh numvocmntm. P, s`n mcaorkh,
msto kron soevoi`ùn thgovão gmam smr hbrmi`go krotu`tocmntm y Ir`sth
gmam kuorgornhs mn meeo (Jm. 1<9).
B`noecmntm, ihch prhbmto, G`hs gmi`g`gocmntm jo joaeogh mn su
J`lh. Àe nhs jo chstrogh thgh eh qum nmims`tochs ihnhimr, irmmr y
joimr. Nh joy nogo cïs qum gmi`r. Y`n mcaorkh, G`hs s`kum
joaeongh cmgòntm eh qum Àe yo jo gìjh. «Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms
v`vo y mbìoz¶ (Jm. 7<?1)6 y, iuongh eos Msir`turos shn emãgos, me
Mspãr`tu Yonth thgovão joaeo (9<;).
Thr eh tonth, sã, G`hs thgovão joaeo. Àe nh mstï mn sèmni`h. Àe sm
ihcunìo pmrshnoe y g`rmitocmntm ihn nhshtrhs, pmrh mstm g`siursh
ihnt`nuh nh ms uno rmvmeoi`ùn ihnt`nuo. «Me Mspãr`tu Yonth yo nh
rmvmeo numvos ghitr`nos s`nh qum thco thgh gm Ir`sth¶ (Ln. ?2<?7),
msiràm Aov`nif. «Mn Ir`sth, eo rmvmeoi`ùn gm G`hs yo jo s`gh
ihcpemtogo¶.V7S
ihcpemtogo¶. V7S Mn msths üet`chs t`mcphs, G`hs nhs joaeo nh phr
cuijos y vorògos conmros, s`nh gm uno conmro, cmgòntm su J`lh,
y eh joim phr eo rmvmeoi`ùn gm eo haro rmgmnthro gme J`lh, qum
joeeochs prmgìjo y prmb`kurogo mn me Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth, eumkh

rmk`strogo mn ehs Mvonkme`hs y, b`noecmntm, rmvmeogo phr me Mspãr`tu

cmgòntm ehs opùsthems y me rmsth gme Numvh Wmstocmnth.
Eo Msir`turo ms subì`mntm phrqum eo haro gm Ir`sth ms subì`mntm.
Ocahs pmrconmimn h sm gmrrucaon lunths. Eo rmgmni`ùn gme J`lh y
eo rmvmeoi`ùn gme J`lh gmamn smr ocaos subì`mntms. P gm toe conmro
ms osã qumporo
ihnhi`gh nh numstro
joy nogo cïs poro
soevoi`ùn smr jmijh
y poro numstrhy ongor
nogo cïs poro qum
ir`stònh, smr
vmr y ihnhimr sharm Ir`sth y cmgòntm Ir`sth mn me eàrh gm su
Mspãr`tu. Brocm t`mnm rozùn< «Eo Msir`turo ms me tmst`chn`h gm G`hs
poro eo rmgmni`ùn qum Àe jo ihnsucogh poro nhshtrhs. ]no vmz qum
eo rmgmni`ùn mstuvh tmrc`nogo y me tmst`chn`h ophstùeìh toca`àn
mstuvh tmrc`nogh, eos Msir`turos mstuv`mrhn ihcpemtos y nh gmamchs
mspmror n`nkuno htro oÿog`guro¶.
oÿog`guro¶.V=S
V=S H,
H, ihch
i hch g`lh Toifmr, gm conmro
cïs ihni`so pmrh nh cmnhs i`mrto< «Nh joy poeoaros gm G`hs
Msir`turo¶.V2S
joaeogos o nhshtrhs jhy, mximpth eos poeoaros gm eo Msir`turo¶.V2S
Yubì`mniò prïitìo
¸P phr quà `cphrto thgh msth8 ¸_uà g`bmrmniò joim, mn numstro
v`go ir`stòno, eo subì`mniò gm eos Msir`turos8 Tmrcãtmcm tmrc`nor me
iopãtueh suk`r`mngh iuotrh conmros mn eos qum msth gmamrão corior
uno mnhrcm g`bmrmniò.
Tr`cmro, ihn eo subì`mniò gm eo Msir`turo contmnmchs o eo
trogì`ùn mn su eukor. Eo trogì`ùn t`mnm i`mrtocmntm un eukor poro
ihcprmngmr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs y bhrcueor eos ihnvìi`hnms
ghitr`noems gm eo @kemsò. Gmamchs oprmngmr gm ehs comstrhs qum
v`n`mrhn ontms qum nhshtrhs. Gmamchs contmnmrnhs b`rcms mn ehs
irmghs miucànìhs gm eo @kemsò. P poro oqumeehs gm nhshtrhs mn
trogì`hnms ihnbms`hnoems ‗ihch eutmronhs, onkeìonhs,
prmsa`tmrònhs y rmbhrcoghs‗, gmamchs thcor ehs vhths poro
shstmnmr numstros nhrcos ihnbms`hnoems gm conmro smrò y
iu`goghso, y ihn `ntmkr`gog. Tmrh oun mshs krongms irmghs,
iotmi`schs y ihnbms`hnms shn voe`hshs sheh s` rmsucmn eh qum ms
mnsmÿogh mn eo Msir`turo. N`nkün tmxth smiungor`h, jmijh phr me
jhcarm, pumgm rmmcpeozor, n` phgmchs pmrc`t`r qum suav`mrto,
numstro emoetog o eo Aàeò n` numstrh ihnhi`c`mnth gm eo c`sco.
Eo subì`mniò gm eo Msir`turo obònzo me kr`th gm eo Qmbhrco gm sheo
Yir`pturo, h «sheh Msir`turo¶. Msth nh s`kn`bìo qum trotmchs gm

oimriornhs o eo Aàeò s`n eo oyugo gm aumnhs comstrhs, rmiurshs

oiogàcìhs y bùrcueos ghitr`noems prhaogos. «Yheo¶ nh s`kn`bìo
«phr sã c`sco¶ (sheo Yir`pturo) oportm gm thgo ihns`gmroi`ùn
ihcun`torò h ihnbms`hnoe, s`nh qum sheh eo Msir`turo ms eo outhr`gog
b`noe. Whgh gmam smr mvoeuogh phr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Eo trogì`ùn nh
t`mnm un rheeo`kuoe
Cïs a`mn, o eo Aàeò
trogì`ùn t`mnm mn
un numstrh ihnhi`c`mnth
rhe ihnb`rcothr`h, gm eo vmrgog.y
gm èuc`noi`ùn
ophyh. Nh phgmchs oimptor `nnhvoi`hnms ghitr`noems ihch eo
`nboeàè`gog popoe, me purkothr`h, eo `ncoiueogo ihnimpi`ùn h eo
vmnmroi`ùn o Corão, pums msos ghitr`nos nh mstïn mn eo Toeoaro gm
G`hs y ihntrogìmn eh qum ms rmvmeogh mn eo Msir`turo. Ounqum
gmamchs rmspmtor o numstrhs oc`khs iotùeìhs y gmamchs mstor
okrogmi`ghs phr cuijhs ospmiths gm su bm y tmst`chn`h shiòe, nh
gmamchs beoqumor mn numstro emoetog o eo sheo Yir`pturo. Mstï
`cpeãi`th mn eo ihcprmns`ùn aãaeìo gm su prhpò subì`mniò.
Ymkungo,
qu`tor nogo phrqum eo Msir`turo
gm eo Toeoaro ms subì`mntm,
gm G`hs. Iuonghnh gmamchs
nhs oÿog`r
oimriochs o n`
eo
Aàeò, s`mcprm gmamchs rmihrgor qum mstochs emymngh me eàrh gm
un poith6 y ehs ghiucmnths gm poiths nhrcoecmntm ihnieuymn ihn
uno `nsir`pi`ùn gm coegì`ùn mn me poith. Mnihntrochs toe coegì`ùn
mn Gmutmrhnhc`h 7<1 y ?1<91, ghngm ehs `srome`tos shn ogvmrt`ghs gm
nh oÿog`r nogo o eo emy chsoìo n` soior nogo gm meeo (Tr. 94<=-2).
Os`c`sch, mnihntrochs me c`sch t`ph gm coegì`ùn mn eo ihnieus`ùn
gme Numvh Wmstocmnth mn Ophioe`ps`s 11<?:-?0 ‗«Ph tmst`bìh o
thgh oqume qum hym eos poeoaros gm eo prhbmião gm mstm eàrh< Y`
oekunh oÿog`mrm o mstos ihsos, G`hs tromrï sharm àe eos peokos qum
mstïn msir`tos mn mstm eàrh. P s` oekunh qu`torm gm eos poeoaros gme
eàrh gm msto prhbmião, G`hs qu`torï su portm gme eàrh gm eo v`go, y gm
eo sonto iùgog y gm eos ihsos qum mstïn msir`tos mn mstm eàrh¶.
Msto bumrtm ogvmrtmniò, nogo cmnhs qum oe b`noe gm thgo eo Aàeò, ms
un bumrtm rmihrgothr`h gm qum nh gmamchs oÿog`r nogo o eos
Msir`turos ‗poro joimreos cmlhr, cïs smkuros h cïs mn eãnmo ihn
numstros suphsì`hnms‗ y nh gmamchs soior nogo gm meeos, oun s`
eo mxpmr`mniò, ehs trotoghs oiogàcìhs h eo g`sphsì`ùn gm ïn`ch gm
numstro iueturo `ns`stmn mn qum gmamchs joimreh.
Wmrimro, gogh qum eo Aàeò ms subì`mntm, phgmchs mspmror qum eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs smo rmemvontm poro thgh mn eo v`go. G`hs nhs jo

gogh thgos eos ihsos qum nmims`tochs poro eo v`go y eo p`mgog (1 T.

?<9)6 eo Msir`turo ms subì`mntm poro joimrnhs soa`hs poro eo
soevoi`ùn y sonths poro me Ymÿhr (1 W`. 9<?7-?;). Y` oprmngmchs o
emmr eo Aàeò gmtmn`gocmntm (mn numstrh ihrozùn), ihns`stmntmcmntm
(eo eãnmo orkucmntot`vo gm eo Msir`turo), ihcpemtocmntm (josto me b`n
gm eo j`sthrò)
gm Ir`sth), y c`rongh joiò
mnihntrormchs qum orrào (o eo gm
iogo portm kehrò gm G`hs
eo Aàeò mn me rhstrh
ms prhvmijhso
poro nhshtrhs. Ob`rcor eo subì`mniò gm eo Msir`turo nh ms sukmr`r
qum eo Aàeò nhs gìm thgh eh qum qumrmchs ihnhimr sharm thgh,
pmrh sã nhs gìm thgh eh qum nmims`tochs soamr sharm eh qum cïs
`cphrto. Eo Msir`turo nh nhs go `nbhrcoi`ùn mxjoust`vo sharm thghs
ehs tmcos, pmrh, mn thghs ehs tmcos gm ehs iuoems joaeo, eo Aàeò
gìm eh qum ms vmrgogmrh. P, mn su vmrgog, tmnmchs subì`mntm
ihnhi`c`mnth poro oemlornhs gme pmiogh, mnihntror oe Yoevoghr,
thcor aumnos gmi`s`hnms, okrogor o G`hs y ihnhimr eos roãims gm
numstrhs
Iuorto,prhaemcos
eo ghitr`nocïs
gm prhbunghs.
eo subì`mniò gm eo Msir`turo nhs `nv`to o
oar`r numstros Aàeòs y msiuijor eo vhz gm G`hs. Nh joim cuijh
t`mcph, yh mstoao mn un kruph gm un ihnsmlh gmnhc`noi`hnoe ghngm
sm nhs p`g`ù qum mnihntrïrochs numstros «nhrcos¶ ihch
ihcun`gog. Iuongh sukmrã qum numstro pr`cmro nhrco gmaão smr
prhaor thgh gm oiumrgh o eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, cm g`lmrhn ‗y msto ms
uno i`to tmxtuoe‗ qum «nh mstochs oquã poro oar`r numstros
Aàeòs¶. Me prhpùs`th gme kruph, opormntmcmntm, mro qum
msiuijïrochs o numstrhs ihrozhnms y unhs o htrhs, pmrh nh tonth
qum msiuijïrochs o G`hs. Cïs torgm, mn eo c`sco rmun`ùn
gmnhc`noi`hnoe, un posthr gm Yugocàrìo sm g`r`k`ù o thgh me kruph.
Oe vmr uno puaeì`gog mn eo pormg poro htrh mvmnth mn eo qum
«gmsiuar`rãochs¶ eo v`s`ùn gm G`hs poro numstro gmnhc`noi`ùn, me
jhcarm rmcoriù< «¸Gmsiuar`r8 Mspmrh qum mniumntrmn eh qum mstïn
ausiongh. P trotmn gm nh mspmror gmcosògh¶. Bum uno a`mn
eonzogo `ng`rmito o eo tmngmniò gm eo `kemsò gm Mstoghs ]n`ghs gm
peonmor y shÿor, bhrlor uno v`s`ùn y un msqumco mn g`simrn`c`mnth
cutuh, thgh c`mntros eo ieoro vhz gm G`hs pmrconmim gmsiu`gogo
sharm numstrhs rmkozhs.
Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms cïs qum subì`mntm poro qum me pumaeh gm
G`hs v`vo sus v`gos poro eo kehrò gm G`hs. Me Togrm joaeorï phr

cmg`h gm thgh eh qum me Mspãr`tu jo joaeogh o trovàs gme J`lh. Eo

prmkunto ms s` oar`rmchs numstros Aàeòs y nhs chemstormchs mn
msiuijor.
V?S
V?S Lhjn
Lhjn C. Brocm, Wjm Ghitr`nm hb tjm [hrg hb Khg (Tjè`psaurk,
(Tjè`psaurk, NL< Trmsaytmròn & Qmbhrcmg, 14?4), 112.
V1S I`togh mn me eàrh gm W`chtjy [org, [hrgs hb E`bm< Yir`pturm os tjm E`v`nk ong Oit`vm [hrg hb Khg
V1S
(Ghwnmrs Krhvm, @E< @RT Oiogmcì, 1440), ?4;.
V9S Brocm,
V9S Brocm, Ghitr`nm hb tjm [hrg hb Khg , 11;.
V7S
V7S Jmrcon
Jmrcon Aov`nif, Qmbhrcmg Ghkcotìs, Rheucm ?< Trhemkhcmno, mg. Lhjn Ahet, trog. Lhjn Rr`mng (Krong
Qop`gs, C@< Aofmr Oiogmcì, 1449), 70?.
V=S Brocm,
V=S Brocm,
V2S L.
V2S Ghitr`nm
L. @. Toifmr, hb tjm [hrg hb Khg
― Bungocmntoe`sc– ong ,tjm
11;.[hrg hb Khg (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Mmrgcons, ?0=:), ??0. C`mntros
qum mstm t`ph gm rmvmeoi`ùn «`ncmgòto¶ jo imsogh, gmamchs pmrc`t`r eo rmvmeoi`ùn «cmgòto¶ phr eo qum G`hs
nhs go numvhs ihnhi`c`mnths y opeìoi`hnms ‗o vmims gm conmro shrprmngmntms‗ pmrh s`mcprm o trovàs gm
eo Msir`turo. Ràosm o Kornmt Cènm, Wjm [mstc`nstmr Ihnbmss`hn hb Bo`tj ong tjm Imssot`hn hb Ypmiòe
Qmvmeot`hn< Wjm Colhr`ty Tur`ton R`mwph`nt hn [jmtjmr Mxtro-Aàeìoe Trhpjmiy @s Ytèe Thssàem (Aemtijemy,
Cèthn Fmynms, ]F< Totmrnhstmr,
Totmrnhstmr, 144;).

7

Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms ieoro

Thrqum mstm congoc`mnth qum yh tm hrgmnh jhy nh ms gmcosògh g`bãiè poro t`, n`
mstï emlhs. Nh mstï mn me i`meh, poro qum g`kos< ¸_u`àn sua`rï phr nhshtrhs oe i`meh, y
nhs eh tromrï y nhs eh jorï hãr poro qum eh iucpeochs8 N` mstï oe htrh eogh gme cor,
poro qum g`kos< ¸_u`àn posorï phr nhshtrhs me cor, poro qum nhs eh tro`ko y nhs eh
joko hãr, o b`n gm qum eh iucpeochs8 Thrqum cuy imrio gm t` mstï eo poeoaro, mn tu
ahio y mn tu ihrozùn, poro qum eo iucpeos.
GM]WMQHNHC@H 94<?
94<??-?7
?-?7

Ror`hs oÿhs otrïs, yh mstoao joaeongh mn un ponme sharm eo @kemsò
mcmrkmntm. Cm mnihntroao, lunth ihn htrhs ponme`stos, mn uno soeo
gm ihnbmrmniòs mnhrcm qum phgrão oeamrkor oe cmnhs o cè
pmrshnos smntogos. Ym rmsp`roao uno otcùsbmro gm gmaotm ihn
`ntmrvmni`hnms ihnt`nuos, y un rhausth kruph gm smtmnto y i`nih
pmrshnos qum opmnos prmstoaon otmni`ùn, g`smc`nogos mn eo
bhrc`goaem soeo. Ounqum me mvmnth bum phih cmchroaem, rmiumrgh eo
sms`ùn phr un jhcarm qum sm cm oimriù poro ijoreor, gmspuàs gm eo
prmsmntoi`ùn. Mn rmoe`gog, «ijoreor¶ smrão un mubmc`sch, pums bum
cïs uno ormnko. Mstm jhcarm, iuyo msphso nhs hasmrvoao mn eo
g`stoniò ihn uno ioro gm «yo jm v`sth msth ontms¶, mstoao bur`hsh,
pums mn un chcmnth hsà ob`rcor qum ihnhião eh qum eo Msir`turo
mnsmÿoao.

Qïp`gocmntm cm g` iumnto gm qum numstro ihnvmrsoi`ùn nh
mstoaovmz
Iogo ymngh
qumoyhn`nkuno portmuny qum
rmihrgoao tmxthmro
gm brustrontm poroàeocahs.
eo Msir`turo, gmião<
«Aumnh, mso ms su `ntmrprmtoi`ùn¶. Iuongh cmni`hnà htros
Msir`turos poro chstror qum Lmsüs y ehs opùsthems ob`rcoaon
ihnhimr quà s`kn`bìoao eo Msir`turo, àe rmsphng`ù< «Aumnh, mso ms
sheh su `ntmrprmtoi`ùn gm mshs posolms sharm eo `ntmrprmtoi`ùn gm eo
Msir`turo¶. Gmspuàs cmni`hnà o Toaeh iuongh rozhnoao mn eo
s`nokhko, y àe rmsphng`ù< «Mso ms su conmro gm ihcprmngmr mso
j`sthrò¶. Po pumgms vmr phr quà eo ihnvmrsoi`ùn nh mro cuy
s`kn`bìot`vo. Nh phgãochs joaeor sharm n`nkün htrh tmco `cphrtontm
phrqum nh nhs phnãochs gm oiumrgh mn iuonth o qum sã phgãochs

gor phr i`mrth oekh gm eo Aàeò. Mn rmsucmn, nh ihcportãochs eo

c`sco ihcprmns`ùn gm eo ieor`gog gm eo Msir`turo.

]no iu`goghso gmb`nì`ùn
Eo
Eo ieor`gog gm eo Msir`turo ‗o vmims ihnhi`go phr eo ont`kuo poeoaro
«pmrspìu`gog¶ (qum,msporo
ieoro mn oasheuth)‗ uno poeoaro qum
iu`goghsocmntm s`kn`bìo
gmb`n`go mn eoieor`gog, nh gm
Ihnbms`ùn ms
bm gm [mstc`nstmr (IB[)<
Eos ihsos ihntmn`gos mn eos Msir`turos, nh thgos shn `kuoecmntm ieoros n` sm
mnt`mngmn ihn eo c`sco boiè`gog phr thghs6 s`n mcaorkh, eos ihsos qum
nmimsoròcmntm gmamn soamrsm, irmmrsm y kuorgorsm poro ihnsmku`r eo soevoi`ùn, sm
prhphnmn y gmieoron mn unh u htrh eukor gm eos Msir`turos, gm toe conmro qum nh sheh
ehs mrug`ths, s`nh oun ehs qum nh eh shn, pumgmn ogqu`r`r un ihnhi`c`mnth subì`mntm
gm toems ihsos phr me gma`gh ush gm ehs cmg`hs hrg`nor`hs. (IB[ ?.;)V?S
?.;)V?S

Roem eo pmno nhtor vor`hs cotìms `cphrtontms mn msto gmb`nì`ùn<

• Nh
Oekunos phri`hnms
thgh posolm t`mnmgm
uneos`kn`bìogh
Msir`turo smnièeh
shn cïsu ieoros
hav`h. qum htros.
• Eos ihsos pr`ni`poems qum nmims`tochs ihnhimr, irmmr y joimr
pumgmn vmrsm ieorocmntm mn eo Aàeò.
• Ounqum eos ghitr`nos cïs msmniòems nh shn `kuoecmntm ieoros
mn iogo posolm, thgos shn ieor`bìogos mn htros portms gm eo
Msir`turo.
• Whgh eh qum ms nmimsor`h poro numstro soevoi`ùn pumgm smr
mntmng`gh `nieush phr ehs qum iormimn gm bhrcoi`ùn
oiogàcìo, s`mcprm y iuongh msths usmn ehs cmg`hs nhrcoems
gm mstug`h y oprmng`zolm.
• Ehs punths cïs `cphrtontms gm eos Msir`turos pumgmn nh smr
ihcprmng`ghs pmrbmitocmntm, pmrh sã pumgmn smr
ihcprmng`ghs subì`mntmcmntm.

Eo ghitr`no gm eo ieor`gog gm eo Msir`turo nh ms uno ob`rcoi`ùn
ovmnturogo gm qum me s`kn`bìogh gm thgh vmrsãiueh mn eo Aàeò smrï
potmntmcmntm hav`h poro thghs. Cïs a`mn, eo pmrspìu`gog gm eo
Msir`turo shst`mnm eo nhi`ùn gm qum eo kmntm ihcün, qum uso cmg`hs
nhrcoems y ihrr`mntms, pumgm ihcprmngmr ihn mxoit`tug eh subì`mntm
qum gmam smr ihnhi`gh, irmãgh y hasmrvogh phr meehs, poro smr
ir`stònhs b`mems.

]no ghitr`no g`siut`go
Y` a`mn eo ieor`gog gm eo Msir`turo pumgm pormimr mv`gmntm poro
Y`
i`mrths ir`stònhs, ms pumsto aolh shspmijo phr cuijhs htrhs. Eos
halmi`hnms tãpìos pumgmn smr okrupogos mn trms iotmkhrãos.
Eo halmi`ùn
mstogh cãstìo
gm ïn`ch . Gmrmoii`ùn
h uno oiumrghmxokmrogo,
ihn msto phsì`ùn
cïs qum‗ouno
cmnugh un
msiumeo
gm pmnsoc`mnth bhrcoe‗, G`hs ms ton trosimngmntm qum nh sm pumgm
joaeor s`kn`bìot`vocmntm gm Àe ihn poeoaros. Mn un ihntmxth
phpueor, sm sumem ihns`gmror ihch un `ntmnth jucègm gm rmsiotor o
G`hs gm thgo numstro jucono conmro gm joimr tmhehkão. Eo bm
ir`stòno, sm gìm, ms thtoecmntm c`stmr`hso y troto ihn ihsos qum nh
sm pumgmn peoscor mn poeoaros. Oe b`n y oe ioah, nh phgmchs phnmr
o G`hs mn uno iolo. Eo vmrgog nh pumgm smr iopturogo mn poeoaros h
ob`rcoi`hnms. Ihch cãn`ch, msth s`kn`bìo qum gmamrãochs mstor
rogìoecmntm `ni`mrths sharm numstro `ntmrprmtoi`ùn gm eo Msir`turo.
Ihch cïx`ch, msth suk`mrm qum eo Msir`turo c`sco ms nogo cïs
qum un gàaè `ntmnth gm gmsirà`r ehs c`stmr`hs gm eo bm usongh eos
`cpmrbmii`hnms gme emnkuolm juconh.
Eo halmi`ùn iotùeìo. Trhtmstontms y iotùeìhs j`stùrìocmntm jon
shstmn`gh eo c`sco `ntmrprmtoi`ùn oimrio gm eo `nsp`roi`ùn y eo
`nmrroniò, pmrh jon g`bmr`gh rmspmith o oekunhs gm ehs otràuths gm
eo Msir`turo. Ehs tmùehkhs iotùeìhs orkucmnton qum eo Aàeò ihch
un thgh nh ms subì`mntmcmntm ieoro mn sã c`sco. Eo Msir`turo, mn
oekunos portms, ms `nihcpemto y nmims`to smr mxpeìogo y
orkucmntogo phr eo trogì`ùn. Thr numstro iumnto, phr eh tonth,
shchs prhpmnshs o coe`ntmrprmtor y opeìor mqu`vhiogocmntm eos
Msir`turos. Nmims`tochs gm oeku`mn h gm oekh qum nhs hbrmzio uno
`ntmrprmtoi`ùn outhr`tot`vo y v`niueontm. Eo tormo gm gor uno
«`ntmrprmtoi`ùn outàntìo¶ gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs jo s`gh gogo oe
cok`stmr`h, msth ms, oe Topo y o ehs ha`sphs mn ihcun`ùn ihn àe.V1S
àe.V1S
Eo halmi`ùn gme peuroe`sch. Msto halmi`ùn mstï aosogo mn uno
mvoeuoi`ùn gm numstrh oituoe gèmco `ntmrprmtot`vh. Y` eo Aàeò ms ton
ieoro, smkün gìm me orkucmnth, ¸phr quà ehs ir`stònhs nh phgmchs
phnmrnhs gm oiumrgh mn eh qum s`kn`bìo8 ¸Thr quà joy tontos
gmnhc`noi`hnms8 ¸Thr quà joy tonths eàrhs ir`stònhs ihn iuotrh
phsì`hnms gm msth y i`nih phsì`hnms gm oqumeeh8 Eo kmntm ob`rco

ihnhimr eh qum s`kn`bìo eo Aàeò, pmrh ¸iùch pumgm smr ton ieoro s`
eo @kemsò usù eo Aàeò poro lust`bìor eo msieov`tug h eos Iruzogos h eo
W`mrro peono h eo ihcprmns`ùn kmhiàntrìo gme un`vmrsh8 Oe b`noe, me
orkucmnth nh ms tonth sharm s` uno `ntmrprmtoi`ùn portìueor ms
ihrrmito h mqu`vhiogo. Eo halmi`ùn gme peuroe`sch
peuroe`sch iumst`hno eo `gmo
gm
unoqum oekunh gm nhshtrhs
`ntmrprmtoi`ùn tmnko
ms ihrrmito aosms subì`mntms poro ihnhimr s`
h `nihrrmito.
Mn vmz gm rmsphngmr o iogo halmi`ùn mspmiãbìo punth phr punth,
cm kustorão prmsmntor un mnbhqum cïs ocpe`h y vmr eh qum eo Aàeò
gìm sharm su prhpò ieor`gog. Oe trons`tor o trovàs gm eos Msir`turos y
osã soior oekunos `cpeìoi`hnms gm eh qum mnihntrochs, p`mnsh qum
numstro gmb`nì`ùn `nìòe pumgm smr shstmn`go y qum eos g`bmrmntms
halmi`hnms pumgmn smr rmsphng`gos. Ihcmnzormchs mxoc`nongh me
posolm qum mnioamzo mstm iopãtueh.

Imrio, nh emlhs
Me eàrh gm Gmutmrhnhc`h rmk`stro eo smkungo mntrmko gm eo emy, lusth
Me
iuongh ehs `srome`tos sm joeeoaon o punth gm mntror mn eo t`mrro
prhcmt`go (Gt. ?<?-:). Mcpmzongh phr me b`noe, me iopãtueh 97 rmk`stro
eo cumrtm gm Ch`sàs, me iopãtueh 99 eo amngì`ùn b`noe gm Ch`sàs, me
iopãtueh 91 me iïntìh gm Ch`sàs, me iopãtueh 9? eo memii`ùn gm Lhsuà
poro suimgmr o Ch`sàs, y ehs iopãtuehs ?‗94 ihnst`tuymn un eorkh
smrcùn y uno imrmchnò gm rmnhvoi`ùn gme poith gogo phr me Ymÿhr
phr ahio gm Ch`sàs. Ehs iopãtuehs 10 y 94, ihn aostontm eùkìo,
s`rvmn ihch eo ihnieus`ùn iuec`nontm gme smrcùn gm Ch`sàs.
Oimriïnghnhs un phih cïs, mnihntrochs qum Gmutmrhnhc`h 94<??- 94<??-
14 ms eo mxjhrtoi`ùn b`noe mn msto mxtmnso hroi`ùn. Ch`sàs `cpehro o
eo kmntm qum me`lo eo v`go, mn vmz gm eo cumrtm, kuorgongh ehs
congoc`mnths y mstotuths gme Ymÿhr (vv. ?=-14). Msto ms eo ieovm gm
thgh eh qum Ch`sàs jo mxpumsth mn ehs iopãtuehs ?‗94. Tmrh o b`n gm
joimr qum msto iorko smo mbmit`vo, Ch`sàs gmam gmchstror qum àe nh
em mstï p`g`mngh oe pumaeh qum joko oekh qum ms `cphsàem. Thr eh
tonth, lusth ontms gm eo mxjhrtoi`ùn mn ehs vmrsãiuehs ?=-14, Ch`sàs
osmkuro oe pumaeh, mn ehs vmrsãiuehs ??-?7, qum eo Toeoaro gm G`hs
nh mstï bumro gm sus phsàè`gogms. Ihn aostontm `rhnão, mstm posolm
sharm eo s`cpeì`gog gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs nh ms me cïs bïiè gm
mntmngmr. O pr`cmro v`sto, pormim `r mn ihntro gm eos gmieoroi`hnms

gm Toaeh sharm eo emy y numstro `niopoi`gog gm iucpe`reo. ¸Iùch

pumgm gmi`r Ch`sàs qum me congoc`mnth «nh ms gmcosògh g`bãiè
poro t`¶ (v. ??) y «poro qum eo iucpeos¶ (v. ?7) s` «nh joy lusth, n`
oun unh¶ (Qh. 9<?4)8 Ph pmnsà qum eo emy bum gogo prmi`socmntm
phrqum nh phgãochs kuorgoreo (Kï. 9<?0-11). P, phr supumsth, msh
ms vmrgog sharm eo emy ihch cmg`h gm numstro prhpò eàmroi`ùn.
Tmrh Ch`sàs nh mstï joaeongh sharm kuorgor eo emy poro eo
outhlust`bìoi`ùn, àe mstï joaeongh o un pumaeh yo soevogh gm Mk`pth,
outhlust`bìoi`ùn,
yo eàmrogh phr kroiò, yo eàmrogh oportm gm thgo hamg`mniò o eo
emy. Ch`sàs ehs mxjhrto o v`v`r ihch un pumaeh memk`gh phr G`hs,
rmg`c`gh y eàmrogh. Mnthnims, Ch`sàs ems osmkuro qum eo Toeoaro gm
G`hs pumgm smr ihcprmng`go y hamgmi`go, nh pmrbmitocmntm y nh
cmr`thròcmntm, pmrh gm uno conmro qum okrogm o G`hs, qu`mn yo
ehs jo soevogh phr su kroiò. Iuongh eh p`mnsos, nh ms poro nogo
g`bmrmntm o iuongh Lmsüs ems gmião o sus g`siãpuehs qum
hamgmi`mron thghqum
Luon gmieoroao eh qum Àe congoc`mnths
«sus ems joaão congogh (Ct.krovhshs¶
nh shn 1:<14) h iuongh
(? Ln.
=<9).
Eo `cokmn gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs mn Gmutmrhnhc`h 94<??-?7 ms gm
oekh qum pumgm smr ieorocmntm ihcprmng`gh. «Meehs nunio pug`mrhn
oemkor ihch uno mxiuso phr su gmshamg`mniò¶, mxpeìo Cottjmw
Jmnry, «qum G`hs ems joaão hrgmnogh oekh qum mro `n`ntme`kàem,
`cproitìoaem h `cphsàem gm ihnhimr h joimr¶.V9S
joimr¶.V9S Nh
Nh t`mnms qum `r oe
i`meh poro hatmnmr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs (v. ?1). Nh t`mnms qum iruzor
un hiàonh poro joeeoreo (v.
(v. ?9). Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs nh ms `noiimsàem
h mshtàrìo.
hsiurhs Ihch
poro g`lh Ioev`nh<
contmnmr «G`hscmntms
numstros nh nhs mn
prhphnm mn`kcosy
suspmnsh
othrcmntornhs ihn g`bìuetogms, s`nh qum nhs mnsmÿo bocèòrcmntm
eh qum ms nmimsor`h, gm oiumrgh o eo iopoi`gog y ihnsmiumntmcmntm
ihn eo `knhroniò gme pumaeh¶.V7S
pumaeh¶.V7S
Eh qum G`hs qumrão gm su pumaeh nh mstoao msihng`gh emlhs mn me
i`meh h kuorgogh cïs oeeï gme cor. Eo emy pumgm mstor mn numstrhs
eoa`hs. Tumgm smr mnsmÿogo o numstrhs j`lhs (Gt. 2<;). Eo vheuntog
rmvmeogo gm G`hs nh rmqu`mrm gm uno `nvmst`koi`ùn n` gm rmshevmr ehs
c`stmr`hs gme un`vmrsh (10<10). Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs mstï imrio, nh
emlhs, lusth mn brmntm gm t`, e`sto poro smr ihcprmng`go y hamgmi`go.

Aosm gm eo ihnb`rcoi`ùn
Eh qum Gmutmrhnhc`h mnsmÿo sharm eo ieor`gog gm eo Toeoaro gm
Eh
G`hs ms ihnb`rcogh o eh eorkh gme rmsth gm eo Aàeò. Mn ehs Yoechs,
phr mlmcpeh, me soec`sto ihcporo eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ihn uno
eïcporo. Eo Toeoaro ms uno eïcporo poro numstrhs p`ms y uno euz
poro numstrh ioc`nh (Yoe. ??0<?4=). Eo mxphsì`ùn gm sus poeoaros
oeucaro y joim mntmngmr o ehs s`cpems (v. ?94). Me tmst`chn`h ms b`me
y joim soa`h oe smnièeh (?0<;-:). Gogh qum G`hs ms euz (? Ln. ?<=),
nhshtrhs gmamchs mspmror qum su Toeoaro toca`àn smo ieoro y
arèeontm. Gmspuàs gm thgh, G`hs ihcunìo poro rmvmeor, nh poro
hsiurmimr.
Iuongh me eàrh gm eo emy bum rmgmsiua`mrth mn ehs t`mcphs gm
Lhsãos, me pumaeh eh emyù, eh mntmng`ù y suph quà gmaão joimr mn
rmspumsto (1 Q. 11‗19). Me s`kn`bìogh gme tmxth nh posù
gmsopmrià`gh poro meehs, `nieush gmspuàs gme posh gm cuijhs oÿhs.
¸Iuïe smrão mejmr`gh,
o un pumaeh prhpùs`th gm prhbmr`r
osustogh, ocmnozos
s`n emy y prhieocor
y gmsmspmrogh, prhcmsos
o cmnhs qum
sm gà phr smntogh qum msos ocmnozos y prhcmsos phgãon smr
mntmng`gos, oe cmnhs eh subì`mntm ihch poro qum me pumaeh
rmsphng`mro ihn bm y orrmpmnt`c`mnth8 Eo prmsmniò gm ehs prhbmtos,
ehs «oahkoghs gme poith¶ gm G`hs, t`mnm smnt`gh sheh s` sm go phr
smntogh qum tmnãon me gmrmijh gm tronsc`t`r ehs punths gm eo emy qum
me pumaeh gmamrão joamr ihnhi`gh y smku`gh, pmrh qum joaãon
`knhrogh. Mn rmoe`gog, eo mstruituro suayoimntm gm thgh me Ont`kuh
Wmstocmnth suphnm qum ehs tmxths sonths shn vmjãiuehs ogmiuoghs
poro
rozùn,eo Nmjmcãos
tronsc`s`ùnpumgm
gm eosgmi`rnhs
`ntmni`hnms
qumy Msgros
gmsmhs ygmehs
G`hs. Thr mso
soimrghtms
«emãon mn me eàrh gm eo emy gm G`hs ieorocmntm, y phnãon me smnt`gh,
gm chgh qum mntmng`msmn eo emituro¶ (Nmj. :<:)< nh sheh su
`ntmrprmtoi`ùn, s`nh me s`kn`bìogh gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs.
Mstm c`sch oimrioc`mnth o eo Msir`turo bum ihcport`gh phr Lmsüs
y ehs opùsthems. Ghimnos gm vmims Lmsüs opmeù o un tmxth gme
Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth,
Wmstocmnth, pmnsongh qum gìjo opmeoi`ùn gmlorão zonlogh
me tmco. Msth `cpeìo qum Lmsüs irmão nh sheh qum me Ont`kuh
Wmstocmnth tmnão outhr`gog, s`nh qum tmnão un s`kn`bìogh `noetmroaem
qum eo kmntm gmamrão smr iopoz gm rmihnhimr. Brmiumntmcmntm,
Lmsüs sm rmbmrão o eos Msir`turos ihch mv`gmniò gm eo vmroi`gog gm

su mnsmÿonzo (vmr Ct. 1?<71-776 Cr. ?4<7-06 Ln. ?4<97-9=). Htros

vmims, Àe rmprmng`ù o eo ieosm g`r`kmntm lugão phr nh ihnbhrcorsm
i hnbhrcorsm o eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs (Ct. 1?<?96 Cr. ;<2-?9). «@g, pums, y oprmngmg eh qum
s`kn`bìo< C`smrìhrgò qu`mrh, y nh soir`bì`h¶, g`lh Lmsüs mn uno
hios`ùn (Ct. 0<?9), suk`r`mngh qum meehs gmaãon joamr mntmng`gh gm
quà
joamrconmro mstm vmrsãiueh
Àe ihc`gh gm Hsmos
ihn puaeìonhs y sm opeìoao oeYm`s
pmioghrms. «msiïngoeh¶ phr
vmims Lmsüs
prmkunto< «¸Nh joaà`s emãgh…8¶, suk`r`mngh qum s` sus hphnmntms
jua`mron ihnhi`gh cmlhr eos Msir`turos, nh joarãon ihcmt`gh me mrrhr
qum mstoaon ihcmt`mngh. Lmsüs sm oimrioao o eo rmvmeoi`ùn msir`to
gm G`hs ihch s` pug`mro smr ihnhi`go y ihcprmng`go. P ehs
opùsthems jì`mrhn eh c`sch, i`tongh gm eos Msir`turos, rozhnongh o
port`r gm meeos, oeug`mngh o meeos y joeeongh mn meeos sot`sboii`ùn,
gongh phr smntogh qum mshs tmxths tmnãon un s`kn`bìogh ihrrmith y
ehs opùsthems mstoaon mn phsms`ùn gm msm s`kn`bìogh.
e `cpmrot`vh gm eo ieor`gog
Me
M
Eo
Eo ieor`gog gm eo Msir`turo ms uno gm msos ghitr`nos qum nh
mxtroÿochs josto qum yo nh eo tmnmchs. Ihnstontmcmntm mstï
s`mngh shiovogo phr ir`stònhs a`mn `ntmni`hnoghs (y o vmims nh ton
a`mn `ntmni`hnoghs) qum p`mnson qum eo cmlhr portm gm eo p`mgog ms
iumst`hnor eo `ntme`kàè`gog gm eo rmvmeoi`ùn vmraoe. Ehs rmths o eo
ieor`gog gm eo Msir`turo ihc`mnzon s`mngh pmqumÿhs y, oe pr`ni`p`h,
sumnon jucègms y prïitìhs. Tmrh, oe b`noe, s` pmrgmchs mstm otràuth
gm eo Msir`turo ‗mnsmÿogh ieorocmntm h, s`cpemcmntm supumsth, mn
eos pïk`nos gm eo Aàeò‗, pmrgmchs eos vmrgogms cïs prmi`hsos
konogos ihn cuijh msbumrzh, qum eo @kemsò gmam tmnmr poro irmimr
y behrmimr.
behrmimr. Joy cuijh mn lumkh ihn msto ghitr`no.
Tr`cmrh, me ghn gme emnkuolm juconh mstï mn lumkh. Yumno
jucègm gmi`r< «Nh phgmchs phnmr o G`hs mn uno iolo. i olo. Nh phgmchs
gmb`n`reh ihn me emnkuolm juconh. Y` pug`àrochs gmb`n`reh ihn
numstros poeoaros, Àe yo nh smrão G`hs. Eo Msir`turo s`cpemcmntm
nhs go un rmk`strh `nsp`rogh gm smrms juconhs trotongh gm gmsirà`r
ehs c`stmr`hs qum mstïn cïs oeeï gm cmros poeoaros y gme emnkuolm¶.
Msh sumno a`mn, `nieush nhaem. Tmrh joy voròs suphsì`hnms hiuetos
mn un sheèhqu`h ihch msm<

• Y` G`hs nh pumgm smr gmsir`th ihn poeoaros mxjoust`vocmntm,

o gmi`r vmrgog, Àe nh pumgm smr gmsir`th gm n`nkuno conmro.
• Eo Msir`turo nh ms G`hs rmvmeïnghsm o nhshtrhs, s`nh me
rmk`strh gm smrms juconhs trotongh gm ihcprmngmr o G`hs.
• Me emnkuolm juconh ms ton `rrmcmgòaemcmntm gmbmituhsh,
`nmxoith m `cphtmntm g`v`no.
poro eo ihcunìoi`ùn ihch poro vhevmreh un cmg`h `nsmrvàem

Iogo uno gm mstos suphsì`hnms mstï mrrogo. Yheh phrqum G`hs nh
pumgo smr ihnhi`gh mxjoust`vocmntm, nh s`kn`bìo qum nh phgochs
ihnhimreh gm n`nkuno conmro. Ehs tmùehkhs jon g`st`nku`gh s`mcprm
mntrm me ihnhi`c`mnth orqumtãpìh (me qum G`hs t`mnm gm sã c`sch) y
me ihnhi`c`mnth mitãpìh (me qum nhshtrhs tmnmchs mn v`rtug gm su
outhrrmvmeoi`ùn). P mn n`nkuno portm Lmsüs h ehs opùsthems troton oe
Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth
Wmstocmnth ihch rmbemx`hnms juconos sharm eh g`v`nh, cïs
a`mn ms eo vhz gme Mspãr`tu Yonth (Jij. 7<1=6 Jm. 9<;) y eo prhpò
`nsp`roi`ùn gm G`hs (1 W`. 9<?2).
Cïs ihnirmtocmntm, oe emnkuolm juconh, ounqum o vmims ms
`cpmrbmith m `cprmi`sh, sm eh ihns`gmro un ghn g`v`nh. G`hs ms me
pr`cmrh mn joaeor mn me un`vmrsh. Toro smr cïs prmi`shs, su poeoaro
trom me un`vmrsh o eo mx`stmniò (Jm. ??<9). Mnthnims, Àe sm oimrio o
Ogïn ihn poeoaros, mspmrongh qum me phrtoghr gm eo `cokmn
ihcprmngo eh qum àe ihcunìo y hamgmzio sus mstotuths. ¸P qu`àn
ms oe pr`ni`p`h qu`mn gmsobão eo ieor`gog gm eo rmvmeoi`ùn vmraoe8 Ms
eo smrp`mntm, phn`mngh mn gugo s` eh qum G`hs jo gìjh rmoecmntm ms
eh qum Ogïn y Mvo em jon msiuijogh gmi`r (Kn. 9<?).
G`hs ms me joaeontm g`v`nh, ontmimgmntm gm thgo joaeo jucono. Eo
boiè`gog gme emnkuolm ms portm gme ghn qum G`hs nhs go gm sã c`sch.
]no ihso ms gmi`r qum G`hs nh pumgm smr ihnhi`gh oasheutocmntm h
ihntmn`gh mn oekün s`stmco vmraoe6 ms oprhpògh ogc`t`r qum me
emnkuolm pumgm smr usogh mnkoÿhsocmntm y mstï sulmth o eo
oca`kõmgog. Tmrh, s` shchs irmoghs o `cokmn gm G`hs, nh joy
gugo gm qum mniolochs ihch ihcpoÿmrhs gm ihnvmrsoi`ùn poro me
G`hs qum mcpmzù me un`vmrsh phr eo poeoaro. Me emnkuolm juconh ms
un cmg`h irmogh g`v`nocmntm o trovàs gme iuoe, G`hs, gmsgm me
c`sch pr`ni`p`h, ausiù joimr qum Àe y sus ioc`nhs bumron
ihnhi`ghs.

Ymkungh, me ghn gm eo eàmrtog jucono mstï mn lumkh. Eo ghitr`no

prhtmstontm gm eo pmrspìu`gog ms unh gm ehs bungocmnths poro eo
eàmrtog rme`k`hso mn Hii`gmntm. @cpeãi`th mn eo ob`rcoi`ùn gm eo
ieor`gog gm eo Msir`turo mstï me rmihnhi`c`mnth gm qum ehs `ng`v`guhs
t`mnmn eo rmsphnsoaè`gog y eo joaè`gog poro `ntmrprmtor eo Msir`turo
phr sã c`schs<
j`sthrò nh oportm
y eo trogì`ùn, gmmrugì`ùn.
h eo eo ihcun`gog
Tmrh,h s`n
mn phnmr
üet`co otmni`ùn
`nstoniò,o eo
eo
ghitr`no gm eo pmrspìu`gog s`kn`bìo qum yh msthy bhrzogh o `r mn
ihntro gm c` c`sco ihni`mniò. Yheh Lmsüs, joaeongh cmgòntm eo
Toeoaro, ms Ymÿhr gm eo ihni`mniò.
Thr supumsth, mstos ghitr`nos prhtmstontms jon oa`mrth uno pumrto
o thgo ieosm gm prhaemcos, ihch g`v`s`hnms, `ntmrprmtoi`hnms
mxiàntrìos, `ng`v`guoe`sch gmsmnbrmnogh y ihsos s`cèorms. Tmrh, o
pmsor gm msths pme`krhs, eo eàmrtog qum prhtmkm eo pmrspìu`gog voem
eo pmno me ihsth. Jmrcon Aov`nif mxpeìo<
Mn ihnlunth, s`n mcaorkh, eos gmsvmntolos nh supmron o eos vmntolos. Thrqum eo
nmkoi`ùn gm eo ieor`gog gm eo Msir`turo eemvo ihn meeo eo sulmi`ùn gme eoìh oe soimrghtm,
h gm eo ihni`mniò gm uno pmrshno o eo `kemsò. Eo eàmrtog gm rme`k`ùn y eo ihni`mniò
jucono, gm eo `kemsò y eo tmhehkão, pmrconmim h sm gmrrucao ihn eo pmrspìu`gog gm
eo Msir`turo. Yheh msto pumgm contmnmr eo eàmrtog gme ir`stònh6 ms me hr`kmn y eo
korontão gm eo eàmrtog gm rme`k`ùn, osã ihch gm numstros eàmrtogms pheãtìos. Oun uno
eàmrtog qum nh pumgm smr hatmn`go y khzogo oportm gm ehs pme`krhs gme eàmrt`nolm y me
ioprìjh, thgovão ms prmbmr`go o eo t`ronão qum supr`cm eo eàmrtog.V=S
eàmrtog.V=S

Eo ghitr`no aãaeìo gm eo pmrspìu`gog pumgm smr iouso gm oaush.
Tmrh oun gmspuàs gm uno smr`m gm coeos `ntmrprmtoi`hnms y ehs
hios`hnoems thghs ihntro thghs gme prhtmstont`sch, voem eo pmno
pokor
numstrosme prmi`h poro emmr
ihni`mniòs eo Aàeò
gogos phr nhshtrhs
phr G`hs c`schsEo
(m `cpmrbmitos). gm eàmrtog
oiumrghgm
o
`ngokoi`ùn y mxprms`ùn rme`k`hso nh smrão phsàem s`n eo ihnbònzo mn
eo ieor`gog gm eo Msir`turo.
Wmrimrh, mstï mn lumkh iùch ms G`hs. Eo bontïstìo haro gm G. O.
Iorshn, Eo chrgozo gm G`hs,V2S mstï
V2S mstï oprhpògocmntm t`tueogo. Mn me
ihrozùn gme msimptì`sch phschgmrnh sharm ihnhimr o G`hs joy
uno ihnimpi`ùn `nbmr`hr sharm iùch ms G`hs. Me tmco nh ms s` shchs
subì`mntmcmntm orrhkontms ihch poro pmnsor qum nhs jmchs
oshcogh o ehs rmihvmihs gm eo mtmrn`gog y ihcprmngmchs o G`hs
hcn`si`mntmcmntm. Me tmco ms s` G`hs ms eo ieosm gm G`hs qum mstï

gmsmhsh gm ihcunìorsm ihn sus iròturos y pumgm joimreh

mbmit`vocmntm. ¸Tumgm G`hs joaeor h mstï ochrgozogh8
_u`zï msiuijostm oekuno vmz eo pmqumÿo j`sthrò gm ehs sm`s
i`mkhs y me membontm. Joy sm`s i`mkhs thiongh un membontm, trotongh
gm gmtmrc`nor quà ms eh qum s`mntmn. ]n jhcarm thio me v`mntrm gme
on`coe y p`mnsoHtrh
ms un oaonìh. qum p`mnso
ms uno qum
pormg. Htrhms
eo iheo okorro eo hrmlo
uno shko. y p`mnso
Whghs qum
ovonzon
y iogo unh okorro uno portm gme membontm s`n qum n`nkunh gm meehs
smpo quà ms eh qum rmoecmntm mstï thiongh. ¸Iuïe ms me halmt`vh gm
eo j`sthrò8 Whghs shchs i`mkhs iuongh sm troto gm G`hs.
Ihnhimchs uno portm gm Àe, pmrh nh soamchs rmoecmntm qu`àn ms
Àe. N`nkunh mstï cïs oimrtogh qum ehs gmcïs. Y`cpemcmntm
mstochs thiongh mn eo hsiur`gog, pmnsongh qum soamchs cïs gm eh
qum soamchs.
Y`n mcaorkh, joy ghs prhaemcos mnhrcms ihn msto onoehkão.
Toro mcpmzor,
eo vmntolo thgo
gm qum eo j`sthrò
ihnhim mstï mxpeìogo
ieorocmntm phr oeku`mn
qum me membontm ms unqum t`mnm
membontm.
Toro qum eo j`sthrò cumstrm su halmt`vh, me norroghr t`mnm qum tmnmr
un ieorh y mxoith ihnhi`c`mnth
i hnhi`c`mnth gme membontm. Eo smkungo boeeo ms oün
cïs krovm. Eo j`sthrò ms uno gmsir`pi`ùn pmrbmitocmntm aumno gm
eo `niopoi`gog jucono mn iumst`hnms gm eh g`v`nh. Yhchs i`mkhs m
`niopoims gm ihnhimr o G`hs phr numstrhs prhp`hs cmg`hs. Tmrh eo
j`sthrò nunio ihns`gmro eo iumst`ùn qum rhcpm ihn ehs ont`kuhs
chegms< ¸P s` me membontm joaeoro8 ¸P s` ems g`lmro o ehs i`mkhs< «Eo
mstruituro qum pormim uno pormg ms c` ihstogh. Me oaonìh ms mn
rmoe`gog
g`lmro c` msh,
thgh hrmlo.¸ihns`gmrorãon
P msh nh ms uno
ehs shko, ms unosmr
sm`s i`mkhs iheo¶8
cïs Y` me membontm
jucègms phr
`knhror su poeoaro8
Nh gmamchs smporor eo mp`stmchehkão (msth ms, numstro tmhrão gm
eh qum ihnhimchs y iùch eh ihnhimchs) gme rmsth gm eo tmhehkão.
Msths gmaotms oet`shnontms sharm pmrspìu`gog y jmrcmnàutìo
rmoecmntm t`mnmn qum vmr ihn me iorïitmr gm G`hs. ¸Ms G`hs
subì`mntmcmntm soa`h poro gorsm o ihnhimr8 ¸Ms subì`mntmcmntm
aumnh poro joimrsm oiimsàem8 ¸Ms subì`mntmcmntm eemnh gm kroiò
ihch poro ihcunìorsm gm conmros ihcprmnsàems ihn me consh y
me jucègm8 ¸H nhs go G`hs congoc`mnths qum nh phgmchs

ihcprmngmr y uno outhrrmvmeoi`ùn qum prhphnm cïs prmkuntos qum

rmspumstos8
B`noecmntm, qu`àn ms G`hs ms eh qum mstï mn lumkh. Eo ghitr`no gm
eo ieor`gog gm eo Msir`turo `ns`stm qum `nieush me g`siãpueh cïs s`cpem
pumgm ihcprmngmr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs y pumgm smr soevh. Y`n msto
ghitr`no, t`mnms
soimrghtms8 ¸Ymqumemsprmkuntortm< ¸Ms eo oAàeò
pumgmn ihnbòr sheh poro
ehs eoìhs eos posthrms
Yokrogosy
Msir`turos8 ¸Ym nmims`to smr un mrug`th poro ihcprmngmr rmoecmntm
eo Toeoaro gm G`hs8 ¸Ym nmims`to un ihnhi`c`mnth prïitìh gm
kr`mkh y jmarmh, gme lugoãsch gme smkungh tmcpeh, gm eos
ihstucarms krmih-rhconos, gm eo rme`k`ùn gme Hr`mntm imrionh, h eo
irãtìo gm eo rmgoii`ùn, gme onïe`s`s irãtìh gm eos bumntms, y gme
onïe`s`s irãtìh gm eos bhrcos8 ¸Ms G`hs un G`hs poro me soamehthgh
sheocmntm8 Ihch prmkunto Q. I. Yprhue< «¸_uà ieosm gm G`hs
rmvmeorão su ochr y rmgmni`ùn mn tàrc`nhs ton tàinìhs y ihnimpths
ton prhbunghs
phgrão qum sheh un
ihcprmngmrehs8¶.
ihcprmngmrehs8¶.V;SV;Siumrph gm àe`tm gm mrug`ths prhbms`hnoems
[èeòc Wyngoem (?707-?=92) o cmnugh bum g`bocogh y mstuvh mn
pme`krh phr sus msbumrzhs poro trogui`r eo Aàeò mn me `g`hco ihcün
gm eo kmntm. Mn uno hios`ùn, iuongh g`siutão ihn un «mrug`th¶, àe
rmsphng`ù< «Y` G`hs prmsmrvo c` v`go cuijhs oÿhs, vhy o joimr qum
un cuijoijh qum `cpueso un orogh smpo cïs gm eo Msir`turo qum
ustmg¶.V:S
ustmg¶. V:S Msh ms ihnbònzo mn eo ghitr`no gm eo ieor`gog gm eo
Msir`turo6 y msh em ihstù eo v`go o Wyngoem. Cur`ù phr mstronkueoi`ùn
y su iogïvmr bum qumcogh mn eo peozo gm eo iùgog. G`knocmntm, mn
eo mstoio
hlhs ieocù
gme rmy mstos üet`cos
gm @nkeotmrro¶.V0S
@nkeotmrro¶. poeoaros
V0S Yã,
Yã, Ymÿhr,mn vhznumstrhs
oarm oeto< «Ymÿhr, oarm vmr
hlhs poro ehs
me phgmr y pr`vèmk`h qum tmnmchs oe emmr eos Msir`turos mn un
emnkuolm qum phgmchs ihcprmngmr. Oarm numstrhs hlhs poro
ihntmcpeor ihsos corovèehsos mn tu emy. Oarm numstrhs hlhs poro vmr
eo vmrgog qum tü jos pumsth ieorocmntm ontm nhshtrhs.
G`hs eh gmlù mn ieorh ‗poro thghs nhshtrhs‗6 sheh nmims`tochs
hlhs poro vmr.

V?S Bumntm<
V?S Bumntm< www.`kemsòrmbh
www.`kemsòrmbhrcogo.ihc/Ihnbms`hn
rcogo.ihc/Ihnbms`hnX[mstc`nstmr
X[mstc`nstmr.jtce.
.jtce.
V1S Iotmi`sch gm eo @kemsò Iotùeìo, 1o mg., ?00;, portm ?, smii`ùn ?, iopãtueh 1, ortãiueh 1, @@@ V#:=, ?44S.
V1S
V9S
V9S Cottjmw Jmnry, Ihccmntory hn tjm [jhem Aàem , mg. Emse`m B. Ijurij (Krong Qop`gs, C@< \hngmrvon,
?02?), 144. Ràosm toca`àn «Wjm Temosurm hb Khg ong tjm Thssàè`ty hb Khge`nmss¶, iopãtueh = gm c` eàrh e àrh Wjm
Jhem `n Hur Jhe`nmss ([jmothn, @E< Irhsswoy,
Irhsswoy, 14?1).
V7S Luon Ioev`nh, Ioev`n‐s Ihccmntor`ms, Rheucm 1 , trog. Ijorems [èeòc A`nkjoc (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Aofmr,
V7S Luon
?009), 7?1.
V=S Jmrcon
V=S Jmrcon Aov`nif, Qmbhrcmg Ghkcotìs, Rheucm ?< Trhemkhcmno, mg. Lhjn Ahet, trog. Lhjn Rr`mng (Krong
Qop`gs, C@< Aofmr Oiogmcì, 1449), 7;0.
V2S G. O. Iorshn, Ochrgozongh o G`hs< Me ir`stòn`sch brmntm oe peuroe`sch (Aorimehno< Tuaeìoi`hnms
V2S
Ongoc`h, ?000).
V;S I`togh
V;S I`togh mn Corf G. Wjhcpshn, O Iemor ong Trmsmnt [hrg< Wjm Ieor`ty hb Yir`pturm (Ghwnmrs Krhvm, @E<
@ntmrRors`ty
@ntmrR ors`ty Trmss, 1442), ;0.
V:S
V:S Gov`g
Gov`g Gon`mee, [èeòc Wyngoem< O A`hkropjy (Nmw Jovmn, IW< Poem ]n`vmrs`ty Trmss, ?007), ;0.
V0S @aãg .,., 9:9.
V0S

=

Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms b`noe

Tosongh phr Onbãphe`s y Ophehnò, eemkorhn o Wmsoeùnìo, ghngm joaão uno s`nokhko
gm ehs lugãhs. P Toaeh, ihch oihstucaroao, bum o meehs, y phr trms gãos gm rmphsh
g`siut`ù ihn meehs, gmieorongh y mxphn`mngh phr cmg`h gm eos Msir`turos, qum mro
nmimsor`h qum me Ir`sth pogmi`msm, y rmsui`tosm gm ehs cumrths6 y qum Lmsüs, o qu`mn
yh hs onuni`h, gmião àe, ms me Ir`sth. P oekunhs gm meehs irmymrhn, y sm luntorhn ihn
Toaeh y ihn Yèos6 y gm ehs kr`mkhs pòghshs kron nücmrh, y culmrms nhaems nh
phios. Mnthnims ehs lugãhs qum nh irmãon, tmn`mngh imehs, thcorhn ihns`kh o oeoekunhs
kunhs
hi`hshs, jhcarms coehs, y luntongh uno turao, oeahrhtorhn eo iùgog6 y osoetongh eo
ioso gm Losùn, prhiuroaon soiorehs oe pumaeh. Tmrh nh joeeïnghehs, trolmrhn o Losùn
y o oekunhs jmrconhs ontm eos outhr`gogms gm eo iùgog, kr`tongh< Msths qum
trosthrnon me cungh mntmrh toca`àn jon vmn`gh oiï6 o ehs iuoems Losùn jo rmià`gh6 y
thghs àsths ihntrov`mnmn ehs gmirmths gm Iàsor, gì`mngh qum joy htrh rmy, Lmsüs. P
oeahrhtorhn oe pumaeh y o eos outhr`gogms gm eo iùgog, hymngh mstos ihsos. Tmrh
hatmn`go bònzo gm Losùn y gm ehs gmcïs, ehs shetorhn.
@ncmgòtocmntm, ehs jmrconhs mnvòrhn gm nhijm o Toaeh y o Yèos josto Amrmo. P
meehs, joa`mngh eemkogh, mntrorhn mn eo s`nokhko gm ehs lugãhs. P àsths mron cïs
nhaems qum ehs qum mstoaon mn Wmsoeùnìo, pums rmià`mrhn eo poeoaro ihn thgo
sheì`tug, msiugr`ÿongh iogo gão eos Msir`turos poro vmr s` mstos ihsos mron osã. Osã
qum irmymrhn cuijhs gm meehs, y culmrms kr`mkos gm g`st`ni`ùn, y nh phihs jhcarms.
Iuongh ehs lugãhs gm Wmsoeùnìo sup`mrhn qum toca`àn mn Amrmo mro onuniògo eo
poeoaro gm G`hs phr Toaeh, bumrhn oeeï, y toca`àn oeahrhtorhn o eos cuet`tugms. Tmrh
`ncmgòtocmntm ehs jmrconhs mnvòrhn o Toaeh qum bumsm joiò me cor6 y Yèos y
W`chtmh sm qumgorhn oeeã. P ehs qum sm joaãon mniorkogh gm ihngui`r o Toaeh em
eemvorhn o Otmnos6 y joa`mngh rmià`gh hrgmn poro Yèos y W`chtmh, gm qum v`n`msmn o
àe eh cïs prhnth qum pug`msmn, soe`mrhn.
JMIJHY ?;<?-?=

Msths ghs mp`shg`hs (unh mn Wmsoeùnìo y htrh mn Amrmo) t`mnmn
cuijh mn ihcün. Mn ocaos iùgogms, Toaeh ihcmnzù su tormo
mvonkmeãstìo mn eo s`nokhko (vv. ?, ?4). Mn ocaos hios`hnms vmchs
v mchs
eo Toeoaro prhieocogo y mxoc`nogo, y me ush gm eo rozùn y eo
pmrsuos`ùn (vv. 1, 9, 7, ??, ?9). P, mn ocahs ioshs, eo rmspumsto
kmnmroe bum s`cèor< ihntrhvmrsò rmsuetontm phrqum oekunhs
rmià`mrhn eo Toeoaro (vv.
(vv. 7, ?1) c`mntros qum htrhs rmsphng`mrhn ihn
hg`h (vv. =, ?9). Eos mcprmsos c`s`hnmros mn Wmsoeùnìo y Amrmo
bumrhn s`cèorms mn vor`hs ospmiths y cuy pormi`gos o eo mxpmr`mniò
gm Toaeh oe prmgìor me mvonkme`h mn htros iùgogms krmihrrhconos.
Y`n mcaorkh, nh bumrhn s`cèorms mn thghs ehs ospmiths. Eos
ihcporoi`hnms cmni`hnogos pumgmn smr mnkoÿhsos mn un ospmith.

C`mntros qum eo prmgìoi`ùn gme mvonkme`h bum ihntrhvmrt`go mn

ocaos iùgogms, eos cuet`tugms bumrhn oeahrhtogos mn Amrmo phrqum
ehs lugãhs gm Wmsoeùnìo joaãon `gh o ok`toreos. Oun iuongh me
ahsqumlh aïsìh gm mvmnths ms me c`sch, phgmchs vmr un ieorh
ihntrostm mntrm ehs oimrioc`mnths gm ehs gm Wmsoeùnìo y ehs gm
Amrmo
ihn rmspmith o eo Toeoaro gm G`hs.
Ehs tmotroems tmsoeùnìmns
tmsoeùnìmnsms
ms
Eo oit`tug gm ehs tmsoehnìmnsms joiò eo vmrgog gme mvonkme`h ms
Eo
gmstruit`vo, royongh mn eh gme`rontm. Toro mcpmzor, su luì`h mstï
nuaeogh phr prmluì`h pmrshnoe. O ehs lugãhs nh ems kusto qum Toaeh
smo phpueor (Jij. ?;<=). Mn rmoe`gog, ms ios` smkurh qum thghs ehs
ihnvmrt`ghs mn Wmsoeùnìo soe`mrhn gme pokon`sch, nh gme lugoãsch
(? Ws. ?<0). Me prhp`h pumaeh gm Toaeh `knhrù su cmnsolm, phrqum
pmnsoaon qum àe mro uno pmrshno gmcosògh `nbeuymntm.
Gmsobhrtunogocmntm, msto ieosm gm prmluì`hs suimgm cuy o
cmnugh. Eo kmntm gmsmst`co eo Toeoaro gm G`hs phrqum eo cüsìo
mn eo `kemsò mstï gmcosògh oeto, h ms gmcosògh ont`kuo, h eo
`kemsò ms gmcosògh pmqumÿo, h gmcosògh krongm, h phrqum me
posthr sm v`stm gm bhrco mxtroÿo, h phrqum uno vmz ihnhi`mrhn o un
coe ir`stònh, h phrqum nh qu`mrmn smr ihch sus pogrms.
P o vmims nhshtrhs mnihntrochs oekuno rozùn poro rmijozor eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs, phrqum nh mstochs `ntmrmsoghs mn joimr eh qum
gìm. Ihch rmcoriù uno vmz Oeghus Juxemy, me bochsh outhr gm ]n
cungh bme`z , qu`mn `niurs`hnù mn me c`stì`sch hr`mntoe y eo EYG<

Toro cã, ihch
s`nsmnt`gh bum uns`n gugo poromsmniòe
`nstrucmnth eo coyhrão gm c`s ihntmcphrïnmhs,
gm eàmroi`ùn. Eo eàmroi`ùn qumeogmsmïaochs
bèhshbão gme
bum s`cuetïnmocmntm eàmroi`ùn gm i`mrth s`stmco pheãtìh y mihnùcìh, y eàmroi`ùn gm
i`mrth s`stmco gm chroe`gog. Halmtïaochs eo chroe`gog phrqum `ntmrbmrão ihn numstro
eàmrtog smxuoe6 halmtïaochs me s`stmco pheãtìh y mihnùcìh phrqum mro `nlusth.V?S
`nlusth.V?S

Y`n gugo, oekunos pmrshnos rmijozon me mvonkme`h y eo Aàeò phr
uno kmnu`no prmhiupoi`ùn `ntmemituoe, pmrh msthy ihnvmni`gh qum,
ihn `kuoe brmiumniò, gmamn iueporsm oe hrkueeh y oe prmluì`h
pmrshnoe. Nh nhs kusto eo kmntm qum mnsmÿo eo Aàeò y nh nhs kusto
eh qum eo Aàeò mnsmÿo. Mnthnims hphnmchs b`rcmcmntm numstrhs
ihrozhnms cumrths o eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, osã ihch jì`mrhn ehs
tmsoehnìmnsms.

Ehs tmsoehnìmnsms toca`àn mstoaon i`mkhs o sus prhpòs

ihntrogìi`hnms. ¸Oekuno vmz jos ihnhi`gh o uno pmrshno qum
jì`mro msto gmieoroi`ùn prhphsì`hnoe< «Nh pumgh irmmr mn uno
rme`k`ùn ihnstru`go sharm uno vmrgog prhphsì`hnoe¶, h qum
prhnuniòro me smnt`c`mnth `nthemrontm< «Nh pumgh shphrtor o mshs
`caàièms `nthemrontms¶8
tmsoehnìmnsms. Meehs sm]no ihntrogìi`ùn
qumloaon gm qums`cèor sm mxjàmjoaãon
ehs ir`stònhs mn ehs
iousogh prhaemcos y trosthrnogh «me cungh mntmrh¶ (Jij. ?;<2).
Mnthnims, ¸quà jì`mrhn8 Bhrcorhn uno turao, oeahrhtorhn eo iùgog
y soiorhn gm su ioso o un jhcarm eeocogh Losùn (vv. =-2). Meehs nh
phgãon vmr eo ihntrogìi`ùn gm su mcamst`go ihntro Toaeh y Yèos, y
mstoaon i`mkhs o sus prhp`hs pmioghs y su ghaem chroe. Osã ihch me
mstugòntm qum sm n`mko o «`r ihn eo ihrr`mntm¶ y mn ioca`h sm v`stm,
joaeo, ihcpro, p`mnso y pm`no ihch htrhs cèms gm «rmamegms¶. H
ihch eo pmrshno irãtìo qum orrmcmtm ihntro eo irãtìo, h me eãgmr qum
gìm «iumst`hnor
pmrshno eo outhr`gog¶
qum prms`hno aosogh
su chroe`gog mn su sharm
eàmrt`no prhpò thgh
outhr`gog, h eo
me cungh,
phrqum mstï ionsogo gm qum thghs prms`hnmn sharm meeo su prhpò
chroe`gog. Oekunos pmrshnos rmijozon eo Toeoaro gm G`hs phrqum
s`mcprm hasmrvon mn htrhs eh qum nunio vmn mn sã c`scos.
P iuongh eo kmntm mstï eemno gm prmluì`hs y i`mko o sus prhpòs
ihntrogìi`hnms, tmrc`non otoiongh o ehs gmcïs mn vmz gm
prmsmntor orkucmnths. Ehs tmsoehnìmnsms rmiurrmn oe oaush vmraoe
(v. 2), g`sthrs`hnongh eo vmrgog (v. ;), y oe osoeth bãsìh (v. =). Msto ms
uno turao cuy gè`kmntm, ioc`norhn cïs gm 24 fèùcmtrhs josto
Amrmo, mn Nh
g`siãpuehs. un mstoaon
msbumrzh`ntmrmsoghs
phr phnmr mno uno
eo iùgog mn ihntro
ihns`gmroi`ùn gm ehs
rozhnoaem
gm eos ob`rcoi`hnms ir`stònos. Mstoaon `ntmrmsoghs mn eo
gmstruii`ùn ihcpemto gm uno smito qum meehs yo joaãon gmi`g`gh qum
mro pme`krhso y g`kno gm smr gmsprmiògo. Oekunhs hphnmntms gm eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs trolmrhn jhnmstocmntm sus halmi`hnms, pmrh htrhs
nunio sm gmtuv`mrhn mn `nvmst`kor eos Msir`turos phr sã c`schs. Po
joaãon gmi`g`gh qum eo Aàeò mro ontì`mniò, ont`culmrms,
ont`jhchsmxuoe`sch, s`n s`qu`mro prmhiuporsm gm gmb`n`r mshs
tàrc`nhs h `nvmst`kor eo Aàeò rozhnongh ihn ioeco y ihn uno cmntm
oa`mrto.

Cmlhr ehs gm Amrmo

Ehs lugãhs gm Amrmo, mn ioca`h, bumrhn cïs nhaems qum sus
Ehs
jhcùehkhs mn Wmsoeùnìo, pums mstoaon jocar`mnths gm hãr eo
Toeoaro y bumrhn pmrs`stmntms mn mstugòr eos Msir`turos (v. ??). Eos
mxoc`noaon gòròcmntm poro vmr s` eo poeoaro gm Toaeh phgão smr
ophyogo phr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Mxoc`noaon eos ihsos prhaongh eh
qum hãon, gè`kmntms mn g`simrn`r iuïe mro eo vmrgog.
Iuongh cm prmsmnth mn g`bmrmntms ihnbmrmniòs m `kemsòs, o
cmnugh cm shrprmngh gm iuïn phio kmntm sm prmhiupo mn c`ror su
Aàeò iuongh msthy joaeongh. Ymrï pmrmzo, smrï gmsiu`gh, h oekuno
htro ihso, pmrh nh ms un aumn jïa`th. Ph nh tmnkh outhr`gog phr cã
c`sch. Nh qu`mrh qum eo kmntm s`cpemcmntm oimptm eh qum g`kh
phrqum yh eh g`kh. Me pumaeh gm G`hs gmamrão prhaor thgh ihn eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs. Po smo qum mnsmÿmchs h msiuijmchs,
nmims`tochs tmnmr numstros Aàeòs oa`mrtos ihch ehs gm Amrmo.
Iogo gão,
mvonkme`h gmehs gm Amrmo
Toaeh msiugr`ÿoaon
tmnão outhr`gog eosy Msir`turos
g`v`no6 poro vmr
meehs ihnb`rcorhn s` eh
qum me
qum hãon mstoao gm oiumrgh ihn eo Msir`turo, «osã qum irmymrhn¶ (v.
?1). Ehs gm Amrmo mron cïs nhaems qum ehs tmsoehnìmnsms phrqum
mstoaon ihcpemtocmntm suc`shs o eos Msir`turos. Meehs oimptorãon
oekh numvh s` pug`mro smr ophyogh phr eos Msir`turos. Meehs irmmrãon
oekh ihntrhvmrt`gh, s` mstuv`mro aosogh mn eos Msir`turos. Meehs
mstoaon g`spumsths o smku`r o Ir`sth phr me rmsth gm su v`go, o
ihngì`ùn gm qum, mn me prhimsh, s`ku`mron o eos Msir`turos.
Mstm posolm gmcumstro pmrbmitocmntm quà s`kn`bìo ob`rcor eo
outhr`gog gm eoiogo
«msiugr`ÿongh Aàeò. Iuongh
gão eos gìm poro
Msir`turos qum vmr
ehs s`
gmmstos
Amrmo mstoaon
ihsos mron
osã¶ (v. ??), `cpeìo qum s` eo Msir`turo eh gmião, meehs eh irmmrãon. Y`
meehs nh phgãon joeeor qum eo mnsmÿonzo gm Toaeh mstoao ihnb`rcogo
y mro ihjmrmntm ihn eo Msir`turo, eo rmijozorãon. Eo Toeoaro msir`to
gm G`hs mro su outhr`gog y msto tmnão eo üet`co poeoaro. Eo Aàeò mro
eo poeoaro b`noe, gmspuàs gm eo iuoe n`nkuno htro poeoaro smrão
nmimsorò, y n`nkuno htro poeoaro smrão irmãgo.

]no iumst`ùn gm outhr`gog
Y` oekuno vmz tm jos prmkuntogh phr quà ehs ir`stònhs prhbmsontms
Y`
eemkon o ihnieus`hnms tmheùkìos ton g`st`ntos, oe cmnhs uno portm gm

eo rmspumsto ‗mn rmoe`gog, eo portm cïs `cphrtontm‗ t`mnm qum vmr

ihn eo iumst`ùn gm eo outhr`gog. Eos trms rocos pr`ni`poems gme
ir`stòn`sch mn Hii`gmntm (iotùeìo rhcono trogì`hnoe, prhtmstontm
eàmroe y mvonkàeìo) nh mstïn gm oiumrgh mn iùch oglugìor eos
prmtmns`hnms ihcpmt`t`vos gm eo vmrgog. Nh rmsphngmchs gm eo
c`sco conmro rmihnhim
Whgh ir`stònh o eo prmkunto< «¸Iuïe
qum, mn oekünmssmnt`gh,
numstronumstro
outhr`gog b`noe8¶.y
tmhehkão
numstro àtìo gmamn mstor «gm oiumrgh ihn eo Msir`turo¶. Tmrh
iuongh eos ihsos sm ihcpeìon mn eo g`sius`ùn tmheùkìo, ¸o qu`àn h
quà opmeochs poro joimr numstrhs oemkoths b`noems8
Bãlotm s` pumgms mnihntror eos g`bmrmniòs mn mstos trms
gmieoroi`hnms sharm eo Msir`turo y eo outhr`gog, qum rmprmsmnton
g`bmrmntms rocos gme ir`stòn`sch hii`gmntoe ihntmcphrïnmh.
Eo pr`cmro v`mnm gm Tmtmr Frmmbt, un nhtoaem msir`thr y mniontoghr
iotùeìh rhconh<
Eo @kemsò nhs go su trogì`ùn ihch uno cogrm em go o su j`lh rhpo usogo qum
prmvòcmntm yo jo s`gh usogo phr cuijhs jmrconhs h jmrconos coyhrms. Tmrh, o
g`bmrmniò gm eo rhpo tmrrmnoe, msto rhpo ms `ngmstruitàem phrqum nh mstï jmijo gm
eono h oekhgùn s`nh gm eo vmrgog6 bum `nvmntogo phr G`hs, nh phr me jhcarm. Eo
Yokrogo Wrogì`ùn (ihn «W¶ coyüsiueo) gmam smr g`st`nku`go gm thgos eos trogì`hnms
(ihn «t¶ c`nüsiueo) juconos.
Eo Yokrogo Wrogì`ùn ms portm gme «gmpùs`th gm eo bm¶, qum toca`àn `nieuym eo
Yokrogo Msir`turo. Mstï ihcpumsto gm eo `nbhrcoi`ùn gm eo @kemsò, gogo o meeo phr su
Ymÿhr.V1S
Ymÿhr. V1S

Eo smkungo gmieoroi`ùn v`mnm gm Kory Ghrr`mn, me pr`ni`poe mxpmrth
gm ehs Mstoghs ]n`ghs sharm eo tmhehkão prhtmstontm, qu`mn ms,
toca`àn, un prhtmstontm eàmroe<
Eo `gmo msmniòe gm eo tmhehkão eàmroe ms qum thgos sus ob`rcoi`hnms mn iuonth o eo
vmrgog, mn tmhehkão osã ihch mn htros g`si`pe`nos, gmamn smr jmijos sharm eo aosm gm
eo rozùn y eo mxpmr`mniò, nh opmeongh o uno outhr`gog mxtmrno. Eo Msir`turo ir`stòno
pumgm smr rmihnhi`go ihch msp`r`tuoecmntm outhr`tot`vo gmntrh gm eo mxpmr`mniò
ir`stòno, pmrh su poeoaro nh rmsumevm h mstoaemim eos prmtmns`hnms gm eo vmrgog
sharm iumst`hnms gm jmijh.V9S
jmijh.V9S

B`noecmntm, oquã joy uno tmrimro gmieoroi`ùn qum prhv`mnm gm eo
Ihnbms`ùn gm bm gm [mstc`nstmr, qum mn mstm punth ms
rmprmsmntot`vo gme mvonkmeìoe`sch cïs ocpe`h<
Me Lumz Yuprmch phr me iuoe gmamn gmi`g`rsm thgos eos ihntrhvmrsòs rme`k`hsos, thghs
ehs gmirmths gm ehs ihniè`hs, eos hp`n`hnms gm ehs jhcarms ont`kuhs, eos ghitr`nos gm

jhcarms y gm mspãr`tus pr`voghs, y mn iuyo smntmniò gmamchs gmsionsor, nh ms

?.?4).V7S
n`nkün htrh cïs qum me Mspãr`tu Yonth qum joaeo mn eos Msir`turos. ([IB ?.?4).V7S

Eos g`bmrmniòs mn mstos gmieoroi`hnms shn `cpoitontms. Toro
Frmmbt, eo trogì`ùn gm eo @kemsò ms uno outhr`gog b`noe, o eo por gm eos
Msir`turos. Toro Ghrr`mn, eo Msir`turo gmam oe`nmorsm ihn eo rozùn y
eo mxpmr`mniò. Tmrh, poro [mstc`nstmr, eo Toeoaro gm G`hs mstï
bumro, sharm y phr mni`co gm eo @kemsò y thgo hp`n`ùn jucono. Mn
thgo htro ihso mn eo qum phgochs mstor mn gmsoiumrgh ihch
iotùeìhs, eàmroems h mvonkàeìhs, gmamchs oe cmnhs mstor gm
oiumrgh mn qum ms numstro v`s`ùn gm eo Msir`turo y su outhr`gog eh
qum nhs g`v`gm.
Whgo rme`k`ùn gmsionso sharm eo outhr`gog. Mn rmoe`gog, thgo
g`si`pe`no oiogàcìo y thgo msbmro gm iumst`hnoc`mnth juconh
gmsionson sharm eo outhr`gog. Po smo qum nhs gmchs iumnto h nh,
thghs em gochs o oeku`mn h oekh eo üet`co poeoaro< o numstrhs
pogrms, numstro
oe Kha`mrnh, iueturo, mspmiòe`zogos,
o rmv`stos numstro ihcun`gog, numstrhs gm
o mniumstos smnt`c`mnths,
hp`n`ùn, o
`cprms`hnms h o un eàrh sokrogh. Whghs nhshtrhs tmnmchs o oeku`mn
h oekh o eh qum oiug`chs ihch ïra`trh b`noe mn iuonth o eo vmrgog.
Toro ehs ir`stònhs, msto outhr`gog gmsionso mn eos Msir`turos gme
Ont`kuh y me Numvh Wmstocmnth. Thr supumsth, phgmchs
ihcprmngmr y opeìor mqu`vhiogocmntm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, pmrh,
iuongh ms `ntmrprmtogo ihrrmitocmntm ‗prmstongh otmni`ùn oe
ihntmxth hr`k`noe, ihns`gmrongh me kànmrh e`tmror`h y onoe`zongh eo
`ntmni`ùn gme outhr‗, eo Aàeò nunio mstï mqu`vhiogo y nunio gmam
smr cork`nogo ihch s` nh bumro eo üet`co poeoaro gm thgh eh qum
mnsmÿo.

Ghs eàrhs, uno outhr`gog b`noe
G`hs
G`hs sm rmvmeo gm ghs conmros< o trovàs gme un`vmrsh qum phgmchs
vmr y o trovàs gm eo Msir`turo qum phgmchs hãr y emmr. Eo rmvmeoi`ùn
kmnmroe ms eo outhrrmvmeoi`ùn gm G`hs cmgòntm me cungh irmogh. Eo
rmvmeoi`ùn mspmiòe ms eo outhrrmvmeoi`ùn gm G`hs cmgòntm poeoaros
joaeogos y msir`tos gm cmnsolmrhs g`v`nocmntm `nsp`roghs. Ocahs
cmg`hs gm rmvmeoi`ùn shn `cphrtontms y ocahs shn mnsmÿoghs mn eo
Msir`turo.

O cmnugh sm jo smÿoeogh qum, ihch eo rmvmeoi`ùn mn mshs «ghs

eàrhs¶ prhv`mnm gm G`hs, ehs ghs mnsmÿon eo c`sco vmrgog. «Whgo
vmrgog ms eo vmrgog gm G`hs¶, ihch mxprmso me gìjh. Oe b`noe, nh
pumgm joamr ihnbeìth mntrm eh qum G`hs rmvmeo mn eo Msir`turo y eh
qum rmvmeo mn eo noturoemzo. Y` thghs ehs jmijhs pumgmn smr
ihnhi`ghs pmrbmitocmntm, gmamrãochs ihcprhaor qum eo Aàeò y eo
i`mniò nh sm ihntrogìmn. Ehs ir`stònhs nh t`mnmn gm quà tmcmr gm
eo `nvmst`koi`ùn i`mntãbìo r`kurhso.
Mnthnims, s` eo Aàeò ms numstro outhr`gog b`noe ‗ihch eh bum poro
ehs gm Amrmo‗, gmamchs voièor mn oaonghnor eo Aàeò iuongh
pormim qum ihntrogìm ehs «smkurhs rmsuetoghs gm eo i`mniò¶. Ph
s`cpot`zh ihn ir`stònhs qum aotoeeon phr rmihnièòr eh qum msiuijon
gm ehs i`mntãbìhs ihn eh qum vmn mn eo Aàeò sharm oekün tmco
portìueor. Nh gmamchs gmsiortor mstos iumst`hnms rïp`gocmntm. Ms
phsàem emmr eo Aàeò gm conmro mrrùnmo. Ms phsàem qum uno `kemsò
sm
gm mqu`vhqum
oiumrgh mngurontm
qum s`cuijh t`mcph.
eo Aàeò Tmrhuno
mnsmÿo thghihso
ir`stònh
y me gmam mstor
ihnsmnsh
i`mntãbìh mnsmÿo htro ihso, nh gmamchs gmsiortor eo Aàeò. Ehs ghs
eàrhs nh mstïn smporoghs, pmrh nh shn `kuoems.
Eo Ihnbms`ùn Aàekìo hbrmim uno gmb`nì`ùn mstïngor gm eo
rmvmeoi`ùn kmnmroe y eo mspmiòe<
O Àe em ihnhimchs o trovàs gm ghs cmg`hs. Mn pr`cmr eukor, phr eo irmoi`ùn,
ihnsmrvoi`ùn y kha`mrnh gme un`vmrsh< phrqum mstm ms poro numstrhs hlhs ihch un
jmrchsh eàrh mn me qum thgos eos iròturos, krongms y pmqumÿos, shn iuoe ioroitmrms
qum nhs gon o ihntmcpeor eos ihsos `nv`sàems gm G`hs, o soamr, su mtmrnh phgmr y
gm`gog, ihch gìm me opùsthe Toaeh6 thgos eos iuoems shn subì`mntms poro ihnvmnimr
o ehscïs
oün jhcarms,
ieoro yy pr`vorems gm thgophr
pmrbmitocmntm mxiuso. Mn smkungh
su sonto eukor, Àe msth
y g`v`no Toeoaro, sm nhs
ms,gotonth
o ihnhimr
ihch
nhs ms nmimsor`h mn msto v`go, poro Yu jhnro y eo soevoi`ùn gm ehs Yuyhs. (Ortãiueh 1)
V=S

Nhto eo g`bmrmniò mntrm eo rmvmeoi`ùn kmnmroe y eo mspmiòe. Eo
pr`cmro nhs go un smnt`gh gme phgmr y eo noturoemzo g`v`no gm G`hs,
gm conmro qum nhs gmlo s`n mxiusos. Eo smkungo rmvmeo o G`hs
«cïs oa`mrtocmntm¶ poro qum phgochs smr soevhs. Eo ghitr`no gm eo
rmvmeoi`ùn kmnmroe y eo mspmiòe nunio tuvh ihch halmth joimr qum
eo Aàeò sm ihnbhrcoro ort`bìòecmntm ihn n`nkuno htro g`si`pe`no
oiogàcìo. Ehs i`mehs iumnton eo kehrò gm G`hs, pmrh eo emy gm
Lmjhvï ms pmrbmito y me tmst`chn`h gm Lmjhvï ms b`me (Yoe. ?0<?, ;).

Lmsüs pumgm èustror ihn ehs e`r`hs gme iocph (Ct. 2<1:), pmrh «mstï
msir`th¶ pumgm vmnimr oe gòaeh (7<?-??).
Gm n`nkün chgh msthy gmbmng`mngh me hsiuront`sch iuongh sm
troto gm prmkuntos g`bãièms ihnimrn`mntms o eo bm y eo i`mniò. Ehs
posthrms qum nh jon tmn`gh uno ieosm gm i`mniò gmsgm eo msiumeo
smiungorò, o cmnugh shn gmcosògh g`speìmntms ihn ehs tmcos
g`bãièms prmsmntoghs phr eo kmhehkão, a`hehkão y eo kmnàtìo. Tmrh, s`n
gugo, eo corio gme ir`stònh ms irmmr mn thgh eh qum eo Aàeò mnsmÿo,
s`n `cphrtor s` oeku`mn gìm qum nh pumgm smr osã. Eos rmv`stos
oiogàcìos nh shn `nboeàems, cuijh cmnhs ehs eàrhs gm tmxth
msiheorms h eo poeoarmrão gm phio guroi`ùn. Ihch ir`stònhs,
s`mcprm gmamchs mstor g`spumsths o iocaòr gm hp`n`ùn iuongh
vmchs qum jmchs `ntmrprmtogh coe eos Msir`turos, pmrh msh poro
nogo s`kn`bìo qum gmamchs gmlor gm eogh eos Msir`turos phrqum
gurontm ehs üet`chs i`nih oÿhs ‗h i`niumnto h i`mnth i`niumnto‗
oekunhs i`mntãbìhs
eo j`sthrì`gog nhs jon
gm Ogïn `nbhrcogh
h qum gm qum
me un`vmrsh bum nh phgmchs
irmogh irmmr
o port`r gm mn
eo
nogo phr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Eo rmvmeoi`ùn kmnmroe pumgm
chstrornhs qum joy un G`hs y ihnvmnimr o ehs qum nh eh oghron
ogmiuogocmntm. Tmrh eo rmvmeoi`ùn mspmiòe joaeo cïs ieoro,
oa`mrto y outhr`tot`vocmntm. Y` eos Msir`turos t`mnmn eo üet`co poeoaro,
nunio gmamchs iocaòr n` uno lhto h uno tègm gme Yonth Eàrh,
s`cpemcmntm phrqum me eàrh gm eo noturoemzo, phr un t`mcph y gm
oiumrgh ihn oekunos vhims, pormim sukmr`r qum gmamrãochs joimreh.

Irmmr o b`n gm ihcprmngmr
Cuijhs ir`stònhs rmbemx`vhs, qum ob`rcon eo `nmrroniò y outhr`gog
Cuijhs
b`noe gm eo Msir`turo, y qum mstugòn cuijh eo Aàeò y ihn
prhbung`gog, mvmntuoecmntm trhp`mzon ihn prhaemcos mn me tmxth
aãaeìh qum nh pmrc`tmn sheui`hnms s`cpems. Joy bmijos qum shn
g`bãièms gm ihnièòr y nücmrhs qum pormimn nh mniolor. Joy
opormntms g`sirmponiòs qum nh shn bïièms gm orchn`zor y
prmkuntos s`n rmspumstos bïièms. Mstos pormimn smr ogc`s`hnms
mxtroÿos mn un iopãtueh sharm eo outhr`gog gm eo Msir`turo, pmrh ehs
ir`stònhs nh gmamchs tmnmr c`mgh gm ogc`t`r eh qum vmchs. Y`
Tmgrh mnihntrù oekunos ihsos «g`bãièms gm mntmngmr¶ mn eos iortos

gm Toaeh (1 T. 9<?2), nhshtrhs toca`àn nhs vmchs hae`koghs o mstor

pmrpemlhs oekuno qum htro vmz.
Tmrh gogh thgh eh qum yo jmchs v`sth sharm eo ghitr`no aãaeìo gm
eo Msir`turo, nh tmnmchs rozùn poro smr `nt`c`goghs phr g`bìuetogms
y opormntms g`sirmponiòs mn eo Aàeò. Cuijos gm mstos shn
bïiècmntm mxpeìogos6 y me rmsth, mn su coyhrão, t`mnm mxpeìoi`hnms
aumnos y peousàems. P poro eos phios mxtrohrg`noròs qum qumgon,
joy mxpeìoi`hnms phsàems, oun iuongh nh mstmchs smkurhs gm qum
jmchs joeeogh eo rmspumsto ihrrmito thgovão. Numstro ihnbònzo mn
eo Aàeò nh ms uno ihnbònzo `rroi`hnoe. Ehs joeeozkhs gm eo j`sthrò,
orqumhehkão y eo irãtìo tmxtuoe nhs gon cuijos rozhnms poro ihnbòr
mn me Numvh y me Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth. Tmrh cïs qum thgo eo
mv`gmniò ophehkàtìo ‗qum pumgm smr mnihntrogo phr thgh oqume
qum sm prmhiupm phr emmr ehs cmlhrms eàrhs qum mx`stmn oe rmspmith
‗, tmnmchs me tmst`chn`h gm G`hs c`sch. Eo Aàeò ms me eàrh gm
G`hs, un jmijh qum
Ihnsmiumntmcmntm, sm nhs
ihnbòr rmiumrgo mnbrmiumntmcmntm
phr ihcpemth mn mn
eo Aàeò ms ihnbòr meeo.
me
iorïitmr y eos korontãos gm G`hs, cïs gm eh qum ihnbòchs mn
numstro joaè`gog poro rozhnor y mxpeìor
mxpeìor..
Htro vmz, L. @. Toifmr eh gìm pmrbmitocmntm. Roem eo pmno emmr
emntocmntm mstm eorkh pïrrobh<
G`hs, mnthnims, nh osmvmro rmsphngmr mn eo Msir`turo thgos eos prmkuntos qum
nhshtrhs, mn numstro iur`hs`gog s`n eãc`tms, qu`s`àrochs prmkuntor sharm meeo. Àe,
s`cpemcmntm, nhs gìm tonth ihch vm qum nmims`tochs ihnhimr, ihch eo aosm poro
numstro bm. P Àe gmlo s`n rmshevmr oekunhs gm ehs prhaemcos qum surkmn gm eh qum nhs
gìm, o b`n gm mnsmÿornhs o ihnbòr jucègmcmntm mn su vmroi`gog. Eo prmkunto,
mnthnims, qum `cok`nor
¸ms rozhnoaem gmamchsqumjoimrnhs
msth msiuongh mnbrmntochs
osã8, s`nh mshsoimptor
¸ms rozhnoaem gmsihni`mrths nh ms<
eo korontão gm
G`hs gm qum msth ms osã8 ¸Ms rozhnoaem thcor eo Toeoaro gm G`hs y irmmr qum Àe jo
joaeogh eo vmrgog, oun iuongh nh phgmchs ihcprmngmr ihcpemtocmntm eh qum Àe jo
gìjh8 Eo prmkunto eemvo su prhpò rmspumsto. Nh gmamchs oaonghnor eo bm mn thgh
eh qum G`hs nhs jo mnsmÿogh cmrocmntm phrqum nh phgmchs rmshevmr thghs ehs
prhaemcos qum msh prmsmnto. Numstro prhpò ihcpmtmniò `ntmemituoe nh ms eo prumao
y cmg`go gm eo vmrgog g`v`no. Nh tmnmchs qum gmlor gm irmmr phrqum nhs boetm
mntmng`c`mnth, s`nh irmmr o b`n gm qum phgochs mntmngmr.V2S
mntmngmr. V2S

¸Ehs gm Amrmo oekuno vmz tuv`mrhn gugos qum nh phgãon
rmsphngmr sharm eos Msir`turos8 _u`zï. Nh joy conmro gm soamreh
ihn smkur`gog. Eh qum soamchs ms qum meehs bumrhn mehkòghs phr eo
s`nkueor v`rtug gm gor o eo Msir`turo eo üet`co poeoaro. Meehs prhaoaon
thgh ihn eo Msir`turo phrqum nh qumrãon oimptor eh qum eo Msir`turo

nmkoao h pmrgmrsm eh qum eo Msir`turo ob`rcoao. Meehs sm oimrioaon

o sus Aàeòs ihn eo rmvmrmniò oprhpògo sheh poro G`hs. Eh qum
t`mnm smnt`gh phrqum, mn üet`co `nstoniò, nhs ihcprhcmtmchs o eo
outhr`gog gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs phrqum me G`hs gm qu`mn ms eo
Toeoaro nhs `nbhrco qum phgmchs y nhs gìm qum gmamchs.
V?S Oeghus
V?S Oeghus Juxemy, mn Qhamrt Y. Aofmr y Locms Ymxthn, mgs., Oeghus Juxemy< Ihcpemtm Mssoys, Rheucm 7
(Eonjoc, CG< @von Q. Gmm, 144?), 920.
V1S
V1S Tmtmr Frmmbt, Iotjheì Ijr`stòn`ty< O Ihcpemtm Iotmij`sc hb Iotjheì Ijurij Ame`mbs Aosmg hn tjm
Iotmij`sc hb tjm Iotjheì Ijurij (Yon Broni`sih< @knotùs, 144?), ?:.
V9S Kory Ghrr`mn, Wjm Cof`nk hb Ocmrìon Eàmroe Wjmhehky< @gmoe`sc, Qmoe`sc, ong Chgmrn`ty, ?044’?0=4
V9S Kory
(Ehu`svèem< [mstc`nstmr Lhjn Fnhx, 1449), ?.
V7S
V7S Bumntm< www.`kemsòrmbhrcogo.ihc/Ihnbms`hnX[mstc`nstmr.jtce
V=S Bumntm< www.`kemsòrmbhrcogo.ihc/Ihnbms`hnX[mstc`nstmr.jtce
V=S
V2S L.
V2S L. @. Toifmr, ―Bungocmntoe`sc– ong tjm [hrg hb Khg (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Mmrgcons, ?0=:), ?40.

2

Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms nmimsorò

Y`n mcaorkh, joaeochs soa`gurão mntrm ehs qum jon oeionzogh cogurmz6 y soa`gurão,
nh gm mstm s`keh, n` gm ehs prãni`pms gm mstm s`keh, qum pmrmimn. Cos joaeochs
soa`gurão gm G`hs mn c`stmr`h, eo soa`gurão hiueto, eo iuoe G`hs prmgmst`nù ontms gm ehs
s`kehs poro numstro kehrò, eo qum n`nkunh gm ehs prãni`pms gm mstm s`keh ihnhi`ù6
phrqum s` eo jua`mron ihnhi`gh, nunio joarãon irui`bìogh oe Ymÿhr gm kehrò. Ontms
a`mn, ihch mstï msir`th<
Ihsos qum hlh nh v`h, n` hãgh hyù,
N` jon sua`gh mn ihrozùn gm jhcarm,
Yhn eos qum G`hs jo prmporogh poro ehs qum em ocon.
Tmrh G`hs nhs eos rmvmeù o nhshtrhs phr me Mspãr`tu6 phrqum me Mspãr`tu thgh eh
msiugr`ÿo, oun eh prhbungh gm G`hs. Thrqum ¸qu`àn gm ehs jhcarms soam eos ihsos
gme jhcarm, s`nh me mspãr`tu gme jhcarm qum mstï mn àe8 Osã tocphih nog`m ihnhi`ù
eos ihsos gm G`hs, s`nh me Mspãr`tu gm G`hs. P nhshtrhs nh jmchs rmià`gh me mspãr`tu
gme cungh, s`nh me Mspãr`tu qum prhv`mnm gm G`hs, poro qum smpochs eh qum G`hs nhs
jo ihnimg`gh, eh iuoe toca`àn joaeochs, nh ihn poeoaros mnsmÿogos phr soa`gurão
jucono, s`nh ihn eos qum mnsmÿo me Mspãr`tu, oihchgongh eh msp`r`tuoe o eh msp`r`tuoe.
? IHQ@NW@HY 1<2-?9

Eo coyhrão gm nhshtrhs, mn eh cïs prhbungh, qumrmchs eos c`scos
ihsos gm eo v`go. Thr supumsth, msthy joaeongh gm eos ihsos
`cphrtontms, nh gm eos `ncmgòtos. Mn me n`vme gm eh `ncmgòth, eo
kmntm t`mnm uno ocpeò vor`mgog gm gmsmhs. O oekunos pmrshnos ems
kusto vòlor6 o htros tmnmr uno aumno imno. O i`mrtos pmrshnos ems
kusto ghrc`r mn uno ioco ihnbhrtoaem y o htros oiocpor. Joy
cèehnms gm kusths, `ntmrmsms y posot`mcphs. Tmrh s` ausiochs mn
me ihrozùn,
ihsos< yh irmh
qumrmchs un qum thghs smr
prhpùs`th, mn me cungh
bmeìms, qumrmchs
soamr eos c`scos
qum mstochs a`mn.
_umrmchs smr portm gm oekh cïs krongm qum nhshtrhs c`schs.
_umrmchs smr ihnhi`ghs phr oeku`mn qum ms cïs `cphrtontm qum
nhshtrhs c`schs. _umrmchs v`v`r poro s`mcprm.
P, s` mijos un v`stozh o mshs gmsmhs, mnihntrorïs qum eo coyhrão
gm eos pmrshnos mstïn mspmrongh oekuno poeoaro, qum vmnko gm
oekün eogh, poro b`noecmntm ihnhimr mso aumno v`go6 qu`mrmn uno emy
h uno e`sto qum ems gà ehs poshs qum gmamn gor poro eemkor oeeã.
_u`mrmn qum su comstrh ems g`ko< «Jos oprhaogh¶, h qum sus
pogrms ems g`kon<
troaolh shÿogh h gm«Wm och¶6
su i`to qu`mrmn rmià`r
gm mnsumÿh6 qu`mrmnuno eeocogonhtìòs
hãr aumnos gm su

sharm su bhngh gm rmt`rh, su soeug h sus j`lhs. Cuijhs gm meehs mstïn

msiuijongh otmntocmntm poro hãr eo vhz cïs sokrogo qum ihnhimn<
eo suyo prhpò. P oekunhs mstïn gmsmspmroghs phr msiuijor o G`hs.
Eo ghitr`no gm eo nmims`gog gm eo Msir`turo nhs rmiumrgo numstro
s`tuoi`ùn< Oqume qum nmims`tochs ihnhimr cïs qum nogo, nh pumgm
smr gmsiua`mrth phr numstro iumnto. P msh nhs koront`zo uno
sheui`ùn< mstm c`sch @nmboaem sm jo jmijh ihnhi`gh o trovàs gm su
Toeoaro. Ihch eh mxpeìo eo Ihnbms`ùn gm [mstc`nstmr< «Ounqum eo
euz gm eo noturoemzo y eos haros gm eo irmoi`ùn y gm prhv`gmniò
con`b`mston eo ahngog, soa`gurão y phgmr gm G`hs gm toe conmro qum
ehs jhcarms qumgon s`n mxiuso, s`n mcaorkh, nh shn subì`mntms
poro gor oqume ihnhi`c`mnth gm G`hs y gm su vheuntog qum ms
nmimsor`h poro eo soevoi`ùn¶. Thr thgh eh iuoe, eo Ihnbms`ùn
ihnt`nüo, shn «cuy nmimsoròs¶ ([IB ?.?).V?S
?.?).V?S Eos Msir`turos shn
numstros kobos (phr usor eo brosm gm Ioev`nh), eos emntms o trovàs gm
eos iuoems
c`schs. Nhvmchs ogmiuogocmntm
phgmchs o G`hs, me cungh
ihnhimr vmrgogmrocmntm o G`hs,y su
o vheuntog
nhshtrhs
h me ioc`nh gm eo soevoi`ùn oportm gm eo Aàeò.
Nmims`tochs eos Msir`turos poro v`v`r eo vmrgogmro aumno v`go.
Nmims`tochs eos Msir`turos poro v`v`r poro s`mcprm. «Ymÿhr, ¸o
qu`àn `rmchs8 Wü t`mnms poeoaros gm v`go mtmrno¶ (Ln. 2<2:). Nh joy
htrh eàrh ihch eo Aàeò. Eo Aàeò rmvmeo uno ieosm g`bmrmntm gm
soa`gurão, prhv`mnm gm uno Bumntm g`bmrmntm y nhs joaeo gm un ochr
g`bmrmntm.

]no soa`gurão g`bmrmntm
Eo soa`gurão ms unh gm ehs trms tmcos pr`ni`poems mn ehs pr`cmrhs
Eo
iopãtuehs gm ? Ihr`nt`hs. Oe msirà`r mn cmg`h gm uno iueturo kr`mko
qum oeoaoao o ehs bèùshbhs gm poeoaro okrogoaem y o ehs hroghrms
mehiumntms ihch eos mstrmeeos gm rhif gm su t`mcph, Toaeh sm
mscmro mn g`bmrmniòr me mvonkme`h gm thgh htrh t`ph gm soa`gurão. Y`
eh qum mstïn ausiongh ms uno soa`gurão ihn un g`siursh shb`stìogh
y uno phgmrhso rmtùrìo, gìm Toaeh, nh eo joeeorïn mn eo prmgìoi`ùn
gm eo iruz (? Ih. ?<?:-1=). Wocphih eo joeeorïn mn c`s smrchnms
(1<?-=). P tocphih eo joeeorïn mn cuijhs
c uijhs gm ustmgms (?<12-9?).
Me mvonkme`h ms soa`gurão poro ehs cogurhs (1<2), pmrh nh t`mnm
nogo qum vmr ihn eo «soa`gurão¶ qum mstm cungh onjmeo vmr. Eo

soa`gurão gm G`hs nh ms gm mstm s`keh (v. 2o). Nh pmrtmnmim o eo

msbmro tmrrmnoe h o mstm chcmnth gm «nh thgovão¶ mn eo j`sthrò
rmgmnthro. Eo soa`gurão gm G`hs nh ms gm ehs prãni`pms gm mstm s`keh
(v. 2a). Nh t`mnm nogo mn ihcün ihn ehs coqu`noghrms gm phgmr h
eos ostutos mstrotokmcos gme Coe`knh (1 Ih. 7<76 ?4<7-2). Eo
soa`gurão gm G`hs ms ünìo. Msth nh ms mv`gmntm poro thghs o
pr`cmro v`sto, n` un`vmrsoecmntm oprmiògh (? Ih. 1<;).
Thgmchs brustrornhs gmcosògh iuongh eo kmntm nh vm eh qum
nhshtrhs vmchs, iuongh ehs aumnhs orkucmnths gm eos Msir`turos
nh pormimn prmvoemimr. Tmrh nh gmamchs shrprmngmrnhs. Eo
soa`gurão gm G`hs ms uno soa`gurão smirmto y msihng`go. Msth nh
s`kn`bìo qum gmamchs iruzor me cor h msioeor josto ehs i`mehs poro
joeeor eo soa`gurão gm G`hs, eh qum s`kn`bìo ms qum G`hs gmam
joaeornhs ihch s` buàrochs vmrgogmrocmntm soa`hs. Whgo vmrgog
pumgm smr eo vmrgog gm G`hs, pmrh thgo eo vmrgog qum soevo ms eo
vmrgog rmvmeogo
Eo poeoaro gme. cungh nh ms ihch eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. ]no ms
numvo y gm ojhro6 eo htro ms ont`kuo y mtmrno. ]no ms bukoz («qum
pmrmimn¶, ? Ih. 1<2), c`mntros qum eo htro ms b`lo y mtmrno («eo iuoe
G`hs prmgmst`nù ontms gm ehs s`kehs¶, v. ;). Y` qumrmchs eo
«soa`gurão¶ gm chgos qum poson, imrmarhs `cprms`hnontms y kmntm
toemnthso, phgmchs c`ror oe cungh. Tmrh s` qumrmchs ‗y s`
nmims`tochs‗ uno soa`gurão qum mstï cïs oeeï gm nhshtrhs, qum
nunio nhs boeeorï, gmamchs mxoc`nor eos ihsos qum «G`hs nhs…
rmvmeù o nhshtrhs phr me Mspãr`tu¶ (v. ?4).
no bumntm g`bmrmntm
]no
]
M
Mnthnims,
nthnims, ¸gùngm vochs poro oprmngmr eos ihsos qum G`hs jo
rmvmeogh8 ¸C`rochs o ehs ïrahems8 ¸O eo euz `ntmr`hr8 ¸O eos nhrcos
gm eo ihcun`gog8 ¸_u`zï o eo rozùn jucono y eo mxpmr`mniò8 Me
ieorh tmst`chn`h gm ? Ihr`nt`hs ms qum sheh G`hs pumgm joaeornhs
oimrio gm G`hs. Osã ihch me mspãr`tu gm uno pmrshno rmvmeo ehs
pmnsoc`mnths, smnt`c`mnths m `ntmni`hnms gm mso pmrshno, nog`m
pumgm rmvmeor ehs pmnsoc`mnths gm G`hs mximpth me Mspãr`tu gm G`hs
(? Ih. 1<??).
1<??). Me ünìh Ymr subì`mntmcmntm rmihnhiàem, soa`h y iopoz
gm rmvmeor o G`hs ms G`hs c`sch.

Whgh msth peontmo uno prmkunto `ntmrmsontm< ¸Nh mstï joaeongh

Toaeh, rmoecmntm, gm eo haro `ntmrno gme Mspãr`tu, mn vmz gm eo
nmims`gog gm eos Msir`turos8 Tumgm qum mstàs pmnsongh< «Msthy
thtoecmntm gm oiumrgh. Nmims`tochs qum G`hs nhs joaem oimrio gm
G`hs. Nh pumgh ihnhimr eo vmrgog o cmnhs qum G`hs cm eo rmvmem. P
G`hs cm joaeo o trovàs gm eo suovm vhz `ntmr`hr mn c` ihrozùn.
Iuongh c`rh prhbungocmntm mn c` `ntmr`hr
`ntmr`hr,, ojã ms ghngm msiuijh gm
G`hs. Qmià`chs me Mspãr`tu gm G`hs, qum joaeo o numstrh mspãr`tu, y
nhs ihcportm eos ihsos qum sheh phgmchs oprmngmr gm portm gm
G`hs¶.
Yumno peousàem, pmrh ¸ms mso eo `gmo qum qu`mrm tronsc`t`r Toaeh8
Me «nhshtrhs¶ gm ? Ihr`nt`hs 1<?1 («nhshtrhs… jmchs rmià`gh… me
Mspãr`tu qum prhv`mnm gm G`hs¶) nh sm rmb`mrm o thghs ehs ihr`nt`hs h
o thghs nhshtrhs, s`nh o Toaeh y sus ihcpoÿmrhs. Me ihntrostm
ihc`mnzo mn ehs vmrsãiuehs ?-=, iuongh Toaeh joaeo mn pr`cmro
pmrshno
VnhshtrhsSgme s`nkueoro yehscïs
`cport`chs torgm«soa`gurão
ihr`nt`hs joim eo gm
tronsì`ùn oe gmi`r
G`hs mn c`stmr`h¶
(v. ;). Ieorocmntm, Toaeh mstï pmnsongh mn «ustmgms ihr`nt`hs¶ y
«nhshtrhs qum ems jmchs c`n`strogh me mvonkme`h¶ (vàosm 9<0).
Mnthnims, c`mntros qum ms i`mrth qum thgh irmymntm rmiàm me
Mspãr`tu y thghs nhshtrhs nmims`tochs me Mspãr`tu gm G`hs poro
èuc`nor eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, Toaeh oquã mstï joaeongh gme s`nkueor
gmpùs`th ophstùeìh gm eo vmrgog, qum àe jo rmià`gh y tronsc`t`gh o
ehs ihr`nt`hs. Msth ms, prmi`socmntm, eh qum Lmsüs prhcmt`ù qum
suimgmrão (Ln. ?2<?1-?=), y ms ihch ehs opùsthems mntmng`mrhn eo
mnsmÿonzo qum `cportãon<
ihch eo Toeoaro gm G`hs (? nh
Ws.ihch
1<?96 eo
Op.poeoaro
?<?-1). gm
Nogoun mn
jhcarm, s`nh
? Ihr`nt`hs
1 suk`mrm qum eo conmro kmnu`no gm msiuijor o G`hs ms ausior mn
eos gmsihnimrtontms rmbemx`hnms gm unh c`sch. Po mn Ihr`nth ‗eo
ihnkrmkoi`ùn cïs «ior`scïtìo¶ gm Toaeh‗ vmchs qum joy nhrcos
halmt`vos gm eo vmrgog qum rmmcpeozon o eos `cprms`hnms h
mxpmr`mniòs pr`vogos (? Ih. ?7<9;-9:6 ?=<?-7).
Ms i`mrth qum phr un t`mcph eo `kemsò pr`c`t`vo mx`st`ù s`n me Numvh
Wmstocmnth ihcpemth6 pmrh `nieush, mnthnims, su v`go y ghitr`no
mstoaon sulmtos o eos Msir`turos qum yo tmnãon. P eo numvo
rmvmeoi`ùn qum sm
iu`goghsocmntm ihehioao poro
msiugr`ÿogo lunthihnb`rcor
oe Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth
qum v`n`mro mro
gme kruph

ophstùeìh (Mb. 1<14) y s`ku`mro me mvonkme`h ophstùeìh (Kï. ?<:).

«Noturoecmntm, mn tonth qum ehs opùsthems mstuv`mrhn v`vhs y
v`s`toaon o eos `kemsòs¶, msiràm Aov`nif, «nh sm joião n`nkuno
g`st`ni`ùn mntrm su poeoaro joaeogo y su poeoaro msir`to. Eo trogì`ùn
y eo Msir`turo thgovão mstoaon un`bìogos. Tmrh iuongh posù me
pr`cmr pmrãhgh, y me t`mcph y eo g`stoniò irmi`mrhn, ehs msir`ths gm
ehs opùsthems sm jì`mrhn cïs `cphrtontms, y eo nmims`gog gm ehs
msir`ths sm `ntmns`bìù kroguoecmntm. Mn rmoe`gog, eo nmims`gog gm eo
Yokrogo Msir`turo nh ms un otràuth mstoaem, s`nh unh s`mcprm
irmi`mntm¶.V1S
irmi`mntm¶. V1S Toaeh
Toaeh soaão qum ehs ihr`nt`hs nmims`toaon eo soa`gurão
gm G`hs qum sheh phgão prhvmn`r gme Mspãr`tu gm G`hs, y ems msirà`ù
msto poeoaro ihn me mntmng`c`mnth qum àe joaão rmià`gh gme Mspãr`tu
gm conmro s`nkueor, y ihnbhrcm o eh iuoe àe phgão prhieocorems eo
vmrgog gme mvonkme`h.
Eo kmntm joaeo gm «msp`r`tuoe`gog¶ ihch s` bumro kmnmrogo
cmgòntm eo otmni`ùn
oeco jucono. Tmrh eoihnimntrogo mn me buni`hnoc`mnth
vmrgogmro msp`r`tuoe`gog `ntmrnh
nh ms oekh qum gme
sm
mniumntro gmntrh gm nhshtrhs6 ms oekh bumro gm nhshtrhs, irmogo phr
eo oii`ùn gme trosimngmntm Mspãr`tu Yonth gm G`hs. Nmims`tochs me
Mspãr`tu qum prhv`mnm gm G`hs s` vochs o ihcprmngmr eos ihsos gm
G`hs (? Ih. 1<?1). ¸P o gùngm oiug`chs poro hãr gme Mspãr`tu gm
G`hs8 O oqumeehs qum bumrhn mnihcmngoghs poro smr ehs vhimrhs
gme Mspãr`tu (1<0-?9), oqumeehs qum msirà`mrhn ehs hrïiuehs gm G`hs
(Qh. 9<1), oqumeehs qum jon msir`th eh qum G`hs c`sch jo `nsp`rogh
(1 W`. 9<?2). Mn rmsuc`gos iumntos, msto ms eo nmims`gog gm eo
Msir`turo< Nmims`tochs
eo ünìo rmvmeoi`ùn eo rmvmeoi`ùn
smkuro, gm G`hs
soevãbìo, b`noe poro ihnhimr
y pmrbmito gm G`hsosm
G`hs,
joeeoy
mn eo Msir`turo.

]n ochr g`bmrmntm
Tumgm
Tumgm pormimr ihch qum nh joy nogo cïs qum gmi`r sharm eo
nmims`gog gm eo Msir`turo, pmrh msh nhs jorão pmrgmr me ihrozùn gme
orkucmnth gm Toaeh. Eo rozùn poro eo rmvmeoi`ùn ms qum phgochs
ihnhimr eo c`smrìhrgò gm G`hs y smr soevhs. Eo s`nkueor`gog gm eo
Msir`turo nh mstï sheh mn su soa`gurão, n` s`qu`mro mn su hr`kmn
g`v`nh6 eh qum joim o eo Aàeò ihcpemtocmntm g`bmrmntm o thghs ehs
htrhs eàrhs, rme`k`hshs h kmnmroems, ms eo `nihcporoaem kroiò qum

mnihntrochs mn sus pïk`nos. Nmims`tochs eo Msir`turo phrqum s`n

meeo nh phgmchs ihnhimr me ochr gm G`hs.
Numstrh G`hs joaeo y eh joim nh sheh poro smr hãgh, y nh
cmrocmntm poro tronsc`t`r `nbhrcoi`ùn. Àe joaeo o b`n gm qum
phgochs ihcmnzor o ihnhimr eh `nihknhsiàem y ihcprmngmr eh
`nihcprmnsàem (? Ih. 1<06 ip. @s. 7:<:). Tumgms pmnsor qum eh jos
v`sth thgh, y qum eh jos hãgh thgh, y qum jos mxpmr`cmntogh thgh eh
qum joy poro mxpmr`cmntor. Tmrh nh jos v`sth, hãgh h `cok`nogh eh
qum me G`hs gm ochr jo prmporogh poro oqumeehs qum eh ocon (? Ih.
1<0). Mstos shn eos aumnos numvos gm eo iruz. Mstos shn eos aumnos
numvos poro me pmrghnogh y rmg`c`gh. P mstos shn eos aumnos
numvos qum nh joeeorïs mn n`nkün htrh eukor, s`nh mn eo Toeoaro gm
G`hs.
Yheh phr me Mspãr`tu troaolongh o trovàs gm eo Toeoaro ms qum
phgmchs ihnvmrt`rnhs vmrgogmrocmntm mn msp`r`tuoems. Iuongh
msiuijochs
qu`mths eo poeoaro h«msp`r`tuoe¶,
y ihntmcpeot`vhs, phgmchs mn
mn smr gmchstrot`vhs pmnsor mn mstor
eo oghroi`ùn, h
msphntïnmhs, h eemnhs gme emnkuolm gm G`hs, h mspmiòecmntm
obì`hnoghs o eo cüsìo gm oeoaonzo. Msth ms eh qum Lhnotjon
Mgworgs eeocorão eos «nh-smÿoems¶.V9S
«nh-smÿoems¶.V9S Nh
Nh prumaon nogo, mn n`nkün
smnt`gh. Tumgmn smr aumnos ioroitmrãstìos, pmrh mn sã c`scos nh tm
joimn msp`r`tuoe, nh gm oiumrgh o eo gmb`nì`ùn gm eo Aàeò. Eo
pmrshno msp`r`tuoe ihcprmngm eos vmrgogms msp`r`tuoems (? Ih. 1<?9),
c`mntros qum eo pmrshno noturoe (nh msp`r`tuoe) nh pmriàm eos ihsos
gme Mspãr`tu, «phrqum poro àe shn ehiuro¶ (v. ?7). ¸P iuïems shn eos
ihsos gme Mspãr`tu
ihcprmngmr8 Gogh mequm eo pmrshno
ihntmxth, nh msp`r`tuoe
Toaeh ieorocmntm nh pumgm
sm rmb`mrm o eo
irui`b`x`ùn gme Ymÿhr gm eo kehrò (v. :). Eo pmrshno msp`r`tuoe ms eo
qum oimpto me cmnsolm gm eo iruz (?<?:-17). Y`n `cphrtor iuïnth tm
kuston ehs ïnkmems, iuïnth hros, iuïn gmsmhsh mstïs gm cmg`tor,
iuïn `nvheuirogh mstïs ihn me yhko h iuïnth irmms mn ehs cèokrhs,
s` nh ihcprmngms, ocos y oarozos eo iruz, nh mrms uno pmrshno
msp`r`tuoe. Eo pmrshno msp`r`tuoe g`si`mrnm eos ihsos msp`r`tuoems,
ihcmnzongh ihn me soir`bì`h suast`tut`vh gm Ir`sth phr ehs pmioghs
gme cungh. Yheh oarozongh mstos aumnos numvos phgmchs smr
soa`hs. YhehYheh
pmrghnoghs. o trovàs gm eos
msiuijongh aumnos
eo vhz numvos o phgmchs
gme Mspãr`tu trovàs gm smr
eos

Msir`turos phgmchs ihnhimr me ochr gm G`hs y smr vmrgogmrocmntm

msp`r`tuoems.

Ehs iuotrh bontïstìhs
Roem
Roem eo pmno thcor un chcmnth oe b`noe gm mstm iopãtueh poro
ihns`gmror
poro eo v`goquà `cphrtontms
y eo shn msths
p`mgog gòròs. Ehs iuotrh otràuths
ihnsmlmrhs gm eooihnsmlor
pumgmn Msir`turo
s`kn`bìot`vocmntm phrqum eo Msir`turo ms subì`mntm. Ehs eãgmrms gm
mstug`h aãaeìh pumgmn e`gmror ihnbògocmntm phrqum eo Msir`turo ms
ieoro. Ehs prmgìoghrms pumgmn prmgìor ihn ougoiò phrqum su
tmxth aãaeìh t`mnm outhr`gog. P ehs mvonkme`stos pumgmn mvonkme`zor
ihn urkmniò phrqum eo Msir`turo ms nmimsorò.
Mstos ghitr`nos shn mc`nmntmcmntm prïitìos. Y` eo Aàeò ms thgh
eh qum jmchs v`sth, ¸phr quà nh eo emmchs, mstugòchs,
cmchr`zochs y mnsmÿochs o htrhs8 ¸Thr quà ihnstru`chs
numstros
prokcïtìo8 `kemsòs sharm
¸Thr quà me sumehihnsupmrbìòe
oihnsmlochs eos sharos gm uno
s haros gm eo soa`gurão
bèhshbão
cungono8 ¸Thr quà c`rochs pr`cmrh o eo ameemzo gm eos chntoÿos
h o eo iïcoro gm mih gm numstrh `ntmr`hr mn ehs chcmnths gm ghehr y
ir`s`s cïs prhbunghs8 ¸Thr quà ms qum `nbung`chs numstros
rmun`hnms gm oghroi`ùn ihn ton phio Msir`turo8 ¸Thr quà iontochs
ioni`hnms gmsprhv`stos gm sustoniò aãaeìo8 ¸Thr quà phstrochs eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs ontm eos poeoaros qum sumnon ihch eos cïs
`ntme`kmntms gm ehs jhcarms8
Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms b`noe. Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms ihcprmnsàem.
Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms nmimsorò. Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms subì`mntm.
Mn thgh t`mcph, ehs ir`stònhs s`mcprm prmsmntorïn aotoeeo ghngm
smo qum eo Msir`turo smo ocmnozogo y otoiogo. Tmrh, eh qum ms cïs
`cphrtontm, iogo gão tmngrmchs qum euijor eo aotoeeo gm eo bm poro
irmmr rmoecmntm thgh eh qum soamchs qum eo Aàeò gìm sharm sã
c`sco y,y, eh qum ms cuijh cïs gmsobòntm, v`v`r gm oiumrgh ihn meeh.

V?S
V?S Bumntm< www.`kemsòrmbhrcogo.ihc/Ihnbms`hnX[mstc`nstmr.jtce
V1S Jmrcon
V1S Jmrcon Aov`nif, Qmbhrcmg Ghkcotìs, Rheucm ?< Trhemkhcmno, mg. Lhjn Ahet, trog. Lhjn Rr`mng (Krong
Qop`gs, C@< Aofmr Oiogmcì, 1449), 7;4.
V9S Lhnotjon
V9S Lhnotjon Mgworgs, Wjm [hrfs hb Lhnotjon Mgworgs, Rheucm 1< Qme`k`hus Obbmit`hns , mg. Lhjn M. Yc`tj
(Nmw Jovmn, IW< Poem ]n`vmrs`ty Trmss, ?0=0), ?1;-?04.

;

Eo Aàeò `nqumarontoaem gm Ir`sth

Y` eeocù g`hsms o oqumeehs o qu`mnms v`nh eo poeoaro gm G`hs (y eo Msir`turo nh pumgm
smr qumarontogo), ¸oe qum me Togrm sont`bìù y mnv`ù oe cungh, vhshtrhs gmiãs< Wü
aeosbmcos, phrqum g`lm< J`lh gm G`hs shy8
L]ON ?4<9=-92

Mn me ihrozùn gm mstm iopãtueh rmsoeto uno prmkunto. Ms uno
prmkunto s`cpem y, oe c`sch t`mcph, iruiòe6 uno prmkunto qum
`nnmkoaemcmntm bhrco y mstoaemim eo okmngo poro numstro ghitr`no
gm eo Msir`turo. Eo prmkunto ms msto< ¸_uà irmão Lmsüs oimrio gm eo
Aàeò8
Y` mrms ir`stònh, phr gmb`nì`ùn gmams irmmr eh qum Lmsüs mnsmÿo.
Àe ms me J`lh gm G`hs. Àe ms numstrh Yoevoghr y Ymÿhr. Nhshtrhs
gmamchs smku`r su mlmcpeh, hamgmimr sus congoc`mnths y oimptor
me mntmng`c`mnth sharm eo Msir`turo qum Àe mnsmÿù y oghptù. Msth
s`kn`bìo, s`n gugo, qum shchs soa`hs s` irmmchs sharm eos
Msir`turos eh c`sch qum Lmsüs irmyù sharm meeos.
P, s` nh mrms ir`stònh, `cok`nh qum oun osã voehros eh qum Lmsüs
g`lh. Ios` thgos eos pmrshnos, `nieush eos gm htros rme`k`hnms,
ihns`gmron o Lmsüs un comstrh `cphrtontm. Ihch cãn`ch, eos
pmrshnos irmmn qum Lmsüs bum un jhcarm nhaem y un kron prhbmto.
Thr eh tonth, s` mstïs `nvmst`kongh oe ir`stòn`sch h trotongh gm
ovmr`kuor nh sheh eh qum irmmn ehs ir`stònhs s`nh eos aosms gm thgh
eh qum irmmn, mstm ms unh gm ehs cmlhrms eukorms poro ihcmnzor<
gmtmrc`nor quà irmão Lmsüs sharm eo Aàeò.
Thgmchs pmnsor qum Lmsüs nh tmnão uno Aàeò. P ms vmrgog, Àe
nh tmnão uno Qm`no Roemro ?024 mn su ioso. Ios`hghrh gm Qm`no y
I`prònh gm Roemro thgovão nh mx`stãon, y eo kmntm nh tmnão eàrhs.
Tmrh tmnãon rheehs, nh mn sus jhkorms, phr eh kmnmroe, s`nh mn eos
s`nokhkos. Mshs rheehs sokroghs mron ihns`gmroghs ihch uno gm eos
phsms`hnms cïs oprmiògos mn thgo ihcun`gog. Eo oghroi`ùn lugão
sm mnbhioao mn eo emituro y mxpeìoi`ùn gm mshs msir`ths. Lmsüs,
ihch thgh lugãh gme pr`cmr s`keh, mstoao cuy bocèòr`zogh ihn eos
Msir`turos jmarmos, eos qum nhshtrhs eeocorãochs cïs torgm me
Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth.
Wmstocmnth.

Mnthnims, eo prmkunto qum qu`mrh joimr htro vmz ms< ¸Iuïe bum eo
ghitr`no gm Lmsüs rmspmith o eos Msir`turos8 Mn mstm iopãtueh, nh
msthy prmkuntongh iùch `ntmrprmtoao Lmsüs eo Aàeò, h iùch eo
iucpeão, h quà mnsmÿoao sharm meeo. Oquã msthy oahrgongh uno
prmkunto s`cpem pmrh oasheutocmntm iruiòe< ¸_uà irmão Lmsüs
sharm su Aàeò8 O cmnhs qum hsmchs gmi`r qum Lmsüs mstoao
mqu`vhiogh h qum mro gmcosògh ihaorgm poro ihcunìor thgh eh
qum qumrão gmi`r sharm eos Msir`turos, gmamchs ihnieu`r qum smo eh
qum bumro qum me pmrbmith J`lh gm G`hs irmymro sharm ehs msir`ths
sokroghs, nhshtrhs gmamrãochs irmmr eh c`sch. Nh gmamrão joamr
nogo ihntrhvmrt`gh mn ob`rcor qum eo ghitr`no gm Ir`sth sharm eo
Msir`turo gmamrão smr numstro ghitr`no gm eo Msir`turo.
¸P iuïe mro su ghitr`no gm eo Msir`turo8 Toro ovmr`kuoreh,
ihcmnimchs ihn me Mvonkme`h gm Luon y eumkh c`rmchs vor`hs
posolms mn Cotmh.
Y`n eãc`tms m `nqumarontoae
`nqumarontoaemm
Eo rmspumsto gm Lmsüs mn Luon ?4<9=-92 ms uno gm eos ihsos cïs
`cphrtontms qum Àe jo gìjh6 y toca`àn uno gm eos cïs ihnbusos.
Ihcprmngmr me ihntmxth oyugorï.
Ehs lugãhs qumrãon opmgrmor o Lmsüs (v. 9?) phrqum Àe, ihch
jhcarm, hsù joimrsm `kuoe o G`hs (v. 99). Mn rmspumsto o msto
oiusoi`ùn, Lmsüs i`to me Yoech :1. Àe opmeo o eo Msir`turo («emy¶ VLn.
?4<97S mn mstm iosh ms `ntmriocaòaem ihn «Msir`turo¶ V9=S). Ehs
lugãhs mstoaon chemsths gm qum Àe sm rmb`r`mro o sã c`sch ihch me
«J`lh gm G`hs¶, phr eh iuoe Lmsüs ems rmiumrgo qum mn eos Msir`turos
gm meehs eo poeoaro «g`hsms¶ (mehj`c) mro usogo mn rmbmrmniò o
rmyms coevoghs (h lumims, cok`stroghs h oekuno outhr`gog
khamrnontm). Me ush gm «g`hsms¶ mn Yoechs :1<2 pormim
chemstornhs, pmrh me soec`sto, qum mstï joaeongh phr G`hs mn msm
chcmnth, prhaoaemcmntm mstà usongh un phih gm soriosch<
«C`rmn, yh sà qum ustmgms shn `cphrtontms y qum shn g`hsms mntrm
ehs jhcarms, pmrh chr`rïn ihch thghs ehs jhcarms¶. Lmsüs nh
mstoao trotongh gm prhaor su g`v`n`gog oe i`tor msto iur`hso
rmbmrmniò gme Yoech :1, Àe mstoao trotongh gm soior o eo euz eos
prmtmns`hnms gm sus ogvmrsor`hs< «]stmgms mstïn cuy hasms`hnoghs
ihn eo poeoaro ―G`hs–, pmrh oquã c`sch, mn eos Msir`turos, msths

jhcarms shn eeocoghs ―g`hsms–. Gmamrïn mscmrorsm cïs poro

pmrsmku`rcm cmrocmntm o iouso gm un tãtueh¶.
Eo portm `cphrtontm gme orkucmnth gm Lmsüs (poro numstros
ihns`gmroi`hnms) ms su `cprhv`sogh ihcmntor`h gm qum eo «Msir`turo
nh pumgm smr qumarontogo¶ (Ln. ?4<9=). Oquã Lmsüs sm mstï
gmbmng`mngh o sã c`sch y nh mstï ophyongh su orkucmnth gmsgm eo
Whrï h oekunh gm ehs posolms cïs `cphrtontms gm @soãos, s`nh qum eh
joim utè`zongh uno poeoaro gm un hsiurh soech. Y`n mcaorkh, Àe nh
troto gm prhaor ontm nog`m qum me Yoech :1 t`mnm outhr`gog. Lmsüs nh
troto gm ihnvmnimr o sus hphnmntms gm qum eo «Msir`turo nh pumgm
smr qumarontogo¶, s`cpemcmntm ob`rco eo vmrgog ihch uno aosm
ihcün mn eo qum meehs pumgmn mstor gm oiumrgh. Toro Lmsüs, thgh
mn eo Msir`turo, `nieush eos poeoaros `ng`v`guoems y ehs posolms
cmnhs prhieocoghs, phsmmn uno outhr`gog `niumst`hnoaem.
«Ihnbhrcm o su luì`h `nboeàem¶, rmcoriù uno vmz Qhamrt [otts
sharm
hroi`ùn,Lmsüs, «bum subì`mntm
h ieïusueo prumao h
gm uno hroi`ùn, gmbrosm
eo `nboeàè`gog gm iuoequ`mr
gm uno ieïusueo, poro
chstror qum ihnst`tuymn uno phri`ùn gm eh qum ehs lugãhs eeocoaon…
―eo Msir`turo–¶.V?S
Msir`turo–¶.V?S Eo poeoaro kr`mko poro «qumarontogo¶ ( euh)
s`kn`bìo gmsotor, phnmr mn eàmrtog, gmspmg`r h g`shevmr. Mn Luon
?4<9=, euh t`mnm me smnt`gh gm qumaror, onueor h `nvoe`gor. Ms eo
conmro mn qum Lmsüs ob`rco qum n`nkuno poeoaro gm eo Msir`turo
pumgm smr boes`bìogo. N`nkuno prhcmso h ocmnozo qumgorï s`n
iucpe`rsm. N`nkuno gmieoroi`ùn pumgm smr ihns`gmrogo mrrùnmo. Osã
ihch su oug`mniò lugão, Lmsüs irmão qum eo Msir`turo mro eo Toeoaro
gm G`hs joaeogo
poeoaro y, mnthnims, smrãoh gm
phr G`hs, uno mn
pumsto kron `cp`mgog
poeoaros phrpmnsor qum thgo
G`hs, pumgm smr
uno poeoaro mrrùnmo, mqu`vhiogo h `nvoe`gogo.

N` uno lhto, n` uno tègm
Me smkungh posolm qum c`rormchs poro hatmnmr uno `cokmn gm eo
Me
ghitr`no gm Lmsüs sharm eos Msir`turos mstï mn Cotmh =<?;-?0<
Nh pmnsà`s qum jm vmn`gh poro oarhkor eo emy h ehs prhbmtos6 nh jm vmn`gh poro
oarhkor, s`nh poro iucpe`r. Thrqum gm i`mrth hs g`kh qum josto qum posmn me i`meh y eo
t`mrro, n` uno lhto n` uno tègm posorï gm eo emy, josto qum thgh sm joyo iucpe`gh. Gm
conmro qum iuoequ`mro qum qumarontm unh gm msths congoc`mnths cuy pmqumÿhs, y
osã mnsmÿm qum
iuoequ`mro o ehsehs
jhcarms,
joko y cuy pmqumÿhàstm
ehs mnsmÿm, smrïsmrï
eeocogh mn me
eeocogh rm`nh gm
krongm mn ehs i`mehs6gmcos
me rm`nh ehs
i`mehs.

Eo c`sco poeoaro usogo mn Luon ?4<9= (euh6 qumaror) ms trogui`go
«qumarontm¶, mn Cotmh =<?0, smÿoeongh eh c`sch. Lmsüs rmkoÿo o
thgh me qum gmlm gm eogh h gmaè`tm, `nieush ehs «pmqumÿhs¶
congoc`mnths gm G`hs. Lmsüs uso vor`hs tàrc`nhs gm bhrco
`ntmriocaòaem
congoc`mnths¶‗ ‗«eo emy h qum
suk`r`mngh ehs Àe
prhbmtos¶,
pmnsoao«eo nh emy¶, «msths
sheh mn ehs
`cpmrot`vhs chsoìhs s`nh mn thgo eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. P gogo su
rmbmrmniò o «uno lhto¶ (`hto mn kr`mkh, qum ms eo emtro cïs pmqumÿo
gme oeboamth kr`mkh) y o uno tègm (pmqumÿh konijh krïbìh h v`rkueèeo
qum g`st`nkum o emtros jmarmos s`cèorms), phgmchs mstor smkurhs gm
qum Lmsüs mstoao pmnsongh, mn portìueor, mn eo Toeoaro msir`to gm
G`hs. N` s`qu`mro eo portm cïs pmqumÿo gm eo Msir`turo jo s`gh
oahe`go phr eo vmn`go gm Ir`sth. Iucpe`go, sã, y ihcprmng`go cïs
ihcpemtocmntm o eo euz gm msto vmn`go, toca`àn, pmrh nunio smrï
`nmxoito,
gm qumarontogo,
mso conmro cmrmim hsmr `nbhrcoe. Oqume
me üet`ch mn mequm trotm
rm`nh gmoehs
eosi`mehs.
Msir`turos
Nhs
rmsuetorão cuy g`bãiè joeeor uno ihnbònzo cïs ihcprmjmns`vo mn eos
Msir`turos qum eo qum Lmsüs mxprmso mn mstm posolm.
Tmrh oeku`mn pumgm prmkuntor< ¸Nh shst`mnm Lmsüs oekunos vmims
qum me Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth mstï mqu`vhiogh8 Mn rmoe`gog, ¸nh
ihrr`km eos Msir`turos mn oekunos hios`hnms8 Tumgm pormimr osã,
pmrh gmspuàs gm uno `nspmii`ùn cïs gmtmn`go, vmchs qum Ir`sth
nunio ihrr`km un vmrsãiueh gm eo Msir`turo iuongh ms `ntmrprmtogo y
opeìogo ihrrmitocmntm. Thr mlmcpeh, sm ob`rco qum Lmsüs suov`zù
ehs rmqumr`c`mnths gme sïaogh y, gm mso conmro, v`heù su prhp`h
pr`ni`p`h y chg`bìù eo Msir`turo poro qum bumro cmnhs rãk`go. Tmrh,
mn rmoe`gog, Lmsüs opmeù o eo Msir`turo ‗o eo j`sthrò gm Gov`g y sus
jhcarms qum ihc`mrhn ehs ponms gm eo prhphsì`ùn‗ poro chstror
qum ehs bor`smhs mstoaon `cphn`mngh nhrcos qum v`heoaon eo
mnsmÿonzo gm eo Msir`turo (Cr. 1<19-1:).
Woca`àn sm gìm qum Lmsüs oahe`ù eo emy oe gmieoror e`cp`hs thghs
ehs oe`cmnths (Cr. ;<?0). Tmrh mstm ms un mlmcpeh pmrbmith gm eh qum
Lmsüs qumrão gmi`r iuongh ob`rcoao qum Àe joaão vmn`gh o iucpe`r eo
emy. Lmsüs nunio iumst`hno me hr`kmn g`v`nh gm ehs r`tuoems gm
e`cp`mzo h eo vmroi`gog gm eh qum msos emyms hrgmnoaon. Eh qum sã
joim, s`n mcaorkh, ms mnsmÿor qum, ihch uno ihcprmns`ùn cïs

prhbungo gm ehs congoc`mnths, meehs gmaãon `r o Ir`sth mn

hamg`mniò poro mnihntror eo e`cp`mzo y purmzo qum nmims`toaon (vv.
?:-19).
Gm conmro s`cèor, oekunhs ir`stònhs cont`mnmn qum Lmsüs
g`sirmpoao ihn eo ihnims`ùn chsoìo poro me g`vhri`h, y qum
ihns`gmroao qum eos Msir`turos mstoaon mqu`vhiogos mn mstm punth
iruiòe. Tmrh, mn rmoe`gog, Lmsüs nh rmijozù me congoc`mnth gm
Ch`sàs, s`nh qum prhvmyù uno cmlhr `ntmrprmtoi`ùn sharm me c`sch.
C`mntros qum ehs lugãhs cïs eàmroems mstoaon thcongh me pmrc`sh
chsoìh ihch un ijmqum mn aeonih poro me g`vhri`h phr ios`
iuoequ`mr iouso, Lmsüs ems j`zh vmr me vmrgogmrh s`kn`bìogh gme
tmxth. Me g`vhri`h mro oimptoaem ihch uno ihnims`ùn mn oqumeeos
s`tuoi`hnms ghngm sm joaão prhgui`gh `nchroe`gog smxuoe (Ct. ?0<9-
0).
Me mlmcpeh cïs g`bìuethsh shn ehs ihcmntor`hs gm Lmsüs mn Cotmh
=<9:
gm ehssharm eo emy
posolms gmgme «hlh=phr
Cotmh qumhlh¶ mn me poith
ihnt`mnmn chsoìh. gm
eo gmieoroi`ùn Mn «hãstm`s
me rmsth
qum bum gìjh¶, Lmsüs sm rmb`mrm o oekuno portm gm eo trogì`ùn gm ehs
bor`smhs h msiràos, pmrh oquã i`to oe c`sch Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth.
Numvocmntm vmchs qum Lmsüs nh mstï ihrr`k`mngh eos Msir`turos,
s`nh uno opeìoi`ùn mqu`vhiogo gm meeos. Eo eeocogo emy gme toe`ùn
(emy gm eo rmprmsoeò) ms cmni`hnogo voròs vmims mn eo Whrï (Àx.
1?<176 Ev. 17<146 Gt. ?0<1?). Eo emy, ihch uno ogc`n`stroi`ùn gm eo
lustìò püaeìo, ausioao iost`kor o ehs `nbroithrms y prhtmkmr o eo
ihcun`gog. Wmngmchs
Wmngmchs o vmr msto emy iihch
hch uno irumegog y rmvonijo
`nst`tui`hnoe`zogo, pmrh, mn rmoe`gog,
gmspògogos oe ihcphrtoc`mnth ausioao
ir`c`noe. prhjà`rgme
Me pr`ni`p`h rmspumstos
«hlh phr
hlh¶ prhjàão ehs iost`khs gmsprhphri`hnoghs. Oe t`mcph qum
prmsiràão un iost`kh lusth, toca`àn prhsiràão thgh eh qum bumro cïs
oeeï qum un hlh phr un hlh. Eo emy nh pmrc`tão me oii`hnor gm un
lustì`mrh n` eo rmvonijo pmrshnoe, oun iuongh osã mro ihch cuijhs
mntmngãon me congoc`mnth mn me t`mcph gm Lmsüs. Ehs eãgmrms lugãhs
mstoaon opeìongh mrrùnmocmntm me iùg`kh gm emy püaeìo y
ihnv`rt`àngheh mn su gmrmijh pmrshnoe poro uno rmprmsoeò. Lmsüs
joião eh ihrrmith ‗y mro b`me oe posolm aãaeìh‗ oe ihrrmk`r mstm coe
ush gme tmxth.

Mn thgh me smrcùn gme Chntm, y mspmiòecmntm mn Cotmh =, Lmsüs

troto gm ihnvmnimr o su oug`mniò gme vmrgogmrh s`kn`bìogh gm eo
Msir`turo. Àe nh qu`mrm ihrrmk`r eo Msir`turo, s`nh qum meeo mlmrzo thgh
su pmsh sharm me ihrozùn juconh. Lmsüs nh qu`mrm qum eo Toeoaro
gm G`hs smo meug`go phr eo trogì`ùn jucono h me rozhnoc`mnth
mnkoÿhsh, cïs a`mn, qum iogo memcmnth gm eo Msir`turo smo
opeìogh o iogo punth gme g`si`pueogh ir`stònh. «Toro Lmsüs¶,
msiràm Ghnoeg Coiemhg, «eo emoetog o iogo tègm y iogo lhto gm eo
Msir`turo nh ms n` emkoe`sto n` mvos`vo… me iucpe`c`mnth gm iogo
tègm y iogo lhto gm eo emy s`kn`bìo mv`tor eo `ro, osã ihch me jhcì`g`h6
eo eulurò, osã ihch eo bhrnìoi`ùn6 me lurocmnth, osã ihch me pmrlur`h.
Y`kn`bìo vhevmr eo htro cmlèeo, ongor eo cèeo mxtro, y nh joimr shnor
eos trhcpmtos iuongh joimchs ghnoi`hnms o eo ior`gog¶.V1Sior`gog¶.V1S Lmsüs
qu`mrm cïs gm eo Msir`turo mn numstro v`go, nh cmnhs.
Mstm ms mxoitocmntm me ihnimpth qum Lmsüs rm`tmro mn Cotmh
19<19,
emy< eoghngm mxjhrto
lustìò, eo oc`smrìhrgò
eo kmntm o kuorgor
y eo «eh
bm¶,cïs `cphrtontm gm eo
s`n gmsiu`gor eo
rmsphnsoaè`gog qum t`mnmn gm g`mzcor eo cmnto, me mnmegh y me
ihc`nh. Ieorocmntm, Lmsüs nh qu`mrm qum kuorgmchs ehs pmqumÿhs
congoc`mnths gm eo Msir`turo y qum hev`gmchs eos ihsos krongms,
pmrh tocphih nhs pmrc`tm posor phr oeth eos portms cïs pmqumÿos
ounqum ioptmchs a`mn me iuogrh ihcpemth. Àe mspmro hamg`mniò oe
mspãr`tu gm eo emy osã ihch o eo emtro. Numstrh Cmsãos sm vm o sã
c`sch ihch un mxphs`thr gm eo Msir`turo, pmrh nunio ihch su
ihrrmithr. Àe eo iucpem, pmrh nunio eo boesmo6 oemlo eos boesos
`ntmrprmtoi`hnms
mqu`vhiogh mn eo gm eo Msir`turo,
Msir`turo, pmrheos`ns`stm
n` s`qu`mro tègms ymn eos qum
lhtos.nogo mstï

Qmeoth j`stùrìh
Numstrh
Numstrh tmrimr tmxth sharm eo v`s`ùn gm Lmsüs oimrio gm eo Aàeò ms
Cotmh ?1<9:-71<
Mnthnims rmsphng`mrhn oekunhs gm ehs msiràos y gm ehs bor`smhs, gì`mngh< Comstrh,
gmsmochs vmr gm t` smÿoe. Àe rmsphng`ù y ems g`lh< Eo kmnmroi`ùn coeo y ogüetmro
gmcongo smÿoe6 pmrh smÿoe nh em smrï gogo, s`nh eo smÿoe gme prhbmto Lhnïs. Thrqum
ihch mstuvh Lhnïs mn me v`mntrm gme kron pmz trms gãos y trms nhijms, osã mstorï me
J`lh gme Jhcarm mn me ihrozùn gm eo t`mrro trms gãos y trms nhijms. Ehs jhcarms gm
Nãn`vm sm emvontorïn mn me luì`h ihn msto kmnmroi`ùn, y eo ihngmnorïn6 phrqum meehs
sm orrmp`nt`mrhn o eo prmgìoi`ùn gm Lhnïs, y jm oquã cïs qum Lhnïs mn mstm eukor. Eo
rm`no gme Yur sm emvontorï mn me luì`h ihn msto kmnmroi`ùn, y eo ihngmnorï6 phrqum

meeo v`nh gm ehs b`nms gm eo t`mrro poro hãr eo soa`gurão gm Yoehcùn, y jm oquã cïs qum
Yoehcùn mn mstm eukor.

Msto j`sthrò ms sheh un mlmcpeh gm iùch Lmsüs troto eo j`sthrò
aãaeìo ihch un smnièeh rmk`strh gm jmijhs. Y` joy oekuno rmbmrmniò
gme Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth qum pumgm smr iumst`hnogo, s`n gugo ms eo
j`sthrò gm Lhnïs. Y`n mcaorkh, Lmsüs joaeo ihnbògocmntm sharm
Lhnïs mn me v`mntrm gme kron pmz, ihch s` Àe y thghs sus hymntms nh
tuv`mron n`nkün rmporh sharm eo mxoit`tug j`stùrìo gme rmeoth.
O gmi`r vmrgog, oekunhs mrug`ths, `nieush oqumeehs qum t`mnmn un
oeth ihnimpth gm eo Msir`turo, iumst`hnon s` gmamchs thcor eo
j`sthrò gm Lhnïs e`tmroecmntm. Gmspuàs gm thgh, eo norrot`vo nh
prhv`mnm gm un eàrh havòcmntm j`stùrìh ihch Qmyms, Irùnìos h
Àxhgh. Lmsüs pugh joamr jmijh eo rmbmrmniò gm Lhnïs gm eo c`sco
conmro qum nhshtrhs phgmchs rmbmr`rnhs o uno p`mzo gm e`tmroturo
a`mn ihnhi`go. _u`zï Lmsüs qu`sh gmi`r «ihch Lhnïs¶, osã ihch
nhshtrhs phgrãochs gmi`r «ihch ehs jhcarms gm Khnghr¶ h «ihch
Euios y Amn Fmnha`¶. _u`zï Lhnïs ms uno bïaueo y nunio bum
ihnima`go poro smr emãgo ihch j`sthrò.
Msto mxpeìoi`ùn sumno peousàem, mximpth qum nh buni`hno,
tmn`mngh mn iumnto me rmsth gme g`siursh gm Lmsüs. Y` Lhnïs sheh bum
uno rmbmrmniò e`tmrorò, ms iur`hsh qum oe c`sch t`mcph Lmsüs joyo
cmni`hnogh o eo rm`no gme Yur, qum ieorocmntm mro uno ihnhi`go
b`kuro j`stùrìo. Cïs irãtìocmntm, ms g`bãiè lust`bìor me emnkuolm gm
Lmsüs sharm ehs jhcarms gm Nãn`vm emvontïnghsm poro luzkor o
Iopmrnouc oe b`noe gm ehs t`mcphs, s` eo coyhrão h thgo eo j`sthrò gm
Lhnïs
oeus`ùnnh gma`mro
e`tmrorò smr jhcarms
o ehs thcogo e`tmroecmntm.
gm Khnghr yYmrão
eumkhihch
mc`t`rjoimr uno
uno cuy
smrò ogvmrtmniò o tu oug`mniò gm qum ehs hrihs gm Chrghr sm
emvontorïn poro luzkorehs y ihngmnorehs. Nh t`mnm cuijh smnt`gh.
Ihch gìm W. W. Tmrhwnm, ihcmntongh sharm me pme`krh ton rmoe mn me
qum Lmsüs ihns`gmroao qum mstoaon sus hymntms, «y oun osã
suphnkochs qum Àe gìm qum pmrshnos `cok`noròs, qum mstoaon mn
uno prmgìoi`ùn `cok`norò gm un prhbmto `cok`nor`h sm orrmp`nt`mron
`cok`noròcmntm, sm emvontorãon oqume gão y ihngmnorãon eo rmoe
`cpmn`tmniò gm ehs hymntms rmoems gm Lmsüs¶.V9S
Lmsüs¶.V9S Thr
Thr me ihntror`h, mn
ehs Mvonkme`hs
Khchrro, @sooi vmchs
y Loiha,o meLmsüs
conïrmbmr`rsm o Oame,eoNhà,
mn me gms`mrth, Yhghco
smrp`mntm mn mey

gms`mrth, Ch`sàs ihch me goghr gm eo emy, Gov`g y Yoehcùn, eo rm`no

gm Yoaï, Meãos y Me`smh, eo vùgo gm Yormpto, Noocïn, \oiorãos,
`nieush Lhnïs, y nunio iumst`hnor un sheh mvmnth, cèokrh h
ob`rcoi`ùn j`stùrìo. Lmsüs ieorocmntm irmão mn eo j`sthrì`gog gm eo
j`sthrò aãaeìo.
Mn vmz gm ausior conmros gm «rmsiotor¶ o Lmsüs gm su ihnbònzo
mn eo j`sthrò ihch eo prmsmnton eos Msir`turos, gmamchs mstor
prmporoghs poro oimptor qum s` Lmsüs mstï mn eh i`mrth mn iùch
conmlo eo Aàeò, mnthnims eo ovoeonijo gm eo oeto irãtìo aãaeìo gmam
mstor mqu`vhiogo. Mn ehs üet`chs ?=4 oÿhs, oprhx`cogocmntm,
cuijhs mrug`ths chgmrnhs jon shstmn`gh qum me Ont`kuh
Wmstocmnth mstï emlhs gm smr eh qum pormim. Meehs gìmn qum ehs
pr`cmrhs i`nih eàrhs gm eo Aàeò nh bumrhn msir`ths phr Ch`sàs (y
cïs torgm mg`toghs mn oekunhs phihs eukorms), s`nh qum shn me
prhguith gm uno meoahrogo ihca`noi`ùn gm g`bmrmntms bumntms,
oekunosphr
msir`th gm eos iuoems
@soãos, t`mnmn
s`nh phr cè
ghsoÿhs cïs
h trms qum Ch`sàs.
g`bmrmntms @soãos iuyos-
«@soãos¶, nh bum
prmgìi`hnms prhbàtìos mn rmoe`gog tuv`mrhn eukor ontms gm qum meehs
eos jua`mron msir`th. Gm bhrco grocïtìo, s` ehs mrug`ths eàmroems
t`mnmn rozùn, eo @kemsò jo emãgh eo j`sthrò gm @srome gm uno conmro
mqu`vhiogo gurontm ios` ghs cèmn`hs. Eo j`sthrò gm @srome nh sm
troto gm s`kehs gm euijo phr smr b`mems oe ünìh y vmrgogmrh G`hs y
hamgmimr su emy6 eh qum rmoecmntm suimg`ù bum un gmsorrheeh
mvheut`vh o trovàs gme iuoe @srome bum gme on`c`sch oe phe`tmãsch,
eumkh oe jmnhtmãsch (oghror o un G`hs mn portìueor, pmrh rmihnhimr
eo mx`stmniò
emkoe`sch gm cuijhs),
soimrghtoe. Joy oe chnhtmãsch
eàrhs qum jostoy,jhy
b`noecmntm, oe trùnbh
ob`rcon qum gme
me àxhgh
ms phstmr`hr o Mzmqu`me. Me pr`cmr eàrh gm Yocume, qum sm pmnsoao
qum bum msir`th gmspuàs gm gor eo emyemy,, mn rmoe`gog gmsiràm eo v`go gm
@srome ontms gm eo emy. P me Tmntotmuih, mn vmz gm smr eo aosm poro eo
v`go y rme`k`ùn gm @srome, v`nh sheh gmspuàs qum ehs gãos gm kehrò gm
@srome jua`mron posogh.V7S
posogh.V7S
Msth ms portm `ntmkroe gm eh qum pormim s`cpem poro kron portm gm
eo mrugì`ùn chgmrno, pmrh nh mstï n` rmchtocmntm ihnmitogh ihn eh
qum vmchs gm iùch Lmsüs `ntmroituoao ihn me Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth.
Lmsüs irmão
tutmeolm qum @srome,
gm Lmjhvï6 gurontmemssug`heorko
qum Ch`sàs j`sthrò,
un poith mstuvh
noi`hnoe phraolh me
me iuoe

v`v`r6 qum me Tmntotmuih v`nh oe pr`ni`p`h gm eo j`sthrò gm @srome, nh oe

b`noe6 y qum ehs prhbmtos rmkoÿoaon y rmb`noaon o @srome phr su
broiosh mn smku`r ehs congoc`mnths gm G`hs goghs mn me Y`noã. P
oun osã, s` me rmv`s`hn`sch j`stùrìh gm ehs irãtìhs chgmrnhs mstï mn
eh i`mrth, Lmsüs mstoao mnhrcmcmntm mqu`vhiogh oe irmmr thgh msth.
«Àe nh gmtmitù eos vmrt`mntms gm on`c`sch mn eo j`sthrò tmcprono gm
@srome¶, msiràm Coiemhg, «nh sm g`h iumnto gm qum Emvãtìh mro uno
troì`ùn oe chnhtmãsch àtìh6 mstoao i`mkh o eos ghaems norrot`vos
qum ihcprhaoaon uno outhrão ihcpumsto. Àe gmsihnhião
ihcpemtocmntm eos ihntrogìi`hnms qum gmchstroaon qum Ch`sàs nh
msirà`ù Gmutmrhnhc`h¶. Lmsüs, mn htros poeoaros, «oghptù un c`th
noi`hnoe nh cïs vmrhsãcè qum me gm Qùcueh y Qmch¶.V=S
Qmch¶.V=S
¸Nh ms cïs vmrhsãcè qum Lmsüs ihnhi`mro eo j`sthrò lugão cmlhr
qum ehs irãtìhs oemconms qum opormi`mrhn ghs cè oÿhs gmspuàs8
¸Nh ms cïs smkurh phnmrnhs oe eogh gm Lmsüs y oghptor su
`ncmnsocmntm oeto v`s`ùn
roi`hnoe gm eo j`sthrò gm eo `nsp`roi`ùn
y eo irhnhehkão aãaeìos8 Oy vmims
su ihcprmns`ùn
sm nhs gìm
qum, ihch ir`stònhs, numstro outhr`gog b`noe gmam smr Ir`sth, nh eos
Msir`turos. Ym suk`mrm qum Ir`sth oimptorão qum nhshtrhs sheh
oimptmchs eos phri`hnms gm eo Msir`turo qum ihniumrgmn ihn su v`go
y mnsmÿonzo6 qum i`mrths ospmiths gm eo j`sthrò, eo irhnhehkão y eo
ihschehkão aãaeìos nh gmamrãon prmhiupornhs phrqum Ir`sth nh
qumrrão qum eh jì`àrochs. Eo `gmo prhpumsto phr cuijhs ir`stònhs
eàmroems, y nh phihs outhprhieocoghs mvonkàeìhs, ms qum
gmamchs oghror o Ir`sth, nh o eos Msir`turos6 gmamchs pmrc`t`r qum
Ir`sth mstà oportm
mstm Ir`sth, me lumzy gm
phr eos
mni`co gm eos Msir`turos.
Msir`turos8¶, prmkunto «Tmrh ¸qu`àn
Toifmr. «Nh, ms
me
Ir`sth gme Numvh Wmstocmnth y gm eo j`sthrò. Msm Ir`sth nh luzko eos
Msir`turos6 Àe eos hamgmim y eos iucpem. Thr poeoaro y haro, Lmsüs
rmspoego eo outhr`gog gm thgo eo Msir`turo¶.V2S
Msir`turo¶.V2S
Oqumeehs qum t`mnmn un oeth ihnimpth gm eo Msir`turo o cmnugh
shn oiusoghs gm `gheotrão, phr rmvmrmniòr ton prhbungocmntm eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs. Tmrh eo oiusoi`ùn ms gmlogo ontm ehs p`ms
mqu`vhioghs. «]n Ir`sth qum pmrc`tm qum sus smku`ghrms eh
mstoaemzion ihch me Lumz gm eos Msir`turos, ]nh poro qu`mn su
outhr`gog gmamysmr
mn hae`kothrò, phrihnb`rcogo ontmsogvmrso
iuyo smntmniò gm qum ms,
eo c`sco sm ihnv`mrto
mn i`mrths eukorms,

onueogo, ms un Ir`sth gm eo `cok`noi`ùn jucono, jmijh o eo prhpò

`cokmn gme tmùehkh. ]nh iuyo oit`tug joiò eo Msir`turo ms eh
hpumsth oe Ir`sth gm eo j`sthrò. Y` eo ihnstruii`ùn gm msm Ir`sth nh
ms¶.V;S
ms uno v`heoi`ùn oe smkungh congoc`mnth, ms g`bãiè vmr quà ms¶.V;S
Lmsüs pugh joamrsm v`sth ihch me punth bhioe gm eo Msir`turo, pmrh
nunio ihch un lumz gm eo c`sco. Me ünìh Lmsüs qum mstï phr
mni`co gm eo Msir`turo ms me Lmsüs gm numstro prhpò `nvmni`ùn.

Me irmoghr g`lh
Numstrh posolm b`noe poro ihcprmngmr eo ghitr`no gm Lmsüs sharm
eo Msir`turo sm mniumntro mn Cotmh ?0. Oe rmsphngmr o eo prmkunto
gm ehs bor`smhs sharm me g`vhri`h, Lmsüs sm rmchnto o Kànms`s<
¸Nh joaà`s emãgh qum me qum ehs j`zh oe pr`ni`p`h, vorùn y jmcaro ehs j`zh, y g`lh< Thr
msth me jhcarm gmlorï pogrm y cogrm, y sm un`rï o su culmr, y ehs ghs smrïn uno sheo
iornm8 (Ct. ?0<7-=)

Msths jmchs
nhshtrhs vmrsãiuehs nhs rmsueton
pmrg`gh ton bocèòrms
eo shrprmngmntm qum cuijhs
gmieoroi`ùn qum Lmsüsgm
joim oquã sharm eo outhr`gog gm eo Msir`turo. Y` vochs o Kànms`s
1<17, joeeormchs eo brosm qum Lmsüs i`to sharm un jhcarm qum gmlo o
su pogrm y cogrm, sm unm o su culmr y shn uno sheo iornm. Tmrh
msos poeoaros nh shn otràu`gos o n`nkün hroghr mn portìueor, s`nh
qum shn uno portm gm eo norroi`ùn gme tmxth. Ojhro c`rmchs eh qum
Lmsüs gìm. Kànms`s 1<17 nh ms sheh uno brosm gm eo Msir`turo, ms
uno gmieoroi`ùn gìjo phr Oqume qum «ehs j`zh oe pr`ni`p`h¶. Eo
`cpeìoi`ùn nh pumgm smr cïs ieoro< poro Lmsüs, eh qum gìm eo
Msir`turo, eh gìm G`hs. Msto ms eo msmniò gm eo ghitr`no gm Lmsüs
sharm eo Msir`turo y eo aosm poro thgo ihrrmito ihcprmns`ùn gm eo
Aàeò.
P nh s`rvm gm nogo gmi`r qum Lmsüs s`cpemcmntm mstoao thcongh
prmstogh eos suphsì`hnms gm su oug`mniò poro konor hymntms. Mn
cuijos htros ïrmos ‗mn thgh, gmsgm eos ihnimpi`hnms
noi`hnoe`stos qum tmnãon gme Cmsãos, o eos trogì`hnms gm ehs bor`smhs
y me troth o ehs kmntèms, y eos culmrms‗, Lmsüs sm chstrù
ihcpemtocmntm gmsprmhiupogh mn ihnbhrcorsm o eo smnsàè`gog gm
sus hymntms. Tmrh ounqum Àe nh mro tãc`gh oe ihrrmk`r eos
`ntmrprmtoi`hnms mrrùnmos qum meehs tmnãon gm eo Msir`turo, nh joy
n`nkuno `ngìoi`ùn gm qum Lmsüs pmnsoro qum sus ihcpotr`htos
lugãhs tuv`mron un oeth ihnimpth gm eo Msir`turo. P s` meehs jua`mron

mstogh mqu`vhioghs mn un osunth ton msmniòe, Àe nh joarão smku`gh

eo ihrr`mntm, s`nh qum joarão ihrrmk`gh sus irmmniòs sharm eo Aàeò,
osã ihch ehs rmprmngão phr htros «ghitr`nos gm jhcarms¶.
Lmsüs nh tmnão n`nkün prhaemco mn rmbmr`rsm o outhrms juconhs
gm eo Msir`turo, ihch Ch`sàs, @soãos, Gov`g y Gon`me, s`nh qum meehs
mstïn mn me trosbhngh. Meehs mron ehs suaouthrms troaolongh aolh me
outhr pr`ni`poe gm eo Msir`turo, ms gmi`r, G`hs c`sch. Thr eh tonth,
Lmsüs phgão i`tor me Yoech ??4 y gmi`r< «me c`sch Gov`g g`lh phr me
Mspãr`tu¶ (Cr. ?1<92), osã ihch Toaeh mn Qhconhs 0<?; y Kïeotos
9<: pumgm usor eo «Msir`turo¶ ihch me sulmth, ghngm G`hs ms me qum
joaeo mn me Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth. Mspãr`tu Yonth, G`hs, Msir`turo, nh
shn trms joaeontms g`st`nths ihn trms ronkhs g`bmrmntms, s`nh qum sm
rmb`mrmn oe c`sch outhr g`v`nh ihn eo c`sco outhr`gog g`v`no. Thr
mso rozùn, Lmsüs pumgm joimr ioeeor oe gòaeh gì`mngh< «msir`th
mstï¶, y pumgm ob`rcor, s`n n`nkuno `ngìoi`ùn gm ihntrhvmrsò h
j`pàrahem, qum me Irmoghr gme un`vmrsh msirà`ù Kànms`s. Toro Lmsüs,
eo Msir`turo ms phgmrhso, gmi`s`vo y outhr`tot`vo phrqum nh ms nogo
cmnhs qum eo vhz gm G`hs.

Me ioc`nh gme Comstrh ms me ioc`nh gm eo Toeoaro
Lmsüs tmnão o eo Msir`turo mn eo cïs oeto mst`co phsàem. Àe ihnhião
Lmsüs
su Aàeò ãnt`cocmntm y eo ocoao prhbungocmntm. O cmnugh, Lmsüs
joaeoao ihn me emnkuolm gm eo Msir`turo, y bïiècmntm oeugão o meeo. P
mn ehs chcmnths gm prumao y gmaè`gog cïs krongms ‗ihch smr
tmntogh phr me gòaeh h smr cumrth mn eo iruz‗, Lmsüs i`toao eos
Msir`turos.
Yu c`s`ùn mro iucpe`r eo Msir`turo, y su mnsmÿonzo s`mcprm
contmnão mn oeth eo Msir`turo6 nunio em boetoao oe rmspmth, eo `knhroao
h g`sirmpoao ihn un sheh tmxth gm eo Msir`turo. Lmsüs ob`rcù iogo
ïpìm gm eo emy, eo prhbmião, eo norrot`vo y eo phmsão, y nunio, n` phr
un chcmnth, oimptù eo emk`t`c`gog gm oeku`mn qum v`heoro, `knhroro,
rmb`noro h rmijozoro eo Msir`turo.
Lmsüs irmão mn eo `nsp`roi`ùn gm eo Msir`turo, gm thgo meeo6 oimptù eo
irhnhehkão, ehs cèokrhs y eos otràui`hnms gme outhr oe gor ehs
s`cpems jmijhs gm eo j`sthrò. Àe irmão mn kuorgor me mspãr`tu gm eo emy
s`n c`n`c`zor eo emtro gm eo emy, ob`rcoao eo outhrão jucono gm eos
Msir`turos c`mntros qum, oe c`sch t`mcph, goao tmst`chn`h gm eo

outhrão g`v`no b`noe. Àe trotoao o eo Aàeò ihch uno Toeoaro

nmimsorò, subì`mntm, ieoro, y b`noe. Nunio bum oimptoaem mn su cmntm
ihntrogmi`r eos Msir`turos h ihehiorsm phr mni`co gm meeos.
Àe irmão qum eo Aàeò mro ihcpemtocmntm vmrgog, mg`bìontm,
`cphrtontm y thgo oimrio gm Àe. Lmsüs irmão oasheutocmntm qum eo
Aàeò prhvmnão gm G`hs y qum nh tmnão n`nkün mrrhr. Eh qum eo
Msir`turo gìm ms G`hs qu`mn eh gìm6 y eh qum G`hs g`lh bum rmk`strogh
`nboeàemcmntm
`nboeàemcmntm mn eo Msir`turo.
Msto, mnthnims, pumgm smr eo ünìo rmspumsto oimptoaem o eo
prmkunto ihehiogo oe pr`ni`p`h gm mstm iopãtueh sharm eo ghitr`no gm
Lmsüs sharm eo Msir`turo< ms `cphsàem vmnmror o eos Msir`turos cïs
prhbungocmntm h ob`rcoreos cïs ihcpemtocmntm qum ihch eh j`zh
Lmsüs. Àe sulmtù su vheuntog o eos Msir`turos, ihcprhcmt`ù su
imrmarh o mstugòr eos Msir`turos, y jucèeù su ihrozùn poro
hamgmimr eos Msir`turos. Me Ymÿhr Lmsüs, me J`lh gm G`hs y numstrh
Yoevoghr, irmão qum su Aàeò mro eo Toeoaro gm G`hs mn sus
hroi`hnms, brosms, poeoaros, eos emtros cïs cãn`cos y ehs punths
cïs ãnb`chs, y qum nogo, mn thghs mshs punths ãnb`chs y mn thghs
ehs eàrhs gm su sonto Aàeò, phgão smr qumarontogh.
V?S Qhamrt [otts, Wjm Quem hb Bo`tj ong tjm Ghitr`nm hb @nsp`rot`hn< Wjm Iormy Emiturms bhr ?::7 (Ehngrms<
V?S Qhamrt
Jhggmr & Ythukjthn, ?::=), ?90.
V1S Ghnoeg
V1S Ghnoeg Coiemhg, ―Lmsus ong Yir`pturm,– mn Wjm Wrustwhrtj`nmss hb Khg< Tmrspmit`vms hn tjm Noturm hb
Yir`pturm, mg. Toue Jmec ong Iore Wrumcon (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Mmrgcons, 1441), ;9.
V9S I`togh mn Lhjn [mnjoc, Ijr`st ong tjm Aàem, 9o mg. (Mukmnm, HQ< [`pb & Ythif, 1440), 14.
V9S I`togh
V7S Mstm
V7S Mstm pïrrobh rmsucm cuijhs gm ehs punths jmijhs phr Ghnoeg Coiemhg mn ―Lmsus ong Yir`pturm,– 0?.
V=S @aãg .,., 01.
V=S
V2S L.
V2S L. @. Toifmr, ―Bungocmntoe`sc– ong tjm [hrg hb Khg (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Mmrgcons, ?0=:), 2?.
V;S
V;S @aãg .,., 2?’21.

:

Tmrs`stm mn eos Msir`turos

Tmrh pmrs`stm tü mn eh qum jos oprmng`gh y tm pmrsuog`stm, soa`mngh gm qu`àn jos
oprmng`gh6 y qum gmsgm eo n`ÿmz jos soa`gh eos Yokrogos Msir`turos, eos iuoems tm
pumgmn joimr soa`h poro eo soevoi`ùn phr eo bm qum ms mn Ir`sth Lmsüs. Whgo eo
Msir`turo ms `nsp`rogo phr G`hs, y ütè poro mnsmÿor, poro rmgorkõ`r, poro ihrrmk`r
ihrrmk`r,, poro
`nstru`r mn lustìò, o b`n gm qum me jhcarm gm G`hs smo pmrbmith, mntmrocmntm
prmporogh poro thgo aumno haro.
1 W@CHWMH 9<?7-?;

Oe ihcmnzor o emmr un eàrh sharm eo ghitr`no gm eo Msir`turo,
qu`zï pmnsostm qum mstm smrão me pr`cmr iopãtueh, nh me üet`ch.
Gmspuàs gm thgh, 1 W`chtmh 9<?2 ms me vmrsãiueh cïs bochsh sharm
eo Msir`turo mn thgo eo Aàeò. Mn un smnt`gh, uno vmz qum soamchs
qum
nogoeocïs.
Msir`turo jo eos`gh
Msto ms `nsp`rogo
gmb`nì`ùn phr G`hs,gmyoeonh
con`b`msto sm nmims`to
`nsp`roi`ùn< gmi`r
thgh mn
eo Aàeò prhv`mnm gm eo ahio gm G`hs. Yubì`mniò, ieor`gog, outhr`gog
y nmims`gog, thgos mstos gmamn smr vmrgog s` 1 W`chtmh 9<?2 ms
vmrgog, y thgos smrãon boesos s` 1 W`chtmh 9<?2 bumro uno cmnt`ro.
Nh joy n`nkün vmrsãiueh cïs `cphrtontm qum mstm poro gmsorrheeor
uno ihcprmns`ùn oprhpògo gm eo Msir`turo.
Y`n mcaorkh, yh tmrc`nh oquã. Ihcmnià ihn Yoechs ??0 y
tmrc`nh ihn 1 W`chtmh 9, lusth eh hpumsth o eh qum qu`zï mspmroaos.
Jokh msth phr ghs rozhnms< pr`cmro, poro qum pumgos vmr qum, oun
s`mngh
gm ton s`kn`bìot`vh
eo Msir`turo, nh gìmmstm
nogoposolm ihch
g`bmrmntm gmehehmsqum
poro numstro
gìmn ghitr`no
ghimnos gm
htrhs vmrsãiuehs. Ihn thgh eh htrh qum yo jmchs v`sth sharm eo
Msir`turo mn eo Aàeò, nh gmamrão shrprmngmrnhs vmr (htro vmz) msto
ob`rcoi`ùn gm qum eh qum gìm eo Msir`turo, G`hs eh gìm. Iogo
mxprms`ùn gme gmem`tm gme soec`sto mn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, gme gmsmh
phr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs y gm eo gmpmngmniò gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs
prmsuphnm qum iogo poeoaro gm eo Msir`turo, yo smo joaeogo h
msir`to, ms `nsp`rogo phr G`hs c`sch. Y` eo v`s`ùn gm eo `nsp`roi`ùn
mnsmÿogo mn 1 W`chtmh 9<?2 nh mstuv`mro yo osuc`go, me Yoech ??0
smrão mqu`voemntm o `gheotrão.

Ymkungo, tmrc`nochs ihn mstm posolm phr su ànbos`s mn pmrs`st`r

(1 W`. 9<?7). C`mntros qum cm mniontorão mnihntror qum cuijhs gm
ehs qum mstïn mn eo aüsqumgo gme ioc`nh mstuv`mrhn emymngh mstm
eàrh, irmh qum ms cïs smkurh osuc`r qum, s` jos eemkogh ton emlhs,
prhaoaemcmntm smos ir`stònh. Eo coyhrão gm ustmgms jo emãgh eo
Aàeò ontmr`hrcmntm. Ms phr msh qum mstïs `ntmrmsogh mn ihnhimr
quà irmmr sharm eo Aàeò. Ymkurocmntm sm tm jo mnsmÿogh eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs, o cmnhs mn portm. P me jmijh gm qum mstàs emymngh
mstm eàrh suk`mrm qum yo t`mnms gmvhi`ùn phr eo Aàeò h mstïs oa`mrth
o irmimr mn tu gmvhi`ùn phr eo meeo. Thr eh tonth, eo mxjhrtoi`ùn cïs
oprhpògo poro oioaor mstm eàrh pumgm smr eo qum mstï mn me
vmrsãiueh ?7< pmrs`st`r. Nh tm hev`gms gm eh qum soams y qum yo jos
oprmng`gh. Nh p`mrgos gm v`sto qu`àn mrms. Contàn me rucah. Y`kum
ovonzongh.
Oe pr`ni`p`h gme vmrsãiueh ?7, Toaeh prmsmnto un ihntrostm. Thr un
eogh, àe mstï pmnsongh mn qu`ànms eh pmrs`kumn (v. ??), mstï
pmnsongh mn eo kmntm coeo y ehs `cphsthrms qum von gm coe mn pmhr
(v. ?9). Trhaoaemcmntm, Toaeh mstï pmnsongh mn jhcarms ihch
Gmcos, qum eh oaonghnù (7<?4), h ihch Oemlongrh, qum em iousù
cuijhs coems (7<?7)6 y mnthnims gìm< «Tmrh… tü¶ (9<?7). Msm ms me
htrh eogh6 msm ms me ihntrostm. Toaeh ogv`mrtm o W`chtmh qum nh smo
ihch mshs mnkoÿoghrms y gmsmrthrms. Thr eh tonth, em gìm< «C`ro, tü
jos s`gh irògh mn me mvonkme`h, orro`kogh, aosogh y mstoaemi`gh. Me
rmth poro t` ojhro ms smku`r irmi`mngh6 s`kum chv`ànghtm mn eo
c`sco g`rmii`ùn6 contmntm b`rcm mn eo c`sco bm¶.
P msth s`kn`bìo,
pmrconmimr imrio cïs qumToeoaro
gm eo n`nkunogmhtro ihso,
G`hs. Me qum W`chtmh gmam
congoc`mnth gm
ihnt`nuor mn me mvonkme`h ms, poro W`chtmh ihch poro thghs
nhshtrhs, uno mxjhrtoi`ùn poro pmrs`st`r y irmimr mn ehs msir`ths
sokroghs (v. ?=). «Y`kum mn mso g`rmii`ùn¶ ‗msm bum me aumn
ihnsmlh qum rmià`ù Eufm Yfywoefmr oe oprhx`corsm o Gmotj Ytor ‗,
‗,
y ms un aumn ihnsmlh poro thgh ir`stònh. Nh voièms. Nh tm gmsvãms
gme ioc`nh. Msm ms me cmnsolm gm 1 W`chtmh 9<?7-?;. Ymrmchs
tmntoghs y prhaoghs. Nhs ionsormchs. Ihnhimrmchs cuijos
prms`hnms. Y` gmsmochs v`v`r v`gos pòghsos mn Ir`sth Lmsüs,
smrmchs
gm pmrsmku`ghsmn(v.
G`hs< pmrconmim eos?1). Tmrh msto
Msir`turos ms eo `ncutoaem
y contàn me rucah. `nstruii`ùn

Ihns`gmro tu j`sthrò
Bme`zcmntm, Toaeh nh sm gmt`mnm ihn mstm s`cpem congoc`mnth s`nh
Bme`zcmntm,
qum ihnt`nüo6 go sus rozhnms. Rmchs mn 1 W`chtmh 9<?7-?; iuotrh
rozhnms phr eos qum gmamchs pmrconmimr mn eos Msir`turos< numstro
j`sthrò,
Msir`turo,eoy eoiopoi`gog gm eos
buni`hnoe`gog gm eoMsir`turos, eo hr`k`noe`gog ihn
Msir`turo. Ihcmnzormchs gm eo
eo
mxjhrtoi`ùn gm Toaeh gm ihns`gmror numstro prhpò j`sthrò.
Cm ghy iumnto gm qum mstm pr`cmr punth nh sm opeìo `kuoecmntm o
thghs ehs ir`stònhs. Cuijhs irmymntms jon eemkogh o Ir`sth
rmi`mntmcmntm. Cèehnms n` s`qu`mro t`mnmn uno j`sthrò ir`stòno phr
ihns`gmror. Tmrh, oun osã, ms rmoe`gog ‗y yh g`rão qum phr g`smÿh gm
G`hs s`mcprm smrï osã‗ qum eo conmro cïs noturoe phr eo qum me
ihcprhc`sh ir`stònh sm g`bungm ms o trovàs gm eo bocèò. @nieush
iuongh numstro bocèò noturoe nh jo lukogh un rhe mn numstro
eemkogo o eo
qum bum me bm, thghs
cmg`h tmnmchs
gm kroiò oekuno
soevãbìo pmrshno
memk`gh mn numstro
phr G`hs. j`sthrò
Thr eh tonth, gm
uno conmro u htro, eo mxjhrtoi`ùn gm Toaeh o W`chtmh ms eo
mxjhrtoi`ùn gm G`hs o nhshtrhs. Qmiumrgo qu`àn tm ku`ù o eo bm.
Qmiumrgo qu`àn tm joaeù gme mvonkme`h. Qmiumrgo qu`àn bum me
pr`cmrh mn mnsmÿortm eo Aàeò.
Toro W`chtmh msth s`kn`bìoao Toaeh, mn i`mrth smnt`gh (1<1) y, cïs
s`kn`bìot`vocmntm, su oaumeo Eh`go y su cogrm Munìm (?<=6 9<?7-
?=). Toaeh mxjhrto o mstm lhvmn posthr o pmrs`st`r mn eo Aàeò y mn me
ünìh mvonkme`h vmrgogmrh, phrqum àe ehs oprmng`ù gm su oaumeo y su
cocï.
joimreh.Nh s`mcprm
Ontms rozhnochs
gm gmsiortor gmqum
eo bm mstojos
conmro, pmrhgm
oprmng`gh gmamrãochs
pmqumÿh,
p`mnso mn oqumeehs gm qu`mnms eo jos oprmng`gh. Ph bu` o uno
un`vmrs`gog ir`stòno nhrcoe y ihrr`mntm ghngm ehs prhbmshrms gm
rme`k`ùn o cmnugh mron eàmroems. R` cuijhs ihcpoÿmrhs gm ieosm
iuyo bm bum gmrru`go y nunio bum emvontogo numvocmntm gm uno
conmro soeugoaem. Iuongh eo kmntm cm prmkunto phr quà yh nh
smkuã me c`sch ioc`nh, eo cmlhr rmspumsto qum tmnkh ‗oportm gm
cmni`hnor eo kroiò gm G`hs‗ ms qum yh ihnb`à mn c`s pogrms y c`
irònzo cïs qum mn c`s prhbmshrms. Ihch mstugòntm un`vmrs`tor`h
tuvm c`s gugos. Juah numvos prmkuntos qum nh soaão rmsphngmr.
Tmrh eh qum cm contuvh onieogh bum eo ihnbònzo mn eh qum joaão

oprmng`gh iuongh mro n`ÿh, y mn oqumeehs gm ehs qum joaão

oprmng`gh.
Havòcmntm, nh thgh me cungh jo s`gh amngmi`gh mn irmimr ihn
aumnhs pogrms y mn aumnos `kemsòs. Tmrh msh nh joim qum me
congoc`mnth gm Toaeh o W`chtmh smo cmnhs oprhpògh poro ehs
qum sã jmchs irmi`gh osã. T`mnso mn tus comstrhs gm msiumeo
ghc`nìoe. T`mnso mn ehs eãgmrms gm tu kruph gm lùvmnms. T`mnso mn
tus posthrms. T`mnso mn tu popï, mn tus oaumehs, mn tu cocï. ¸Nh
tmnãon mn su ihrozùn eh cmlhr poro t`8 ¸Nh tm ocoaon8 ¸Mron
`cphsthrms8 ¸Mstoaon mqu`vhioghs mn eh qum gmbmngãon8 ¸Ymrão
rozhnoaem qum p`mnsms qum thghs ehs qum v`n`mrhn ontms gm t`,
oqumeehs qum tm mnsmÿorhn o ihnbòr mn eo Aàeò, qum tmnãon cïs
mxpmr`mniò y prhaoaemcmntm cïs soa`gurão qum tü, rmpmnt`nocmntm
shn unhs `caàièms `knhrontms8 ¸Cmrmimn tu i`n`sch, rmijozh h
aureo8
Ehs pogrms y ehs posthrms nh shn pmrbmiths, n` s`qu`mro ehs
rmoecmntm aumnhs. Toaeh nh mstï gì`mngh qum gmamchs smku`r o
numstrhs cmnthrms o thgo ihsto. Tmrh msm ms me cmheeh gm eo
iumst`ùn, y ms cuy oprhpògh poro oghemsimntms y vm`ntmoÿmrhs qum
ems kusto iumst`hnor thgo outhr`gog mximpth eo prhpò< ontms gm gmlor
otrïs eh qum sheãos irmmr sharm eo Aàeò, ihns`gmro qu`àn tm mnsmÿù o
irmmr eh qum sheãos irmmr sharm eo Toeoaro.
Ph rmiumrgh qum iuongh mstoao mn un ponme gm uno ihnbmrmniò,
oeku`mn em prmkuntù o Lhjn T`pmr< «¸Thr quà ihnieuym qum eo
`nmrroniò ms vmrgog8¶. Eh pr`cmrh qum soe`ù gm su ahio shrprmng`ù
o
suthghs< «Thrqum
rmspumsto c` cocï
nh bum cm g`lh
uno brosm qumgmmro
gìjo vmrgog¶.
posogo Y`nihcmntor`h
h un mcaorkh,
s`cpe`sto g`smÿogh poro iousor un mbmith. T`pmr joaão ioptogh oekh
prhbungocmntm vmrgogmrh mn cuijos gm numstros v`gos y qum mro
prhbungocmntm aãaeìh. Nh ms nmimsoròcmntm un s`knh gm
irmi`c`mnth gmlor otrïs eo bm gm tu n`ÿmz, y tocphih ms
nmimsoròcmntm uno gmaè`gog irmmr eo c`sco ihso o eh eorkh gm tu
v`go. ¡_uà pr`vèmk`h `nmst`coaem ms bocèòr`zorsm gmsgm eo n`ÿmz ihn
ehs msir`ths sokroghs! Eo rozùn pr`ni`poe phr eo qum W`chtmh gmaão
pmrconmimr mn eos Msir`turos sm rmchnto josto cïs oeeï gm Eh`go y
Munìm. Tmrh, o ehs p`ms gm meeos, W`chtmh oprmng`ù o ihnbòr mn eo

Toeoaro gm G`hs. Eh qum nh ms phio ihso y nh gmam smr gmlogh gm

eogh phr nogo gme cungh.

Ihns`gmro eo iopoi`gog gm eo Msir`turo
E
Eoo Toeoaro gm G`hs pumgm joimr cuijos ihsos6 thgh, mn rmoe`gog.
G`hs
pumaehirmù
bumphr eo Toeoaro.
rmun`gh Oarojoc
ihch uno noi`ùnbummneeocogh phreoeo Toeoaro.
Y`noã phr Toeoaro. Yu
Me
eàmroi`ùn gm Aoaèhnò sm j`zh rmoe`gog phr eo Toeoaro. Eïzorh bum
rmsui`togh phr eo Toeoaro. Eo `kemsò ophstùeìo bum irmogo phr eo
Toeoaro. O eh eorkh gm eo j`sthrò rmgmnthro vmchs o G`hs irmongh,
coegì`mngh, eeocongh, ihnv`rt`mngh, rmun`mngh, amngì`mngh,
mqu`pongh, ocmnozongh y prhcmt`mngh phr su Toeoaro. P, mn
numstro j`sthrò pmrshnoe, vmchs cïs ieorocmntm me phgmr gm eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs mn su iopoi`gog poro soevornhs (1 W`. 9<?=).
Eo Msir`turo nh nhs gìm thgh eh qum qumrrãochs soamr gm thgh,
pmrh sã nhs gìm
`cphrtontms. Eo thgh eh qum
Aàeò nhs nmims`tochs
go oekh qumsoamr sharmihn
@ntmrnmt, eos ihsos
thghs cïs
sus
tmroaytms gm `nbhrcoi`ùn, nh pumgm gornhs< soa`gurão. Me prhpùs`th
gm eos Yokrogos Msir`turos nh ms, mn üet`co `nstoniò, joimrtm cïs
`ntme`kmntm, h cïs rmemvontm, h cïs rìh, h ihnsmku`rtm un troaolh h
un iùnyukm, h oemlortm gm ehs prhaemcos, n` gmi`rtm gùngm v`v`r. Me
halmt`vh gm eo Aàeò ms qum pumgos smr subì`mntmcmntm soa`h ihch
poro phnmr tu bm mn Ir`sth y smr soevh.
s oevh.
Nogo cïs mn me cungh t`mnm msto iopoi`gog. Eo poeoaro gme
Trms`gmntm ms `cphrtontm. Eo poeoaro gm tus pogrms gmam smr
jhnrogo.
Toeoaro gmEo poeoaro gm tu iùnyukm
G`hs pumgm gmam smr
soevor. Yheh mn otmshrogo.
eo Msir`turoTmrh sheh eo
phgmchs
mnihntror eo pemn`tug gm eo outhrrmvmeoi`ùn gm G`hs. Yheh mn eo
Msir`turo phgmchs mnihntror eos aumnos numvos gme pmrgùn gm ehs
pmioghs. Yheh mn eo Msir`turo phgmchs smr kuòghs o irmmr mn
Lmsuir`sth y, oe irmmr, tmnmr v`go mn su nhcarm. Nh irmos qum nh
t`mnms nogo `cphrtontm qum gmi`rem oe cungh. _um nh tm prmhiupm s`
t`mnms h nh oekh ütè poro ihcport`r ihn eo kmntm jmr`go y nmims`togo.
Nh gmsmspmrms phrqum nh joy un phgmr tronsbhrcoghr mn tu v`go.
Y`kum oiug`mngh oe mvonkme`h y irmi`mngh mn eos Msir`turos, pums
meeos shn cïs qum ioe`bìogos poro rmsphngmr o thgh msh.

Ihns`gmro eo hr`k`noe`gog gm eo Msir`turo

Thr «hr`k`noe`gog¶, nh cm rmb`mrh o eo irmot`v`gog h comstrão gm eo

Thr
Msir`turo. Msthy usongh eo poeoaro cïs e`tmroecmntm poro rmbmr`rcm oe
hr`kmn gm eo Msir`turo< gm gùngm v`nh y qu`àn ms rmsphnsoaem phr
meeo. Mn 1 W`chtmh 9<?2 sm go eo rmspumsto cmrmi`gocmntm bochso<
«Whgo eo Msir`turo ms `nsp`rogo phr G`hs¶. Mn ehs ghs üet`chs s`kehs
oprhx`cogocmntm, oekunhs mrug`ths jon trotogh gm orkucmntor qum
eo Msir`turo ms «`nsp`rogo¶ mn me smnt`gh gm qum ms un eàrh `nsp`rogh
y qum pumgm `nsp`rornhs. Tmrh A. A. [orb`meg ihcprmjmns`vocmntm
gmche`ù mso numvo `ntmrprmtoi`ùn, cïs gm i`mn oÿhs otrïs,
ihnieuymngh gmspuàs gm uno cmtìuehso mrugì`ùn qum
tjmhpnmusths (eo poeoaro kr`mko trogui`go ihch «`nsp`rogo phr
G`hs¶ mn eo QRQ-24) «mxprmso pr`chrgòecmntm me hr`kmn gm eo
Msir`turo, nh su noturoemzo, n` cuijh cmnhs sus mbmiths¶.V?S
mbmiths¶.V?S Ihch
Ihch
okrmko [orb`meg< «Ehs msir`thrms aãaeìhs nh ihniàmn o eos
Msir`turos ihch un prhguith juconh `nsp`rogh phr me Mspãr`tu
g`v`nh, y ihnsmiumntmcmntm okuzogh phr sus iuoe`gogms h ghtogh
gm numvos iuoe`gogms, s`nh ihch un prhguith g`v`nh prhgui`gh o
jhcarms¶.V1S Eo `nsp`roi`ùn gm eo
trovàs gm eo `nstrucmntoe`gog gm jhcarms¶.V1S
Msir`turo ms un jmijh mstoaemi`gh mn me posogh, nh un suimsh qum
mspmrochs suimgo mn me buturh. Eo Msir`turo nh sheh `nsp`ro, s`nh
qum ms `nsp`rogo6 nh ms sheh mxjoeogo ms `nbung`go. Ihch eo
mxprms`ùn vmraoe gme smÿhrãh gm Ir`sth, eo Msir`turo eemvo mn sã thgh me
pmsh gm eo outhr`gog g`v`no, phrqum prhv`mnm ihcpemtocmntm gm un
hr`kmn g`v`nh.
P msth ms vmrgog poro thgo eo Msir`turo. Iogo eàrh, iogo iopãtueh,
iogo eãnmo, iogo poeoaro, thgh mn meeo ms `nsp`rogh phr G`hs. Nh sheh
eos portms havòcmntm tmheùkìos, h eos cmchroaems6 n` sheh eos
portms qum nhs ihncumvmn. Whgh mn meeo ‗j`sthrò, irhnhehkão,
bèhshbão‗, iogo vmrgog qum eo Aàeò ob`rco, gmam smr thcogo ihch
eo vmrgog gm G`hs. Iogo poeoaro mn eo Aàeò mstï ojã phrqum G`hs eo
qu`sh ojã. Thr eh tonth, gmamchs msiuijor o eo Aàeò y pmrconmimr
mn meeo, y sulmtornhs o su mnsmÿonzo gm eo Aàeò, phrqum ms eo Aàeò
gm G`hs. Ms eo Aàeò gm G`hs tonth ehs msir`ths sokroghs gme Ont`kuh
Wmstocmnth, qum Toaeh ontms qum nogo tmnão mn cmntm, ihch ehs
msir`ths `nsp`roghs poro eo @kemsò gme numvh poith, ihch Toaeh
mntmng`ù qum mstoao
mntmng`ù qum àe c`sch
mn memstoao gongh
prhimsh gm smr(?msir`to
Ws. 1<?9)
(1 T.y9<?2).
ihch Tmgrh

Woca`àn ms iruiòe ihcprmngmr qum s` thgo eo Msir`turo ms

`nsp`rogo phr G`hs, joy uno un`gog o eh eorkh gm eos pïk`nos gm eo
Aàeò. Y`n c`n`c`zor eos g`bmrmniòs gm kànmrhs y outhrão jucono,
gm thgos conmros gmamchs oimriornhs o eo Aàeò mspmrongh
rmihnièòr ihcpemtocmntm ehs g`st`nt`vhs tmheùkìhs y eos opormntms
g`sirmponiòs.
Eo un`gog gm eo Msir`turo toca`àn s`kn`bìo qum gmamchs
gmsjoimrnhs, gm uno vmz y poro s`mcprm, gme s`nsmnt`gh gm eos
«emtros rhlos¶, ihch s` eos poeoaros gm Lmsüs bumron rmoecmntm ehs
vmrsãiuehs cïs `cphrtontms mn eo Msir`turo, y tuv`mron cïs outhr`gog
y bumron gm oekuno conmro cïs g`rmitocmntm g`v`nhs qum htrhs
vmrsãiuehs. ]no ihcprmns`ùn mvonkàeìo gm eo `nsp`roi`ùn nh nhs
pmrc`tm oprmiòr cïs eos `nstruii`hnms gme Mvonkme`h qum eos
`nstruii`hnms mn htros portms gm eo Msir`turo. Y` emmchs sharm eo
jhchsmxuoe`gog gm eo peuco gm Toaeh mn Qhconhs, nh t`mnm cmnhs
pmsh h rmemvoniò qum eos Toeoaros gm Lmsüs qum emmchs mn Cotmh.
Whgo eo Msir`turo ms `nsp`rogo phr G`hs, nh sheh eos portms joaeogos
phr Lmsüs.
Eo c`smrìhrg`hso outhrrmvmeoi`ùn gm G`hs nhs eemko o trovàs gm eo
Toeoaro jmijo iornm y phr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs msir`to. Msths ghs
chghs gm rmvmeoi`ùn nhs rmvmeon un G`hs, uno vmrgog, un ioc`nh, y
un ihnlunth ihjmrmntm gm prhcmsos, ogvmrtmniòs y congoc`mnths
phr ehs qum v`v`r. Nh gmamchs trotor gm ihnhimr o eo Toeoaro qum ms
g`v`no, oportm gm eos g`v`nos poeoaros gm eo Aàeò, y nh gmamchs emmr
eos poeoaros gm eo Aàeò s`n tmnmr un hlh pumsth mn eo Toeoaro
mniornogo. Iuonghunh
eo sonto Msir`turo, sm troto gm cïs
nh ms vmr obòaem,
G`hs yn`sucïs
vmrgog mn Ir`sth
ihnbòaem y mn
n` cïs
rmemvontm qum htrh. Eo Msir`turo, phrqum ms `nsp`rogo phr G`hs,
phsmm eo c`sco outhr`gog qum me G`hs-jhcarm Lmsuir`sth. Eo
suc`s`ùn o eos Msir`turos ms suc`s`ùn o G`hs. Eo rmame`ùn ihntro eos
Msir`turos ms rmame`ùn ihntro G`hs. Eo Aàeò nh pumgm boeeor
boeeor,, beoqumor
h mrror gm eo c`sco conmro qum G`hs nh pumgm boeeor, beoqumor h
mrror.
Mstm oeth ihnimpth gm eo Msir`turo ihch eo Toeoaro gm G`hs
`nmrrontm m `nsp`rogo phr G`hs jo s`gh eo phsì`ùn gm ehs ir`stònhs
gmsgm me pr`ni`p`h.
«Yokrogos Iemcmntm
Msir`turos¶ ihchgm
«eoQhco (94-?44
vmrgogmro g.I.) gmsirà`ù
mxprms`ùn o eos
gme Mspãr`tu

Yonth¶ y oÿog`ù qum «mn meeos nh jo s`gh msir`th nogo qum smo coeh
h boesh¶. @rmnmh (?14-141 g.I.) ob`rcù qum ehs msir`thrms aãaeìhs
«bumrhn eemnhs gm ihnhi`c`mnth pmrbmith sharm iogo tmco¶ y mron
«`niopoims gm uno gmieoroi`ùn boeso¶. Gm oiumrgh o Hrãkmnms (?:=-
1=7 g.I.), «ehs vheücmnms sokroghs bumrhn ihcpemtocmntm
`nsp`roghs phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth, y qum nh joy n`nkün posolm, yo smo
mn eo Emy, mn ehs Mvonkme`hs, h mn ehs msir`ths gm un opùsthe, qum nh
prhimgo gm eo bumntm `nsp`rogo gm vmrgog g`v`no¶. Okustãn (9=7-794
g.I.) mxpeìù mn uno iorto o Lmrùn`ch< «jm oprmng`gh o otràu`r o
mshs eàrhs qum shn gm un ronkh ionùnìh, y sheh o meehs, toe
rmvmrmniò y jhnhr, qum irmh b`rcmcmntm qum n` un sheh mrrhr gma`gh
o oekün outhr pumgm smr joeeogh mn n`nkunh gm meehs¶. Lmrùn`ch
(909-i . 7=; g.I.) gmieorù qum eos Msir`turos shn «eo bumntm cïs
puro… msir`to y mg`togo phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth¶.V9S
Yonth¶.V9S Oqu`nh (?11=-
?1;7 g.I.) shst`mnm< «Me Outhr gm eo Yokrogo Msir`turo ms G`hs¶.V7S
G`hs¶.V7S
Ioev`nh (?=40-?=27 g.I.) ob`rcù qum s` smku`chs eos Msir`turos
smrmchs «soevhs gme pme`krh gme mrrhr¶. Wmnmchs qum oarozor «s`n
joeeor n`nkuno boeeo, thgh eh qum smo mnsmÿogh mn eo Yokrogo
Msir`turo¶. Em «gmamchs o eo Msir`turo eo c`sco rmvmrmniò qum em
gmamchs o G`hs¶. Mn eo Msir`turo, G`hs «oarm sus sontãs`chs
eoa`hs¶, y ehs opùsthems mron «msiràos smkurhs y kmnu`nhs gme
Yonth¶.V=S Nh
Mspãr`tu Yonth¶.V=S Nh smrão g`bãiè ihnt`nuor poro cuet`peìor eos i`tos
ihch msto gm Ioev`nh, y su ihnimpth gm eo `nsp`roi`ùn mstoao emlhs
gm smr uno nhvmeo.
Josto joim aostontm phih, ehs ir`stònhs gm thgos eos trogì`hnms
joaãon
vmroi`gog gogh
gm phr smntogh eo Oghptor
eo Msir`turo. ihcpemtomeihnbònzo
cïs oeth y ihnimpth
ihcprmjmns`vo
gm eo
`nsp`roi`ùn ‗ihch hr`k`nogo phr G`hs c`sch‗ nh bum me `nvmnth gm
oekuno trogì`ùn, tmùehkh h msiumeo. Y`cpemcmntm bum portm gm eh qum
s`kn`bìo smr ir`stònh.

Ihns`gmro eo buni`hnoe`gog gm eo Msir`turo
Eo
Eo üet`co rozùn qum Toaeh go poro pmrconmimr mn eos Msir`turos ms
su buni`hnoe`gog. Msto phgrão pormimr uno pharm rozùn poro
pmrconmimr ihn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, mspmiòecmntm gmspuàs gm
c`ror o thgos eos `cpeìoi`hnms gme tàrc`nh tjmhpnmusths. Tmrh, poro
Toaeh, eo buni`hnoe`gog gm eo Msir`turo ms eo ihnieus`ùn gm thgh su

orkucmnth. Ms eo rmihcpmnso y me prhpùs`th gm thgo su coknãbìo

tmhehkão.
Eo Msir`turo ms ütè poro mnsmÿor. Nhs gìm qu`àn ms G`hs y eh qum
Àe gmcongo. Nhs gìm qu`ànms shchs nhshtrhs, phr quà mstochs
oquã, gm gùngm vmn`chs y o gùngm vochs. Nhs joaeo gm ochr y
cotr`chn`h. Nhs joaeo gm eo v`go ontms gm numstro v`go, y gm eo v`go
gmspuàs gm eo cumrtm. Tr`ni`poecmntm, nhs joaeo sharm me pmiogh y
me pmrgùn, sharm Ir`sth y eo iruz, sharm iùch ms qum mstochs
pmrg`ghs y iùch smr joeeoghs. P phrqum eo Msir`turo nhs gìm eh qum
G`hs gìm, phgmchs ihnbòr pemnocmntm mn thgh eh qum gìm eo
Msir`turo sharm thgh msth.
Eo Msir`turo ms ütè poro rmgorkõ`r y ihrrmk`r
ihrrmk`r.. Eo Toeoaro ihngmno y
ihnsumeo, ihnvmnim gm pmiogh y rmihnbhrto. Nhs gmt`mnm iuongh
orru`nochs eos ihsos y nhs phnm mn me aumn ioc`nh numvocmntm.
G`hs nhs g`h eo Aàeò phrqum nhs oco eh subì`mntm ihch poro
gmi`rnhs quà p`mnso y iùch gmamchs v`v`r v`v`r..
Eo Msir`turo ms ütè poro `nstru`rnhs mn lustìò. Nog`m t`mnm àx`th mn
ehs n`vmems cïs oeths gm ehs gmphrtms s`n mlmri`torsm. Nog`m eemko
emlhs mn eo cüsìo s`n cuijo prïitìo. Nog`m sharmsoem mn mrugì`ùn
s`n oÿhs gm mstug`h. P nog`m eemko emlhs mn eo msiumeo gm sont`gog s`n
jhros, gãos y oÿhs mn eo Toeoaro. Wü y yh nh cogurormchs ton
rïp`gocmntm, n` c`n`strormchs ton mbmit`vocmntm, h v`v`rmchs ton
kehr`hsocmntm s`n sucmrk`rnhs mn eos Msir`turos.
Y` vochs o smr ir`stònhs ihcpmtmntms, nmims`tochs eo Aàeò. Eo
Aàeò nhs mg`bìo o b`n gm qum phgochs rms`st`r gurontm me
subr`c`mnth.
g`bãièms. Nhs Nhs
gorï go g`simrn`c`mnth
subì`mntm poro
bumrzo poro smr thcor eos ihn
poi`mntms gmi`s`hnms
htrhs y
nhs jorï subì`mntmcmntm poi`mntms poro rmsphngmr ihn ocoaè`gog
iuongh htrhs nhs eost`con. Eo Aàeò nhs `cpuesorï o eemvor ihc`go o
uno cogrm pr`cmr`zo y o hror phr eo kmntm mn sus iocos gm jhsp`toe.
Eo Aàeò nhs mqu`po poro smr ocontms gm eo vmrgog y sus
prhieocoghrms. Nhs mnvòrï o iu`gor o ehs pharms y gor eo
a`mnvmn`go oe mxtronlmrh. Nh joy eãc`tm poro eh qum eo Aàeò pumgm
joimr phr nhshtrhs, poro nhshtrhs, y o trovàs gm nhshtrhs. Nunio
phgrmchs gmlor otrïs o eo Aàeò, phrqum meeo s`mcprm ausio
joimrnhs irmimr. Eo Aàeò sheh nh rmsueto prïitìo poro me `ncogurh,

y sheh `rrmemvontm poro ehs thnths qum irmmn qum ios` thgh ms numvh
gmaolh gme she.

Ms uno ihso smrò
I
Ihcmnià
hcmnià mstm eàrh ihn un eorkh phmco, ihn un phmco gm ochr qum
joaeo gm iontor, joaeor, mstugòr, cmchr`zor, hamgmimr y oeoaor eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs. Ihcmnià ihn eo opeìoi`ùn, ihn eo mspmronzo gm
qum, poro me b`noe, me khzh y eo ihnbònzo mn me ihrozùn gme soec`sto
mxpehtorãon mn ehs numstrhs. Ihn thgh eh qum soamchs sharm eo Aàeò
y gm eo Aàeò, gmamchs tmnmr numstrhs ihrozhnms s`nthn`zoghs poro
eo oeoaonzo y numstros cmntms prmporogos poro eo oii`ùn.
P gmamchs mstor prmporoghs poro ihnt`nuor. Ihnt`nuor mn eo
vmrgog gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs y mn eo emituro gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs,
msiuijïngheo ihn otmni`ùn6 y ihnt`nuor irmymngh thgh eh qum ms
ob`rcogh mn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Mn un cungh qum prmcò eh numvh,
eh prhkrms`vh
Lmsuir`sth ms me yc`sch
eh mvheui`hnogh,
oymr, y jhy, y nmims`tochs
phr ehs s`kehs rmihrgor
(Jm. ?9<:).qum
P
gogh qum Àe s`kum s`mngh me c`sch, eh c`sch suimgm ihn su vmrgog.
Eh qum s`kn`bìo qum o vmims eo ihnstoniò ms eo cmlhr portm gme
voehr. Ijorems Jhgkm, me kron tmùehkh gm Tr`nimthn gme s`keh x`x, jo
s`gh r`gìue`zogh phr su oeorgm gm qum mn me Ymc`nor`h gm Tr`nimthn
nunio sm hr`k`nù uno numvo `gmo. Tmrh p`ntor msto gmieoroi`ùn ihn eo
thnoe`gog cïs hsiuro, ihch smÿoeù unh gm ehs a`ùkrobhs gm Jhgkm,
ms gmvoeuor me cïs krongm ghn gm Jhgkm< su thtoe ihnstoniò mn eo
ihnvìi`ùn. «Whcogh mn su ihntmxth hr`k`noe, me ihcmntor`h gm
Jhgkm iopto eo c`sco
mn eo `nnhvoi`ùn msmniò
tmheùkìo, gme jhcarm.
phrqum irmão qumÀemro
nh `cphsàem
mstoao `ntmrmsogh
cmlhror
eo irmmniò hrthghxo¶.V2S
hrthghxo¶.V2S Jhgkm
Jhgkm nh mstoao ausiongh numvos `gmos
sharm G`hs, phrqum àe irmão qum eo vmrgog yo joaão s`gh rmvmeogo, y
gmgìù su v`go o eo mxpeìoi`ùn y gmbmnso gm eos Msir`turos phrqum
irmão, ihch Lmsüs qum, sharm thgh eh gmcïs, eo ihso cïs
bungocmntoe qum phgmchs gmi`r sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ‗mntrm
i`mnths gm ihsos qum phgmchs y gmamchs gmi`r‗ ms qum eo Toeoaro
gm G`hs ms vmrgog (Ln. ?;<?;).
Lhjn Nmwthn, me ihcmriòntm gm msieovhs qum sm vhev`ù posthr y
msir`thr gm j`cnhs, iumnto eo j`sthrò gm iuongh v`s`tù o uno smnièeo
culmr qum cur`ù cuy lhvmn gm «uno pmrs`stmntm tuamriuehs`s¶. Meeo

mro uno «pmrshno sharò, prugmntm, ihn smnt`gh ihcün, qum phgão
emmr su Aàeò, pmrh joaão emãgh phih gm htros ihsos¶. Nmwthn
suphnão qum meeo nunio joaão vòlogh cïs gm ghim cèeos gm su
ioso. ]nhs phihs gãos ontms gm su cumrtm, Nmwthn hrù ihn meeo y
«okrogmi`ù oe Ymÿhr qum ojhro em joaão ihnimg`gh o meeo vmr qum nh
joaão mstogh s`ku`mngh bïaueos ort`bì`hsos¶. Gmspuàs gm mstm
ihcmntor`h b`noe, eo culmr rmp`t`ù eos poeoaros gm Nmwthn y g`lh< «Nh,
nh shn bïaueos ort`bì`hsos6 mstos shn outàntìos vmrgogms¶.
Mnthnims, meeo b`lù sus hlhs mn Nmwthn y em rmihrgù me pmsh gm su
vhioi`ùn y eo smr`mgog gm eo vmrgog<
Ymÿhr, ustmg jo s`gh oetocmntm bovhrmi`gh oe smr eeocogh poro prmgìor me mvonkme`h.
Brmiumntmcmntm eh jm msiuijogh ihn peoimr6 pmrh pmrcãtocm gmi`rem qum ojhro vmh
qum thgh eh qum ustmg jo gìjh, h pumgo gmi`r, ms ihcporot`vocmntm phih. P qum
rmi`àn iuongh ustmg c`sch eemkum o c` s`tuoi`ùn y tmnko eo cumrtm y eo mtmrn`gog o eo
v`sto phgrï ihnima`r me mnhrcm pmsh m `cphrtoniò gm eos vmrgogms qum ustmg
gmieoro.
rmbemx`hnor mn ehs üet`chs gãos gm eo culmr
Oe culmr,, Nmwthn rmihrgù qum
«mn thgh eh qum meeo joaeù joaão g`kn`gog, bungocmnth y mv`gmniò,
eh iuoe, suphnkh, phihs prhbmshrms gm g`v`n`gog, iuongh mnsmÿon mn
su iïtmgros, t`mnmn mn `kuoe cmg`go¶. Nmwthn mnihntrù mn me
tmst`chn`h gm eo culmr ‗ihch brmiumntmcmntm mnihntroao oe v`s`tor
o ehs mnbmrchs y chràunghs‗ «mv`gmniò ihrrhahrot`vo¶ poro eos
krongms vmrgogms gme mvonkme`h prhieocogh phr G`hs mn su Toeoaro.
«Hj, smÿhr¶, mxieocù eo lhvmn culmr, «chr`r ms oekh smr`h, nh joy
poeoaros qum pumgon mxprmsor eh qum sm nmims`to poro shstmnmr me
oeco
Nh mn
joyeo poeoaros
shemcn`gog
qumgmpumgon
eo jhro mxprmsor
gm eo cumrtm¶.V;S
cumrtm¶.V;Ssm nmims`to mn eo
eh qum
jhro gm numstro cumrtm. Tmrh sã joy poeoaros poro shstmnmrnhs mn
msm chcmnth, y mn iogo chcmnth gmsgm msto jhro josto qum oqume
chcmnth eemkum. Yhn eos poeoaros gm eo vmrgog, eos poeoaros gm
v`go, eos poeoaros `nsp`rogos phr G`hs gm eo Yokrogo Msir`turo.
Toeoaros qum nunio boeeon n` broioson, qum mxoeton o Ir`sth y qum
nhs bumrhn gogos phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth. Tmrconmimr mn eos
Msir`turos pumgm pormimr oekh gm phih pmsh ojhro, pmrh smnt`rmchs
su pmsh oekün gão. Eemkorï un t`mcph iuongh sm chstrorï s` numstro
v`go bum bungocmntogo mn tr`vòe`gogms h rmoe`gogms.

Thr eh tonth, nh gmaè`tmchs numstrh ihcprhc`sh ihn numstro

`nqumarontoaem Aàeò. Nh nhs gmsv`mchs gm su g`v`nocmntm
mxoetogo vmrgog. Nh voièmchs mn numstrh gmem`tm y gmsmh. G`hs jo
joaeogh y, o trovàs gm mso rmvmeoi`ùn, Àe thgovão joaeo. Mn üet`co
`nstoniò, phgmchs irmmr mn eo Aàeò phrqum irmmchs mn me phgmr, eo
soa`gurão, ahngog y vmroi`gog gme G`hs iuyo outhr`gog y vmrgog nh
pumgm smr smporogo gm eo Aàeò. Ihnbòchs mn eo Aàeò phrqum ms eo
Aàeò gm G`hs. P, ihch mstochs joaeongh gm G`hs, tmnmchs thgo eo
rozùn poro ihnbòr mn su Toeoaro.
V?S Amnloc`n A. [orb`meg, Wjm @nsp`rot`hn ong Outjhr`ty hb tjm Aàem (Tjèe`psaurk, NL< Trmsaytmròn &
V?S
Qmbhrcmg, ?07:), 102.
V1S @aãg .,., ?=9.
V1S
V9S Mstos
V9S Mstos i`tos pumgmn smr joeeogos mn Iore B. J. Jmnry, Khg, Qmvmeot`hn, ong Outjhr`ty , 2 vhes. ([jmothn, @E<
Irhsswoy, ?000), 7<9;4’9;1.
V7S
V7S Yucco Wjmhehkìo @.`.?4, mn @ntrhguit`hn th Yt. Wjhcos Oqu`nos, mg. Onthn I. Tmk`s (Numvo Phrf< Chgmrn
Eàrory, ?02=).
V=S
V=S Mstos i`nih i`tos prhv`mnmn rmspmit`vocmntm gm Ihccmntory hn Cottjmw 11<106 @nst`tutms ?.?:.76
@nst`tutms ?.2.? (ib. ?.:.=)6 @nst`tutms 1.?1.? (vàosm toca`àn ?.:.=6 9.11.:6 9.19.=6 Ihccmntory hn ? Tmtmr
?<1=)6 @nst`tutms 7.:.0.
V2S
V2S Toue
Toue I. Kutlojr, Ijorems Jhgkm< Wjm Kuorgòn hb Ocmrìon Hrtjhghxy (Hxbhrg< Hxbhrg ]n`vmrs`ty Trmss,
14??), 929.
V;S
V;S Msto
Msto
144; j`sthrò,
V?:20S), `nieuymngh msos i`tos, sm mniumntron mn Emttmrs hb Lhjn Nmwthn (Mg`naurkj< Aonnmr hb Wrutj,
?44’?4?.

Qmiurshs rmihcmngoghs

Aruim, B. B. ¸Yhn b`gmg`knhs ehs ghiucmnths gme Numvh-
Wmstocmnth8 Yon Lhsà, Ihsto Qìo< Mg`thròe Ioràm, ?0;1.
Ioev`nh, Luon. @nst`tui`ùn gm eo rme`k`ùn ir`stòno. Krong Qop`gs<
Numvo Irmoi`ùn, ?0::, eàrh ?, iopãtuehs ?’?4.
Iocpamee, Ijore`m. Qmspumstos o prmkuntos qum joimn ehs
msiàptìhs. Krong Qop`gs, Mg`thròe Thrtovhz, 1440.
Krugmc, [oynm O. ―Tr`cmro Tortm< Eo ghitr`no gm eo Toeoaro gm
G`hs–, Wmhehkão s`stmcïtìo. Còc`< Mg`thròe R`go, 144;.
Teuccmr, Qhamrt. Trmkuntos y rmspumstos sharm iùch
`ntmrprmtor eo Aàeò. Krong Qop`gs< Mg`thròe Thrtovhz, 14?9.
Yprhue, Q. I. Iùch mstugòr m `ntmrprmtor eo Aàeò. Còc`<
Mg`thròe ]nè`t, 1447.

Eo c`s`ùn gm Mg`thròe Thrtovhz ihns`stm mn prhphri`hnor prhguiths gm ioe`gog ‗ihn `ntmkr`gog y mximemniò
‗, gmsgm uno pmrspmit`vo aãaeìo y ihnbòaem, qum on`cmn o eos pmrshnos o ihnhimr y smrv`r o Lmsuir`sth.

Wãtueh gme hr`k`noe< Wof`nk Khg Ot J`s [hrg © 14?7 phr Fmv`n GmPhunk y puaeìogh phr Irhsswoy, ?944
Irmsimnt Ytrmmt, [jmothn, @ee`nh`s 24?:;.
Wrogui`gh ihn pmrc`sh.
Wroguii`ùn< Luon Wmrronhvo
Wroguii`ùn<
MMgì`ùn
gì`ùn mn iostmeeonh< Ihnbão mn su Toeoaro © 14?= phr Mg`thròe Thrtovhz, bèòe gm Frmkme Tuaeìot`hns, Krong
Qop`gs, Cìj`kon 70=4=. Whghs ehs gmrmijhs rmsmrvoghs.
N`nkuno
N`nkuno portm gm msto puaeìoi`ùn phgrï smr rmprhgui`go, oecoimnogo mn un s`stmco gm rmiupmroi`ùn gm
goths, h tronsc`t`go mn iuoequ`mr bhrco h phr iuoequ`mr cmg`h, smo memitrùnìh, cmiïnìh, bhthihpò,
kroaoi`ùn h iuoequ`mr htrh, s`n me pmrc`sh msir`th prmv`h gm ehs mg`thrms, ihn eo mximpi`ùn gm i`tos armvms h
rmsmÿos.
cmnhs qum sm `ng`qum
O `ng`qum eh ihntror`h, thgos eos i`tos aãaeìos jon s`gh thcog
thcogos
os gm eo vmrs`ùn Qm`no-Roemro
Qm`no-Roemro ©
?024 Yhi`mgogms Aãaeìos mn Ocàrìo Eot`no6 © rmnhvogh ?0:: Yhi`mgogms Aãaeìos ]n`gos. ]tè`zogh ihn
pmrc`sh. Qm`no-Roemro
Qm`no-Roemro ?024℡ ms uno corio rmk`strogo gm eo Ocmrìon Aàem Yhi`mty, y pumgm smr usogo
sheocmntm aolh eìmniò.
MeMe tmxth aãaeìh `ngìogh ihn «NR@¶ jo s`gh thcogh gm Eo Yonto Aàeò, Numvo Rmrs`ùn @ntmrnoi`hnoe® ,
ihpyr`kjt © ?000 phr Aàeìo, @ni.® Whghs ehs gmrmijhs rmsmrvoghs.
Qmoe`zoi`ùn mTua< prhguii`hnmg`thròe.ihc
Qmoe`zoi`ùn
MMG@WHQ@OE
G@WHQ@OE THQWORH\
17=4 Hof @ngustròe Gr. NM
Krong Qop`gs, C@ 70=4= ]YO
R`sãtmnhs mn< www.phrtovhz.ihc
@YAN 0;:-4-:1=7-=279-= (rüstìo)
@YAN
@YAN 0;:-4-:1=7-27=0-? (mpua)
@YAN 0;:-4-:1=7-:2?4-7 (F`ngem)
? 1 9 7 = mgì`ùn / oÿh 17 19 11 1? 14 ?0 ?: ?; ?2 ?=

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«C` ihnb`onzo mn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms cïs krongm, c` suc`s`ùn o eo Toeoaro gm G`hs

E`arhs gm Fmv`n GmPhunk puae`ioghs phr Thrtovhz

O ehs sonths qum mstïn mn Most Eons`nk , phr msiuijor uno

Eo pos`ùn gme phmto

Joz qum tu rhstrh rmspeongmzio sharm tu s`mrvh,

soec`sto, nhshtrhs phgmchs ihnb`or mn eo Toeoaro (v. 71), y ihnhimr

eh qum ms thtoecmntm vmrgogmrh (v. ?71). Nh phgmchs ihnb`or mn thgh

Wmrimro, eo Toeoaro gm G`hs prhvmm eh qum ms aumnh. Gm oiumrgh

ocochs. Nhs mnionto emmr j`sthr`os sharm eo krongmzo, eo ameemzo y

qumrmchs. Eo coyhrão gm nhshtrhs tmnmchs bumrtms gmsmhs

sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs mniornogo. Numstrh gmsmh, gmem`tm y

gm G`hs.iornm y iogo phmco gm ochr qum imemarm eos

o gmi`r «sã¶ o eh qum me soec`sto irmm, «sã¶ o eh qum àe s`mntm, y «sã¶

Nhshtrhs oiug`chs o eo Aàeò poro oprmngmr sharm eo Aàeò, phrqum

_um G`hs nhs gà hãghs, phrqum thghs nmims`tochs msiuijor eo

pug`mro tmnmr eo mxpmr`mni`o gm qum G`hs cm joaeoro rmoecmntm! Y`

iotoieãschs (9<1-7)6 nh irmãon mn un gão gm lu`i`h. Mn su mpãstheo,

e`tmroecmntm ihch uno rmsurrmii`ùn ihrphroe, s`nh cïs a`mn ihch un

Oun iuongh sm orkucmntm qum eo gmb`n`i`ùn e`amroe gm c`th nh ms

y eo msiuijochs ihn numstrhs prhp`hs hãghs. Nh mstochs

phnmr cïs ihnbònzo mn numstro Aàeò gm eo qum Tmgrh push mn eo

mnt`mngh phr prhbmião gm eo Msir`turo eh qum mstï ihntmn`gh mn eos

onthrijo qum oeucaro

Wmrimro, eo A`ae`o nh ihnt`mnm mrrhrms. Eos Msir`turos nh shn gm

Toeoaro gm G`hs ms ihcmtmr me pmiogh gm eo `nirmgue`gog. «…smo

Nogo, mn thgo eo A`ae`o, bum prhgui`gh mxieus`vocmntm phr vheuntog

poro conmlortm o t`. Tumgms usor eo Toeoaro gm G`hs poro orr`aor o

p`mgog. Ihch g`lmro Otonos`h, me pogrm gm eo @kems`o< «Eos sokrogos

Lmsüs jon eemvogh oe cungh o uno àphio g`bmrmntm. Nh joy n`nkün

poeoaro joaeogo pumgm `gmnt`b`iorsm ihn eo Toeoaro qum cïs

tmnmchs sharm eo W`mrro (iop. ?9). Me J`lh ms numstrh kron

(Ln. ?7<12) y eo s`ku`mntm mxpe`ioi`ùn bhrlogo phr me Mspãr`tu gm thgh

rmk`strogo mn ehs Mvonkme`hs y, b`noecmntm, rmvmeogo phr me Mspãr`tu

oimriornhs o eo A`ae`o s`n eo oyugo gm aumnhs comstrhs, rmiurshs

gogh thgos eos ihsos qum nmims`tochs poro eo v`go y eo p`mgog (1 T.

cmg`h gm thgh eh qum me Mspãr`tu jo joaeogh o trovàs gme J`lh. Eo

gor phr i`mrth oekh gm eo A`ae`o. Mn rmsucmn, nh ihcportãochs eo

gm Toaeh sharm eo emy y numstro `niopoi`gog gm iucpe`reo. ¸Iùch

su mnsmÿonzo (vmr Ct. 1?<71-776 Cr. ?4<7-06 Ln. ?4<97-9=). Htros

• Y` G`hs nh pumgm smr gmsir`th ihn poeoaros mxjoust`vocmntm,

Ymkungh, me ghn gm eo e`amrtog jucono mstï mn lumkh. Eo ghitr`no

gmsmhsh gm ihcun`iorsm ihn sus ir`oturos y pumgm joimreh

ihcprmngmr y uno outhrrmvmeoi`ùn qum prhphnm cïs prmkuntos qum

C`mntros qum eo prmg`ioi`ùn gme mvonkme`h bum ihntrhvmrt`go mn

Ehs tmsoehn`imnsms toca`àn mstoaon i`mkhs o sus prhp`os

Cmlhr ehs gm Amrmo

eo rmspumsto ‗mn rmoe`gog, eo portm cïs `cphrtontm‗ t`mnm qum vmr

jhcarms y gm mspãr`tus pr`voghs, y mn iuyo smntmni`o gmamchs gmsionsor, nh ms

O cmnugh sm jo smÿoeogh qum, ihch eo rmvmeoi`ùn mn mshs «ghs

gm Toaeh (1 T. 9<?2), nhshtrhs toca`àn nhs vmchs hae`koghs o mstor

nmkoao h pmrgmrsm eh qum eo Msir`turo ob`rcoao. Meehs sm oimrioaon

sharm su bhngh gm rmt`rh, su soeug h sus j`lhs. Cuijhs gm meehs mstïn

soa`gurão gm G`hs nh ms gm mstm s`keh (v. 2o). Nh pmrtmnmim o eo

Whgh msth peontmo uno prmkunto `ntmrmsontm< ¸Nh mstï joaeongh

ophstùe`ih (Mb. 1<14) y s`ku`mro me mvonkme`h ophstùe`ih (Kï. ?<:).

mnihntrochs mn sus pïk`nos. Nmims`tochs eo Msir`turo phrqum s`n

Msir`turos phgmchs ihnhimr me ochr gm G`hs y smr vmrgogmrocmntm

jhcarms shn eeocoghs ―g`hsms–. Gmamrïn mscmrorsm cïs poro

prhbungo gm ehs congoc`mnths, meehs gmaãon `r o Ir`sth mn

Mn thgh me smrcùn gme Chntm, y mspmi`oecmntm mn Cotmh =, Lmsüs

gms`mrth, Ch`sàs ihch me goghr gm eo emy, Gov`g y Yoehcùn, eo rm`no

v`v`r6 qum me Tmntotmuih v`nh oe pr`ni`p`h gm eo j`sthr`o gm @srome, nh oe

onueogo, ms un Ir`sth gm eo `cok`noi`ùn jucono, jmijh o eo prhp`o