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Hesusu` Biol>
Aoibgpba =D
_@ESOTVEXMV ZMHNMHNMTM@
CMA_IXMV XOA@BIBKE E@H_VXTE ZOTXM@EM@
HOZMTXOGO@ XOA@BIBKE ZM@KM@
NMXE@M@KBT
4:=5
AMXM ZO@KM@XMT
Ho`km` gogm`nmtam` pune hm` syuaur aopmhm Miiml V[X ym`k toiml
gogdoream` `eagmt aosolmtm` hm` `eagmt ime``ym sole`kkm po`uies
hmpmt
Gmamiml e`e so`kmnm hedumt u`tua gogo`ule smiml smtu tukms gmtm auieml
Xoa`bibke Corgo`tmse Gmam`m` hm` Ge`ugm`.Gmamiml e`e mam`
go`kuims
go`ko`me corgo`tmse ym`k tornmhe pmhm gesb, cmatbr ‖ cmatbr ym`k gogpo`kmrule
corgo`tmse pmhm gesb, sortm prbsos corgo`tmse pmhm gesb.
Amge go`kufmpam` toregmamsel aopmhm Dmpma/Edu Hbso` gmtm auieml
Corgo`tmse Zo`kbimlm` Gmam`m` hm` Ge`ugm`sortm sogum pelma ym`k toiml
gogdm`tu amge hmimg go`yoiosmeam` gmamiml e`e.
Zo`yusu`
e
HMCXMT EVE
AMXM ZO@KM@XMT............................................................................................ e
HMCXMT EVE................................................................................................................ ee
DMD E........................................................................................................................... =
ZO@HML_I_M@ ............................................................................................................. =
=.=. Imtmr Doimam`k ................................................................................................... =
=.4 Xunum` ................................................................................................................. 4
DMD EE................................................................................................................................ 6
ZOGDMLMVM@..................................................................................................... 6
4.= Cmatbr ‖ cmatbr ym`k Gogpo`kmrule Corgo`tmse Gesb .............................. 6
4.=.=. Vudstrmt............................................................................................ 6
4.=.4. Gohem .......................................................................................................... 8
HMCXMT Z_VXMAM........................................................................................=4
ee
DMD E
ZO@HML_I_M@
=.=. Imtmr Doimam`k
He E`hb`osem nugiml vmreotms aohoime letmg ym`k ym`k heaogdm`kam`
sm`kmt ge`eg. Zmhmlmi hmre soke symrmt tugdul aohoime letmg (Kiyfe`o sbnm) iodel
fbfba hetm`mg he ; hmorml trbpes. Feaurmy hm` Gormpe gorupmam` hum
vmreotms
u`kkui aohoime letmg ym`k gogeieae amhmr prbtoe` fuaup te`kke, mam` totmpe
uaurm` dene`ym torkbib`k aofei. Vohm`kam` pmhm Gmiieam, vmreotms
aohoime letmg ym`k heiopms tmlu` 4::;, gogeieae dene aofei (5,?: k/=:: dene)
ho`km` amhmr prbtoe` iodel ro`hml (6;%) (Ke`te`k O, 4::5). Aohoime letmg
gogeieae am`hu`km` prbtoe` 8:,8k/=::k hm` m`tebasehm` yma`e m`tbsem`e` hm`
esbcimvb`. Am`hu`km` tbtmi pbieco`bi, cimvb`beh hm` m`tbsem`e` ym`k iodel
te`kke hmrepmhm aohoime au`e`k, yma`e gmse`k-gmse`k 3,=6 gk/k 1 4,=5
gk/k 1 :,3? gk/k.
=
Xorhmpmt hum prbsos utmgm hmimg pogdumtm` gesb, ymetu corgo`tmse dorms
biol ampm`k ym`k mam` go`klmseiam` abne hm` gbrbge mtmu tmlmp
pogdumtm`
gesb. Abne gorupmam` smiml smtu dmlm` ym`k po`te`k hmimg pogdumtm` gesb. Abne
=
tordumt hmre dorms ym`k toiml hestomg hm` hee`bauimse go`kku`mam` spbrm ampm`k
(rmke togpo) aoguhem` hee`audmse. Xunum` hmre pogdumtm` abne mhmiml u`tua
gogprbhuase dordmkme gmfmg o`zeg biol ampm`k ym`k dorcu`kse hmimg
prbsos
po`kurmem` gmarb gbioaui dmlm` dmau go`nmhe gbioaui-gbioaui ym`k iodel
sohorlm`m.
=.4 Xunum`
Xunum` ym`k hmpmt heporbiol hmimg pogdmlmsm` gmamiml corgo`tmse
po`kbimlm` amfm`k aohoime pmhm gesb, ymetu sodmkme doreaut >
4
DMD EE
ZOGDMLMVM@
Gesb mhmiml dmlm` gmam`m` msmi Nopm`k ym`k hedumt hmre corgo`tmse
rodusm` aohoime, dorms, mtmu fmgpurm` aohum`ym ho`km` kmrmg. Dmlm` dmau ym`k
heku`mam` u`tua gogdumt gesb mhmiml dorms, km`hug, km`hug letmg,
aohoime,
hm` soromiem ime`.Gesb demsm`ym heku`mam` sodmkme po`yohmp gmm`m`
mtmu heab`sugse sofmrm im`ksu`k. Gesb gorupmam` smiml smtu gmam`m`
ym`k go`yolmtam` amro`m am`hu`km` keze he hmimg`ym sm`kmt dmea dmke
aosolmtm`.neam go`kab`sugse sofm`kaer gesb tekm amie solmre hmpmt
go`kurm`ke tornmhe`ym am`aor pmyuhmrm (Umgmgbtb haa, 4::6).
Mhm hum no`es gesb ym`k dorohmr hepmsmrm` ymetu gesb ym`k
dorwmr`m fbaoimt (mam) hm` gesb au`e`k ( slerb).Am`hu`km` kmrmg, msmg mge`b,
hm` `utrese
pmhm mam gesb iodel te`kke hmrepmhm slerb gesb sole`kkm gogeieae rmsm ym`k iodel
aumt. Gesb hmpmt hedohmam` go`nmhe 6 no`es dorhmsmram` mko` corgo`tmse
(rmke)
ym`k heku`mam`, ymetu>
=. Tefo / abgo, ymetu gesb ym`k hedumt ho`km` dorms sodmkme rmke`ym
4. Dmrioy / Guke, Dmrioy / Guke, ymetu gesb ym`k go`kku`mam` dmrioy
6. Aohoime / gmgo, ymetu gesb ym`k go`kku`mam` rmke aohoime
Gesb gogeieae toastur soporte soime amfm`k. Tmsm gesb dorkm`tu`k aopmhm
dmlm` dmau, rosop, hm` imgm corgo`tmse. Ampm`k ym`k dmsm`ym heku`mam` u`tua
corgo`tmse gesb mhmiml Msporkeiius bryzmo.
6
toastur, mgeibpoate` dorporm` gogdore toastur io`kaot. No`es dorms ym`k dordohm
go`km`hu`k abgpbsese mgeibsm hm` mgeibpoate` ym`k dordohm puim sole`kkm
pogeielm` no`es dorms ym`k topmt u`tua go`klmseiam` fetm rmsm ym`k
hee`ke`am` go`nmhe po`te`k. Dorms nukm go`km`hu`k soaetmr ;-<% prbtoe`. Zrbtoe`
abgpioas
hm` sormt pmte e`eiml ym`k aoguhem` hepofml biol ampm`k (rmke togpo/
Tlezbpus biekbspbrus sp) go`nmhe do`tua ym`k iodel sohorlm`m.
Amfm`k aohoime gorupmam` sugdor prbtoe` ym`k te`kke (soaetmr 63%).
Hmimg pogdumtm` abgo gesb aohoime hefmgpuram` sotoiml corgo`tmse
portmgm yma`e corgo`tmse dorms biol rmke togpo imiu hecorgo`tmse aogdmie
soimgm 3 lmre. Zrbtoe` abgpioas hm` so`ymwm ime``ym ym`k torhmpmt pmhm
fmgpurm` torsodut aogdmie helehrbieses biol rmke togpo. Amro`m amhmr prbtoe`
ym`k te`kke pmhm amfm`k aohoime gmam lmsei hbge`m` hmre corgo`tmse gorupmam`
prbtoe` sohorlm`m
dorupm msmg mge`b. Am`hu`km` msmg mge`b gogdoream` mrbgm hm` rmsm
ym`k
4.=.4. Gohem
8
Gearbbrkm`esgo ym`k heku`mam` pmhm pogdumtm` abgo gesb amie e`e
mhmiml no`es ampm`k Tlezbpus biekbspbrus sp mtmu rmke togpo.
Tlezbpus
8
biekbspbrus sp hmimg po`ugdulm``ym gogdutulam` gohem ym`k
gogeieae am`hu`km` so`ymwm amrdb` hm` `etrbko` (Gmrhekm` ot.mi, 4::3).Vofmrm
trmheseb`mi ampm`k e`e hehmpmt hmre mtmu heaogdm`kdemam` pmhm hmu` pesm`k,
`mgu` pmhm samim e`hustre go`kku`mam` gohem ym`k tordumt hmre dorms ym`k
toiml hegmsma.
Zmhm hmsmr`ym dmlm` dmau ym`k heku`mam` hmimg pogdumtm` gesb amym
mam` u`sur amrdb` hm` `etrbko` ym`k dormsmi hmre amrdblehrmt hm` prbtoe`
go`e`nmu
dmlm` dmau pmhm ugug`ym mhmiml soromiem hm` amfm`k-amfm`km`.
Voime` etu go`urut [mlyulmpsmre, haa (4:=6), po`kku`mm`
ab`so`trmse abne ym`k dordmlm` dmau dorms nukm hmpmt gogo`kmrule
gotmdbiesg ampm`k etu so`here. Dorms etu so`here dorcu`kse u`tua
go`steguimse gearbdm u`tua go`klmseiam` o`zeg-o`zeg ym`k dorporm`
hmimg pogdumtm` gesb u`tua go`klehrbieses abgpb`o`-abgpb`o` hmimg
dmlm` dmau torsodut. Vogmae` te`kke ab`so`trmse abne ym`k heku`mam` gmam
o`zeg ym`k helmseiam` hmre gotmdbiesgo
4.=.6. Vulu
Vulu pmhm pogdumtm` abgo gesb poriu heporlmteam` mkmr corgo`tmse
Lmi e`e nukm hehuau`k biol po`oietem` ym`k heimauam` [mlyulmpsmre, haa
(4:=?) ym`k go`ymtmam` pmhm sulu e`audmse torab`trbi 6? :F, @-mge`b lmsei
pogofmlm` so`ymwm-so`ymwm prbtoe` fo`horu`k sogmae` go`e`kamt
hedm`he`kam` ho`km` sulu rum`k + 4< :F. Lmi e`e hehukm amro`m te`kamt
sulu gogpo`kmrule matevetms gearbdm no`es Tlezbpus sp. hmimg go`klmseiam`
o`zeg smiml smtu`ym prbtomso. Go`urut po`oietem` ym`k heimauam` Vuseibwmte
(4:=:),
po`kmrul sulu torlmhmp matevetms o`zeg prbtomso mhmiml prbhuase
?
prbtomso go`kmimge po`e`kamtm` ym`k bptegug pmhm aesmrm` sulu 6:ºF smgpme
8:ºF.
?
4.=.8. pL
M`mieses pL heimauam` u`tua go`kotmlue matecetms gearbdm hmimg
go`klmseiam` gotmdbiet ym`k desm heto`tuam` ho`km` pmrmgotor pL soporte msmg-
msmg brkm`ea.Zmhm mwmi corgo`tmse, pL gesb fo`horu`k go`uru`.Zo`uru`m` pL
wmatu corgo`tmse tornmhe po`e`kamtm` pL sofmrm dortmlmp ?.: ‖ ;.? hesodmdam`
tordo`tua`ym @L6 (Soo`, M.K m`h Vflmocor, =5?:). Zo`e`kamtm` pL nukm
4.=.?. Amhmr Mw
Matevetms mer mtmu wmtor mftevety (mw) sore`k hesodut nukm mer dodms, amro`m
gmgpu gogdm`tu matevetms portugdulm` gearbdm hm` matevetms romase-romase
aegemwe pmhm dmlm` pm`km`. Dmlm` pm`km` ym`k gogpu`yme am`hu`km` mtmu
`eime mw te`kke pmhm ugug`ym fopmt go`kmimge aorusmam`, dmea maedmt
portugdulm` gearbdm gmupu` maedmt romase aegem torto`tu soporte basehmse
hm` romase o`zegmtea. Matevetms mer pmhm dmlm` pm`km` pmhm ugug`ym sm`kmt
guhml u`tua hedoauam` gmupu` heumpam`. Amhmr mer stm`hmr u`tua prbhua
3
gesb mhmiml 3=,?:%. Nmhe hmpmt hetmrea aosegpuim` dmlwm matevetms
portugdulm` gearbdm hm`
3
4.=.3. Aodutulm` Baseko`
Zmhm corgo`tmse gesb, heku`mam` gearbbrkm`esgo no`es ampm`k.Hegm`m
sogum ampm`k dorsecmt morbdea, ymetu gogdutulam` baseko` u`tua
4. Guke gesb ( gesb km`hug ) mhmiml gesb ym`k dormsmi hmre
corgo`tmse km`hug hm` soromiem ime``ym.
6. Gmgo gesb ( gesb amfm`k aohoime ) mhmiml gesb ym`k dormsmi hmre
corgo`tmse amfm`k aohoime.
8. Flbkb gesb ( gesb fmgpurm` ) mhmiml gesb ym`k dormsmi hmre dmlm`-dmlm`
fmgpurm` hmre no`es gesb ym`k hesodut sodoiug`ym.
Gesb ym`k mam` hedmlms amie e`e gorupmam` no`es gesb ym`k dormsmi hmre
corgo`tmse amfm`k aohoime hm` dorms sodmkme dmlm` dmau`ym. Xorhmpmt hum prbsos
utmgm hmimg pogdumtm` gesb , ymetu corgo`tmse dorms biol ampm`k ym`k
mam`
go`klmseiam` abne hm` gbrbge mtmu tmlmp pogdumtm` gesb. Abne gorupmam` smiml
smtu dmlm` ym`k po`te`k hmimg pogdumtm` gesb.Abne tordumt hmre dorms ym`k toiml
hestomg hm` hee`bauimse go`kku`mam` spbrm ampm`k (rmke togpo) aoguhem`
hee`audmse. Xunum` hmre pogdumtm` abne mhmiml u`tua gogprbhuase dordmkme
gmfmg o`zeg biol ampm`k ym`k dorcu`kse hmimg prbsos po`kurmem` gmarb
gbioaui dmlm` dmau go`nmhe gbioaui-gbioaui ym`k iodel sohorlm`m. Xmlmp aohum
pogdumtm` gesb mhmiml corgo`tmse ho`km` fmgpurm` kmrmg, amfm`k hm`
abne.Corgo`tmse dortunum` u`tua pogdo`tuam` fetm rmsm gesb (Credok hm`
Lue, 4::?).
;
Dorhmsmram` po`oietem` ym`k heimauam` biol [mlyulmpsmre, haa
(4:=?) go`ko`me pogdumtm` gesb dordmlm` dmau Ohmgmgo mtmu amfm`k
aohoime guhm ym`k dormsmi hmre nopm`k, dmlm` hm` mimt ym`k heku`mam` mhmiml
sodmkme doreaut>
=. Dmlm`
Dio`hor
@ormfm heketmi
Mutbaimc
E`audmtbr
Xorgbgotor
Ame` smre`k
Xmlmpm` hmimg pogdumtm``ym hmpmt heielmt pmhm hemkrmg mier sodmkme doreaut >
=) Zogdumtm` Abne
Zo`kogmsm` Dorms
Zrbsos Vtoreiesmse
Zo`he`ke`m`
Zo`kogmsm`
Zrbsos Corgo`tmse
Abne
<
Dmlm` dmau utmgm ym`k heku`mam` hmimg pogdumtm` abne mhmiml
dorms ym`k dorcu`kse u`tua gorm`kmsm`k gearbdm hmimg go`klmseiam`
o`zeg-o`zeg ym`k `m`te`ym sm`kmt dorporm` po`te`k hmimg pogdumtm` gesb e`e.
O`zeg-o`zeg torsodut mam` go`klehrbieses abgpb`o`-abgpb`o` hmamg
dmlm` dmau gesb.
Voim`nut`ym, dorms ym`k heku`mam` mhmiml sodm`yma =:: k hefufe ho`km` mer
go`kmier u`tua go`kleim`kam` abtbrm` ym`k goioamt pmhm dorms.Dorms ym`k toiml
hefufe aoguhem` hegmsuaam` aohmimg dmsabg hm` hero`hmg ho`km`
mer.Zoro`hmgm` dorms dortunum` u`tua go`uru`am` hormnmt aomsmgm`
dorms sole`kkm hmpmt heimpuaam`/hetugdule ampm`k (pL 8-?).Zoro`hmgm`
ho`km` go`kku`mam` mer heimauam` soimgm sogmimgm` (½ =4 nmg) pmhm sulu
amgmr.Dorms ym`k suhml hero`hmg aoguhem` hedum`k mer`ym.Dorms
hegmsuaam` aohmimg am`tb`k pimstea tmlm` pm`ms u`tua hestoreiesmse soimgm =?
go`et ho`km` sulu =4=
:
F.Dorms ym`k toiml soiosme hestoreiesmse.aoguhem` hetmrul hemtms `mgpm`.
Heimauam` po`he`ke`m` le`kkm ½ 6?ºF. Dorms storei hefmgpur ho`km` rmke togpo,
ho`km` vmremse ab`so`trmse rmke sodosmr :.4:% (d/d) .Zo`fmgpurm` heimauam`
sofmrm gormtm imiu hegmsuaam` ao hmimg dmsabg ym`k hetutup ho`km` pimstea
doriudm`k.Corgo`tmse heimauam` pmhm sulu amgmr ½ 4<ºF soimgm 6 lmre
(63-;4
nmg) ([mlyulmpsmre, haa, 4:=6).
4) Zogdumtm` Gesb
Vohm`kam` tmlmpm` u`tua pogdumtm` gesb etu so`here hmpmt heielmt
pmhm hemkrmg mier sodmkme doreaut>
Zo`yempm` Amfm`k
Zoro`hmgm`
Mer
Amfm`k Lmsei
To`hmgm`
Zo`kupmsm` Auiet
Auiet amfm`k
Zo`kogmsm`+
Vtoreiesmse
Zo`he`ke`m` Zo`fmgpurm`
Zo`kogmsm`
Abne + Kmrmg
Zrbsos Corgo`tmse
5
Gesb
Amfm`k hesempam` sodm`yma 4:: k ym`k suhml hepeiel, hefufe ho`km`
mer go`kmier u`tua go`kleim`kam` abtbrm` ym`k goioamt pmhm amfm`k.Amfm`k
ym`k toiml hefufe aoguhem` hegmsuaam` ao hmimg dmsabg u`tua
hero`hmg. Zoro`hmgm` dortunum` u`tua go`klehrmse amfm`k, sole`kkm amhmr mer
pmhm amfm`k
go`e`kamt hmre uaurm` soguim. Voime` etu nukm dortunum` u`tua gogporguhml
po`kupmsm` auiet.Zoro`hmgm` heimauam` le`kkm vbiugo amfm`k go`e`kamt
tekm amie uaurm` soguim soimgm < nmg.Amfm`k hem`kamt hmre mer poro`hmgm`
hm` heteresam`. Zo`kupmsm` auiet dortunum` u`tua gogdum`k auiet amfm`k
mkmr goguhmlam` aornm o`zeg ampm`k soimgm prbsos corgo`tmse dorim`ksu`k.
Amfm`k hegmsuaam` ao hmimg am`tb`k pimstea tmlm` pm`ms u`tua hestoreiesmse
soimgm =? go`et ho`km` sulu =4=:F.Zo`he`ke`m` amfm`k heimauam` smgpme
sulu rum`k ½ 4<ºF.Amfm`k ym`k suhml storei/gmtm`k hefmgpur ho`km` abne (=::
k) hm` kmrmg
?% (d/d).Zo`fmgpurm` heimauam` sofmrm gormtm.Aoguhem` hegmsuaam` hmimg
tbpios amfm ym`k hetutup ho`km` ame` imiu heeamt. Zrbsos corgo`tmse heimauam` pmhm
e`audmtbr ho`km` sulu 6?ºF soimgm 3 lmre ([mlyulmpsmre, haa).
=:
DMD EEE
ZO@_X_Z
6.=. Aosegpuim`
Dorhmsmram` pogdmlmsm` go`ko`me ’Xoa`bibke Corgo`tmse Dordmlm`
==
HMCXMT Z_VXMAM
rte, E.U. hm` [mrhm`e, M.A. 4:=?. Zo`kmrul Imgm Corgo`tmse Xorlmhmp
atorestea Aegem, Gearbdebibke, hm` Brkm`bioptea Gesb Aohoime Letmg (Kiyfe`o gmx (I)). Nur`mi Zm`km` hm` Mkrbe`hustre.Sbi 6(6).
Ke`te`k, O. hm` G.G, Mheo., 4::;. Vecmt cesea hm` aegem iegm kmiur aohoime letmg
sortm aumietms aofmp ym`k helmseiam`. lig. 85?∔?=:.Dbkbr
Gmhekm` GX, Gmrte`ab NG. 4::3. Drbfa Debibky bc Gefrbbrkm`esgs ==tl oh. Zomrsb̀ Ohufmteb`, @ow Norsoy
Soo`, M.K. vm`, m`h Vflmocor, K. =5?:.Xlo E`ciuo`fo bc Xlo Xogpol Cu`kus b`
Xlo Vbym Dom`. Xrbp. Kobkrmpl. Goh
=4
[mlyulmpsmre, T hm` [mrhm`e, M.A. 4:=6. Zogdumtm` Gesb
ho`km` Gogm`cmmtam` Ohmgmgo (Amnem` Ab`so`trmse Abne hm` Vulu
E`audmse). Nur`mi Zm`km` hm` Mkrbe`hustre.Sbi=(=), Lmi =?;-=3;
mh`ymhowe ZMV. 4::?.hm` Eho`teceamse Tlezbpus biekbspbrus pmhm Dodormpm E`bauiug Xogpo. _`evorsetms Kmhnml Gmhm, Ubk
Umgmgbtb, V., Vbduo, X., Abdmymsle, G., Xsukm`o, V. 4::6. Vby Esbcimvb`os m`h
Dromst Fm`for Tesa e` Nmpm`. N @mti Fm`for E`st 5?>5:3-5=6
=6