‗ T@PMTMO LMVK@PMO‗
 Gmimkmo `e` l`susue
l`susue uetui gfgfeuo` tunms ifkagpai
Gmtm Iuk`mo 2 C`q`o T`ymsmo

L@TVTVE AKFO 2
Ifkagpai 2 S@
@elr`m Puk`met`
Xmet` Omemc`
Fcfel` (=88::3<)
(=88::<?)

Lasfe Zfenmgpu 2
Pmol` L`euk Omq, T.O.@.,G.O

ZXANXMG T\VL@ OVIVG FIAEAG@ TPMX@‐MO-H

CMIVK\MT TPMX@‐MO
@ET\V\V\ MNMGM @TKMG EFNFX@
(@M@E) HVI@\\@ENN@
\M.=<<4 O / 8:8= G
 

IM\M ZFENME\MX 

Zub` syuiur lfenme

lfenme tukus l`pfrsfghmoime
l`pfrsfghmoime mtms if oml`rmt
oml`rmt Mkkmo T^\ ymen
tfkmo gfk`gpmoime rmogmt sfrtm o`lmymo-Eym, sfo`ennm pfeuk`s l`hfr` ifsfgpmtme
uetui gfeyfkfsm`ime gmimkmo ymen hfrbuluk ‛ T`ymsmo Lmuk`ymo‗ ymen gfrupmime
smkmo smtu tunms lmkmg gmtm iuk`mo C`q`o T`ymsmo l` sfgfstfr t`nm `e`. Tomkmwmt
hfsfrtm smkmg sfemet`msm sfkmku
sfkmku tfrudmpime ifpmlm
ifpmlm Emh` Guomggml TM^.
Img` gfenudmpime hmeymi tfr`gmims`o ifpmlm lasfe pfgh`gh`en gmtm
iuk`mo
iuk`mo C`q`o
C`q`o T`ymsm
T`ymsmo
o Hmpmi
Hmpmi Pmol`
Pmol` L`euk
L`euk Omq ymen
ymen tfk
tfkmo
mo gfgh`g
gfgh`gh`e
h`en
n lme
gfghfr`ime mrmome sfo`ennm img` lmpmt gfeyfkfsm`ime
gfeyfkfsm`ime gmimkmo `e` lfenme hmtms
wmitu ymen tfkmo l`tfetuime.
Zfeuk`s gfeymlmr` lmkmg pfeuk`sme gmimkmo `e` t`lmi kfpms lmr` tmetmenme
lme omghmtme. Mio`reym lfenme sfnmkm ifrfelmome omt`, pfeuk`s gfgaoae gmmc
mpmh`km mlm ifiurmenme lme ifsmkmome lmkmg pfenft`iime gmimkmo `e`. Tfganm
gmim
gmimkm
kmo
o `e
`e`` lm
lmpm
pmtt gfem
gfemgh
ghmo
mo `kgu
`kgu lm
lme
e rfcf
rfcfrf
rfes
es`` ue
uetu
tui
i hf
hfrs
rsmg
mgm.
m. Mmg`
Mmg``e
`e
Mkkmouggm Mmg``e.

Zmymiughuo,
Zmymiughuo, 3 Tfptfghfr 8:8=

Zfeuk`s

`
 

LMC\MX @T@

IM\M ZFENME\MX ..........................................
................................................................
.............................................
.............................`
......`
LMC\MX @T@.....................
............................................
.............................................
............................................
.........................................``
...................``

HMH @ ZFELMOVKVME
M. Kmtmr Hfkmimen..........................
Hfkmimen................................................
............................................
.......................................=
.................=
H. Xugusme Gmsmkmo............................
Gmsmkmo..................................................
............................................
................................=
..........=
D. \ubume..............................
\ubume....................................................
............................................
............................................
.......................=-8
.=-8

HMH @@ ZFGHMOMTME
M. Zfenfrt`me T`ymsmo Lmuk`ymo.............................
Lmuk`ymo...................................................
.....................................4
...............4
H. Lmsmr-Lmsmr T`ymsmo Lmuk`ymo..................................
Lmuk`ymo........................................................
.........................4-<
...4-<
D. Ouhuenme @etfrems`aemk T`ymsmo Lmuk`ymo..............................
Lmuk`ymo.........................................<-3
...........<-3
L. Zfghmn`me Efnmrm lmkmg @skmg..........................................
@skmg.........................................................3-0
...............3-0
F. Zfghmn`me Zfelului lmkmg `skmg...................................
`skmg...................................................0-=8
................0-=8

HMH @@@ ZFEV\VZ

M. Ifs`gpukme.........................
Ifs`gpukme...............................................
............................................
......................................=4-=<
................=4-=<
H. Ir`t`i lme Tmrme....................................
Tmrme..........................................................
............................................
.........................=<
...=<

LMC\MX ZVT\MIM....................
..........................................
............................................
.............................................
...........................=6
....=6

``
 

HMH @
ZFELMOVKVME

M. Kmt
mtmr
mr Hfkm
Hfkmim
imen
en
Emh` Guomggml smw l`utus uetui gfeyfgpuremime miokmi. Ifguk`mme
mi
miok
okmi
mi `e
`e`` om
omru
rusk
skmo
mo tf
tfrd
rdfr
frg`
g`e
e lm
lmkm
kmg
g hfrh
hfrhmn
mnm`
m` sfn`
sfn` ifo`
ifo`lu
lupm
pme
e uetu
uetui
i
gfwubulime hmowm gmeus`m mlmkmo gmiokui ymen hfrmlmh lme gfg`k`i`
mturme ymen hfrhflm lfenme gmiokui km`e. Akfo sfhmh `tu, lmkmg `skmg l`mtur
pukm ouhuenme metmrm sfsmgm gmeus`m ioususeym mtmu lmkmg k`eniup pmk`en
hf
hfsm
smrr ou
ouhu
huen
enme
me me
metm
tmrr ef
efnm
nmrm
rm.. Tfhm
Tfhmnm
nm`g
`gme
memm l`
l`if
iftm
tmou
ou`` hmow
hmowmm sy
symr
mrmt
mt
tf
tfrh
rhffetu
tui
iey
eymm su
summtu efn
fnmmrm l`m
`mtm
tmrm
rmey
eymm mlm
lmkm
kmo
o mlm sum
sumtu w`
w`km
kmy
ymo,
mo,
pfelului
pfelului/gms
/gmsymrm
ymrmimt
imt lme mlm pfgfr`etm
pfgfr`etmome
ome ymen hfrlmukm
hfrlmukmt.
t. Hfrhflme
Hfrhflmeym
ym
w`kmymo lme pfelului ymen gfel`mg`, gfghumt pfrhflmme imrmitfr sumtu
efnmrm,
efnmrm, sfo`ennm
sfo`ennm mlmeym
mlmeym sumtu
sumtu pfghmn`m
pfghmn`me-pfg
e-pfghmn`
hmn`me
me gfenfem`
gfenfem` efnmrm.
efnmrm.
\`lmi omeym `tu, ifgmbfguime pfelului sumtu efnmrm gfghumt mlmeym sumtu
pf
pfrh
rhfl
flmm
mme
e ym
ymen
en l`
l`k`
k`om
omtt lm
lmr`
r` hf
hfrh
rhmn
mnm`
m` cmit
cmitar
ar.. Lmkm
Lmkmg
g `skm
`skmg,
g, pf
pfrh
rhfl
flmm
mme
e
pfelului `e` h`sm l`k`omt lmr` mnmgm ymen l`meuteym gmupue w`kmymo tfgpmt
`m hfrlag`s`k`. Mi`hmt lmr` sumtu pfghflme `e`, hfrhflm pukm omi gmupue
ifwmb`hme ymen l`tfr`gm.

H. Xug
Xugus
usme
me Gmsmkm
smkmo
o
Hfrl
Hfrlms
msmr
mrim
ime
e ur
urm`
m`me
me km
kmtm
tmrr hf
hfkm
kmim
imen
en l`
l`mt
mtms
ms,, gmim
gmim lm
lmpm
pmtt l`
l`ru
rugu
gusi
sime
me
pfrgmsmkmome
pfrgmsmkmome sfhmnm` hfr`iut2
=. Mpm Zfenfrt
Zfenfrt`me
`me T`ymsm
T`ymsmo
o Lmuk`ymo
Lmuk`ymo 1
8. Mpm Lmsmr-l
Lmsmr-lmsm
msmrr T`ymsmo
T`ymsmo lmuk`ymo
lmuk`ymo 1
4. Mpm smbm
smbm Ouhuenme
Ouhuenme @etfrems`aemk
@etfrems`aemk T`ymsmo Lmuk`ymo 1
<. Hmnm`gmem
Hmnm`gmem Zfghmn
Zfghmn`me
`me Efnmrm
Efnmrm lmkmg
lmkmg @skmg 1
6. Hmnm`gme
Hmnm`gmemm Zfghmn`me
Zfghmn`me Zfelului
Zfelului lmkmg
lmkmg @skmg 1

D. \ubume
=. Vetui gfenftmo
gfenftmou`
u` Zfenfr
Zfenfrt`me
t`me T`ymsmo
T`ymsmo Lmuk`
Lmuk`ymo
ymo

=
 

8. Lmpmgfen
Lmpmgfenftmo
ftmou`
u` Lmsmr-l
Lmsmr-lmsmr
msmr T`ymsmo
T`ymsmo lmuk`y
lmuk`ymo
mo
4. Ouhuenme
Ouhuenme @etfrems`
@etfrems`aemk
aemk T`ymsmo
T`ymsmo Lmuk`ymo
Lmuk`ymo
<. Hmnm`g
Hmnm`gmem
mem Zfghm
Zfghmn`m
n`me
e Efnmrm
Efnmrm lmkmg
lmkmg @skmg
@skmg

6. Hmnm`gme
Hmnm`gmemm Zfghmn
Zfghmn`me
`me Zfelului
Zfelului lmkmg
lmkmg @skmg
@skmg

8
 

HMH @@
ZFGHMOMTME

M. Zfenfrt
Zfenfrt`me
`me T`ymsmo
T`ymsmo Lmuk`ymo
Lmuk`ymo
Lmuk
Lmuk`y
`ymo
mo hfrg
hfrgmi
miem
em tfet
tfetme
men
n lmuk
lmukmt
mt,, ifrm
ifrmbm
bmme
me,, ifiu
ifiums
msmm
mme,
e,
wfwfemen
wfwfemen.. Tflmenim
Tflmenime
e T`ymsmo
T`ymsmo Lmuk`ymo
Lmuk`ymo hfrgmiem
hfrgmiem sfhmnm`
sfhmnm` ifiumsmm
ifiumsmme
e
Ifpmkm Efnmrm uetui gfenmtur efnmrm lmkmg omk ouhuenme @etfrems`aemk,
gmsmkmo tfrr`tar`mk, ems`aemk`tms, fitrml`s`, tmomeme, pfenms`enme tmwmeme
pak`t`
pak`t`i,
i, pfenus
pfenus`rm
`rme
e wmrnm
wmrnm efnmrm
efnmrm ms`en.
ms`en. Tfkm`e
Tfkm`e `tu,
`tu, bunm
bunm gfenu
gfenurus
rus``
gmsmkmo imug lz`gg`, pfrhflmme mnmgm, miml t`ghmk hmk`i lme sfp`omi
lfenme imug lz`gg`, oulul lme q`somso. Mtmu lmpmt l`imtmime ymen
@etfrems`aemk)..=
gfenmtur ouhuenme metmr Efnmrm tfrsfhut (Zak`t`i Ouiug @etfrems`aemk)
Lmr` pfenfrt`me l`mtms lmpmt l`k`omt hmowm T`ymsmo Lmuk`ymo kfh`o
gfenmrmo pmlm pfenmturme gmsmkmo ifefnmrmme ymen hfrs`cmt kumr efnfr`,
sfrtm iflmukmtme efnmrm. Omk `e` smenmt pfet`en nuem iflmukmtme efnmrm
uetui pfenmiume lmr` efnmrm km`e.Mlmpue ar`fetms` gmsmkmoeym hfrim`tme
lfenme2
=. Zfefetume s`tums` lmgm` mtmu pfrmen (pfefetume s`cmt
s`cmt lmrurmt iakfit`c).
iakfit`c).
8. Zfrkmiume
Zfrkmiume tfromlmp
tfromlmp tmwmem
tmwmeme.
e.
4. Ifwmb`hme
Ifwmb`hme sumtu
sumtu efnmrm
efnmrm tfromlmp
tfromlmp efnmrm
efnmrm km`e.
<. Mturme
Mturme lmkmg pfrbmeb`m
pfrbmeb`me
e @etfrems`am
@etfrems`amemk.
emk.
6. Mturme
Mturme lmkmg pfkmisme
pfkmismemme
mme pfpfrmenme.8
pfpfrmenme.

H. Lmsmr-lm
Lmsmr-lmsmr
smr T`ymsmo
T`ymsmo Lmuk`ymo
Lmuk`ymo
=. Ifsmtume ugmt gmeus`m
8. Mk-mlmkmo (ifml`kme)
4. Mk-gusmwwmo (pfrsmgmme)
<. Imragmo @esme`ymo (Ifoargmtme Gmeus`m)

=  Cmtmh`ruu.hkanspat.dag
8
 Tuyuto`
8::8, omk Zukuenme,
<=.  C`qo T`ymsmo2 Mbmrme Tfbmrmo lme Zfg`i`rme
Zfg`i`rme, Bmimrtm2 Nrmc`ela Zfrsmlm,

4
 

6. \msmguo (\akfrmes`)
3. Ifrbm Tmgm Ifgmeus`mme
Ifgmeus`mme
>.  Ifhfhmsme, Ifgfrlfimme/Mk-Our`ymo
4
?.  Zfr`kmiu Garmk ymen Hm`i (Mk-Miokmiuk Imr`gmo)

D. Ouhuenme
Ouhuenme @etfre
@etfrems`ae
ms`aemk
mk T`ymsmo
T`ymsmo Lmuk`ym
Lmuk`ymo
o
=. Ouhuenme-ou
Ouhuenme-ouhuenme
huenme @etfrems`aemk L`wmitu Lmgm`.
Lmgm` mlmkmo msms ouhuenme @etfrems`aemk. Tfkm`e ifwmb`hme sumtu
ef
efnmr
nmrmm tfroml
tfromlmp
mp efnmrm
efnmrm km`
km`e,
e, ymie`
ymie` tfetme
tfetmen
n gfe
gfenoa
noargm
rgmt`
t` om
omi-o
i-omi
mi
ef
efnmr
nmrmm km`
km`e
e ymen
ymen hfrtft
hfrtftmen
mennm
nm lfenm
lfenme
e efnmrm
efnmrm ymen
ymen l`t
l`tfg
fgpmt
pmt`` lme
gfenmlmime
gfenmlmime pfrbmeb`me-pfrbmeb`me @etfrems`aemk.
Gfeu
Gfeuru
rutt Mhlu
Mhlukk ^mom
^momh
h Iomk
Iomkmc
mc hmow
hmowmm ouiu
ouiug
g msmk
msmk ouhu
ouhuen
enme
me

@etfrems`aemk mlm lum pfelmpmt, pfelmpmt ymen pfrtmgm gfenmdu pmlm

my
mymt-
mt-mym
mymtt pfrmen
pfrmen (mk-Hm
(mk-Hmqmr
qmrmo2
mo28=3
8=3,, me-E`s
me-E`smj2
mj2><,
><, mk-Mec
mk-Mecmk2
mk236,
36, mt-
\muhmo28
\muhmo280),
0), lme smhlm
smhlm Emh`2 smym l`pfr`etm
l`pfr`etmoime
oime uetui gfgfrmn`
gfgfrmn`
gmeus
gmeus`m
`m sm
smgpm
gpm`` gfrrf
gfrrfim
im gfenu
gfenudmp
dmpime
ime symom
symomlmt
lmt,, gfkmi
gfkmisme
smemim
mime
e
soakmt, lme gfenfkumrime zmimt. Ifs`gpukme lmr` ifkagpai pfrtmgm
mlmkmo `et` ouiug msmk lmkmg ouhuenme `etfrems`aemk mlmkmo pfrmen.
Zfelmpmt ymen if lum mlmkmo sfhmk`ieym hmowm ouiug msmk lmkmg
ouhuenme `etfrems`aemk mlmkmo mlmkmo lmgm`. Mkmsmeeym pfrmen `tu
l`pfri
l`pfrifem
femeim
eime
e imrfem
imrfem mlm sfhmhe
sfhmheym,
ym, ym`tu
ym`tu gfeakm
gfeakmi
i if
iflzm
lzmk`g
k`gme,
me,

gfeno`elmr` c`temo lmkmg rmenim gfgpfrtmomeime l`r` sfhmnm`gmem

l`bfkm
l`bfkmsim
sime
e lmkmg
lmkmg mk-]ur
mk-]urme
me.. Mlmpue
Mlmpue oml`ts
oml`ts emh`
emh` l` mtms
mtms gfe
gfeuru
urutt
ifkagpai `e`, hfrkmiu hmn` armen mtmu ifkagpai ymen gfrmsui` mtmu
gfgfr
gfgfrmen
men`` `sk
`skmg
mg uetui
uetui gfeak
gfeakmi
mi ilzmk`
ilzmk`gme
gme gfrfi
gfrfim.
m. Tfkm`e
Tfkm`e `tu,
`tu,
pfgmismme
pfgmismme l` lmkmg gfgfkui mnmgm pue t`lmi l`pfrimemeime.
l`pfrimemeime.

8. Ouhuenme-ouhuenme @etfrems`aemk L`wmitu Zfrmen Tfhmh tfrbml`eym

pfrmen2

4 Zrac. O.M. Lbmzuk`, C`q`o T`ymsmo, okg. =88-=44

<
 

m. Gfgpf
Gfgpfrtm
rtmom
omeim
eime
e L`r`
L`r` Lmr`
Lmr` i`tmh-
i`tmh-i`t
i`tmh
mh sfbmrmo
sfbmrmo tmr`io,
tmr`io, dmrm Emh`
Emh`
Gaomg
Gaomggml
gml sm
smw
w gfeo`
gfeo`gpu
gpue
e ifiumt
ifiumtme
me lme
lme gfgpfr
gfgpfrtmo
tmome
meime
ime
efnfr`
efnfr` gml`emo
gml`emo lmr` sfrmenme-s
sfrmenme-sfrme
frmenme
nme gusuoeym
gusuoeym armen imc`r
imc`r

iurm`sy. Lmkmg pfrmen hmlmr, huime Emh` ymen gfeyfrmen mime

tftmp` gusuo emh` ymen gfeyfrmen im Gml`emo. Mlmpme wmitu
cmtou Gmiimo, rmsukukkmo lmtmen if Gmiimo huime sfhmnm` pfrmen
mtmu pfemikui, gfm`eime sfhmnm` pfghfr` mgefst` ugug l`sfrtm`
tftmp gfenoargmt` omrnm l`r` taiao-taiao gfiimo, sfpfrt` Mhu
Tacyme ymen pmlm wmitu `tu gms`o imc`r.
h. Lmkmg
Lmkmg Xmenim
Xmenim Lmiw
Lmiwmo
mo Zfrmen
Zfrmen bunm
bunm h`sm tfrbml
tfrbml`` l` lmkmg
lmkmg rmenim
rmenim
gfebmg`e bmkmeeym lmiwmo. Mrt`eym, lmiwmo ifpmlm ifhfemrme
lme ifml`kme sfrtm pmlm pr`es`p-pr`es`p ymen guk`m t`lmi hakfo

l`omkmen` lme l`t`elms akfo pfenumsm gmempue. \fkmo l`bfkmsime

hmowmm @skmg t`lmi gfenofel
hmow gfenofelmi`
mi` pfgmismm
pfgmismme
e hfrmnmgm
hfrmnmgm.. Mpmh`km
Mpmh`km
pfenumsm
pfenumsm gfgmismi
gfgmismime
me mnmgmeym
mnmgmeym lme gfe`elms
gfe`elms ifpmlm
ifpmlm armen-
armen-
armen
armen gusk`g,
gusk`g, pfenumsm
pfenumsm-pfe
-pfenums
numsmm `tu l`iumk`c`i
l`iumk`c`ims`im
ms`ime
e ifpmlm
ifpmlm
pfenumsm ymen lzmk`g. Zr`kmiu sfpfrt` `tukmo ymen l`pfrtaetaeime
akfo
akfo pf
pfenu
enums
msmm Zfrs`m
Zfrs`m lme Xagmw`
Xagmw` pmlm
pmlm wmi
wmitu
tu `tu ym`tu
ym`tu t`lmi
t`lmi
gfghfr`ime ifhfhmsme impmlm rmiymteym uetui gfgfkui mnmgm
ymen l`ymi`e`eym.<
d. Ft`im lme Mturme
Mturme Zfrmen
Zfrmen l` lmkmg
lmkmg T`yms
T`ymsmo
mo Lmuk`y
Lmuk`ymo
mo

 
L`kmrmen gfghueuo memi.
  L`kmrmen gfghueuo wme`tm ymen t`lmi hfrpfrmen.
  L`kmrmen gfghueuo armen tum ymen t`lmi `iut pfrmen.
  \`lmi gfgataen lme gfrusmi tmemgme, smwmo lme kmlmen.
  \`lmi gfghueuo h`emtmen tfremi
  \`lmi gfenomedurime tfgpmt `hmlmo.
   L`kmrmen gfed`edmen gmymt gusuo.
  L`kmrmen gfghueuo pfelftm lme pfifrbm.

<
 Lr. Guomggml
Gfl`m @qhmk,
Zrmtmgm,8::>, okg 863  C`q`o T`ymsmo iaetfitumk`sms` Laitr`e
G.Mn. Laitr`e Zak`t`i @skmg, Bmimrtm, Nmym

6
 

   Hfrs`imp smhmr, hfrme` lme `iokms.

  \`lmi gfkmgpmu` hmtms.

L. Zfghmn`m
Zfghmn`me
e Efnmrm
Efnmrm lmkmg
lmkmg @skmg
@skmg
Bugour ukmgm gfghmn` efnmrm ifpmlm lum hmn`me, ym`tu lmr mk-
@sk
@skmg/
mg/ lmr mk-wmq
mk-wmqcc (Ty`mo
(Ty`mo Rm`l`y
Rm`l`ymo
mo)/
)/ lmr
lmr mk-tmu
mk-tmuo`l
o`l (Iomwm
(Iomwmr`b
r`b sfitf
sfitf
@hml`ymo ) lme lmr mk-omrh/ lmr mk-cms`q (Ty`mo Rm`l`ymo)/ lmr mk-sy`ri
(Iomwmr`b
(Iomwmr`b sfitf @hml`ymo)
@hml`ymo).. Tfgfetmrm
Tfgfetmrm ukmgm
ukmgm Tymc`‐`ym
Tymc`‐`ymo
o gfemghmo
gfemghmoime
ime
imtfnar` lmr mk-‟mol mtmu lmr mk-mgme l`smgp`en iflumeym. Lmr mk-‟mol
ml
mlmk
mkmo
mo ef
efnm
nmrm
rm-e
-efn
fnmr
mrmm ym
ymen
en hf
hfrl
rlmg
mgm`
m` lfen
lfenme
me lmr
lmr mk
mk-@s
-@skm
kmg,
g, lfen
lfenme
me
pf
pfrm
rmeb
eb`m
`me
e tf
tfrs
rsfh
fhut
ut,, gmim
gmim sf
sfgu
gumm pfel
pfelul
ului
ui lmr
lmr mk
mk-‟m
-‟mol
ol t`
t`lm
lmi
i hakf
hakfo
o
l`nm
l`nmen
ennu
nu b`wm
b`wmey
eym,
m, om
omrtm
rtmey
eym,
m, lme
lme ifoa
ifoarg
rgmt
mtme
me ifgm
ifgmeu
eus`
s`mm
mmee
eeey
eym.
m.

Gfsi`pue pfeluluieym t`lmi hfrmnmm @skmg, gfrfim l`pfrkmiuime sfpfrt`

armen @skmg lmkmg mrt` l`k`eluen` omi-omieym.
Tflmenime gfeurut M. Lbmzuk`, pfghmn`me lue`m pmlm gmsm sfimrmen
mlmkmo2
=. Mk-Mkmg
Mk-Mkmg mk-@skmg
mk-@skmg`` (lue`m
(lue`m @skmg)
@skmg) ymen
ymen tfrl`
tfrl`r`
r` lmr`2
lmr`2
m. Lmwkmo
Lmwkmo @skmg`
@skmg`ymo
ymo (efnmrm
(efnmrm @skmg/@skm
@skmg/@skmg`d
g`d Ttmtfs).
Ttmtfs).
h. Hmklm
Hmklmo
o @skmg
@skmg`ym
`ymo
o (efnfr
(efnfr`` gusk`g
gusk`g/ef
/efnmr
nmrm-ef
m-efnm
nmrm
rm ymen
ymen gm
gmyar
yar`tm
`tmss
pfeluluieymm hfrmnmgm @skmg/Gusk`g Dauetr`fs).
pfeluluiey
8. Mk-Mkmg
Mk-Mkmg mk-‟Mol2
mk-‟Mol2 efnmrm-ef
efnmrm-efnmrm
nmrm ymen
ymen hfrlmgm
hfrlmgm`` lfenme
lfenme efnmrm
efnmrm @skmg.
@skmg.

m. Ir`t
Ir`tfr
fr`m
`m Lmr
Lmr mk
mk-@s
-@skm
kmg
g
Zmrm ukmgm hfrhflm pfelmpmt lmkmg gfefetuime `lfet`tms sumtu
efnmrm mpmimo tfrgmsui lmr mk-@skmg. L`metmrm gfrfim mlm ymen
gfk`omt lmr` sulut ouiug ymen hfrkmiu l` efnmrm tfrsfhut. Mlm
pukm ymen gfgmelmen lmr` s`s` ifmgmeme wmrnmeym gfebmkmeime
sy
symr
mr`‐
`‐mt
mt @s
@skm
kmg.
g. Tf
Tfgm
gmet
etmr
mrmm ml
mlmm bu
bunm
nm ymen
ymen gfk`
gfk`om
omtt lmr`
lmr` s`
s`s`
s`
pfgfnmen ifiumsmme tfrsfhut.
  Lmr`
Lmr` su
sulu
lutt ouiu
ouiug
g ymen
ymen hfrk
hfrkmi
miu
u l` efnm
efnmrm
rm tf
tfrs
rsfh
fhut
ut
@gmg
@gmg Mhu
Mhu Pusu
Pusuc,
c, ta
taia
iao
o tf
tfrh
rhfs
fsmr
mr gmlz
gmlzom
omh
h Omem
Omemc`
c`

hfrpfelmpmt hmowm sumtu efnmrm l`sfhut lmr mk-@skmg h`km

3
 

hfrkmiu
hfrkmiu ouiug
ouiug @skmg l` lmkmgeym
lmkmgeym,, gfsi`pue
gfsi`pue gmyar`tms
gmyar`tms
wmr
mrn
nme
mey
ym t`l
t`lmi gusk
gusk`g
`g.. Tfg
Tfgfet
etmmrm lmr mk-
k-om
omrh
rh,,
gfeu
gfeuru
rute
teym
ym mlmk
mlmkmo
mo efnm
efnmrm
rm ym
ymen
en t`
t`lm
lmi
i gfhf
gfhfrkm
rkmiu
iuim
ime
e

ouiug @sk
ouiug @skmg,
mg, gfsi`p
gfsi`pue
ue sfhmn`
sfhmn`me
me hf
hfsmr
smr pfelul
pfeluluie
uieym
ym
hfrmnmgm @skmg.
Lmkmg
Lmkmg pfg`i`
pfg`i`rme
rme galfre
galfre,, pm
pmelm
elmenm
enme
e lfg`i
lfg`i`me
`me l`meu
l`meutt
akfo
akfo Tmyy`l
Tmyy`l ]utoh.
]utoh. @m gfgme
gfgmelme
lmen
n hmowm
hmowm efnmrm
efnmrm ymen
ymen
gfef
gfefrm
rmpi
pime
me ou
ouiu
iug
g `skm
`skmg
g mlmk
mlmkmo
mo lmr
lmr mk
mk-@s
-@skm
kmg,
g, tmep
tmepmm
gfesymrm
gfesymrmtime
time pfelului
pfeluluieym
eym omrus
omrus gusk`g.
gusk`g. Zfelmpmt
Zfelmpmt `e`
hfrh
rhfflm lfenme @h
@he
eu ]myy`g mk-B
-Bmmuz`ymo ymen
gfesymrmtime
gfesymrmtime pfeluluieym
pfeluluieym omrus gmyar`tms gusk`g.
  Lmr` s`s` ifmgmeme wmrnmeym gfebmkmeime symr`mt @skmg

@gmg Mhu Ome`cmo gfghflmime lmr mk-@skmg lme lmr mk-

omrh hfrlmsmrime rmsm mgme ymen l`e`igmt` pfeluluieym.
H`km ugmt @skmg gfrmsm mgme lmkmg gfebmkmeime mit`v`tms
ifmnmgmme gfrfim, gmim efnmrm tfrsfhut tfrgmsui lmr mk-
@skmg. Tfhmk`ieym, h`km t`lmi mlm rmsm mgme, gmim efnmrm
tfrsfhut tfrgmsui lmr mk-omrh.
  Lmr` s`s` pfgfnmen ifiumsmme efnmrm tfrsfhut
Gfeurut mk-Xmc`‐` (smkmo sfarmen taiao gmlzomh Tymc`‐`),
su
sumt
mtu
u ef
efnm
nmrm
rm l`
l`pm
pmel
elme
men
n sfhm
sfhmnm
nm`` lmr
lmr mk
mk-@s
-@skm
kmg
g mpmh
mpmh`k
`kmm

l`p`gp`e akfo sfarmen gusk`g.

Gfeuru
Gfe urutt Bmv`l
Bmv`l @qhmk,
@qhmk, lmr mk-@sk
mk-@skmg
mg mlmkmo
mlmkmo efnmr
efnmrmm ymen
ymen
pfgf
pfgfr`
r`et
etmo
mome
meey
eymm l`
l`pf
pfnm
nmen
en ugmt
ugmt @s
@skm
kmg,
g, gmya
gmyar`
r`tm
tmss
pfelului
pfeluluieym
eym hfrmnmgm
hfrmnmgm @skmg lme gfen
gfennuem
nuemime
ime ouiu
ouiug
g
@skmg
@skmg sfhmn
sfhmnm`
m` uelmen
uelmen-ue
-uelme
lmeney
neym.
m. Imrfem
Imrfem ifium
ifiumsmm
smme
e
gutk
gutkmi
mi hf
hfrm
rmlm
lm pm
pmlm
lm Mk
Mkkm
kmo,
o, gmim
gmim lmr
lmr mk
mk-@s
-@skm
kmg
g omru
omruss
gfebuebu
gfebuebuen
en t`enn`
t`enn` suprfgms
suprfgms`` ouiug
ouiug @skmg9
@skmg9 sfkmebute
sfkmebuteym,
ym,
im
imrf
rfem
em gmsy
gmsymr
mrmi
mimt
mt gusk
gusk`g
`g om
omru
russ l`
l`pf
pfr`e
r`etm
tmo
o gfeu
gfeuru
rutt
ouiug @skmg, gmim pfg`gp`e pfgfr`etmomeeym bunm omrus

gusk`g mnmr gfrfim lmpmt gfkmismemime ouiug @skmg.

>
 

Lmkmg
Lmkmg pfrifg
pfrifghme
hmenme
nme lue`m
lue`m galfre
galfre,, ir`tfr
ir`tfr`m
`m `e` tfk
tfkmo
mo
hfrn
rnffsf
sfr.
r. Tumt
Tumtu
u efn
efnmrm
mrm l`
l`ssfhut
hut lmr mk-@s
k-@skm
kmg
g h`k
`kmm
pfeluluieym gmyar`tms hfrmnmgm @skmg, gfsi`pue efnmrm

tfrsfhut
tfrsfhut t`lmi
t`lmi sfpfeu
sfpfeuoey
oeymm gfebm
gfebmkme
kmeime
ime ouiug
ouiug @sk@skmg
mg
daetaoeym @elaefs`m lme Gfs`r. L` smgp`en `tu, ir`tfr`m
pfef
pfefrm
rmpm
pme
e ouiu
ouiug
g @s
@skm
kmg
g lmkm
lmkmg
g sumt
sumtu
u efnm
efnmrm
rm tf
tfet
etu
u
gfrupmime omk tfrpfet`en lmkmg gfefetuime sumtu efnmrm
l`
l`sf
sfhu
hutt lmr
lmr mk-@
mk-@sk
skmg
mg,, gfsi
gfsi`p
`pue
ue t`
t`lm
lmi
i sfpf
sfpfeu
euoe
oeym
ym
pfeluluieym hfrmnmgm @skmg, daetaoeym @rme, Gmkmys`m,
lme Zmi`stme. Iflum ir`tfr`m `e`kmo ymen l`nuemime akfo
Arnme`sms
Arnme`sms`` Iaepfrfe
Iaepfrfes`
s` @skmg
@skmg (AI@) lmkmg
lmkmg gfeftmpi
gfeftmpime
me
ouiug @skmg.

h. Zfgh
Zfghmn
mn`m
`me
e Lmr
Lmr mk-@s
mk-@skm
kmg
g
Hfrlmsmrime t`enimt ifsud`me w`kmymo lme omi eae-gusk`g uetui
gfeftmp l` w`kmymo Lmr mk-@skmg, gmim lmr mk-@skmg tfrhmn` lmkmg
4 hmn`me, ym`tu2 tmemo sud`, O`bmz, lme sfkm`e iflumeym.
  \mem
\memo
o su
sud`
d` (Iat
(Iatmm Gfim
Gfimo
o lme
lme w`km
w`kmym
ymo
o sfi`
sfi`tm
tmre
reym
ym).
).
Gfeuru
Gfeurutt bugou
bugourr ukmgm
ukmgm iatm
iatm Gml`em
Gml`emo
o tfrgm
tfrgmsui
sui lmkmg
lmkmg
w`kmymo `e`. L` iflum w`kmymo `e` eae-gusk`g t`lmi hakfo
gfeftmp. Hmoime uetui iatm Gfimo, l` sfi`tmr mk-Gmsb`l
mk-Om
-Omrmg, eae-gusk`g smgm sfimk` t`lmi hakfo

gfgmsui`
gfgmsui`eym
eym.. Tflmen
Tflmenim
ime
e gfeur
gfeurut
ut Mhu Ome`cm
Ome`cmo,
o, im
imc`r
c`r
lz`gg` lme imc`r gu‐mo`l hakfo gfgmsui` Gmiimo t`lmi
uetui gfeftmp l` lmkmgeym.
  ^`kmymo O`bmz
^`kmymo `e` hakfo l`gmsui` eae-gusk`g lfenme gfelmpmt
 bmg`eme ifmgmeme
ifmgmeme lmr` pfgfr`etmome @skmg.
@skmg. \ftmp` gfrfim
t`lm
t`lmi
i ha
hakf
kfo
o gfef
gfeftm
tmp
p l` w`
w`km
kmym
ymo
o `e
`e`` gfkf
gfkfh`
h`o`
o` 4 om
omr`
r`..
Iftfetum
Iftfetume
e `e` hfrlmsmri
hfrlmsmrime
me ifputusm
ifputusme
e Iomk`cmo
Iomk`cmo ‟Vgmr h`e
Iomtotomh ymen gfen`b`eime armen-armen Pmoul` t`ennmk

l` O`bmz sfkmgm 4 omr` uetui urusme lmnmen. Lmkmg mk-

?
 

Moimg
Moimg mk-Tou
mk-Toukto
ktome`
me`ymo
ymo l`bfkm
l`bfkmsim
sime
e hm
hmowm
owm b`im
b`im gfrfim
gfrfim
hfrtfgpmt t`ennmk l` smkmo smtu tfgpmt l` O`bmz kfh`o lmr` 4
om
omr`,
r`, gmim
gmim gfrfi
gfrfimm l`ifem
l`ifemime
ime tm‐z`r
tm‐z`r b`im
b`im gfrfi
gfrfimm t`lmi
t`lmi

l`hfr` `z`e sfhfkugeym.

  ^`kmymo lme efnmrm-efnmrm @skmg km`eeym
L` w`kmymo `e`, pfgfr`etmo @skmg hakfo gfkmiuime miml
lz`ggmo lfenme eae-gusk`g. Gfrfim hakfo gmsui lme
gfeftmp l` w`kmymo `e` uetui sfgfetmrm wmitu hfrlmsmrime
pfrbmeb`me ymen l`sftubu` iflum hfkmo p`omi.
d. Guomggml
Guomggml @qhmk
@qhmk lmkmg
lmkmg huiuey
huiueymm gfebfkms
gfebfkmsime
ime hmowm
hmowm lmr
lmr mk-omrh
mk-omrh
l`hflmime gfebml` 4 imtfnar`2
    Efnmrm ymen l`
l` lmkmgeym t`lmi tfrpfeuo`
tfrpfeuo` uesur paiai
paiai lmr

mk-@skmg, ym`tu pfghfrkmiume ouiug @skmg lme ifiumsmme

pak`t`i ymen hfrmlm l` tmenme eae-gusk`g.
  Efnmrm ymen omeym gfgfeuo` smkmo smtu uesur paiai lmr
mk-@skmg, gfsi`pue t`lmi utuo. ^`kmymoeym l`iumsm` eae-
gusk`g
gusk`g lm
lme
e ouiug
ouiug ymen
ymen hfrkm
hfrkmiu
iu hui
huime
me ouiug
ouiug @sk
@skmg
mg,,
emgue ugmt @skmg ymen gfeftmp l`efnmrm tfrsfhut l`hfr`
ifkaennmrme uetui gfkmismemime sfhmn`me ouiug @skmg.
  Efnmrm ymen l`imtfnar`ime sfhmnm` lmr mk-omrh. ^`kmymo
`e` l`iums
l`iumsm`
m` akfo
akfo pfgfr`
pfgfr`etm
etmom
ome
e eae-gu
eae-gusk`
sk`g
g lme t`lmi
t`lmi

gfghfrkmi
gfghf rkmiuim
uime
e ouiug
ouiug @sk
@skmg
mg.. Zfelul
Zfelului
ui Gusk`g
Gusk`g ymen
ymen
gfef
gfeftm
tmp
p l` s`e`
s`e` t`
t`lm
lmi
i gfel
gfelmpmpmt
mt ifsf
ifsfgp
gpmt
mtme
me uetu
uetui
i
gfebmkmeime mbmrme mnmgmeym. Lmr mk-omrh lmkmg hfetui
`e` tfrhmn` gfebml` lum, ym`tu Lmr mk-omrh ymen gfebml`
tfgp
tfgpmt
mt omrh
omrh`y
`yyu
yue
e lme
lme t`
t`lm
lmi
i tf
tfr`
r`im
imtt pfrb
pfrbme
meb`
b`me
me mt
mtmu
mu
ouhuenme
ouhuenme l`pkagmt`i
l`pkagmt`i lfenme
lfenme efnm
efnmrm
rm @skmg9
@skmg9 lme Lmr mk-
mk-Guomlmemo.6
Guwmlm‐mo mtmu lmr mk-Guomlmemo.

F. Zfghmn`me Zfelului lmkmg @skmg

6 @h`l, okg. 88=-84=

0
 

Lfen
Lfenme
me hfrk
hfrkme
melm
lmsi
sime
me pmlm
pmlm mn
mnmg
mgmm ymen
ymen l`
l`ym
ymi`
i`e`
e` sfsf
sfsfar
arme
men,
n,
gfgpfrt`ghmenime Efnmrm ymen gfebml` tfgpmt t`ennmkeym lme mlm mtmu
t`lmieym `imtme pfrbmeb`me lfenme pfgfr`etmome @skmg, pmrm ukmgm c`q`o

gfghmn` ifwmrnmefnmrmme sfsfarmen gfebml` gusk`g lme eae-gusk`g.

Armen eae-gusk`g tfrl`r` lmr` mok mk-z`gg`, gustm‐g`e, lme omrh`yue.
Zfelului Lmr mk-`skmg tfrl`r` lmr` gusk`g, mok mk-z`gg` lme gustm‐g`e,
sflmenime pfelului
pfelului lmr mk-omrh tfrl`r` lmr` gusk`g lme omrh`yue.
=. Gusk`g
Hfrlmsmrime tfgpmt gfeftmpeym, gusk`g lmpmt l`hflmime metmrm smtu
lfenme ymen km`eeym. Zfrtmgm gfrfim ymen gfeftmp l` lmr mk-@skmg
lme gfgpueym` iag`tgfe ymen iumt uetui gfgpfrtmomeime lmr mk-
@skmg.
@skmg. \frgm
\frgmsui
sui iflmkm
iflmkmg
g ifkagp
ifkagpai
ai `e` mlmkmo
mlmkmo armen
armen @sk
@skmg
mg ymen
ymen

gfeftmp sfgfetmrm wmitu l` lmr mk-@skmg sfhmnm` gustm‐g`e lme tftmp

iag`tgfe ifpmlm @skmg sfrtm gfenmiu` pfgfr`etmome @skmg. Iflum,
gusk`g ymen t`ennmk gfeftmp l` lmr mk-omrh lme t`lmi hfrif`en`eme
uetui o`brmo if lmr mk-@skmg. Ttmtus gfrfim, gfeurut @gmg Gmk`i,
TPmc`‐` lme Mogml, smgm lfenme gusk`g km`eeym l` lmr mk-@skmg.
Omrtm hfelm lme b`wm gfrfim tftmp tfrpfk`omrm. Emgue gfeurut Mhu
Ome`cmo, gfrfim hfrstmtus sfhmnm` pfelului omrh`yue, imrfem hfrmlm
l` efnmrm ymen t`lmi l`iumsm` @skmg. Iaesfiufes`eym,
Iaesfiufes`eym, omrtm hfelm lme
 b`wm gfrfim t`lmi tfrbmg`e.

8. Mok mk-R
k-R`gg`
`gg`
Imtm lz`ggmo hfrmrt` pfrbmeb`me, mtmu bmg`eme lme ifmgmeme. L`sfhut
lfg`i`me imrfem gfrfim gfgpueym` bmg`eme pfrbmeb`me (‟mol) Mkkmo
lme Xmsuk-Eym, sfrtm bmgmmo imug Gusk`g uetui o`lup lfenme rmsm
mgme l` hmwmo pfrk`eluenme @skmg lme lmkmg k`eniuenme gmsymrmimt
@s
@skm
kmg.
g. Gfrf
Gfrfim
im (a
(arm
rmen
en-a
-arm
rmen
en imc`
imc`rr `e
`e`)
`) hfrm
hfrmlm
lm lmkm
lmkmg
g bm
bmg`
g`em
eme
e
ifmgmem
ifmgmeme
e imug Gusk`g
Gusk`g hfrlmsmri
hfrlmsmrime
me miml lz`ggmo.
lz`ggmo. @gpk`i
@gpk`ims`e
ms`eym
ym
mlmkmo, gfrfim tfrgmsui if lmkmg wmrnm efnmrm Lmruk @skmg. Miml
lz`ggmo gfenmeluen iftfetume uetui gfgh`mrime armen-armen eae

gusk`
gusk`g
g tft
tftmp
mp hf
hfrml
rmlmm lmkmg
lmkmg ifymi
ifymi`em
`eme/m
e/mnmg
nmgmm gfrfim
gfrfim,, l`smgp
l`smgp`en
`en

=:
 

gfe`igmt` omi uetui gfgpfrakfo bmg`eme ifmgmeme lme pfromt`me

imug Gusk`g. Tymrmteym mlmkmo gfrfim gfghmymr b`zymo sfrtm tftmp
hfrpfnmen tfnuo tfromlmp ouiug-ouiug @skmg l` lmkmg pfrsamkme-

pfrsamkme puhk`i. Kmelmsme mlmeym pfemr`ime b`zymo lmr` mok mk-z`gg`

ym
ym`t
`tu
u lm
lmkm
kmg
g Turm
Turmtt Mt \muh
\muhmo
mo mymt
mymt 80.
80. Ve
Vesu
sur-
r-ue
uesu
surr sfsf
sfsfar
arme
men
n
l`imtmime mok mk-z`gg` ym`tu2 Eae-gusk`g, hmk`no, hfrmimk, kmi`-kmi`,
huime hulmi, t`ennmk l` lmr mk-@skmg lme gmgpu gfghmymr b`zymo.
Pmen l`imtmime eae-gusk`g mlmkmo mok mk-I`tmh, gurtml, lme armen
gusyr`i.
m. Tfhm
Tfhmnm
nm`g
`gme
memm pf
pfel
elmp
mpmt
mt Mhu
Mhu Hmim
Hmimrr `h
`heu
eu Mk
Mk`` mk
mk-B
-Bms
msos
osom
omso
so ymen
ymen
l`iut`p akfo Lr. Guomggml @qhmk lmkmg huiueym C`q`o T`ymsmo,
mok
mok mk
mk-I`
-I`tm
tmh
h ym
ymen
en tf
tfrn
rnak
akae
aen
n mok
mok mk
mk-z
-z`g
`gg`
g` ym
ym`t
`tu
u Pmou
Pmoul`
l` lme
lme

Emsrme`, sfrtm Gmbus`.

h. Gmyar`
Gmyar`tms
tms ukmgm
ukmgm sf
sfpmi
pmimt
mt gfenfe
gfenfem`
m` ift`lm
ift`lmiha
ihakfo
kfome
me armen-
armen-arm
armen
en
gurtml
gurtml gfkmi
gfkmiuim
uime
e miml
miml z`ggmo
z`ggmo lfenme
lfenme pfgfr`
pfgfr`etm
etmome
ome @skmg,
@skmg,
hfrlmsmrime c`rgme Mkkmo ]T. Mk-Cmto, <?2=3, ymen mrt`eym2 Imgu
pfrmen` gfrfim, mtmu gfrfim sfel`r` gfeyfrmo gmsui @skmg.
d. Vkmgm
Vkmgm hfrhflm
hfrhflm pfelmp
pfelmpmt
mt gfenfem
gfenfem`` ifhakf
ifhakfom
ome
e gfefr`
gfefr`gm
gm armen
gusyr`i sfhmnm` mok mk-z`gg`. Gmzomh Tymc`‐`, Omghmk`, Rmo`r`,
lme Ty`‐mo
Ty`‐mo @gmg`ymo
@gmg`ymo hfrpfelmp
hfrpfelmpmt
mt hmowm
hmowm pfgfr`etmo
pfgfr`etmome
me @skmg
t`lmi
t`lmi ha
hakfo
kfo gfefr
gfefr`gm
`gm armen
armen gusyr`
gusyr`i
i ymen
ymen hui
huime
me mok mk-I`tm
mk-I`tmh
h

sfhmnm`` mo
sfhmnm mokk mk-z`g
mk-z`gg`
g` lme gfguen
gfguenut
ut b`z
b`zym
ymo
o gfrfim
gfrfim.. Gfr
Gfrfim
fim
hfrkmelmsime pmlm ]T. Mk-\muhmo, 0262 Zfrmen`kmo armen-armen
gusyr`i l`gmem pue imgu hfrtfgu lfenme gfrfim. Tflmenime
@gmg Gmk`i, mk-Muzm‐` lme @he ]myy`g mk-Bmuz`ymo hfrpfelmpmt
hmowm b`zymo hakfo l`mgh`k lmr` armen eae-gusk`g gmem pue,
tmepm gfgmelmen gfrfim sfhmnm` mok mk-I`tmh mtmu huime.
4. Gustm‐g`e
Gfeurut Mok` C`q`o, gustm‐g`e mlmkmo armen ymen gfgmsui` w`kmymo
km`e lfenme gfelmpmt bmg`eme ifmgmeme lmr` pfgfr`etmo sftfgpmt,

hm`i `m gusk`g gmupue omrh`yue. Gfeurut mk-Lmsui` ymen l`iut`p

==
 

ak
akfo
fo Guom
Guomgg
ggml
ml @q
@qhm
hmkk lmkm
lmkmg
g huiu
huiuey
eymm C`
C`q`
q`o
o T`
T`ym
ymsm
smo,
o, metm
metmrm
rm
gustm‐g`e lme gu‐mo`l gfgpueym` pfenfrt`me smgm. Gu‐mo`l mlmkmo
armen
armen eae gusk`
gusk`g
g ymen
ymen gfgmsu
gfgmsui`
i` w`kmym
w`kmymo
o Lmr mk-@sk
mk-@skmg
mg lfenme
lfenme

gfgpfrakfo bmg`eme ifmgmeme lmr` pfgfr`etmo @skmg uetui tubume

tfrtfetu, ifgul`me `m ifghmk` if w`kmymo Lmr mk-Omrh. Zmrm Vkmgm
hf
hfrhf
rhflm
lm pfelmp
pfelmpmt
mt gfenfe
gfenfem`
m` gmsm
gmsm hfrkmi
hfrkmiue
ueym
ym pfrbme
pfrbmeb`m
b`me
e bmg`em
bmg`eme
e
if
ifmgm
mgmeme
eme hmn`
hmn` gustm‐
gustm‐g`e
g`e.. Gfeuru
Gfeurutt Gmzom
Gmzomh
h Tymc`‐
Tymc`‐`` t`lmi
t`lmi hakfo
hakfo
gfkfh`o` fgpmt hukme. Gfeurut Gmzomh Gmk`i` ym`tu b`im pfrbmeb`me
tfrsfhut t`lmi l`hmtms` akfo wmitu, gmim lmkmg wmitu fgpmt hukme
hfrmio`r lfenme sfel`r`eym. Tflmenime b`im l`hmtms` akfo wmitu, gmim
pfrbmeb`me hfrmio`r sfsum` ifsfpmimtme. Gfeurut Gmzomh Omemc` lme
Ty`‐mo
Ty`‐mo Rm`l`ymo
Rm`l`ymo,, gmis`gmk
gmis`gmk sfkmgm
sfkmgm smtu tmoue. Tflmenim
Tflmenime
e gfeurut
gfeurut

@gmg Mogml h`e Omehmk gfefetuime pmk`en kmgm, ym`tu fgpmt tmoue.
<. Omrh`yue
Imc`r Omrh` mlmkmo sft`mp armen imc`r ymen t`lmi tfrdmiup l` lmkmg
pfrbmeb`me (lz`ggmo) imug Gusk`g, hm`i armen `tu imc`r gu‐mo`l mtmu
gustm
gustm‐g`
‐g`e,
e, mtmu
mtmu pue huime
huime imc`r
imc`r gu‐mo`
gu‐mo`l
l lme imc`r
imc`r gustm‐
gustm‐g`e
g`e..
L`t`ebmu lmr` mspfi ouiug, imc`r omrh` l`hmn` gfebml` lum, ym`tu (=)
imc`r omrh` ouigme, mrt`eym sfdmrm lf burf (sfdmrm ouiug) imc`r omrh`,
lme (8) imc`r omrh` c`‐kme mtmu imc`r omrh` omq`qmtme (lf cmdta) ymie`
armen-armen imc`r ymen tfenmo hfrpfrmen/gfgfrmen` imug Gusk`g.

=8
 

HMH @@@
ZFEV\VZ

M. Ifs`
Ifs`gp
gpuk
ukme
me
=. T`ym
T`ymsm
smo
o Lmuk
Lmuk`y
`ymo
mo hf
hfrg
rgmi
miem
em22 ifiu
ifiums
msmm
mme
e Ifpm
Ifpmkm
km Ef
Efnm
nmrm
rm ue
uetu
tui
i
gfen
gfenmt
mtur
ur ef
efnm
nmrm
rm lm
lmkm
kmg
g om
omkk ouhu
ouhuen
enme
me @e
@etf
tfre
rems
ms`a
`aem
emk,
k, gmsm
gmsmkm
kmo
o
tfrr`t
tfrr`tar`m
ar`mk,
k, em
ems`a
s`aemk
emk`tm
`tms,
s, fi
fitrm
trml`s
l`s`,
`, tmomem
tmomeme,
e, pfenm
pfenms`e
s`enme
nme tmwme
tmwmeme
me
pak`t`i,
pak`t`i, pfenus`rm
pfenus`rme
e wmrnm efnmrm ms`en.
ms`en. Tfkm`e
Tfkm`e `tu, bunm gfenurus`
gfenurus`
gmsmk
gmsmkmo
mo imug
imug lz
lz`gg
`gg`,
`, pf
pfrhf
rhflmm
lmme
e mnmgm
mnmgm,, miml
miml t`ghm
t`ghmkk hmk`i
hmk`i lme
lme
sfp`omi lfenme imug lz`gg`, oulul lme q`somso. Lmsmr-lmsmr T`ymsmo
Lmuk`ymo
Lmuk`ymo,, l`metmrme
l`metmrmeym
ym mlmkmo2
mlmkmo2 ifsmtume
ifsmtume ugmt gmeus`m,
gmeus`m, mk-‟mlmkm
mk-‟mlmkmo,
o,
gusmw
gusmwmo,
mo, im
imrag
ragmo
mo `esme`
`esme`ym
ymo,
o, tmsmgu
tmsmguo,
o, ifrbm
ifrbm smgm
smgm ifgmeu
ifgmeus`m
s`mme
me,,
ou
ourr`y
rr`ymo,
mo, lme miokmi
miokmiuk
uk im
imr`g
r`gmo.
mo. Ouhue
Ouhuenme
nme @etfre
@etfrems
ms`ae
`aemk
mk l`hmn`
l`hmn`
gfebml` lum ym`tu ouhuenme @etfrems`aemk lmkmg wmitu lmgm` lme
ouhuenme `etfrems`aemk lmkmg wmitu pfrmen.
8. Bugour ukmgm‐ gfghmn` efnmrm gfebml` lum, ym`tu lmr mk-@skmg lme
lmr mk-omrh.Hfrlmsmrime t`enimt ifsud`me w`kmymo lme omi eae-gusk`g
ue
uetui
tui gfeft
gfeftmp
mp l` w`kmy
w`kmymo
mo Lmr mk-@sk
mk-@skmg,
mg, gmim
gmim lm
lmrr mk-@sk
mk-@skmg
mg tfrhmn
tfrhmn``
lmkmg 4 hmn`me, ym`tu2 tmemo sud`, w`kmymo O`bmz, lme sfkm`e iflumeym.
Tflmenime lmr mk-omrh l`hflmime gfebml` 4, ym`tu2 efnmrm ymen l`
lmkmgeym t`lmi tfrpfeuo` uesur paiai lmr mk-@skmg, efnmrm ymen omeym
gfgfe
gfgfeuo`
uo` smkmo
smkmo sm
smtu
tu ue
uesur
sur paiai
paiai lmr mk-@sk
mk-@skmg
mg,, lme ef
efnmr
nmrmm ymen
ymen
l`imtfnar`ime sfhmnm` lmr mk-omrh.
4. Hfrl
Hfrlmsmr
msmrime
ime mnmgm
mnmgm ymen l`ymi`e` sfsfarmen
sfsfarmen,, Efnmrm
Efnmrm ymen gfebml`
tfgpmt
tfgpmt t`ennm
t`ennmkey
keymm lm
lme
e ml
mlmm mtmu
mtmu t`lmie
t`lmieym
ym `imtme
`imtme pfrbme
pfrbmeb`m
b`me
e lfenme
lfenme
pfgfr`etmome @skmg, gmim pmrm ukmgm c`q`o gfghmn`
ifwmrnmefnmrmme sfsfarmen gfebml` gusk`g lme eae-gusk`g. Armen
ea
eae-g
e-gusk
usk`g
`g tfrl`r
tfrl`r`` lm
lmr`
r` mok mk-z`g
mk-z`gg`,
g`, gustm‐
gustm‐g`e
g`e,, lme omrh`y
omrh`yue.
ue.
Zf
Zfel
elul
ului
ui Lmr
Lmr mk-`
mk-`sk
skmg
mg tfrl
tfrl`r
`r`` lmr`
lmr` gusk
gusk`g
`g,, mok
mok mk
mk-z
-z`g
`gg`
g` lme
lme

=4
 

gustm‐g`e, sflmenime pfelului lmr mk-omrh tfrl`r` lmr` gusk`g lme

omrh`yue.
H. Tmrm
Tmrme
e lme
lme Ir`t
Ir`t`i
`i

Lfg`imekmo gmimkmo `e` lmpmt img` susue lme ift`i, img` smlmr
hmowm gmimkmo `e` gms`o hmeymi ifiurmenmeeym. B`im mlm ifsmkmome lme
ifiu
ifiurm
rmen
enme
me im
img`
g` gf
gfga
gaoa
oae
e gmmc
gmmc l`
l`im
imrf
rfem
emim
ime
e iftf
iftfrh
rhmt
mtms
msme
me `k
`kgu
gu
pfenftmoume ymen img` lmpmtime. Akfo imrfem `tu, img` gfghutuoime
smrme lme ir`t`i uetui gfeyfgpuremime gmimkmo `e`. Tfganm `kgu lme
gmtfr` l` lmkmg gmimkmo `e` lmpmt hfrgmecmmt hmn` i`tm sfgum

=<
 

LMC\MX ZVT\MIM

Zrac. O.M. Lbmzuk`, 8::4, C`q`o T`ymsmo `gpkfgfetms`

`gpkfgfetms` ifgmsokmomtme ugmt lmkmg
rmghu-rmghu Tymr`‐mo,Bmimrtm, Ifedmem Zrfemlm Nraup.,
Tuyuto` Zukuenme, 8::8, C`qo T`ymsmo2 Mbmrme
Mbmrme Tfbmrmo lme Zfg`i`r
Zfg`i`rme
me, Bmimrtm2
Nrmc`ela Zfrsmlm.,
Zrac. O.M. Lbmzuk`, C`q`o
 C`q`o T`ymsmo.,
Cmtmh`ruu.hkanspat.dag.,
Lr. Guomggml @qhmk, G.Mn., 8::>, C`q`o T`ymsmo iaetfitumk`sms`
iaetfitumk`sms` Laitr`e Zak`t`i 
 @skmg,Bmimrtm, Nmym Gfl`m Zrmtmgm.

=6