KFJF@FC

FR]CFA JMWF_FXFYFA

Wfif ‐Ya. I‛ Imahfa Hfahhufa Jmoutucfa Bferfa ifa M`mjtrd`et

D@MC >
XEIUF RF_E NM\EAIF
?69626?79=

IdsmaWmkoekoeah>
6. As. Am`wfte, R.JW, K.A

?. As. Reifref, R.Jmp, K. Jmp

LFJ]@YFR JMWM_FXFYFA

]AE\M_REYFR FAIF@FR
?7?6
 JFYF WMAHFAYF_

Oeske``ffcerrdckffaerrdceek,

Wunee syujur
Wun syujur pmau`e
pmau`ess ubfpjfa
ubfpjfa jmcfie
jmcfierft
rft F``fc
F``fc RXY ftfs
ftfs smhf`f
smhf`f rfckft
rfckft ifa

jfruae
jfruaef-Ay
f-Ayf,
f, smceah
smceahhf
hf pmau`e
pmau`ess ifpft
ifpft kmaym`
kmaym`msf
msfejf
ejfa
a kfjf`f
kfjf`fc
c tmatfa
tmatfah
h Fsucfa
Fsucfa

Jmpmrfwftfa pfif Wfsema imahfa Hfahhufa Bferfa ifa M`mjtrd`et uatuj kmkmauce

tuhfs prdlmse sej`us –Jmpmrfwftfa Ifsfr J`eaej'.

Wmau`es kmahubfpjfa tmrekf jfsec jmpfif eou As. Am`wfte,R.Jp, K.A ifa eou

As. Reifref, R.Jmp, K.Jmp sm`fju idsma pmkoekoeah pfif jm`dkpdj V pfif seju`us

JIJ eae. Wmau`es nuhf kmahubfpjfa tmrekf jfsec jmpfif tmkfa ‒ tmkfa smnfwft

yfah
yfah omr
omrfif
fif pfif
pfif jm`
jm`dkpd
dkpdj
j V, yfah
yfah su
suif
ifc
c kfu omrt
omrtuj
ujfr
fr pe
peje
jerrfa uatu
uatuj
j
kmaymkpurafj
kmaymkpurafjfa
fa kfjf`fc eae. Wmau`es kmayfifre
kmayfifre ofcwf if`fk kfjf`fc
kfjf`fc eae kfsec

nfuc ifre jmsmkpuraffa. D`mc jfrmaf etu, jretej ifa sfrfa yfah kmkofahua ifre

pmkofbf sfahft pmau`es cfrfpjfa imke

im ke pmrofejfa iekfsf yfah fjfa iftfah. Rmkdhf

kfjf`fc eae ifpft omrkfalfft ofhe pmkofbf.

Wmau`es

Xeiyf Rfre Nmveaif

ee
 IFLYF_ ERE

JFYF WMAHFAYF
WMAHFAYF_............
_...........................
..............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
......................................
........................ ee
IFLYF_
IFLYF_ ERE..................
ERE.................................
..............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................................
............................... eee
OFO E...........
E.........................
.............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
......................
....... 6
F. @ftfr Om`fjfah....
Om`fjfah..................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
...............................................
................................ 6
O. _ukusfa
_ukusfa Kfsf`
Kfsf`fc........
fc.......................
..............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.....................................
....................... ?
B. Yunufa.......
Yunufa......................
..............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
..........................................
........................... ?
OFO EE.......
EE......................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.....................................................
...................................... 2
F. Imleaese
Imleaese Bferfa ifa M`mjtrd`et
M`mjtrd`et..............
.............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................2
..............2
O. Luahse
Luahse Bferfa..............
Bferfa.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.......................................
........................ 2
B. Jmsmekofah
Jmsmekofahfa
fa Bferf
Bferfa...........
a..........................
.............................
.............................
..............................
................................
............................
........... 9
I. Jdkpdsese
Jdkpdsese Bferfa
Bferfa Yuouc.............
Yuouc...........................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
.......................9
........9
M. Jmoutucfa
Jmoutucfa Bferfa
Bferfa Yuouc
Yuouc Kfau
Kfausef.......
sef......................
.............................
.............................
..............................
............................
.............<<
L. Wmrhmrfjfa
Wmrhmrfjfa Bferfa
Bferfa Yuouc.............
Yuouc............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
....................................8
.....................8
H. Wmahfturfa
Wmahfturfa Jmsmekofa
Jmsmekofahfa
hfa Bferfa.............
Bferfa...........................
.............................
..............................
......................................3
.......................3
C. Restmk
Restmk yfah
yfah Omrpmrfa
Omrpmrfa if`fk Jmoutucf
Jmoutucfa
a Bferfa
Bferfa ifa
ifa M`m
M`mjtrd
jtrd`et..........
`et.........................
..........................5
...........5
E. M`mjtr
M`mjtrd`e
d`ett yfah
yfah Wmatea
Wmateah
h if`fk
if`fk Yuo
Yuouc..
uc.......
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
...........
................
...........67
..67
N. Kfsf`fc
Kfsf`fc Jmsm
Jmsmekofa
ekofahfa
hfa Bferfa
Bferfa ifa M`mjtrd`e
M`mjtrd`et..............
t.............................
..............................
...............................6?
................6?
J. Mted`dhe
Mted`dhe..............
............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
................................6=
.................6=
@. Lfjtdr
Lfjtdr ‒ Lfjtd
Lfjtdrr yfah
yfah Kmk
Kmkpmahf
pmahfruce
ruce Jmsmekofah
Jmsmekofahfa
fa Bf
Bferfa
erfa ifa M
M`mjt
`mjtrd`et...............6<
rd`et...............6<
K.Wmaftf`fjsfaffa Jmoutucfa Bferfa ifa M`mjtrd`et.........................................................63
A. Jdasmp Ifsfr Jmpmrfwftfa.........
Jmpmrfwftfa...................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
..............
.........
.........
.........
..........
.........
.... 63
OFO EEE.....
EEE....................
.............................
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..............................
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..............................
.....................................
...................... 27
F. Jfsus..........
Jfsus.........................
..............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
........................
......... 27
O. Wmahjfnefa
Wmahjfnefa.............
............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
............................
............. 27
OFO E\......
E\.....................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
....................................
.....................97
97
WMKOFCFRFA
WMKOFCFRFA.............
............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
............................................97
..............................97
F. Wmahjfnefa
Wmahjfnefa.............
............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
............................
............. 97
O. Iefhadsf....
Iefhadsf...................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
......................................................
....................................... 97
B. Eatmrvmas
Eatmrvmase...........
e.........................
.............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
................................97
..................97

eee
 I. Ekp`mkmatf
Ekp`mkmatfse......
se.....................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
...............................
................ 96
M. Mvf`ufse...
Mvf`ufse..................
..............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
...........................
............ 96
OFO \........
\.......................
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..... 9?
WMA]Y]W....
WMA]Y]W...................
.............................
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..9?
9?

F. Jmsekpu`f
Jmsekpu`fa..........
a.........................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
..........................................
.............................9?
.9?
O. Rfrfa...............
Rfrfa.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
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.................................. 9?
IFLYF_
IFLYF_ W]RYFJF...
W]RYFJF..................
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............................... 92

ev
 OFO E

WMAIFC]@]FA

F. @ftf
@ftfrr Om`fj
Om`fjfa
fah
h

Jmou
Jmoutu
tucf
cfa
a bf
bfer
erfa
fa m`
m`mj
mjtr
trd`
d`et
et kmru
kmrupf
pfjfa
jfa jmout
jmoutucf
ucfa
a if
ifsf
sfrr yf
yfah
ah
ieoutucjfa uatuj kmtfod`eskm tuouc. If`fk pmkmaucfa ieftur d`mc sestmk
ftfu
ftfu drhf
drhfa
a if
if`f
`fk
k tuou
tuouc
c sm
smpm
pmrt
rtee he
hean
anf`
f`,, ju
ju`e
`et,
t, pf
pfru
ru if
ifa
a hfstrdeatmsteaf`.
Jmsmekofahfa bferfa ieftur d`mc sestmk ifa kmjfaeskm rfsf cfus, cdrkdaf`
yfjae FIC (Fate Ieurmteb Cdrkdaf`), se sm f`imstmrda,
f`imstmrda, prdstfh`faiea ifa
h`ujdjdrterdei (Yfrwd
(Yfrwdtd
td & Xfrtda
Xfrtdafc,
fc, ?767).
?767). Kmauru
Kmaurutt Cemrfr
Cemrfrje
je Kfs`dw
Kfs`dw,,
jmoutucfa bferfa kmrupfjfa jmoutucfa ifsfr kfausef yfah pmrtfkf yfah
cfrus iepmauce. Kfsf`fc eae cfrus smhmrf ieftfse jfrmaf jm`moecfa vd`ukm
bferfa
bferfa fpfoe`
fpfoe`ff teifj
teifj smhmrf
smhmrf ietfahf
ietfahfae
ae fjfa
fjfa kmaymo
kmaymofojf
fojfa
a omofa
omofa se
serju
rju`fs
`fsee
omr`moecfa, mimkf, cepmrtmase ifa hfhf` heanf` jdahmstel (Cmirkfa, ?76=)
Jmoutucfa bferfa ofhe tuouc kfausef kmke`eje prdpdrse if`fk ofhefa
tuouc
tuouc yfah
yfah omsfr,
omsfr, cfkper
cfkper 57% ifre
ifre tdtf`
tdtf` omrft
omrft tuouc,
tuouc, smifahj
smifahjfa
fa sesfayf
sesfayf
kmrupfj
kmrupfjfa
fa ofhefa
ofhefa pfift
pfift ifre
ifre tuouc.
tuouc. Kfa
Kfause
useff kmkout
kmkoutucj
ucjfa
fa bfe
bferfa
rfa ifa
m`mjtrd`et if`fk nuk`fc ifa prdpdrse yfah tmpft ieomrofhfe nfreahfa tuouc
fhfr ifpft kmkpmrtfcfaj
kmkpmrtfcfajfa
fa jmsmcftfa
jmsmcftfa ifa jmceiupfaayf.
jmceiupfaayf. Cf` tmrsmout
tmrsmout ifpft
tmrbfp
tmrbfpfe
fe if`fk
if`fk smrfahj
smrfahjfef
fefa
a kfamuvm
kfamuvmrr les
lesejf
ejf jekef
jekef yfah
yfah jdkp`m
jdkp`mjs.
js. Fer

kmamkpfte prdpdrse yfah omsfr ie if`fk tuouc. Fer tmrsekpfa ieif`fk iuf
jdkpf
jdkpfrt
rtmk
mkma
ma utfk
utfkff if
if`f
`fk
k tuou
tuouc
c yf
yfet
etu,
u, bf
bfer
erfa
fa ea
eatr
trfs
fsm`
m`u`
u`mr
mr if
ifa
a bf
bfer
erfa
fa
mjstrfsm`u`mr (Xfcei, ?778).
Bfer
Bferfa
fa eatr
eatrfs
fsm`
m`u`
u`mr
mr kmru
kmrupf
pfjfa
jfa bf
bfer
erfa
fa yf
yfah
ah om
omrf
rfif
if ie
ieif
if`f
`fk
k sm
sm`,
`,
smifahjfa bferfa mjstrfsm`u`mr kmrupfjfa bferfa yfah omrfif ie `ufr sm`.
Bferfa omrpmrfa pmateah if`fk pmkomatujfa mamrhe, pmkm`ecfrffa tmjfafa
dskdte
dskdtej
j ifa trfasp
trfaspdrt
drt zft-zf
zft-zftt tuouc
tuouc ifa kmamko
kmamkous
us kmkorf
kmkorfa
a sm`.
sm`. Drhfa
Drhfa
utfkf pmahftur jmsmekofahfa bferfa tuouc fif`fc heanf`. Nejf jmsmekofahfa
bferfa teifj ofej, heanf` yfah fjfa pmrtfkf jf`e omrkfsf`fc (Bdrwea, ?775).

6
 Ye
Yepm
pm if
ifsf
sfrr jm
jmsm
smek
ekof
ofahf
ahfa
a bf
bfer
erfa
fa fi
fif`
f`fc
fc es
esdt
dtdae
daej
j if
ifa
a ds
dskd
kd`f
`fr.
r.
Jmjurfahfa ftfu jm`moecfa esdtdaej tmrnfie nejf fer ifa m`mjtrd`et iepmrd`mc
if`fk
if`fk prdpdr
prdpdrse
se yfah sfkf.
sfkf. Jm`moe
Jm`moecfa
cfa vd`ukm
vd`ukm bferfa
bferfa tmr
tmrnfi
nfiee sfft
sfft fer ifa
aftreu
aftreuk
k iepmrt
iepmrtfcfa
fcfajfa
jfa if`fk
if`fk prdpdr
prdpdrse
se esdtda
esdtdaej
ej smceah
smceahhf
hf kmaymo
kmaymofojf
fojfa
a

cepmrv
cepmrvd`m
d`mkef
kef tfapf
tfapf iesmrt
iesmrtfe
fe pmruof
pmruofcfa
cfa jfifr
jfifr m`mjtr
m`mjtrd`e
d`ett smruk.
smruk. Rmsmdr
Rmsmdrfah
fah
omresejd kmahf`fke jm`moecfa vd`ukm bferfa km`epute smsmdrfah yfah
kmaimretf hfhf` nfatuah jdahmstel, hfhf` heanf`
h eanf` ifa serdses.

O. _u
_uku
kusf
sfa
a Kfsf
Kfsf`f
`fc
c

Ofhf
Ofhfek
ekfa
faff fs
fsuc
ucfa
fa jm
jmpm
pmrf
rfwf
wftf
tfa
a pf
pfif
if pf
pfse
sema
ma yf
yfah
ah kmah
kmahf`
f`fk
fkee
hfahhufa jmoutucfa bferfa ifa m`mjtrd`et4

B. Yunufa

6. Yunufa uku
ukuk
Kfkp
Kfkpu
u kmai
kmaims
msjr
jrep
epse
sejf
jfa
a fs
fsuc
ucfa
fa jm
jmpm
pmrf
rfwf
wftf
tfa
a pf
pfif
if pf
pfse
sema
ma yf
yfah
ah
kmahf`fke hfahhufa jmoutucfa bferfa ifa m`mjtrd`et.
?. Yun
Yunufa
ufa Jcus
Jcusus
us
f. Kmahmt
Kmahmtfcue
fcue jdasm
jdasmp
p ifsfr
ifsfr ifre bferf
bferfa
a ifa m`mjtrd
m`mjtrd`et
`et..
o. Kmahmtfcue jdasmp ifsfr ifre fsucfa jmpmrfwftfa pfif jmoutucfa
bferfa ifa m`mjtrd`et.
b. Kmahmt
Kmahmtfcue
fcue pmkmbfc
pmkmbfcfa
fa jfsus pfif
pfif pfsema
pfsema hfahhufa
hfahhufa jmoutucf
jmoutucfa
a bferfa
bferfa
ifa m`mjtrd`et.
i. Kmahm
Kmahmtf
tfcue
cue fs
fsuc
ucfa
fa jmpmr
jmpmrfw
fwft
ftfa
fa pf
pfif
if pf
pfse
sema
ma hf
hfahh
ahhuf
ufa
a jm
jmout
outuc
ucfa
fa
bferfa ifa m`mjtrd`et
 OFO EE

JDARMW IFRF_ YMD_EYER

F. Imleaese
Imleaese Bfer
Bferfa
fa ifa M`mjtrd
M`mjtrd`et
`et

Bferfa
Bferfa tuouc
tuouc fif`fc
fif`fc `frutf
`frutfa
a yfah tmriere
tmriere ifre
ifre fer (pm`frut
(pm`frut)) ifa zft
tmrtmatu (zft tmr`frut). Bferfa tuouc ieofhe if`fk iuf jm`dkpdj omsfr yfetu
bferfa eatrfsm`u`mr ifa bferfa mjstrfsm`u`mr. Bferfa eatrfsm`u`mr fif`fc bferfa
yfah omrfif
omrfif ieif`f
ieif`fk
k sm` ie sm`uru
sm`uruc
c tuouc,
tuouc, smifah
smifahjfa
jfa bferfa
bferfa mjstrf
mjstrfsm`
sm`u`m
u`mrr
fif`fc bferfa yfah omrfif ie `ufr sm` ifa tmriere ifre tehf jm`dkpdj yfetu
bferfa eatrfvfsju`mr (p`fskf), bferfa eatmrstetef` ifa bferfa trfasm`u`mr (Wdttmr
& Wmrry, ?77<).
M`mjtrd`et kmrupfjfa smoufc uasur ftfu smayfwf yfah nejf `frut if`fk
fer ftfu pm`frut `fea, fjfa pmbfc kmanfie eda ifa kfkpu kmkofwf kuftfa
`estrej. M`mjtrd`et yfah kmke`eje kuftfa pdsetel iesmout jfteda ifa omrkuftfa
amhftel iesmout faeda. Jdasmatrfse smtefp m`mjtrd`et ieif`fk bferfa eatrfsm` ifa
mjstr
mjstrfs
fsm`
m` omrom
omromif,
if, tm
tmtf
tfpe
pe nuk`
nuk`fc
fc tdtf
tdtf`` fa
faed
eda
a ifa jfted
jfteda
a ie if
if`f
`fk
k sm
smte
tefp
fp
jdkpfrtmkma bferfa cfrus sfk (Wdttmr & Wmrry, ?77<).
?77< ).
Bfer
Bferfa
fa if
ifa
a m`
m`mj
mjtr
trd`
d`et
et kfsu
kfsuj
j jm if
if`f
`fk
k tu
tuouc
ouc km`f
km`f`u
`uee kfjfa
kfjfafa
fa,,
keau
keaukf
kfa
a ifa
ifa bfe
bferfa eatr
atrfv
fvma
maf,
f, ie
ieie
iesstr
treeous
ousej
ejfa
fa jm sm
sm``ur
uruc
uc tu
tuou
ouc.
c.
Jmsmekofahfa bferfa ifa m`mjtrd`et, fifayf iestreouse yfah adrkf` ifre fer
tuouc tdtf` ifa m`mjtrd`et jm sm`uruc tuouc. Jmsmekofahfa bferfa ifa m`mjtrd`et
sf`eah omrhfatuah sftu imahfa yfah `feaayf, nejf sf`fc sftu tmrhfahhu kfjf
fjfa omrpmahfruc pfif yfah `feaayf.

I. Luah
Luahse
se Bfe
Bferf
rfa
a
6. Rmofhfe kmief trfaspdrtfse kmahfahjut zft-zft kfjfafa uatuj sm`.
?. Rmofhfe kmief trfaspdrtfse zft ‒ zft smpmrte cdrkda, mazek, sm` ifrfc putec
ifa sm` ifrfc kmrfc.
2. Kmkofatu if`fk kmtfod`eskm sm`u`mr.
 9. Kmkofatu kmkm`ecfrf sucu tuouc.
=. Rmofhfe pm`frut uatuj m`mjtrd`et kfupua ada m`mjtrd`et.
<. Kmkofatu if`fk pmabmraffa.
8. Kmkpmrkuifc m`ekeafse.

3. Kmkpmrtfcfajfa tmjfafa ceirdstftej if`fk sestmk jfriedvfsju`mr.

5. Wm`ukfs fatfr drhfa.
67. Wmkomatuj strujtur tuouc.
(Kfryuafae, ?766)

M. Jmsm
Jmsmek
ekofa
ofahfa
hfa Bferf
Bferfa
a
Jmsmekofahfa bferfa ietmatujfa d`mc eatfjm ifa dutput bferfa. Eatfjm
bferfa
bferfa omrfsf
omrfsf`` ifre
ifre keaukf
keaukfa
a ifa kfjfaf
kfjfafa.
a. Jmou
Jmoutuc
tucfa
fa bferfa
bferfa smtefp
smtefp cfre
cfre
fatfrf 6.377 ‒ ?.=77 k`/cfre. Rmjetfr 6.?77 k` omrfsf` ifre keaukfa ifa
6.777 k` ifre kfjfafa. Rmifahjfa pmahm`ufrfa bferfa km`f`ue heanf` if`fk
omatuj uream 6.?77 ‒ 6.=77 k`/cfre, pfru ‒ pfru 277 ‒ =77 k` ifa ju`et <77 ‒
377 k` (Yfrwdtd & Xfrtdafc, ?767).

L. Jdkp
Jdkpdse
dsese
se Bfer
Bferfa
fa Y
Yuou
uouc
c
 Hfkofr ?.6 Rjmkf nmaes ifa nuk`fc bferfa tuouc

Bferfa tuouc adrkf`ayf omrpeaifc fatfrf jmiuf jdkpfrtmkma ftfu

rufah utfkf if`fk upfyf uatuj kmkpmrtfcfajfa jmsmekofahfa fatfrf jmiuf

rufah tmrsmout. Jmce`fahfa bferfa tuouc ifpft kmahhfahhu jmsmekofahfa eae.
Rmbfrf reahjfs jdkpfrtmkma bferfa ieofhe kmanfie iuf jdkpftmkma utfkf,
yfetu >

6) Bferfa
Bferfa eatrfs
eatrfsm`u
m`u`mr
`mr (BER)
(BER)
BER fif`fc bferfa yfah tmrjfaiuah ie if`fk sm`. Wfif drfah imwfsf,
jerf-jerf iuf pmr tehf ifre bferfa tuouc fif`fc eatrfsm`u`mr, sfkf jerf-jerf
?= @ pfif rftf-rftf pref imwfsf (87 Jh). smof`ejayf, cfayf smtmahfc ifre

bferfa tuouc ofye fif`fc bferfa eatrfsm`u`mr.

?) Bferfa
Bferfa mjstrf
mjstrfsm`
sm`u`m
u`mrr (BMR
(BMR))
BMR
BMR fi
fif`
f`fc
fc bf
bfer
erfa
fa ie `ufr
`ufr sm
sm`.
`. ]jur
]jurfa
fa rm
rm`f
`fte
tell if
ifre
re BMR
BMR km
kmau
auru
rua
a
imahfa kmaeahjftayf usef. Wfif ofye ofru `fcer, jerf-jerf smtmahfc bferfa
tuouc tmrjfaiuah ie if`fk BMR. Rmtm`fc usef sftu tfcua, vd`ukm rm`ftel
BMR kmaurua sfkpfe jerf-jerf smpmrtehf ifre vd`ukm tdtf`. BMR ieofhe
kmanfie>
f) Bferfa
Bferfa eatmrst
eatmrstese
esef`
f` (BEY),
(BEY), bferfa
bferfa eae omrfif
omrfif ie smjetfr
smjetfr sm`. Bferfa
Bferfa
`eklm tmrkfsuj if`fk vd`ukm eatmrstesef`. \d`ukm BEY jerf-jerf
smomsfr iuf jf`e `moec omsfr pfif ofye ofru `fcer ieofaieah drfah
imwfsf.
o) Bferfa eatrfvfsju`mr (BE\), bferfa yfah tmrjfaiuah if`fk
pmkou`uc ifrfc. \d`ukm rm`ftel ifre BE\ sfkf pfif drfah imwfsf
ifa fafj-fafj. _ftf-rftf vd`ukm ifrfc drfah imwfsf jerf-jerf =-<
@, 2 @ ifre nuk`fc etu fif`fc p`fskf, sesfayf ?-2 @ tmriere ifre sm`
ifrfc kmrfc (RIK), sm` ifrfc putec (RIW) ifa trdkodset.
 b) Bferfa
Bferfa trfasm`
trfasm`u`m
u`mrr (BYR),
(BYR), bferfa
bferfa yfah tmrifpf
tmrifpftt ie if`fk
if`fk rdahhf
rdahhf
jcusus
jcusus ifre
ifre tuouc.
tuouc. Bferfa
Bferfa BYR km`epu
km`epute
te bferfa
bferfa bmrmor
bmrmordsp
dspeaf
eaf`,
`,
pmrebfrief`, p`murf`, seadvef`, bferfa eatrfdju`fr ifa smjrmse
`fkouah. Rmnuk`fc omsfr bferfa eae ifpft omrhmrfj jm if`fk ifa

jm `ufr
`ufr rufa
rufah
h trfa
trfasm
sm`u
`u`m
`mrr sm
smte
tefp
fp cf
cfre
reay
ayf.
f. Bdat
Bdatdc
dc,, sf
sf`u
`urf
rfa
a
hfstrdeatmsteaf` (HE) smbfrf adrkf` kmasmjrmse ifa kmrmfosdpse
sfkpfe <-3 @ pmr cfre.

H. Jmo
Jmoutuc
utucfa
fa Bferfa
Bferfa Yuouc
Yuouc Kfause
Kfausef
f
Ydtf` nuk`fc bferfa tuouc (tdtf` odiy wftmr/YOX) jerf ‒ jerf <7%
ifre omrft ofifa pref if =7 % ifre omrft ofifa wfaetf. Nuk`fc bferfa eae
tmrhfatuah pfif jfaiuahfa `mkfc ofifa ifa usef. @mkfj nfreahfa smiejet
kmayekpfa bferfa, iekfaf `mkfj wfaetf `moec ofayfj ifre pref smceahhf
nuk`fc bferfaayf `moec rmaifc ifre pref. Kfjea tuf usef, smkfjea smiejet
jfaiuahfa ferayf.

Yfom` ?.6 Wrmsmatfsm tdtf` bferfa tuouc omrifsfrjfa ukur

Jfrfjtmrestej Ydtf` Bferfa Yuouc (%)

tmrcfifp Omrft Ofifa
Ofye ofru `fcer 88% ifre OO
]sef 6 tfcua <7% ifre OO

W uomrtfs s.i usef 25

tfcua>
f. Wref <7% ifre OO
o. Xfaetf =7% ifre OO
]sef 97 s.i <7 tfcua >
f. Wref ==% ifre OO
o. Xfaetf 98% ifre OO
]sef ieftfs <7 tfcua>
f. Wref =?% ifre OO
o. Xfaetf 9<% ifre OO
Rukomr > Kfryuafae, ?766

Yfom` ?.? Jmoutucfa bferfa kmaurut usef ifa omrft ofifa

 Ad ]kur OO (Jh) Bferfa (k`/?9nfk)
.
6 2 cfre 2,7 ?=7 ┇ 277
? 6 tfcua 5,= 66=7 ┇ 2777
2 ? tfcua 66,3 62=7 ┇ 6=77

9
= <7tftcfc
6 uu
aa ?3
?7,8 67
?37
777┇
┇??=
77
77
7
< 69 tfcua 9= ??77 ┇ ?877
8 6< tfcua (fiu`t) =9 ??77 ┇ ?877

C. Wmr
Wmrhmrf
hmrfjfa
jfa Bferfa
Bferfa Yuou
Yuouc
c
Bferfa tuouc omrpeaifc ifre sftu jdkpfrtmkma jm jdkpfrtmkma `fea
uatuj
uatuj kmklfs
kmklfse`
e`etf
etfse
se prdsms
prdsms ‒ prdsms
prdsms yfah tmr
tmrnfi
nfiee ie if`fk
if`fk tuouc,
tuouc, smpmrt
smpmrtee
djsehmafse nfreahfa, rmspda tmrcfifp pmayfjet, jmsmekofahfa fsfk ‒ ofsf ifa

rmspda tmrcfifp tmrfpe doft. Kmjfaeskm pmrpeaifcfa bferfa tuouc km`f`ue 2

prdsms yfetu ieluse, dskdses ifa trfaspdr fjtel
fjtel (Wdttmr & Wmrry, ?77<).

6) Iesluse
Ieluse fif`fc pmrpeaifcfa kd`mju` suftu suostfase ifre ifmrfc yfah
omrjdasmatrfse teahhe jm ifmrfc omrjdasmatrfse rmaifc sfkpfe tmrnfieayf
jmsmekofahfa.Bferfa ifa m`mjtrd`et kmamkous kmkorfa sm`. Jmbmpftfa
ielu
ieluse
se iepm
iepmah
ahfr
fruc
ucee d`mc
d`mc uj
ujur
urfa
fa kd`m
kd`mju
ju`,
`, jd
jdas
asma
matr
trfs
fsee `f
`fru
rutf
tfa
a if
ifa
a
tmkpmrfturm.
?) Dskdses
Dskd
Dskdsses kmr
kmrupfj
upfjfa
fa pmr
pmrpe
peai
aifc
fcfa
fa kd`
kd`mj
mju`
u` fe
ferr ifre
ifre ifmr
ifmrfc
fc
omrjdasmatrfse rmaifc jm ifmrfc omrjdasmatrfse teahhe uatuj kmayfkfjfa
jd
jdas
asma
matr
trfs
fsee `f
`fru
rutf
tfa
a ie jm
jmiuf
iuf se
sese
se kmko
kmkorf
rfa
a yf
yfah
ah se
self
lfta
tayf
yf kmafr
kmafrej
ej..
Jmbmpftfa dskdses omrhfatuah pfif jdasmatrfse sd`ut ie if`fk `frutfa,
sucu `frutfa, kuftfa `estrej `frutfa ifa pmromiffa fatfrf tmjfafa dskdses
yfah iejm`ufrjfa d`mc `frutfa.
2) Yrfaspdr fjtel
 Yrfaspdr fjtel kmrupfjfa prdsms pfrtejm` omrhmrfj ifre jdasmatrfse
rmaifc jm jdamatrfse teahhe jfrmaf fifayf ifyf fjtel ifre tuouc smpmrte
pdkpf nfatuah. Yrfaspdr fjtel ieteahjftjfa d`mc kd`mju` pmkofwf yfah
omrfif iefatfrf sm` yfah fjfa kmahejft iere kmrmjf smaiere imahfa

kd`mju` yfah kfsuj jm if`fk sm`. Ofayfj zft tmr`frut pmateah ietrfaspdr
fjtel km`mwfte kmkorfa sm` yfetu aftreuk, jf`euk, ceirdhma, h`ujdsf ifa
fsfk fkead.

E. Wmahf
Wmahftu
turfa
rfa Jms
Jmsmek
mekofa
ofahfa
hfa B
Bfe
ferfa
rfa
6. _fsf ifcfhf
Kmjfa
Kmjfaes
eskm
km rf
rfsf
sf ifcfh
ifcfhf,
f, pmaur
pmaurua
uafa
fa lu
luah
ahse
se he
hean
anf`
f` kmrf
kmrfah
ahsf
sfah
ah
pm`mpfsfa rmaea, yfah pfif
p fif fjcerayf
fjc erayf kmaekou`jfaprdiujse fahedtmasea EE
yfah ifpft kmrfahsfah cepdtf`fkus uatuj km`mpfsjfa suostrft amurda
yf
yfah
ah om
omrt
rtfa
fahh
hhua
uahn
hnfw
fwfo
fo tm
tmrc
rcfi
fifp
fp sm
smas
asfs
fsee cf
cfus
us.. Dskd
Dskdrm
rmsm
smpt
ptdr
dr ie
cepdtf`fkus
cepdtf`fkus kmaimtmjse
kmaimtmjse pmaehjftfa
pmaehjftfa tmjfafa
tmjfafa dskdteb
dskdteb ifa kmahfjtevfse
kmahfjtevfse
nfreahfa sfrfl yfah ifpft kmahfjeoftjfa smasfse rfsf ifcfhf.
?. Fate Ieurmtej Cdrkda (FIC)
FIC ieomatuj ie cepdtf`fkus ifa iesekpfa if`fk amurd cepdlesese
if
ifre
re cepd
cepdle
lese
sess pd
pdst
stmr
mred
edr.
r. Rtek
Rteku`
u`ee ut
utfk
fkff ua
uatu
tuj
j sm
smjr
jrms
msee FIC
FIC fi
fif`
f`fc
fc
pmaeahjftfa dskd`fretfs ifa pmauruafa bferfa mjstrfsm`. Cdrkda eae

kmaeahjftjfa rmfrosdrose fer pfif iujtus jd`ehmatms, imahfa imkejefa

ifpft kmahcmkft fer.
2. F`idstmrda
Cdrkda eae iesmjrmse d`mc jm`manfr firmaf` yfah omjmrnf pfif tuou`us
heanf`
heanf` uatuj
uatuj kmaeah
kmaeahjft
jftjfa
jfa fosrsd
fosrsdrse
rse aftreu
aftreuk.
k. Wm`mpfs
Wm`mpfsfa
fa f`idst
f`idstmrd
mrda
a
ierfahsfah
ierfahsfah jdasmatrfse
jdasmatrfse jf`euk, aftreuk
aftreuk smruk ifa systmk
systmk fahedtmasea
fahedtmasea
rmaaea smrtf sfahft mlmjtel if`fk kmahmaif`ejfa cepmrjf`mkef.
9. Wrdstfh`faiea
 Wrdstfh`faiea Fif`fc fsfk `mkfj f`fke yfah tmrifpft if`fk ofayfj
nfreahfa ifa omrluahse if`fk kmrmspda rfifah, pmahmaif`efa tmjfafa
ifrfc,
ifrfc, jdatrfj
jdatrfjse
se utmrus
utmrus ifa kdoe`e
kdoe`etfs
tfs hfstr
hfstrd
d eatmst
eatmsteaf
eaf`.
`. If`fk
If`fk heanf`
heanf`,,
prdstfh`faiea omrpmrfa kmahftur serju`fse heanf`, rmspdas aftreuk
aftreuk ifa mlmj

heanf` pfif FIC.

=. H`ujdjdrtejdei
Kmaehjftjfa rmfrosdrose aftreuk ifa fer, smceahhf vd`ukm ifrfc afej
ifa tmrnfiermtmase aftreuk. Wmruofcfa jfifr h`ujdjdrtejdei kmaymofojfa
pmruofcfa pfif jmsmekofahfa bferfa (vd`ukm ifrfc).

N. Restmk yfah Omrpmrfa

Omrpmrfa if`fk
if`fk Jmoutucf
Jmoutucfa
a Bferfa
Bferfa ifa
ifa M`mjtrd`
M`mjtrd`et
et
6) Heanf`
Heanf`
Heanf` kmrupf
kmrupfjfa
jfa drhfa
drhfa yfah
yfah kmke`e
kmke`eje
je pmrfa
pmrfa bujup
bujup omsfr
omsfr if`fk
if`fk
kmahft
kmahftur
ur jmoutu
jmoutucfa
cfa bferfa
bferfa ifa m`mjtr
m`mjtrd`e
d`et.
t. Luahse
Luahse heanf`
heanf` yfetu
yfetu smofhf
smofhfee
pmahftur fer, pmahftur jdasmatrfse hfrfk if`fk ifrfc, pmahftur
jm
jmsm
smek
ekof
ofah
ahfa
fa fs
fsfk
fk ‒ of
ofsf
sf ifrfc
ifrfc if
ifa
a mj
mjsj
sjrm
rmse
se ofcfa
ofcfa ou
oufa
fahfa
hfa ft
ftfu
fu
jm`moecfa hfrfk. Heanf` kmamrekf 687 `etmr ifrfc uatuj iesfreah smtefp
cf
cfre
re.. Nuk`
Nuk`fc
fc urea
urea yf
yfah
ah iepr
ieprdi
diuj
ujse
se he
hean
anf`
f` pf
pfif
if sm
smku
kuff us
usef
ef yf
yfah
ah
iepmahfruce d`mc FIC ifa f`imstmrda rftf ‒ rftf 6 k`/jh/nfk. Wfif drfah
imwfsf, prdiujse uream smjetfr 6,= `etmr/cfre.

?) Ju`et
Ju`et kmrupfjfa ofhefa pmateah pmahfturfa bferfa yfah tmrjfet imahfa
prdsms pmahfturfa pfafs. Wrdsms eae ieftur d`mc pusft pmahftur pfafs yfah
iesfrfle
iesfrfle d`mc vfsdkdtdre
vfsdkdtdrej
j imahfa jmkfkpufa kmahma
kmahmaif`ejf
if`ejfa
a frtmred`
frtmred`
jutfa imahfa bfrf vfsdie`ftfse ifa vfsdjdatrejse. Nuk`fc jmreahft yfah
iejm`ufrjfa tmrhfatuah ofayfjayf ifrfc yfah kmahf`er km`f`ue pmkou`uc
ifrfc if`fk ju`et.
ju`et. _fahsfahfa
_fahsfahfa jm`manmr jmreahft ifpft iecfse`jfa
iecfse`jfa ifre
fjtevetfs dtdt, tmkpmrfturm `eahjuahfa yfah kmaeahjft ifa imkfk.
2) Wfru ‒ pfru
 Drhfa
Drhfa pfru
pfru omrpmr
omrpmrfa
fa kmahm`
kmahm`ufr
ufrjfa
jfa bferfa
bferfa imahfa
imahfa kmahcf
kmahcfse`
se`jfa
jfa
easmaseo`m wftmr `dss jurfah `moec 977 k`/cfre. Wrdsms pmahm`ufrfa bferfa
tmrjfet imahfa rmspdas fjeoft pmruofcfa upfyf jmkfkpufa omrafpfs.
9) Hfstrdeatmsteaf`

If`fk jdaiese adrkf`, bferfa yfah ce`fah

ce`fah ifre hfstrdeatmst
hfstrdeatmsteaf`
eaf` smtefp
cfre yfetu 677 ‒ ?77 k`. Wmrcetuahfa EX@ smbfrf jmsm`urucfa fif`fc 67 ‒
6= bb/jh OO/?9 nfk imahfa jmafejfa 67% ifre EX@ pfif smtefp jmafejfa
sucu 6 imrfnft bm`beus.(Yfrwdtd & Xfrtdafc, ?767).

J. M`mj
M`mjtrd`
trd`et
et yfah Wmatea
Wmateah
h if`fk Yuouc
Yuouc
6. Aftreuk (sdieuk)
Aftreuk kmrupfjfa jfteda yfah pf`eah ofayfj tmrifpft pfif bferfa
mjstrfsm`. Aftreuk omrluahse kmkofatu kmkpmrtfcfajfa jmsmekofahfa
bferfa
bferfa,, tmrutf
tmrutfkf
kf eatrfs
eatrfsm`
m` ifa mjstrf
mjstrfsm`
sm` imahfa
imahfa sestmk
sestmk pdkpf
pdkpf sdieuk
sdieuk
aftreu
aftreuk.
k. Aftre
Aftreuk
uk tmr`eo
tmr`eoft
ft if`fk
if`fk kmkpmr
kmkpmrtfc
tfcfaj
fajfa
fa jmsmek
jmsmekofah
ofahfa
fa fer
fer,,
kmatrfsakese ekpu`s sfrfl ifa km`fjujfa jdatrfjse dtdt.
Jdasma
Jdasmatrf
trfse
se adrkf`
adrkf` aftreu
aftreuk
k ieftur
ieftur d`mc
d`mc FIC,
FIC, f`idst
f`idstmrd
mrda,
a, eat
eatfjm
fjm
hfrfk ifa pmahm`ufrfa uream. Iepmrjerfjfa cfkper 677 hrfk ifre eda
aftreu
aftreuk
k imahfa
imahfa ?=7 hrfk
hrfk AfB`
AfB` tmr
tmrjfa
jfaiuah
iuah ie if`fk
if`fk tuouc
tuouc kfause
kfausef.
f.
Ieif`fk
Ieif`fk tuouc, aftreuk
aftreuk oefsfayf
oefsfayf omrfif
omrfif if`fk omatuj
omatuj hfrfk imahfa

keaekuk jmoutucfa uatuj drfah imwfsf omrjesfr 6,2 ‒ 6,< hrfk/cfre.

Rukomr aftreuk yfetu safbj, jum, rmkpfc ‒ rmkpfc ifa ifheah pfahhfah.
?. Jf`euk
Jf`e
Jf`euk
uk kmru
kmrupfj
pfjfa
fa jf
jfte
teda
da ut
utfk
fkff if
if`f
`fk
k bf
bfer
erfa
fa ea
eatr
trfs
fsm`
m`.. Jf`e
Jf`euk
uk
kmrupfjfa hfrfk yfah ifpft smbfrf bmpft ie smrfp d`mc tuouc. Jf`euk
omrluahse smofhfe mxbetfoe`ety amurdkusju`mr ifa jdatrfjse dtdt.
Iepmr`
Iepmr`ujfa
ujfa uatuj
uatuj pmkoma
pmkomatuj
tujfa
fa h`e
h`ejdhm
jdhma,
a, seatms
seatmsff prdtme
prdtmea,
a, pmahftu
pmahfturfa
rfa
jmsmek
jmsmekofa
ofahfa
hfa fsfk
fsfk ofsf.
ofsf. Ae`fe
Ae`fe adr
adrkf`
kf` jf`eua
jf`eua tuouc
tuouc smjetf
smjetfrr 2,=-=,=
2,=-=,=
kMq/`t.
 Jdasmatrfse tdtf` jf`euk ie if`fk tuouc iepmrjerfjfa smofayfj ? hrfk
/jh omrft ofifa. Jmoutucfa keaekuk jf`euk iepmrjerfjfa smomsfr 83?
kh/cfre.
kh/cfre. Jmsmekofahfa
Jmsmekofahfa jf`eu
jf`euk
k ieftur d`mc heanf`
heanf` imahfa bfrf pmruofcfa
pmruofcfa
ft
ftfu
fu pm
pmrh
rhfa
fate
tefa
fa im
imah
ahfa
fa eda
eda sdie
sdieuk
uk ie tu
tuou
ou`u
`uss he
hean
anf`
f` if
ifa
a sm
smjr
jrms
msee

f`idst
f`idstmrd
mrda.
a. Rukomr
Rukomr jf`euk
jf`euk fif`fc
fif`fc pesfah,
pesfah, ordjd`
ordjd`e,
e, nmr
nmruj
uj ifa jmatfah
jmatfah..
Rmtefp jm`moecfa jf`euk, fjfa iejm`ufrjfa km`f`ue uream ifa jmreahft.
2. Jf`seuk (pdtfseuk)
Jf`seuk kmrupfjfa m`mjtrd`et pf`eah ofayfj ie if`fk tuouc, tmrutfkf
tmrifpft
tmrifpft pfif tu`uah.
tu`uah. Jf`seuk
Jf`seuk omrhuaf
omrhuaf uatuj eatmhretfs
eatmhretfs ju`et ifa strujtur
sm`, jdaiujse nfatuah, pmkomjufa ifrfc, ifa pmkomatujfa tu`fah hehe.
Jf`s
Jf`seu
euk
k ieft
ieftur
ur d`mc
d`mc pf
pfrf
rfte
terd
rdei
ei if
ifa
a tc
tcyr
yrde
dei.
i. Cd
Cdrk
rkda
da pf
pfrf
rfte
tedr
drei
ei
kmahfosdrps
kmahfosdrpsee jf`seuk
jf`seuk km`f`ue
km`f`ue hfstrdeatms
hfstrdeatmsteaf`
teaf`,, smjrmse
smjrmse km`f`ue
km`f`ue heanf`.
heanf`.
Cdrk
Cdrkda
da tcer
tcerdbf
dbf`t
`tet
etda
daek
ek kmah
kmahcf
cfko
koft
ft pm
pmaym
aymrf
rfpf
pfa
a Bf p`
p`us
us tu
tu`f
`fah
ah..
Kfjfafa sukomr jf`seuk fif`fc susu, ejfa, sfyurfa.
9. Kfhamseuk
Kfham
Kfhamse
seuk
uk kmru
kmrupf
pfjf
jfa
a jfted
jfteda
a tm
tmro
rofa
fayf
yfj
j jmiuf
jmiuf ie if
if`f
`fk
k bf
bfer
erfa
fa
eatrfsm` smtf`fc jf`euk. Kfhamseuk iepmrd`mc smbfrf adrkf` ifre fsupfa
iemt. Kfhamseuk nuhf ieftur d`mc jm`manfr pfrfterdei. Kfhamseuk pmateah
uatuj fjteletfs mazek, amurdbcmkef, kusju`fr mxbeoe`ety. Ae`fe adrkf`ayf
smjetfr 6,=-?,= kMq/`t.
=. Bc`dreif
J`dreif
J`dreif kmrupfjfa
kmrupfjfa m`mjrd`et
m`mjrd`et pmrtfkf pfif BMR. J`dreif omrluahse
omrluahse
smofhf
smofhfee kmanfh
kmanfhff jmsmek
jmsmekofa
ofahfa
hfa bferfa
bferfa ifa m`mjtr
m`mjtrd`e
d`et,
t, kmkpmr
kmkpmrtfc
tfcfjf
fjfa
a
tmjfafa dskdtej ifrfc, pmahftur jmfsfkfa `fkouah, kmkofatu prdsms
jmsmekofahfa aftreuk. Adrkf`ayf
Adrkf`ayf smjetfr 5=-67= kMq`t. Jdasmatrfse eda
j`dre
j`dreif
if tmrtea
tmrteahhe
hhe tmrifp
tmrifpft
ft pfif bferfa
bferfa smrmor
smrmordsp
dspeaf
eaf`` smpmrt
smpmrtee dtfj
dtfj ftfu
ftfu
suksuk tu`fah om`fjfah, `fkouah, ifa pfajrmfs. Rukomr yfetu hfrfk
ifpur.
<. Oejfrodaft
 Oejfrodaft kmrupfjfa oullmr ifsfr jekef yfah utfkf ie if`fk tuouc.
Eda oejfrodaft ietmkujfa if`fk BMR ifa BER. Oejfrodaft ieftur d`mc
heanf`
heanf`.. Adrkf`
Adrkf`ayf
ayf smjetfr
smjetfr ?? - ?< kMq`t.
kMq`t. Omrmfj
Omrmfjse
se imahfa
imahfa fsfk
fsfk juft
juft
uatuj kmkomatuj fsfk jfrodaft ifa sufsfaf hfrfk uatuj kmauruajfa

pC.
8. Ldstlft
Ldslftt kmrupfjfa faeda oullmr if`fk BER ifa BMR. Omrluahse
Ldslf Omrluahse uatuj
kmaeahjftjfa jmheftfa amurdkusju`mr, kmtfod`eskm jfrodceirft, mamrhe
pfif kmtfod`eskm sm` ifa pmahfturfa fsfk ofsf. Wmahfturfa d`mc cdrkfa
pfrfterdei. Omrsfkf imahfa eda jf`seuk uatuj kmaeahjftjfa jmjuftfa ifa
jm
jmjm
jmrf
rfsf
sfa
a tu`f
tu`fah
ah.. Kfsu
Kfsuj
j if
if`f
`fk
k st
stru
rujt
jtur
ur hm
hmam
amte
tej
j IAF
IAF if
ifa
a _AF.
_AF.
(Kfryuafae, ?766)

@. Kfsf`fc
Kfsf`fc Jmsmek
Jmsmekofa
ofahfa
hfa Bfer
Bferfa
fa ifa M`mjtrd`
M`mjtrd`et
et
6) Cepdvd`mkef / Imceirfse
Cepdvd`mke
Cepdvd`mkeff kmrupfjfa
kmrupfjfa jdaiese
jdaiese fjeoft jmjurfahfa vd`ukm bferfa
bferfa
mjstr
mjstrfsm
fsm`u`
`u`mr
mr ifa ifpft
ifpft tmrnfi
tmrnfiee km`f`u
km`f`uee ju`et,
ju`et, heanf`
heanf`,, hfstr
hfstrdea
deatms
tmstea
teaf`,
f`,
pmaifcfrfa smceahhf kmaekou`jfa sydj cepdvd`mkej. Kmjfaeskm
jdkpma
jdkpmasfs
sfsee pfif
pfif cepdvd`
cepdvd`mke
mkej
j fif`fc
fif`fc pmaeahjf
pmaeahjftfa
tfa rfahsf
rfahsfahf
ahfa
a sfrfl
sfrfl
sekpftes, rfsf cfus, pm`mpfsfa cdrkda FIC ifa fimstmrda.cepdvd`mkej

yfah omr`fahsuah `fkf ifpft kmaekou`jfa hfhf` heanf` fjut (Yfrwdtd &
Xfrtdafc, ?767).Mted`dhe cepdvd`mkef smofhfe omrejut >
- Jmce`fahfa bferfa km`f`ue sf`urfa pmabmraffa.
- Wd`euref.
- Imkfk.
- Jmreahft yfah omr`moecfa.
- Jurfah pmkfsujjfa fer (fadrmjsef, kuf`, imprmse, sfjet ieifmrfc
ku`ut).
 Hmnf`f cepdvd`mkef smofhfe omrejut >
- Wuseah, `mkfc, `mtec, fadrmjsef, kuf` kuatfc, rfsf cfus, jdastepfse
ifa d`ehure.
- Wmauruafa tmjfafa ifrfc.
- C_ kmaeahjft.
- Rucu kmaeahjft.
- Yurhdr ju`et kmaurua.
- @eifc jmreah ifa jfsfr.
- Kujdsf ku`ut jmreah.
- Kmauruaayf prdiujse uream.
- Mjstrmketfs ieahea.
- Jmce`fahfa omrft ofifa yfah bmpft.
?) Cepmrvd`mkef
Cepmrvd`mkef fif`fc pmafkofcfa ftfu jm`moecfa vd`ukm bferfa BMR,
yfah tmrnfie nejf tuouc kmafcfa fer ifa aftreuk if`fk prdpdrse yfah
sfkf tfapf iesmrtfe
iesmrtfe pmruofcfa jfifr m`mjtrd`et
m`mjtrd`et (Yfrwdtd
(Yfrwdtd & Xfrtdafc,
Xfrtdafc,
?767).Mted`dhe cepmrvd`mkef smofhfe omrejut >
- Wm
Wmayf
ayfje
jett jf
jfrm
rmaf
af hf
hfah
ahhuf
hufa
a pf
pfif
if kmjf
kmjfae
aesk
skmm rm
rmhu
hu`f
`fse
se (h
(hfh
fhf`
f`
nfatuah, smrdses cfte, hfhf` heanf`).
- Eatfjm aftreuk j`drif yfah omr`moecfa.
- Wmkomrefa ealus yfah kmahfaiuah aftreuk if`fk nuk`fc yfah
omr`moecfa.
- Ofayfj kmahjdasukse kfjfafa kmahfaiuah aftreuk.
Hmnf`f cepmrvd`mkef smofhfe omrejut >
- Rmsfj aflfs.
- Wmaeahjftfa ifa pmauruafa tmjfafa ifrfc.
- Afie juft, tfjejfrie.
- Mimkf pmrelmr, jmafefjfa omrft ofifa smkmatfrf (?% cepmrvd`mkef
reahfa, =% cepmrvd`mkef smifah, 3% cepmrvd`mkef omrft).

- Fifayf rdabce.
 - Ju`et `mkofo.
- Iestmase vmaf `mcmr ifa erfkf hf``dp.
Mimkf oesf tmrnfie jfrmaf cf` ‒ cf` omrejuteae >
- Wmaeahjftfa pmrkmfoe`etfs jfpe`mr (pfif `ujf ofjfr ifa f`mrhe),
pmrpeaifcfa fer ifre jfpe`mr jm rufah eatmstesef` kmaeahjft.
- Wmaeahjftfa tmjfafa ceirdstftej ie jfpe`mr.
- Wmrpeaifcfa bferfa ifre rufah eatmrstesef` kmaurua.
2) Cepdaftrmkef
Cepdaftrmkef fif`fc jdaiese hfahhufa m`mjtrd`et jmtejf jfifr aftreuk
(sdieuk) if`fk ifrfc `moec rmaifc ifre oftfs adrkf`. Oe`f jfifr aftreuk
if
if`f
`fk
k tuou
tuouc
c kmau
kmauru
rua
a sm
smbf
bfrf
rf om
omrt
rtfc
fcfp
fp,, pm
pmai
aimr
mret
etff kuah
kuahje
jea
a te
teif
ifj
j
kmahf`fke hmnf`f fpf pua. Afkua nejf jfifr aftreuk turua imahfa bmpft,
hmnf`f
hmnf`f yfah kuabu`
kuabu` oesf
oesf omrofcf
omrofcfyf.
yf. Omomrf
Omomrfpf
pf hmnf`f
hmnf`f yfah
yfah ukukay
ukukayff
ief`fke pmaimretf cepdaftrmkef km`epute >
- Rfjet jmpf`f.
jmpf`f.
- @eah`uah.
- Kuf` ifa kuatfc.
- @mkfs ifa `m`fc.
- Jrfk ftfu `mkfc dtdt.
- Hm`esfc.
- Jmnfah.
- Wmauruafa jmsfifrfa yfah ifpft omrunuah pfif jdkf ifa ofcjfa
jmkftefa.
9) Cepmraftrmkef
Cepmraftrmkef kmrupfjfa jdaiese omr`moecayf jfifr aftreuk ifrfc,
yfetu `moec ifre 69= kMq/@.
kMq/@. Fifpua cepmraftrmke
cepmraftrmkeff omrft ie frtejfa jfifr
aftreuk p`fskf ≭6=< kMq/@. Jdaiese eae kmafaifjfa ce`fahayf nuk`fc
fe
ferr if
if`f
`fk
k tuou
tuouc
c if
ifa
a fp
fpfo
foe`
e`ff om
omrf
rftt if
ifa
a fj
fjut
ut kmru
kmrupf
pfjf
jfa
a jdai
jdaies
esee
jmhfwftifrurftfa.

=) Cepdjf`mkef
 Cepdjf`
Cepdjf`mke
mkeff fif`fc
fif`fc jdaiese
jdaiese jmtejf
jmtejf tuouc
tuouc jmjurf
jmjurfahfa
ahfa jf`euk
jf`euk ftfu
ftfu
pdtfseuk. Jdaiese eae ifpft ief`fke sefpf sfnf, tmrutfkf pmaimretf iefrm
ftfu kuatfc-kuat
kuatfc-kuatfc.
fc. Wmafahfafa
Wmafahfafa cepdjf`mkef
cepdjf`mkef pmr`u smhmrf
smhmrf ie`fjujfa
ie`fjujfa
huaf kmabmhfc jdkp`ejfse smreus, smpmrte hfahhufa nfatuah.
Hmnf`f oesf kuabu` jmtejf jfifr jf`euk if`fk tuouc rmaifc, yfetu ie
ofwfc 2,< kkd`/@. Kmsje omhetu, cepdjf`mkef reahfa ukukayf teifj
kmaekou`jfa hmnf`f. Hmnf`f fwf` yfah kuabu` fif`fc smofhfe omrejut>
- Kuf` ifa kuatfc
- Aflsu kfjfa kmahce`fah
- Jdastepfse
- Yuouc tmrfsf `mkfc
- Jmsmkutfa

- Jrfk dtdt
- Nfatuah omrimofr

K. Mted`
Mted`dhe
dhe
6. Wftdlesed`dhe
Omrc
Omrcuo
uoua
uahf
hfa
a im
imah
ahfa
fa pm
pmae
aeah
ahjf
jftf
tfa
a pm
pmrk
rkmf
mfoe
oe`e
`etf
tfss jf
jfpe
pe`m
`mrr if
ifa
a
jmce`fahfa imahfa nf`fa mvflmrdtel jfrmaf `ujf ofjfr.
f. Omrcuouahfa imahfa jm`ufrfa urea yfah omr`moecfa.

o. Iefomtms easepeius (jmteifj fimjuftfa cdrkda ieurmtej).

b. Iefomtms tfj tmrjdatrd`.
i. Omrcuouahfa imahfa jmce`fahfa ‒ jmce`fahfa smjuaimr.
m. Irfeafsm foadrkf`.
l. @ujf.
h. Imkfk ftfu pmaeahjftfa `fnu kmtfod`ej.
c. Iefrm.
e. Wmrejdaetes.
?. Retufsedaf`
 f. Kuf` kuatfc.
o. Kfjfafa km`f`ue sm`fah imahfa pf`frut teahhe.
b. Kfsf`fc iemt.
i. Jms
Jmsu`e
u`etfa
tfa kmam`f
kmam`fa
a ftfu
ftfu kfjfa
kfjfa smaier
smaieree smjuai
smjuaimr,
mr, fjeoft
fjeoft aymre
aymre
ku`ut, jm`mtecfa.
m. Wmahhuaffa zft yfah omr`moecfa.
l. Km
Kmaur
auruaa
uaayf
yf kdte
kdtevfs
vfsee ua
uatu
tuj
j ke
keau
auk
k bf
bfer
erfa
fa sm
smju
juaim
aimr,
r, fj
fjeo
eoft
ft
imprmse, jm`mtecfa.
h. Jmteifjbujupfa bferfa uatuj upfyf d`fcrfhf ftfu jdaiese bufbf.
c. Jmce`fahfa km`f`ue jftmtmr eaiwm``eah ftfu irmea.
e. Wfafs seafr kftfcfre yfah omr`moecfa jmjmreahfa.
2. Kfturfsedaf`

f. @fasef
Omrcuouahfa
Omrcuouahfa imahfa pmaeahjftfa jmrmatfafa smjuaimr fjeoft
fjeoft
pmauruafa bferfa ifa pmauruafa smasfse cfus.
o. Ofye / fafj
Omrcuouahfa imahfa pmaeahjftfa smjuaimr fjeoft pmauruafa
pmamrekffa bferfa ifa pmauruafa jmkfkpufa uatuj kmkmjftjfa
urea.

A. Lfjt
Lfjtdr
dr ‒ Lfjt
Lfjtdr
dr yf
yfah
ah Kmkp
Kmkpma
mahf
hfru
ruce
ce Jmsm
Jmsmek
ekof
ofah
ahfa
fa Bfer
Bferfa
fa if
ifa
a
M`mjtrd`et
6. ]sef
\frefse usef omrjfetfa imahfa `ufs pmrjmkofahfa tuouc, kmtfod`eskm
yfah iepmr`ujfa ifa omrft ofifa. Ofye ifa fafj ie kfsf pmrtukoucfa
kmke`e
kmke`eje
je prdpdr
prdpdrse
se bferfa
bferfa tuouc
tuouc yfah `moec
`moec omsfr
omsfr ieofaie
ieofaieahjf
ahjfa
a drfah
drfah
imwfsf. Jfrmaf nuk`fc bferfa yfah iepmr`ujfa ifa nuk`fc bferfa yfah
ce`fah nuhf `moec omsfr ieofaieahjfa drfah imwfsf. Cf` eae iepmahfruce

d`mc
d`mc `fnu
`fnu kmtfod`
kmtfod`ej
ej yfah teahhe smrtf jdaiese
jdaiese heanf`
heanf` ofye
ofye om`uk
om`uk ftur
ftur
 ieofaieahjfa heanf` drfah imwfsf. Wfif `fasef, jmteifjsmekofahfa bferfa
ifa m`mjtr
m`mjtrd`e
d`ett smr
smreah
eah iesmof
iesmofojf
ojfa
a d`m
d`mc
c kfsf`f
kfsf`fc
c nfatua
nfatuah
h ftfu
ftfu hfahhuf
hfahhufa
a
heanf`.
?. Fjtevetfs
Fjtevetfs kmaymofojfa pmaeahjftfa prdsms kmtfod`eskm if`fk tuouc.
Cf` eae kmahfjeoftjf
kmahfjeoftjfa
a pmaeahjftfa
pmaeahjftfa pmahm`ufrfa
pmahm`ufrfa bferfa km`f`ue
km`f`ue jmreahft.
jmreahft.
Imahfa imkejefa, nuk`fc bferfa yfah ieoutucjfa nuhf kmaeahjft.
2. Ymkpmrftur `eahjuahfa
Rucu
Rucu pfafs
pfafs yfah
yfah omr`mo
omr`moecf
ecfa
a fjfa
fjfa kmaymof
kmaymofojfa
ojfa jmreah
jmreahftf
ftfa
a pfif
smsmdrfah ifa ifpft jmce`fahfa AfB` km`f`ue jmreahft smofayfj 6= ‒ 27
hr/cfre.
9. Iemt

Wfif sfft tuouc jmjurfahfa autrese, tuouc fjfa kmkmbfc bfifahfa

mamrhe
mamrhe.. Wrdsm
Wrdsmss eae kmaeko
kmaekou`j
u`jfa
fa pmrhmr
pmrhmrfjf
fjfa
a bferfa
bferfa ifre
ifre eat
eatmrs
mrste
tetef
tef`` jm
eatrfsm`u`mr ifa kmahfjeoftjfa pmauruafa jfifr f`oukea.
=. Rtrms
Rtrms ifpft kmaekou`jfa pmaeahjftfa kmtfod`eskm sm`, jdasmatrfse
ifrfc
ifrfc ifa h`ejd`
h`ejd`ese
esess dtdr.
dtdr. Kmjfae
Kmjfaeskm
skm eae ifpft
ifpft kmaeko
kmaekou`j
u`jfa
fa rmtmas
rmtmasee
sd
sdie
ieuk
uk if
ifa
a fe
fer.
r. Wr
Wrds
dsms
ms eae
eae if
ifpft
pft kmae
kmaeahj
ahjft
ftjfa
jfa pr
prdi
diuj
ujse
se FIC
FIC if
ifa
a
kmauruajfa prdiujse uream.
<. Rfjet
Jmfiffa pmkomifcfa, trfukf nfreahfa, jm`feafa heanf` ifa nfatuah,
hfahhufa cdrkda fjfa kmahhfahhu jmsmekofahfa bferfa. Wfsema yfah
kmaimr
kmaimretf
etf iefrm
iefrm nuhf
nuhf ifpft
ifpft kmahf`
kmahf`fke
fke pmaeahjf
pmaeahjftfa
tfa jmoutuc
jmoutucfa
fa bferfa
bferfa
fjeoft jmce`fahfa bferfa km`f`ue sf`urfa hfstrdeatmsteaf`.
8. Wmahdoftfa
Wmahhua
Wmahhuaffa
ffa omomrf
omomrfpf
pf doft
doft smpmrt
smpmrtee ieurmt
ieurmtej
ej kfupua
kfupua `fjsft
`fjsftel
el smbfrf
smbfrf
omr`moecfa ifpft kmaymofojfa pmaeahjftfa jmce`fahfa bferfa if`fk
tuouc.
tuouc. Fjeoft
Fjeoftayf
ayf tmrnfi
tmrnfiee imlese
imlesett bferfa
bferfa tuouc.
tuouc. Rm`fea
Rm`fea etu,
etu, pma
pmahhua
hhuaffa
ffa

ieurmtej kmaymofojfa jmce`fahfa aftreuk smceahhf jfifr jf`euk fjfa

 kmaeahjft. Wmahhuaffa jdrtejdstmrdei ifpft pu`f kmaymofojfa rmtmase
aftreuk ifa fer if`fk tuouc.(Yfrwdtd & Xfrtdafc, ?767)

D. Wmaftf`f
Wmaftf`fjsfaffa
jsfaffa Jmoutucfa
Jmoutucfa Bferfa
Bferfa ifa M`mjtrd`et
M`mjtrd`et
6. Wmaftf`fjsfaffa kmies
- Ymrfpe bferfa E\
- Wmkmrejsffa pmauanfah smpmrte pmkmrejsffa ifrfc `mahjfp
- Ymrfpe doft ‒ doftfa.
- Yrfasluse ifrfc (nejf iepmr`ujfa)
?. Wmaftf`fjsffa jmpmrfwftfa
- Kmahcetuah tmtmsfa ealus
_ukus ifsfr if`fk sftufa kmaet >

_ukus ifsfr if`fk sftufa nfk >

Lfjtdr tmtmsf,
tmtmsf, tmrofhe
tmrofhe ftfs ? yfetu Kmrmj Dtsujf
Dtsujf ( 6= tmtms/k`
tmtms/k` ) ifa
kmrmj Ymrukd ( ?7 tmtms/k` ).

- _mceirfse drf`
- Kmahcetuah jmsmekofahfa bferfa

EX@ ; (6= x OO ) > ?9 nfk ; .... bb/nfk

W. Jdasm
Jdasmp
p Ifsfr
Ifsfr Jmpm
Jmpmrfw
rfwft
ftfa
fa
6. Wmahjfnefa
f. Oediftf pfsema
 Afkf pfsema, ukur, nmaes jm`fkea, pmaieiejfa, pmjmrnffa, f`fkft,
adkdr rmhestrfse, iefhadsf kmies ifa tfahhf` K_R.
o. _ewfyft jmsmcftfa
Ymrier
Ymrieree ifre
ifre jm`ucfa
jm`ucfa utfkf,
utfkf, re
rewfyf
wfyftt jmsmcft
jmsmcftfa
fa smjfrf
smjfrfah,
ah, re
rewfyf
wfyftt
jmsmcftfa tmrifcu`u ifa rewfyft jmsmcftfa jm`ufrhf.
b. _ewfyft jmpmrfwftfa
 Wd`f eatfjm
- Nuk`fc bferfa yfah iejdasukse.
- Yepm bferfa yfah oefsf iejdasukse.
 Wd`f m`ekeafse
- Kuf` kutfc.
- Iefrm.

- Jmoefsffa omrjmkec.
- Wmruofcfa nuk`fc ftfu lrmjumase uream.
- Jfrfjtmrestej uream.
 Mvf`ufse stftus jmce`fahfa bferfa
- Yf
Yfaif
aif ‒ tfai
tfaiff jmjur
jmjurfa
fahf
hfa
a ftfu
ftfu jm`moe
jm`moecf
cfa
a bferf
bferfa.
a.
- Mimkf.
- _fs
fsff cfus
cfus omr
omr`m
`moe
oecf
cfa.
a.
- Kmkor
mkorfa
fa kujds
ujdsff jmr
jmrea
eah.
h.
- Wrdsms
Wrdsms pmayfje
pmayfjett yfah
yfah ifpft
ifpft kmahh
kmahhfahh
fahhu
u jmsmek
jmsmekofa
ofahfa
hfa bfer
bferfa
fa
- Jfajmr.
- @ujf ofjfr.
- Lfjtdr psejd
jd``dhes
hes
- Wmre`fju mkd
mkdsedaf`.
f`.
i. Wmkmrejsffa lesej
6. Jmfif
ifffa uk
ukuk
- Wmahuju
Wmahujurfa
rfa tfaif
tfaif vet
vetf`
f` smpmr
smpmrte
te pmahu
pmahujur
jurfa
fa sucu,
sucu, tmjf
tmjfafa
afa ifrfc
ifrfc,,
afie, pmraflfsfa ifa teahjft jmsfifrfa.
 - Wmkmre
Wmkmrejsf
jsffa
fa lesej
lesej yfah ieldjus
ieldjusjfa
jfa pfif
pfif omomr
omomrfpf
fpf ses
sestmk
tmk tuouc
tuouc
yfah omrcuouahfa `fahsuah imahfa bferfa ifa m`mjtrd`et
?. Xfnfc
Yfkpfj pubft ftfu teifj, tfkpfj `mkfs ftfu teifj.
2. Kftf
Bmjuah ftfu bdwdah ifa fer kftf jmreah.
9. Ku`
Ku`ut ifa
ifa oe
oeoer
oer
Kujdsf oeoer jmreah ftfu `mkofo, `eifc putec ftfu teifj, fifayf
kuatfc ftfu teifj.
=. Rest
Restmk
mk Eatm
Eatmhu
hukm
kma
a
Jmffifa turhdr ju`et, mimkf, jm`m`fcfa, jm`mkfcfa dtdt, tmtfae ifa
smasfse rfsf.

<. Rest
Restmk
mk Jfri
Jfried
edvfs
vfsju`
ju`mr
mr
Imtmas
Imt masee vmaf
vmaf nuhu`f
nuhu`fres
res,, tmjfafa
tmjfafa ifrfc,
ifrfc, cmk
cmkdh`
dh`doe
doea
a ifa imayut
imayut
nfatuah.
8. Amurd`dhe
_ml`mj, hfahhufa kdtdrej ifa smasdrej, teahjft jmsfifrfa.
3. Rest
Restmk
mk Hfstr
Hfstrde
deat
atms
mste
teaf
af``
Fifayf oeseah usus, iefrm.
m. Wmahujurfa j`eaej
- Omrft ofifa
Jmce`f
Jmce`fahf
ahfa
a ftfu
ftfu omrtfk
omrtfkofc
ofcayf
ayf omrft
omrft ofifa
ofifa kmauan
kmauanujjf
ujjfa
a
fifayf kfsf`fc jmsme
jmsmekofahf
kofahfa
a bferfa.
bferfa. Wmahujurfa
Wmahujurfa omrft ofifa
ie`fjujfa smtefp cfre pfif wfjtu yfah sfkf.
 ¶ ?% > _eahfa
 ¶ =% > Rmifah
 ¶ 67% > Omrft
- Wm
Wmah
ahuj
ujur
urfa
fa pm
pmkf
kfsu
sujj
jjfa
fa bf
bfer
erfa
fa
 Bferfa drf`, km`f`ue AHY kfupua drf`.


Bferfa pfrmatmrf`, tmrkfsuj doft ‒ doftfa E\.
  Kfjfafa yfah bmaimruah kmahfaiuah fer.

 Erehfse jftmtmr ftfu AHY.

- Wm
Wmah
ahuj
ujur
urfa
fa pma
pmahm
hm`u
`ufr
frfa
fa bfe
bferf
rfa
a
 ]ream > vd`ukm ifa wfraf uream.

 Lmsms > nuk`fc ifa jdasmatrfse.

 Kuatfc.

 Yuom irfeafsm.

 EX@

 ]jur jmsmekofahfa bferfa imahfa fjurft (adrkf`ayf smjetfr ¶

?77bb).
l. Wmkmrejsffa `fodrftdreuk
- Wmkmrejs
jsfffa ifrfc `mahjfp
fp,, km`epu
putte nuk`fc sm` ifrfc,
cmkdh`doea (Co) ifa cmkfydjret (Ct).
Ct afej > ffi
ifayf im
imceirfse o
ommrft i
iffa hm
hmnf`f sy
sydj.
Ct turua > fifayf pmaifrfcfa fjut, kfsel ifa rmfjse
cmkd`etej.
Co afej > fifayf cmkdjdasmatrfse.
Co turua
urua > ffif
ifay
ayff pma
pmaif
ifrf
rfcf
cfa
a cmo
cmoft
ft,, rmf
rmfjs
jsee c
cmk
mkd`
d`eetej
ej..
- Wmkmre
Wmkmrejsf
jsffa
fa m`mjtr
m`mjtrd`e
d`ett smruk,
smruk, uatuj
uatuj kmah
kmahmtf
mtfcue
cue jfifr
jfifr aftr
aftreuk
euk,,
jf`euk, j`dreif ifa eda oejfrodaft.

- pC ifa
ifa omrft
omrft nmaes
nmaes urea
urea,, kmauan
kmauanujj
ujjfa
fa jmkfk
jmkfkpu
pufa
fa heanf
heanf`` uatuj
uatuj
kmahftur jdasmatrfse uream, adrkf`ayf pC uream fif`fc 9 ‒ =
ifa omrft nmaesayf 6,772 ‒ 6,727.
- Faf`
Faf`es
esff hfs ifrf
ifrfc,
c, yfah
yfah oefsf
oefsf iepmr
iepmrej
ejsf
sf fif`
fif`fc
fc pC, WD,
WD, CBD,
CBD,
WBD ifa sfturfse D?.
 WBD? adrkf` > 2= ‒ 97 kkCh

 WD? adrkf` > 37 ‒ 677 Ch

 CBD2 adrkf` > ?= ‒ ?5 kMq/`

  Rfturf
Rfturfse
se D? fif`fc
fif`fc pmrofai
pmrofaieah
eahfa
fa djsehm
djsehma
a if`fk
if`fk ifrfc
ifrfc
imahfa
imahfa nuk`fc
nuk`fc djsehm
djsehma
a yfah
yfah ifpft
ifpft ieofwf
ieofwfc
c e`m
e`mc
c ifrfc,
ifrfc,
adrkf`ayf ie frtmre 5=% - 53% ifa vmaf <7% - 3=%.
?. Iefhadsf Jmpmrfwftfa
Iefhadsf
Iefhadsf jmpmrfwftfa
jmpmrfwftfa yfah kuahjea kuabu` (AFAIF Eatmrafsedaf`,
Eatmrafsedaf`,
?763) >
f. Imle
Imlese
sema
ma vd
vd`u
`ukm
km bf
bfer
erfa
fa om
omrc
rcuou
uouah
ahfa
fa im
imah
ahfa
fa jm
jmce
ce`f
`fah
ahfa
fa vd`uk
vd`ukmm
bferfa smbfrf fjtel.
o. Jm`moecfa vd`ukm bferfa omrcuouahfa imahfa jm`moecfa fsupfa
bferfa ifa jm`moecfa fsupfa aftreuk.
b. _msejd
_msejd jmteifjs
jmteifjsmek
mekofah
ofahfa
fa m`mjtr
m`mjtrd`e
d`ett omrcuo
omrcuouahf
uahfa
a imahfa
imahfa hfahhuf
hfahhufa
a
kmjfaeskm pmahfturfa
 2. _mabfafJmpmrfwftfa

AD Iefhadsf ADB AEB

6. Idkfea ?. Jm`fs =. Cf` 636. Cf` 67?. Ceirfse Cf` 6=8. Kfafnmkma Bferfa
Imlesema vd`ukm bferfa (777?8) 6) Yurh
Yurhdrdr ju
ju`e
`ett - Ye
Yeko
kofa
fah
h omr
omrft
ft of
ofififaa smt
smtef
efp
p cfr
cfree ifa
Imleaese > Wmauruafa bferfa ?) Kmk
Kmkorforfaa kuj
kujdsfdsf ``mko
mkofo
fo kdaetdr stftus pfsema.
ea
eatr
trfv
fvffsj
sjuu`f
`fr,
r, eatmr
atmrst
stes
esef
ef`,
`, ifa 2) Ea
Eatf
tfjm
jm bf
bfer
erfa
fa - Nf
Nfhhf fsu
suppfa yfafah h fjurftrft ifa bft ftft
ft
ea
eatr
trfs
fsmm`u
`u`f
`fr.
r. Ea
Eaee kmahfbu pfif 9) Du
Dutptput
ut ur
urea
eamm dutput pfsema.
im
imcei
ceirfs
rfse,
e, jm jmce`
ce`fa
fahfa
hfa bferf
bferfaa tfapf
tfapf =) Wmrlus
Wmrlusee nfreah
nfreahfafa - Kfsu
Kfsujjjjfa
fa jf
jftm
tmtm
tmrr urea
urea..
pmruofcfa
pmruofcfa jfifr aft
aftreuk.
reuk. <) Xfr
Xfraf
af ure
uream
am jmruc
jmruc - Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr st
stft
ftus
us ce
ceir
irfs
fse.
e.
8) Od`f kftf bmjubmjuah
ah ifa
ifa ``uaf
uafj
j - Kd
Kda aetdr
etdr cfse se`` `f`foodrft
drftdrdreu
euk
k yfah
Oftfsfa jfrfjtmrestej > 3) Wma
Wmarua
ruafafa tm
tmjfa
jfafa
fa if
ifrfc
rfc rm`mvfa imahfa rmtmase bferfa.
- Ju`et jmreah. 5) Afi
Afiee bm
bmpft
pft ifa
ifa `m
`mkf
kfcc - Kda
Kdaetdetdrr tf
tfai
aiff ‒ ttfa
faifif vetf
vetf`` pfsem
pfsema.
a.
- Cfus. 67) Wmaeahjftfa
Wmaeahjftfa aetrdhma urmuk ifrfc - Kda
Kdaetdetdrr ea
eaiej
iejfse
fse jm`
jm`moe
moecf
cfa a bferf
bferfa.
a.
- Jm`mkfcfa. 66) Jmce`fahfa
Jmce`fahfa omrft ofifa - Kdaetdr pmruofcfa omrft ofifa
- WmWmae
aeah
ahjf
jftf
tfa
a suc
sucuu tuou
tuouc.c. 6?) Dtdt tmhfah
tmhfah smom`uk ifa smsuifc ief`eses.
- WmWmae
aeah
ahjf
jftf
tfa
a lrm
lrmju
juma
mase
se af
afie
ie.. 62) Wmaeahjftf sucu
sucu tuouc - Kdaetdr kfjfafa/bferfa yfah
- Wma
Wmauru
uruafa
afa om
omrft
rft of
offa
fa teof
teof ‒ teof.
teof. iejdasukse ifa cetuah fsupfa jf`dre
- Kmko
Kmkorf rfa
a kujd
kujdsf sf jm
jmre
reah
ah.. Cf` 65?. Jmsmekofahfa bferfa cfrefa.
- WmWmau
auru
ruaf
afa
a turh
turhdrdr ju
ju`e
`et.
t. 6) Ymjf
Ymjfaf
afaa if
ifrf
rfcc - Om
Omre
rejf
jfaa tmrf
tmrfpe
pe E\.
E\.
- WmWmau
auru
ruaf
afa
a ttmj
mjfa
fafa
fa ifrf
ifrfc.c. ?) Ima
Imayu
yutt afie
afie rrfi
fief`
ef` - Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr stf
stftu
tuss h
hez
eze.
e.
- WmWmau
auru
ruaf
afa
a turh
turhdrdr `eif
`eifc.
c. 2) Ymrj
Ymrjfaf
fafaa frtm
frtmre
re rftf
rftf-rftf
-rftf - Ies
Iestre
treou
ousej
sejfa
fa ffsup
supfa
fa bfer
bferfa
fa ssm`f
m`fkf
kf ??9
9
- Wma
Wmauru
uruafa
afa pm
pmahm
ahm`uf
`ufrfa
rfa ure
uream.
am. 9) Ymj
Ymjfaf
fafaa vma
vmaff sma
smatrf
trf`` nfk.
=) Im
Imay
ayut
ut pmr
pmrel
elmr
mr - Iuju
Iujuah ah pf pfsesema
ma ififa a jmjm`u
`ufr
frhf
hf ua
uatu
tuj
j
Lfjtdr yfah omrcuouahfa > <) Jmsm
Jmsmekof
ekofahfa
ahfa eaeatfj
tfj ifa du
dutput
tput if
if`fk
`fk ?9 nfk kmkofat
kmk ofatu u if`f
if`fk k pmko
pmkomref
mrefaa kfjfa
kfjfa

-- Cf
Cfko
koft
Fsup
Fsupfaftfa
fa fa k
kma
bfer mahf
bferfa
fa hfjs
j
jurjsms
urfams
h.bbfe
fah. ferf
rfa.
a. 8) Omr
Omrft
3) Yurhftdrofi
Yurhdrofifa
jufa
`ett stfoe`
ju`e stfoe` - imahfa
J dasu`tffofej.
su`t se
sej
jfa imahf hfa
a idjtjtmrmr nej
nejf
- Jurf
rfa
ah pma
pmahmtfc
tfcufa
ufa tmatmatfah
fah 5) Jm`m
Jm`mkof
kofofa
ofa kmk kmkorfa
orfa kujd
kujdsf
sf tfaif-
tfaif-tfa
tfaifif ifa hmnf`
hmnf`ff jmju
jmjurfa
rfaha
ha
jmoutucfa bferfa. 67) Rmruk m`mjtrd`et bferfa kmamtfp ftfu kmkouruj.
66) Omrft nmaes uream Cf` ?67. Kfafnmkma Rydj
6?) Rufrf afpfs fivmatel
fivmatel - Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr tfa
tfaif
if ‒ tf
tfai
aiff vetf`
vetf`,, tmjfa
tmjfafa
fa

62) Mimkf pmrelmr ifrfc drtcdstf

ifrfc drtcdstftej,tej, stftu
stftuss kmatf`
kmatf` ifa
69) Jmcfusfa dutput uream.
6=) Jrfk dtdt
dtdt - Wd
Wdse
sese
sejf
jfaa pfpfse
sema
ma uat
uatujuj kma
kmaif ifpf
pftj
tjfa
fa
pmrluse yfah
yfah dptekf`.
Cf` ==2. Rtft
Rtftus
us Autr
Autrese
ese > Fsup
Fsupfafa kfjfaf
kfjfafa
a ifa - Omr
Omrejf
ejfaa djseh
djsehmamafse
fse smsu
smsufefe jmou
jmoutuctucfa.
fa.
bferfa - Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr hm
hmnfnf`f
`f hhfh
fhf`f` afp
afpfsfs..
6) Fsup
Fsupfa
fa k
kfjf
fjfafa
afa smbf
smbfrf
rf ddrf`
rf` - Kda
Kdaetd
etdrr ae
ae`fe
`fe ‒ ae
ae`fe
`fe `fodrf
`fodrftdr
tdreuk
euk..
?) Fsup
Fsupfa
fa kfj
kfjfafa
fafa ssmbfr
mbfrff tuom lm
lmmiea
mieah
h - Om
Omre
rejf
jfaa bfer
bferfa
fa E\.
E\.
2) Fsup
Fsupfa
fa bfer
bferfa
fa smbf
smbfrf
rf drf` - Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr fi
fifafayf
yf stfstftu
tuss ce
cepmpmri
riea
eafk
fkejej
9) Fsup
Fsupfa
fa bfer
bferfa
fa eatr
eatrfvma
fvmaff if
ifre
re sy sydj
dj sm smpf
pfse
sesp
spfs
fsjf
jf rmsurmsuse
setf
tfse
se
=) Fsup
Fsupfa
fa bfer
bferfa
fa pfrm
pfrmatmr
atmrf`
f` bferfa.
- Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr st
stft
ftus
us bfe
bferfrfa,
a, tmr
tmrkf
kfsusujj om
omrf
rftt
ofifa pmrcfre,
pmrcfre, dutput uream.uream.
- Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr lu
luah
ahsese h
hea
eanf
nf`.
`.
- Omre
Omrejf
jfaa iuj
iujua uahf
hfa a mkdse
mkdse pf pfif
if pfse
pfsema
ma
ifa jm`u
jm`ufrhf
frhf,, idrdah
idrdah cfrfpfa
cfrfpfa yfa yfah h
rmf`estes.
?. Idkfea ?. Jm`fs =. Cf` 632 Cf` 65?. Jmsmekofahfa bferfa Cf` ??5. Kdaetdr bferfa
Jm`moecfa vd`ukm bferfa (777?<) 6) Ymjf
Ymjfaf
afaa if
ifrf
rfc c - tm
tmaatuj
tujfa nuk
nuk`fc ifa nma maes
es eatf
eatfj
jm
Im
Imle
leae
aess > Wm
Wmae
aeah
ahjf
jftf
tfa
a fs
fsup
upfa
fa ftfu
ftfu ?) Ima
Imayu
yutt afie
afie rrfi
fief`
ef` bferfa smrtf jmoefsfa m`ekeafse.
rmtmase bferfa. 2) Ymrj
Ymrjfaf
fafaa frtm
frtmre
re rftf
rftf-rftf
-rftf - Yma
Ymatuj
tujfa
fa lfj
lfjtdr
tdr-lf
-lfjtd
jtdrr yf
yfah
ah k
kua
uahj
hjea
ea
 9) Ymj
Ymjfaf
fafaa vma
vmaff sma
smatrf
trf`` km
kmaym
aymofofojf
ojfaa jm
jmtei
teifj
fjsme
smekof
kofahahfa
fa
Oftfsfa jfrfjtmrestej > =) Im
Imay
ayut
ut pmr
pmrel
elmr
mr bferfa.
- Ouay
Ouayee afpf
afpfss omrt
omrtfkfkof
ofc. c. <) Jmsm
Jmsmekof
ekofahfa
ahfa ea eatfj
tfj ifa du
dutput
tput if
if`fk
`fk ?9 nfk - Ym
Ymat
atuj
ujfa
fa fpf
fpfjfjfc
c pfse
pfsema
ma kmah
kmahf`f`fk
fkee
- HfHfah
ahhu
hufa
fa tm
tmjf
jfaf
afa a ifr
ifrfc fc.. 8) Omr
Omrft
ft ofi
ofifa
fa stfoe`
stfoe` jm
jmcf
cfus
usfa
fa ft ftfu
fu hmnfhmnf`f
`f pmpmru
ruof
ofcf
cfa
a
- WmWmru
ruof
ofcf
cfa
a stf
stftu
tuss k
kma
matf
tf`.`. 3) Yurh
Yurhdr
dr ju
ju`e
`ett bferfa.
- Hfah
Hfahhu
hufa
fa pd
pd`f`f af
afpf
pfs.
s. 5) Jm`m
Jm`mkof
kofofa
ofa kmkkmkorfa
orfa kujd
kujdsf
sf - Wmre
Wmrejs
jsff tur
turhd
hdrr j
ju`
u`et
et..
- WmWmru
ruof
ofcf
cfa
a om
omrfrftt nm
nmae
aess ur
urea
eam.
m. 67) Rmruk m`mjtrd`et - Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr omr
omrft
ft of
ofif
ifa.
a.
- Fasemtfs. 66) Omrft nmaes uream - Kda
Kdaetd
etdrr fsup
fsupfa
fa ifa
ifa pma
pmahm`
hm`ufr
ufrfa
fa..
- Fafsfrjf. 6?) Rufrf afpfs fivmatel
fivmatel - Kd
Kda aetdr
etdr jfifr sm smru
rukk f`ou
`oukea ifa
- WmWmau
auru
ruaf
afa
a cmkf
cmkftd tdjr
jret
et.. 62) Mimkf pmrelmr prdtmea tdtf`.

- Wm
Wmau
auru
ruaf
afaa cmkd
cmkdh`h`do
doea
ea.. 69) Jmcfusfa - Kda
Kdaetd
etdrr tm
tmjfa
jfafa
fa iifrf
frfc,
c, i
imay
mayut
ut nfa
nfatua
tuahh
- Iespamf. 6=) Jrfk dtdt
dtdt ifa stftus pmraflfsfa
- Mimkf. - Bft
Bftft
ft imahf
imahfa a ffju
jurft
rft pmahm
pmahm`uf
`ufrfa
rfa..
- Jmt
Jmteif
eifjsm
jsmek
ekofa
ofahf
hfaa m`mjtr
m`mjtrd`e
d`et.
t. Cf` 3=. M`ekeafse ]rea - Kd
Kdaaetdr
etdr kmk mko orfa kujds jdsf, turh
turhddr
- Fs
Fsup
upfa
fa km`m
km`moe
oece
ce c
cf`
f`uf
ufrf
rfa.
a. 6) Wd
Wd`f
`f m`e
m`eke
keafafse
se ju`et, ifa rmspdas cfus.
- Mluse p`murf. ?) Of
Ofuu ur
urea
eamm - Kd
Kdae
aetd
tdrr wfra
wfraf,f, ju
jufa
fate
tetf
tfss if
ifa
a om omrf
rftt
- Fif
Fif oua
ouaye
ye nf
nfat
atua
uahh R2.
R2. 2) Nuk`
Nuk`fc
fc ur
urea
eamm nmaes urea.
- Hm`esfc. 9) Xf
Xfraraff ur
urea
eamm - Kda
Kdaetd
etdrr tfa
tfaif
if if
ifaa hmnf
hmnf`f
`f fse
fsetms
tms..
- Wm
Wmaf
afko
kofc
fcfa
fa oomr
mrft
ft o
ofi
fifa
fa i
if`
f`fk
fk =) Jmn
Jmnmra
mraecf
ecfaa ure
uream
am - Bftf
Bftf ffif
if ttfu
fu ttei
eifj
fjay
ayff vmrt
vmrteh
ehd.
d.
wfjtu yfah seahjft. <) Ea
Eatf
tfjm
jm bf
bfer
erfa
fa - Omre
Omrejf
jfaa bf
bfer
erfa
fa iima
mahf
hfaa tmpf
tmpft.
t.
8) Kmah
Kmahdsddsdahjf
ahjfa a jfatda
jfatdah
h jmkec smpm
smpmauc
aucayf
ayf
Lfjtdr yfah omrcuouahfa > 3) Kmam
Kmamhafhaf`e
`e jm
jmeahe
eaheafa
afa omrj
omrjmkec
mkec Cf` 636. Kfafnmkma cepmrvd`mkef
- JmJm`m
`moe
oecf
cfa
a fsu
fsupf
pfa
a bfe
bferf
rfa.
a. 5) Ifrf
Ifrfcc tmr`e
tmr`ecft
cft if`f
if`fk
ku uream
ream - tekofah omrft ofifa smtefp cfre
- JmJm`m
`moe
oecf
cfa
a fs
fsup
upfa
fa af
aftr
treu
euk.
k. 67) Aymre sfft jmabeah
jmabeah imahfa wfjtu yfah sfkf.
66) _fhu uatuj omrjmkec
omrjmkec - Kd
Kdae aetd
tdrr su
sufr
fruu pf
pfruru foa
foadr drkf
kf`. `.
6?) _fsf tmrofjfr
tmrofjfr sfft omrjmkec - Kda
Kdaetdetdrr ssuf
ufrf
rf nfatua
nfatuah h ffoad
oadrkfrkf`.`.
62) Lrmjumase omrjmkec
omrjmkec - Kd
Kdae aetd
tdrr mi
mimkmkff pm
pmre
relm
lmr.
r.
69) _mtmase yrea - Kdaetdr iftf `fodrftdreuk yfah
6=) Eajdatmamasef
Eajdatmamasef urea kmafaifjfa fifayf cmkdjdasmatrfse.
- Kd
Kdae aetd
tdrr ea
eatf
tfjm
jm ifa
ifa dut
dutpu
put.t.
Cf` 35. Luahse Heanf` - Omre
Omrejfjfa
a dofdoftt yfah
yfah ier ierms
msmp
mpjfjfaa uatuj
uatuj
6) ]rea
]reamm du
dutput
tput sm`f
sm`fkf
kf 3 nfk kmahurfahe prm`dfi.
?) Jmsme
Jmsmeko
kofa fahfa
hfa eatf
eatfjm
jm ifa dutp
dutput
ut sm`
sm`fkf
fkf ?9 - Om
Omre
rejf
jfa
a eeaalus
lus EE\.
\.
nfk - Ceaifre pmahhuaffa bferfa E\
2) Yurh
Yurhdr
dr ju
ju`e `ett cepdtdaej.
9) Omr
Omrft
ft nmaes
nmaes ureuream
am - Ye
Yeah
ahhe
hejf
jfa a jmp
jmpf`f`ff tmkpf
tmkpftt teiuteiurr uat
uatuj
uj
=) Xf
Xfra
raff ur
ureaeamm kmkpmrofeje vmate`fse,
<) pC ur
urea
eamm - Ref
Refpjf
pjfa a pfsem
pfsema au uatu
atuj
j ief
ief`es
`eses.
es.
8) M`m
M`mjtr
jtrd`e
d`ett ure
ureamam - Yma
Ymatuj
tujfa pmruo ruofcfa omrft rft ofifa ifa
3) Wmae
Wmaeahjf
ahjftfa tfa jrmf
jrmfteaea
teaea smru
smruk
k pfsema smom`uk
smom`uk ifa smsuifcsmsuifc ief`eses
ief`eses..
5) Wmae
Wmaeahjf
ahjftfa tfa pdtf
pdtfsseuk
sseuk smru
smruk
k - Eas
Eastru
trujse
sejjfa pfse sema
ma ifa jm`uf `ufrhf
rhf

67) Wmaeahjftfa
Wmaeahjftfa h`ujdsf urea pmahhuaffa bftftfa fsupfa ifa
pmahhuaffa
66) Wmaeahjftfa
Wmaeahjftfa prdtmea urea dutput, smsufe jmoutucfa.
6?) Wmaeahjftfa
Wmaeahjftfa sm` ifrfc putec - Oft
Oftfse
fse fsup
fsupfa
fa aftr
aftreuk
euk,, sms
smsuf
ufee eaiejf
eaiejfse.
se.
62) Wmaeahjftfa
Wmaeahjftfa omrft ofifa - Ye
Yeah
ahjf
jftj
tjfa
fa bet
betrf
rf ier
ieree if
ifa
a cf
cfrhrhff iere
iere
69) Mimkf
Mimkf yfah pdsetel nejf pfsema
kmahmjs
kma hmjsprms
prmsejfa
ejfa jmpm
jmpmiu`e
iu`efa
fa fjeoft
fjeoft
rmtmase bferfa yfah omr`moec.
2. Idkfea ?. Jm`fs =. Cf` 685 Cf` 652. Jmsmekofahfa m`mjtrd`et Cf` ?9?. Wmkfatufa (kdaetdr) m`mjtrd`et
_msejd jmteifj
jmteifjsmekofah
smekofahfa fa m`mjtrd`et Cf` 62?. Jmpfrfcfa cepmrjf`mkef - Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr smr
smruk
uk m`m`mj
mjtr
trd`
d`et
et..
(7765=) 6) Wm
Wmru
ruof
ofcfcfaa MJ
MJH H - Jmaf`e ifa `fpdrjfa fifayf
Imleaese > _matfa kmahf`fke pmruofcfa ?) Wmae
Wmaeahjf
ahjftfatfa ima
imayut
yut afie jmteifjsmekofahfa m`mjtrd`et.
jfifr m`mjtrd`et smruk, yfah 2) Wmau
Wmauruaf
ruafa a tmjf
tmjfafa
afa ifrf
ifrfcc - Kda
Kdaetdetdrr fi
fifay
fayff jm
jmce`
ce`fa
fahfa
hfa bferfa
bferfa ifa
ifa
kmahhfahhu jmsmcftfa. 9) Fretk
retkefef m`mjtrd`et.
=) Fase
Fasemtmtfs
fs - Kdaetdr kfaelmstfse
Lfjtdr rmsejd > <) Jm
Jm`m
`mkf
kfcf cfaa dtd
dtdtt jmteif
jmteifjsm
jsmekekofa
ofahfa
hfa m`mjtr
m`mjtrd`e
d`ett pfpfif
if
- Iefrm. 8) Wfrf`e
Wfrf`eses
ses yfa
yfah h `m
`mkf
kfcc sestmk sfrfl.
- JmJm`m`moe
oecf
cfa
a vd`
vd`uk
ukmm bbfe
ferf
rfa.
a. 3) Kuf` - Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr jfi
jfifrfr dskd
dskd`f `f`e
`etf
tfss smru
smruk k ifa
- JmJmjujurf
rfah
ahfa
fa vvd`
d`uk
ukmm bf
bfer
erfa
fa.. 5) Ay
Aymrmree fo
foid
idkm
kmaa urea.
- Jurf rfa
ah pmapmahmtfc
tfcufa
ufa tmatmatfah
fah 67) Iefrm
Iefrm - Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr pmr
pmrmjmjfk
fkfafa MJH,
MJH, pm pmru
ruof
ofcf
cfa
a
lfjtdr ieuofc. 66) Yeifj ifpft omresterfcft
omresterfcft foadrkf`
foad rkf` pfif jf`euk,jf`euk, jf`sjf`seuk
euk ifa
- Kuatfc. 6?) Rfjet jmpf`f kfhamseuk.
62) Jmnfah
Jmnfah - Bf
Bftf
tftt j
jmj
mjuf
uftf
tfa
ad dtd
tdt.
t.
Jdaiese yfah tmjfet > 69) Jdkf
Jdkf - Bftf
Bftftt fififa
fayf
yf pm
pmru
ruof
ofcf
cfaa sma
smasf
sfse
se pfif
pfif
- Hfahhufa kmjfaeskm fmr
fmrfc
fc pm pmrel
relmr,
mr, tmrkf
tmrkfsuj
suj jm jmofs
ofs ifa
ifa
pmahfturfa.
pmahftur fa. Cf` 625. Jmpfrfcfa cepdjf`mkef trmkdr.
- Ies
Ieslua
luahse
hse pma
pmahfhftur
turfa
fa mai
maidj
djrea
rea.. 6) Wmau
Wmauruaf
ruafa a smruk
smruk pdtf
pdtfsseu
sseuk
k - Eima
Eimate
tele
lejf
jfse
se teai
teaifj
fjfafa yfa
yfah h omrf
omrfjejeof
oftt
- Ieslueslua
ahse
hse he
heaanf
nf`.
`. ?) Wmau
Wmauruaf
ruafa a tmjf
tmjfafa
afa ifrf
ifrfcc pfif stftus m`mjtrd`et.
m`mjtrd`et.
- Wrdh
Wrdhrfrfk
kp pma
mahd
hdof
oftf
tfa.
a. 2) Fretk
retkefef - Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr fif
fifayayff pmayf
pmayfje jett kmies
kmies yf yfah
ah
9) Wm
Wmru
ruof
ofcf cfa
a MJ
MJH H ifpft kmaymofojfa
=) Jm`m
Jm`mfc
fcfa
fa jmteifjsmekofahfa m`mjtrd`et.
<) @mtf
@mtfrh
rhee - Om
Omre
rejf
jfa
a sup`m
`mk
kma m`m`mj
jtrd
trd`e
`ett yfah

8) FZftes smsufe.
3) Im
Impr
prms
msee km
kmat
atf`
f` - Om
Omre
rejf
jfaa iemt
iemt yfyfah
ah tmpf
tmpftt pf
pfifif pfse
pfsema
ma
5) Jdalalu
use imahfa jmteifjsmekofahfa m`mjtrd`et.
67) Fadrmjsef - Fnf
Fnfrjf
rjfaa jm
jmpf
pfif
if pfse
pfsema
ma bfrf
bfrf km
kmababmhf
mhfcc
66) Kuf` jmteifjsmekofahfa m`mjtrd`et.
6?) Kuatfc
Kuatfc - Fanur
Fanurjf
jfa a jm
jmpfi
pfiff pf
pfsem
sema a ftfu
ftfu jm`u
jm`ufrh
frhff
62) Jdastepfse kmahmaf` kdielejfse iemt jcusus, nejf
69) Iestmase foidkma
foidkma iepmr`ujfa.
6=) Jm`mkfcfa
Jm`mkfcfa dtdt - Jdasu su`t
`tffse
sej
jfa jmpfi fiff idjtmdjtmrr nej
nejf
6<) Wmauruafa tdaus
tdaus dtdt tfaiff ifa hmnf
tfai hmnf`f
`f jmte
jmteifj
ifjsmek
smekofa
ofahfa
hfa
68) Jdkf
Jdkf bfe
bferfa
rfa ftfu
ftfu m`mjtr
m`mjtrd`e
d`ett kmkmamt
amtfp
fp ftfu
ftfu
kmkouruj.
Cf` 6<<. Kfafnmkma m`mjtrd`et
- Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr ae`f
ae`fee sm
smru
ruk
k m` m`mj
mjtr
trd`
d`et
et yf
yfah
ah
foadrkf`.
- Kdaetdr kfaelmstfse
jmteifjsmekofahfa m`mjtrd`et.
- Wmrt
Wmrtfc
fcfa
fajfjfaa pmpmab
abft
ftft
ftfafa fs
fsup
upfa
fa ififa
a
cf`ufrfa yfah fjurft.
- Wmrtfvmadus
eatrf cfadus
eatrfvma jfa omrese
omrepsemkm`mj
omretrd`et
fa t imah
m`mjtrd`e bferffa
imahfa a
`fnu yfah `fkoft.
- Omre
Omrejf
jfa
a sup
sup`m
`mkm
kma a m`m
m`mjt
jtrd
rd`e
`et.
t.
- Omre
Omrejf
jfa
a m`
m`mj
mjtr
trd`
d`et
et tm
tmre
rejf
jft.
t.
- Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr jmc
jmce`
e`fa
fahf
hfaa bf
bfer
erfa
fa yfyfah
ah jfyf
jfyf
imahfa m`mjtrd`et.
- @fjujfa pmahujurfa uatuj
kmahdatrd` jmce`fahfa m`mjtrd`et yfah
omr`moecfa..
omr`moecfa
- Omrejfa iemt smsufe imahfa
jmteifjsmekofahfa m`mjtrd`et pfsema.
 - Eas
Eastru
trujse
sejjfa pfse sema
ma ifa jm`uf `ufrhf
rhf
kmah
kmahmamafefe kdie
kdiele
lejf
jfse
se iemt
iemt sm
smbf
bfrf
rf
spmselej.
- Fnf
Fnfrjf
rjfaa pf
pfsem
sema
a ifa
ifa jm`uf
jm`ufrhf
rhf k
kmah
mahma
mafe
fe
nmaes, pmaymofo ifa pmahdoft pmahdoftfafa
fpfoe`f
fpfo e`f tmri
tmrifpft
fpft jmte
jmteifj
ifjsmek
smekofa
ofahfa
hfa
m`mjtrd`et, yfah smsufe.
- Kda
Kdaetd
etdrr rms
rmspda
pda pfs
pfsema
ema tmrcf
tmrcfifp
ifp tmrfp
tmrfpee
m`mjtrd`et yfah iermsmpjfa.

9. Ekp`mkmatfse
Ekp`mk
Ekp`mkmat
matfse
fse fif`fc
fif`fc teaifj
teaifjfa
fa yfah ie`
ie`fjuj
fjujfa
fa smsufe
smsufe imahfa
imahfa rmabfa
rmabfaff
fsucfa jmpmrfwftfa yfah tm`fc iesusua smom`ukayf omrifsfrjfa teaifjfa
yfah tm`fc ieouft, iekfaf teaifjfa yfah ie`fjujfa kmabfjup teaifjfa
kfaiere kfupua jd`fodrfse.
=. Mvf`ufse
Mvf`ufse fif`fc tfcfp fjcer ifre prdsms jmpmrfwftfa.
 OFO EEE

RY]IE JFR]R IFA FR]CFA JMWM_FXFYFA

F. Jfsus
Rmdrfah kfcfseswf pmrfwft, Amrs Kuif F km`fjujfa pmahjfnefa jmpfif
pfsema Ya. I omrukur 9= tfcua. Kfsuj iftfah jm EHI Wuju` 79.6=
79.6 = XEO imahfa
jm
jm`u
`ucf
cfa
a iefr
iefrmm sm
smnf
nfj
j ? cf
cfre
re yf
yfah
ah `f
`f`u
`u.. Amrs
Amrs F km`f
km`fju
jujfa
jfa pm
pmah
ahjfn
jfnef
efa
a ifa
kmaifpftjfa iftf smofhfe omrejut>
6. OFO mabmr
mabmr omr`ma
omr`maier
ier imahfa
imahfa lrmjumase
lrmjumase 9-= jf`e
jf`e smcfre
smcfre
 ?. Wfsema
Wfsema kmahft
kmahftfjf
fjfa
a ofifa
ofifa tmrfs
tmrfsff `mkfs
`mkfs
2. Wfsema
Wfsema tmr`ec
tmr`ecft
ft `mkfs
`mkfs ifa pubft
pubft
9. Cfse` pmkmre
pmkmrejsffa
jsffa lesej
lesej ieifpftjfa
ieifpftjfa turhdr
turhdr ju`et
ju`et nm`mj,
nm`mj, kujdsf
kujdsf oeoer
oeoer jmreah,
jmreah,
ofifa pfsema pfafs, wfraf ifa ofu lmsms jcfs, kftf bmjuah, kmkorfa
kujdsf pubft

=. Wmkmre
Wmkmrejsf
jsffa
fa m`mjt
m`mjtrd`
rd`et
et J
Jf`e
f`euk
uk ?,2
?,2
<. Wfsema
Wfsema nuhf
nuhf kmahf
kmahftfj
tfjfa
fa smtefp
smtefp keauk
keauk tmrfs
tmrfsff kuf`
8. Wfsema
Wfsema kmahft
kmahftfjf
fjfa
a teifj
teifj afls
aflsu
u kfjfa
kfjfa
3. Wfsema
Wfsema kmah
kmahftf
ftfjfa
jfa su`e
su`ett uatuj
uatuj kmam`
kmam`fa
fa
5. Rmom`u
Rmom`ukay
kayff pfsema
pfsema kmahjdas
kmahjdasuks
uksee kfjfafa
kfjfafa yfah
yfah pmifs
67. Yfaif- tfaif vetf`
vetf` > YI 667/<7 kkCh,
kkCh, Afie 8<x/kmaet,
8<x/kmaet, __ ?7x/km
?7x/kmaet,
aet,
Rucu 23,= B

V. Wmah
Wmahjfjfnenefa
fa
Eaes
Eaesef
ef`` Wfs
Wfsem
ema
a > Ya.
Ya. I
]kur > 9= tfcua
Nmaes Jm`fkea
Jm`fkea > @fje-
@fje- `fje
Ad. K_ > 7776
_ufa
_ufah
h _fw
_fwft
ft > EHI
EHI

6. Wmahjfnefa
f. _ewf
_ewfyf
yftt Jmpm
Jmpmrf
rfwf
wftf
tfa
a
- Jm`ucfa ]tfkf
Wfsema kmahm`ucjfa iefrm smnfj ? cfre yfah `f`u
- _ewf
_ewfyf
yftt Wma
Wmayf
yfje
jett Rmjf
Rmjfrf
rfah
ah
Wfsema
Wfsema iftfah jm EHI pfif Wuju` 79.6= XEO, pfsema kmahftfjf
kmahftfjfa
a

smom`u
smom`ukay
kayff kmkfjfa
kmkfjfa kfjfaf
kfjfafaa yfah
yfah pmifs
pmifs yfah ieom`e
ieom`eayf
ayf ie
jmife imjft
jmife imjft rukfca
rukfcayf.
yf. Rmtm`f
Rmtm`fc
c omomrf
omomrfpf
pf nfk jmkuie
jmkuiefa,
fa, pfsema
pfsema
kmah
kmahf`
f`fk
fkee ou
oufa
fah
h fe
ferr om
omsf
sfrr 9- = jf
jf`e
`e if
if`f
`fk
k sm
smcf
cfre
re im
imah
ahfa
fa
jdasest
jdasestmas
masee mabmr
mabmr omr`ma
omr`maier
ier.. Wfsema
Wfsema kmahft
kmahftfjf
fjfa
a smtefp
smtefp keauk
keauk
 tmrfsf kuf`, teifj aflsu kfjfa ifa su`et uatuj kmam`fa. Wfsema
tmr`ecft pubft ifa `mkfs. @f`u pfsema ieofwf jm rukfc sfjet ifa
iepm
iepmre
rejs
jsff d`mc
d`mc idjtm
idjtmr.
r. Cfse
Cfse`` pm
pmkm
kmre
rejs
jsff
ffa
a tf
tfaif
aif ‒ tf
tfaif
aif ve
vetf
tf``
ieifpftjfa cfse` tmjfafa ifrfc > 667/<7kkCh, sucu 23,= imrfnft
bm`beus, afie 8< x/kmaet, pmrafpfsfa ?7 x/kmaet.
- _ewf
_ewfyf
yftt Wmay
Wmayfj
fjet
et Rmom
Rmom`u
`uka
kayf
yf
Wfsema kmahftfjfa teifj pmrafc ierfwft ie rukfc sfjet imahfa
jm`ucfa yfah sfkf
- _ewf
_ewfyf
yftt Wma
Wmayf
yfje
jett Jm`
Jm`uf
ufrh
rhf
f
Wfsema kmahftfjfa teifj fif fahhdtf jm`ufrhf yfah kmkpuayfe
rewfyft pmayfjet yfah sfkf, teifj fif yfah kmkpuayfe pmayfjet
jmturuafa smpmrte cepmrtmase, iefomtms km``etus, jfajmr smrtf teifj
fi
fiff yf
yfah
ah kmkp
kmkpua
uayf
yfee pmayf
pmayfje
jett kmau
kmau`f
`frr sm
smpm
pmrt
rtee CE
CE\/
\/FE
FEIR
IR,,

cmpftetes ifa YOB.

o. Cfse` Wmkmrejsffa Lesej
- Jmfiffa ]kuk Wfsema
ema
Jmfiffa pfsema tfkpfj sfjet imahfa teahjft jmsfifrfa omrsjf`f 6=
(Bdkpds kmatres
kmatres).
). Wdstur
Wdstur tuouc pfsema
pfsema tmhfj ifa teifj
teifj jurus,
jurus,

wfraf ju`et sfwd kftfah, turhdr ju`et nm`mj ifa jmreah, tfapf fif
sefadses, pfsema tmr`ecft pubft.
- Jmpf`f
Ju`et jmpf`f tmr`ecft omrsec , rfkout tmof` omrwfraf cetfk, teifj
fif rfkout
rfkout rdatdj
rdatdj,, teifj
teifj fif aymre
aymre tmjfa.
tmjfa. Kftf
Kftf sekmtr
sekmtres
es tmt
tmtfpe
fpe
bmjuah, tmrifpft `eahjfr cetfk ieofwfc jm`dpfj kftf, jdanuahtevf
famkes,
famkes, pupe`
pupe` esdjdr
esdjdr ifa teifj
teifj fif aymre
aymre tmjfa.
tmjfa. Ceiuah
Ceiuah omrsec
omrsec

tfapf smbrmt, pmabeukfa ofej, teifj fif pd`ep ifa teifj seausetes.
Ym`eah
Ym`eahff omrsec
omrsec tfapf
tfapf fif hfahhufa
hfahhufa pmaimahf
pmaimahfrfa
rfa.. Kujdsf
Kujdsf oeoer
oeoer
jmreah, hehe `mahjfp ifa omrsec.
 @mcmr
Yeifj fif pmkomahjfjfa jm`manfr terdei, teifj fif jfju juiuj,
teifj tmrfof kfsf ifa teifj fif aymre tmjfa.
- Ycdrfx
Omat
Omatuj
uj tcdr
tcdrfx
fx se
sekm
kmtr
tres
es,, hm
hmrf
rfjf
jfa
a if
ifif
if se
sekm
kmtr
tres
es,, te
teif
ifj
j fi
fiff
pmkomahjfjfa, teifj fif `ujf ifa aymre tmjfa.
- Foidkma
Yeifj fif `ujf foidkma, foidkma jmkouah, fifayf oeseah usus
2= x/kmaet, tmrifpft aymre tmjfa pfif jufirfa ftfs foidkma, sufrf
pmrjurse foidkma tcykpfae.
- Hmamtf`ef if
ifa fa
faus
Hmamtf
Hmamtf`ef
`ef omrsec
omrsec ifa teifj
teifj tmr
tmrpfs
pfsfah
fah jftmtm
jftmtmr.
r. Faus
Faus omrsec
omrsec ifa
fifayf jmkmrfcfa.
- Mjstrmketfs

Yeifj tmrifpft mimkf pfif mjtrmketfs ftfs kfupua mjstrmketfs

ofwfc. Yeifj tmrifpft aymre tmjfa. ]nuah juju teifj sefadses.
Ymrpfsfah ealus pfif tfahfa jere pfsema.
- Jmjuftfa dt
dtdt
Wfsema teifj kmahf`fke jrfk dtdt

b. Cfse
Cfse`` Wmkmr
Wmkmrej
ejsf
sffa
fa Wmau
Wmauan
anfa
fah
h
Cfse` pmkmrejsffa
pmkmrejsffa m`mjtrd`et
m`mjtrd`et ieifpftjfa
ieifpftjfa Jf`euk
Jf`euk ?,2 kkd`/
kkd`/@,
@, ju`tur
ju`tur
lmsms wfraf ifa ofu jcfs

?. Iefhadsm Jmpmrfwftfa (AFAIF) ie`mahjfpe imahfa ID ifa IR

- WfsemaIftkmah
Wfsema f Rahft
km uoftfj
nmfjfa
jfa
tel suif
suifc
c - KfItfftf pf
Kftf Dsema
onma
pfse mjtelbm
bmjuah,, JmjurfahIfeafhadsf \d`ukm
juah
OFO
OFO 9-=
9-= jf`e
jf`e if
if`f
`fk
k sm
smcfr
cfree jdanuahtevf famkes. Bferfa o.i jmce`fahfa
imah
imahfa
fa jdas
jdases
estm
tmas
asee mabm
mabmrr - Yurh
Yurhdr
dr ju`
ju`et jurf
jurfah
ah bferfa fjtel
 omr`maier. m`fstes.
- Wfs
Wfsema
ema kmahft
kmahftfjfa
fjfa ofifayf
ofifayf - _mle` jfpe`mr = imtej.
`mkfs. - Kujdsf oeoer jmreah.
- YI > 667/<7 kkCh
- A > 8<x/kmaet

- Y > 23, = imrfnft bm`beus.

- Wfsema kmahftfjfa iefrm - Xfnfc tfkpfj pubft. Jmteifjsmekofahfa autrese>
- Wfs
Wfsema
ema kmah
kmahft
ftfj
fjfa
fa teifj
eifj - Jdanuahtevf famkes. ju
jurrfah ifre jmoutucfa
aflsu
aflsu kfjf
kfjfa
a if
ifa
a jm
jmsu
su`e
`etf
tfa
a - Oe
Oese
seah
ah us
usus
us pf
pfse
sema
ma 2= tu
tuou
ouc
c o.i ju
jurf
rfah
ah fs
fsup
upfa
fa
uatuj kmam`fa x/kmaet. kfjfafa
- Kujd
Kujdsf
sf oe
oeoe
oerr jm
jmre
reah
ah
ifa pubft.
- Kmkorfam kujdsf
pubft
- Wf
Wfssema kmahftfj
fjffa of
ofi
ifa - Wf
Wfse
sema
ma tf
tfkp
kpfj
fj `m
`mkf
kfss Iefrm
`mkfs ifa pubft
- Wfs
Wfsema
ema kmahf
mahfttfj
fjfa
fa OFO - Oeseah usus cepmrfjtel
mabmr omr`maier imahfa - Ofu
Ofu ifa
ifa wfr
wfraf lm
lmssms
lrmjumase 9-= jf`e smcfre jcfs
- Wfse
Wfsema
ma kmah
kmahft
ftfj
fjfa
fa suif
suifc
c - YI> 667/<7 kkCH, A>

iefrm ? cfre 8<x/kmaet, W >

?7x/kmaet, R > 23,= B
- Jf`euk ?,2 kkd`/@
 2. Eatmrvmase Jmpmrfwftfa
Jmpmrfwftfa (AEB-ADB) >

Ad Iefhadsf Jmpmrfwftfa ADB AEB

6. 777?8 Jmjurfahfa vd`ukm bferfa 7<76 Jmsmekofahfa bferfa 96?7 Kfafnmkma Bferfa
Imlmaese > Wmauruafa bferfa Imleaese > JmsJmsmek
mekof
ofah
ahfa
fa bferfa
bferfa ie Im
Imle
leaese > Kmaeahjft
aese Kmaeahjftjfa
jfa jmsmekofahfa
jmsmekofahfa bferfa ifa
eatrfvfs
eatrfvfsbu`f
bu`fr,r, eatm
eatmrstes
rstesef`,
ef`, ifa
ifa// ftfu if`fk rufah eatrfsm`u`mr ifa pmabmhf
pmabmhfcfa
cfa jdkp`ejfse
jdkp`ejfse yfah iecfse`jfa ifre teahjft
ea
eatr
trfs
fsm`
m`u`
u`fr
fr.. Eae
Eae km
kmahahfb
fbu
u pf
pfif
if mjstrfsm`u`mr
mjstrfsm`u`mr tuouc.
bferfa teifj adrkf` ftfu teifj ieeaheajfa.
imceirfse, jmce`fahfa
jmce`fahfa bferfa sfnf tfapf
pmruofcfa
pmruofc fa jfifr aftr
aftreuk.
euk. Rjf`f Dutbdkm >
6 > Rfahft tmrhfahhu Fjteletfs >
Oftfsfa Jfrfjtmrestej > = > Yeifj tmrhfahhu - Nfhf fsupfa
fsupfa yfahyfah fjurft
fjurft ifa bftft
bftft du
dutput
tput pfse
pfsema.
ma.
- Jm`mkfcfa - Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdrr st
stft
ftus
us c
cei
eirf
rfse
se
- Kmkorfa kujdsf jmreah Eaiejftdr > - Kda
Kdaetdetdrr tf
tfai
aiff ‒ tfaif
tfaif v vetf
etf`` pf
pfsem
sema.
a.
- Wmaeahjftfa sucu tuouc 7<7676 Ymjfafa ifrfc - Kd
Kdaeaetd
tdr
r s
stf
tftu
tus
s h
hez
eze.
e.
- Ju`et jmreah 7<76?? Imayut afie rfief` - Ies
Iestre
treou
ousej
sejfa
fa fs
fsupf
upfa a bfe
bferfa
rfa sm`f
sm`fkf
kf ?9 nnfk
fk..
7<767= Imayut pmrelmr - Iu
Iujujuah
ah pfspfsem
emaa if
ifa a jm`u
jm`ufrfrhf
hf uatuj
uatuj kmkof
kmkofat atu
u
7<7678 Jmsmekofahfa
Jmsmekofahfa eatfj ifa dutput if`fk pmkomrefa kfjfa imahfa ofej.
if`fk ?9 nfk - Kmko
Kmkouf uftt `f
`fru
rutf
tfa
a hu`
hu`ff hhfr
frfk
fk
7<7675 Omrft ofifa stfoe`
 7<766< Yurhdr ju`et
7<7668 Jm`mkofofa kmkorfa kujdsf

Rjf`f Dutbdkm >

6 > Omrft
= > Yeifj fif

Eaiejftdr >
7<7662 Od`f kftf bmjuah ifa `mkomj
7<766= Jmcfusfa

7<76?2 Jrfk dtdt

7<7? Ceirfse
aese > Jmtmrsmieffa fer yfah bujup
Imleaese
Imle
if`fk
if`fk jdkjdkpfrt
pfrtmkma
mkma eatr
eatrfsm`
fsm`u`mr
u`mr ifa
mjstrfsm`u`mr
mjstrfsm`u`mr tuouc.
Rjf`f Dutbdkm >
6 > Rfahft tmrhfahhu
= > Yeifj tmrhfahhu

Eaiejftdr >
7<7?76 Yurhdr ju`et
7<7?7? Kmkorfa kujdsf `mkofo
7<7?6= Eatfjm bferfa
7<7?66 Dutput uream

Rjf`f Dutbdkm >

6 > Omrft
= > Yeifj fif

Eaiejftdr >
7<7?7= Cfus
7<7?65 Xfraf uream jmruc
7<7?73 Od`f kftf bmjuah ifa `uafj
7<7?6? Wmaruafa tmjfafa ifrfc
7<7??6 Afie bmpft ifa `mkfc
7<7??2 Jmce`fahfa omrft ofifa
7<7??9 Dtdt tmhfah
7<7??< Iefrm

7<7??8 Wmaeahjftf sucu tuouc

?. 7777? Jmteifjsm
Jmteifjsmekofahf
ekofahfa a Autrese> 6779 Rtftus Autrese 6677 Kfafnmkma Autrese
Jurfah ifre Jmoutucfa Yuouc Imleae
Iml se > Rmnfuc kfaf autrese iebmraf Im
eaese Imle
leaese > Kmaymief
aese Kmaymiefjfa
jfa ifa kmaeahjf
kmaeahjftjfa
tjfa eatfjm
Imlmaese > Fsupfa autrese teifj bujup ifa iesmrfp uatuj kmkmauce jmoutucfa autrese yfah smekofah.
uatuj kmkmauce jmoutucfa kmtfod`ej.
 kmtfod`ej.
Fjteletfs >
Rjf`f Dutbdkm >
Oftfsfa Jfrfjtmrestej> 6 > Rfah
Rfahft
ft kma
kmayekp
yekpfahfah ifre rmat
rmatfah
fah - East
Eastrujs
rujsejfa
ejfa pfse
pfsema
ma kmahmaf
kmahmafee jmoutu
jmoutucfa
cfa autrese.
autrese.
- Iefrm adrkf` - Ym
Ymat
atuj
ujfa
fa nmnmae
aess au
autr
tres
esee yfah
yfah ieout
ieoutuc
ucjf
jfaa uauatu
tujj
- Kmkorfa kujdsf pubft = > teifj
teifj kmay
kmayekp
ekpfafah
h if
ifre
re rma
rmatfa
tfah
h kmkmauce pmrsyfrftfa heze.
- Jurfah keaft pfif kfjfafa adrkf` - Yfwf
Yfwfrjfa
rjfa kfjfa
kfjfa yfah
yfah reahf
reahfa
a yfah
yfah pfift
pfift heze.
heze.
- Jm`mkfcfa dtdt uatuj kmam`fa - Fanu
Fanurjrjfa
fa pfpfse
sema
ma ua
uatutuj j km
kmkf
kfat
atfu
fu jf
jf`d
`dre
re if
ifaa
Eaiejftdr > eatfjm kfjfafa.
677976 Fsupfa heze
67797? Fsupfa kfjfafa
677973 Fsupfa bferfa
677972 Mamrhe
67797=
67797= _fsed omrf
omrftt ofi
ofifa
fa ifa teahhe
ofifa
677966 Ceirfse

6769 Aflsu Kfjfa

Imlmaese > Jmeaheafa uatuj kfjfa

Rjf`f Dutbdkm >

6 > Rfahft Ymrhfahhu
= > Yeifj Ymrhfahhu

Eaiejftdr >

676976 Cfsrft/jmeaheafa uatuj kfjfa

676972 Kmaymafahe kfjfafa
67697< Eatfjm kfjfafa
676978 Eatfjm autrese
676973 Eatfjm bferfa
2. 77762 Iefrm 7<76 jmsmekofahfa Bferfa 79<7 kfafnmkma bferfa
Imleaese Imleaese > kfafnmkma ifa pmaymkoucfa iefrm
Imleaese > pfsfrm lmsms yfah `uafj ifa Jmsm
Jmsmekof
ekofahfa
ahfa bferfa
bferfa ie if`f
if`fk
k rufah
rufah
teifj omromatuj. eatrfsm`u`mr ifa msjtrfsm`u`m
msjtrfsm`u`mr.
r. Fjteletfs >
- Ymatujfa rewfyft iefrm
Rjf`f Dutbdkm> - Fkoe` teanf uatuj pmkmrejsfffa ju`tur
Oftfsfa jfrfjtmrestej > 6 > sfahft tmrhfahhu - Omre kfjfafa if`fk pdrse jmbe` ifa `moec smreah
- oeseah usus cepmrfjtel = > teifj tmrhfahhu smrtf teahjftjfa pdrse smbfrf omrtfcfp
- fif idrdahfa uatuj imlmjfse - Fanurjfa pfsema ceaifre kfjfafa pmifs
- - imlmjfse lmsms bfer 82 if`fk ?9 Eaiejftdr> - Eimatelejfse lfjtdr pmaymofo iefrm
nfk 7<7676 Ymjfafa ifrfc - Kdaetdr tfaif ifa hmnf`f iefrm
7<76?? Imayut afie rfief` - ]jur iefrm/dutputpmabmraffk

7<7675
7<767? Omrft Ofifa
Ymjfafa Rtfoe`
Frtmre rftf-rftf
7<7672 Ymjfafa vmaf smatrf`
7<7678Jmsmekofahfa eatfjm ifa dutput
if`fk ?9 nfk
 9. Ekp`mkmatfse ifa Mvf`ufse Jmpmrfwftfa

Cfre/ Ix Ekp`mkmatfse Jmpmrfwftfa Mvf`ufse

Yfahhf
`
6 - Kmahjfne tfaif-tfaif vetf`, R > Wfsema kmahftjfa
tuhdr ju`et, kmkorfam kujdsf ofifa tmrfsf `mkfs, pfsema
- Kmabftft eatfjm (nuk`fc ifa kmah
km ahft
ftfj
fjfa
fa kuf`
kuf` sm
smte
tefp
fp
nmaes) ifa dutput (wfraf, keauk, pfsema kmahftfjfa
vd`uam, lrmjumase ifa ku`ut jmreah
jdaseatmase)
- Kdaet
aetdr omrft o
offifa D > WfWfse
sema
ma tf
tfkp
kpfj
fj `m
`mkf
kfss
- Omre bferfa if
ifa
a pupubf
bfr,
r, of
ofif
ifa
a pf
pfse
sema
ma
pfafs, kftf bmjuah,
kujdsf oeoer jmreah, turhdr
ju`et nm`mj, B_Y 0? imtej,
jf`euk ?,2 kkd`/@

F > Kfsf`fc tmrftfse

W > Eatmr
Eatmrvmase
vmase ie`fanutjfa,
ie`fanutjfa,
kmkpmrtfcfajfa bferfa
? - Kmahftfse fi f if te
teifjayf f` f `mrhe R > Wfsema kmahftfjfa
kfjf
kf jfaf
afa,
a, kuf`
kuf` if ifa
a kuat
kuatfcfc,, kuf` smtefp keauk
smrtf rmspda `feaayf sfft kfjfa
Ya. I D > Kujds
Kujdsff oeoeoe
oerr jmrea
jmreah,
h,
- Kmab
Kmabftftft
ft ifa
ifa kmkkmkfa fatf
tfuu fsup
fsupfafa oeseah usus cepmrfjtel,
autrese Ya. I iefrm, jf`euk ?,2 kkd`/@
- Kmae
Kmaekokofafahh om
omrf
rftt of
ofif
ifaa Ya.I
Ya.I
- Kdae
Kdaetdtdrr iem
iemtt i
ifa
fa fsfsup
upfa
fa jf
jf`d
`dre
re F > Ya. I suifc
kmahmtfcue iemt yfah
iepmr`ujfa

W > Eatmr
Eatmrvmase
vmase ie`fanutjfa,
ie`fanutjfa,
kmahjfne rmspda sfft
pmkomrefa kfjfafa,
kmae
km aeko
kofafah
h omomrf
rftt of
ofifa
ifa,,
kmkfatfu fsupfa autrese
2 - Kmah
Km ahjf
jfne
ne tftfai
aif-
f-tf
tfai
aiff vetf `, R > Ya. I kmahftfjfa
vetf`,
turhdr ju`et, kmkorfam kujdsf ofifa `mkfs OFO mabmr
- Km`fjujfa pmahjfnefa foidkma ifa omr`maier imahfa
eapmj
eapmjse
se,, pf
pf`p
`pfs
fse,
e, pmr
pmrjuse, ifa lrm
juse, lrmjuma
jumase
se 9-= jf`e
jf`e smcfre
smcfre,,
 fusju`tfse pfsema kmahftfjfa suifc ?
- Kmahdosmrvf
Kmahdo smrvfse
se pmaymofo
pmaymofo iefrm cfre iefrm
Ya.I
- Kmahdosmrvf
Kmahdo smrvfse
se pmaymofo
pmaymofo iefrm D > Wfsema tfkpfj `mkfs &
Ya.I pubft, oeseah usus
- Kmaheastrujsejfa Ya. I ce
cepm
pmrj
rjft
ftel
el,, of
ofifa
ifa pf
pfse
sema
ma
kmabftft wfraf, vd`ukm, pfafs, kftf bmjuah,
lrmjumase ifa jdasestmase lmsms kujdsf oeoer jmreah, turhdr
- Kmah
Km ahfn
fnfr
frjf
jfa
a Ya.I
Ya.I kmkokmkoufuftt ju`et nm`mj, ofui fa wfraf
`frutfa ceirfse drf` lmsms jcf cfss, YI 667 67//<7
- Kmahfnurjfa Ya. I uatuj kkCh
kk Ch,, A 8<x/ 8<x/km
kmae
aet,
t, W
kmkp
km kpmr
mrtf
tfcf
cfaj
ajfa
fa pm
pmko
komr
mref
efa
a ?7x/kmaet, R 23,= B
bferfa, smiejet tfpe smreah
F > Ya.I suifc kfkpu ifa
pfcfk kmkouft `frutfa
ceirfsd drf` smbfrf kfaiere

W > Eatmr
Eatmrvmase
vmase ie`fanutjfa,
ie`fanutjfa,
kmaeah
kma eahjft
jftjfa
jfa pmkomr
pmkomrefa
efa
bf
bfer
erfa
fa ea eatf
tfjm
jm,, kmab
kmabft
ftft
ft
eatfjm dutput