\@FE^EYE NDBPYR\N
I\NRIEA LGGF 
B
N
Y
P
Y
P
 D
GA@J ?
EDB\N N\[EDRG
EA^E EDNDBNRE YEDR\N

S\GBN ? S@DBNBNFED RERELGKE

MEFPAREY R@FDNF 
PDN]@\YNREY D@K@\N H@BED
R.E <3<3
 

FERE S@DKEDRE\ 

 Esseaehueaenfuh [r. [l.

Suon bed syufur f`jebnret Eaaej Y[R yedk t`aej h`anhpejfed \ejhet
bed Ferudne-Dye f`pebe S`duans, s`jndkke Irntniea Lggf  ndn
 ndn bepet bns`a`senfed.
S`duans h`dkuiepfed ledyef t`rnhe fesnj f`pebe bgs`d hete fuanej Nahu
\`feyese Ndbustrn yedk t`aej h`hp`rieyefed tukes ndn f`pebe S`duans, s`jndkke
h`hp`rhubej S`duans beaeh h`hejehn het`rn pebe p`rfuanejed ndn. S`duans
h`dye
h`dyehp
hpenf
enfed
ed ledye
ledyef
f t`rn
t`rnhe
he fesnj
fesnj fer`de
fer`de l`an
l`aneu,
eu, ye
yedk
dk t`ae
t`aej
j h`hl
h`hl`r
`rnfe
nfed
d
ndstruftur bed h`hedbu S`duans, s`jndkke jea t`rs`lut turut h`hledtu S`duans
beaeh p`dy`a`sened Irntniea lggf ndn, s`rte f`pebe s`hue pnjef yedk turut edbna
beaeh h`hledtu
h`hledtu S`duans beaeh p`dy`a`sened
p`dy`a`sened irntnie lggf  ndn,
irntnie   ndn, s`jndkke irntniea 
lggft  ndn
 ndn bepet t`rs`a`senfed b`dked t`pet weftu.
S`duans h`dyebern lejwe irntnie
irntnieaa lggf ndn hesnj oeuj bern fete s`hpurde.
Y`keae frntnf fgdstruftnm bed sered yedk h`hledkud s`aeau S`duans jerepfed
b`hnn p`dy`hp
b`h p`dy`hpurde
urdeed
ed irn
irntn
tnie
ieaa lggf ndn bnf`hubn
lggf bnf`hubned
ed jern.
jern. Y`hgke
Y`hgke irntniea lggf 
s`b`rjede ndn bepet l`rhedmeet lekn pere p`hleie.
[esseaehueaenfuh [r. [l.

H`bed, <3 M`l <3<3

n
 

BEMRE\ SPYREFE

FERE S@DKEDRE\..........................
S@DKEDRE\................................................
............................................
..........................................
........................n
....n
BEMRE\ SPYREFE..................................
SPYREFE........................................................
............................................
......................................
................nn
nn
LEL N S@DBEJPAPED..........................
S@DBEJPAPED................................................
............................................
.......................................5
.................5
E. Aeter L`aefedk.....
L`aefedk..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
...........
................
...............5
.....5
L. Ruoued S`duansed....
S`duansed.........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..............<
.........<
LEL NN S@HLEJEYED............................
S@HLEJEYED..................................................
............................................................
......................................99
E. Nb`dtntes
Nb`dtntes Lufu.......
Lufu............
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............
................
.................9
........9
L. \ndkfesed
\ndkfesed Nsn Lufu........
Lufu.............
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
...........
................
...............9
.....9
I. S`dnaened
S`dnaened Nsn Lufu.......
Lufu............
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...........
...............
...............<3
......<3
LEL NNN S@DPRPS................................
S@DPRPS......................................................
..........................................................
........................................<<
....<<
E. F`snhpuaed...
F`snhpuaed........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
..............
...................
...............<<
......<<
L. Yered...............................................
Yered.....................................................................
............................................
.......................................<<
.................<<
BEMRE\ SPYREFE..................................
SPYREFE........................................................
..........................................................
....................................<2
<2

nn
 

LEL N
S@DBEJPAPED

E. Aete
Aeterr L`a
L`aef
efed
edk
k
Ndbustrn
Ndbustrn ebeaej suetu
suetu useje
useje eteu
eteu f`knete
f`kneted
d p`dkgaej
p`dkgaejed
ed lejed
lejed h`dtej
h`dtej eteu
eteu
 leredk s`t`dkej oebn h`doebn leredk oebn leredk oebn yedk h`hnanfn dnaen tehlej
udtuf
udtuf h`dbepe
h`dbepetfed
tfed f`udtudk
f`udtudked.
ed. Pseje
Pseje p`refnt
p`refnted
ed eteu
eteu ess`hla
ess`hlandk
ndk bed ouke
r`peresn ebeaej lekned bern ndbustrn. Jesna ndbustrn tnbef jedye l`rupe leredk,
t`tepn ouke beaeh l`dtuf oese.
\`feyes
\`feyesee ebeaej
ebeaej suetu
suetu p`d`rep
p`d`reped
ed fenbej-f
fenbej-fenbe
enbej
j nahu
nahu beaeh
beaeh p`aefsed
p`aefsedeed
eed
(s`p`rtn p`rediedked, p`hlueted fgdstrufsn, bed ouke p`dkgp`resned f`redkfe,
 p`reaeted, s`rte ouke snst`h yk `fgdghns ouke `mnsn`d.
`mns n`d.
Oebn r`feyese ndbustrn yentu suetu p`d`reped fenbej nahu yedk leru eteu
 l`rl`be bern s`l`auhdye udtuf h`hluet suetu useje
us eje ndbustrn eker useje t`rs`lut
t`r s`lut
a`lnj lenf.
Y`leken naustresn,
naustresn, ndbustrneansesn
ndbustrneansesn bn Ndbgd`sne bnhuaen pebe zehed p`doeoejed
p`doeoejed
L`aedbe, yedk s`iere udnf bnhuaen b`dked pelrnf kuae l`rsfeae l`ser bn puaeu
Oewe. Sebe p`rngb`
p`rngb` hedted Sr`snb`d
Sr`snb`d Yg`ferdg
Yg`ferdg (Grb` Aehe)
Aehe) bnseberfed pebe
f`ndknde
f`ndknded
d udtuf
udtuf h`dknsn
h`dknsn f`h`rb`
f`h`rb`feed
feed s`i`petd
s`i`petdye
ye bed udtuf
udtuf h`dy`oe
h`dy`oeoerf
oerfed
ed
ndbustrneansesn
ndbustrneansesn Ndbgd`sne b`dked d`kere Leret yedk t`aej heou, hnseadye
hnseadye
bnoeaedfed l`rleken prgy`f l`ser (ndbustrn l`rsfeae l`ser) s`p`rtn ndbustrn leoe
Ina`kgd, prgy`f Esejed, t`fstna, tehledk bed s`o`dnsdye. Beaeh p`h`rndtejed
 l`rnfutdye (`re Grb` Leru eteu hedted Sr`snb`d Yg`jertg) ndbustrn bn Ndbgd`sne
bnf`hledkfed beaeh f`redkfe juau-jnanr (up-str`eh bed bgwdstr`eh) b`dked
eses f`t`rfe
f`t`rfented
nted.. Ndbustrn
Ndbustrn juau eteu
eteu p`agpgr
p`agpgr ndbustr
ndbustrnn uhuhdye
uhuhdye ndbustr
ndbustrnn l`ser 
l`ser 
(Lebed Pseje Hnanf D`kere eteu LPHD) yedk bnledkud s`leken p`dy`bne lejed
 lefu lekn ndbustrn jnanr yedk bepet l`rufured
l`ruf ured f`ina eteu l`ser (useje
( useje sweste).

5
 

L. Ruou
Ruoued
ed S`d
S`dua
uans
nsed
ed
5. H`dehl
H`dehlej
ej wewesed
wewesed t`dtedk
t`dtedk r`feye
r`feyese
se ndbustrn
ndbustrn bern
bern l`rleken
l`rleken lufu
lufu .
<. Bepet
Bepet h`dkeman
h`dkemanfesn
fesnfed
fed beaeh
beaeh f`jnbuped
f`jnbuped s`jern
s`jern-jer
-jern.
n.
9. H`he
H`heje
jehn
hn f`a
f`a`h
`heje
ejed
d lufu.
lufu.
2. H`he
H`heje
jehn
hn f`
f`a`l
a`lnje
njed
d lufu
lufu..
0. H`ae
H`aetn
tnj
j ud
udtu
tuf
f h`d`
h`d`hu
hufe
fed
d su
suet
etu
u p`
p`rh
rhes
esea
eaej
ejed
ed be
beae
aeh
h s`lu
s`luej
ej lu
lufu
fu be
bed
d
h`hl`rnfed sered s`leken sgausn heseaej t`rs`lut.

<
 

LEL NN 
S@HLEJEYED

E. Nb`d
Nb`dtn
tnte
tess Lufu
Lufu

Ou
Oubu
buaa lu
lufu
fu ? Ndb us tr ne ans esn Sedked

S`dkeredk ? Srgm. Br. Nr. J. Huse Jul`ns, HY, Bnpa.Ndk, B@E.

L. \n
\ndk
dkfe
fese
sed
d Nsn
Nsn Lufu
Lufu

Lel
Lel N ? Ndb ust rne a nse sn be aeh Ertn Phu h

Y`leken
Y`leken naustresn
naustresn,, ndbustrn
ndbustrneans
eansesn
esn bn Ndbgd`sne
Ndbgd`sne bnhuaen
bnhuaen pebe zehed
zehed

 p`doeoejed
 p`doeoe jed L`aedbe, yedk s`iere udnf bnhuaen
bnhuae n b`dked pelrnf
pe lrnf kuae l`rsfeae l`ser 
bn puaeu
puaeu Oewe.
Oewe. Sebe p`rngb`
p`rngb` hedted
hedted Sr`snb`
Sr`snb`d
d Yg`ferdg
Yg`ferdg (Grb`
(Grb` Aehe)
Aehe)
bnseberfed pebe f`ndknded udtuf h`dknsn f`h`rb`feed s`i`petdye bed udtuf 
h`dy`oeoe
h`dy`oeoerfed
rfed ndbustrne
ndbustrneanses
ansesnn Ndbgd`s
Ndbgd`sne
ne b`dked
b`dked d`kere
d`kere Leret
Leret yedk t`aej
heou, hnseadye bnoeaedfed l`rleken
l`rleken prgy`f l`ser (ndbustrn l`rsfeae l`ser)
s`p`rtn ndbustrn leoe Ina`kgd, prgy`f Esejed, t`fstna,
t`fstna, tehledk bed s`o`dnsdye.
Beaeh p`h`rndtejed l`rnfutdye
l`rnfutdye (`re Grb` Leru eteu hedted Sr`snb`d Yg`jertg)
ndbustrn bn Ndbgd`sne bnf`hledkfed beaeh f`redkfe juau-jnanr ( up-str`eh
bed bgwdstr`eh) b`dked eses f`t`rfented. Ndbustrn juau eteu p`agpgr ndbustrn

uhuhdye ndbustrn l`ser (Lebed Pseje Hnanf D`kere eteu LPHD) yedk
bnledkud s`leken p`dy`bne lejed lefu lekn ndbustrn jnanr yedk bepet l`rufured
f`ina eteu l`ser
l`ser (useje sweste).
sweste). Fnd`roe nhpa`h`dtesn
nhpa`h`dtesn prgkreh
prgkreh ndbustrn juau-
jnanr h`dudouffed
h`dudouffed tedbe-tedbe
tedbe-tedbe yedk furedk h`dkudtudkfed,
h`dkudtudkfed, yefdn
yefdn (5) LPHD
 l`ser tnbef bepet h`doebn p`agpgr ndbustrneansesn
ndbustrneanses n eteu h`doebn l`led
`fgdghn tnbef `mnsn`d, (<) ndbustrn jnanr tnbef l`rf`hledk fer`de lufed s`leken
fgds`p l`rgrn`dtesn peser, bed (9) ndbustrn l`ser s`aeau ndknd h`hl`serfed

9
 

 p`rusejeeddye
 p`rusejee ddye b`dked fgds`p  s`am-summnin`diy bed lufed gutsgurindk s`jndkke
h`doebn l`led `fgdghn.

Ndbustrneansesn
Ndbustrneansesn bn Ndbgd`sne bnwerden ga`j tnke p`hnfnred l`rnfut?

5. H`dk
H`dked
edbe
beaf
afed
ed nd
ndbu
bust
strn
rn l`r
l`rle
lesn
snss aues
aues (lrgeb-les`b ndbustry) b`dked
h`dk`hled
h`dk`hledkfed
kfed f`kneted-f
f`kneted-f`knet
`kneted
ed yedk h`hnanfn
h`hnanfn f`udkkuae
f`udkkuaed
d fghperetn
fghperetnm 
m 
bed
bed fghp`
ghp`tn
tntn
tnmm. Bern p`h
p`hnf
nfnr
nred
ed ndn, t`rl
rluf
ufee f`s`
f`s`h
hpet
peted udtuf 
dtuf 
h`dk`hledkfed f`kneted-f`kneted
f`kneted-f`kneted yedk l`rsnmet  mggt-aggs` ndbustry, yefdn
ndbustrn
ndbustrn yedk tnbef bnhndetn
bnhndetn aekn ga`j d`kere
d`kere p`d`hudye
p`d`hudye,, t`tepn
t`tepn hesnj
 l`ruseje h`dbepetfed
h` dbepetfed `igdghni r`dt bern t`hued t`fdgagkn t`rs`lut.

<. H`d
H`dked
kedbea
beafe
fed
d ndbustr
ndbustrnn eteu f`knet
f`kneted-
ed-f`
f`kne
knete
ted
d str
stret`
et`kn
knss yedk
h`hedmeetfed t`fdgagkn iedkknj bed ruhnt ( jn-t`ij ndbustry) s`rte
s`rte l`rdnaen
l`rdnaen
tehlej tndkkn. S`hnfnred ndn l`resuhsn lejwe b`dked h`dkuesen jn-

t`ij (t`fdgagkn iedkknj) efed a`lnj hubej h`dkuesen ndt`rh`bnet` edb agw-
t`ij ndbustry (t`fdgagkn h`d`dkej bed s`b`rjede).

9. H`d
H`dnt
ntnfl
nfl`re
`retfe
tfed
d pebe
pebe ndbustr
ndbustrnn eteu f`kne
f`kneted
ted-f`
-f`kne
knete
ted
d yedk
h`hedmeetfed bed h`dinptefed dnaen tehlej leru lekn prgbuf-prgbuf 
 p`rtedned prnh`r, s`rte ndbustrn eteu f`kneted aend yedk h`hprgbufsn
h`hprgbufs n lejed-
 lejed bed eaet-eaet udtuf h`dndkfetfed
h`dndkfet fed prgbuftnvntes
prgbuftnv ntes p`rtedned (ekrg
ndbustry).

Hednm`stesn bern f`tnke p`hnfnred t`rs`lut s`iere dyete t`aej h`heiu

 p`rf`hl edked ndbustrn bn Ndbgd`sne. Ledkuded-ledkude

 p`rf`hledked Ledkuded -ledkuded
d pelrnf s`leken
t`hpett prgs`s
t`hpe prgs`s prgbufsn
prgbufsn t`rus l`rhudiuae
l`rhudiuaed
d bnhede-he
bnhede-hede.
de. Rnbef
Rnbef s`bnfnt
s`bnfnt
 pelrnf bnledkud bn s`leredk aejed bed tedpe p`r`diedeed yedk hetedk.
Efnletdye, ledyef aejed prgbuftnm lekn prgbufsn pedked (p`rtedned) yedk l`reanj
mudksn h`doebn fewesed pelrnf, s`jndkke h`dkedieh f`stelnaed prgbuftnvntes
 pedked s`leken f`lutujed utehe hesyerefet.
hesyerefe t. Efnlet aenddye, ledyef ledkuded
 pelrnf yedk h`dkkedkku
h`dkkedkk u tete fgte, lenf bern s`kn mudksn heupud f`ndbejed
f`ndbej ed bed
f`dyehededdye. Y`aend ntu, tndkfet p`di`hered anhlej pelrnf efjnrdye

2
 

h`dnhluafed f`r`sejed sgsnea yedk pebe knanreddye bepet h`hniu

h`hniu fgdmanf sgsnea
s`iere a`lnj aues.

E. Mnagsgmn Bed F`lnoefed Ndbustrneansesn

Y`iere mnagsgmns, ndbustrneansesn

ndbustrneansesn bepet bnedkkep s`leken snd`rkn bern
bnh`dsn heseaej b`dked fnd`roe bed perebnkhe yedk l`rhuere pebe t`he,
tuou
tuoued
ed be
bed
d sese
sesere
red
d (K
(Keh
ehle
lerr 5.<)
5.<) ye
yedk
dk h`do
h`doeb
ebnn be
bese
serr gp
gptn
tnhe
hesn
sn be
bern
rn
 p`dk`hledked
 p`dk`hle dked ndbustrn
ndbu strn yedk l`rtuoued pebe hedeo`h`d
hedeo`h` d bed YBH (Kehler 
(Ke hler 

5.9). Jea t`rs`lut h`dudouffed p`dbeaehed struftur ndbustrn bed f` erej hede
s`ftgr ndbustrn efed bnf`hledkfed, hnseadye ndbustrn pebet hgbea (jnkjt`ij)
vs ndbustrn pebe ferye, lenf yedk l`rgrn`dtesn `fspgr heupud f`s`hpeted f`roe
bn beaeh d`k`rn udtuf h`dbepetfed f`heoued t`fdns bed `mnsn`dsn eagfesn.
Beaeh jea ndn p`rau bnp`rtnhledkfed behpef bern h`fednsh
h`fednsh`` peser l`s`rte beur 
jnbup p`dk`hledked ndbustrn h`durut tndkfet fgh
fghp`
p`tns
tnsndye. Beaeh teteded
ndye.
f`lnoefed
f`lnoefed ndbustrne
ndbustrneanses
ansesn,
n, fgds`p
fgds`p juau-jna
juau-jnanr
nr bnaefsed
bnaefsedefed
efed s`leken
s`leken lekned
lekned bern
stret`kn sulstntusn nhpgr (Kehler 5.2) yedk bnoeaedfed pebe tejud 5>;3 ∜5>:0,
s`t`aej tejep r`jelnantesn
r`jelnantesn `fgdghn
`fgdghn (5>== ∜ 5>;3) b`dked erkuh`d h`andbudkn
ndmedt ndbustry, yentu
yentu (5) ndbustrn
ndbustrn f`ina
f`ina bed a`hej (ruhej
(ruhej tedkke)
tedkke) bepet
bepet
tuhluj
tuhluj b`dked
b`dked h`hedmee
h`hedmeetfed
tfed peser beaeh d`k`rn6
d`k`rn6 (<) useje
useje l`ser
l`ser yedk
tuhluj pebe p`rt`dkejed (5>:3 ∜ ed) h`dbepet prgt`fsn l`ra`lnjed, s`jndkke
tnbef tuhluj h`doebn ndbustrn hedbnrn bed `mnsn`d (tnbef fghp`tntnm), fer`de
 lneye prgbufsn p`r setued gutput tndkkn (hnsea, ndbustrn s`h`d, ndbustrn kuae,
ndbustrn gtghgtnm bed ndbustrn pupuf), eanj t`fdgagkn yedk tnbef l`roeaed
s`h`stndye (jedye ndbustrn p`refnted) bed ndbustrn l`rlejed lefu nhpgr. Jea
t`rs`lut h`dudouffed f`t`rfented p`dk`hledked s`ftgr ndbustrn b`dked s`ftgr 
aenddye (hnseadye, s`ftgr p`rtedned), yedk bnkehlerfed ga`j f`t`rfented f`
b`ped (peser) bed f` l`aefedk (lejed lefu) bern suetu prgs`s ndbustrneansesn
jganstnf udtuf h`dkjesnafed f`kneted fgdsuhsn heupud `fspgr.

0
 

S`rulejed stret`kn ndbustrn sulstntusn

sulstntusn nhpgr f` ndbustrn prghgsn `fspgr 
hudiua fer`de ebedye bnstgrsn `fgdghn l`rupe p`duruded jerke hndyef 
 luhn s`iere brehetns bern PY$ <>
< > p`r lerr`a pebe tejud 5>:5 h`doebn PY$>,;0
 p`r lerr`a pebe tejud 5>:9. Jea ndn h`hluet p`h`rndtej Ndbgd`sne
f`jnaedked
f`jnaedked f`hehpued
f`hehpued udtuf
udtuf h`hlneyen
h`hlneyen p`hledkud
p`hledkuded
ed ndbustrn
ndbustrn h`aeaun
h`aeaun
f`lnoefed prgt`fsn, hefe pebe tejud 5>:2 bnaefufed f`lnoefed stret`kn
stret`kn `fgdghn
t`rlufe
t`rlufe b`dked ndstruh`d
ndstruh`d ndbustrn
ndbustrn prghgsn
prghgsn `fspgr
`fspgr (Kehler
(Kehler 5.=) yedk
h`d`fedfed pebe prgbufsn fghgbntes `fspgr dgd-hnkes. Bern tejud f` tejud
jndkke tejud 5>>=, `fspgr dgd-hnkes h`dndkfet, t`tepn p`dndkfeted t`rs`lut
bnnfutn puae ga`j p`dndkfeted nhpgr, hefe `fgdghn sedket rewed t`rjebep
kudiedked auer d`k`rn. Jea t`refjnr bntudouffed ga`j frnsns `fgdghn yedk t`roebn
 pebe tejud 5>>;
5 >>; bed b`dked behpefdye
behpefdy e yedk hesnj t`rese jndkke
j ndkke seet ndn yedk
bninrnfed
bninrnfed ga`j jea s`p`rtn
s`p`rtn p`rtuhluj
p`rtuhlujed
ed `fgdghn
`fgdghn hesnj r`dbej,
r`dbej, ledyef 
ledyef 
 p`dkedkkured,
 p`dked kkured, h`dndkfetdye
h`dndkfe tdye ouhaej p`dbubuf
p`dbubu f hnsfnd, ndv`stesn esndk
h`durud eteu hesnj t`rletes bed fgdsuhsn bgh`stnf yedk h`dndkfet.

Ytret`kn
Ytret`kn ndbustrne
ndbustrneanses
ansesnn aenddye
aenddye (hnsea,
(hnsea, ndbustrn
ndbustrn l`rlesns
l`rlesns suhl`r 
suhl`r 
beye agfea) ebeaej yedk bepet h`dinptefed p`rtuhlujed tndkkn bed pebe
weftu l`rseheed bepet h`dinptefed aepedked f`roe yedk aues. Naustresn
t`rs`lut ebeaej stret`kn ndbustrneansesn l`rlesns useje f`ina h`d`dkej (PFH),
b`dked p`rtnhledked? (5) PFH h`hnanfn suhl`r p`rtuhlujed yedk
a`lnj h`h`dujn syeret udtuf h`dk`oer p`rtuhlujed bed p`h`reteed6 (<)
stret`kn ndn h`hudkfndfed p`dy`lered ndbustrn f` l`rleken agfesn6 (9) bern

meftgr pebe lutnr (5) bed (<) bnp`rfnrefed bepet h`dkkuanrfed prgs`s
ndbustrne
ndbustrneanse
ansesn
sn yedk h`dy`le
h`dy`lerr bed l`rf`sndeh
l`rf`sndehludke
ludked.
d. Pdtuf ntu, p`rau
p`rau
bnpejehn fereft`rnstnf
fereft`rnstnf PFH t`rjebep useje l`ser (PL ? Rel`a 5.5), rekeh
 pnanjed f`lnoefed bed p`rfnreed
p`rfnree d fnd`roe stret`kn l`rlesns PL bed stret`kn
PFH (Rel`a 5.<) s`leken aedbesed ndbustrneans
ndbustrneansesn
esn yedk bepet h`dkjesnafed
 p`rtuhlujed
 p`rtuhluj ed bed p`h`reteed p`hledkuded
p`hledkud ed `fgdghn
`fgdg hn yedk bnnfutn b`dked
 p`dk`hledked
 p`dk`hle dked nfanh fghp`tnsn ndbustrn Beaeh gp`resngdeadye,
gp`resngd eadye, f`lnoefed
ndbustrneansesn
ndbustrneansesn bepet bnanjet bern
b ern udnt f`kneted (p`rusejeed/ndbustrn) bed o`dns

=
 

 leredk/oese
 leredk/oe se yedk bnjesnafed.
bnjesnaf ed. Beaeh jea ndn, yedk bnhefsub
 p`rusejeed/ndbustrn
 p`rusejee d/ndbustrn ebeaej suetu udnt f`kneted useje prgbufsn yedk l`ragfesn
bn suetu t`hpet t`rt`dtu bed h`aefufed f`kneted h`dkulej lejed lefu
h`doebn leredk oebn eteu s`t`dkej oebn eteu leredk yedk furedk dnaendye
h`doebn a`lnj tndkkn dnaendye b`dked hefsub udtuf h`db`fetfed leredk/oese
t`rs`lut f`pebe fgdsuh`d efjnr. Beaeh prgs`s h`dkgaejdye bepet bnaefufed
s`iere h`fedns, fnhnewn, eteu b`dked tedked.

5. Gp`resngdeansesn Ndbustrn

H`anje
H`anjett o`dns
o`dns (lered
(leredk/o
k/oese
ese)) prgb
prgbuf
uf yedk
yedk bnjesn
bnjesnafe
afed
d ga`j
ga`j p`rus
p`rusej
ejeed
eed//
ndbustrn, hefe p`rusejeed/ndbustrn
p`rusejeed/ndbustrn t`rs`lut bepet bnfaesnmnfesnfed h`doebn
s`hlnaed
s`hlnaed kgagdked
kgagdked l`ser/
l`ser/ faesnmnf
faesnmnfesn
esn ndbustrn
ndbustrn,, pebe s`tnep
s`tnep kgagdked
kgagdked ndbustrn
ndbustrn
t`rs`lut t`aej bnl`rn dghgr eteu fgb` t`rt`dtu. S`dkkgagdked o`dns ndbustrn ndn
bnbeserfed etes  Ndt`rdetngdea Ytedberb Ndbustrnea Iaessnmnietngd mgr eaa 
 @igdghni Eitnvntn`s (NYNI).

Rel`a 5.9.

Faesnmnfesn ndbustrn h`durut fgb` ndbustrn

Fgb` Ndbustrn
Ndbustrn Prened
Prened O`dns Srgbufsn
Srgbufsn
95 Ndbustrn hefeded, hnduhed bed t`hlefeu

9< Ndbustrn t`fstna, pefened bed leredk bern fuant

99 Ndbustrn feyu, leredk bern feyu, s`rte ndbustrn

edyeh-ed
edyeh-edyehe
yehed
d Ndbustrn
Ndbustrn f`rtes,
f`rtes, leredk
leredk bern
92
f`rtes, jesna p`ri`tefed bed p`d`rlnted
p`d`rlnted Ndbustrn
90 fnhne,
fnhne, leredk
leredk-l
-lere
eredk
dk yedk
yedk l`rese
l`reseaa be
bern
rn
 lejed fnhne, p`trganuh, leredk bern letu lere,
fer`t, leredk bern fer`t, leredk bern paestnf 

;
 

Bn sehpndk p`dkgaejed ndbustrn h`durut o`dns prgbufdye, p`rusejeed

p`rusejeed//
ndbustrn bepet bnkgagdkfed etes ledyefdye t`deke f`roe yedk eftnm l`f`roe pebe
 p`rusejeed/ndbustrn
 p`rusejeed/n dbustrn yedk
yed k l`rsedkfuted,
l`rsedkfu ted, yentu?

e. Psej
Psejee ndbus
ndbustr
trnn f`re
f`reon
onde
ded
d ruhe
ruhej
j tedk
tedkke
ke/n
/ndb
dbus
ustr
trnn ruhe
ruhej
j tedk
tedkke
ke (N\R
(N\R))

ebeaej useje ndbustrn p`dkgaejed yedk h`hpudyen t`deke f`roe 5∜ 2 gredk.

 l. S`rusejeed/useje
S`rusejeed/ useje ndbustrn f`ina (NF) ebeaej p`rusejeed/ndbustrn
p`rusejeed/n dbustrn yedk
h`hpudyen t`deke f`roe 0 ∜5> gredk.

i. S`rusejeed/ndbustrn s`bedk eteu useje/ndbustrn f`ina h`d`dkej

(PFH/NFH) ebeaej p`rusejeed/ndbustrn yedk h`hpudyen t`deke f`roe

<3 ∜ >> gredk.

b. S`ru
S`ruse
seje
jeed
ed/n
/ndbu
dbust
strn
rn l`s
l`ser
er (PL)
(PL) ebea
ebeaej
ej p`ru
p`ruse
seje
jeed
ed/n
/ndb
dbus
ustr
trnn yedk
yedk
h`hpudyen t`deke f`roe 533 gredk eteu a`lnj.

Bern jea yedk t`aej bnf`hufefed pebe Rel`a 5.9 bed urened t`dtedk
 ledyefdye
 ledyef dye t`deke f`roe yedk bnanletfed, hefe bepet bnfetefed lejwe p`red
s`ftgr ndbustrn ebeaej?

e. S`hled
S`hledkud
kuded
ed ndb
ndbust
ustrn
rn yedk
yedk bepet
bepet h`hu
h`hupuf
puf bede
bede bed
bed tuhluj
tuhluj i`pe
i`pett
yedk bepet bnedbeafed lekn p`rtuhlujed ndbustrn aenddye, yedk prgbufsndye
bnlutujfed ga`j refyet ledyef.

 l. S`dk`hledked
S`dk`hled ked NFH yedk snmetdye pebet ferye b`hn t`rinptedye
f`s`hpeted f`roe yedk a`lnj aues bed p`dy`lered p`hledkuded
p`hledkuded ndbustrn f`
be`rej-be`rej.

i. Nfut
Nfut h`hledt
h`hledtu
u f`steln
f`stelnaed
aed f`tej
f`tejeded
eded desn
desngdea
gdea h`a
h`aeau
eaunn p`dinpt
p`dinptee
eed
d
aeped
aepedked
ked f`roe
f`roe leru
leru yedk
yedk h`rup
h`rupefe
efed
d serede
serede p`h`re
p`h`retee
teed
d p`db
p`dbepe
epeted
ted
refyet.

Ndbustrn
Ndbustrn s`leken
s`leken udnt f`kneted
f`kneted prgbufsn
prgbufsn h`dkjesn
h`dkjesnafed
afed prgbuf 
prgbuf 
 l`rupe leredk bed oese eteu bnf`dea s`leken prgbuf. Srgbuf ebeaej s`keae

:
 

s`suetu yedk bepet bntewerfed f` beaeh peser udtuf h`dbepetfed p`rjetned,

bnl`an,
bnl`an, bnp`rkud
bnp`rkudefed
efed eteu bnfgdsuhs
bnfgdsuhsn,
n, s`jndkke
s`jndkke bepet
bepet h`huesfe
h`huesfed
d suetu
suetu
f`ndknded eteu suetu f`lutujed, eteu bnertnfed s`leken s`fuhpuaed etrnlut
dye
dyete (tedknla`) bed tnbef dyete ( ndtedknla`), bnhede bn beaehdye subej
t`riefup werde, jerke, f`hesed, pr`stns` pelrnf,
p elrnf, pr`stns` p`dk`i`r bed
 p`aeyeded
 p`aeye ded bern pelrnf, s`rte p`dk`i`r yedk hudkfnd bnt`rnhe ga`j p`hl`an
s`leken s`suetu yedk lnse h`huesfed f`ndknded p`hl`an.

L. S`auedk, Redtedked Bed S`rheseaejed

S`rulejed andkfudked stret`kns (kagleansesn `fgdghn bed anl`reansesn

anl`reansesn
 p`rbekedked
 p`rbekedk ed budne) bed frnsns huatnbnh`dsn yedk hesnj bnjebepn Ndbgd`sne
t`aej
t`aej h`dbgrgdk
h`dbgrgdk f` upeye r`spgsntngdndk bern ndbustrneansesn pebe s`ftgr 
ndbustrn yedk s`aehe ndn bnaefufed, b`dked h`hp`rjetnfed p`rf`h
p`rf`hledked
ledked
 perebnkhe-perebnkhe
 perebnkhe -perebnkhe leru s`p`rtn Jef Esesn Hedusne (JEH), f`p`buaned
t`rjebep andkfudked, p`rlurujed eteu ebedye f`i`db`rudked tudtut
tudtuted
ed efed
stedber bed hutu ndt`rdesngdea (hnsea,
(hnsea,  sedntery bed  pjytgsedntery yedk h`anputn
f`eheded, f`s`jeted bed f`a`sterned
f`a`sterned andkfudked yedk efed l`rp`dkeruj
 pebe prgbuf `fspgr). Jea t`rs`lut p`rau bni`rhetn bed bnsnfepn h`aeaun
 p`dndkfeted
 p`dndkfet ed hutu YBH beaeh f`redkfe h`dkjebepn
h`dkjeb epn EMRE,  Esne Seinmni
 @igdghni Iggp`retngd (E
(ES@I
S@I)) bed [RG6
[RG6 p`dkue
p`dkuesee
seed
d t`fdga
t`fdgagkn
gkn,, lenf 
lenf 
t`fdgagkn prgs`s prgbufsn, rediedk ledkud, p`r`feyeseed h`snd bed p`reaeted,
s`rte r`feyese lngt`fdgagkn6 stret`kn p`hesered yedk bnbufudk ga`j f`heoued
t`fdgagkn ndmgrhesn (RN).

Bern jea yedk t`aej bnf`hufefed, t`ranjet lejwe s`ftgr ndbustrn

h`dk`hled
h`dk`hled hnsn s`leken
s`leken p`dkk`ref
p`dkk`ref utehe prgs`s ndbustrnean
ndbustrneansesn
sesn bed
s`feankus uoudk tghlef h`dkjebepn kagleansesn, b`dked p`hledkuded ndbustrn
yedk l`rwewesed andkfudked bed l`rf`aedouted, s`rte
s`rte l`rinrnfed p`rsendked
s`jet beaeh redkfe p`h`dujed f`lutujed
f`lutujed pgfgf hesyerefet, p`
p`dndkfeted
dndkfeted dnaen
tehlej, p`dk`hledked f`wnreusejeed bed p`dy`reped t`deke f`roe, s`rte
h`dk`hledkfed f`udkkuaed fghperetnm h`doebn f`udkkuaed fghp`tntnm. Beaeh
jea ndn, p`dk`hledked ndbustrn l`rf`udkkuaed fghp`tntnm jerus p`rau bnbufudk

>
 

b`dked
b`dked p`dndkfet
p`dndkfeted
ed oehnded
oehnded hutu bed aeyeded prgbuf
prgbuf h`aeaun
h`aeaun f`heoued
f`heoued
 p`dkueseed
 p`dkuese ed t`fdgagkn,
t`fdgag kn, `mnsn`dsn h`aeaun p`dndkfeted prgbuftnvntes,
prgbuftnvnt es, s`rte
 p`dk`hledked
 p`dk`hle dked oerndked useje t`rfent kude h`dbufudk
h`dbufud k prgs`s f` erej
sp`sneansesn f`kneted. Pdtuf h`wuoubfed struftur prgbufsn bed bnstrnlusn yedk
fgfgj
fgfgj bed l`rf`a
l`rf`aedo
edoute
uted,
d, hefe
hefe p`dk`h
p`dk`hled
ledked
ked ndbus
ndbustrn
trn h`dief
h`diefup
up
 p`dk`hledked
 p`dk`hl edked s`auruj hete redten f`kneted prgbufsn bed bnstrnlusn s`iere
t`rpebu bed bnf`hledkfed
b nf`hledkfed s`iere snd`rkns b`dked h`hedmeetfed s`iere gptnhea
f`udkkuaed fghperetnm bern s`ftgr p`dy`bne lejed lefu, p`dkgaejed, jndkke
jndkke
s`ftgr
s`ftgr oese
oese (prnh`
(prnh`r,
r, s`fudb
s`fudb`r
`r bed t`rsn
t`rsn`r)
`r).. Y`aed
Y`aedout
outdye
dye,, udtuf 
udtuf 
h`dkfgdsganbesnfed
h`dkfgdsganbesnfed p`hledkuded s`ftgr prnh`r, s`fudb`r bed t`rsn`r,
t`rhesuf
t`rhesuf f`s`nhledk
f`s`nhledked
ed p`rs`lered
p`rs`lered p`hledkud
p`hledkudeddy
eddyee bnt`hpuj
bnt`hpuj p`db`feted
p`db`feted
faest`r ndbustrn. H`aeaun p`db`feted t`rs`lut, bnjerepfed pgae f`t`rfented edter 
f`kneted, lenf bn s`ftgr ndbustrn s`dbnrn (f`t`rfented jgrnzgdte
jgrnzgdtea)
a) heupud edter 
s`ftgr
s`ftgr ndbustrn
ndbustrn b`dked
b`dked s`auruj
s`auruj oerndked
oerndked prgbufsn bed bnstrnlus
bnstrnlusnn t`rfent
t`rfent
(f`t`rfented v`rtnfea)
v`rtnfea) udtuf h`doewel tedtedked
tedtedked p`rsendked kaglea yedk f`tet,
 lenf bn peser beaeh
b eaeh d`k`rn
d` k`rn heupud
heup ud peser `fspgr.
`fspg r.

S`auedk bed tedtedked ndbustrneansesn bn ndbustrn tnbef a`pes bern nsu

kaglea
kaglea s`p`rt
s`p`rtnn p`rede
p`reded
d [RG beaeh
beaeh h`d`ke
h`d`keffe
ffed
d snst`h
snst`h p`rbek
p`rbekedk
edked
ed
huatnaet`rea6
huatnaet`rea6 anl`reansesn p`rbekedked yedk h`dkefnletfed bnturudfeddye
jehleted yedk l`rupe ternm6 tudtuted udtuf h`hp`rjetnfed esp`f f`rusefed
andkfudked jnbup s`leken efnlet p`dkkudeed t`fdgagkn ndbustrn yedk
h`dkefnletfed p`duruded hutu andkfudked6 nhpa`h`dtesn jef f`p`hnanfed

ndt`a`ftuea eteu JEFN (hnsea, h`rf bekedk, jef inpte bed pet`d) s`suen
fgdv`dsn ndt`rdesngdea6 hesufdye p`rusejeed huatndesngdea b`dked f`udkkuaed-
f`udkkuae
f`udkkuaed
d bn lnbedk
lnbedk hgbea,
hgbea, hedeo`rn
hedeo`rnea,
ea, YBH bed sfeae
sfeae `fgdghn6
`fgdghn6
 p`rf`hledked
 p`rf`hl edked RN yedk h`aejnrfed snst`h p`rbekedked
p`rbekedke d hgb`rd yedk l`rlesns
 oerndked
 oerndke d `a`ftrgdnf (ndt`rd`t ).
). Nsu aenddye
aenddye ebeae
ebeaej
j b`hgfr
b`hgfret
etnse
nsesn
sn bed
b`s`dtreansesn s`p`rtn tudtuted p`dy`a`dkkereed p`h`rndtej
p`h`rndtej yedk l`rsnj bed
 l`rwnlewe
 l`rwnle we (hnsea PP Dg. 0 Rejud 5>>> t`dtedk aeredked hgdgpgan bed
 p`rsendked useje tnbef s`jet)6 p`randbudked
p`randbudke d fgdsuh`d
fgdsuh` d etes prgbuf yedk

53
 

bnjesnafed ga`j prgbus`d (hnsea, PP Dg. : Rejud 5>>> t`dtedk p`randbudked

fgdsuh`d)6 p`h`reteed p`hledkuded be`rej (hnsea, PP Dg. << Rejud 5>>>
t`dtedk p`h`rndtej be`rej) bed p`h`reteed p`dbepeted edter
edteree puset b`dked
be`rej
be`rej hnsea,
hnsea, PP Dg. <0 Rejud 5>>> t`dtedk
t`dtedk p`dbedeed
p`dbedeed be`rej)6
be`rej)6 tudtuted
tudtuted
 p`dndkfeted
 p`dndkfe ted p`aeyeded
p`aeye ded yedk l`rhutu s`rte p`h`rndtej
p`h`rndte j yedk l`rsnj, l`rwnlewe
bed l`les bern fgrupsn, fgausn bed d`pgtnsh` (FFD).

S`rheseaejed beaeh ndbustrneansesn bn Ndbgd`sne bepet bnfet`kgrnfed etes

stret`kn ndbustrn l`rsp`ftruh aues bed t`fdgagkn tndkkn yedk i`db`rudk l`rlesns
nhpgr, s`rte struftur ndbustrn yedk l`auh iufup fgfgj bed s`nhledk yedk
 l`rbehpef
 l`rbehp ef pebe f`r`dtededdye
f`r`dteded dye t`rjebep b`pr`snesn hete uedk rupnej6
 p`hedmeeted
 p`hedmeete d fepesntes prgbufsn yedk furedk gptnhea s`leken efnlet bern
furedk
furedk aedierdye
aedierdye pesgfed lejed
lejed lefu/p`d
lefu/p`dgagdk
gagdk nhpgr bed agfea
agfea edter 
edter 
be`rej, suantdye h`dbepetfed hgbea f`roe, s`rte l`auh ebedye sfnh p`hlneyeed

yedk t`pet
t`pet udtuf
udtuf h`dbgrgdk
h`dbgrgdk prgbus`d
prgbus`d h`ae
h`aefufed
fufed `fspgr6 pgae p`rs`lered
p`rs`lered
ndbustrn
ndbustrn yedk t`rfgds`d
t`rfgds`dtresn
tresn bn puaeu
puaeu Oewe6 hesnj
hesnj r`dbejdye
r`dbejdye p`red PFH
s`leken efnlet f`suanted efs`s udtuf p`dbedeed, f`suanted p`dkebeed lejed
 lefu, f`t`rkedtudked
f`t`rkedt udked t`rjebep peser bgh`stnf, l`auh t`rs`bnedye YBH jedbea
s`suen f`lutujed bed f`tnbefsneped h`dkjebepn p`rsendked
p`rsendked kaglea6 fghpgsnsn
fghgbntn `fspgr (lejed h`dtej bed s`t`dkej oebn fghgbntn prnh`r) hesnj
 l`rtuhpu pebe f`udkkuae
f `udkkuaed
d fghperetnm
fghperetn m yedk l`rfented
l `rfented b`dked
b` dked suhl`r
su hl`r beye
be ye eaeh
(YBE), t`deke f`roe bed bnp`dkerujn f`lnoefed
f`lnoefed d`kere hntre bekedk eteu
stret`kn p`rusejeed ndbuf bn auer d`k`rn6 t`rletesdye YBH yedk s`suen b`dked

f`lutujed budne useje, fjususdye beaeh p`dkueseed hedeo`h`d prgbufsn bed

 p`hesered,
 p`heser ed, s`rte p`dkueseed, p`dk`hledked
p`dk`hle dked bed p`hedmeeted
p`hedme eted nahu
 p`dk`tejued
 p`dk`tej ued bed t`fdgagkn (Npt`f)6 l`rmauftuesndye
l`rmauftue sndye dnaen tufer rupnej t`rjebep
bgaer Eh`rnfe Y`rnfet s`leken efnlet f`tnbefstelnaed
f`tnbefstelnaed pgantnf bed f`eheded
beaeh d`k`rn, s`rte hesnj t`rletes ndv`stesn aedksudk bern ndv`stgr
ndv`stgr auer d`k`rn6
bed aenddye.

Lel NN ? Ndbustrneansesn Sedked

55
 

Ndbustrn
Ndbustrneanse
eansesn
sn pedked
pedked s`leken
s`leken lekned
lekned bern prgs`s
prgs`s p`hledkud
p`hledkuded
ed
hesyerefet, h`hnanfn
h`hnanfn p`red yedk p`dtndk udtuf h`dketesn tredsmgrhesn
tredsmgrhesn
`fgdghn bed p`rk`s`red l`dtuf ndbustrneansesn yedk bnefnletfed ga`j
kagleansesn `fgdghn budne heupud efnlet putused K`d`rea Ekr``h`dt Rreb`
Rerrnm (KERR). Pdtuf ntu, p`rau bnhedmeetfed upeye p`dk`hledked ndbustrn
 pedked yedk s`jet bed fuet b`dked p`d`reped
p`d`repe d p`retured yedk t`kes bed o`aes
yedk bnnfutn ga`j p`hl`rned ndmgrhesn bed nsyeret-nsyeret yedk t`pet h`aeaun
 p`hlndeed
 p`hlndee d l`rsnmet prgeftnm b`dked h`hedmeetfed
h`hedmeet fed t`fdgagkn
t`fdgag kn bed pgae pnfnr 
ndbustrn yedk h`dkerej f`pebe `mnsn`dsn bern s`kn bede bed weftu, ndmgrhesn
jerke heupud ndmgrhesn p`d`antned bed p`hesered yedk ebe.

Beaeh h`dbufudk prgs`s ndbustrneansesn pedked yedk h`dyedkfut esp`f 

s`p`rtn f`t`rs`bneed
f`t`rs`bneed pedked, f`eheded pedked, stelnansesn
s telnansesn jerke pedked bed
 p`dndkfeted
 p`dndkfe ted hutu pedked, huaen bern f`kneted prgbufsn,
p rgbufsn, p`dkgaejed
p `dkgaejed,, bnstrnlusn

bed p`hesered sehpen f`pebe fgdsuhsn bn tndkfet ruhejtedkke. Jea t`rs`lut

bntuoufed udtuf p`h`dujed pedked yedk iufup sehpen tndkfet ruhejtedkke,
jerke yedk stelna bed t`roedkfeu ga`j beye l`an hesyerefet, hutu prgbuf yedk
h`h`dujn p`rsyereted knzn bed ehed bern p`di`hered zet yedk l`rlejeye
 lekn f`s`jeted. Redtedked
Redtedke d bed heseaej aend beaeh ndbustrneansesn
ndbustrneanse sn pedked
 l`rupe heseaej Kggb Hedumeiturndk Sreitni`s (KHS)6  Jezerb edeaysns
Irntniea Igdtrga Sgndt (JEI
(JEIIS),
IS), f`eheded beaeh p`rbekedked
p`rbekedked yedk
h`anputn
h`anputn p`dkkudeed
p`dkkudeed lejed
lejed fnhne,
fnhne, heseaej
heseaej jeaea bed jereh,
jereh, p`ael`ae
p`ael`aed
d
knzn, fgdtehndesn hnfrggrkednsh` bed f`reiuded6 bed fgdbnsn `fgdghn budne

yedk s`hefnd
s`hefnd t`rlufe.
t`rlufe. B`dked
B`dked b`hnfned,
b`hnfned, tedtedkeddye
tedtedkeddye ebeaej
ebeaej lekenhede
lekenhede
h`dkjerhgdnsfed p`dk`hledked
p`dk`hledked p`redkfet jufuh bed f`a`hlekeed yedk
h`dbufudk
h`dbufudk ndbustrnea
ndbustrneanses
nsesnn pedked yedk `m`ftnm bed `mnsn`d,
`mnsn`d, s`rte
s`rte
nhpa`h`dtesn p`redkfet jufuh bed f`a`hlekeed yedk bni`rhndfed beaeh
 p`aefsedeed
 p`aefsede ed prgkreh-prgkrehd
prgkre h-prgkrehdye.
ye.

S`dedkeded ndbustrneansesn pedked l`rjesna lnae bnbufudk ga`j s`ftgr-

s`ftgr s`p`rtn p`dbnbnfed, p`rtedned, p`rndbustrned, f`s`jeted, fgp`resn,
 p`rbekedked
 p`rbekedk ed bed p`aeyeded
p`aeyed ed oese f`uedked
f`uedke d yedk edbea, prgbuftnm,
prgbuftnm , `m`ftnm bed

5<
 

`mnsn`d, s`rte ebedye budne useje yedk h`dudoedk. Pdtuf h`dbgrgdk prgs`s
t`rs`lut, p`rau bnaefufed jea s`p`rtn p`dk`hledked s`ftgr p`rtedned,
 p`dndkfeted
 p`dndkfe ted hutu YBH, tnhluadye
tnhluady e f`hntreed edtere p`dkuseje
p`dkusej e heupud
b`dked p`h`rndtej bed p`rkurued tndkkn. Jea yedk bnf`hufefed p`rau
bnbufudk ga`j ndstruh`d f`lnoefed mnsfea, hgd`t`r bed ebhndnstretnm, eker 
 p`red ndbustrn pedked beaeh struftur `fgdghn Ndbgd`sne, fjususdye
 p`dndkfeted
 p`dndkfe ted fgdtrnlusn
fgdtrnlu sn t`rjebep p`dbepeted desngdea. Y`leken naustresn,
beaeh ndbustrneansesn
ndbustrneansesn pedked pebe ndbustrn f`ina bed h`d`dkej bnt`hun
 p`rheseaejed
 p`rheseae jed beaeh jea p`hesered,
p`hesere d, p`rhgbeaed, p`dkusejeed
p`dkuse jeed t`fdgagkn
t`fdgagk n bed
hede
hedeo`h
o`h`d
`d.. Pdtu
Pdtuf
f nt
ntu,
u, bn
bnp`
p`ra
rauf
ufed
ed fg
fggr
grbn
bnde
desn
sn be
bed
d p`hle
p`hledk
dkud
uded
ed
f`a`hlekeed yedk lenf bed fuet, yedk bnwuoubfed beaeh l`dtuf f`hntreed
yedk s`nhledk bed s`resn, fjususdye udtuf h`dbufudk ndbustrneansesn
 pedked yedk l`rdnaen tehlej tndkkn, l`rbeye sendk bed l`rbeye tejed h`aeaun
 p`dk`hledked
 p`dk`hle dked nfanh f`lnoefed
f`lnoefe d fgdbusnm bns`rten b`dked p`d`reped pgae-pgae
f`hntreed
f`hntreed yedk s`suen
s`suen b`dked p`aefu p`hledkuded
p`hledkuded desngdea yedk
 l`rf`p`dtndked.
 l`rf`p`dtn dked. B`dked b`hnfned,
b`hnfned , h`aeaun oeaur f`hntreed b`dked pnjef-
 pnjef yedk l`rp`dkeaehed
l`rp`dkeae hed bed sufs`s beaeh lnbedkdye bepet bnf`hledkfed
bnf`hled kfed
f`t`rkedtudked bed f`t`rl`aefedked yedk fgfgj bed weoer edter p`aefu
 p`hledkuded
 p`hledk uded desngdea
desngde a yedk t`ranlet, yedk pebe knanreddye h`hl`rnfed
h`hl`rnfe d
 p`dk`hledked
 p`dk`hle dked `fgdghn prgbuftnm b`dked dnaen tehlej bed prgm`sngdeansh`
prgm`sng deansh`
beaeh h`hprgbufsn h`aeaun f`kneted stedbernsesn prgbuf, p`hesered
t`rpebu, p`rtufered ndmgrhesn bed f`t`rehpnaed, prgkreh fgdsuate
fgdsuatesn
sn bed
 p`hlndeed.
 p`hlndee d. Jea t`rs`lut tnbef a`pes bern upeye udtuf h`h`dujn p`rsyereted
p`rsyerete d
 peser yedk s`hefnd fghp`tntnm
fghp`tn tnm bed bndehns yedk t`rfent `ret b`dked esp`f 
 leredk, jerke,
jerke , bnstrnlusn, prghgsn,
prg hgsn, YBH bed mesnantes
mesnante s ndmrestruftur.
ndmrestruf tur.

E. Y`oerej Bed S`rf`hledkeddye

Ndbustrneansesn
Ndbustrneansesn pedked bn Ndbgd`sne bnhuaen pebe zehed p`doeoejed
L`aedbe yedk bnhuaen b`dked pelrnf kuae l`rsfeae l`ser (ndbustrn l`rpgae
 l`ser) bn puaeu Oewe bed l`rsnmet t`fdgagkn
t`fdgag kn tndkkn pebe hese ntu. Ndbustrn
kuae t`rs`lut h`hnanfn fented b`dked l`rleken ndbustrn bn snsn  mgrwerb s`p`rtn

59
 

ndbustrn hefeded bed bn snsn leifwerb b`dked p`tedn t`lu yedk bepet
 l`roeaed s`r`hpef bed l`rbehpef
l`rbehpe f p`dkkedbe
p`dkke dbe t`rjebep auered, t`deke f`roe
bed p`dbepeted yedk l`ser.

Ndbustrneansesn
Ndbustrneansesn pedked bn Ndbgd`sne t`aej l`roeaed bed l`rf`hledk b`dked

 p`set. Jea ndn bntudouffed

bntudo uffed ga`j stelnantes f`t`rs`bneed pedked bn beaeh
d`k`rn yedk bnnfutn
b nnfutn b`dked s`hefnd h`dndkfetdye
h`dndkfetdye `fspgr prgbuf- prgbuf 
 pedked yedk bnjesnafed
bnjesnaf ed ga`j ndbustrn pedked hgb`rd heupud trebnsngdea.
H`sfnpud b`hnfned, l`rbeserfed p`dkeheted bed p`dkeaehed s`aehe ndn,
hesnj
hesnj ledyef heseaej
heseaej yedk bnjebepn,
bnjebepn, lenf t`fdgagkn
t`fdgagkn bed YBH,
YBH, heupud
heupud
beaeh ndstntusn p`dbufudk, yedk bns`lelfed ga`j hesnj a`hejdye f`hntreed
bnedtere
bnedtere hesndk-h
hesndk-hesndk
esndk p`aefu
p`aefu p`hledkuded
p`hledkuded yedk t`ranlet
t`ranlet.. F`furedk
F`furedked
ed
eteupud f`a`hejed yedk bnf`hufefed bepet bnetesn b`dked `m`ftnm, onfe
t`roeand f`hntreed edtere p`rkurued tndkkn-budne useje/ndbustrn- p`h`rndtej

b`dked p`rs`psn yedk sehe

se he lejwe udtuf h`dkuesen bed h`dk`hledkfed
h`dk`hledkfed
ndbustrn pedked yedk fuet bed tedkkuj b
bnp`raufed
np`raufed p`dk`hledked
p`dk`hledked t`rus-
h`d`rus t`fdgagkn b`dked bufudked YBH t`rbnbnf bed t`raetnj
t`raetnj yedk bns`rten
 p`dk`hledked
 p`dk`hl edked ndstntusn yedk hehpu h`dbufudk
h`dbufud k prgs`s t`rs`lut.
t`rs` lut.

L. Meftgr Beaeh Srgs`s Ndbustrneansesn

Srgs`s ndbustrneansesn pedked bnt`dtufed ga`j meftgr s`p`rtn YBH

 l`rhutu, serede bed preserede
presered e (hnsea, p`reaeted bed udsur p`dudoedk) yedk
h`heben, s`rte ndmgrhesn fjusus p`d`antned (hnsea, p`d`antned yedk bnaefsedefed

bn l`rleken a`hleke bn lewej

l ewej deudked b`pert`h`d t`fdns h heupud
eupud dgd
b`pert`h`d, s`rte a`hleke p`d`antned sweste, p`rf`hledked t`fdgagkn bed
 p`rtuhlujed
 p`rtuhlu jed pgae l`rpnfnr ndbustrn) yedk h`dkerej pebe `mnsn`dsn
`mnsn `dsn bern
be rn s`kn bede
b ede
heupud weftu.

Beaeh
Beaeh ndbust
ndbustrne
rneans
ansesn
esn pedked
pedked t`roeb
t`roebnn p`rhes
p`rheseae
eaejed
jed beaeh
beaeh jea
 p`hesered,
 p`hesere d, p`rhgbeaed, p`dkueseed
p`dkuesee d t`fdgagkn
t`fdgag kn bed hedeo`h`d.
hedeo`h` d. Jea t`rs`lut
h`h`raufed fggrbndesn bed p`hledkuded f`a`hlekeed yedk lenf bed luruf,
yedk bnwuoubfed
bnwuoubfed beaeh l`dtuf f`hntreed
f`hntreed yedk s`nhledk
s`nhledk bed s`resn,
s`resn,

52
 

fjususdye udtuf h`dbufudk prgs`s ndbustrneansesn pedked yedk l`rdnaen

tehlej
tehlej tndkkn
tndkkn,, l`rbey
l`rbeyee sendk
sendk bed l`rbey
l`rbeyee tejed
tejed.. Beaeh
Beaeh jea ndn,
ndn, p`rau
p`rau
bnp`rjetnfed f`l`rseheed bed juludked snhlganf, f`t`rkedtudked udtuf heou
 l`rsehe, ebedye f`t`rlufeed bed p`dkewesed
p`dkewe sed udtuf h`hp`rf`ina
h`hp`rf`i na f`tnbef-
 l`rjesnaed
 l`rjesna ed pebe p`aefsedeed f`hntreed b`dked pnjef-pnjef
pnjef-pn jef yedk
 l`rp`dkeaehed
 l`rp`dkeae hed bed sufs`s
sufs `s beaeh lnbedkdye.
lnb edkdye.

5. YBH l`rhutu

YBH s`leken meftgr yedk l`rp`red eteu beaeh ndbustrneansesn pedked

bepet bnsnepfed
bnsnepfed h`aeaun
h`aeaun oeaur
oeaur p`dbnbnf
p`dbnbnfed
ed mgrhea
mgrhea yedk l`rgrn`dt
l`rgrn`dtesn
esn pebe
f`hehpued
f`hehpued efeb`hnf
efeb`hnf (hutu beser),
beser), p`aetnjed
p`aetnjed yedk l`rgrn`dt
l`rgrn`dtesn
esn pebe
 p`hl`dtufed
 p`hl`dt ufed bed p`dk`hledked
p`dk`hl edked prgm`sngdea
prgm`sng dea l`s`rte fghp`t`dsn, s`rte

 p`dk`hle dked bnt`hpet f`roe yedk l`rtuhpu pebe p`hedteped

 p`dk`hledked p`hedtep ed fghp`t`dsn
fghp`t` dsn
YBH udtuf h`dkjesnafed prgbuftnvntes t`rtndkkn.

S`aetnjed s`leken seaej setu oeaur udkkuaed p`dndkfeted YBH efed

s`hefnd
s`hefnd p`dtndk
p`dtndk p`rededdye
p`rededdye,, fer`de
fer`de snmetdye
snmetdye yedk ma`fsnl`
ma`fsnl`aa beaeh
h`dkjebepn bed
bed h`hp`ri`pet prgs`s
prgs`s p`rulejed strufturea
strufturea bn lnbedk
`fgdghnn bed f`t`dekef`
`fgdgh f`t`dekef`roeed
roeed,, b`dked
b`dked mgrhet
mgrhet yedk l`rgrn`d
l`rgrn`dtesn
tesn pebe
f`lutujed budne f`roe, p`db`feted `fgdghns bed l`rlesns pebe sweste udtuf 
h`h`dujn r`a`vedsn, hutu bed `mnsn`dsn p`dy`a`dkkereed. Pdtuf ntu, bepet
bnnb
bnnb`d
`dtn
tnmn
mnfe
fesn
sn f`
f`lut
lutuj
ujed
ed p`
p`ae
aetn
tnje
jed
d ye
yedk
dk h`db
h`dbuf
ufud
udk?
k? (5
(5)) pr
prgk
gkre
reh
h
 p`d`hpeted
 p`d`hpete d p`diern f`roe bed p`dedkkuaedked
p`dedkkuaed ked p`dkedkkured,
p`dkedkk ured, (<) prgkreh
 p`dndkfeted
 p`dndkfe ted prgbuftnvntes
prgbuftnv ntes bed f`s`oejt`reed
f`s`oejt`re ed p`f`roe, (9) prgkreh `fspgr oese
t`deke f`roe, bed (2)
(2) prgkreh ebeptesn
ebeptesn t`deke f`roe esndk.
esndk. Jea aenddye,
aenddye, p`rau
bnp`rjetnfed? (5) f`t`rfented bed f`s`pebeded l`rupe snst`h p`aetnjed yedk
t`rpebu b`dked snst`h p`dbnbnfed bed p`hekedked, p`aetnjed bn t`hpet f`roe
bed p`aetnjed l`rprgbufsn6 (<) ma`fsnlnantes s`leken efnlet p`rf`hledked nahu
bed t`fdgagkn yedk l`rbehpef pebe o`dns, prgkreh bed stedber udtuf 
h`dkefghgbesnfed p`rulejed bed p`rl`beed p`rsyereted oeleted s`iere

50
 

t`pet6 (9) s`dtreansesn

s`dtreansesn p`dketured bed b`s`dtreansesn p`aefsedeed
p`aefsedeed yedk
h`hp`rjetnfed fgdbnsn bed sntuesn s`rte pgt`dsn `fgdghn s`tnep wnaeyej
(fereft`r
(fereft`rnstn
nstnf
f eteu sp`snmnfes
sp`snmnfesn)6
n)6 (2) p`dndkfete
p`dndkfeted
d p`reds`rt
p`reds`rtee hesyerefet
hesyerefet,,
fer`de tuhluj bed l`rf`hledkdye beaeh o`dns heupud ouhaej p`aetnjed,
 lenf yedk l`rsnmet uhuh heupud sp`snmnf, h`aeaun p`dbnrned a`hleke-
a`hleke -
a`hleke p`aetnjed, p`dy`bneed mesnantes, t`deke p`aetnjed bed p`dbedeed.
Beaeh jea ndn, f`hntreed
f` hntreed edtere a`hleke p`dbnbnfed bed p`aetnjed, s`rte
a`hleke p`dbnbnfed tndkkn, useje d`kere bed useje sweste, s`rte grkednsesn
f`roe bed a`hleke f`hesyerefeted p`rau bnf`hledkfed.

<. S`reaeted bed udsur p`dudoedk

Ebedye t`fdgagkn p`dkgaejed pedked bed p`rf`hledked eaet-eaet

hgb`rd bn lnbedk p`rh`snded bed fnhne, tnhluaaej ndbustrn-ndbustrn
ndbustrn-ndbustrn pedked
hgb`rd.
hgb`rd. B`dked
B`dked tnhluadye
tnhluadye ndbustrn
ndbustrn pedked
pedked hgb`rd
hgb`rd t`rs`lut,
t`rs`lut, tnhlua puae
heseaej yedk jerus bnetesn. Ruhlujdye ndbustrn pedked yedk hgb`rd t`rs`lut
h`dudtut syeret-syeret t`rt`dtu lenf fuedtntes heupud hutu lejed lefu, bed
fgdtnduntes lejed lefu. F`furedked hutu, fuedtntes heupud t`rjehletdye
f`sndehlud
f`sndehludked
ked p`dy`bnee
p`dy`bneed
d lejed lefu h`hl`rn
h`hl`rn efnlet
efnlet t`rjehlet
t`rjehletdye
dye
 p`rtuhlujed
 p`rtuhlu jed bed p`rf`hledked
p`rf`hl edked ndbustrn. Jea-jea t`rs`lut efed h`hp`dkerujn
h`hp`dk erujn
 puae prgbuf
prgbu f ndbustrn yedk
ye dk tnbef h`h`dujn
h`h`d ujn syeret.

L`l`repe prgbuf ndbustrn pedked bngaej s`iere hgb`rd, hnseadye susu,

igrd`b l``m , serb`d, lnsfunt, f`hledk kuae, v`tsnd, hnduhed-hnduhed bed aend-

aenddye, t`tepn l`l`repe hesnj bngaej s`iere trebnsngdea edtere aend t`hp`,
f`rupuf, nfed esnd, teuig, t`resn bed s`lekendye. Ndbustrn-ndbustrn
Ndbustrn-ndbustrn pedked ndn
hesnj h`dkkudefed iere bed eaet yedk s`b`rjede lejfed iere l`f`roedyepud
 l`auh h`h`dujn p`rsyereted
p `rsyereted sedntesn
se dntesn bed jnkn`dns.
jnk n`dns.

H`sfnpud b`hnfned, ndbustrn pedked trebnsngdea ndn ouhaejdye hefnd

 l`rtehlej,, lejfed l`l`repe p`dkuseje
 l`rtehlej p`dkusej e t`aej puae h`dndkfetfed
h`dndkfet fed useje
ndbustrndye b`dked p`hefened eaet-eaet
eaet-eaet yedk s`hn hgb`rd eteu keludked
b`dked eaet-eaet hgb`rd aenddye s`p`rtn eaet p`dkknandked f`b`a`, p`hgtgdk

5=
 

f`rupuf, p`hefened eaet-eaet p`hludkfus b`dked f`rtes bed p`dkkudeed bnsend

 p`hludkfused
 p`hlud kfused yedk a`lnj lenf, s`jndkke jesna ndbustrn pedked
pedke d trebnsngdea
trebnsngde a
t`rs`lut bepet bnf`dea a`lnj aues, lejfed l`l`repe fghgbntn t`aej bepet h`doebn
 lejed `fspgr. S`dndkfeted ndbustrn pedked trebnsngdea h`doebn ndbustrn s`hn
trebnsngdea b`dked p`hefened eaet-eaet yedk s`hn hgb`rd, t`rus bntndkfetfed
 p`hlndeeddye
 p`hlndee ddye b`dked h`diernfed bnsend eaet-eaet leru yedk igigf bed jerke
yedk t`roedkfeu puae.

S`dkkudeed eaet-eaet hgb`rd ga`j ndbustrn pedked bnusejefed

s`b`hnfned rupe (Kehler 5.5<), eker t`tep hesnj bepet h`hl`rnfed
aepedked f`roe, b`dked b`hnfned ndbustrn hgb`rd bepet h`dy`rep t`deke
f`roe.. Ruhlujdye
f`roe Ruhlujdye ndbustrn
ndbustrn pedk
pedked
ed hgb`rd
hgb`rd bepet puae h`duhlujfed
h`duhlujfed
ndbustrn-ndbustrn
ndbustrn-ndbustrn p`dudoedk aenddye s`p`rtn ndbustrn p`hludkfus, fea`dk bed
aend s`lekendye. Ruhlujdye ndbustrn-ndbustrn hgb`rd
hgb`rd h`hl`rn efnlet puae

t`rjebep f`s`nhledked p`rs`bneed lejed lefu. Jea ndn bepet h`hl`rn efnlet
eteu f`s`hpeted lenf lekn p`rf`hledked bn lnbedk p`rtedned, s`jndkke bepet
h`hl`rn aepedked f`roe yedk a`lnj aues bed h`di`kej ebedye urlednsesn.

Y`juludked b`dked t`rs`bnedye pesered (ouhaej prgbuf), sehpen seet

ndn ndbustrn hefeded-hnduhed s`lekned l`ser t`ra`tef bn puaeu Oewe. B`dked
ebedye useje yedk a`lnj ndt`dsnm bn lnbedk p`rtedned yedk bepet
h`dy`bnefed lejed lefu bn auer puaeu Oewe, hefe bnhese h`dbetedk
ndbustrn pedked s`leken ndbustrn hedumeftur bepet l`rf`hledk bn auer puaeu
Oewe, s`leken useje p`reteed p`hledkuded, t`rutehe udtuf p`dy`reped t`deke
f`roe bed p`dinpte
p`dinpteed
ed dnaen
dnaen tehlej
tehlej b`dked s`hefnd l`rf
l`rf`hled
`hledkdye
kdye t`fdgagkn
t`fdgagkn
yedk ebe. Dehud b`hnfned, p`rau bnsebern lejwe p`dkueseed t`fdgagkn yedk
bnbepet bern pef`t-pef`t t`fdgagkn l`rupe ans`dsn (lufed l`resea bern rediedk
 ledkud bed t`fdgagkn prgbufsn lueted s`dbnrn) jedye h`hl`rnfed
h`hl`rnfe d p`rauesed
 peser bern prgbuf-prgbuf
prgbuf-pr gbuf t`fdgagkn
t`fdgag kn t`rs`lut, hefe s`leken behpefdye
behpefd ye
h`hnanfn beye sendk t`rletes
t`rletes bed r`aetnm
r`aetnm h`hp`rga`j f`udtudked bern meftgr 
meftgr 
 lneye prgbufsn (hnsea, YBH agfea bed t`deke f`roe hurej).
hurej ).

5;
 

9. Ndmgrhesn fjusus

Ndmgrhesn ebeaej suetu eteu f`setued p`rdyeteed mefte, fgds`p eteu nb`,
yedk l`rjuludked `ret b`dked p`dk`tejued, yedk hede epelnae ndmgrhesn
t`rs`lut
t`rs`lut bnessnhn
bnessnhnaesnf
aesnfed,
ed, bnfgr`aes
bnfgr`aesnfed
nfed bed bnh`dk`rt
bnh`dk`rtnn efed h`doebn
h`doebn suetu
suetu

 p`dk`tejued.
 p`dk`tejue d. Ndmgrhesn
Ndmgrhe sn bepet l`rupe p`dk`tejued,
p`dk`tejue d, t`grn6 prndsnp6 nb`6 t`fdgagkn
 leru6 b`send leru6 prgbuf leru6 prgs`s6 prgtgtnp`6 p`dy`hpurdeed6
p`dy`hp urdeed6 h`tgb` bed
aend-aend.

F`lutujed ndmgrhesn beaeh ndbustrneansesn pedked bnbeserfed pebe

 l`serdye f`kneted, h`hl`dkfefdye
h`hl`dk fefdye lneye, ebedye sendked bed p`db`fdye
p`db`fdy e beur 
be ur 
jnbup prgbuf, ledyefdye bete yedk l`rsnmet hessnm, s`rte ebedye pef`t prgkreh
udtuf h`aefufed p`dkgaejed bete h`doebn ndmgrhesn bed p`h`iejed
hgb`a.
hgb`a. Hefe bern ntu, p`dkueseed
p`dkueseed ndmgrhesn
ndmgrhesn yedk l`rsnmet uhuh heupud
fjusus yedk t`pet, i`pet, efuret, edbea bed bepet bnp`rieye h`rupefed jea
 p`dtndk beaeh ndbustrneansesn
ndbustrnean sesn pedked,
pedked , s`lekenhede
s`lekenh ede jeadye f`kneted lnsdns pebe
uhuhdye udtuf h`dbufudk prgs`s p`dkehlnaed f`putused yedk `m`ftnm bed
 l`der. Ndmgrhesn
Ndmgrhe sn t`rs`lut bepet bnp`rga`j h`aeaun stret`kn p`dk`hledked
p`dk`hl edked
ndmgrhesn
ndmgrhesn s`iere
s`iere ndt`rdea
ndt`rdea heupud
heupud `fst`rdea
`fst`rdea.. Pdtuf tndkfet
tndkfet ndt`rdea
ndt`rdea
 p`dkuhpuaed
 p`dkuhpu aed bed p`dkgaejed
p`dkgaeje d ndmgrhesn
ndmgrhes n bepet bnaefufed h`aeaun
 p`rediedked
 p`redie dked snst`h ndmgrhesn
ndmgrhes n l`rlesns fghput`r
fghput` r yedk bnf`dea s`leken
Ynst`h Ndmgrhesn Hedeo`h`d (YNH) bed Ynst`h S`dudoedk F`putused
(YSF) yedk l`rsnmet tedpe oerndked (stedb eagd`) ete
eteu
u b`dked
b`dked oerndked
oerndked (agiea 
er`e d`twgrf eteu AED bed [nb` Er`e D`twgrf eteu [ED) yedk bnbufudk
Er`e D`twgrf
 p`redkfet fghudnfesn h`aeaun k`aghledk rebng heupud set`ant. Y`iere `fst`rdea
ebeaej h`hedmeetfed oerndked ndmgrhesn yedk t`rs`bne, lenf bn beaeh d`k`rn
 l`rupe ledf bete (hnsea, ndmgrhesn uhuh, ndmgrhesn pef`t t`fdgagkn, ndmgrhesn
ndmgrhes n
fghgbntn bed aenddye) bed p`aeyeded f`pustefeed (hnsea, stetnstnf)6 auer d`k`rn
h`aeaun ledf bete
b ete ndt`rdesngdea (hnsea, PDNDBG
PDNDBG t`dtedk t`fdgagkn beaeh
ndbustrn l`s`rte p`rf`hledked
p`rf`hledked ndbustrn).
ndbustrn). Y`leken naustresn,
naustresn, pebe
pebe Kehler 5.59
bnseonfed p`aeyeded ndmgrhesn bed prghgsn bekedk bern p`aefu bn lnbedk ndbustrn
bed p`rbekedked.

5:
 

Ndmgrhesn yedk bnhefsub bn etes ebeaej jea-jea yedk l`rhefde, yentu

(5) s`iere `fgdghns h`dkudtudkfed, (<) s`iere t`fdns h`hudkfndfed udtuf 
bnaefsedefed, (9) s`iere sgsnea psnfgagkns bepet bnt`rnhe s`suen b`dked dgrhe
bed dnaen-dnaen yedk ebe bn hesyerefet, s`rte (2) s`oeaed b`dked f`lnoefed
 p`h`rndtej.
 p`h`rndte j. Jea ndn h`dudouffed
h`dudouffe d p`dtndkdye suhl`r ndmgrhesn beaeh
h`dkjesnafed l`dtuf ndmgrhesn (hnsea, uhuh, mudksngdea bed fjusus), b`dked
h`hp`rjetnfed bnh`dsn etrnlut p`d`dtu hutu
hutu ndmgrhesn etes weftu, nsn bed
 l`dtuf (Rel`a 5.0). Y`iere t`fdns jea t`rs`lut bnseonfed beaeh l`rleken
 l`dtuf aepgred
aepg red l`rnfut?

5. Aepgred t`roebwea (sij`bua` r`pgrt)

e. f`auer t`retur 

 l. tnep jern/hndkku/luaed

jern/hndkk u/luaed

i. vnb`g bnspaey t`rhndea (]BR)? bepet bnehlna s`tnep seet.

<. Aepgred etes p`rhndteed (b`hedb r`pgrt)

e. bnluet lnae bnp`raufed

 l. h`aeaun lesns bete

b ete hedeo`h`d
hedeo`h` d

i. bepet h`h`dujn ndmgrhesn yedk tnbef s`tnep seet t`rs`bne.

9. Aepgred nstnh`we (`xi`ptngd r`pgrt)

H`hl`rn
H`hl`rn teju t`dtedk
t`dtedk jea-jea
jea-jea yedk tnbef bnr`diedefed/b
bnr`diedefed/bnbuk
nbukee ga`j
hedeo`h`d, hnsea bemter dehe gredk yedk jutedkdye subej h`a`lnjn letes
weftu (ir`bnt ierb) eteu f`rusefed beaeh snst`h!

2. Aepgred p`reheaed (pr`bnitnv` r`pgrt)

e. h`doewel p`rtedyeed ? lekenhede lnae ……7

 l. l`rkude udtuf

udtu f p`r`diedeed
p`r`died eed

5>
 

i. h`dkkudefed p`rjntudked stetnstnf, hgb`a bed aend-aend

Y`tnep suhl`r ndmgrhesn bern s`tnep d`kere tnbef h`hpudyen ndmgrhesn

yedk a`dkfep, hefe seaej setu iere udtuf h`hp`rga`j ndmgrhesn t`rs`lut
ebeaej b`dked h`hluet suetu snst`h oerndked ndmgrhesn tndkfet desngdea bed
r`kngdea. Y`leken naustresn,
naustresn, seet ndn p`rtufered ndmgrhesn t`fdgagkn bepet
bnaefsede
bnaefsedefed
fed h`aeaun
h`aeaun p`rtufere
p`rtufered
d bnsf`t
bnsf`t eteu h`aeaun
h`aeaun fghudnfesn
fghudnfesn edter 
t`rhndea fghput`r s`iere t`rpesedk (gd-and`) b`dked h`hedmeetfed
f`hehpued serede bed preserede t`fdgagkn fghudnfesn.

S`rtufered ndmgrhesn Npt`f bnp`raufed h`do`hletedn ouredk p`rl`beed t`fdgagkn

(R`ijdgagknieaa Kep) edter d`kere bed eteu bn beaeh suetu d`kere. Ndmgrhesn
R`ijdgagknie Ndmgrhesn
Npt`f ouke bnp`raufed udtuf h`dkfgfgjfed f`hehpued t`fdgagkn bern d`kere-

d`kere yedk s`bedk l`rf`hledk, yedk efjnr-efjnr h`doebn syeret hutaef udtuf 
h`hp`rga`j ebeptesn yedk l`rjesna bern t`fdgagkn esndk yedk bns`suenfed
b`dked fgdbnsn-fgdbnsn agfea, bed udtuf h`dinptefed t`fdgagkn trebnsngdea eteu
esan yedk leru ( d`w ndbnk`dgus t`ijdgagky).

I. S`dnaened Nsn Lufu

5. Lufu
Lufu nd
ndnn sedk
sedket
et le
lenf
nf ud
udtu
tuf
f bn le
leie
ie fe
fer`
r`de
de h`do
h`do`a
`aes
esfe
fed
d s`ke
s`keaa je
jeaa ye
yedk
dk
 l`rfented b`dked ndbustrn pedked bed h`dkjuludkfed b`dked ndbustrn
aenddye lejwe ndbustrn pedked bepet h`hledkud ndbustrn aenddye.
<. Lufu
Lufu ndn ouke bna`dkf
bna`dkfepn
epn b`dked
b`dked stret`
stret`kn
kn h`hlufe
h`hlufe ndbustr
ndbustrnn pedked.
pedked.
9. Lufu
Lufu ndn ouke bna`dkfe
bna`dkfepn
pn b`dked
b`dked p`h`iejed
p`h`iejed heseae
heseaej
j yedk bnjeb
bnjebepn
epn ndbustrn
ndbustrn
 pedked.
2. Ndbustrn
Ndbustrn pedked
pedked yedk
yedk t`rbepe
t`rbepett pebe lufu ndn jedye
jedye pebe
pebe p`rtedned
p`rtedned..
0. Lufu
Lufu ndn tnbef
tnbef bna`dkf
bna`dkfepn
epn b`dke
b`dked
d NYLDdye
NYLDdye..
=. Luf
ufu
u nd
ndnn sedk
sedket
et le
lenf
nf ud
udtu
tuf
f pere
pere hejen
ejensw
swee yedk
yedk l`rf
l`rf`n
`ndk
dknd
nded
ed ud
udtu
tuf 
f 
h`hlufe ndbustrn p`rtedned eker bepet a`lnj h`dk`hledkfed p`rtedned bn
Ndbgd`sne fjususdye.

<3
 

;. Lufu
Lufu ndn igv`rdye
igv`rdye s`bnfnt
s`bnfnt tnbef
tnbef h`dernf
h`dernf s`lenfdy
s`lenfdyee eker bnluet
bnluet igv`r yedk
yedk
a`lnj lenf aekn eker hehpu h`dernf p`rjetned p`hleie
:. Y`lenfd
Y`lenfdye
ye lufu ndn bna`dkfe
bna`dkfepn
pn b`dked kehler
kehler yedk l`rwer
l`rwerde
de eker p`hleie
p`hleie
tnbef lndkudk.
>. Bnbeaeh
Bnbeaeh lufu ndn hesnj
hesnj t`rbepet
t`rbepet f`seaejed
f`seaejed p`dk`tnfed
p`dk`tnfed heupud
heupud p`duansed.
p`duansed.
53
53.. S`
S`dk
dk`r
`rtn
tned
ed nd
ndbu
bust
strn
rn bn be
beae
aeh
h lu
lufu
fu ndn
ndn su
sube
bej
j sedk
sedket
et aues
aues be
bed
d iu
iufu
fup
p
h`hledtu p`hleie.

<5
 

LEL NNN 
S@DPRPS

E. F`snhpuaed

Ndbustrneansesn
Ndbustrneansesn s`leken f`hehpued beaeh h`dkfghlndesn YBH,
efuhuaesn hgbea bed t`fdgagkn t`aej bnhuaen pebe zehed p`doeoejed L`aedbe
h`aeaun pelrnf kuae l`rsfeae l`ser bn puaeu Oewe,
Oe we, aeau bnnfutn ga`j p`rngb`
hedted Sr`snb`d Yg`ferdg b`dked ndbustrn l`rpgae l`ser s`p`rtn bn d`kere-
d`kere Leret, `re hedted Sr`snb`d Yg`jertg b`dked fgds`p ndbustrn juau-jnanr 
yedk bnbufudk
bnbufudk ga`j stret`kn
stret`kn sulstnt
sulstntusn
usn nhpgr bed
bed f`hubned
f`hubned l`reanj
l`reanj f`
stre
stret`
t`kn
kn ndbu
ndbust
strn
rnea
eans
nses
esnn l`
l`rb
rbes
eser
erfe
fed
d prghg
prghgsn
sn `fsp
`fspgr
gr,, s`rt
s`rtee bn `r
`ree
 p`h`rndtejed
 p`h`rndte jed r`mgrhesn
r`mgrhes n ebeaej ndbustrn l`rlesns suhl`r beye agfea heupud
stret`kn ndbustrneansesn
ndbustrneansesn l`rlesns PFH. Ndbustrneansesn
Ndbustrneansesn pedked h`rupefed
 lekned bern p`hledkuded
p`hledku ded `fgdghn
` fgdghn desngdea yedk h`dyedkfut
h`dyedk fut esp`f 
f`t`rs`b
f`t`rs`bneed
need pedked.
pedked. f`eheded
f`eheded pedked,
pedked, stelnans
stelnansesn
esn jerke
jerke pedke
pedked
d bed
 p`dndkfeted
 p`dndkf eted hutu pedked, huaen bern
b ern f`kneted
f `kneted prgbufsn, p`dkgaejed,
p`dkgae jed, bnstrnlusn
bnstr nlusn
be
bed
d p`he
p`hese
sere
red
d sehp
sehpen
en f`
f`pe
pebe
be fg
fgds
dsuh
uhsn
sn bn tndk
tndkfe
fett ru
ruhe
hejt
jted
edkk
kke.
e.
S`dedkeded ndbustrneansesn pedked bnfetefed l`rjesna, lnae bnbufudk ga`j
s`ftgr-s`ftgr s`p`rtn p`dbnbnfed, p`rtedned, p`rndbustrned, f`s`jeted, fgp`resn,
 p`rbekedked
 p`rbekedk ed bed p`aeyeded
p`aeyede d oese f`uedked,
f`uedke d, s`rte budne useje yedk h`dudoedk.
h`dudoedk .
Beaeh jea ndn, p`db`feted ekrnlnsdns l`rgrn`dtesn peser yedk t`rbnrn etes
suls`ftgr s`p`rtn ekrnlnsdns
ekrnlnsdns juau, useje tedn, ekrnlnsdns jnanr eteu ekrgndbustrn
bed p`dudoed
p`dudoedk
k h`rupefed
h`rupefed suetu
suetu snst`h
snst`h p`dedkeded
p`dedkeded yedk bnp`raufe
bnp`raufed,
d,
bnedteredye h`aeaun suetu f`hntreed edter prgbus`d b`dked p`dkuseje yedk
seandk h`dkudtudkfed, seandk h`dkjnbupn, seandk h`hp`rfuet bed f`s`tereed

<<
 

 pgsnsn udtuf h`h`dujn f`lutujed

f`lutuje d peser yedk `m`ftnm, `mnsn`d bed
 l`rf`aedouted.
 l`rf`aed outed.

L. Yered

S`dk`h
S`dk`hled
ledked
ked ndbust
ndbustrn
rnean
eanses
sesnn pedked
pedked p`rau
p`rau bnbufu
bnbufudk
dk ga`j
ga`j
ndstruh`d f`lnoefed mnsfea, hgd`t`r bed ebhndnstretnm, Bn sehpndk
h`dyebern tedtedked bed p`rheseaejed yedk hudiua s`p`rtn KHS, JEIIS
JEIIS,,
 p`dkkudeed lejed fnhne, heseaej jeaea bed jereh, p`ael`aed knzn,
fgdtehndesn hnfrggrkednsh`
hnfrggrkednsh` bed f`reiuded, s`rte fgdbnsn `fgdghn budne.
Jea aenddye, p`dk`hledked YBH l`rhutu h`aeaun oeaur p`dbnbnfed mgrhea,
 p`aetnjed bed p`dk`hledked
p`dk`hle dked bn t`hpet f`roe6 p`dkkudeed
p`dkkudee d p`reaeted
trebnsngdea heupud hgb`rd beaeh h`dkjesnafed prgbuf6 bed p`dkueseed
ndmgrhesn yedk l`rsnmet uhuh heupud fjusus.

<9
 

BEMRE\ SPYREFE

Srgm
Srgm.. Br.
Br. Nr
Nr.. J. Huse
Huse Jul`
Jul`ns
ns,, HY,
HY, Bnpa
Bnpa.N
.Ndk
dk,, B@E.
B@E. N db us tr ne an se sn
Sedked.Oeferte

Bnrbogouwgdg, \. [. (<332).  Fewesed Ndbustrn Ndbgd`sne? Y`luej  Fgds`p

 S`r`diedeed bed Epanfesn. Lgkgr? Sustefe [nreuseje Hube.

<2