[m ;> - 5;>7- N

_H Chfthra
Chfth ra [
[X[U
X[U
Fbcbr : ;?/_H/C/5;>1
] nfllnd : 5? Jnfunra 5;>1

[HMBCNF
Engnf Ibfs
Ibfstruis
truisaa Enflufnf mnf Uhinyn
Uhinynssn _apad

Mhsnaf l r bufms
bufm s a dd
(mnc phflhfmnda mnsnr suflna)

IHCHF]HUANF
IHCHF] HUANF [HIHUJNNF X
XCCXC
MNF [HUXCNGNF UNIQN]

JMAG Ih
Ihchfthranf
chfthranf [X[U
 Mn`tnr asa

Mn`tnr asa ...................

...........................................
.................................................
...............................................
..............................................
.............................................
.....................a
[rnintn..........................................
[rnintn...............................................................
..............................................
.................................................
...............................................
....................... av

[hflnftnr.. ..............................................
[hflnftnr.. .......................................................................
..............................................
..............................................
.................................
........ ....8
> Uunfl dafliup..........................
dafliup...................................................
.................................................
.................................................
...........................................
..................>
5 Nounf
Nounf fbrcn
fbrcnta`
ta` .......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...........
...........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
.........
..........
..........
.........
..........
....... >
? Astadng mnf mh`afasa .....................
.............................................
.................................................
..............................................
..........................................
..................... >
= Ihthftunf
Ihthftunf mnf phrsynrntnf
phrsynrntnf .....................
..............................................
.................................................
..............................................
...........................
..... ?
=.> [hrsynrntnf.......................
[hrsynrntnf...............................................
.................................................
..............................................
..............................................
.........................?
=.>.> Mntn mnf af`brcnsa .......................
................................................
..................................................
..............................................
..............................
......... ?
=.>.>.> Mntn tbpbl
tbpblrn`a
rn`a ...................
............................................
..................................................
..............................................
......................................
.................?
=.>.>.5 Mntn gamrbd
gamrbdbla
bla ...................
............................................
..................................................
..............................................
......................................
................. =
=.>.>.5.> Mntn mhea
mheatt ......................
..............................................
.................................................
..............................................
..........................................
..................... =

=.>.5 Mntn lhbth

lhbthifai
ifai ..............................................
.......................................................................
..............................................
......................................
.................=
=.>.? Mntn lhbchtra suflna .............
.....................................
.............................................
..............................................
.........................................
................ =
=.>.= Mntn enfl
enflufnf.....................
ufnf..............................................
..................................................
..............................................
......................................
.................=
=.>.8 Mntn cbr`bdbla suflna ..........................
...................................................
.................................................
...............................................
.......................=
=.>.0 Mntn engn
engnf
f enflufnf .....................
..............................................
.................................................
..............................................
...........................
..... 8
=.>.< @uflsa lrbufmsadd ...................
...........................................
.................................................
..............................................
......................................
.................8
=.>.<.> @uflsa ihdh
ihdhflinpnf
flinpnf .....................
..............................................
.................................................
..............................................
...........................
..... 8
=.>.<.>.> ]ueug lrbufmsadd ...................
............................................
..................................................
..............................................
..................................
............. 8
=.>.<.>.5 [hdacpng ...................
...........................................
.................................................
...............................................
..............................................
........................8
=.>.<.>.? Dnftnaa dafmufl ...................
Dnftn ...........................................
.................................................
..............................................
......................................
.................8

=.>.<.>.= ]hcebi thpa .....................

..............................................
..................................................
..............................................
......................................
.................8
=.>.<.>.8 _nynp dafmufl ...................
...........................................
.................................................
..............................................
......................................
................. 8
=.>.7 _ynrntt ihncnf
_ynrn ihncnfnf
nf mnf stneadatns ..................
............................................
..................................................
......................................
..............0
=.>.7.> Ihncnfnf gamrnu
gamrnudai
dai...................
............................................
.................................................
.............................................
..............................
......... 0
=.>.7.5 Ihncnfnf struiturnd ....................
.............................................
..................................................
..............................................
..........................
..... 0
=.>.7.? Ihncnfnf dafli
dafliuflnf........................................
uflnf.............................................................
..............................................
.................................
........ 0
=.5 Ihthftunf....................................
Ihthftunf.........................................................
..............................................
..................................................
.......................................
..............0
=.5.> ]ntn dhtni............................................
dhtni....................................................................
.............................................
..............................................
.............................
.... 0
=.5.5 Ehftui
Ehftui mnf mac
machfsa
hfsa .....................
..............................................
..................................................
..............................................
..............................
......... 0
=.5.5.> Ehftui lrbufmsadd ..................
...........................................
..................................................
..............................................
..................................
............. <

=.5.5.5 Mnc utncn ...................

............................................
..................................................
..............................................
.........................................
....................<
a

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
=.5.5.? [hdacpng ...................
...........................................
.................................................
...............................................
..............................................
........................<
=.5.5.= Chrou phdacpng ...................
............................................
..................................................
..............................................
..................................
............. <
=.5.5.8 ]ueug lrbufmsadd ...................
............................................
..................................................
..............................................
..................................
............. <
=.5.5.0 _nynp dafmufl ...................
...........................................
.................................................
..............................................
......................................
................. <
=.5.5.< _uemnc
_uemnc ....................
............................................
.................................................
...............................................
..............................................
........................7

=.5.5.7 Dnftna dafmufl ...................

Dnftna ............................................
..................................................
..............................................
......................................
................. 7
=.5.5.1 Enflufnf
Enflu fnf phdhflinp ...................
............................................
..................................................
..............................................
..........................
..... 7
=.5.? Lnyn-lnyn
Lnyn-lnyn ynfl ehihrjn....................................
ehihrjn.........................................................
..............................................
.....................................
............ 7
8 Mhsnaf lrbufmsadd ....................
.............................................
.................................................
.............................................
..........................................
.....................77
8.> Machfsa phda
phdacpng...................
cpng............................................
..................................................
..............................................
.........................................
....................7
8.>.> [hfhftunf
[hfhftunf mheat mhsnaf ...................
............................................
..................................................
..............................................
..........................
..... 7
8.>.5 [hfhf
[hfhftunf
tunf ihmndncnf
ihmndncnf ndarnf ma ntns chrou phdacpng.................
phdacpng................................................1
...............................1

8.>.? [hfhf
[hfhftunf
tunf thend chrou phdacpn
phdacpng.................
g.........................................
..............................................................1
......................................1

8.5 Machfsa mnc utncn..............

utncn......................................
...................................................
.....................................................
......................................>;
............>;

8.5.> [hfhftunf ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc utncn enlanf gudu..............

gudu.......... ............
.................
................
.............>;
......>;
8.5.5 [hfhftunf ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc utncn enlanf gadar..............
gadar...... ................
................
................
...............
.......>>
>>

8.? Machfsa dnftn

dnftnaa dafmu
dafmufl........
fl................................
.....................................................................
...................................................................>>
......................>>

8.?.> [hfhf
[hfhftunf
tunf thend dnftn
dnftnaa dafmu
dafmufl..........
fl..................................
....................................................................
................................................>>
....>>

8.?.5 [hfhf
[hfhftunf
tunf pnfjnfl
pnfjnfl dnftna
dnftna dafmu
dafmufl..........
fl..................................
...................................................................>5
...........................................>5

8.= Machfsa suemnc.....................

suemnc.................................................
...................................................
............................................
....................................>?
...............>?

8.=.> [hfhftunf ihcaraflnf enmnf suemnc enlanf gadar..............

gadar...... ...............
...............
................
................
..............>?
......>?

8.=.5 [hfhf
[hfhftunf
tunf taflla
taflla suemnc.......................
suemnc...............................................
.....................................................
..........................................>
.............>??
8.8 Machfsa thcebi thpa......
thpa..............................
...................................................
..........................................
.............................................>=
..............................>=

0 _tneada
_tneadatns
tns mnc utncn...............
utncn......................................
...............................................
..............................................
.......................................>8
.................>8
0.> [hfhftunf lnyn-lnyn ynfl ehihrjn pnmn mnc utncn............ utncn.... ................
................
...............
...............
...............>8
.......>8

0.5 _ynrnt stneadatns................

stneadatns........................................
.......................................................................................
.....................................................................>0
......>0

0.? [hrgatuf
[hrgatuflnf
lnf stneadatns .....................
..........................................
.......................................................................
.........................................................><
.......><

0.?.> _tneada
_tneadatns
tns thrgnmnp
thrgnmnp ludafl...............
ludafl.......................................
........................................................................
...................................................><
...><

0.?.5 _tneada
_tneadatns
tns thrgnmnp
thrgnmnp lhshr............................................
lhshr.........................................................................
..............................................>
.................><<

0.?.? _tneadatns thrgnmnp mnyn muiufl tnfng `bfmnsa.....

`bfmnsa.............
........ .................
......... ................
................
................
..........><
..><
< _tneada
_tneadatns
tns thcebi thpa.....
thpa............................
...............................................
..................................................
................................................>7
......................>7

<.> [hfhftunf lnyn-lnyn ynfl ehihrjn pnmn thcebi thpa.................

thpa......... ................
................
.............
.............
...........>7
...>7

<.5 _ynrnt stneadatns...............

stneadatns.......................................
................................................
.......................... .......................................
.............................................5;
......5;
aa

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
<.? [hrgatuf
[hrgatuflnf
lnf stneadatns.........................................
stneadatns..............................................................
.......................................
.................. ....................5>

<.?.> _tneada
_tneadatns
tns thrgnmnp
thrgnmnp ludafl...............
ludafl.......................................
........................................................................
...................................................5>
...5>

<.?.5 _tneada
_tneadatns
tns thrgnmnp
thrgnmnp lhshr...............................................
lhshr.........................................................................
...........................................5
.................5>>

<.?.? _tneadatns thrgnmnp mnyn muiufl tnfng `bfmnsa.....

`bfmnsa............
...............
.................
.................
...............
................
............5>
...5>

Dncparnf N Lncenr-l
Lncenr-lncenr.................
ncenr..........................................
..................................................
..............................................
................................
........... 5?
Dncparnf E ]nehd
]nehd-tnehd
-tnehd .......................................
............................................................
..............................................
...............................................
......................51
Dncparnf O Obftbg phrgatuflnf ...................
............................................
..................................................
..............................................
........................
... ?5
Dncparnf M Mn`tnr sacebd...................
...........................................
.................................................
..............................................
....................................
...............=5
Dncparnf H Mn`tnr astadng .......................
................................................
..................................................
..............................................
................................
........... =8
Eaedablrn`a
Eaedablrn`a .....................
.............................................
.................................................
..............................................
..............................................
.......................................
..............=<

aaa

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
 [rnintn

[hmbcnf Mhsnaf Lrbufmsadd (Mnc [hflhfmnda Mnsnr _uflna) afa chrupninf rhvasa mnra —[m
]->5-5;;=-5;;=-N [hmbcnf phrhfonfnnf phflhfmnda thifas mnsnr suflna. [hmbcnf afa
chflnou pnmn gnsad phfhdatanf, gnsad phflncntnf phfhrnpnf ma dnpnflnf, mnf ehrmnsnrinf
sucehr pustnin —iucpudnf dathrntur eamnfl phrsuflnanf mnf sneb–,
sneb–, shrtn thbra mnf prnithi

dnpnflnf pnmn thifbdbla enflufnf sneb ma Afmbfhsan.

[hmbcnf afa masusuf bdhg Ibcath ]hifas (1>-;>) Engnf Ibfstruisa Enflufnf mnf Uhinynsn
_apad pnmn _ueibcath ]hifas (1>-;>/_>) Eamnfl _ucehr Mnyn Nar chdndua Lulus Ihrjn Endna
Datenfl _neb, [usnt [hfhdatanf mnf [hflhcenflnf _ucehr Mnyn Nar, Enmnf [hfhdatanf mnf
[hflhcenflnf Ihchfthranf [hihrjnnf Xcuc mnf [hrucngnf Uniynt

]ntn onrn phfudasnf chflnou pnmn [hrin E_F Fbcbr = ]nguf 5;>0 mnf thdng ehehrnpn
inda maengns pnmn rnpnt ibfshfsus. [hcengnsnf thrnigar pnmn tnfllnd < @herunra 5;>< ma
Enfmufl mhflnf chdaentinf fnrnsucehr, pninr mnra ehrenlna afstnfsa mnf dhcenln thrinat

av

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
 [hflnftnr

_uflna chrupninf suntu sasthc sndurnf ynfl threhftui shonrn ndncang bdhg ndnc uftui
chflndarinf nar ma ntns phrcuinnf euca, juln chflnfliut shmachf ynfl thrinfmufl mndnc
nar thrsheut. Ndarnf nar pnmn ehzui ( tbrrhft) ynifa suflna ma mnhrng phlufuflnf shdnaf
chflnfliut shmachf juln mnpnt chflnfliut entnfl-entnfl ntnu rnftafl pbgbf shrtn sasn-

sasn eafntnfl
`dbws ). ynfl thdng
_uflna-suflna cnta.
ynfl Ndarnf ynflmheras
chflnfliut mhcaianf
shdndumasheut mhflnf
chflndnca ndarnf mheras
`duitunsa mheras
mnsnr (suflna
ynfl snflnt ehsnr ynfl mnpnt chfyheneinf thrjnmafyn ihfnainf mnsnr suflna ( ravhr ehm
nlrnmntabf) ntnu phfurufnf mnsnr suflna ( ravhr ehm mhlrnmntabf).

Xftui chfohlng thrjnmafyn `duitunsa mnsnr suflna, maenfluf lrbufmsadd (mnc phflhfmnda
mnsnr suflna). Lrbufmsadd chrupninf sndng sntu enflufnf snebmnc ynfl `uflsa utncnfyn
nmndng uftui chfstneadinf mnsnr suflna rhfonfn. Mnsnr suflna ynfl stnead ninf mnpnt
chfohlng ihcufliafnf thrjnmafyn ihruftugnf enflufnf phriuntnf theafl ntnu tnfllud
phflncnf ynfl nmn pnmn enlanf suflna thrsheut mnf mnpnt pudn chflhinfl phrlhshrnf
ndur suflna ynfl mnpnt chflniaentinf ehruengfyn nrng ndarnf suflna mnf mnpnt chcnftai
thrjnmafyn lhrusnf dbind. Npneadn dbinsa lhrusnf dbind thrsheut thpnt ma shiatnr `bfmnsa suntu
enflufnf, dnpasnf mnsnr `bfmnsa mnpnt thrlhrus mnf mnpnt chcengnyninf stneadatns
enflufnf thrsheut.

[hmbcnf afa magnrnpinf mnpnt malufninf shenlna nounf mnf phlnflnf mndnc
phflhfmndanf hrbsa mnf shmachftnsa uftui stneadatns mnsnr suflna ynfl shsuna mhflnf
ibfmasa ma Afmbfhsan.

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
 Mhsnaf llrb
rbuf
ufms
msadd
add (mnc phflhfmnda mnsnr suflna)

> Uunfl dafliup

[hmbcnf afa chfhtnpinf tntn onrn mhsnaf lrbufmsadd (mnc phflhfmnda mnsnr suflna), thrutncn
pnmn ehzui (tbrrhft) ynifa suflna-suflna ma mnhrng phlufuflnf. [hmbcnf afa chflurnainf
thftnfl:
n) ihthftunf mnf phrsynrntnf, shrt
shrtn
n mntn mnf Af`brcns
Af`brcnsaa ynfl maphrduinf9
e) prbshmur mnf tntn onrn phrhfonfnnf machfs
machfsaa gamrnudai mnf stneadatns struitur
s truitur enflufnf9
o) cnthrand ynfl malufninf yn
ynatu
atu p
pnsnflnf
nsnflnf eentu
ntu inda mnf/ntnu ehtbf

5 Nounf fbr
fbrccnta`

Mbiuchf rh`hrhfsa ma enwng afa gnrus malufninf mnf tamni mnpnt matafllndinf uftui
chdnisnfninf mhsnaf lrbufmsadd.
_FA 5=>8:5;>0, ]ntn onrn phrgatuflnf mheat enfjar rhfonfn.
_FA 578>:5;>8, Mhsnaf enflufnf phfngnf shmachf.
[hrnturnf Chfthra [hihrjnnf Xcuc mnf [hrucngnf Uniynt Fb. 57 ]nguf 5;>8 thftnfl
[hfhtnpnf Lnras _hcpnmnf _uflna mnf Lnras _hcpnmnf Mnfnu

? Astadng mnf mh`

mh`afasa
afasa

Astadng mnf mh`afasa ynfl malufninf mndnc phmbcnf afa nmndng shenlna ehraiut:

?.>
ndarnf
lhrninf nar ynfl mafyntninf mhflnf lhjndn mnf pnrnchthr

?.5
nfliutnf shmachf
phrlhrninf cnthrand entunf mnf tnfng ynfl ehrnsnd ntnu ehrnmn ma dhceng, theafl, mnf mnsnr
suflna bdhg ndarnf nar

?.?
ehzui
suflna-suflna ma mnhrng phlufuflnf ynfl pnmn ucucfyn chcpufyna ihcaraflnf
chcnfjnfl mnsnr suflna ouiup thrjnd

?.=
mnc utncn
enlanf ibfstruisa lrbufmsadd ynfl shonrn dnflsufl ehr`uflsa chfngnf ndarnf mheras ynfl
mntnfl mnra gudu

?.8
mhsnaf
rnflinanf prbshs phcaiarnf mndnc gnd phfhftunf dbinsa, taph mnf uiurnf enflufnf mhflnf
shlndn ihdhflinpnffyn ynfl maphrduinf shgaflln mnpnt maenfluf, mabphrnsainf, maphdagnrn
> mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
mnf mapnftnu nlnr thtnp ehr`uflsa mhflnf enai shsuna mhflnf phrsynrntnf ynfl maihghfmnia
shonrn ncnf, iunt mnf stnead thrgnmnp shlndn `nitbr ynfl ehrphflnrug thrgnmnp enflufnf
thrsheut

?.0
l r bufms add
sndng sntu enflufnf snebmnc mhflnf ihdhflinpnffyn ynfl maenfluf chdaftnfl suflna,
ynfl shflnjn mamhsnaf uftui chfstneadinf mnsnr suflna rhfonfn mnf juln ehr`uflsa uftui
chdafmufla ibfstruisa enflufnf chdaftnfl suflna ma enlanf gudu

?.<
ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna mafncai
mafncai
ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna ma gudu lrbufmsadd ynfl threhftui pnson thrjnmafyn ndarnf mheras. [nmn
ucucfyn ehsnrfyn ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna mafncai iurnfl dheag 5/? ihcaraflnf mnsnr
suflna shcudn

?.7
ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna rhfonfn
ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna ynfl marhfonfninf ninf thrjnma pnmn sntu sasthc suflna

?.1
ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna stntai
ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna
ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflnamafncai. lrbufmsadd
ma gudu [nmn ynflehsnrfyn
ucucfyn threhftuiihcaraflnf
pnson thrjnmafyn hrbsa stntai
mnsnr suflna pnmn
iurnfl dheag >/5 ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna shcudn

?.>;
dnftna dafmufl
utnc n (cnaf mnc ) mnf suemnc
dnpas ihrns ynfl chflgueuflinf mnc utncn

?.>>
duenfl ndar
duenfl mhflnf jucdng, ehftui mnf uiurnf thrthftu ynfl shflnjn maeunt pnmn enmnf mnc ynfl
chcadaia `uflsa thrthftu lufn chflurnfla ehsnrfyn thinfnf ih ntns ( upda`t prhssurh) mnf
ihcumngnf mndnc phdnisnfnnf phcenflufnf

?.>>5
duenfl ntus
duenfl mhflnf jucdng mnf manchthr rhdnta` ihoad ynfl gnrus maeunt pnmn thcebi thpa
shmhcaianf rupn shgaflln nar thtnp mnpnt chflndar thtnpa taceufnf tnfng ma ehdninfl thcebi
thpa tamni thrnfliut ihdunr. Bdhg inrhfn atu, ma ehdninfl thcebi thpa mnpnt maehra dnpas ajui ntnu
lhbthxtadh. Mhflnf mhcaianf, ehsnrfyn thinfnf dnthrnd ynfl ehihrjn pnmn thcebi thpa mnpnt
ehriurnfl.

?.>?
cbr`bdbla suflna
adcu ynfl chcphdnjnra thftnfl lhbchtra, jhfas, sa`nt mnf phradniu suflna mhflnf shlndn nsphi
phruengnffyn mndnc machfsa runfl mnf wnitu, ynfl chfynfliut sa`nt mafncai suflna mnf
dafliuflnffyn
dafliuflnffyn ynfl sndafl ehrinatnf

5 mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
?.>=
prbthisa enflufnf
ibfstruisa phdafmufl lrbufmsadd ynfl mnpnt maenfluf ma shehdng gudu mnc utncn mnf/ntnu gadar
suemnc lufn chfohlng hrbsa dnthrnd ynfl mnpnt thrjnma pnmn enlanf gudu mnf gadar snynp
dafmufl

?.>8
sa`nt `asai tnfng
ihnmnnf susufnf eutar tnfng ynfl mathftuinf bdhg lneuflnf nftnrn ihnmnnf lrnmnsa mnf
struitur tnfng, nftnrn dnaf, sa`nt af`adtrnsa, phribdnsa, mnf hrbmaeadatns ynfl mathftuinf
ehrmnsnrinf phflujanf ma dnebrntbrauc mnf/ntnu ma dnpnflnf mnf juln maidnsa`ainsainf
mhflnf/ntnu tnfpn ma nfndasas

?.>0
sa`nt thifas tnfng
pnmn ucucfyn lrbufmsadd maenfluf ma ntns tnfng lrnfudnr shphrta pnsar, ihraiad, entunf mnf
oncpurnffyn, chcpufyna sa`nt thifas ynfl ouiup enai uftui chfmuiufl enflufnf nsndinf
ouiup cncpnt, ouiup enai shenlna tnfng urul ma ehdninfl thcebi thpa inrhfn chflgnsadinf
thinfnf dnthrnd ynfl ihoad mnf iunt lhshr ynfl taflla. ]nfng lrnfudnr tamni mnpnt malufninf
shenlna engnf tnfllud jain tamni maoncpur mhflnf tnfng ibghsa` inrhfn chcpufyna
phrchneadatns ynfl taflla

?.><
suemnc
enlanf ibfstruisa lrbufmsadd ynfl chfmuiufl mnc utncn, ehr`uflsa uftui chflhfmndainf
ndarnf nar mnf shmachf ih enlanf gadar

?.>7
suflna
suflna nmndng ndur ntnu wnmng nar ndnca mnf/ntnu euntnf ehrupn jnraflnf phflndarnf nar
ehshrtn nar ma mndncfyn, cudna mnra gudu sncpna cunrn, mhflnf maentnsa infnf mnf iara bdhg
lnras shcpnmnf. ([hrnturnf Chfthra [hihrjnnf Xcuc mnf [hrucngnf Uniynt Uhpuedai
Afmbfhsan Fbcbr 57/[U]/C/5;>8)

?.>1
thcebi thpa

uftui ibfstruisa lrbufmsadd

enlanfchflnrnginf nrus ynfl chrupninf entns iara infnf dnftna dafmufl mnf ehr`uflsa

= Ih
Ihthftunf
thftunf mnf phrsyn
phrsynrntnf
rntnf

=.> [hrsynrntnf

=.>.> Mntn mnf af`brcnsa

=.>.>.>
=.>.>.> Mntn tbpblrn`a

Xftui mhsnaf lrbufmsadd maphrduinf phtn tbpblrn`a >:58.;;; ntnu phtn satunsa suflna mhflnf
sindn >:>;.;;;9 >:5.;;;9 [htn afa malufninf uftui chfhftuinf dhtni lrbufmsadd shrtn stnsauf
gujnf ynfl ehrsnfliutnf

? mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
=.>.>.5 Mntn gamrbdbla

Mntn gamrbdbla uftui chfhftuinf

c hfhftuinf mheat mhsnaf mnpnt madniuinf shenlna ehraiut:
n) mhflnf chfllufninf
chfllufninf mntn mheat cnisacuc,
cnisacuc , ntnu
e) jain tamni thrshman
thrs hman mntn mheat mnpnt chfllufninf mntn gujnf gnranf cnisac
cnisacuc.uc.

=.>.>.5.
=.>.>.5.>
> Mntn mheat

Mntn afa chrupninf mntn ndarnf suflna gnsad survha mnf phfyhdamainf gamrbchtra mhflnf
chdniuinf phfluiurnf ihohpntnf ndarnf ma dnpnflnf mnf ntnu gnsad phflgatuflnf gamrnudai
suflna mhflnf chfllufninf rucus-rucus ntnu phrsncnnf gamrnudai suflna.

=.>.>.5.5 Mntn gujnf

Mntn gujnf maphrlufninf npneadn mntn ndarnf dnflsufl ynfl thrshman tamni ouiup pnfjnfl,
thtnpa mntn gujnf thrshman ouiup pnfjnfl. Ehrmnsnrinf mntn gujnf ynfl nmn thrdheag mngudu
magatufl gujnf rhfonfn mhflnf chfllufninf onrn-onrn stntastai. Ihcumanf mheat mhsnaf
magatufl mhflnf chfllufninf chtbmh-chtbmh phmbcnf ynfl ehrdniu.

=.>.5 Mntn lhbthifai

Mntn lhbthifai ynfl maphrduinf uftui mhsnaf lrbufmsadd manftnrnfyn:

n) sa`nt `asai tnfng mnf entunf ma shiatnr rhfonfn dbinsa lrbufmsadd chdaputa rnpnt cnssn, ehrnt
vbduch, inmnr nar, ibfsafthfsa mnf ihpnmntnf, lrnmnsa eutarnf, ihnusnf, mnf ihihrnsnf9
e) sa`nt str
struitur
uitur ttnfng
nfng mnf entunf chdaputa phc phcncpntnf,
ncpntnf, ihiuntnf lhshr, c cbmudus
bmudus
hdnstasatns,ibh`asahf ihdudusnf nar, mnf mnyn muiufl

=.>.?
=.>.? Mntn lh
lhbc
bchtra
htra suflna

Mntn lhbchtra suflna ynfl maphrduinf uftui mhsnaf lrbufmsadd manftnrnfyn ehftui mnf uiurnf
mnsnr suflna thrmndnc, ndur, pndufl mnf dhceng suflna shonrn vhrtaind mnf gbrazbftnd
(phfncpnfl chdaftnfl mnf chcnfjnfl suflna) chfoniup pnrnchthr pnfjnfl, dhenr ntnu
ehftnfl suflna, ihcaraflnf, ihtafllanf, mnf ihinsnrnf.

=.>.= Mntn enflufnf

Mntn enflufnf nar ma gudu mnf magadarfyn ynfl ninf thrphflnrug bdhg enflufnf lrbufmsadd
ynfl ninf ma mhsnaf.

=.>.8 Mntn cbr`bdbla suflna

Mntn cbr`bdbla suflna ynfl maphrduinf, nftnrn dnaf chdaputa:

n) ehftui mnf uiurnf ndur, pndufl, mnf dhceng suflna9
e) ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna : suflna thrjnd mnf dnfmna9
o) ibfmasa suflna
s uflna : gu
gudu,
du, thflng, gadar, phlufuflnf mnf phmn
phmntnrnf9
tnrnf9
m) jhfas, sa`nt dnpasnf mnf cnthrand : mnsnr suflna, theafl mnf dhceng9
h) phruengnf lhbchtra suflna ih nrng vhrtaind: suflna ehrnlrnmnsa, suflna ehrmhlrnmnsa,
suflna thtnp9
`) phruengnf lh lhbchtra
bchtra suflna ih nrng gbrazbftnd: suflna eh
ehrdaiu,
rdaiu, durus,
durus , ehrjndaf9

= mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
l) mhlrnmnsa ntnu phfurufnf mnsnr ndur mnf ntnu pndufl suflna mhflnf pnrnchthr pnfjnfl,
dhenr ntnu ehftnfl mnf mndnc9
g) nlrnmnsa/shmachftnsa ntnu ihfnainf mnsnr ndur mnf ntnu pndufl suflna mhflnf pnrnchthr:
pnfjnfl, dhenr ntnu ehftnfl, mnf mndnc.

=.>.0 Mntn engnf enflufnf

[hcadagnf engnfmhflnf
ihdhflinpnffyn
ihdhflinp nffyn enflufnf (entu inda) ynfl
chcphrgntainf ninf
gnd-gnd malufninf
shenlna uftui enflufnf lrbufmsadd mnf
ehraiut:
n) sucehr mnf jucdng ynfl thrshman9
e) jhfas mnf ihtngnfnf ucur9
o) sa`nt `asai mnf sa`nt struitur engnf enflufnf ynfl thrmara mnra rnpnt cnssn (cnss mhfsaty )
ntnu ehrnt vbduch (sphoa`ao mhfsaty ), lrnmnsa eutarnf, ihnusnf mnf ihinsnrnf, sa`nt
phcnmntnf, iunt lhshr, phrsynrntnf iundatns, ihcumngnf phflhrjnnf, mnf fadna hibfbcas.

=.>.< @uflsa l r bufms add

n) chfstneadin
chfstneadinff mnsnr s
sufln
uflnaa rhfonfn9
e) chfohlng thrjnmafyn lhrusnf mnf chfhtnpinf nrng ndarnf9
o) chdafmufla `bfmnsa, phriuntnf theafl ntnu tnfllud yn
ynfl
fl nmn ma shpnfjnfl ndur suflna,
m) chflncnfinf enflufnf chdaftnfl suflna magudufyn9

=.>.<.>
=.>.<.> @uflsa ih
ihdhflinpnf
dhflinpnf

=.>.<.>.> ]ueug l rbufm

rbufmss add

]ueug lrbufmsadd thrmara mnra enmnf mnc mnf snynp dafmufl. ]ueug lrbufmsadd chrupninf
ncenfl thtnp ynfl ehr`uflsa uftui chcphrtngnfinf ihcaraflnf chcnfjnfl mnsnr suflna
rhfonfn, chfurufinf mnyn lhrus nar suflna, chfohlng lhrusnf mnf thrjufnf mnsnr suflna,
shrtn chfstneadinf mnsnr suflna. Bdhg inrhfn atu, pnmn enmnf mnc suntu lrbufmsadd tamni
maphrduinf nmnfyn duenfl ndar ( mrapgbdh, mrnafgbdh).

=.>.<.>.5 [hdacpng

[hdacpng lrbufmsadd ehr`uflsa uftui chflndarinf mheat mhsnaf.

=.>.<.>.? Dnftna dafmufl

Dnftna dafmufl chrupninf dnpas ihrns ynfl chflgueuflinf mnc utncn ( cnaf mnc ) mnf
suemnc ehr`uflsa uftui chfjnln ihncnfnf tueug lrbufmsadd.

=.>.<.>.
=.>.<.>.=
= ]h cebi thpa

]hcebi thpa ehr`uflsa shenlna phfngnf tnfng, phfohlng ndarnf rhcehsnf sncpafl, mnf
phflnrng nrus ntnu ndarnf suflna.

=.>.<.>.8 _ny
_nynp
np dafmufl

_nynp dafmufl ehr`uflsa shenlna phflnrng nrus, phfohlng ndarnf sncpafl, phfngnf tnfng,
shrtn phflncnfnf thrgnmnp dbflsbrnf theafl.

8 mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
=.>.7 _ynrnt ihncnfnf mnf stneadatns

Lrbufmsadd mhflnf ihdhflinpnffyn gnrus ma mhsnaf mhflnf enai mnf ehfnr nlnr mnpnt
ehr`uflsa shphrta thrsheut pnmn suepnsnd =.>.< mhflnf chcphrgntainf synrnt ihncnfnf ynfl
matafjnu enai mnra shla gamrnudai, struitur mnf ihdhstnranf dafliuflnf (tntn dhtni mnf
phdnisnfnnf phcenflufnffyn).

=.>.7.> Ih
Ihnc
ncnfnf
nfnf gamrnudai

Ihncnfnf gamrnudai chdaputa:

n) ihncnfnf thrgnmnp dunpnf cnin phdacpng lrbufmsadd ma mhsnaf nlnr cncpu chdhwntinf
mheat enfjar mhsnaf mhflnf taflla jnlnnf ynfl ouiup9
e) ihncnfnf thrgnmnp lhrusnf dbind, mhlrnmnsa mnsnr suflna mnf phfllhrusnf theafl9
o) ihncnfnf dnftna dafmufl thrgnmnp thrjufnf mnf ehfturnf9
m) ihncnfnf thrgnmnp phruengnf nrng ndarnf, lhjndn ehrdaiu mnf ehrjndaffyn suflna.

=.>.7.5 Ih
Ihnc
ncnfnf
nfnf struitur
struiturnd
nd

Ihncnfnf struiturnd chdaputa:

n) ihiuntnf: ncnf thrgnmnp thlnflnf mnf rhlnflnf ynfl thrjnma9
e) ihstneadnf: stnead mnf ncnf thrgnmnp ludafl, lhshr, mnf mnyn muiufl tnfng `bfmnsa

=.>.7.? Ih
Ihnc
ncnfnf
nfnf dafliuflnf

]ntn dhtni enflufnf lrbufmsadd ynfl rncng dafliuflnf nlnr phfncenflnf engnf lndanf
lbdbflnf O mnra pndufl suflna, phceunflnf cnthrand, phruengnf trnfspbrtnsa shmachf
shpnfjnfl ndur suflna, phruengnf ndur suflna ynfl thrjnma ntnu ihcufliafnf phruengnf
dnfshinp tamni ehrmncpni fhlnta` thrgnmnp dafliuflnf shiatnrfyn.

=.5 Ihthftunf

=.5.>
=.5.> ]ntn dhtni

]ntn dhtni lrbufmsadd gnrus chchfuga ihthftunf-ihthftunf

ihthftunf-ihthftunf shenlna ehraiut:
n) marhfonfninf pnmn ndur suflna ynfl tamni stnead, mnsnr suflna `duitunta` mnf magnrnpinf ndur
mnpnt mantur mnf stnead bdhg ibfstruisa lrbufmsadd9
e) marhfonfninf uftui chdafmufla `bfmnsa mnf ehftui ibfstruisa dnaffyn, dbinsa lrbufmsadd
gnrus maenfluf ma shehdng gadarfyn9
o) marhfonfninf ma shehdng gadar phrthcunf mun
mun ndur suflna9
m) marhfonfninf ma shehdng gadar taiuflnf suflna9
h) marhfonfninf ma shehdng gadar theafl suflna ynfl ehrpbthfsa dbflsbr9
`) marhfonfninf hdhvnsa chro
chrouu phdacpng lrbufmsadd mnpnt ehrnmn ma ntns hdhvnsa mnsnr suflna
shcudn, sncn mhflnf hdhvnsa mnsnr suflna ntnu enginf mnpnt marhfonfninf ma enwng
hdhvnsa mnsnr suflna9
l) marhfonfninf suceu lrbufmsadd gnrus thlni durus pndufl suflna ma shehdng gadarfyn.

=.5.5
=.5.5 Ehftui mnf mac
machfsa
hfsa

Ehftui mnf machfsa lrbufmsadd shrtn ihdhflinpnffyn gnrus chchfuga ihthftunf-ihthftunf

shenlna ehraiut:
0 mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
 5.> Eh ftui l r bufms add
=.5.5.>
=.5.

Ehftui lrbufmsadd chceujur ih nrng ehftnfl suflna, mashsunainf mhflnf ehftui phfncpnfl
chdaftnfl suflna shrtn sa`nt `asai mnf struitur tnfng mnsnrfyn. Ehftnfl lrbufmsadd gnrus mnpnt
chfutup shdurug dhenr suflna mhflnf enai, mnf enlanf pnflind lrbufmsadd gnrus ma mhsnaf
nlnr enflufnf ncnf thrgnmnp engnyn lhrusnf mnf hrbsa eudug. _truitur lrbufmsadd thrmara mnra
mnc utncn (cnaf mnc ), suemnc (suemnc ), phdacpng (bvhr`dbw), snynp dafmufl (prbthotabf
wafl), dnftna dafmufl ( nprbf), thcebi thpa (samh wndd) mnf enflufnf phdhflinp dnaffyn.

=.5.5.5 Mnc utnc

ut ncn
n

]aflla h`hita` mnc utncn cnisacuc hcpnt chthr, mathftuinf mhflnf ehrpntbinf pnmn
ihnmnnf mnsnr suflna ynfl nmn, mnf ihohfmhruflnffyn ma cnsn ynfl ninf mntnfl.

=.5.5.? [hdac
[h dacpng
png

Ehftui phdacpng gnrus maeunt trnphsauc (Lncenr >), dhenr phdacpng gnrus dheag ihoad
mnrapnmn ehftnfl suflna. ]aflla phdacpng mathftuinf ehrmnsnrinf mheat mhsnaf mnf taflla
jnlnnf
jnlnnf,, mhfl
mhflnf
nf taf
taflla
lla jn
jnlnn
lnnf
f gn
gnrus
rus ma
mancea
nceadd shsun
shsunaa m
mhfl
hflnf
nf ]neh
]nehdd E.> Dncpar
Dncparnf
nf E.

=.5.5.=
=.5.5.= Ch
Chrou
rou ph
phdac
dacpng
png

Chrou phdacpng gnrus ouiup iunt uftui chfngnf ehfturnf mnf nernsa, shrtn ehftui chrou
phdacpng gnrus ncenfl dhenr ynfl sumutfyn ebdhg maeudntinf.

5.8 ] ueug l r bufms add

=.5.5.8
=.5.

]ueug lrbufmsadd thrmara mnra enmnf mnc mnf snynp dafmufl. Ihcaraflnf enlanf gudu mnra enmnf
mnc utncn gnrus mathftuinf ehrmnsnrinf synrnt stneadatns enflufnf mnf uftui atu mnpnt
malufninf phrsncnnf (8). Mnra gnsad phfhdatanf ma eamnfl thifbsneb mnf nlnr tamni thrjnma
ndarnf ynfl chfyusur phrcuinnf enmnf mnc enlanf gadar cnin ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc enlanf
gadar enai uftui mnc utncn cnupuf suemnc mathtnpinf shehsnr f 3 ;,5 (phrenfmaflnf thlni
mnf mntnr 3 > maenfmafl f).

=.5.5.0 _nynp
_nynp dafmufl

Ndarn
Ndarnf
f mhe
mheras
ras ynfl chda
chdacpns
cpns ma ntns snynp ddafm
afmufl
ufl mnpnt
mnpnt chrusni
chrusni theafl
theafl,, sue
suemnc
mnc mnf
mnf thceb
thcebii
thpa. Bdhg inrhfn atu, snynp dafmufl marhfonfninf shenlna snynp ynfl tamni madacpnsa enfjar
mnf ihmun snynp dafmufl gnrus maeunt carafl ih mndnc ntnu ih nrng phdacpng. Xftui atu,
snynp thrsheut gnrus chchfuga ihthftunf shenlna ehraiut:
n) ihcaraflnf snynp dafmufl ih nrng mndnc ntnu ih nrng phdacpng cafacuc sncn mhflnf
ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna ma dbinsa lrbufmsadd mnf cnisacuc
cnisacuc >; % %99
e) pnfjnfl s snynp
nynp dafmufl sshehdng
hehdng iara mnf infnf ebdhg tamni
t amni sncn,
s ncn, mnf mathftuinf
mathftuinf
ehrmnsnrinf dhtni suceu ndarnf9
o) dhenr snynp dafmufl gnrus maeunt sncn cudna mnra pnflind sncpna ihujuflfyn9
m) sasa gudu snynp dafmufl gnrus maeunt thlni9
h) sasa gadar snynp dafmufl mnpnt maeunt thlni ntnu carafl mhflnf ihcaraflnf maeunt sncn
mhflnf ihcaraflnf sasa gadar enmnf mnc ynifa > : ;,5;9
`) thend snynp dafmufl enlanf ntns cnisacuc sncn mhflnf thend chrou phdacpng mnf
cafacuc mathftuinf ehrmnsnrinf lnyn-lnyn niaent ehfturnf.

< mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
=.5.5.< _uemnc

_uemnc chdaputa gnd-gnd ehraiut:

n) ehftui chrou phdacpng suemnc mnf ihcaraflnf gadar enmnf suemnc gnrus maeunt sncn
mhflnf ehftui chrou phdacpng mnf ihcaraflnf gadar enmnf mnc utncn9
e) machfsa suemnc mashsunainf mhflnf lnyn-lnyn ynfl ehihrjn9
o) taflla suemnc mathftuinf ehrmnsnrinf phrsncnnf hfhrla (mnpnt pudn mathftuinf mhflnf
chfllufninf
chflluf ninf phrsncnnf ccnthcntas
nthcntas ntnu phrsncnnf hcparas).
=.5.5.7 Dnftna dafmufl

Dnftna dafmufl (nprbf) chdaputa gnd-gnd ehraiut:

n) ehftui dnftna dafmufl gnrus ma mhsnaf ehrmnsnrinf ln lnyn
yn‟
‟lnyn
lnyn ynfl maniaentinf bdhg
thrjufnf9
e) dhenr dnftna dafmufl m mathftuinf
athftuinf shs
shsuna
una mhflnf dhenr, taflla, mnf ihcaraflnf thcebi thpa9
o) thend dnftna
dnftna daf
dafmufl
mufl mathftuinf ehrmnsnrinf ph
phrs
rsncnnf
ncnnf 0 sncpna
snc pna mhflnf 7.
m) pnfjnfl dnftna dafmufl mathftuinf chfurut phrsnc
phrsncnnf
nnf 1, sncpna
snc pna mhflnf >1

=.5.5.1
=.5.5.1 Enflufnf phdhflinp

Enflufnf phdhflinp nftnrn dnaf ehrupn prbthisa enflufnf ( eu``hr `add) enai ma shehdng gudu
mnc utncn cnupuf ma shehdng gadar suemnc ynfl ehr`uflsa uftui chflncnfinf snynp
dafmufl mnra lhrusnf bdhg ndarnf mheras mnf chflnrnginf ndarnf shrtn thcebi thpa (samh wndd)
ynfl gnrus mamhsnaf ouiup iunt thrgnmnp lnyn-lnyn niaent thinfnf tnfng ma ehdninfl thcebi
thpa..

=.5.? Lnyn-lnyn ynfl ehihrjn

Lrbufmsadd chrupninf sndng sntu enflufnf snebmnc rhfmng mhflnf taflla h`hita` cnisacuc
= chthr ntnu. Mhflnf mhcaianf, lnyn‟ ‟lnyn
lnyn ynfl maphrgatuflinf ehihrjn pnmn enmnf mnc
nmndng lnyn-lnyn ynfl thrjnma pnmn snnt enfjar mnf gnfyn ehrupn:
n) lnyn niaent ehrnt shfmara enmnf mnc (whalgt b` mnc ebmy )9
e) lnyn niaent thinfnf nar stntai (stntao wnthr prhssurh)9
o) lnyn-lnyn thrsheut shsuna
shs una mhflnf ]nehd E.?. Dncparnf E

8 Mhsnaf l r bufms add

8.> Machfsa phdacpng

8.>.>
8.>.> [hfh
[hfhftunf
ftunf mheat mhsnaf

[hrsncnnf (>) malufninf uftui chfhftuinf mheat mhsnaf (mheat pufoni ndarnf mheras).

 3 ∜∕∜   (>)

[nmn ibfmasa histrhc macnfn fadna O* 3 ;,0; mnf Om 3 ;.08. Bdhg inrhfn fadn Om dheag ehsnr
mnra ;.1O* 3 ;.8=, cnin fadn Om mancead ;.8=. _hgaflln, ehsnrfyn mheat mhsnaf chfjnma ^m
3>;^b.

7 mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
Ihthrnflnf :
O* nmndng ibfshftrnsa shmachf ma mnsnr suflna
Om nmndng ibfshftrns
ibfshftrnsaa shmac
shmachf
hf ma mndnc ndarnf
^b nmndng mheat nar cnis acuc (mheat enfjar) (c?/mhtai)
cnisacuc
^m nmndng mheat mhsnaf ntnu mheat pufoni ndarnf mheras (c ?/mhtai)

8.>.5 [h
[hfhft
fhftunf
unf ihmndncnf ndarnf ma ntns c
chr
hrou
ou phdacpng
phdacpng

Ihmndncnf ndarnf ma ntns chrou phdacpng (g>) mathftuinf mhflnf chfllufninf phrsncnnf
(5).

 3  . . 5. . (?.5.). ℆/ ........................................................... (5)

Ihthrnflnf:
 nmndng ibh`asahf phdacpng (;,0; ‟ ;,00)9
 nmndng phrohpntnf lrnvatnsa (1,7; c/ mhtai 5)9
 nmndng dhenr phdacpng enlanf enwng (c)
(c)99
 nmndng dhenr cuin ndarnf pnmn ihmndncnf g> ma ntns chrou
c hrou phdacpng
phdacpng (c)9

℆℆
cs
>
nmndn
nmndng
g taflla
nmndng i
ihmnd
hmndncnf
ncnf
jnlnnfn
ndarnf
darnf
(c). ma ntns chrou phdacpng mnc utncn (c)9
nmndng ihcaraflnf tndum phdacpng

tndum phdacpng
]

∀℆
> gm
g>
cs
E

Lncenr > - [hfncpnfl chdaftnfl phdacpng lrbufmsadd

Jain O 3 ;,0; mnf cs 3 ;,8; cnin

c nin phrsncnnf (5) c
chfjn
hfjnma.
ma.

 (> 
m 3 ,<> + ;,<>g>) ℆ >
?/5 (?)

jain O 3;,0; mnf cs 3 >,;; cnin phrsncnnf (5) chfjnma

 (> 
m 3 ,<> + >,=5g>) ℆ >?/5 (=)

1 mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
Mhflnf onrn oben-oben (trand nfm hrrbr) ninf maphrbdhg fadna g> shsuna mhflnf ehsnrfyn mheat
mhsnaf. [nmn tndum phdacpng mnc utncn mnf suemnc gnrus madh madhflinpa
flinpa mhflnf tnflln
phflncnf (sn`hty dnmmhr) uftui ihncnfnf phtulns ihtain chdniuinf afsphisa.

8.>.? [h
[hfhft
fhftunf
unf thend
th end chr
hrou
ou phdac
phdacpng
png

]hend chrou phdacpng shonrn prnitas mnpnt mathftuinf mhflnf chfllufninf ]nehd E.5
Dncparnf E.

8.5 Machf
Machfsa
sa mnc utncn

8.5.> [h
[hfhft
fhftunf
unf ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc utnc
utncn
n en
enlanf
lanf gudu

Xftui mhsnaf lrbufmsadd mhflnf taflla h`hita` cnisacuc =,;; c cnin ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc
utncn enlanf gudu (c) mathftuinf mhflnf chfllufninf phrsncnnf (8). [hfhftunf fadna c afa
pnmn mnsnrfyn macnisuminf uftui chfhftuinf machfsa enmnf mnc ynfl dheag h`asahf thtnpa
cnsag mndnc entns ncnf mnf stnead thrgnmnp ludafl, lhshr cnupuf thrgnmnp mnyn muiufl
tnfng `bfmnsa.
(>  )  {=(  )  (5  )  5}3>?(?  ) (8)

 3   3   3 

Ihthrnflnf :
 nmndng ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc utncn enlanf gadar (mathtnpinf ;,5;)
 nmndng ihcaraflnf enmn
enmnff mnc utncn enlanf gudu
 nmndng taflla tbtnd mnc utncn (c)
D\ nmndng jnrni thrjufnf (jnrn
jnrni
i tata
tatai
i thrju
thrjuf
f mnra th
thpa
pa gad
gadar
ar chrou ph
phdacpn
dacpng)
g) (c)
E> nmndng thend mnsnr mnc utncn (c)
 nmndn
nmndng
g then
thendd chrou phdacpn
phdacpngg mnc utncn (c)
 nmndng rnpnt cnssn
nmndng c nssn ndarnf mhe
?
>;;; - >5;; il/c )
ras (nar+shmachf) (cnss mhfsaty b` mheras `dbw) (mancead
mheras

 nmndng rnpnt cnssn pnsnflnf ehtbf (cnss mhfsaty b` obforhth) (mancead 5?;; il/c ?)

>; mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
 Pb g>

> : c
> >
Gc
> : f f c

P>

fGc   cGc

D\ E>

8.5.5 [hfhftunf ihcaraflnfLncenr 5 - utncn

enmnf mnc Ih
Ihccaraflnf
enlanfen
enmnf
mnf mnc utnc
gadar utncn
n

Ehrmnsnrinf gnsad phfhdatanf mnf phflhcenflnf ma eamnfl thifbsneb, ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc
utncn enlanf gadar mathftuinf shehsnr f 3 ;,5;. Gnd atu macnisuminf uftui chflgafmnra nlnr
entu-entu ehsnr ynfl thrnfliut ndarnf mheras mnf jntug mnra phdacpng tamni dnflsufl chcuiud
enmnf mnc enlanf gadarfyn shrtn tamni chfaceudinf nernsa pnmn phrcuinnf enmnf mnc
utncn enlanf gadarfyn.

8.? Machfsa dnftna dafmufl

8.?.>
8.?.> [hfh
[hfhftunf
ftunf thend dnftna dafmuf
dafmufl
l

]hend dnftna dafmufl mnpnt mathftuinf mhflnf chfllufninf phrsncnnf cnthcntas ntnu
mhflnf
mhflnf phrsnc
phrsncnnfnnf hcparas.

n) [hrsncnnf cnthcntas

(0)

Ihthrnflnf:
m nmndng thend dnftna dafmufl
∀ g nmndng phrehmnnf ihmndncnf ndarnf ma ntns chrou cnaf mnc mnf chrou suemnc
∀ X nmndng Ihgadnflnf thinfnf ih ntns 3 (D‑/ D OU). ∀ g
DOU nmndng tbtnd p
pnfjnfl
nfjnfl rnynpnf (c)
D‑ 3 D> + D5
Lo nmndng ehrnt jhfas (ufat whalgt, sphoa`ao whalgt) enmnf mnc (tnfpn sntunf)

>> mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
 m D
>

D
8

D D D
= ? 5

Lncenr ? - [nfjnfl rnyn

rnynpnf
pnf

[nfjnfl rnynpnf (phrobdnt

phrobdntabf/
abf/orhhp
orhhp dhflt
dhfltg
g) mnpnt magatufl mhflnf thbra ehraiut:
Edalg‑s orhhp tghbry : DOU 3 D> + D5 + D? + D= + D8
Dnfh orhhp tghbry : DOU 3 D> + >/? ( D5 + D? + D=) + D8

e) [hrsncnnf hcparas

(n) uftui dnftna dafmufl tnfpn suemnc

≨;,5(;,0?℆  >)
(e) uftui dnftna dafmufl mhf
mhflnf
lnf suemnc
≨;,>(;,0?℆  >)
....................................................................
...........................................................................
....... (<)
..................
...........................................
..................................................
................................
....... (7)

Ihthrnflnf :
G nmndng taflla h`hita` mnc utncn (taflla mnc utncn mnra
mnra phrcuinnf dnftna dafmufl)(c)
dafmufl)(c )

8.?.5 [hfh
[ hfh ftunf pnfjnfl dnftna dafmufl

[nfjnfl dnftna dafmufl ( nprbf) (dagnt Lncenr =) mnpnt mathftuinf mhflnf chfllufninf
phrsncnnf cnthcntas ntnu mnpnt mathftuinf mhflnf phrsncnnf hcparas.
n) [hrsncnnf cnthcntas
 ≨      .............................................
......................................................................
............................................
................... (1)

(+ ) 

  3  .    (>;)

 3  (>>)

 3  (>5)

 3 . ℆ (>?)

>5 mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
℆ 3  > 7.    >
.  ...................
............................................
..................................................
...........................
.. (>=)
............................................
.....................................................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................
.....
℆ 3  (>8)

‵ 3  (>0)

 335..
 ( ℆ ) (><)

  . ............................................
.....................................................................
..............................................
...............................
.......... (>7)

Ihthrnflnf :

D\
nmndng pnfjnfl dnftna dafmufl (c)
nmndng jnrni thrjufnf (jnrni tatai thrjuf mnra thpa gadar chrou phdacpng) (c)
 nmndng pnfjnfl dbfont nar (c)
(c)99

‵ nmndn
nmndng
g th
thend
end chrou p

nmndngf mheat sphs

phdacpng
hdacpng suemnc (c)9
nmndng mheat sphsa`ai phr c‑ dhenr chrou
sphsa`ai
phdacpng (c?/s/c) ntnu (c5/ mhtai)9
chro u phdacpng
a`ai phr c‑ ehftnfl suflna rhrntn ma dbinsa rhfonfn lrbufmsadd
? 5
(c /mt/c) ntnu (c / mhtai)9
nmndng taflla suemnc (c)
℆ nmndng ihmndncnf ndarnf ma ntns chrochrouu phdacpng suemnc (c) (c )
nmndng ihmndncnf ndarnf ma ntns dnftna dafmufl inrhfn ihohpntnf P? (c)9
E‑ nmndng ehftnfl suflna rhrntn nftnrn mnc utncn mnf suemnc (c)
 nmndng ibh`asahf thrjufnf (=,; ‟ 8,;)9
℆ nmndng taflla dbfont nar gamrnudai ma ntns phrcuinnf dnftna dafmufl (c)9
(c )9
Pb nmndng
nmndng ihohpntn
ihohpntnf f ndarnf ma ntns cchrou
hrou phdacpng mn mnc c utncn (c/ mhtai)9
 nmndng ihohpntnf jntug pnmn thrjufnf (c/ mhtai)9
 nmndng eadnflnf @rbumh pnmn ihmndncnf ndarnf ℆
g> Pb

e>
e5
P?
G Gc
g5
gj
  g?

G_   m

E>
E5
e5 Ww Dw
D

Lncenr = - [nfjnfl dnftna dafmufl

>? mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
e) [hrsncnnf hcparas
 ≨  Ü (  ℆) ...................
............................................
..................................................
..............................................
....................... (>1)
Ihthrnflnf:
 nmndng ibh`asahf pnfjnfl dnftna dafmufl (5 ‟ ?)

8.= Machfsa suemnc

8.=.> [h
[hfhft
fhftunf
unf ihcaraflnf enmnf suemnc enlanf gadar

Mnra sumut pnfmnfl nhsthtain, ihcaraflnf enmnf suemnc enlanf gadar mathftuinf sncn mhflnf
ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc utncn enlanf gadar ynifa shehsnr f 3 ;,5;. G Gnd
nd atu juln macnisuminf
macnis uminf
uftui chflgafmnra nlnr entu-entu ehsnr ynfl thrnfliut ndarnf mheras mnf jntug mnra phdacpng
suemnc tamni dnflsufl chcuiud enmnf suemnc enlanf gadarfyn shrtn tamni chfaceudinf
nernsa pnmn phrcuinnf enmnf suemnc enlanf gadarfyn.

8.=.5 [h
[hfhft
fhftunf
unf taflla suemnc

]aflla chrou phdacpng suemnc mnra phrcuinnf dnftna dafmufl mnpnt mathftuinf mhflnf
chfllufninf
chflluf ninf phrsncnnf c
cnthcntas
nthcntas ntnu phrsncnnf hcparas.

n) [hrsncnnf cnthcntas
 3 ℆  ℆ (5;)

Ihthrnflnf:
 nmndng tafll
tafllaa chro
chrouu phdacpng suemnc ma ntns phrcuinnf dnftna dafmufl
dafmufl (c)
g5 nmndng ihmndncnf ndarnf ma ntns chro
chrou
u phdacpng suemnc

gj magatufl mhflnf chfllufninf phrsncnnf (>=) mnf jain dhenr phdacpng suemnc
mathftuinf sncn dhenr mhflnf dhenr phdacpng mnc utncn cnin ihmndncnf ndarnf ma ntns
chrou phdacpng suemnc sncn mhflnf ihmndncnf ndarnf ma ntns chrou phdacpng mnc
utncn ntnu g5 3 g >

e) [hrsncnnf hcparas

 3 (  )
ntnu
(5>)

 3 . (55)

Ihthrnflnf:
. nmndng ibh`asahf taflla suemnc Y>= / >?S
8.8 Machfsa thc
th cebi thpa
th pa

]aflla vhrtaind thcebi thpa (Gsw ) mnpnt mathftuinf mhflnf phrsncnnf (5?) mhflnf cafacnd
shtaflla tndum phdacpng suemnc. Ihcaraflnf dunr thcebi thpa ( fsw ) maeunt sncn mhflnf
ihcaraflnf tndum phdacpng suemnc ( c s ). Xftui chdafmufla thcebi thpa mnra gnftncnf ndarnf
mheras cnin tatai phrthcunf nftnrn thcebi thpa, dnftna dafmufl mnf enmnf mnc utncn (tatai B)
>= mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
(dagnt Lncenr 0) cafacnd ehrjnrni ;,8; c mnra tatai pufoni tndum phdunp mnc utncn ih nrng
theafl. _hmnflinf phrthcunffyn mhflnf suemnc maeunt sheamnfl mhflnf ihcaraflnf tndum
phdacpng suemnc. _henlnacnfn pnmn tndum phdacpng mnc utncn mnf suemnc, pnmn thcebi
thpa infnf cnupuf thcebi thpa iara gnrus madhflinpa mhflnf tnflln phflncnf ( sn`hty dnmmhr)
uftui ihcumngnf shrtn ihncnfnf phtulns ihtain chdniuinf afsphisa.

(5?)

 3,
3,((℆) ∀ ) (5=)

Ehehrnpn gnd ynfl phrdu maphrgntainf mndnc chfmhsnaf thcebi thpa nftnrn dnaf:
n) Jain thcebi thpa threunt mnmnra
ra ibfstruisa ehtbf ntnu e
entu
ntu cnin ihcaraflnf
ihc araflnf dunr thcebi thpa
(fsw ) maeunt sncn mhflnf ihcaraflnf tndum phdacpng suemnc ( c s ) ynifa ;,8;.
e) Xftui chdafmufla thcebi thpa mnra gnftncnf ndarnf mheras cnin tatai phrthcunf nftnrn
thcebi thpa, dnftna dafmufl mnf enmnf mnc utncn (tatai B) (dagnt Lncenr 8) cafacnd
ehrjnrni ;,8; c mnra tatai pufoni tndum phdunp mnc utncn ih nrng theafl.
o) [hrthcunf
[hrthc unf thcebi thpa mhflnf suemnc maeunt sheamnfl mhflnf mhflnf ihcaraflnf tndum
phdacpng suemnc.
m) _henlnacnfn pnmn tndum phdacpng mnc utncn mnf suemnc, suemnc , pnmn
pnmn thcebi thpa infnf
cnupuf thcebi thpa iara gnrus madhflinpa mhflnf tnflln phflncnf ( sn`hty dnmmhr) uftui
ihcumngnf shrtn ihncnfnf phtulns ihtain chdniuinf afsphisa.

Chrou phdacpng
≨ ;,8; c
]hcebi thpa
Dnftna dafmufl
Enmnf mnc

Lncenr 8 - ]atai phrthcunf nftnrn thcebi thpa, dnftna dafmufl

mnf enmnf mnc utncn

0 _tne
_tneadatns
adatns mnc utncn

0.> [h
[hfhft
fhftunf
unf lny
lnyn-lnyn
n-lnyn ynfl ehih rjn pnmn mnc utnc
utncn
n
[hrgatuflnf stneadatns mnc utncn mamnsnrinf ntns lnyn-lnyn ynfl ehihrjn pnmn enmnf mnc
utncn shenlnacnfn Lncenr 0. Lnyn-lnyn thrsheut masnjainf mndnc ]nehd >. Xftui lrbufmsadd
ynfl chrupninf enflufnf snebmnc rhfmng mhflnf taflla Gc 4 >8 c cnin stnfmnr
phrgatuflnf stneadatns pnmn ibfmasa fbrcnd tamni phrdu maphrgatuflinf chdnafinf ouiup mhflnf
chflnfndasas pnmn ibfmasa enfjar snjn. Nrtafyn lnyn-lnyn ynfl maphrgatuflinf gnfyn lnyn
niaent ehrnt shfmara enmnf mnc (whalgt b` mnc ebmy ) mnf lnyn niaent thinfnf nar (stntao wnthr
prhssurh). _tneadatns mnc utncn gnrus chchfuga phrsynrntnf-phrsynrntnf thrgnmnp
hishftrasatns, ludafl, lhshr mnf mnyn muiufl tnfng mnsnr.

>8 mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
 e>

g>

[P? [P5

[P >
>:c
[G5
Gc >:f

\5 [G>
∞[P UL
\>
\? ∞[G
B
E>

h
5 ϕw.g> ϕw.Gc

fGc e> c.Gc

Ϗ5
Ϗ>

Lncenr 0 - Lnyn-lny
Lnyn-lnyn
n ynfl eh
ehihr
ihrjn
jn pnmn enmnf mnc utnc
utncn
n

Ihthrnflnf lncenr:
\ >9 \ 59 \ ? : lnyn gamrb
gamrbstntai
stntai niaent ehrn
ehrntt shfmara mnc utncn (F)
[P >9 [P 5 9 [P
[ P ? : lnyn gamrb
gamrbstntai
stntai >0hr
>0hrtaond
taond niaent thinfnf nar (F)
[G> , [G 5 : l lnyn
nyn gamrb
gamrbstntai
stntai gbrazbftnd niaent thinfnf nar (F)
ί[P : tbtnd lnyn gamrb
gamrbstntai
stntai pnmn ibcpbfhf >0hr>0hrtaond
taond (F)
ί[G : tbtnd lnyn gamrb
gamrbst
stntai
ntai pnmn ibcpbfhf gbrazbftnd (F)
ίCP : jucdng cbchf ynfl chfngn chfngnf f (jucdng cbchf niaent lnyn gamrb
gamrbstntai
stntai pnmn ibcpbfhf
>0hrtaond) (Fc)

ίCG : jucdng cbchf ynfl chfllu chflludaflinf

daflinf (jucdng cbchf niaent lnyn gamrb gamrbstntai
stntai pnmn
ibcpbfhf gbrazbftnd) (Fc)
∞C : cbchf tbtnd (Cv + CG ) (Fc)
(Fc) jain B shenlna tatai ludafl
CG : cbchf gbrazbftnd (Fc)
Cv : cbchf vhrtai
hrtaind
nd (Fc)
h : hishftrasatns rhsudtnfth lnyn ynfl ehihrjn 3 W ‟ E >/5 (c)
E> : thend mnsnr mnc utncn (c)
UL : rhsudtnfth lnyn (F)
W : jnrni mnra tatai ludafl mnc utncn sncpna ih tatai tnflinp rhsudtnfth lnyn ( c)
?
ϕo : ehrnt vbduch pnsnflnf ehtbf (sphoa`ao mhfsaty b` obforhth)
obforhth ) (F/c )
?
ϕs : ehrnt vbduch
vbduch tnfng ((sphoa`ao
sphoa`ao mhfsaty b` sbad ) (F/c )
?
ϕw : ehrnt vbduch ndarnf mheras (sphoa`ao mhfsaty b` mheras `dbw) (F/c )
?
ώs : rnpn
rnpntt cnssn tnfng (cnss mhfsaty b` sbad )(il/c )

]nehd > - Lnyn-lnyn ynfl ehihrjn pnmn enmnf mnc utncn

>0 mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
 Lnyn (Fhwtbf) phr c‑
Cbchf (Fc)
Fadna Lnyn (F) Dhflnf (c)
Cnonc Ehenf _acebd (tgm tatai B)
phr c‑
(n) (e) (o) (m) (h)3(o)x(m)
Lnyn vhrtaind niaent
Lnyn n iaent \> ³f.G ϕo fG c + e > + >/?cG c +
i ehrnt shfmara mnc \5 e >.G. ϕo fG c + ³e > +
at
n n t n utncn \? ³fG ϕo 5/?fGc +
y s m
n
L b
rm p
n Lnyn vhrtaind niaent
Lnyn n iaent [P> ³c.G ϕw fG c + e > + 5/?cG c +
a thinfnf nar
g [P5 c.G.g?. ϕw fG c + e > + ³cG c +
[P? E>.g?. ϕw fG c + ³e > +
]btnd lny
]btnd lnyn
n mn f c bchf niaent lnyn
lnyn ∞ [P Fadna tbtnd lny
lnyn
n ∞ CP Fadna tbt
tbtnd
nd cbchf
gamrbstntai pnmn ibcpbfhf vhr
vhrtaind
taind vhrtaind vhrtaind

i
at f
h [G > ³. ϕw .Gc
5
>/? Gc -
nt f d
s b nt
b
r p f Lnyn gbrazbfnd niaent
Lnyn
m c b
a b z
g i ra thinfnf nar
n n b
y g [G 5 ϕw g>.Gc ³ Gc
n m -
n
L p
]btnd lny
]btnd lnynn mn f c bchf niaent lnyn
lnyn ∞ [G Fadna tbtnd lny
lnyn
n ∞ CG Fadna tbt
tbtnd
nd cbchf
gamrbs tntai pnmn ibcpb fhf gbrazbftnd gbrazbftnd
gbrazbftnd

0.5 _yn
_ynrnt
rnt stneadatns

Jain:  3  3   

mnf (58)

ί3ί  ί (50)

Jain fadna  
pbsata`, afa ehrnrta tatai ynfl chrupninf dhtni tatai pbtbfl lnras ihrjn rhsudtnfth
(UL) thrgnmnp mnsnr mnc utncn ehrnmn ma shehdng infnf tatai B. Jain dhtni tatai thrgnmnp 
pusnt ehrnt mnsnr mnc utncn shenlna hishftrasatns  4  , afa ehrnrta lnras ihrjn
rhsudtnfth (U
(UL ) ehrnmn ma mndnc afta (ihrf
(ihrf)) ntnu shdurug mnsnr mnc utncn chflndnca
mhsni. _tnead
_tneadatns
atns mnc utncn gnrus c
chchfuga
hchfuga synrnt shenlna ehrai
ehraiut:
ut:
>) ; 4 W 4 E> (5<)

5)  4 4  (57)

?)  4   (51)

0.? [hr
[hrgatuflnf
gatuflnf stneadatns

0.?.> _tneadatns
_ tneadatns thrgnmnp ludafl

 3  (?;)

Ihthrnflnf:
_@lud
ludafl
afl nmndng `nitbr ncnf thrgnmnp ludafl (_@ludafl 3 >,5 shsuna mhflnf ]nehd E =
ludafl uftui
taflla snebmnc 4>8 c)

>< mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
0.?.5
0.?.5 _tneada
_tneadatns
tns thrgnmnp l
lhsh
hshrr

 3 . (?>)

3
 3  (?5)

Ihthrnflnf:
_@lhsh
lhshrr nmndng `nitbr ncnf thrgnmnp lhshr ynfl mas
mashsunainf
hsunainf mhflnf ]nehd E.=
` nmndng ibh`asahf lhshi nftnrn mnsnr enmnf mnc utncn mnf tnfng mnsnr ynfl
mashsunainf mhflnf ]nehd E.8
 nmndng sumut lhshr mndnc tnfng

0.?.? _tneadatns thrgnmnp mnyn muiufl tnfng `bfmnsa

> 3
 .>   .....................
  ..............................................
..................................................
............................................
...................1 ( (??)

3
 .> ) ...................
5
  ............................................
..................................................
..............................................
....................... (?=)

Ihthrnflnf:
> nmndng thln
thlnflnf
flnf v
vhrtaind
hrtaind pnmn ujufl gadar enmnf mnc utncn (F/c5)
utncn
5 nmndng thln
thlnflnf
flnf v
vhrtaind utncn (F/c5)
hrtaind pnmn ujufl gudu enmnf mnc utncn

< _tneadatns thc

th cebi thpa
th pa

<.> [h
[hfhft
fhftunf
unf lny
lnyn-lnyn
n-lnyn ynfl ehih rjn pnmn th
thccebi th
thpa
pa
_tneadatns thcebi thpa mnpnt mathftuinf mhflnf chfllufninf thbra Obudbce ntnu thbra
Unfiafh. [nmn thbra Obudbce eamnfl ibftni nftnrn thcebi thpa mhflnf tnfng nmndng carafl
(Lncenr <) shgaflln thrmnpnt lnyn lhshr shmnflinf pnmn thbra Unfiafh nmndng vhrtaind
(Lncenr 7) shgaflln tamni thrmnpnt lnyn lhshr pnmn thcebi thpa mnf tnfng ynfl chcehftui
enja manfllnp shenlna enlanf ibfstruisa thcebi thpa.

Bdhg
shrtn inrhfn atu, mhflnf
chcphrcumng ma nsucsa thrsheut mnf cnin
mndnc phrgatuflnf uftui stneadatns
chfyhmhrgnfninf phrsbndnf
thcebi thpa ynfl nmn
pnmn enflufnf
lrbufmsadd chfllufninf thbra Unfiafh mhflnf manlrnc lnyn-lnyn ynfl ehihrjn pnmn thcebi
thpa mnpnt madagnt pnmn Lncenr 7.

>7 mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
 e_\ ξ

Dh

> : f sw η
Dsw [n
ε G_\

> : c sw
gh
\sw

E_\ m

Lncenr < - Lnyn-lnyn

Lnyn-lnyn ynfl eh ihr
ihrjn
jn pnmn thcebi thpa jain c
cuin
uin tnfng carafl
chfurut ]h bra Obudbc
Obudbcee

[nmn enflufnf lrbufmsadd, ibfmasa cuin tnfng ma ehdninfl thcebi thpa shdndu maeunt mntnr
(ξ3;)
ntnu mnf chfurut thbra Unfiafh, manlrnc thinfnf tnfng nita` mnpnt majhdnsinf pnmn
Lncenr 7.
e_\

Dh
> : f sw η
Dsw
> : csw G_\

gh \sw>
[n
\sw5
B
E_\
m
E_n
Lncenr 7 - Lnyn-lnyn
Lnyn-lnyn ynfl eh
ehih
ihrjn
rjn pnmn thcebi thpa jain c
cuin
uin tnfng mntnr
chfurut ]hbra Unfiafh
Ihthrnflnf:
\ sw : lnyn niaent ehrnt shfmara thcebi thpa (F, iF)
G_\ : taflla vhrtaind thcebi thpa (c)
Esn : dhenr mnsnr ynfl maphrgatuflinf uftui thcebi thpa (c).
E_\ : thend mnsnr thcebi thpa (c).
E_\ : thend ntns thcebi thpa (c)
ϕo : ehrnt vbduch thcebi thpa (F/c?, iF/c?)
ϕs : ehrnt vbduch tnfng (F/c?,, iF/c?)
[n : thinfnf tnfng nita` (tbf/c 5)
[n.G : thinfnf tnfng gbrazbftnd (t)
>1 mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
[n.P : thinfnf tnfng vhrtaind (t)
In : ibh`asahf thinfnf tnfng nita`
gh : jnrni vhrtaind nftnrn pusnt lnyn ehrnt mnf pusnt cbchf
cbc hf (c)
Ds : jnrni gbr
gbrazbftnd
azbftnd nftnrn tatai lnyn thinfnf tnfng mnf pusnt cbchf
cbc hf (c)
Dsw : jnrni gbrazbftnd nftnrn tatai lnyn ehrnt shfmara mnf pusnt cbchf
cbc hf (c)
b
 : sumut ihcaraflnf thcebi thpa thrgnmnp suc suceueu vhrtaind ( )
: sumut lhshr mndnc tnfng (nfldh b` afthrfnd `raotabf) (b)

ε

:
:
sumut lhshr nftnrn thcebi thpa mnf tnfng (b)
sumut nftnrn eamnfl gbrazbftnd mhflnf phrcuinnf tnfng ma ehdninfl thcebi thpa ( b)

Xftui cuin tnfng ma ehdninfl thcebi thpa carafl ehsnrfyn ibh`asahf thinfnf tnfng nita`
mnpnt magatufl chfllufninf phrsncnnf (?8).

 ∕  ∕ 

 3  .  +K ∕  (?8)

Npne
Npneadn
adn c
cui
uin
n tnf
tnfng
ng ma ehd
ehdni
ninfl
nfl thcebi thpa mn
mntnr
tnr ntnu
ntnu 3; cnin phrsncnnf (?8) chfjnma
phrsncnnf (?0).

 3 ∕  3 (=8   )

+   (?0)

Enflufnf lrbufmsadd ynfl maenfluf pnmn mnhrng ynfl rhftnf thrgnmnp engnyn ndarnf mheras
cnin ibfstruisa enflufnf gnrus ouiup gnfmnd. Bdhg inrhfn atu, ibh`asahf thinfnf tnfng pnsa`
tamni maphrgatuflinf. ]afjnunf stneadatns thcebi thpa mhflnf nsucsa sncpna pbtbflnf B ‟B‑
snjn. _tneadatns thcebi thpa juln maphrgatuflinf thrgnmnp ludafl, lhshr mnf mnyn muiufl tnfng
`bfmnsa. Lnyn-lnyn ynfl ehihrjn pnmn thcebi thpa shsuna mhflnf Lncenr 7 mnpnt majhdnsinf
pnmn ]nehd 5 ehraiut.

]nehd 5 - Lnyn-lnyn ynfl ehihrjn pnmn thcebi thpa

Lnyn (Fhwtbf) phr c‑ Cbch f (Fc) (tgm
Cbchf
Dhflnf (c)
Cnonc Ehenf _acebd Fadna Lnyn (F)
(F) phr c‑ tatai B)
(n) (e) (o) (m) (h)3(o)x
(h)3(o)x(m)
(m)
Lnyn vhrtaind
n niaent ehrnt
m d \ sw> Pbduch thcebi thpa x ϕo Dsw +
n n
p i
at shfmara
i
at r thcebi thpa
h
nt v
s f Lnyn vhrtaind
b
r h
m f niaent ehrnt
a b
g p Pbduch tnfng ynfl
n c tnfng ynfl \ sw5 Ds +
y b chcehftui enja x ϕs
n i chcehftui
L
enja

5; mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
 ]btnd lnyn mnf cbchf
niaent lnyn gamrbstntai Fadna tbtnd cbchf
∞ [P Fadna tbtnd lnyn vhrtai
hrtaind
nd ∞ CP
pnmn ibcpbfhf vhrtaind
vhrtaind

i Lnyn
at f
h gbrazbftnd
nt f d
s b n
t
b p f
niaent
r 5
c b ϕ
am
g b
i z
ra thinfnf [n ³ s (Gsw + m) .I n >/? (Gsw + m ) -
n n b tnfng
y g
n m
n
L p

]btnd lnyn mnf cbchf

niaent lnyn gamrbstntai Fadna tbtnd cbchf
∞ [G Fadna tbtnd lnyn gbrazbftnd ∞ CG
pnmn ibcpbfhf gbrazbftnd
gbrazbftnd

<.5 _y
_ynrnt
nrnt stneadatns

Jain:  3   3   

mnf (?<)

Jain fadna  ί3ί  ί 

pbsata`, afa ehrnrta tatai ynfl chrupninf dhtni tatai pbtbfl lnras ihrjn rhsudtnfth

(U) thrgnmnp ndns thcebi thpa ehrnmn ma shehdng infnf tatai B. Jain dhtni tatai thrgnmnp pusnt
(?7)


ehrnt ndns thcebi thpa shenlna hishftrasatns  4 , afa ehrnrta lnras ihrjn rhsudtnfth (U
( U)

ehrnmn ma mndnc afta (ihrf
(ihrf)) ntnu shdurug ndns thcebi thpa chflndnca mhsni. _tneadatns
thcebi thpa gnrus chchfuga synrnt shenlna ehraiut:

 ; 4 W 4 Esn (?1)


 4  4  (=;)
 

 (=>)

<.? [h
[hrgatuflnf
 4  
rgatuflnf stneadatns

<.?.> _tneadatns
_ tneadatns thrgnmnp ludafl

 3  (=5)

_@ludafl :
ludafl `nitbr ncnf thrgnmnp ludafl (_@ludafl 3 >,5 shsuna mhflnf ]nehd E = uftui taflla
ludafl
snebmnc 4>8 c)

5> mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
<.?.5
<.?.5 _tneada
_tneadatns
tns thrgnmnp lhsh
lhshrr

 3 . (=?)

Ihthrnflnf:

_@
`
lhshrr
lhsh
:: `nitbr ncnf
ibh`asahf thrgnmnp
lhshi nftnrnlh
lhshr
shr
m ynfl
mnsnr
nsnr mashsunainf
mashsmnc
enmnf unainf mhf
mhflnf
utncn lnf
mnf]nehd
mnf tnfngE.=
mnsnr ynfl
mashsunainf mhflnf ]nehd E.8
 : sumut lhshr mndnc tnfng

<.?.? _tneadatns thrgnmnp mnyn muiufl tnfng `bfmnsa

> 3
 .>    .....................
  ..............................................
..................................................
........................................
...............1 ((==)

5 3
 .>  ) ...................
  ...........................................
.................................................
............................................
................... (=8)

Ihthrnflnf:
5 5
> : thlnflnf vhrtaind pnmn ujufl gadar mnsnr thcebi thpa (F/c , iF/c )
5 : thlnflnf vhrtaind pnmn ujufl gudu mnsnr thcebi thpa (F/c5, iF/c5)
pnmn

55 mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
 Dncparnf N
(fbrcnta`)

Lncenr-lncenr

Cudna

]htnpinf
]htnpinf dbinsa lrbufmsadd

]htnpinf suceu lrbufmsadd

]hftuinf mheat mhsnaf

Uhfonfninf ehftnfl lrbufmsadd

Uhfonfninf ehftui mnf mhsnaf tueug lrbufmsadd

Uhfonfninf Uhfonfninf Uhfonfninf Uhfonfninf

ehftui phdacpng chrou phdacpng snynp dafmufl enmnf lrbufmsadd

Uhfonfninf
Uhfonfninf suemnc

Uhfonfninf dnftna dafmufl

_hdamaia cnsndng rhcehsnf mnf hrbsa eudug

Uhfonfninf enflufnf phdhflinp

_hdamaiaa stneadatns lrbufmsadd

_hdamai

tamni
Enflufnf

yn
Dniuinf
Dniuinf XC
XCG
G `asai ain ma hrduinf

tamni
Enflufnf

yn
_hdhsna

Lncenr N.> ‟ Manlrnc ndar mhsnaf l r bufms add

5? mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
 Dhenr _nebmnc phflhfmnda mnsnr suflna

ehfmufl
mnc utncn
> 8 >

dhenr
dnftna dafmufl

5 5
pnfjnfl
dnftna dafmufl ?

= _ue mnc 0 =

Ihthrnflnf lncenr :
>. : snynp dafmufl mnc utncn ? : dnftna dafmufl 8 : phdacpng mnc utncn
5. : thcebi thpa = : snynp dafmufl suemnc 0 : phdacpng suemnc

N.5 - ] ncpni ntns l r bufms add mnf ihdhflinpnffyn

Lncenr N.5

ynpdafmufl
snyn
Dhen
dhenrrphdac
phdacpng
phdunppng
sny
ynnp
dafmufl

n
ehfmutnc
mnc ufl utn
utncntnc

th
c
eb
Dnftnabdni i
ibdnc th
pa
dafmufl

Lncenr N.? - Lncenr sth

sthrh
rhbc
bcht ra l r bufms add
htra

5= mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
Lncenr N.= - Lncenr mhfng l r bufms add

Lncenr N.8
N.8 - Lncenr pbt
pbtbflnf
bflnf N
N-N
-N

58 mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
Lncenr N.0
N.0 - Lncenr pbtbflnf E-E

Lncenr N.<
N.< - Lncenr pbtbflnf O-O

50 mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
Lncenr N.7
N.7 - Lncenr pbtbflnf M-M

Lncenr N.1
N.1 - Lncenr pbtbflnf H-H

5< mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
Lncenr N.>;
N.>; - Lncenr pbtbflnf @-@

57 mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
 Dncparnf E
(af`brcnta`)

]nehd-tnehd

]afllaa jnlnnf pnmn phdacpng (`rhh

] nehd E.> - ]afll `r hh ebn
ebnrr m, wnii
wniiaf
afll )
Mheat mhsnaf (^m c?/sho) 8; 8;->;; >;;-5;; 5;;-8;; 8;;-5;;;
]aflla jnlnnf (∀g? c) ≨ ;,0; ;,7; >,;; >,5; >,8;

]nehdd E.5 - [hfh

]neh [hfhftunf
ftunf thend chrou phdacpng (tgaoifhss b` bvh
phdacpng bvhr`dbw
r`dbw)
]hend chrou phdacpng (e)
e> : uftui mnc utncn >,8; ‟ 5,;; chthr ?,;; ‟ =,;; chthr ≨ =,;; chthr
e5 : uftui suemnc
Ihcaraflnf chcnfjnfl Jain madhflinpa
4 >/8; 6 >/5;
mnsnr sufln
s uflnaa mhflnf bprat
shenlna jndnf/
[nsar mnf ihraiad
_hmachf ntnu ihraiad mnf Entu ‟ entu ehsnr jhcentn
jhce ntnf
hvniunsaf
ihrnind
(suechrlhm
_a`nt gamrnudai ndarnf Lhrninf cnfmara Lhrninf cnssn
cns sn eramlh)

] nehd E.? - Lnyn-lny

Lnyn-lnyn
nyynfl
nfl maphr
maphrgatuflinf
gatuflinf eh
ehihr jn pnmn l r bufms add
ihrjn

]aflla h`hita` mnc utncn G Lnyn ynfl maphrgatuflinf

(c) Ibfmasa fbrcnd Ibfmasa enfjar
>. Ehrnt shfmara
G ≭ = chthr -
5. ]hinfnf nar

]nehdd E.= - @nitbr n

]neh nc
cnf lrbufm
lrbufmsadd
sadd thrgnmnp l
ludafl
udafl m
mnf
nf lhshr
Jhfas tnfng mnsnr @nitbr ncnf (_@)
]nfng fbfibghsa` mnf thinfnf tnfng pnsa` ≨ >,8;
manenainf
]nfng ibghsa` ≨ 5,;;

51 mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
 ] nehd E.8 - Mnyn muiufl tnfng `bfmnsa y
ynfl
nfl maajafinf mnf ibh`
ibh`asahf
asahf lhsh
lhshrr

Iunt thinf ehens

Fadna
Mnyn muiufl Ibh`asahf ( ufobf`afhm obcprhssabf
Idnsa`ainsa `bfmnsa F ‟ _[]
tnfng (t/c5) lhshr strhfltg))
strhfltg
Entunf ihrns
5
mhflnf
mhflnf shmaiat rhtni >;; ;,<; 6 >.;;; t/c -
Entunf ihrns -
5
Entunf mnsnr mhflnf
mhflnf enfyni rhtni 0; ;,<; 6 >.;;; t/c
Entunf dufni ntnu ?; ;,<
;,<;
; 6 >;;
>;; t/c -
cumstbfh
Ibcpni 0; ;,0; - -
Dnpasnf ihraiad
]amni ibcpni ?; ;,0; - -
Ibcpni ?; ;,0; - ?; ‟ 8;
Dnpasnf pnsar
Iurnfl ibcpni 5; ;,8; - >8 - ?;
Dnpasnf tnfng _nflnt ihrns 5; ;,8; 5; ‟ =; t/c >8 - ?;
dant Ihrns >; ;,=8 >; ‟ 5; t/c 7 - >8
Iurnfl ihrns 8 - 8 ‟ >; t/c =‟7

] nehd E. 0 - G
Gatuflnf
atuflnf lny
lnyn-lnyn
n-lnyn enfjar)
(ibfmasa ynfl eh
ehihr
ihrjn
jn pnmn enmn
enmnf
f mnc

Lnyn (Fhwtbf) phr c‑

Cbchf (Fc)
Fadna Lnyn (F) Dhflnf (c)
Cnonc Ehenf _acebd (tgm tatai B
B))
phr c‑
(n) (e) (o) (m) (h)3(o
(h)3(o)x(m)
)x(m)
Lnyn vhrtaind niaent ehrnt \> ³f.G5 ϕo fGc + e> + >/?cGc +
i
at f shfmara mnc utncn
h \5 e>.G. ϕo fGc + ³e> +
tn f
s b d
b
r p
ai
n \? ³fG5 ϕo 5/?fGc +
m
a c tr
g b
i h
v Lnyn vhrtaind niaent [P> ³c.G5 ϕw fGc + e> + 5/?cGc +
n n
y m
n n thinfnf nar [P5 c.G.g?. ϕw fGc + e> + ³cGc +
L p
[P? E>.g?. ϕw fGc + ³e> +
]btnd lnyn mnf cbc
cbchf
hf niaent lnyn ∞ [P Fadna tbt
tbtnd
nd lnyn
lny n ∞ CP Fadna tbtnd
tbtnd cbchf
gamrbstntai pnmn ibcpbfhf vh
vhrtaind
rtaind vhrtaind vhrtaind

n d
m tn
n
p f
b
[G> ³. ϕw .Gc5 >/? Gc -
i
at az
r
b
tn g Lnyn gbrazbfnd niaent
s
b f
r h thinfnf nar
m
a f
g b
n p [G5 ϕw g?.Gc ³ Gc
y
n
c
b
-
L i

]btnd lnyn mnf cbc

cbchf
hf niaent lnyn ∞ [G Fadna tbt
tbtnd
nd lnyn
lny n ∞ CG Fadna tbtnd cbchf
gamrbstntai pnmn ibcpbfhf gbr
gbrazbftnd
azbftnd gbrazbftnd gbrazbftnd

Ontntnf : dhhflnf
flnf cbchf maphrg
maphrgatatuflinf
uflinf thrgnmnp tattai
ai phfll
phflludaflnf
udaflnf ih nrng
nrn g gadar

?; mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
 ]nehd E.<
E.< Gatuflnf lny
lnyn-lnyn
n-lnyn ynfl ehih
ehihrjn
rjn pnmn th
thccebi thpa
Lnyn (Fhwtbf) phr
p hr c‑ Cbchf (Fc)
Dhflnf (c)
Cnonc Ehenf _acebd Fadna Lnyn (F) phr c‑ (tgm tatai B
B))
(n) (e) (o) (m) (h)3(o
(h)3(o)x(m)
)x(m)
Lnyn vhrtaind niaent ehrnt
i
at f \ sw> Pbduch thcebi thpa x ϕo Dsw +
h shfmara thcebi thpa
tn f
s b d
b p n
r ai
c
am
g b
i trh Lnyn vhrtaind niaent ehrnt Pbduch tnfng ynfl
n v
y n
m
tnfng ynfl chcehftui \ sw5 Ds +
n n chcehftui
chc ehftui enja x ϕs
L p enja

]btnd lnyn mnf cbc

cbchf
hf niaent lnyn Fadna tbtnd
∞ [P Fadna tbtnd
tbtnd llny
nynn vh
vhrtaind
rtaind ∞ CP
gamrbstntai pnmn ibcpbfhf vh
vhrtaind
rtaind cbchf vhrtaind

i
at f
h
tn f d
s b tn
b
r p f Lnyn gbrazbftnd niaent
n iaent
b 5
m
a c [n ³ ϕs (Gsw + m) .I n >/? (Gsw + m) -
g b az
i r
b
thinfnf tnfng
n n g
y m
n n
L p

]btnd lnyn mnf cbc

cbchf
hf niaent lnyn Fadna tbtnd
gamrbstntai pnmn ibcpbfhf gbr
gbrazbft
azbftnd
nd ∞ [G Fadna tbtnd
tbtnd lnyn
lny n gbrazbftnd
gbr azbftnd ∞ CG cbchf

gbrazbftnd

?> mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
 Dncparnf O
(fbrcnta`)

Obftbg phrgatufln
phr gatuflnf
f

_ntu eung lrbufmsadd mnra ibfstruisa pnsnflnf ehtbf ninf maenfluf pnmn _uflna Dnuehihrng,
ma mnhrng Lufufl
Lufuflnpa
npa _afneuf
_afneufl,l, Ineupnthf Inrb, [rbvafsa _ucnthrn Xtnrn. ]nfng mnsnr
5
suflna ehrupn dnpasnf ihraiad mnf pnsar mhflnf mnyn muiufl 58 tbf/c . Mnsnr suflna
marhfonfninf fnai shtaflla ? c mnra mnsnr suflna shcudn mnf `bfmnsa mnc utncn madhtniinf
pnmn ihmndncnf 5 c ma enwng phrcuinnf mnsnr suflna shcudn. Mntn ynfl thrshman nmndng
shenlna ehraiut.
Ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna : _b 3 ;,;58
Ehftnfl suflna : E‑ 3 >8 c
Mheat nar cnisacuc (mheat enfj
enfjar)
ar) : ^b 3 =; c?/ mhtai
Ibfshftrnsa shmachf vbdu
vbduchtrai
chtrai ma mnsnr suflna ∜ : 3 ;,0;
Ibfshftrnsa shmachf ma mndn
mndnc
c ndarnf  : 3 ;,>;
_umut lhshr mndnc tnfng  : 3 ?; b
Ehrnt jhfas pnsnflnf ehtbf ( ufat whalgt
whalgt b` obforhth ): Lo 3 5,?;
Unpnt cnss
cnssn n tnfng
tnfng/shmachf
/shmachf  : 3 ><;; il/c?
Unpnt cnss
cnssn n ndarnf mheras (nar+shmachf) : 3 >5;; il/c?
Unpnt cnss
cnssn
[hrohpntnf
[hro
n pnsnfln
pnsnflnf
hpntnf lrnvatnsa
f ehtbf
 :
: l
3 5?;; il/c?
3 1,7; c/ mhtai5

[hfjhdnsnf ucuc:
 Fbtnsa uftui machfs
machfsaa ynfl malufninf mndnc obftbg phrgatuflnf afa mnpnt madagnt pnmn
Lncenr =.
 [nmn obftbg ph phrgatuflnf
rgatuflnf afa machfs
machfsaa thrthftu shflnjn mathftuinf enai mhflnf
chfllufninf phrsncnnf cnthcntas cnupuf phrsncnnf hcparas nlnr maphrbdhg
phcngncnf ynfl jhdns shrtn mnpnt chcenfmaflinf gnsad phrgatuflnf mhflnf
chfllufninf ihmun phrsncnnf thrsheut. Mndnc prnithi mnpnt mapadag phrsncnnf cnfn
ynfl ninf malufninf
malufninf ehrlnftufl mnra ihyniafn
ihyniafnff phrhfonfn.
 Lncenr pnmn Dncparnf N chrupninf gnsad mnra obftbg phrgatuflnf pnmn
pnmn Dncparnf O.

Dnfling phrgatuflnf shenlna ehraiut:

(>) Machfsa phdacpng

(>.>) Ch
Chfhftuinf
fhftuinf mheat mhsnaf

Mheat mhsnaf magatufl mhflnf chfllufninf phrsncnnf (>) shenlna ehraiut.

 3 ∜∕∜  . 
;,0; .=;3=7 ⁍
 3 ;,0;;,>;

?5 mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
(>.5) Ch
Chfhft
fhftuinf
uinf ihmndncnf ndarnf ma ntns c
chr
hrou
ou ph
phdac
dacpng
png

Dhenr phdacpng E mancead 0; % ehftnfl suflna E‑, shgaflln E 3 1 c. Jain O 3 ;,0; mnf
c s 3 ;,8; cnin ihmndncnf ndarnf ma ntns chrou phdacpng magatufl mhflnf
chfllufninf phrsncnnf (?).

 (> 
m 3 ,<> + ;,<>g>) ℆>?/5

=7 3 (>,<>1;,<>℆)℆/
Ntnu ℆ 3 ,+(,)()/
Mhflnf onrn oben-oben (trand nfm hrrbrs ) maphrbdhg g> 3 5,;; c

Jain taflla jnlnnf chfurut ]nehd E.> Dncparnf E mancead ;,7; c cnin taflla tndum
phdacpng chfjnma 5,;; + ;,7; 3 5,7; c. Malufninf ?,;; c

] 3 >> c

> g> 3 5 c g m 3 ? c
cs 3;,8;
E31c

Lncenr O.> - [hfnc

[h fncpnfl
pnfl phdacpng mnc utnc
utncn
n mhflnf O 3 ;,0; mnf cs 3 ;,8;

(>.?) Ch
Chfhftuinf
fhftuinf thend chrou phdac
phdacpng
png

]hend chrou phdacpng mathtnpinf mhflnf chfllufninf ]nehd E.5 Dncparnf E. Mhflnf
chcphrgntainf ihthftunf ynfl thrtudas mndnc tnehd thrsheut mnf mhflnf
chcphrgntainf ibfmasa ynfl shehfnrfyn ma dnpnflnf, cnin thend chrou phdacpng uftui
mnc utncn (e>) mancead ?,;; c mnf uftui suemnc (e 5) mancead 5,;; c.

]hend chrou phdacpng mnpnt pudn ma mhsnaf dheag thend mnra fadna ynfl thrthrn ma mndnc
tnehd thrsheut cnfnindn phdacpng thrsheut macnf`nntinf shenlna jhcentnf hvniunsa
wnrln mnra engnyn enfjar mheras jain hvniunsa chfllufninf ihfmnrnnf rbmn hcpnt.

(5) Machf
Machfsa
sa mnc utncn
(5.>) Ch
Chfhft
fhftuinf
uinf ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc utnc
utncn
n enlanf gudu,
Ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc utncn enlanf gudu mathftuinf mhflnf chfllufninf phrsncnnf
(8) shenlna ehraiut:
(>  )  {=(  )  (5  )  5}3>?(?   )
]aflla mnc utncn Gc 3 5 + ? 3 8 chthr

?? mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
  3 ℆ 3 5,8;; 3;,=;
 3  3 ?,8;; 3;,0;

 3  3 5?;;
>5;; 3>,15
_hgaflln:
(>  )  {=(  )  (5  )  5}3>? (?  )
Ntnu
Ntnu::
(>;,=;)  {(=)(;,=;)(;,5;;,0;) (;,5;)(5>,15) (5)(;, 0 ;) } 
3>(?)(;,=;)(>,15) {(?)(;,5;)(;,0;);,0; ;,5; }
 
>,=;   {>,57;,<7>,5;}3>,1;
>,=;   ?,50 
  >,1; 3 ;

 3 ?,50¾?,5(5)(>,
0 (=)(>,
=;) =;)(>,1;)
 3 ?,50¾5,7√; 5>,?;
3;,8; 3;,0;
mnf mapnina

5.5) Ch
Chfhft
fhftuinf
uinf ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc utncn enlanf gadar,

_hsuna mhflnf eutar 8.5.5 cnin ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc utncn enlanf gadar mathtnpinf
shehsnr f 3 ;,5;. Gnd afa macnisuminf supnyn ndarnf mheras tamni chfyusur phrcuinnf
enmnf mnc enlanf gadar mnf ncnf thrgnmnp ehfturnf niaent entunf ynfl jntug.

(?) Machfsa dnftna dafmufl

(?.>) Ch
Chfhftuinf
fhftuinf thend dn
dnftna
ftna dafmuf
dafmufl
l

]hend dnftna dafmufl mnpnt mathftuinf mhflnf chfllufninf phrsncnnf cnthcntas (0)
mnf phrsncnnf hcparas (<) ntnu (7).

(n) [hrsncnnf cnthcntas

 ≨  ∀∕∀∕
D
>

D m
8

D D D
? 5
=

?= mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
 Xftui taflla mnc utncn Gc 3 8 c mhflnf thend chrou phdacpng e> 3 ?,;; c mnf taflla
suemnc Gs 3 D8 3 = c mhflnf thend chrou phdunp e5 3 5,;; c shrtn ihcaraflnf gudu
enmnf mnc c 3 ;,0; mnf ihcaraflnf gadar enmnf mnc f 3 ;,5; cnin maphrbdhg fadna D5 3
<,;; c mnf D= 3 8,5; c. Jain D> 3 5 c, D? 3 >8 c mnf phrehmnnf ihmndncnf ndarnf ma
ntns chrou mnc utncn mnf chrou suemnc ∀ 3 5,; 
cnin:
mnf thend dnftna dafmufl mathftuinf shenlnacnfn tnehd
 3    3 5,;  <,; 3 1,; 
O.>. ehraiut.

]nehd O.>. ]h end dnf

dnftna
tna dafmuf
dafmufl
lcchfurut
hfurut ] hbra E
Edalg‑
dalg‑s
s mnf ]h
]hbra
bra Dnfh

]hbra Edalg‑s ]hbra Dnfh

[nfjnfl
rnynpnf
 3           3   >?       
  3 5 <,;
;  >8 8,5 5  = 3 ??,5   3 5  > <,;>88,5  = 3 >8,; 
  ?  
Ihgadnflnf
thinfnf ih

∀ 3  ∀  ∀ 3   ∀

ntns∀ 1,;
1, ; 1,
1,;;
     
∀ 3 ??,=5∀5,;3
,; 3∀;,8=
,8=  ∀ 3 >8,=;∀5,;3 ∀>,5,5;; 
]hend dnftna
dafmufl  ≨ ?   >  ≨ ?   >
 ≨ =? 5,;;,8=
5,?>  ≨ >,88;;   ≨ =? 5,5,?>
;>,5;  ≨;,7; 
(e) [hrsncnnf hcparas

≨;,>(;,0?℆  >)
≨;,>(;,0)(8)(?)(5,;)>
≨;,>7,;
,;  ;,0; 
 ≨ ;,7;;,;0 
Mnra phrgatuflnf shonrn cnthcntas mnf hcparas thrsheut ma ntns, mathftuinf thend dnftna
dafmufl m 3 >,5; c

(?.5) Ch
Chfhft
fhftuinf
uinf pnfjnfl dnftna dafmufl

[nfjnfl dnftna dafmufl (D) mnpnt mathftuinf mhflnf chfllufninf phrsncnnf

cnthcntas (1) ‟
‟(>7)
(>7) ntnu phrsncnnf hcparas (>1).

(o) [hrsncnnf cnthcntas

 ≨     
?8 mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
 (+ )  (,+.,) 
 3 .    35,==  ,  35,==(;,=0) 3 >,0088 
 3  3  3 8,??;; /
 , 
333. ℆,3 ?35,55,,088= 3 <
,05 
℆ 3  > 7.   >
. 

℆ 3 , > 7. (8,10)  >

. 

℆ 3;,>0 578,>< >

 

℆ 3 5,88== 
.....
 ,
 3 ;,??>> 
℆ 33  33 ,3?,5; 
 
 3 5.. ( ℆) 3 5(1,7;) (?,8; 5,;;)3>;,?7 
 3 . ℆ 3 (1,7>;,;)(;,
?7 3 1,05 38,10
?>) 5,50
 ≨      3 >,08  <,05  5,;; 3 >>,?; 
(m) [hrsncnnf hcparas

 ≨  Ü ( 35,8;
Mancead
 ℆) ‟
mnf jain m 3 >,8; c cnin G 3 8 >,8; 3 ?,8; c

≨5,8;Ü (?,8;5,;;) 3>?,<8 

Mnra phrgatuflnf
phrgatuflnf sho
shonrn
nrn cnthcntas mnf hcparas th
thrsheut
rsheut ma ntns, mapnina
mapnina Dw 3 >8 c

(=) Machfsa suemnc

(=.>) Ch
Chfhft
fhftuinf
uinf ihcaraflnf enmnf suemnc enlanf gadar
Ihcaraflnf enmnf suemnc enlanf gadar mathtnpinf sncn mhflnf ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc
utncn enlanf gadar ynifa shehsnr f 3 ;,5;.

?0 mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
(=.5) Ch
Chfhft
fhftuinf
uinf taflla suemnc

]aflla chrou phdacpng suemnc mnra phrcuinnf dnftna dafmufl mnpnt mathftuinf shonrn
cnthcntas cnupu
c nupuff hcparas mhflnf chfllu
chfllufnin
fninf
f phrsncnnc (5;) s/m (55).
(n) [hrsncnnf cnthcntas

 3 ℆5,8= ℆ 5,;; 3 ;,8= 
Mapnina  3 >,;; 

(e) [hrsncnnf hcparas

 3 Y>= / >?S(  ) ntnu

 3 . 3 Y>= / >?S(8,;>,8;) 3;,77  >,>0 

Mapnina  3 >,;; 
(8) Machfsa thc
th cebi thpa
th pa
]aflla vhrtaind thcebi thpa mathftuinf mhflnf chfllufninf phrsncnnf (5?) shenlna
ehraiut:

 3>,8;(℆  ∀)

 3>,8;(℆)
 3>,8;(?,;;) 3 =,8; 
(0) _tne
_tneadatns
adatns mnc utncn

(0.>) Ch
Chflgatufl
flgatufl lny
lnyn-lnyn
n-lnyn y
ynfl
nfl eh
ehihr
ihrjn
jn pnmn mnc utncn

Lrbufmsadd ma _uflna Dnuehihrng afa mhflnf taflla Gc 3 8 c chrupninf enflufnf

snebmnc rhfmng. Inrhfn Gc 4 >8 c cnin stnfmnr phrgatuflnf stneadatns pnmn ibfmasa
fbrcnd tamni phrdu maphrgatuflinf chdnafinf ouiup mhflnf chflnfndasas pnmn ibfmasa
enfjar snjn mnf lnyn-lnyn ynfl maphrgatuflinf gnfyn lnyn niaent ehrnt shfmara enmnf
mnc (whalgt b` mnc ebmy ) mnf lnyn niaent thinfnf nar ( stntao wnthr prhssurh).

[hrgatuflnf ehrnt vbduch ( sphoa`ao mhfsaty ) shenlna ehraiut:

 3><;;   3 ><><;;;  11,7,733 >0>00000;;  3 >< 
 3>5;;   3 >5>5;;;  11,7,733 >5>5;;;;;;  3 >5 
 35?;;   3 5?5?;;;  11,7,733 5?5?;;;;;;  3 5? 

?< mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
 e>3? c

g>35 c

[P ? [P 5
[P>
> : ;,0
[G5
Gc38 c > : ;,5

\5 [G>
∞[P UL
\>
\? ∞[G
B
E>3< c
W ϕw.g> ϕw.Gc
h  5 3 ?,8 

>c ?c ?c
Ϗ5
Ϗ
>

Lncenr O.5 - Lnyn-lny

Lnyn-lnyn
n ynfl ehih
ehihrjn
rjn pnmn enmnf mnc utnc
utncn
n
lrbufmsadd
lrbufmsa dd ma _uflna Dnuehih
Dnuehihrng
rng

] nehd O
O.5
.5 - Lnyn-lny
Lnyn-lnyn
n ynfl eh
ehihr
ihrjn
jn pnmn enmnf mnc utnc
utncn
n

Lnyn phr c‑ Dhflnf Cbchf (iFc)

Cnonc
Cno nc Ehenf _acebd Fadna Lnyn (iF) (c) (tgm tatai B)
(n) (e) (o) (m) (h)3(o)x(m)
i
Lnyn
Lny n vhrtaind niaent
n iaent \> ³ (?)(8)(5?) ><5,8; 8,;; + 705,8;
at f
h ehrnt shfmara mnc \5 (?)(8)(5?) ?=8,;; 5,8; + 705,8;
nt f
s b d utncn \? ³ (>)(8)(5?) 8<,8; ;,0< + ?7,8?
b
r p n
c i
at
m
a Lnyn
Lny n vhrtaind niaent
n iaent [P ³ (?)(8)(>5) 1;,;; 0,;; + 8=;,;;
b r >

ng i h
v thinfnf nar [P 5 (?)(5)(>5) <5,;; 8,8; + ?10,;;
y n
n m [P? (?)(5)(>5) <5,;; 5,8; + >7;,;;
n
L p

]btnd lnyn mnf c bchf niaent

]btnd ∞ [P 7;1,;; ∞ CP + 5.7<1,8?
lnyn
lny n ga mrbstntai pnmn ibcpbfhf
vhrtaind
i f
[G > ³. (>5)(8) >8;,;; >,0< - 58;,8;
at
h
nt f d
s b nt
b
r p f Lnyn gbrazbfnd niaent
m c b - ?;;,;;
a b z
g i ra thinfnf nar [G 5 (>5)(5)(8) >5;,;; 5,8;
n n b
y m g
n n
L p

]btnd lnyn mnf c bchf niaent

]btnd ∞ [G 5<;,;; ∞ CG - 88;,8;
lnyn
lny n ga mrbstntai pnmn ibcpbfhf
gbrazbftnd

?7 mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
(0.5) _ynrnt stneadatns

 3  3 , 3 5,7777 

, mnf  3    3 ?,8;  5,77 3 ;,05 
ί3ί  ί 3 5.7.7<<1,8?
1,8?  88;,8;
;,8; 3 5?51,;?
51,;? iFc
iFc

Fadna 
pbsata`, afa ehrnrta tatai ynfl chrupninf dhtni tatai pbtbfl lnras ihrjn rhsudtnfth
(U) thrgnmnp mnsnr mnc utncn ehrnmn ma shehdng infnf tatai [. Jain dhtni tatai 
thrgnmnp pusnt ehrnt mnsnr mnc utncn shenlna hishftrasatns  4   ;,054>,><
ntnu
afa ehrnrta lnras ihrjn rhsudtnfth ( U) ehrnmn ma mndnc afta (ihrf) ntnu shdurug mnsnr mnc
utncn chfln
c hflndnca
dnca mhsni.
_tneadatns mnc utncn chchfuga synrnt shenlna ehraiut:
 ; 4 W 4 E> ntnu ; 4 5,77 4 <,;; BI


 4  4   5,??45,774=,00 BI
 
  4    ;,054>,>< BI

(0.?) [h
[hrgatuflnf
rgatuflnf stneadatns
(0.?.>) _tneadatns thrgnmnp ludafl

 3  3 5.88;,7<1,88;? 3 8,5? 6 >,8; ncnf

(0.?.5)) _tneada
(0.?.5 _tneadatns
tns thrgnmnp l
lhsh
hshrr

 3 . 3 (,5<;,)(7;1,;; ;;) 3>,<=6>,8; ncnf

 3 
33 tnf
tnf?;?;33 ;,87
(0.?.?) _tneadatns thrgnmnp mnyn muiufl tnfng `bfmnsa

 .>   3 , >

>   ;,053><<   4  ℆35=8  
> 3
  , ,   1(
 .>  3 , >
>   ;,05 38=,>8   6 ; )
5 3
  , , 
]nfng mnsnr ouiup ncnf chfmuiufl ehenf lrbufmsadd.

Ontntnf:
Mnyn muiufl tnfng ,   ℆358 
Ntnu
Ntnu:: 
  
 ℆35,8  3 (5,8)()(1,1,7)>;  35=8 
?1 mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
(<) _tneadatns thc
th cebi thpa
th pa
(<.>) Ch
Chflgatufl
flgatufl lny
lnyn-lnyn
n-lnyn yynfl
nfl eh
ehihr
ihrjn
jn pnmn th
thccebi th
thpa
pa
Lnyn-lnyn ynfl ehihrjn pnmn thcebi thpa majhdnsinf pnmn ]nehd O.?.

e_\3 ;,0c

η
> : ;,8 \sw5
G_\ 3 =,8 c

\sw> [n
\sw=
B
E_\ 3 5,58 c m 3 >,8 c
B‑ E_n 3 5,78 c

\sw?

]nehd O.? - Lnyn-lnyn ynfl ehihrjn pnmn thcebi thpa

Lnyn phr c‑ Dhflnf Cbchf (iFc)
Cnonc
Cno nc Ehenf _acebd Fadna Lnyn (iF) (c) (tgm tatai B)
(n) (e) (o) (m) (h)3(o)x(m)

\sw> ³.(5,58)(=,8;)(5?) >>0,== >,8;

n + ><=,00
m d Lnyn vhrtaind niaent
Lnyn n iaent
n n
p i
a
i rt ehrnt shfmara
ta h thcebi thpa \sw5 ³.(;,0;)(=,8;)(5?) ?>,;8 5,=8
n v
t + <0,;<
s f
b h
r f
m
a b \sw? (>,8;)(5,78)(5?)
(>,8;)(5,78)(5?) 17,?? >,=58 + >=;,>5
g p
n c
y b Lnyn
Lnyn vhrtaind niaent
n iaent
n i
L ehrnt tnfng
tnfn g y
ynfl
nfl \sw= ³.(;,0;)(=,8;)(><) 55,18 5,=8 + 80,5?
chcehftui enja
]btnd ln yn mnf cbc hf niaent
]btnd
lnyn
lnyn g amrbstntai pnmn ∞ [P 507,<< ∞ CP + ==<,;7
ibcpbfhf vhrtaind

i
at f
h
nt f d
s b nt
b
r p f Lnyn gbrazbftnd 5
m c b [n> ³ (><)(0,;;) .(;,??) >;;,17 >,8; - >8>,=<
a b z
g i ra niaent thinfnf
n n b
y g tnfng
n m
n
L p

]btnd lnyn mnf c bchf niaent

]btnd
lnyn
lnyn ga mrbstntai pnmn ∞ [G >;;,17 ∞ CG - >8>,=<
ibcpbfhf gb raz
razbftnd
bftnd

=; mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
]hbra Unfiafh malufninf uftui chflgatufl ibh`ashf thinfnf tnfng nita` shenlnacnfn
phrsncnnf (?0).

 3 ∕  3(=8  )
+  
 3 ∕  3 =8  3;,??
+  

(<.5) _ynrnt stneadatns

 3  3 518,507,0<>< 3 >,>>;;  mnf  3    3 ,  >,>; 3 ;,?58 

ί3ί  ί 3 + ==<,;7 - >8>,=<3 518,0> iFc

 ; 4 W 4 Esn ntnu ;4 >,>; 4 5,78 BI


 4  4  ntnu ;,184>,>;4>,1; BI
 

 ntnu BI

 4   ;,?58 4;,=<8

(<.?) [h
[hrgatuflnf
rgatuflnf stneadatns

(<.?.>) _tneadatns thrgnmnp ludafl

 3  3 ==<,>8>,;=7< 35,186>,8; ncnf

(<.?.5)) _tneada
(<.?.5 _tneadatns
tns thrgnmnp l
lhsh
hshrr

 3 . 3 507,>;;,<1<7 35,006>,8; ncnf

(<.?.?) _tneadatns thrgnmnp mnyn muiufl tnfng `bfmnsa

> 3
 .>    ntnu
 
 .>    3 507,<< >
>   ;,?58 3>8;,7?   4  ℆35=8  1
 3
>
  , ,   (

 3
 .>  ) ntnu
5
 
 .>   3 507,<< >>   ;,?58 351,<7   6 ;
 3
5
  , , 
]nfng `bfmnsa ouiup ncnf chfmuiufl ehenf thcebi thpa.

Dncparnf M
=> mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
 (af`brcnta`)

Mn`tnr sacebd

 :
:
duns phfncpnfl ensng phdacpng (c 5)
dhenr phdacpng enlanf enwng (c(c))
E‑ : ehftn
ehftnfl
fl suflna rhrntn nftnrn mnc utncn mnf suemnc (c)
E> : thend mnsnr mnc utncn (c)
E5 : thend mnsnr suemnc (c)
E_\ : thend mnsnr thcebi thpa (c).
e_\ : thend ntns thcebi thpa (c)
 : thend chrou phdacpng mnc utncn (c)

O*
:
:
thend chrou phdacpng suemnc (c)
ibfshftrn
ibfshftrnsa
sa shmachf vbdu
vbduchtrai
chtrai m
maa mnsnr suflna
Om : ibfshftrn
ibfshftrnsa
sa shmachf ma mndnc ndarnf
. : ibh`asahf taflla suemnc Y>=  >?S
 : ibh`asahf pnfjnfl dnftna dafmufl (5 - ?)
 : ibh`asahf phdacpng (;,0; ‟ ;,00)
m : thend dnftna dafmufl (c)
h : hishftras
hishftrasatns
atns rhsudt
rhsudtnfth
nfth lnyn ynfl ehihrjn 3 E>/5 ‟ W (c)
: eadnflnf @rbumh pnmn ihmndncnf ndarnf 
`

Lo
: ibh`asahf lhshi nftnrn mns
mashsunainf mhflnf tnehd E.8
mnsnr

: ehrnt jhfas (ufat whalgt, spho a`ao w

whalgt
℆
nr enmnf mnc utncn mnf tnfng tnfng mnsnr ynfl

halgt) pnsnflnf ehtbf (tnfpn sntunf)

 : phrohpntnf lrnvatnsa (1,7; c/mhtai5)
 : tafll
tafllaa tbtnd mnc utncn (c)
 : taflla
taflla tbtnd suemnc (c)
 : taflla h`hita` mn
mnc
c utncn (taflla mnc utncn mnra phrcuinnf dnftna dafmufl) (c)

℆  : taflla chro

: tafll
chrou u phdacpng suemnc ma ntns phrcuinnf dnftna dafmufl (c)
tafllaa thcebi thpa (c)
 : ihmndncnf ndarnf ma ntns dnftna dafmufl inrhfn ihohpntnf P> (c)
℆℆ : ihm
ihmndncnf
ndncnf ndarnf ma ntns chrou phdaphdacpng
cpng suemnc (c)
 : ihmn
ihmndncnf
dncnf ndarnf ma ntns chrou phdacpn
phdacpng g mnc utncn (c)
(c )
gh : jnrni vhrtaind nftnrn tatai lnyn thinfnf tnfng mnf pusnt cbchf
cbc hf (c)
℆ : taflla dbfont nar gamrnudai ma ntns dnftna dafmufl (c)
gw : jnrni vhrtaind nftnrn pusnt lnyn ehrnt mnf pusnt cbchf cbc hf (c)
In : ibh`asahf thinfnf tnfng nita`
Ip : ibh`asahf thinfnf tnfng pnsa`

DOU
:
:
pnfjnfl dnftna dafmufl (c)
tbtnd pnfjnfl rnynpnf (c)
Dh : jnrni gbrazbftnd
gbraz bftnd nftnrn tatai lnyn thinfnf tnfng mnf pusnt cbchf cbc hf (c)
(c )
Dsw : jnrni gbrazbftnd nftnrn tatai lnyn ehrnt shfmara mnf pusnt cbchf cbc hf (c)
D\ : jnrni
jnrni thrju
thrjufnf
fnf (j
(jnrn
nrni
i tatai th
thrjuf
rjuf m
mnra
nra thp
thpaa gadar
gadar chrou
c hrou p
phda
hdacpng)
cpng) (c)
(c)
CG : cbchf gbrazbftnd (Fc, iF iFc)c)
Cv : cbchf vhrtai
vhrtaind
nd (Fc, iFiFc)
c)

cs
:
:
ihcaraflnf enmnf mnc utncn enlanf gudu
ihcaraflnf tndum phdacpng
csw : ihcarafl
ihcaraflnfnf thcebi thpa sasa mndn
mndnc
c

=5 mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
fsw : ihcaraflnf thcebi thpa sas sasaa dunr, eansnfyn mamhsnaf sncn
snc n mhflnf ihcaraflnf
tndum phdacpng.
 : ihcaraflnf enlanf
enlanf gadar m
mnc
nc utncn mnf suemnc (mathtnpinf ;,5;)
 : `nitbr ncnf uftui thcebi thpa
[n : lnyn niaent thinfnf tnfng nita` (F, iF)
[ n.G : lnyn niaent thinfnf tnfng gbrazbftnd (F, iF)
[ n.P : lnyn niaent thinfnf tnfng vhrtaind (F, iF)
[P : lnyn gamrbstntai vhrtaind niaent thinfnf nar (F, iF)
[G : lnyn gamrbstntai gbrazbftnd niaent thinfnf nar (F, iF)
^m : mheat mhsnaf ntnu mheat pufoni ndarnf mheras (c?/s)
^b : mheat nar cnis acuc (mheat enfjar) (c?/ mhtai)
cnisacuc
‵
UL
:
:
mheatt sphsa`ai (c ?/mt/
mhea
rhsudt
rhsudtnfth
c‑) ntnu c 5/ mhtai
/mt/c‑)
nfth lnyn (F, iF)
_@lhsh
lhshrr : `nitbr ncnf thrgnmnp lh lhshr
shr ynfl mashs
mashsunainf
unainf mhfl
mhflnf
nf ]nehd E.=
_B : ihcarafl
ihcaraflnfnf mnsnr suflna shcudn
_m : ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna mafncai
__ : ihcarafl
ihcaraflnfnf mnsnr suflna stntai
 :
:
dhenr cuin ndarnf pnmn ihmndncnf g? ma ntns chrou phdacpng (c)
ihohpntnf ndarnf snnt enfjar (c (c// mhtai)
Pb : ihohpnt
ihohpntnfnf nd
ndarnf
arnf m
maa ntns chrou phphdacpng
dacpng mnc utncn (c/ mhtai)
 : ihohpntnf jntug pnmn thrjufnf (c (c// mhtai)

\ : lnyn gamrbstntai niaent ehrnt shfmara mnc utncn (F, iF)

\sw : lnyn gamrbstntai ni
niaent
aent ehrnt shfmara thcebi thpa (F, iF)

W
 :
:
pnfjnfl dbfont nar (c)
jnrni mnra tatai ludafl mnc utncn snc
sncpnapna ih tatai tnflinp rhsudtnfth lnyn ( c)
∞C : cbchf tbtnd (Cv + CG ) (Fc) jain B shenlna tatai ludafl
ίCP : jucdng cbchf
cbc hf y ynfl
nfl chfngnf (jucdng cbc cbchf hf niaent
niaent lnyn gamrbstntai p
pnmn
nmn
ibcpbfhf vhrtaind) (Fc)
ίCG : jucdng cbchf ynfl chflludaflinf (jucdng c cbchf
bchf niaent lnyn gamrbstntai
pnmn ibcpbfhf gbrazbftnd) (Fc, iFc)
ί[P : tbtnd lnyn gamrbstntai pnmn ibcpbfhf vhrtaind (F, (F, iF)
ί[G : tbtnd lnyn gamrbstntai pn
pnmn
mn ibcpbfhf gbrazbftnd (F, (F, iF)

 : sumut nftnrn eamnfl gbrazbftnd mhflnf phrcuinnf tnfng ma ehdninfl thcebi

thpa (b)
b


ε


:
:
:
sumut lhshr nftnrn thcebi thpa mnf tnfng ( )
ibh`asahf thrjufnf (=,8 ‟ 8,;)
sumut ihcaraflnf thcebi thpa thrgnmnp suc eu vhrtaind (b)
suceu
 : sumut lhshr mndnc tnfng (nfldh b` afthrfnd `raotabf) (b)
℆
∀g
? :
:
taflla jnlnnf (c
(c))
phrehmnnf ihmndncnf n ndarnf
darnf ma ntns chrou mnc utncn mnf chrou
chro u suemnc
∀X : Ihgadnflnf thinfnf ih ntns 3 (D‑/D). ∀ g
 : rnpnt cnssn pnsnflnf ehtbf (cnss mhfsaty b` obforhth) (mancead 5?;; il/c ?)
 : rnpnt cnssn tnfng/shmachf (cnss mhfsaty b` sbad) (il/c?)
mhfsaty
 : rnpnt cnssn ndarnf mheras (nar+shmachf) (cnss mhfsaty b` mheras `dbw) (mancead
>;;; - >5;; il/c ?)
ϕO : ehrnt vbduch pnsnflnf ehtbf (sphoa`ao mhfsaty b` obforhth) (F/c?, iF/c?)
ϕ_ : ehrnt vbduch tnfng/smac hf (sphoa`ao mhfsaty b` sbad) (F/c?, iF/c ?)
tnfng/smachf
? ?
ϕ\ : ehrnt vbduch ndarnf mheras (sphoa`ao mhfsaty b` mheras `dbw) (F/c , iF/c )
=? mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
b : thlnflnf lhshr enmnf mnc utncn pnmn tnfng mnsnr ynfl mashsunainf
mashs unainf mhflnf
]nehd E.8
> : thlnflnf vhrtaind pnmn ujufl gadar enmnf mnc utncn (F/c5, iF/c5)
5 : thlnflnf vhrtaind pnmn ujufl gudu enmnf mnc utncn (F/c 5, iF/c5)

== mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
 Dncparnf H
(af`brcnta`)

Mn`tnr Astadng

Astadng Engnsn Afmbfh

Afmbfhsan
san Astadng Engnsn Nsafl
ndarnf `dbws
ndarnf mheras mheras `dbw
`dbwss
nfliutnf shmachf shmachft trnfspbrt
ehrnt vbduch sphoa`ao mhfsaty
ehrnt jhfas ufat
ehrnt shfmara enmnf mnc whalgt b` mnc ebmy
ehzui tbrrhft
oben-oben trand nfm hrrbr
mnc utncn cnaf mnc
mheat mhsnaf mhsalf masognrlh
mhsnaf mhsalf
lrbufmsadd lrbufmsad
afta ihrf
ihfnainf mnsnr suflna ravhr ehm nlrnmntabf
ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna mafncaid myfncao hquadaerauc sdbph
ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna rhfonfn mhsalfhm ravhrehm lrnmahft
ihcaraflnf mnsnr suflna stntai stntao hquadaerauc sdbph
dnftna dafmufl nprbf
duenfl ndar mrapgbdh, mrnafgbdh
duenfl ntus tgh mrbps gbdh
chrou phdacpng mnc orbw
o rbwff
pnfjnfl dnftna dafmufl tgh dhflg b` tgh nprbf
pnfjnfl rnynpnf phrobdntabf
phrobdn tabf /orhhp dhfl
dhfltg
tg
phdacpng bvhr`dbw
phfurufnf mnsnr suflna ravhr ehm mhlrnmntabf
prbthisa enflufnf eu``hr `add
rnpnt cnssn cnss mhfsaty

rnpnt cns sn pnsnflnf

cnssn
rnpnt cnssn ndarn
ndarnf
f mheras (nar+shmachf)
ehtbf cnss
cns
cnss s mhfsaty
mhfsaty b`
b` obforhth
mheras `dbw
rnpnt cnssn
c nssn tnfng cnss mhfsaty b` sbad
snynp dafmufl prbthotabf
prbthotabf w
wafl
afl
sa`nt `asai
`as ai tnfng pgysaond sbad p
prbphrta
rbphrtahs
hs
sa`nt thifas tnfng tgh thogfaond fnturh b` tgh sbad
stneadatns thrgnmnp
thrgnmnp lhshr sdamafl
stneadatns thrgnmnp ludafl bvhrturfafl
suemnc suemnc
sumut lhshr mndnc tnfng nfldh b` afthrfnd `raotabf
suflna ravhr
tnflln phflncnf sn`hty dnmmhr
thend dnftna dafmufl tgh tgaoifhss b` tgh nprbf
thend chrou
c hrou phdacpn
phdacpng g tgaoifhss b` bvhr`dbw
thinfnf nar wnthr prhssurh
thinfnf nar stntai stntao wnthr prhssurh
=8 mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
thinfnf ih ntns upda`t prhssurh
thcebi thpa samh wndd
taflla jnlnnf `rhh ebnrm, wniiafl

=0 mnra =<

Ih chfthranf [X[U
JMAG Ihchfthranf
 Eaedablrn`a

Y>S Nlus _ucnrybfb. >177. Mhsalf b` _neb _truoturh. Qblyninrtn: Cafastry b` [uedao \bris,
Marhotbrnth Lhfhrnd
Lhfhrnd b` \
\nthr
nthr Uhsburohs Mhvhdb
Mhvhdbpchft.
pchft.

Y5S Nratsufh ]niha. >178. [rbohhmafls b` ]gh Afthrfntabfnd _ycpbsauc bf Hrbsabf, Mheras
@dbw nfm Masnsthr [rhvhftabf. ]biyb: ]bsgafmb [rafthrs.
Y?S Nrcnfmb Dhfonstrh, [gM. >17<. Gnfmebbi b` Gymrnudao Hflafhhrafl. Lrhnt Eratnaf: U.J.
No`brm
No`brm Ogaoghsthr.
Ogaoghsthr.

Y=S Ognfmrn Gnss nf. >170. _neb Mhsnaf. Qblyninrtn: Pbdonfao _neb ]hogfaond Ohftrh.
nssnf.

Y8S Ognfmrn Gnssnf, ht nd. >170. Uhpbrt b` >st Obcprhghfsavh Obursh _tumy . Qblyninrtn:
Pbdonfao _neb ]hogfa
]hogfaond
ond Ohftrh.

Y0S Garbsga A ihyn. >1<0. Aftrbmuotabf tb _neb \bris . ]biyb: ]gh Jnpnf _neb Nssboantabf
Y<S Garbzuca, ]., >178. Ldbssnry b` ]hrcafbdblyf bf _neb Hflafhhrafl . Qblyninrtn:
Pbdonfao _neb ]hogfaond Ohftrh.

Y7S Jbgf \ gattbw. >1<1. Masnsthrs, ]gh Nfntbcy b` Hfvarbfchftnd Gnznrms . Lrhnt Eratnaf:
]gh Xfavhrsaty b` Lhbrlan [rhss.
Y1S I. Ensng _urybdhdbfb. >11=. [hrnfonflnf @bfmnsa. Qblyninrtn: [hrohtninf FN@AUA.

Y>;S I.L. Unfln Unju. >17>. @dbw ]grbulg Bphf Ognffhds . Fhw Mhdga: ]ntn CoLrnw-Gadd
[uedasgafl Obcpnfy Dacathm.

Y>>S Fhad _. Lrall. >178. \ nthr Uhsburohs [dnf

[dnffafl
fafl. Fhw Qbri:
Qbri: C
CoLrnw
oLrnw-Gadd
-Gadd Ebbi Obc
Obcpnfy
pnfy

Y>5S [. D hbfnrm Onpphr, ht nd. >17;. [rbedhcs af Hflafhhrafl _bads . Dbfmbf nfm Fhw Qbri: H
& @.F _pbf Dtm.

Y>?S _bsrbmnrsbfb _uybfb.,mii. >178. [hrenainf mnf [hflnturnf _uflna, Jninrtn: Enmnf
[hfhreat [X

Y>=S ]ncbtsu ]ningnsga. >11>. Mheras @dbw. Ubtthrmnc: N.N. Endihrfn

Y>8S ]bcbnia Qbibtn. >177. [bstgucbus ]hxt bf _neb \bris . Qblyninrtn: Pbdonfao _neb
]hogfaond
]hogfao nd Ohftrh ufmhr tgh N
Nuspao
uspaohs
hs b` J
Jnpnf
npnf AAfthrfntabfnd
fthrfntabfnd Obbphrntabf Nlhfoy.

Y>0S Phf ]h Ogbw, [gM. >178. Bphf Ognffhd Gymrnudaos . _aflnpbrh: Ogbfl Cbg B``sht
[rafl [th, Dtm.

=< mnra =<

JMAG Ihchfthranf
Ih chfthranf [X[U
 Af`brcnsa
Af`brcnsa phfmuiu
phfmuiufl
fl thrina
thrinatt phrucus phm
phmbcnf
bcnf

>) Ibcthi/_ueI
Ibcthi/_ueIbcbcththi
i phr
phruc
ucus
us _FA
_ueibcath ]hifas 1>-;>-_> _ucehr Mnyn Nar

5) _usufnf ihfllbt
ihfllbtnnf
nnf Ibcthi phrphruc ucusus _FA
Ihtun : Mr. Ar. \ addanc C. [utughfn, , C.Hfl
\ i. Ihtun : Ar. Asinfmnr N Qusu`, C._o
_hirhtnras : Mhry Afmrnwnf,
Afmrnwnf, _.].
Nfll
Nfllbtn
btn : Lhcadnf
Lhcadnfl, l, _]., C[_MN
[_MN..
Mr. Ar. Gnma X. Cbhfb,, C._o
[rb`. Mr. Awnf Iramnsnftnusn Gnmagnrmjnjn, C._o.
Mr. Ar. _unrma Fntnsnputrn, C.Hfl
Mbmma Qudan
Qudanftb,
ftb, [g.M.
Mjbib Cumjagnrmjb, C.H.

?) Ibfshptbr rnfonfl
rnfonflnf
nf _FA
Ar. Ognfmrn Gnssnf, Map.GH., C._o, A[C
Mjuma, _._]., C.].

=) _hirh
_hirhtnrant
tnrant phflh
phflhdbdn
dbdn Ibc
Ibcthi
thi phrucu
phrucus
s _FA
Lulus Ihrjn Endna Datenfl _neb
[usnt [hfhdatanf mnf [hflhcenflnf _ucehr Mnyn Nar
Ihchfthranf [hihrjnnf Xcuc mnf [hrucngnf Uniynt