CDKQIPD@ @A HMLAMHARÇD

KDRRARD @A HMLAMHA
HMLAMHARÇD
RÇD AGZRA[DRHDI
KQR[E> DRTQHPAKPQRD AGZRA[DRHDI

Dvdmka 2 @ai Zreyakte @a Kurse>

GE@AIE @A DRTQHPAKPQRD AGZRA[DRHDI
ZDRD ID AGZRA[D IDKPAE[ FQDKDRH^

KID[A>> 4;44
KID[A

ATQHZE>> Lrupe 0
ATQHZE

HMPALRDMPA[>>
HMPALRDMPA[

KÛ@HLE A[PQ@HDMPA DZAIIH@E[ X MEGBRA[ ZERKAMPDNA @A

ZDRPHKHZDKHÛM
M::4816;: @a id kruz Keiidzes Lrahssh
Luarrare Sdiquh Dmlai
@a id kruz Ndskhmte Kdries
Re`rçluaz Tuhihkfa Rebarte
Pdcur Farrard [dm`rd

Kdndgdrkd - Zarþ

sapagbra `a 2:24
Zreyakte> Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

PDBID @A KEMPAMH@E[
PDBID @A KEMPAMH@E[...............................................................................................................2
ÇM@HKA @A PDBID[........................................................................................................................0
ÇM@HKA @A HIQ[PRDKHEMA[ | LRÄCHKE[ | @HDLRDGD[................................................................0

KDZÇPQIE H> HMPRE@QKKHÛM........................................................................................................1

4.4. RADIH@D@
RADIH@D@ ZREBIAGÄPH
ZREBIAGÄPHKD......
KD.............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
........................1
.................1
4.2. CERGQIDKHÛM
CERGQIDKHÛM @AI ZREBIAGD....
ZREBIAGD...........
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
..........................1
...................1
4.;. EBNAPHSE[....
EBNAPHSE[...........
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
.......................1
................1
4.0. Ebnave
Ebnave Lamardi...
Lamardi..........
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
...................................1
............................1
4.1. Ebnaves
Ebnaves Aspakçkes.
Aspakçkes........
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
........................1
.................1
KDZÇPQIE HH> RA[QIPD@E[...........................................................................................................3
4. LAMARDIH@D@
LAMARDIH@D@A[
A[ @A ID AGZRA[D......
AGZRA[D.............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
................................3
.........................3
4.4. MEGBRA
MEGBRA E RD^ÛM [EKHDI......
[EKHDI..............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
.................3
.........3
4.2. RA[AÔD FH[PÛRHKD...
FH[PÛRHKD...........
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
.................3
..........3
4.;. ZRE@QKPE[
ZRE@QKPE[ X/E [ARSHKHE[
[ARSHKHE[ TQA ECRAKA........
ECRAKA...............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
..............3
.......3
4.0. A[PRQKPQRD
A[PRQKPQRD ERLDMH^DKHE
ERLDMH^DKHEMDI....
MDI............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
........................3
.................3
4.1. @HRAKKHEMD
@HRAKKHEMDGHAMP
GHAMPE
E A[PRDPÈLHK
A[PRDPÈLHKE........
E...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
.............................
.......................3
.3
2. SH[HÛM @A DRTQHPAKPQ
DRTQHPAKPQRD......
RD.............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
.....................3
..............3
2.4. ZREZQA[PD
ZREZQA[PD @A SDIER @AI MALEKHE.......
MALEKHE..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
............................3
.....................3
2.2. EBNAPH
EBNAPHSE[
SE[ A[PRDPÈL
A[PRDPÈLHKE
HKE[[ @A
@AII MALEKH
MALEKHE
E (CERGDP
(CERGDPE
E [GDRP).
[GDRP)....
.......
.......
.......
........
.......
.......
........
..........
..........3
....3
2.;. DRPHKQIDKH
DRPHKQIDKHÛM
ÛM @A EBNAPHSE[
EBNAPHSE[ @A MALEKHE
MALEKHE KEM SH[HÛM (PE BA)............
BA)...................
...............
.................3
.........3
2.0. A[PRDP
A[PRDPALH
ALHD[
D[ @A ID AGZRA[
AGZRA[D
D (D[ H[ X PE BA)......
BA).........
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
.......
.........
...........
...........
...........
..........3
.....3
2.1. DRPHKQ
DRPHKQIDK
IDKHÛM
HÛM @A EBNA
EBNAPHS
PHSE[
E[ @A MALEK
MALEKHE
HE KEM A[PR
A[PRDPA
DPALHD
LHD (PE
(PE BA).....
BA).........
.........
...........
............
.......3
.3
2.3. KD@AMD
KD@AMD @A SDIER..........
SDIER.................
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
......................
..................<
...<
2.<. ZREKA[E[
ZREKA[E[ HMPARME[.....
HMPARME[.............
...............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
.........................<
..................<
;. DRTQHPAKPQ
DRTQHPAKPQRD
RD @AI MALEKHE......
MALEKHE.............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
......................
......................<
.......<
;.4. H@AMPH
H@AMPHCHK
CHKDR
DR X @EKQGA
@EKQGAMPD
MPDR
R ID DRTQHP
DRTQHPAKP
AKPQRD
QRD DKPQ
DKPQDI
DI @AI
@AI MALEKH
MALEKHE
E (IÇMAD
(IÇMAD BD[A).<
BD[A).<
;.2. DMÄIH[H
DMÄIH[H[[ @A BRAKFD[
BRAKFD[ @A IE[ ZREKA[
ZREKA[E[
E[ KDPALERH^
KDPALERH^D@E
D@E[....
[........
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
........
..........
..........<
....<
0. DRTQHPAKPQ
DRTQHPAKPQRD
RD @A
@A @DPE[
@DPE[ E HMCERGDK
HMCERGDKHÛM.....
HÛM............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
................6
.........6
0.4. H`am
H`amkdkh
kdkhûm
ûm `a id hmcergdk
hmcergdkhûm
hûm per kd`d prekase
prekase (D[-H[).
(D[-H[).....
.......
.......
........
.......
.......
.........
...........
............
............
.......6
.6
0.2. @dtes `a amtrd`
amtrd`dd y sdih`d
sdih`d per
per dkvh`
dkvh`d`
d` am kd`d prekase.......
prekase..............
..............
..............
..............
...............
..............6
......6
0.;. Ge`aid
Ge`aid`e
`e `a id bdsa
bdsa `a `dtes
`dtes `a id agprasd
agprasd D[ H[......
H[.........
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
........
...........
............
............
............
.......8
.8
0.;.4. Ge`aie
Ge`aie kemkaptudi.
kemkaptudi........
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
...............
................8
........8
0.;.2. Ge`aie
Ge`aie iûlhke.......
iûlhke...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
.................8
..........8
0.;.;. Ge`aie
Ge`aie shke........
shke...............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
.......................4:
................4:
0.0. Ge`aid`e
Ge`aid`e `a id bdsa
bdsa `a `dtes `a id agpras
agprasdd PE
PE BA.........
BA................
..............
..............
...............
...............
................4:
.........4:
0.1. Dmäihshs
Dmäihshs `a brakfds....
brakfds............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
...............
...............
............................4:
.....................4:
KEMKIQ[HEMA[..........................................................................................................................44

RACARAMKHD[ BHBIHELRÄCHKD[..................................................................................................42
DMAVE[ @AI HMCERGA @A DSDMKA...........................................................................................4;
ÇM@HKA @A PDBID[

ÇM@HKA @A HIQ[PRDKHEMA[ | LRÄCHKE[ |

@HDLRDGD[
 KDZÇPQIE H> HMPRE@QKKHÛM

4.4 RADI
RADIH@D@
H@D@ ZREBIA
ZREBIAGÄPHK
GÄPHKD
D

Dktudigamta `hvarsds agprasds tdmte gum`hdias kege mdkhemd

mdkhemdias
ias e iekdias karrdrem `abh`e d id
keyumturd, amtra aiids astd Iäktaes Fudkdrhz id kudi me astuve dtam`ham`e cçshkdgamta am te`ds
sus tham`ds, shm agbdrle, ie fhze ga`hdmta sus ra`as sekhdias kege Cdkabeeo e \fdtsDpp y umd
pälhmd wab me bdstdmta kemkratd,
kemkratd, pare me kkuamtdm
uamtdm kem umd dpihkdkhûm am `em`a
`em`a sa pua`d
pua`d
vhsudihzdr su kdtäiele kem id `hvarsh`d` `a pre`uktes qua `d e pdrd fdkar sus vamtds. Dshghsge,
sa sdba qua ies kihamtas y id axparhamkhd am sus raidkhemas kem ids agprasds thamam um hgpdkte
`hrakte am ids ldmdmkhds kegarkhdias `a ids ghsgds.

[alþm um hmcerga `a hmvasthldkhûm `a AKFE pdrd Dgarhkdm

Axprass (2:44), sa iekdihzû qua um sarvhkhe di kihamta `achkhamta kem`ukçd d pèr`h`ds `a vamtds?
[alþm ids astd`çsthkds `a bþsqua`d `a garkd`e `a Astd`es Qmh`es, Kdmd`ä, Gèxhke, Crdmkhd,
Diagdmhd, Htdihd, Rahme Qmh`e, Zdçsas Bdnes, Dustrdihd, Hm`hd, id gdyerçd `a ies kemsugh`eras
hmcergdrem qua ids trdmsdkkhemas me sa kegpiatdrem e kemkiuh`e umd hmtamkhûm `a kegprd `abh`e
d um sarvhkhe di kihamta `achkhamta> am Gèxhke (68%), Dustrdihd (63%) y Kdmd`ä (61%) cuarem gäs
samshbias d astdr `a dkuar`e.

Me ebstdmta, ids
ids astd`çsthkds dsalurdm
dsalurdm qua ie
iess kihamtas kdg
kdgbhdräm
bhdräm `a gdrkd e `a kegpdôçd pd
pdrd
rd
ebtamar um ganer
muavd gdrkd sarvhkhe?`akarkd
e kdgbhdrä `a id ghtd`
kegpdôçd pdrd um`aganer
ies kemsugh`eras am kd`d
sarvhkhe di kihamta. Idgarkd`e prebdrä
khu`d` `a umd
Kdndgdrkd
sa amkuamtrd `amtre `a ids tras prhmkhpdias kuamkds iakfard
iakfardss `ai Zarþ? sa amkuamtrdm am id khu`d`
`a Kdndgdrkd lrdm`as agprasds iäktads kege Lierhd y Mastiè ids ghsgds qua thamam prasamkhd d
mhvai mdkhemdi, amkemtrdges tdgbhèm am id prevhmkhd,

salþm id @hrakkhûm `a Hm`ustrhd `a id @hrakkhûm Ralhemdi `a id

Zre`ukkhûm `a Kdndgdrkd (2:4;) 8 ghkre y paquaôds agprasds iäktads
iäktads ghsgds qua kegphtam `çd
d `çd per ldmdr aspdkhe am ai garkd`e y ldmdrsa id pracaramkhd `a ies kihamtas kdndgdrquhmes.

Id kegpdôçd `a Hm`ustrhds Dihgamtdrhds Fudkdrhz [DK me dnamd d asta kdse y kem `asae `a sar
gäs kegpaththvd am ai garkd`e y ebtamar id `hcaramkhdkhûm kem hmtardkkhûm d ids `agäs
erldmhzdkhemas
erldmhzdkhem as `ai ghsge rubre, quhara ganerdr sus prekases y ai sarvhkhe di kihamta. Hm`ustrhds
Dihgamtdrhds Fudkdrhz astä `a`hkd`d d id pre`ukkhûm `a umd axtamsd `hvarsh`d` `a pre`uktes
kege per anagpie quases, gdmtaquhiid, yelurt, gargaid`d, ghai `a kdôd, gdmndr bidmke, ghai `a
dband, mdthiid, dsç kege d id vamtd `a reskds, dicdneras (crhtes, gdhkamd, yagd), susphres, kdkfhtes,
ldiiatd `a iakfa, pdm `a gdçz, kfeketands, kdcè, dildrrebhmd y vhme `a sduke d chm `a gdxhghzdr id
sdthscdkkhûm `a ies kemsugh`eras? pdrd ie qua sa kem`ukam d kdbe `hcaramtas prekases, ies
kemsh`ard`es am su kd`amd `a keste sem> Dkephe, Zre`ukkhûm, Agpdquatd`e e Amvdsd`e y
athquatd`e, Digdkamdghamte
Digdkamdghamte `a Zre`uktes targhmd`es y Samtd. Id kegarkhdihzdkhû
kegarkhdihzdkhûmm e Samtds
astä kemsthtuh`d per ids 6 tham`ds kem ids qua sa kuamtdm (Pham`d Cum`dgamtdi, Pham`d Cemthmd,
Pham`d Kdpuiç, Pham`d Id Iakfarhtd, Pham`d D@Z (Darepuartes `ai Zarþ), Pham`d [dm Gdrthm,
Pham`d Tuases `ai Hmkd, Pham`d Ai Bdtäm) dsç kege `a ids `agdm`ds qua sa fdkam `a cergd
`hraktd d id naca `a kegarkhdihzdkhûm. Zer etre id`e, ai prekase `a vamtds, ai prekase `a kdrd di
kegprd`er, sa fd pe`h`e ebsarvdr ies rakidges a hmsdthscdkkhûm per pdrta `a ies kihamtas per id
aspard tdmte pdrd sar dtam`h`es kege pdrd rakhbhr sus pre`uktes ie qua lamard id pèr`h`d `a
kihamtas y id gdid hgdlam `a id agprasd. Zer ie lamardi, me fdy pre`uktes am ai digdkèm y ies
agpiad`es
vamtds `abam
am ids hr di digdkèm
< tham`ds r astdmtasesadigdmandm
rastdmtas digdkèmgdmudigamta,
`a pre`ukkhûmaghta
pdrd rakelar
um thkoatiesgdmudi
pre`uktes. Ids
y chmdigamta
 `ai `çd ai vam`a`er `aiald`e `a fdkar ai hmvamtdrhe `a ids tham`ds y fdka umd ihstd kem ies
pre`uktes qua raquharam sar er`a
er`amd`es
md`es pdrd ``dr,
dr, id ihstd as methchkd
methchkd`es
`es per taièceme e iiavd`es di
laramta `ai digdkèm `a pre`uktes targhmd`es am ai digdkèm makasdrhd
makasdrhd pdrd fdkar kem ai pa`h`e
pdrd qua `aspuès
`aspuès sadm aamvhd`es
mvhd`es d kkd`d
d`d digdkèm peperr ai laramta `a pd
pdquatas.
quatas. Aste me
me hgpihkd
mhmlþm kemtrei salure `a ids hgpertdkhemas y axpertdkhemas `a pre`uktes, me d`ghmhstrdr id
hmcergdkhûm am thagpe radi `a vamtds per sukursdi y ratrdbdndr pdrd ies subkemtrdthstds
amkdrld`es `a hmlrasdr ai prakhe `a ids vamtds `hdrhds lamard`ds per ids etrds < tham`ds am ai
shstagd, id tham`d `a Hm`ustrhds Dihgamtdrhds Fudkdrhz [DK.

4.2.
4.2. CE
CERG
RGQI
QIDK
DKHÛ
HÛM
M @AI
@AI ZR
ZREB
EBIA
IAGD
GD
µKûge as id drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi am id agprasd Hm`ustrhds Dihgamtdrhds Fudkdrhz [DK y què kemkaptes
`ai crdgawero PELDC sa pua`am kemsh`ardr pdrd pidmtadr um ge`aie `a drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd
ganerdr su vamtdnd kegpaththvd5

4.;. EBNAPHSE[

4.0.
4.0. Eb
Ebna
nath
thve
ve Lama
Lamard
rdii

Hgpiagamtdr id drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd astdbiakar ai acakte `a id ganerd `ai prekase `a

vamtds `a id agprasd Hm`ustrhds Dihgamtdrhds Fudkdrhz [DK.

4.1.
4.1. Eb
Ebna
nath
thve
vess A
Asp
spak
akçch
çchke
kess

 Radihzdr um dmäihshs `ai prekase `a Lasûm `a vamtds Dktudi.

 Aidberdr um pidm pdrd ai kemtrei `a ids vamtds.
 Aidberdr umd prepuastd `a ganerd am ai prekase `a lasûm `a vamtds bdsäm`emes am ai dmäihshs
dktudi y id drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi ebnave.
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

KDZÇPQIE HH> RA[QIPD@E[

4. LAM
LAMARARDIH
DIH@D@
@D@A[
A[ @A ID AGZ
AGZRA[
RA[D
D
4.4. MEGBR
MEGBRAA E RD^
RD^ÛM
ÛM [EK
[EKHDI
HDI

4.2. RA[A
RA[AÔD
ÔD FH[P
FH[PÛRHKD
ÛRHKD

Agpazdrem fdka 42 dôes, kem 4 seie agpiad`e, pre`ukham`e 40 ohies `a quase

gdmtakese d id sagdmd (aquhvdia d prekasdr 4:: ihtres). Dktudigamta kuamtd kem ai
aquhpe y gdquhmdrhd d`akud`d pdrd id cdbrhkdkhûm `a kd`d ume `a sus pre`uktes,
dumqua kdba gamkhemdr qua astes am dilumds ärads sem hmsuchkhamtas. Id gamkhemd`d
agprasd kuamtd kem hmstdidkhemas pdrd iuz, dlud, lds y axtrdkteras `a dhras am kd`d
umd `a ids ärads `a pre`ukkhûm ie kudi cdkhihtd ids dkthvh`d`as `a ies epardrhes.
Ai rakurse fugdme `a id agprasd. Astä `hstrhbuh`e `a id shluhamta gdmard> ai 4<.1% sa
amkuamtrd am ai ärad d`ghmhstrdthvd, ai ;<.1% am ai ärad `a kegarkhdihzdkhûm y ai 01%
rastdmta am ai ärad `a pre`ukkhûm, kege as meterhe id gdyer kdmth`d` `ai parsemdi idberd
am pre`ukkhûm. Am ai dôe 2::4 agpazû d kemstruhr um iekdi ge`arme. Prdbdndm kem
takmeielçd hmtarga`hd, gdrghtds, pramsd dutegäthkd, `askragd`erds, agpdkd`erds di
vdkçe. Astäm erldmhzd`es am `es mhvaias> Laramkhdi y epardthve.
LHRE @A MALEKHE>

Iäkta
äktaees Fudk
udkdrhz
rhz as umd
umd agp gpra
rassd kegark
garkhd
hdii `a
`a`h
`hkkd`d d id pr
pree`u
`ukk
kkhû
hûmm y
kegarkhdihzdkhûmm `a pre`uktes iäktaes
kegarkhdihzdkhû

Chlurd 2. Hiustrdkhûm `ai ielepe `a Iäktaes Fudkdrhz

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 1

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

4.;. ZRE@QKPE[ X/E [ARSHKHE[

[ARSHKHE[ TQA ECRAKA
Iäktaes Fudkdrhz, ecraka `hcaramtas pre`uktes d id kegumh`d` kdndgdrquhmd, ies kudias sem
ies `atdiid`es d kemmudkhûm>

- Tuase Craske
- Tuase Gdmtakese
- Tuase Phpe [uhze
- Tuase Dm`hme
- Tuase kem ZaZakdmds
- Xelurt Ba
Babhbia
- Gargaid`ds
- Xelurt
- Gdmndr Bi
Bidmke
- Mdiid
- Ghai `a Kdôd
- Gdmtaquhiid
- Kragd `a Iakfa
- Dicdneras
- Tuashiie

KEGZAPH@ERA[ @HRAKPE[>
- Iäktaes Id Keigamd
- Iäktaes @aiy
- Lierhd

4.0. A[PRQKPQRD ERLDMH^DKHEMDI

Laramta Lamardi

Dsaser Ialdi
D`ghmhstrd`er
Dsaser `a Laramkhd
Dsaser `a Kemtdbhih`d`
Paserare D`gr. Numher Dsaser `a [hstagds
RA@

Ärad `a Ielçstkd Ärad `a

`a Zr
Zre`ukkhûm Ärad `a
`a Ke
Kemrei `a
`a Kd
Kdih`d` Ärad Kegarkhdi

Chlurd ;. Erldmhlrdgd `a Iäktaes Fudkdrhz. D`dptd`e `a Iäktaes Fudkdrhz

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 3

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

4.0. @HRA
@HRAKKHEM
KKHEMDGHAM
DGHAMPE
PE A[PR
A[PRDPÈLH
DPÈLHKE
KE
GH[HÛM

[eges umd agprasd kdndgdrquhmd `a`hkd`d d id aidberdkhûm `a pre`uktes iäktaes `a ditd kdih`d`,
erhamtd`d d id piamd sdscdkkhûm `a muastres kihamtas, kegpham`e kd`d vaz am garkd`es gäs
axhlamtas. Zer aiies, uihzdges id takmeielçd d`akud`d y um aquhpe kdihkd`e `a precashemdias.

SH[HÛM

Kemseih`drmes kege umd agprasd iç`ar am id pre`ukkhûm y kegarkhdihzdkhûm `a pre`uktes iäktaes am id

ralhûm merta `ai pdçs, kegprega`es kem brhm`dr d muastres kihamtas pre`uktes `a ditd kdih`d`, y
sham`e um anagpie `a raspemsdbhih`d` sekhdi agprasdrhdi kem muastres trdbdnd`eras y id sekha`d`.

EBNAPHSE[ A[PRDPÈLHKE[

 Certdiakar ids agprasds y erldmhzdkhemas axhstamtas `a cdbrhkdmtas, prevaa`eras y

prekasd`eras y pregevar id kradkhûm `a etrds, `a dkuar`e kem ies pdrägatres `a
raprasamtdkhûm, kdpdkh`d` `a lasûm y lamardkhûm `a sarvhkhes pdrd sus hmtalrdmtas.

 Hmkragamtdr id ecartd y kemsuge `a pre`uktes iäktaes am ai garkd`e hmtarme kem

keer`hmdkhûm
keer`h mdkhûm shmkrûmhkd
shmkrûmhkd amtra pre`ukteras
pre`ukteras `a iäktaes,
iäktaes, hm`ustrhdia
hm`ustrhdias,
s, kegarkhdmt
kegarkhdmtas
as y
lebharme pdrd dtam`ar id `agdm`d `a ies kemsugh`eras, ra`ukhr id `asmutrhkhûm y ai
trdte nuste d ies dlamtas `a id kd`amd.

 Zregevar id dpihkdkhûm `a ditarmdvds `a ditarmdvds takmeiûlhkds ihgphds y `a lasûm

qua parghtdm um `asdrreiie iäktae sestamhbia.

 Hmkragamtdr ai çm`hka `a peshkhemdgha

Hmkragamtdr peshkhemdghamte
mte am um <:% am ai garkd`
garkd`ee `a id ralhûm `a Kdndgdrkd
Kdndgdrkd
pdrd ai m `a dôe `ai 2:24, d trdvès `a astrdtalhds `a `aihzdkhûm `ai kihamta.

 Hmkragamtdr id pre`ukkhûm am um 1:% raidkhemd`e di dôe dmtarher kem ai use `a

takmeielçd, di tèrghme `ai dôe 2:24

ZRHMKHZHE[ X SDIERA[

KEEZARDKHÛM> Ies dlamtas `a id agprasd iäktad "FQDKDRH^" trdbdndm numtes am um dgbhamta

raspatuese, kegbhmdm`e sus kdpdkh`d`as hmtaiaktudias y shkds kem ai ebnave `a lamardr
hludi`
hludi`d`
d` `a epertu
epertumh`d
mh`d`as
`as `a hml
hmlras
rases.
es. Aste
Aste as tdmte
tdmte gäs hgpert
hgpertdmta
dmta kudmte
kudmte qua ies
ghagbres `a id kd`amd `a sughmhstre sem fatarelèmaes y amam `hcaramtas pe`aras `a
malekhdkhûm, kege am ai kdse `a ies ebtamteras y id hm`ustrhd.

ZRHMKHZHE[>

 Zregevar id drkuidkhûm `a ies dlamtas `a id agprasd pre`ukvd

 Dpeydr di asidbûm gäs `èbhi.

RA[Z
RA[ZEM
EM[D
[DBH
BHIH
IH@D
@D@>
@> Kd
Kd`
`d dla
dlamta
mta `a id agpragpras
asdd ku
kugp
gpiaia ke
kem
m ie
iess ke
kegp
gpre
regh
ghse
sess y
raspemsdbhih`d`as d`quhrh`es cramta d etres dlamtas y kemtrhbuya akdzgamta di `asdrreiie
kegpave y sestamhbia `a id Kd`amd. Pdmte ai pre`ukter kege ai hm`ustrhdi vheidrem sus
dkuar`es, kege id kdih`d` `a id iakfa amtrald`d y ai prakhe d pdldr

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai <

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

ZRHMKHZHE[

Zidmhkdkhûm pdrkhpdvd `a ids dkvh`d`as y gatds pdrd ai kugpihghamte `a ies

ebnaves `a dkuar`e d id `hspemhbhih`d` `a rakurse
r akurse akemûghkes, shkes y agpe.
Astdbiakar um shstagd `a um shstagd `a hmkamves y pamdih`d`as pdrd ai kugpihghamte
`a ies kegpreghses

ZAR[ASARDMKHD> Ies Dlamtas `asdrreiidm sus dkvh`d`as kem `atarghmdkhûm y `atarghmdkhûm

pdrd iiavdr d id Kegpdôçd d um `asdrreiie kegpave y sustamtdbia.

ZRHMKHZHE[
Astdr h`amkd`d kem id gatd d ielrdr.
Pamar umd dktu` peshvd pdrd id radihzdkhûm `a ids dkvh`d`as

ZREDKPHSH@D@>> Ies dlamtas `a id agprasd dmdihzdm kemmudgamta ai kegpertdghamte `ai

ZREDKPHSH@D@
äradd y te
ära tegdm
gdm dkdkkh
khem
emas
as pdrd
pdrd dmk
dmkhpd
hpdrr preb
prebia
iagds
gds,, ma
maka
kash
sh`d
`d`a
`ass e kdgb
kdgbhe
hess cu
cutu
ture
res.
s. Id
liebdi
liebdihzdk
hzdkhûm
hûm ama
ama garkd`e
garkd`ess hmt
hmtarke
arkemak
maktd`
td`es,
es, per ie qua ie qua suka`a
suka`a am ume ama
kemsakuamkhds am ai etre. Zdrd id agprasd, asta cdkter as `a sugd hgpertdmkhd per su
samshbhih`d` d ies kdgbhes `a prakhes y di prekase `a malekhdkhûm mdkhemdi.

ZRHMKHZHE[

@asdrreiidr id kdpdkh`d` `a dmäihshs y prepuastd
 @asadr y trdbdndr per dikdmzdr umd peshkhûm ganer am ai cuture

AI [A
[ARS
RSHKH
HKHE
E DI KIHA
KIHAMP
MPA>
A> Ies dlamtas
dlamtas `a id agpras
agprasdd ast
astäm
äm `hs
`hsaôd
aôd`es
`es pdrd susupar
pardr
dr ids
axpaktdvds `a ies usudrhes y tegdr `akhshemas kem krhtarhe, sam`e kegþm y dlhih`d`

ZRHMKHZHE[
 Prdtd d te`es ies kihamtas kem kertasçd, `hlmh`d` y raspate. @d shagpra um trdte
fugdme y parsemdihzd`e.
 [ar kemskhamta qua muastre trdbdne fdka umd `hcaramkhd am id vh`d `a ies kihamtas y
rakemeka su ascuarze per sdihr d`aidmta.
 Kemekar y raspatdr ids rdçkas kuiturdias y id h`am`d` `a ies kihamtas.
 Agpiadr um vekdbuidrhe kerrakte y d`akud`e

DKDPDGHAMPE @A IAX> Dkaptdr y kugpihr id mergdvd vhlamta am ai pdçs, pdrd kugpihr kem
DKDPDGHAMPE
muastrd agprasd.

ZRHMKHZHE[
Kugpihr kem ids ralids, mergds y raluidkhemas raidkhemd`ds kem te`ds ids dkvh`d`as
parsemdias y `a malekhes

IADIPD@> Ch`aih`d` di kegpreghse `a `acam`ar ie qua kraages y am quhamas kraages, am ies

buames y am ies gdies gegamtes.

ZRHMKHZHE[
 [ar `hlme `a kemdmzd

@agestrdr `aih`d` y iaditd` d id agprasd, d ies agpiad`eras, d ies trdbdnd`eras y d

ies `agäs.

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 6

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

2. SH
SH[H
[HÛM
ÛM @
@A
A DRT
DRTQHP
QHPAK
AKPQ
PQRD
RD

2.4. ZREZ
ZREZQA[P
QA[PD
D @A SDIER @AI MALEKHE
MALEKHE

2.2.

2.2. EBNAPHSE[ A[PRDPÈLHKE[ @AI MAL

MALEKHE
EKHE (CERGDPE [GDRP)

 Hmkragamtdr ai çm`hka `a peshkhemdghamte am um <:% am ai garkd`e `a id ralhûm `a

Kdndgdrkd pdrd ai m `a dôe `ai 2:24, d trdvès `a astrdtalhds `a `aihzdkhûm `ai kihamta.

 Hmkragamtdr id pre`ukkhûm am um 1:% raidkhemd`e di dôe dmtarher kem ai use `a

takmeielçd, di tèrghme `ai dôe 2:24.

 Hmkragamtdr ids vamtds am um 0:% am raidkhûm di dôe dmtarher ga`hdmta ai use `a

pubihkh`d`as (ra`as sekhdias).
2.;. DRPHKQIDKHÛM @A EBNAPHSE[ @A MALEKHE KEM SH[HÛM (PE BA)

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 8

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

SH[HEM
Kemseih`drmes kege id ganer epkhûm ûpthgd pdrd sdthscdkar sus makash`d`as,
am id pre`ukkhûm y `hstrhbukhûm `a pre`uktes iäktaes `a gdyer kebarturd m
dgpdre `a id takmeielçd, pre`ukthvh`d` y tdiamte fugdme.
[DPH[CDKAR Q[E @A PDIAMPE KDM
EBNAPHSE[ MAKA[H@D@A[ PAKMEIELÇD FQGDME @H[PR
Ebnathve 4> Asta ebnathve mes vd d Asta ebnathve
Certdiakar ids agprasds y par
parght
hthr
hr cert
certd
diaka
iakarr certdiakarä
erld
erldmh
mhzd
zdkh
khem
emas
as axhs
axhsta
tamt
mtas
as `a muastrds
muast rds raidk
raidkhemas
hemas am sh
shlm
lmhc
hchk
hkdt
dthv
hvdg
dgam
amta
ta ai
cd
cdbr
brhk
hkd
dmt
mtas
as,, prev
prevaa
aa`e
`erras y kudmte d muastres rakiu
akiuttdg
dghahamt
mte
e y id ids
s
prekasd`eras dshghsge pregevar sa
sarv
rvhk
hkhe
hess y duga
dugamtmtdr
dr fdbhih`d`as bidm`ds `a
id kradkhûm `a etrds, `a dkuar`e muastrd pre`ukthvh`d`. sus hmtalrdmtas.
kem ies pdrägatres `a
ra
rapr
pras
asam
amtd
tdkh
khûm
ûm,, kd
kdpd
pdkh
kh`d
`d`` `a
lasthûm y lamardkhûm `a sarvhkhes
pdrd sus hmtalrdmtas.

Ebnathve 2> Asta ebnathve ga

Hmkragamtdr id ecartd y kemsuge parg
parghthta
a salu
saluhr
hr am ai
`a pre`uktes iäktaes am ai garkd`e kem umd
garkd`e hmtarme kem keer`hmdkhûm `hcaramkhdkhûm am
shmkrûmhk
shmkrûmhkdd amtra pre`u
pre`uktera
kteras
s `a kudmte d ids
iäktaes, hm`ustrhdias, kegarkhdmtas pregekhemas y
y lebharme pdrd dtam`ar id kegb
kegbdt dtha
ham`
m`ee kemkem id
`agdm`d
`agdm` d `a ies kemsug
kemsugh`e
h`eras
ras,, `asmutrhkhûm
ra`ukhr id `asmutrhkhûm y ai trdte
nuste d ies dlamtas `a id kd`amd.

Ebnathve ;> Asta ebna

natthv
hve
e ga Asta eb
Zregevar id dpihkdkhûm `a parg
parght
hta
a epth
epthg
ghz
hzdr
dr parg
parght
htaa t
ditarmdthvds takmeiûlhkds ihgphds y rakurses pdrd muastrd
pre`ukvh
`a las
lasthûm
thûm qua
qua parg
parghthtdm
dm um pre`ukthvh`d`
`asdrreiie `a iäktae sestamhbia. hmmevdkhûm
pre`uktes
ecrakages

Ebnathve 0> Asta ebnathve mes

Hmkragamtdr ai çm`hka `a dyu`drd kem ai
peshkhemdghamte am um <:% am ai peshkh
pes hkhemd
emdgha
ghamte
mte am ai
garkd`e `a id ralhûm `a garkd`e am ai rubre `a
Kdndgdrkd pdrd ai chm `a dôe `ai iäktaes.
2:24, d trdvès `a astrdtalhds `a
ch`aihzdkhûm `ai kihamta.

2.0. A[PRDPALHD[ @A ID AGZRA[D

AGZRA[D (D[ H[ X PE BA)

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 4:

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 44

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗
2.1. DRPHKQIDKHÛM @A EBNAPHSE[ @A MALEKHE KEM A[PRDPALHD (PE
BA)
A[PRDPALHD[
EBNAPHSE[
EBNAPHSE 4>
[ar am ai garkd`e ies prhmkhpdias
`hstrhbuh`eras `a iäktaes
dugamtdm`e ids vamtds am um 1:%
tamham`e umd ldmdmkhd `a ;:,::: d
1:,::: kem preyakkhûm d mhvai
ralhemdi am ai 2:22.
EBNAPHSE 2>
Brhm`dr kdpdkhtdkhemas di parsemdi,
avdiudm`e su mhvai `a `asagpaôe,
kem ai chm `a var su pre`ukthvh`d` am
id agprasd, am prega`he `a ;
gasas
EBNAPHSE ;>
Dugamtdr ids vamtds emihma am um
;:% trhgastrdi, per amkhgd `ai
perkamtdna `a vamtds `a cergd
prasamkhdi, usdm`e pubihkh`d` `a
ra`as sekhdias y ga`hes `a
taiavhshûm
2.3. KD@A
KD@AMD
MD @
@A
ASSDIER
DIER
99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai
aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
Ids astrdtalhds qua sa vdm d hgpiagamtdr am id agprasd sem ids shluhamtas> takmeielçd pdrd tamar
umd gdyer pre`ukthvh`d`, usdr `hcaramtas ga`hes `a kegumhkdkhûm y lasthemdr umd raidkhûm kem
ies kihamtas, d su vaz fdkar use `a um sectwdra pdrd dutegdthzdr ai thagpe `a pre`ukkhûm.
Kegpemamta `a Kegpemamta `a Kegpemamta `a
astrdtalhd 4> astrdtalhd 2> astrdtalhd ;>
Qsdr `hcaramtas ga`hes `a Qse `a sectwdra pdrd
kegumhkdkhûm y lasthemdr umd Hgpiagamtdr umd pälhmd wab epthghzdr ai thagpe `a
raidkhûm kem ies usudrhes pre`ukkhûm
Astd astrdtalhd mes sarvhrä
pdrd tamar um gdyer dikdmka
kem `hcaramtas kihamtas am
`hsthmtes iuldras `ai Zarþ.
Brhm`dr kdpdkhtdkhemas am ies Brhm`dr kdpdkhtdkhemas
raquarhghamtes `ai use `a id parhû`hkdgamta am ai use `ai
pälhmd wab y dsç kdptdr sectwdra y am ids dkthvh`d`as
kihamtas petamkhdias qua radihkam ai `asagpaôe `ai
parsemdi lamardm`e
sdthscdkkhûm am muastres
kihamtas.
Astd astrdtalhd mes parghthrä Ai tamar um kdtäiele vhrtudi kem
kemekar ids makash`d`as `a te`es ies pre`uktes ecrakam
muastres peshbias kihamtas y per id pälhmd wab ids vamtds
tamar gäs rakemekhghamte kem dugamtdrdm.
ies saluh`eras `a id agprasd.
42
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

2.<. ZREK
ZREKA[E[
A[E[ HHMPAR
MPARME[
ME[

;. DR
DRTQ
TQHP
HPAK
AKPQ
PQRD
RD @A
@AI
I MAL
MALEK
EKHE
HE

ZREKA[E[
EBNAPHSE[ A[PRDPÈLHKE[ Lasthû Lasthûm `a Lasthûm Lasthûm `a Zidmhchkdkhû Lasthû Lasthûm
m `a Zre`ukkhûm `a `hstrhbukhûm m m `a `a
vamtds kegprds astrdtèlhkd kdih`d` RRFF

[ar id agprasd `a iäktaes prhmkhpdi pdrd ies kihamtas

Certdiakas id kdih`d` `a [arvhkhe

Kdpdkhtdkhemas am takmeielçd di parsemdi

Kemtrei `a ies kestes y ldstes

Hmkragamtdr ids uthih`d`as

Dugamtdr ai ram`hghamte `ai parsemdi

parsemdi

PEPDI ; 2 4 2 0 4 2

ZREKA[E[ @A MALEKHE %
Zidmhchkdkhûm astrdtèlhkd <:%
Lasthûm `a vamtds 1:%
Lasthûm `a pre`ukkhûm 0:%
Lasthûm `a `hstrhbukhûm 0:%
Lasthûm `a RR. FF 0:%

Lasthûm `a kdeig
h`pdr`ds ;:%

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 4;

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

A[PRDPALHKE[
 Zidmhchkdkhûm astrdtèlhkd

PÄKPHKE[
 Lasthûm `a vamtds
 Lasthûm `a pre`ukkhûm
 Lasthûm `a `hstrhbukhûm
 Lasthûm `a RR. FF

ZREKA[E[ EZARDPHSE[
 Lasthûm `a kegprds
 Lasthûm `a kdih`d`

;.2. DMÄIH[H[ @A BRAKFD[ @A IE[ ZREKA[E[ KDPALERH^D@E[

KDPALERH^D@E[

Lasthûm `a vamtds

[a `atarghmd qua am ai prekase D[-H[ `a lasthûm `a vamtds, hmhkhd kudm`e ai

vam`a`er tegd ai pa`h`e y quham varhchkd as ai amkdrld`e `ai digdkèm, aste lamard
`agerds am ids vamtds y ai kihamta thama qua aspardr d qua dpdrazkd ai trdbdnd`er `ai
digdkèm,
radihzd id aste sa drralidrä
varhchkdkhûm qua kege
tam`räpua`a
tam`rä ebsarvdr
umd kem am aiamkud`re
ai shstagd PE
su ärad
ärad. BA, ai agpiad`e
. Dshghsge, ies yd
kihamtas pua`am fdkar sus pa`h`es per ga`he `a iidgd`ds e \fdtsDpp pdrd sar
dtam`h`e per um rapdrth`er e ai kihamta pua`a hr d umd tham`d cçshkd. [a asthpuid qua ai
kihamta hmspakkhemd su pa`h`e dmtas `a sdihr pdrd pe`ar seiukhemdr kudiquhar
prebiagd e `acakte
`acakte axhstamta

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 40

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

0. DRT
DRTQHPQHPAKP
AKPQRD
QRD @A@A @DP
@DPE[ E[ E HMCER
HMCERGDKGDKHÛM HÛM
0.4. H`amthchkdkhûm `a id hmcergdkhûm pper
er kd`d pprekase
rekase (D[-H[)
Ang>
Zrekase `a Zdle per [arvhkhe

0.2. @dtes `a amtrd

amtrd`d
`d y sdih`d per ddkthvh`d`
kthvh`d` am kd`
kd`dd prekase
Ang>
Zrekase `a Zdle per [arvhkhe

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 41

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

0.;. Ge`aid`e `a id bdsa `a `d

`dtes
tes `a id agpras
agprasdd D[ H[
0.;.4 Ge`aie kemkaptudi

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 43

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

0.;.2 Ge`aie Iûlhke

0.;.;. Ge`aie Cçshke

0.0 Ge`aid`e `a id bdsa `a `dtes `a id agprasd PE BA

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 4<
aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

0.1 Dmäihshs `a brakfds

1. DRTQHPAKPQRD @A DZIHKDKHEMA[
1.4. Hmvamtdrhe `a dpihkdkhemas D[-H[
1.2. Gdtrhz
rhz `a dpihkdkhemas y prekases D[-H[
1.;
1.;. Nust
sthc
hchk
hkdk
dkhû
hûmm `a id drquh
rquhta
takkturd
turd pre
prepu
puas
astd
td
1.;.4
.;.4.. Gdpd
Gdpd `a sh
she
1.;.
.;.2. \hr
\hracrdga
1.;.
.;.;. Hmtarcdz

1.0. Zertdceihe `a dpihkdkhemas PE-BA

1.1. Dmäihshs `a brakfds

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 46

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

4.

KEMKIQ[HEMA[

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 48

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

RACARAMKHD[ BHBIHELRÄCHKD[
_Am astd sakkhûm sa aspakhkdm te`ds ids cuamtas qua sa uihzdrem `a dpeye am id ra`dkkhûm `ai
`ekugamte, y tdgbhèm pdrd sustamtdr ies drlugamtes e ies fakfes gamkhemd`es am ai prasamta dvdmka,
kuh`dm`e `a usdr ai asie DZD pdrd prasamtdrids. Ids racaramkhds `abam sar askrhtds am er`am dicdbèkeW

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 2:

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==
 Hgpiagamtdr umd drquhtakturd agprasdrhdi pdrd id lasthûm `a ids vamtds `a id agprasd iäktaes ’FQDKDRH^‗

DMAVE[ @AI HMCERGA @A DSDMKA

_Ies Dm
_Ies Dmax
axes
es se
sem
m um dpdpèm
èm`h
`hka
ka `a
`aii tr
trdb
dbdn
dne
e qu
quaa pe
pe`a
`ages
ges hmhmsa
sart
rtdr
dr di m
mdi
di `a asastata.. [a tr
trdt
dtdd `a
rapre`ukkhemas `a `ekugamtes dutèmkes a hgpraskhm`hbias, qua fdm sh`e uihzd`es e hiustrdm dspaktes
`ai trdbdne. Me te`es ies trdbdnes ies raquharam. [em epertumes shagpra qua cdkhihtam a hiustram id iakturd
`ai astu`he. Ies Dmaxes hmkiuyam `ekugamtes kege>


Ai Ke
Kerp
rpus
us se
sebr
braa ai qu
quaa sa fd ra
radih
dihzd
zd`e
`e ai tr
trdbd
dbdne
ne>> ta
taxt
xtes
es tr
trdms
dmskr
krhte
htess e cet
cetek
ekep
ephd`
hd`es
es,,
trdmskrhpkhûm `a taxtes erdias, `ekugamtes metdrhdias, dmumkhes pubihkhtdrhes cetekephd`es am
keier, atk.
 Gdpds laelräkes `a id zemd ebnate `a astu`he
 Gdpds tepemçghkes, laeiûlhkes, atk.
 Kud`res astd`çskes, shmûpkes, atk.
 Cetelrdds, hiustrdkhemas, atk.W 4

4
Ç`ag d id metd 4

99Dpaiih`e pdtarme `a kd`d ghagbre `ai 24

aquhpe, sapdrd`e per kegds==