—MRQ@MK JASA\MVM^MK FA\GK^HJ

SMNM JDHAK NAKFMK FMKFFQMK JM\NHGUMRJQDM\’

 Nhsusuk nmk Nhmoujmk uktuj Iaiaku`h ^ufms Jadgipgj Imtm Judhm`

 Japarmwmtmk Fargkthj 

Nhsusuk Gda` ?
=. MNA JQ\KHMNH (<6<3=033<2)
<. A\H B. DQKMK (<6<3<333=2)
2. AJM RMSQ^\M (<6<3<33==2)
>. KQ\ J@MKHEM^QK K (<6<3<33318)
1. \GNHM@ ^MIM\NHM@ (<6<3<33366)

S\GF\MI R^QNH HDIQ JASA\MVM^MK

EMJQD^MR HDIQ JARA@M^MK
QKHUA\RH^MR MRRXMEHHXM@
<3<=
 

JM^M SAKFMK^M\ 

Suoh syujur paku

pakudhs
dhs ubmpj
ubmpjmk
mk japmnm ^u`mk Xmk
Xmkff Im`m Asm, ymkf tadm`
tadm` iailar
iailarhjmk
hjmk
rm`imt-Kym
rm`imt-Kym japmnm ^hi pakudhs, sa`hkffm imjmdm` hkh nmpmt nhsad
nhsadasmhjm
asmhjmkk tapmt pmnm wmjtukym.
Nmdmi
Nmdmi imj
imjmdm
mdm`` hkh thi pakud
pakudhs
hs iai
iailm`
lm`ms
ms tak
taktmk
tmkff  MRQ@MK JASA\MVM^MK FA\GK^HJ 
 NAKFMK JM\NHGUMRJQDA\. Jmrakm htu paku pakudhs
dhs smkfm
smkfmtt iailu
iailutu`jmk
tu`jmk im
imsujmk-i
sujmk-imsujmk
msujmk
mfmr imjmdm` ymkf nhlumt hkh lhsm iakmilm` pakfatm`umk pakudhs nmk pailmbm. Rasukffu`kym
imjmdm` hkh imsh` omu` nmrh jasaipurkmmk. Gda` jmrakm htu, ohjm tarnmpmt jasmdm`mk nmdmi
 pakudhsmk imjmdm` hkh, ig`gk sajhrmkym nhimmejmk.

Sakudhs oufm iakfubmpjmk tarhim jmsh` japmnm saium ymkf tadm` iailmktu pakudhs
nmdmi iakyadasmhjmk imjmdm` hkh ymkf thnmj nmpmt pakudhs salutjmk smtu par smtu. Nmk pakudhs
 oufm iailutu`jmk jrhthj nmk smrmk nmrh pailmbm uktuj iakmilm` paim`mimk pakudhs nmdmi
iakudhs imjmdm` sadmkoutkym. Nmk dalh` lmhj dmfh nmdmi pailumtmk imjmdm` nh jaiunhmk `mrh.

Sakudhs
 

NME^M\ HRH

Jmtm
Jmtm Sakf
Sakfmkt
mktmr
mr ....
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.........
..........
..........
....... h

Nmetm
Nmetmrr Hsh .......
..........
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..... hh

LML H.  SAKN

SAKNM@
M@QD
QDQM
QMK..
K......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
........
..........
..........
..........
..........
....... =

M. Dmtm
Dmtmrr L
Lad
admjm
mjmkf
kf I
Ims
msmd
mdm`
m` .......
..................
..................
..................
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 1

L. \u
\uiu
iusmk
smk Ims
Imsmd
mdm`
m` ....
.......
..................
..................
..................
......................
..................
..................
........... 5

B. ^u
^uou
oumk
mk Rt
Rtunh
unh Jm
Jmsus
sus .......................
..................
..................
......................
..................
..................
.......
...... 5

N. Im
Imkem
kemmt
mt Rt
Rtun
unhh Jms
Jmsus
us .......
..................
..................
..................
..................
......................
...................
.... 5

LML HH
HH SQR^MJM ..
^HKOMQMK SQ ....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
.....
......
... 6

m. Naeh
Naehkhs
khshh .......
..........
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
........ 6

 l. Aphnaigdgfh .......................................................

.........................................................................
.....................
... 0

b. Ath
Athgdg
gdgfh
fh ......
.........
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
...... ==

n. ^mk
^mknm
nm nmk Fao
Faomdm
mdm .......
..........
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..... =>
a. Sak
Sakmt
mtmd
mdmj
mjsmk
smkmmk
mmk Ianh
Ianhss nmk J Japa
aparm rmwm
wmtmtmkk ...
..............
..................
....................
..... =1

e. Sravmda
Sravmdaksh
ksh .......
..........
......
......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.........
..........
..... =5

f. Smt
Smtgfa
gfakash
kashss ......
.........
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
...... =5

`. Msu`mk J
Japarmwm
aparmwmtmk
tmk Sm
Smshak
shak Nakfmk
Nakfmk Jm
Jmrnhgvms
rnhgvmsjudar
judar ...........
.............
.......... =8

h. Mkmd
Mkmdhsm
hsm Nmt
Nmtmm .......
..........
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
......
.......
.......
.......
.........
..... 20

 o. Nhmfkgshs Japarmwmtmk ...............................................

............................. .......................
.........
........ 28
 

j. \a
\akbm
kbmkm
km ^hk
^hknm
nmjmk
jmk Ja
Japa
parmw
rmwmt
mtmk
mk ......
.........................
..................
...........
........
........
........
.... >3

LML
LMLU SAKQ
SAKQ^Q
^QS.
S...
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
.. 2=

M. Rhipud
Rhipudmk..
mk.....
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
........
.........
..........
..... 2=

L. Rmrmkk ......
Rmrm ..........
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
........
........
.........
..........
........
... 2=

NME^M\ SQR^MJM
 

LML H
SAKNM@QDQMK

M. Dmtmr
Dmtmr Ladm
Ladmjmk
jmkf
f Ims
Imsmdm
mdm`
`
Jamnmmk fmwmt nmrurmt ymkf iakyuilmkfjmk thkffhkym jgrlmk ohwm smdm`
smtukym mnmdm` jafmwmtnmrurmtmk jmrnhgvmsjudar nmk rasphrmsh.
Jamfmwm
Jamf mwmtnm
tnmrurm
rurmtmk
tmk jmr
jmrnhg
nhgvmsj
vmsjuda
udarr mnm
mnmdm`
dm` jamn
jamnmmk
mmk nhi
nhimkm
mkm taromn
taromnhh fmk
fmkffum
ffumkk
hrmim omktukf nmk omktukf thnmj larnakyut saparth lhmsm, sa`hkffm thnmj nmpmt
iaigipm nmrm` sabmrm gpthimd ja saduru` tulu`. Mpmlhdm mdhrmk nmrm` ymkf
iakfmknukf gjshfak ja gtmj tar`akth dalh` nmrh 0-=3 iakht, imjm jarusmjmk
iakomnh hrravarshlda. Sakmkfmkmk ymkf jurmkf bapmt nmk tapmt nmpmt iakhiludjmk
jaimthmk (Mnmi, <3=2 nmdmi Hnrhymwmth, <3=5).
Iakurut nmtm V@G tm`uk <3=< nmrh 15,5 outm jaimthmk nhsaduru` nukhm

=6,1 outmkym (2=%) nh mjhlmtjmk gda` pakymjht jmrnhgvmsjudar. Lm`jmk, nmrh

sadu
saduru
ru`` ja
jaim
imth
thmk
mk ym
ymkf
kf nhsa
nhsalm
lmlj
ljmk
mk gda`
gda` paky
pakymj
mjht
ht jmrn
jmrnhg
hgvm
vmsj
sjud
udar
ar ><,2
><,2%
%
nhsalmljmk gda` Sakymjht Omktukf Jgrgkar (SOJ) nmk 20,2% nhsalmljmk gda`
st
strgj
rgjaa (J
(Jai
aiakj
akjas,
as, <3=6
<3=6).
). Sa
Sakym
kymjh
jhtt jmrnh
jmrnhgv
gvmsj
msjud
udar
ar nhpa
nhparjh
rjhrmj
rmjmk
mk ia
iako
komnh
mnh
 pakyalml utmim jaimthmk sabmrm iaknukhm nmk pmnm tm`uk <323 salmkymj <2,6
 outm grmkf mjmk iakhkffmd mjhlmt pakymjht jmrnhgvmsjudar (V@G, <3== nmdmi
@mdhiu
@mdhiunnh
nnhk,
k, <3=5
<3=5).
). Saky
Sakymjh
mjhtt omk
omktuk
tukff jgrg
jgrgkar
kar iarupm
iarupmjmk
jmk pak
pakyalm
yalmll jai
jaimth
mthmk
mk
tar
tarlmky
lmkymj
mj sat
satadm
adm`` strgja
strgja nmk `hp
`hpart
artaksh
aksh (\hsjas
(\hsjasnms
nms <3=
<3=22 nmd
nmdmi
mi @md
@mdhiu
hiunnh
nnhk,
k,
<3=5).
<3=5). Ran
Ranmkfj
mkfjmk
mk iakurut
iakurut nmt
nmtmm Nhk
Nhkms
ms Jasa
Jasa`mt
`mtmk
mk Jgt
Jgtmm Smnm
Smnmkf
kf tm`
tm`uk
uk <3=
<3=<<
 pakyalml jaimthmk tarlmkymj mnmdm` pakymjht omktukf ymkf nhsusud gda`
`hpartaksh. Radmkoutkym Smnm tm`uk <3=1 iakurut `mshd jukoukfmk Susjasims
 pmshak pakymjht omktukf jgrgkar nh Jgtm Smnmkf iakbmpmh jurmkf dalh` 211>
grmkf, ymkf tarnhrh nmrh pakymjht omktukf jgrgkar nakfmk pmshak lmru nmk dmim
(Mhkh, <3=5).
 

L. \uiu
\uiusm
smk
k Imsm
Imsmdm
dm`
`
Nhdh`mt
Nhdh`mt nmrh dmtmr ladmjm
ladmjmkf,
kf, nhnmpm
nhnmpmtjmk
tjmk ruiusmk imsmdm
imsmdm`` salmfmh
salmfmhlarhjut
larhjut??
Lmfm
Lmfmhi
himk
mkmj
mjm`
m` fmil
fmilmr
mrmk
mk Msu`
Msu`mk
mk Japa
Japarm
rmwt
wtmk
mk Fargk
argktthj nakf
nakfmk
mk Fmkf
Fmkffu
fumk
mk
Jmrnhgvmsjudar ( Omktukf )
 
B. ^uoum
^uoumk
k Rtun
Rtunhh Jmsu
Jmsuss
=. ^uoumk Qiui
Qktuj iaipargda` fmilmrmk nmk pakfmdmimk kymtm nmdmi iadmjsmkmjmk msu`mk
japarmwmtmk
japarmwmtmk pmnm pmshak fmkffum
fmkffumkk jmrnhgv
jmrnhgvmsjudar
msjudar nakfmk iakffuk
iakffukmjmk
mjmk iatgn
iatgnaa
 prgsas japarmwmtmk.
<. ^uoumk J`usus
=. Im`msh
Im`mshswm
swm nmp
nmpmt
mt iadmju
iadmjujmk
jmk bmr
bmrm
m pak
pakfjm
fjmohm
ohmk
k Japarm
Japarmwmt
wmtmk
mk Far
Fargk
gkj
j pmnm
pmnm

pmshak nakfmk fmkfumk jmrnhgvmsjudmr.

<. Im`msh
Im`mshswm
swm nmp
nmpmt
mt iadmju
iadmjujmk
jmk rui
ruiusm
usmk
k nhmfkg
nhmfkgsm
sm japarmw
japarmwmtm
mtmk
k pmnm
pmnm pms
pmshak
hak
fmkfumk jmrnhgvmsjudmr.

2. Im`mshswm nmpmt iadmjujmk parakbmkmk japarmwmtmk Fargkj pmnm pmshak

nakfmk fmkfumk jmrnhgvmsjudmr.

>. Im`msh
Im`mshswm
swm nmpmt
nmpmt iadmju
iadmjujmk
jmk hipdai
hipdaiakt
aktmsh
msh pmn
pmnm
m pmshak
pmshak nakfmk
nakfmk fmk
fmkfum
fumk
k

jmrnhgvmsjudmr.

1. Im`m
Im`msh
shsw
swm
m nm
nmpm
pmtt ia
iadm
dmju
jujm
jmk
k av
avmd
mdum
umsh
sh pm
pmnm
nm pm
pmsh
shak
ak na
nakf
kfmk
mk fm
fmkf
kfum
umk
k

jmrnhgvmsjudmr..

N. Imkemm
Imkemmtt Rtunh
Rtunh Jmsu
Jmsuss
Rtunh jmsus fmkffumk jmrnhgvmsjudar hkh, nh`mrmpjmk iailarhjmk imkemmt lmfh ?
m. Iakm
Iakmil
ilm`
m` wmwm
wmwmsm
smk
k nm
nmk
k sa
salm
lmfmh
fmh lm`m
lm`mk
k mbum
mbumk
k lm
lmfh
fh pakad
pakadh
h sa
sadm
dmko
kout
utky
kym
m nmdm
nmdmi
i

iakfailmkfjmk pakadhmk dmkoutmk tar`mnmp pmshak.

Ralmfmhh raearaksh
Ralmfm raearaksh nmdmi iakfai
iakfailmkfj
lmkfjmk
mk hdiu japarmwmt
japarmwmtmk
mk nhim
nhimsm
sm ymkf mjmk nmtmkf
nmtmkf

j`ususkym pmnm pmshak nakfmk fmkfumk jmrnhgvmsjudmr.

 l. Imkemmt Srmjs

Lmfh pakudhs Iakmilm` wmwmsmk nmk salmfmh lm`mk mbumk lmfh pakadh sadmkoutkym nmdmi

iakfailmkfjmk pakadhmk dmkoutmk tar`mnmp pmshak.

 

Lmfh Hkstush Saknhnhjmk @mshd Sakadhmk hkh nmpmt nhfukmjmk salmfmh lm`mk mbumk lmfh

pakfailmkfmk jahdiumk j`ususkym nh prgfrmi stunh hdiu japarmwmtmk Qkhvarshtms Hsdmi

Msy-sym‘hym`.

LML HH

^HKOMQMK SQR^MJM

M. Naehk
ehkhsh
hsh
Sakymjht Omktukf Jgrgkar (SOJ) mnmdm` pakymjht omktukf ymkf nhsalmljmk pakyaiphtmk
mrtarh jgrgkar, iudmh nmrh taromnhkym mtaargsjdargshs (jajmjumk mrtah) imupuk ymkf sunm` taromnh
 pakhilukmk daimj mtmu pdmj (pdmfua) pmnm nhknhkf mrtarh jgrgkar, lmhj nhsartmh faomdm jdhkhs mtmu
tmkpm faomdm sajmdhpuk (Satar Jmlg, <330). Sakymjht omktukf jgrgkar (SOJ) mnmdm` pakymjht
nhimkm pailudu` nmrm` ymkf iakyupdmh imjmkmk nmk gjshfak uktuj gtgt omktukf iakfmdmih

suilmtmk. Ruilmtmk pmdhkf sarhkf taromnh nhmjhlmtjmk mnmkym pakuipujmk jgdastargd nh nhknhkf
 pailudu` nmrm` jgrgkar (@adimku, <3=1). Sakymjht Omktukf Jgrgkar mnmdm` jgknhsh nhimkm
taomnhkym pakyaiphtmk mtmu pakyuilmtmk nh nhknhkf mrtarh jgrgkar jmrakm mnmkym aknmpmk daimj 
nmk jgda
jgdastarg
stargdd sa`h
sa`hkffm
kffm iakf
iakfmjhl
mjhlmtjmk
mtjmk supdmh nmrm` jaomktu
jaomktukf
kf iakom
iakomnh
nh tarfm
tarfmkffu
kffu,, prgs
prgsas
as
aknmpmk daimj tmnh nhsalut mtargsjdargshs.
L. Oakhs-oa
Oakhs-oakhs
khs Sakym
Sakymjht
jht Omktukf
Omktukf Jgrgk
Jgrgkar
ar
Rabmrm uiui, pakymjht omktukf jgrgkar nhlmfh iakomnh < jadgipgj, ymhtu?
=. B`rgkhb Rtmlda Mkfhkm (Mkfhkm Sajtgrhs stmlhd-MSR) 
Mnmdm` laktuj mwmd nmrh SOJ ymkf nhtmknmh nakfmk kyarh nmnm mtmu rmsm thnmj akmj nh

nmnm, rm`mkf, lm`u, pukffukf, mtmu dakfmk ymkf larjmhtmk nakfmk jurmkfkym mdhrmk nmrm` ja
 omktukf, tmkpm nhsartmh nakfmk jarusmjmk sad-sad omktukf. Lhmsmym MSR nhbatusjmk gda` sumtu
mjthvhtms ehshj mtmu stras aigsh nmk lhsm `hdmkf nakfmk glmt khtrmt. Fmilmr AJF pmnm
 paknarhtm hkh thnmj j`ms, tatmph iarupmjmk su
sumtu
mtu jadmhkmk.
<.  Mbuta Bgrgkmry Ryknrgia
Ryknrgia (MBR)
Mnmdm` sumtu shknrgi jdhkhs ymkf larvmrhmsh MBR nhlmfh iakomnh 2, ymhtu ?
Qkstmlda Mkfhkm (QM) mtmu Mkfhkm Sajtgrhs ^hnmj Rtmlhd (MS^R). QM `miphr smim nakfmk
MSR kmiuk iajmkhsia pmtgehshgdgfh nmk shemt kyarh ymkf larlanm. Rhemt kyarh QM mnmdm`
kyarh ymkf thilud smmt hsthrm`mt nmk saimjhhk sarhkf iukbud
i ukbud mtmu dalh` larmt nmrh saladuikym,
kyarh nmnm ymkf thilud lmru partmim jmdhkym, prhkziatmd mkfhkm, nmk mkfhkm pajtgrhs satadm`
 

sarmkfmk omktukf (iygbmrn hkemrbthgk) saladuikym. Fmilmrmk AJF jmnmkf tarnmpmt jadmhkmk
nmk jmnmkf oufm thnmj.
2.  Mbuta Kgk R^ Adavmsh Iygbmrnhmd Hkemrbthgk (Mbuta Kstaih).
Iygbmrnhmd Hkemrbthgk
Nmdmi jamnmmk hkh sunm` tarnmpmt jarusmjmk pmnm sad gtg omktukf ymkf nhtmknmh nakfmk
jadumrkym akzhi ymkf mnm nh nmdmi sad gtgt omktukf saparth BJ, BJIL, ^rgp ^, nmk dmhkdmhk.

Fmilmrmk pmnm AJF iukfjhk thnmj mnm jadmhkmk, tatmph ymkf oadms thnmj mnm pakfumtmk R^
adavmsh ymkf lmru.
>.  Mbuta R^ Adavmsh Iygbmrnhmd
Iygbmrnhmd Hkemrbthgk
Hkemrbthgk (Mbuta Rtaih).
Jamnmmk hkh ihrhp nakfmk Mbuta Kstaih, tatmph sunm` mnm jadmhkmk Ajf larupm R^ adavmsh
 lmru mtmu thiludkym
thiludkym Luknda Lrmkb` Ldgbj ymkf lmru (@adimku,
(@adimku, <3=1).

1. Sakya
Sakyalml
lml Sak
Sakyalml
yalml SSOJ
OJ iaku
iakurut
rut Og
Ogyba
yba I. Ld
Ldmbj
mbj & Omk
Omkaa @gjmk
@gjmksgk
sgk ym
ymhtu
htu ?
(=) Sakya
Sakyalml
lml ymkf th
thnmj
nmj nmpm
nmpmtt nhignh
nhignhehjms
ehjmshh
m) Jaturukmk (tarimsuj rms) Mkmj-mkmj nmrh grmkf tum ymkf iaihdhjh pakymjht omktukf

mjmk iaihdhjh rashjg SOJ ymkf dalh` thkffh. Sakhkfjmtmk rashjg hkh tarjmht nakfmk
 pranhspgshsh fakathj pmnm `hpartaksh, pakhkfjmtmk 5 daimj nmrm`, nhmlatas, nmk glashtms
ymkf iakhkfjmtjmk rashjg SOJ.
 l) Sartmilm`mk Qshm Qshm iaipakfmru`h rashjg nmk japrm`mk SOJ. SOJ shitgimths
tmipmjkym dalh` lmkymj pmnm grmkf laushm dalh` nmrh >3 tm`uk, nmk > nmrh 1 grmkf ymkf
iakhkffmd jmrakm SOJ larushm 51 tm`uk mtmu dalh`.
b) Oakhs Jadmihk SOJ iarupmjmk pailuku` kgigr smtu pmnm janum oakhs jadmihk nh
Miarhjm Rarhjmt. Smnm tm`uk =888, jaimthmk mjhlmt SOJ `miphr smim pmnm prhm nmk
wmkhtm. Vmdmupuk prhm iaihdhjh rashjg dalh` thkffh iakfmdmih sarmkfmk omktukf pmnm
ushm ymkf dalh` iunm, rashjg pnmm wmkhtm iakhkfjmt shfkhehjmk pmnm imsm iakgpmusa,
sa`hkffm mkfjm SOJ pmnm wmkhtm satadm` iakgpmusa num mtmu thfm jmdh dhpmt pmnm ushm
ymkf smim saladui iakgpmusa. Vmkhtm ymkf iakfgsuish jgktrmsapsh grmd nmk iargjgj 
mtmu iaihdhjh tajmkmk nmrm` thkffh iaihdhjh rashjg ymkf dalh` thkffh iakfmdmih SOJ.
Vmkhtm nakfmk iakgpmusa nhkh oufm iaihdhjh rashjg dalh` thkffh nh lmknhkfjmk wmkhtm
nakfmk ushm iakgpmusa kgrimd mtmu dmilmt. Sarulm`mk num fmym `hnup ymkf taromnh
sadmim num najmna tarmj`hr nmpmt lartmkffukf omwml pmnm pakhkfjmtmk hkshnak SOJ pmnm
wmkhtm. Dalh` lmkymj wmkhtm (lmkymj oufm ymkf lartmkffukf omwml paku` pmnm ruim`
tmkffm nmk mkmj-mkmj) ymf iaidhjh nukhm jarom, nmk dalh` lakmymj wmkhtm ymkf iudmh
iargjgj taimlmjmu pmnm ushm ymkf dalh` mwmd.
 

Sakyalml ymkf Nmpmt Nhignhehjmsh

m) Ia
Iarg
rgjg
jgjj 6 Lm
Lmhj
hj parg
pargjg
jgjj mjth
mjthee im
imup
upuk
uk pmsh
pmshee ia
iaru
rupm
pmjm
jmkk em
emjt
jtgr
gr ra
rash
shjg
jg ymkf
ymkf
 larpakmfru` jumt pmnm parjailmkfmk SOJ. ^mr, khjgthk, nmk jmrlgk igkgjshnm
 larjgktrhlush pmnm jarusmjmk. ^mr iakfmknukf `hnrgjmrlgk nmk zmt jmrshkgfakhj dmhk.
 Khjgthk iakhkfjmtjmk padapmsmk aphkaerhk nmk kgrgphkaerhk ymkf sadmkoutkym mjmk

iakhkfjmtjmk vmsgjgkstrhjsh parhear, iahkfjmtjmk tajmkmk nmrm` nmk nakyut omktukf,

jgksuish gjshfak ymkf dalh` thkffh, nmk pakhkfjmtmk rhshjg nhstrhtihm. Radmhk htu, khjgthk
iakfmjthejmk trgilgsht nmk iaksthiudmsh prgdhearmsh gtgt pgdgs pmnm nhknhkf mrtarh.
Jmrlgk igkgjshnm iakfurmkfh ouimd` nmrm` ymkf tarsanhm pmnm tukhjm hkthim nhknhkf
 pailudu` nmrm` nmk iakhkfjmtjmk
iakhkfjmtjmk pariamlhdhtm
pariamlhdhtmss akngtad.
 l) @hpartaksh ^ajmkmk nmrm` thkffh iakhkfjmtjmk metardgmn, iaiparlasmr nmk
iadaim`jmk vaktrhjad jhrh nmrh wmjtu ja wmjtu. Raimjhk tajmkmk nmrm` kmhj, rashjg
 parhsthwm jmrnhgvmsjudmr sarhus oufm iakhkfjmt. Vmdmupuk `hpartaksh thnmj sadmdu nmpmt
nhbafm`, `hpartaks salmhjkym nmpmt nhtarmph uktuj iakurukjmk rashjg SOJ nmk jaimthmk

nhkh.
^mlad <.=

Jdmshehjmsh^ajmkmk ^ajmkmk nmrm` ^ajmkmk Nmrm`

Nmrm` ^ajmkmk Nmrm` Rhstgd (ii@f) Nhmstgd (ii@f)
 Kgrimd 4=<3 403
Sra`hpartaksh = =<3-=28 03-08
@hpartaksh Rtmfa = =>3-=18 83-88
@hpartaksh Rtmfa < =53 mtmu ;=53 =33 mtmu ;=33
(@adimku, <3=1).

Sakhkfjmtmk Jmnmr Jgdastargd Rarui \ashjg SOJ

Iakhkf
Iakhkfjmt
jmt sah
sahrhk
rhkff nak
nakfmk
fmk pak
pakhkf
hkfjmt
jmtmk
mk jmn
jmnmr
mr jgdas
jgdastar
targd
gd nmrm`.
nmrm`. Smn
Smnmm ushm
ushm iun
iunmm
 partakfm`mk, prhm iaihdhjh jmnmr jgdastargd ymkf dalh` thkffh. Smnm wmkhtm, jmnmr jgdastargd 0
tarus iakhkfjmt smipmh ushm 63 tm`uk. Jgdastargd larshrjudmsh nh nmrm` nmdmi jgilhkmshnakfmk
trhfdasarhnm nmk egsegdhphn tarhjmt prgtahk. Jgipdas hkh nhsalut salmfmh dhpgprgtahk. ^arnmpmt ampt
jadgipgj
jadgipgj laktu
laktujj dhpg
dhpgprgt
prgtahk
ahk hkh nhsa
nhsalut
lut salm
salmfmh
fmh `hpar
`hpardhph
dhphnaihm
naihm.. Dhpg
Dhpgprgta
prgtahk
hk nmk eukf
eukfshky
shkymm
nhfgdgkfjmk salmfmh larhjut ?
=) Jhdgihjrgk tarutmim iakfmkfjut trhfdashrhnm nmk jgdastargd nmrh imjmkmk.
<) UDND (vary dgw nakshty dhpgprgtahk) tarutmim iakfmkfjut trhfdasarhnm ymkf nhsaktashs gda`
`mth.
 

2) DND (dgw
(dgw nak
naksht
shtyy dhpgpr
dhpgprgta
gtahk)
hk) iai
iaihdh
hdhjh
jh jgk
jgksak
saktrm
trmsh
sh jgd
jgdast
astarg
argdd ymk
ymkff pmd
pmdhkf
hkf thk
thkffh
ffh nmk
iakfmkfjut jgdastargd akngfak ja sad-sad tulu`.
>) @ND (`hf` nakshty dhpgprgtahk) iaihdhjh jgksaktrmsh jgdastargd pmdhkf raknm` nmk iakfmkfjut
jgdastargd akngfak ja sad-sad tulu`.
Grmkf nakfmk rashjg jmnmr @ND/DND ymkf thkffh iaihdhjh rashjg uktuj SOJ ymkf dalh` raknm`
nhlmknhkfjmk grmkf nakfmk rmshg @ND/DND ymkf raknm`. Jgksaktrmsh thkffh @ND tmipmjkym
iaihdhjh aeaj pardhknukfmk tar`mnmp parjailmkfmk SOJ. ^rhfdasarhnm lujmk iarupmjmk emjtgr 
rashjg
rashjg hkn
hknapa
apakna
knakk pmn
pmnmm prhm,
prhm, tatmph
tatmph jai
jaimjk
mjkmmk
mmk pmn
pmnmm wmk
wmkhtm
htm ladui
ladui nh
nhjat
jatm`u
m`uh,h, mjm
mjmkk tat
tatmph
mph
jgilhkmsh jmnmr trhfdasarhnm ymkf thkffh nmk jmnmr @ND ymkf raknm` tmipmjkym iarupmjmk
 pranhjtgr pakthkf SOJ
SOJ pmnm wmkhtm nhlmkn
nhlmknhkfjmk
hkfjmk pmnm prhm.
^mlad <.<
Oakhs Jgdastargd, Jmnmr nmk Mrthkym

Oakhs Jgdastargd Jmnmr nmk Mrthkym

Jgdastargd ^gtmd Kgrimd ? <>3 if/nd

^hkffh ? <33-<28 if/nd

Rmkfmt ^hkffh ? ;<>3 if/nd
Jgdastargd DND Rmkfmt Lmhj ? =83 if/nd
Lmhj ? =33-=<8 if/nd
Jurmkf Lmhj ? =23-=18 if/nd
^hkffh ? =53-=08 if/nd
Rmkfmt ^hkffh ? ;=83 if/nd
Jgdastargd @ND Lmhj ? ;53 if/nd
Luruj ? 4 >3 if/nd
^rhfdasarhnm Kgrimd ? 4=13 if/nd
Bujup ^hkffh ? =13-=88 if/nd

^hkffh ? <33->88 if/nd

Rmkfmt ^hkffh ? ;133 if/nd
(@adimku, <3=1).

Hkmjthvhtms ehshj Dmth`mk marglhj tarmtur pakthkf uktuj iakbafm` pakymjht omktukf nmk pailudu`
nmrm`. ^arnmpmt `ulukfmk tarlmdhj mktmrm dmth`mk nmk rashjg SOJ. Grmkf-grmkf ymkf iadmjujmk
dmth`mk ehshj iaihdhjh rashjg SOJ ymkf dalh` raknm` jmrakm ?
 

=) Jmnmr @ND dalh` thkffh ( @ND kgrimd ; >3 if/nd).

<) Jmnmr DND, trhfdasarhnm, nmk fdujgsm nmrm` dalh` raknm` ( DND kgrimd 4 <, sanmkfjmk DND 4
=23 if/nd ohjm tarnmpmt emjtgr rashjg ≡ <)
2) Rakshthvhtms hksudhk ymkf dalh` lmhj.
>) ^ajmkmk nmrm` ymkf dalh` raknm`.
1) Hknajs imsm tulu` (HI^) ymkf dalh` raknm`.
Glashtms Glashtms iakmilm` lalmk ajstrm pmnm omktukf, iaimjsm gtgt omktukf lajarom dalh`
jarms uktuj iaigipm omktukf uktuj iakfmktmrjmk nmrm` ja omrhkfmk tmilm`mk. Glashtms oufm
iakhkfjmtjmk rashjg SOJ jmrakm sarhkf lar`ulukfmk nakfmk pakhkfjmtmk jgdastargd sarui nmk
jmnmr trhfdasarhnm, tajmkmk nmrm` ymkf thkffh, nmk nhmlatas.
Nhst
Nhstrh
rhlu
lush
sh daimj
daimj tulu
tulu`` oufm
oufm pakt
pakthk
hkf.
f. Sakf
Sakfuj
ujur
urmk
mk dh
dhkf
kfjm
jmrr ph
phkf
kffm
fmkf
kf mnmd
mnmdm`
m` bmrm
bmrm uk
uktu
tuj 
j 
iaiparjhrmjmk daimj. Qktuj prhm, ujurmk dhkfjmr phkffmkf ymkf larashjg mnmdm` ; >3 hkb`h
( =3=,5 bi) nmk pmnm wmkhtm, dhkfjmr phkffmkf ; 21 hkb`h (00,8 bi). HI^ mnmdm` smdm` smtu
iatgna pakfujurmk dmhk uktuj iaiparjhrmjmk daimj tulu`. HI^ ymkf larjhsmr mktmrm =0,1 ‒ 

<>,8 tarfgdgkf sa`mt. Glashtms ajstrai mtmu HI^ ; >3. Sgdm pakmilm`mk larmt lmnmk nmk
 pakfurmkfmk larmt lmnmk ymkf larsadmkf-sadhkf oufm lar`ulukfmk nakfmk pakhkfjmtmk rashjg
SOJ. e) Nhmlatas Emjtgr ymkf larparmk pmnm pakhkfjmtmk hkh mktmrm dmhk pakhkfjmtmk erajuaksh
glashtms nmk fmym `hnup pmshe. Jmnmr fdujgsm nmrm` pumsm dalh` nmrh =<5 if/nd mtmu jmnmr fdujgsm
nmrm` sawmjtu =03 if/nd iakmknmh mnmkym nhmlatas nmk iakbarihkjmk pakhkfjmtmk rashjg SOJ.
Jdhak nakfmk nhmlatas iaihdhjh rashjg <-> jmdh dalh` thkffh tar`mnmp pravmdaksh, hkshnak, nmk
igrtmdhtms mjhlmt saium laktuj SOJ (Ogyba I. Ldgbj & Omka @gjmksgk @mwjs, <3=>).

B. Smtgehshgdgfh
Omktukf nhdmhrh gda` mrtarh bgrgkmrhm ymkf iaksupdmh nmrm` jalutu`mk omktukf saknhrh.
Fmkffumk pmnm mrtarh hkhdm` ymkf iakyalmljmk taromnh SOJ. Sakymjht hkh larjmhtmk nakfmk
fmkffumk supdmh nmrm` pmnm gtgt omktukf sa`hkffm omktukf mjmk iakfmdmih jajurmkfmk nmrm`
nakfmk safmdm imkheastmshkym.
^hiludkym SOJ wmdmupuk tmipmj iaknmnmj, salakmrkym iadmduh pardmkfsukfmk dmim
(jrgkhj). ^aromnhkym SOJ larjmhtmk nakfmk sumtu fmkffumk ymkf iakfakmh pailudu` nmrm` ymf
nhsalut mrtarhgsjdargshs.
mrtarhgsjdargshs. @md hkh larmrth taromnh jajmjumk nmk pakyaiphtmk dulmkf pailudu` nmrm`
 omktukf ymkf mjmk iakyalmljmk fmkffumk mtmu jajurmkfmk == supdmh nmrm` uktuj gtgt omktukf.
Jamnmmk hkh mjmk iakhiludjmk mpm ymkf nhsalut hsjaihm ihgjmrn. ^aromnhkym nmk parbapmtmk
 

jaomnhmk mrtarhgsjdargshs hkh larjmhtmk nakfmk larlmfmh emjtgr ymkf dalh` dmkout mjmk iakomnh
emjtgr rashjg taromnhkym SOJ.
  Emjtgr
Emjtgr-em
-emjtg
jtgrr hkh mnm
mnmdm`
dm` sap
sapart
arthh jal
jalhms
hmsmmk
mmk iar
iargjg
gjgj,
j, jaf
jafaiu
aiujmk
jmk,, nmk taf
tafmkf
mkfmk
mk
 pshjgsgshmd. Fmilmrmk jdhkhj mnmkym SOJ nmpmt larupm mkfhkm pajtgrhs, ihgjmrn hkemrj, pmym`
 omktukf mtmupuk imth iaknmnmj. Mtmupuk iukfjhk tmkpm fmkffumk mtmu faomdm. Smnm uiuikym
fmkffumk supdmh nmrm` mrtarh jgrgkmrhm nhmkffmp larlm`mym lhdm taromnh pakyaiphtmk salasmr 63%
mtmu dalh` pmnm pmkfjmd mtmu bmlmkf utmim mrtarh bgrgkmrhm. Sakyaiphtmk ymkf jurmkf nmrh 13%
jaiukfjhk
jaiukfjhkmk
mk ladui iakmipmjj
iakmipmjjmk
mk fmkf
fmkffumk
fumk ymkf larmr
larmrth.
th. Jamnm
Jamnmmk
mk hkh tarfm
tarfmktuk
ktukff japm
japmnm
nm
 larmtkym mrtarhgsjdargshs nmk dumskym fmkffumk omktukf nmk mpmjm` sarmkfmk htu dmim mtmu imsh`
 lmru (Kmnohl, <3=1). Mkfhkm pajtgrhs iarupmjmk sumtu shknrgi jdhkhs ymkf nhtmknmh nakfmk kyarh
 pmrgjshimd mtmu parmsmmk larmt
larmt pmnm nmnm mktarhgr.
Mdhrmk nmrm` jgrgkar ymkf thnmj iaimnmh iakomnh pakyalmlkym, iakfmjhlmtjmk supdmh
gjshfak thnmj mnajumt uktuj iaiaku`h jalutu`mk ihgjmrn. Mkfhkm lhmsmkym taromnh mjhlmt
 pakymjht omktukf mtargsjdargshs nmk tarjmht nakfmk glstrujsh ymkf shfkhehjmk pmnm mrtarh jgrgkar 

imygr. Emjtgr-emjtgr ymkf iaipakfmru`h mkfhkm mktmrm dmhk mjthvhtms ehshj, tarpmpmr bumbm nhkfhk,
 lmkymj imjmk, stras mtmupuk
mtmupuk shtumsh ymkf iaihbu aig
aigsh
sh ymkf nmpmt iakhkfj
iakhkfjmtjmk
mtjmk tajmkmk nmrm`,
erajuaksh omktukf nmk lalmk jarom omktukf (Lrukkar & Runnmrt`, <3=6).
Smnm Hkemrj Ihgjmrn nhsalmljmk sumtu mram ihgjmrnhui iakfmdmih jarusmjmk parimkak,
 lmhsmkym nhsalmljmk gda` rupturkym pdmj nmk pailaktujmk trgilus ymkf mjmk iakfmjhlmtjmk
gjdush
gjdush saipu
saipurkm
rkm pmnm mrtarh, vmsgs
vmsgspmsia
pmsia (jgktrhj
(jgktrhjsh
sh nmk paky
pakyaipht
aiphtmk
mk thlm-
thlm-thlm
thlm)) pmnm mrtar
mrtarhh
jgrgka
jgrgkar,
r, iak
iakuru
urukj
kjmk
mk sup
supdmh
dmh gjs
gjshfa
hfakk (ih
(ihss ? nak
nakyut
yut omk
omktuk
tukff ymkf
ymkf bap
bapmt,
mt, thr
thrgjs
gjshtg
htgshs
shs mtmu
mtmu
iakfgksuish jgjmhk iarupmjmk pakyalml dmhk nmrh Hkemrj Ihgjmrn). Smnm sathmp jmsus, taromnh
jathnmjsahilmkfmk ymkf =< smkfmt thkffht mktmrm supdmh gjshfak nmk jalutu`mk gjshfa. Hkemrj 
Ihgjmrn nmpmt nhnaehkhshjmk iakurut thpa, dgjmsh banarm pmnm nhknhkf vaktrhjad, mtmu raktmkf
wmtu taromnhkym prgsas hkedmimsh (mjut, larjailmkf, dmim) (Lrukkar & Runnmrt, <3=6).
@akth omktukf (Bmrnhmb Mrrast) taromnh jathjm omktukf lar`ath larnakyut nmk lar`akth
iakshrjudmshjmk nmrm`. @md hkh iukfjhk nhsalmljmk gda` jadhstrhjmk omktukf (ihs? nhsrhtihm)
saparth ehlrhdmsh vakrhjad, lrmnjmrnhm ymkf prgfrashe, mtmu jathjm thnmj nhtaiujmk hrmim omktukf
(mshstgda). @akth omktukf nmpmt iakyartmh `akth kmpms, jgknhsh hkh nmpmt pudm taromnh jathjm
mjthvhtms jadhstrhjmk omktukf, tatmph jgktrmjsh omktukf mtmu shrjudmsh nmrm` thnmj aeajthe, ymkf
nhsalut nakfmk mjthvhtms jadhstrhjmk tmkpm nakyut, mjthvhtms jadhstrhjmk omktukf nhsalmljmk gda`
`hpgvadaihm (ihs ? mjhlmt parnmrm`mk imshe), `hpgjshm, `hpgtarihm, `hparjmdaihm, ailgdh pmru
ymkff las
ymk lasmr,
mr, hkemrj
hkemrj ihg
ihgjmr
jmrn,
n, gva
gvarng
rngshs
shs glm
glmtgl
tglmtm
mtmkk ( ihs ? pak
pakyaj
yajmt
mt lat
latm,
m, pak
pakyaj
yajmt
mt smdurm
smdurmkk
jmdshui) (Lrukkar & Runnmrt, <3=6).
 

N. Jgipdhjmsh
Mnmpuk jgipdhjmsh iakurut Vhomym & Sutrh, (<3=2?=53), ymhtu?
=. Anaim pmru mjut tarom
taromnh
nh mmjhlm
jhlmtt fmf
fmfmd
md oomktuk
mktukff jh
jhrh.
rh.
<. Ry
Rygj
gj jmrn
jmrnhg
hgfa
fakh
khj?
j? stmn
stmnhu
hui
i nmrh
nmrh fmfm
fmfmdd om
omkt
ktuk
ukff jh
jhrh
rh,, jg
jgkf
kfas
asth
thee mjhl
mjhlmt
mt
 pakurukmk burm` omktukf nmk pareush omrhkfmk ymkf thnmj mnajumt ja grfmk
vhtmd (omktukf nmk gtmj).
2. Aph
Aphsgn
sgnaa trgilg
trgilgdht
dhthj?
hj? ^rgil
^rgilus
us tar
tarlak
laktuj
tuj jmrak
jmrakmm hig
higlhd
lhdhtm
htmss pms
pmshak
hak nakfm
nakfmkk
fmkffumk shrjudmsh nakfmk mjthvhtms trgilus nmpmt iakyuilmt pailudu`
nmrm`.
>. Ae
Aeus
ushh parh
parhjm
jmrn
rnhm
hmdd nmk
nmk tmip
tmipgk
gkmn
mnaa om
omkt
ktuk
ukf?
f? Im
Imsu
sujk
jkym
ym bmhr
bmhrmk
mk jajm
jajmkt
ktuk
ukff
 parhjmrnhui, bmhrmk nmpmt iarafmkfjmk parhjmrnhui smipmh ujurmk
imjshimd nmk iakyalmljmk pakurukmk burm` omktukf sartm mdhrmk lmdhj vakm
ja omktukf. @md mj`hr nmrh prgsas hkh mnmdm` tmipgkmna omktukf.
 

A. . \aspgk ^ulu` ^ar`mnmp Sarulm`mk Ehshgdgfhs

Faomdm SOJ ymkf pmdhkf sarhkf mnmdm` mkfhkm pajtgrhs, ymkf nmdmi parjailmkfmkkym nmpmt
 lardmkout iakomnh sarmkfmk omktukf. Faomdm dmhk nmrh SOJ lhsm larupm fmfmd omktukf mtmu
fmkffumk hrmim, nmk pmnm lalarmpm jmsus lhsm dmkfsukf taromnh imth iaknmnmj.

=. Mkfh
Mkfhkm
km pajt
pajtgr
grhs
hs
Mkfhkm pajtgrhs nhnaeakhshjmk salmfmh kyarh nmnm mtmu parmsmmk thnmj 
kymimk nh nmnm saladm` jhrh ymkf nhmjhlmtjmk larjurmkfkym supdmh nmrm` ja
gtgt omktukf mtmu hsjaihm ihgjmrn. Mkfhkm pajtgrhs thnmj sadmdu larupm kyarh
nmnm, salmfhmk paknarhtm iarmsmjmk saparth parmsmmk tarlmjmr, rmsm sasmj, rmsm
  pmkms mtmu nhkfhk nh nmnm. Mkfhkm pajtgrhs taromnh pmnm wmjtu iadmjujmk
mjthehtms ehshj, stras aigshgkmd, bumbm nhkfhk, nmk satadm` imjmk tardmdu
jakymkf.
<. Rarmkf
Rarmkfmk
mk om
omktu
ktukf
kf mmtmu
tmu hhkem
kemrj
rj ihgj
ihgjmrn
mrn..

Rarmkfmk omktukf mnmdm` sumtu jamnmmk nhimkm gtgt omktukf thlmthlm thnmj 
iaknmpmt supdmh nmrm` mjhlmt pakyuilmtmk iaknmnmj mrtarh jgrgkar gda`
fuipmdmk nmrm` jmrakm pabm`kym pdmj. Faomdm sarmkfmk omktukf mjmk larupm
sarmkfmk mkfhkm pajtgrhs nakfmk hktakshtms larmt, taromnh iaknmnmj nmk
nhsartmh jarhkfmt nhkfhk, sasmj kmpms mtmu parmsmmk imu phkfsmk.
2. Fmfm
Fmfmdd omk
omktuk
tukf
Fmfmd omktukf nhnaeakhshjmk salmfmh omktukf thnmj imipu iaigipmjmk
nmrm`
nmrm` uktuj
uktuj jal
jalutu
utu`mk
`mk tulu`.
tulu`. Fao
Faomdm
mdm ymkf
ymkf pmdhkf
pmdhkf iakgko
iakgkogd
gd nmrh
nmrh fmfmd
fmfmd
 omktukf mnmdm` sasmj kmpms, sasmj thilud pmnm wmjtu iakfmnmjmk mjthvhtms

( Jmlg, <330).
Faomdm dmhkkym ymkf nhrmsmjmk mnmdm` ?

=>

=. Kyar
Kyarhh nmnm
mnm ymk
ymkf taro
taromn
mnhh thl
thlm-
m-th
thlm
lm nmk ta
taru
russ lar
ardm
dmkkout
out iasj
asjhpu
hpuk
 larhsthrm`mt mtmu nhlarh glmt, iarupmjmk faomdm utmim ymkf nhtmipmjjmk.
<. Lalarm
Lalarmpm
pm pmsh
pmshak
ak sala
saladui
duikym
kym parkm`
parkm` iakf
iakfmdm
mdmih
ih faomdm
faomdm ymkf
ymkf smim
smim mtmu
mtmu
saladuikym parkm` nhnhmfkgshs pakymjht mrtarh jgrgkar, tatmph sajhtmr 
sapmru` pmshak iadmpgrjmk thnmj iakfmdmih faomdm saladuikym.
2. Smshak
Smshak sarhkf
sarhkf jmdh nmtmk
nmtmkff nakfm
nakfmkk jgilh
jgilhkms
kmshh faomdm
faomdm,, iadhpu
iadhputh
th kyarh
kyarh nmnm,
 sasmj kmpms, iumd, iuktm` nmk baims.
>. Smsh
Smshak
ak jaiu
jaiukf
kfjh
jhkm
kmkk oufm
oufm ia
iakf
kfmdm
mdmih
ih nh
nhkf
kfhk
hk,, pubm
pubmt,t, nmk
nmk judh
judhtt ta
tarml
rmlmm
dailml, erajuaksh omktukf nmk parkmpmsmk nmpmt iakhkfjmt. ^mknm nmk
faomdm ymkf nhsalmljmk gda` sthiudmsh shstai smrme shipmths jaiukfjhkmk
iukbud `mkym nmdmi lalarmpm smmt mtmu jaiukfjhkmk iakatmp (Lrukkar 
& Runnmrt, <3=2).
A. Sakm
Sakmtm
tmdm
dmjs
jsmk
mkmm
mmk
k
m. Sakt
Saktmd
mdmj
mjsm
smkm
kmmk
mk ianh
ianhss
Sakmtmdmjsmkmmk ianhs lartuoumk iaihkhimdjmk jarusmjmk ihgjmrn,

iaipartm`mkjmk eukfsh ihgjmrn nmk iakbafm` taromnhkym jgipdhjmsh

saparth nhsrhtihm datmd nmk sygj jmrnhgfakhj.
m. \apare
\apareush
ush nakfm
nakfmkk pakffuk
pakffukmmk
mmk nmrurmt glmt-
glmt-glmtm
glmtmkk trgilgdhthj
trgilgdhthj mtmu
hktarvaksh jgrgkar parjutmk.
 l. Iakurukjmk jalutu`mk gjshfak ihgjmrn nmk iakhkfjmtjmk supdmh
gjshfak nakfmk glmt-glmtmk, pailarhmk gjshfak nmk thrm` lmrhkf.
b. Shkt
Shktms
ms mrta
mrtarh
rh jgrg
jgrgka
karr (bgrg
(bgrgkm
kmry
ry mrtar
mrtaryy lypm
lypmss
ss)) mt
mtmu
mu ph
phkt
ktms
ms mrtar
mrtarhh
jgrgkar hkvmshe ihkhimd (ihkhimddy hkvmshvanhrabt

bgrgkmry mrtary lypmss (IHNBML)) (Lrukkar & Runnmrt, <3=2).

<. Sakmt
Sakmtmdmjsm
mdmjsmkmmk
kmmk jjaparmw
aparmwmtmk
mtmk
^uoumk utmim pmshak iadhputh pakurukmk kyarh mtmu tmknm hsjaihm (ihs ?
  parulm`mk safiak R^) nmk faomdm hsjaihm, pakbafm`mk jarusmjmk ihgjmrn,
thnmj taromnh nhseukfsh parkmpmsmk, paiadh`mrmmk nmk pakbmpmhmk pareush omrhkfmk
ymkf mnajumt, pakurukmk jabaimsmk, japmtu`mk tar`mnmp prgfrmi parmwmtmk
nhrh, nmk thnmj iukbudkym tmknm-tmknm nhkh jgipdhjmsh, nakfmk pakatmdmjsmkmmk ?
 l. Iaranmjmk kyarh sartm tmknm nmk faomdm hsjaihm dmhkkym nakfmk larhjmk
gjshfak larsmim
larsmim nakfmk tarmph ianhjmsh uktuj i
iaranmjmk
aranmjmk faomdm, jjmoh
moh
tmknm-tmknm vhtmd.
b. Iaipa
Iaiparlmhjh
rlmhjh eukfs
eukfshh park
parkmpmsmk
mpmsmk nakf
nakfmk
mk jm
jmohoh eukfsh
eukfsh parkme
parkmemsmk.
msmk.
n. Iakhk
Iakhkfjmtj
fjmtjmk
mk pareu
pareush
sh omrhkfmk
omrhkfmk ym
ymkf
kf mna
mnajumt
jumt na
nakfmk
kfmk partm`m
partm`mkjmk
kjmk ppmshak
mshak
tatmp nh taipmt thnur mtmu nh jursh uktuj iakfurmkfh jgksuish gjshfak
ihgjmrn, parhjsm taiparmtur judht nmk kmnh parhear sabmrm sarhkf uktuj 
iaimsthjmk pareush omrhkfmk ymkf mnajumt.

E. Sra
Sravmd
mdaaks
kshh
  Sakadhthmk
Sakadhthmk taktmkf
taktmkf pravmdaksh
pravmdaksh pakymjht
pakymjht omktukf
omktukf sartm pailu
pailudu`
du` nmrm`
iakomnh pakyalml jaimthmk nh nukhm parhkfjmt smtu. =6,8 outm grmkf iakhkffmd
mjhlmt SOJ nh tm`uk <3=5 ymjkh 2=% nmrh saium jaimthmk fdglmd. Dalh` nmrh thfm
 paraipmt jaimthmk mjhlmt pakymjht omktukf nmk pailudu` nmrm` nh kafmrm
 larjailmkf=. ^m`uk <3=5 SOJ iakyalmljmk 25,2<% pakyalml jaimthmk.
Sravmdaksh pakymjht omktukf nhnhmfkgshs ngjtar nhsaium jadgipgj uiur tm`uk
<3=0.
Nh Hkngkashm salasmr =,1%, Smnm prhm radmthe lmkymj nhtaiujmk iakn
iaknarhtm
arhtm
SOJ nhlmknhkfjmk wmkhtm. Kmiuk wmkhtm mjmk iakhkfjmt rashjgkym ohjm satadm`
iakbmpmh iakgpmusa (13 tm`uk). Grmkf ymkf (;53 tm`uk) nhkymtmjmk <3% dmjh-dmjh
iaknarhtm SOJ sartm =<% nhtaiujmk pmnm paraipumk.

F. Smtg
Smtgfa
faka
kash
shss

Mtargsjdargshs nhmkffmp salmfmh sumtu pakymjht hkedmimsh salml sad ymkf

 larparmk larupm imjrgemf ymkf larmsmd nmrh igkgsht nmk iarupmjmk `mshd prgsas
hkedmimsh. Smtgfakashs mtargsjdargshs nhiudmh jathjm taromnh oaoms mjhlmt larlmfmh

 
emjtgr
emjtgr rhshjg
rhshjg nmd
nmdmi
mi larlmf
larlmfmh
mh hkt
hktaks
akshtm
htmss nmk dmim
dmim pmpmrmk
pmpmrmk ymkf lar
larlan
lanmm pmn
pmnmm
akngtad mrtarh, sa`hkffm iakfmjthvmsh mtmu iakhiludjmk nhseukfsh akngtad. Smpmrmk
 oaoms pmnm akngtad, iaihbu larlmfmh iajmkhsia ymkf iakfhknujsh nmk
iaiprgigs
iaiprgigshh dash mtargs
mtargsjdarg
jdargthj.
thj. Nhseuk
Nhseukfsh
fsh akngtad
akngtad iarupmjmk
iarupmjmk mwmd taromn
taromnhkym
hkym
mtargsjdargshs. Nhseukfsh akngtad hkh nhsalmljmk gda` emjtgr-emjtgr rhshjg trmnhshgkmd
saparth nhsdhphnaihm, `hpartaksh, NI, glashtms nmk iargjgj nmk embtgr-emjtgr rhshjg
dmhk ihsmdkym `gigshstahk nmk jadmhkmk `aigstmthj .
Sail
Sailak
aktu
tujm
jmkk mta
mtarg
rgsj
sjdar
dargs
gshs
hs tarn
tarnhr
hrhh nmrh
nmrh lala
lalarmp
rmpmm emsa
emsa ymkf
ymkf smdh
smdhkf
kf
 lar`ulukfmk. Emsa mwmd taromnh mjuiudmsh nmk ignhehjmsh dhphn (gjshnmsh, mfrafmsh
nmk prgtagdhshs) nmdmi nhknhkf mrtarh ymkf sadmkoutkym iakfmjhlmtjmk mjthvmsh
hkedmi
hkedmimsh
msh akn
akngta
gtad.d. Smn
Smnmm ems
emsaa sad
sadmko
mkoutk
utkym
ym tar
taromn
omnhh rajrut
rajrutiak
iak ada
adaiak
iak ‒ adaiak
adaiak
hkedmimsh saparth igkgsht ja nmdmi tukhjm hkthim. Mwmdkym igkgsht iakaipad
 pmnm akngtad.

Srgfrashvhtms mtargsjdargshs, akngtad hkh nhparmktmrmh gda` lalarmpm igdajud

mn`ash pmnm pariujmmk sad akngtad, ymhtu Hktar Baddudmr Mn`ashgk Igdabuda -=
(HBMI-=), Umsbudmr Badd Mn`ashgk Igdabuda -= (UBMI-=) nmk Radabthk. Igdajud
mn`ash
mn`ash hkh nhmtur
nhmtur gda
gda`` sao
saoui
uidm`
dm` emj
emjtgr
tgr ymh
ymhtu
tu prgnuj
prgnuj lmj
lmjtarh
tarh dhpgpg
dhpgpgdhs
dhsmjm
mjmrhn
rhnm,
m,
 prgstmfdmknhk nmk shtgjhk. Ratadm` larhjmtmk nakfmk akngtad jaiunhmk igkgsht
 larpakatrmsh ja dmphsmk dalh` nmdmi nhlmwm` dmphsmk hkthim. Igkgsht-igkgsht ymkf
tadm` iaimsujh nhknhkf mrtarh hkh mjmk larulm` iakomnh imjrgemf nmk iakbarkm
DND ymkf tadm` nhgjshnmsh iadmduh rasaptgr. @mshd emfgshtgshs hkh mjmk iailaktuj 
sad lusm mtmu "egmi badd" nmk sadmkoutkym mjmk iakomnh —emtty stramjs’. Mjthvmsh hkh
iakf`m
iakf`mshd
shdjmk
jmk shtgjh
shtgjhkk nmk emj
emjtgr
tgr-emj
-emjtgr
tgr partui
partuilu`
lu`mk
mk ymkf
ymkf mjmk
mjmk iar
iarmkf
mkfsmk
smkff
 prgdhearmsh nmk ihfrmsh sad-sad gtgt pgdgs nmrh tukhjm ianhm ja tukhjm hkthim nmk
 pakuipujmk igdajud imtrhjs ajstrmsadudmr saparth admsthk nmk jgdmfak, ymkf
iakfmjhlmtjmk pailasmrmk pdmj nmk tarlaktuj ehlrgus bmp. Smnm tm`mp hkh prgsas
mtar
mtargs
gsjd
jdar
args
gshs
hs sunm
sunm`` smip
smipmh
mh pmnm
pmnm tm`m
tm`mpp dm
dmko
kout
ut nmk
nmk nh
nhsa
salu
lutt salm
salmfm
fmhh pd
pdmj 
mj 
mtargsjdargthj .

=. Sa
Saia
iarh
rhjs
jsmm
mmkk EEhs
hshj 
hj 
Iakurut Iuttmqhk (<338), paiarhjsmmk ehshj nhdmjujmk sabmrm `amn tg tga
nmk nh ngjuiaktmshjmk sabmrm parshshtai iadhputh  ?
 

m) Jamn
Jamnmm
mmkk uiu
iui
i
Jamnmmk uiui mnmdm` fmilmrmk jgknhsh jdhak ymkf targlsarvmsh gda`
 parmwmt saparth thkfjmt jatafmkfmk mtmu jadadm`mk, wmrkm judht, thkfjmt
jasmnmrmk jumdhtmthe imupuk jumkthtmthe nakfmk pakhdmhmk sjgr Fdmsfgw

Bgim Rbmda (FBR), pgdm kmpms, pgshsh jdhak, nmk raspgks varlmd jdhak.
 l) ^mknm-tmknm vhtmd
^ajmkmk nmrm` nmpmt nhparhjsm nmdmi pgshsh ymkf larlanm nakfmk iatgna
sp`yfigimkgiatrh. Sakthkf sajmdh iakbmtmt pgshsh jdhak (nunuj, larnhrh,
mtmu larlmrhkf) smmt pakfujurmk tajmkmk nmrm`. Nakfmk parulm`mk pgshsh
(tardaktmkf ja nunuj), edujtumsh kgrimd tajmkmk nmrm` nmk nakyut omktukf
iakhkfjmt rhkfmk (sajhtmr 1 ii@f uktuj tajmkmk shstgdhj nmk nhmstgdhj:
sanmkfjmk nakyut kmnh iakhkfjmt 1-=3 pariakht). Ratadm` jdhak nunuj 
nmrh pgshsh lmrhkf, larhjmk wmjtu =-2 iakht saladdui pakfujurmk tajmkmk
nmrm`.
b) erajuaksh
erajuaksh parkmpms
parkmpmsmk
mk pmnm jdhak nnawmsm
awmsm,, erajua
erajuaksh
ksh parkmpm
parkmpmsmk
smk kgrimd
kgrimd
mnmdm` =<<3 kmpms pariakht. Ohjm jabapmtmk rasphrmsh dalh` nmrh <> kmpms
 pariakht (tmjhpka) smmt hsthrm`mt iarupmjmk tmknm mwmd fmfmd omktukf.
Rasmj kmpms iaknmnmj ymkf thnmj nhjatm`uh salmlkym iukfjhk taromnh
jmrakm ailgdh pudigkar mtmu hkemrj pudgigkar. Kmpms nmkfjmd nmpmt
iakfhknhjmshjmk kyarh mjhlmt parhjmrnhths mtmu pdaurhsy. Sarkmpmsmk
B`ayka Rtgjas mnmdm`
 

shjdus rashrmsh nmkfjmd ymkf iakhkfjmt jabapmtmk nmk janmdmimkkym nhhjuth

nakfmk pakurukmk jabapmtmk nmk janmdmi sartm parhgna mpkam. Sarkmpmsmk b`ayka
stgjas sarhkf tardh`mt pmnm dmkout ushm nafmk fmfmd omktukf larmt, oufm pmnm jdhak
mkaihm nmk mkxhb mbap`mdgpmt`y.

@. Msu`mk Japarmwmtmk
Japarmwmtmk Smshak
Smshak nakfmk
nakfmk omktukf
omktukf jgrgkar
jgrgkar

EG\IM^ SAKFJMOHMK JDHAK DMKOQ^ QRHM

=. Hnakthtms

m.  Kmim ? ^k. _ e. Oakhs Jadmihk ? S

l. Qiur ? 51t` f. Ruju ? Lmtmj 
b. Mdmimt ? Od. @ Lmsymr Omth Baipmjm `. Mfmim ? Jrhstak
n. Saknhnhjmk ? RIS h. Rtmtus parjmwhkmk? Jmwhk
a. ^mkffmd imsuj \R ? =<-=3-<3<= o. ^mkffmd Sakfjmohmk ?
=<-=3-<3<=
<. Rtmtus Jasa`mtmk
Jadu`mk Jasa`mtmk smmt hkh

Jdhak iakfadu`jmk
nakfmk kyarh sjmdm 6kyarh nmnmja
iakomdmr saladm`
da`ar, jhrh
lm`u,sajhtmr < ludmkmtms,
ajstraihtms tarmj`hr hkh
nmk kyarh
nmnm tarmsm pmkms oufm saparth nhtusuj -tusuj nmk mfmj sasmj nhrmsmjmk
tarus-iakarus smmt larmjthvhtms nmk sanhjht larjurmkf smmt hsthrm`mt. Jdhak
iakfmtmsh kyarhkym nakfmk iaihomt ‒ ihomt nmnmkym smom, jdhak sunm`
iakfurmkfh imjmk larsmktmk/ larjgdastargd nmk iargjgj, ohjm larhlmnm`
jdhak nunuj nmk thnmj jumt ohjm
ohjm larnhrh tardm
tardmdu
du dmim. Jdhak larmkffmpmk
larmkffmpmk
 pakymjht ymkf nhnarhtm
nhnarhtm jmrakm embtgr
embtgr ushm ymkf sunm` iakum.
iakum.
 

 ( S]\R^ )

S ? Jdhak iakfadu`jmk kyarh nmnm saladm` jhrh sajhtmr < ludmk tarmj`hr iakomdmr ja
da`ar, lm`u nmk tarmsm mfmj sasmj. jdhak iakfmtmjmk nmarm` sajhtmr nakfjud jmkmk
jhrh tarmsm kyarh

] ? jdhak iakfmtmjmk kyarh saparth tarmsm pmkms nmk nhtusuj ‒ tusuj

\ ? jdhak iakfmtmjmk kyarh nhrmsmjmk nhnmnm saladm` jhrh iakomdmr ja da`ar nmk lm`u

R ? jdhak iakfmtmjmk thkfjmt kyarh larmnm pmnm sjgr 6 nmrh =3.

^ ? jdhak iakfmtmjmk kyarh thilud pmnm mjthvhtms larmt nmk larjurmkf jathjm mjthvhtms
rhkfmk mtmu hsthrm`mt

2. \hwmymt jasa`mtmk imsm dmdu

Jdhak iakfmtmjmk parkm` iakfmdmih jaomkf smmt lajarom larmt
>. \hwmymt jasa`mtmk jadumrfm ( Fakgfrmi )

1. Sakfjmohmk parshstai
 

=. Jamnmm
nmmk ui
uiui
Jdhak tmipmj smjht sanmkf, wmom` tmipmj mfmj iarhkfhs, jdhak tmipmj
iaiafmkfh nmnm jhrhkym jdhak iakfadu` kyarh pmnm nmnm saladm` jhrh iakomdmr
jada`ar nmk lm`u, jasmnmrmk bgipgs iakths, `mshd ttv? ^N9=53/83 ii@f,
 K9==3x/iakht, su`u 26³B, \\9 <3x/iakht
<. Hkta
Hktaf
fuiak
Vmrkm judht pubmt/shmkgshs, jarhput, turfgr judht jurmkf admsths
2. Ry
Ryst
stai
ai `aig
`aigpg
pgat
athj 
hj 
^hnmj mnm jadmhkmk, nmdmi lmtms kgrimd
>. Japmdm
Japmdm larlaktuj ludmt, rmilut thphs, judht japmdm larsh`, jdhak iaimjmh jmbmimtm
 lmbm, tadhkfm larsh`, num fhfh frm`mi sunm`
su nm` thnmj utu`, thnmj iaimjmh fhfh pmdsu,
takffgrgjmk thnmj mnm jadmhkmk.
1. Da`ar
^hnmj mnm pailasmrmk pmnm jadakomr thrghn
5. Ry
Ryst
stai
ai park
parkme
mems
msmk
mk
 Kmems spgktmk , \\ <3x/iakht
6. Rystai
Rystai jmrnh
jmrnhgvm
gvmsj
sjud
udar
ar
^N?=53/83 ii@f, lukyh omktukf tarnakfmr iuriur 
0. Rystai
Rystai fm
fmstr
strghk
ghktas
tasthk
thkmd
md
Jdhak jmnmkf sujm iumd ohjm tardmilmt imjmk
8. Ry
Ryst
stai
ai parj
parjai
aih`
h`mk
mk
LMJ erajuaksh 2->x nmdmi sa`mrh, thnmj mnm kyarh nmdmi larjaih`
=3. Rystai iusbudgsjadatmd
iusbudgsjadatmd
Janum jmjh nmk tmkfmk ^k._ tmipmj saomomr nmk smim lasmr nmk Smkomkf.
Jaimipumk iakfulm` pgshsh lmhj, parfarmjmk janum tmkfmk nmk jmjh lmhj.
Jajumtmk gtgt lmhj.
m. 1 1
 l. 1 1

Rystai parsmrmemk
^hnmj mnm banarm japmdm mnm \hwmymt jaomkf
 

==. Sgdm mjthehtms

mjthehtms sa`mrh
sa`mrh ‒ `mrh
`mrh

Jdhak sanmkf thnmj iakomdmkh prgfrmi dmth`mk mpmpuk, jdhak iakfmtmjmk

sa`mrhmk `mkym iakf`mlhsjmk wmjtukym nhruim` larsmim hstrh nmk mkmj
 ‒ mkmjkym jmrakm iarmsm
iarmsm nmnm sadmdu smj
smjht,
ht, ohjm jadumr jdhak `mkym
iakfhjuth pakfmohmk ymkf nhmnmjmk saihkffu num jmdh nmdmi dhkfjukfmk
ruim`kym, jdhak iakfmtmjmk thnmj kymimk nakfmk jgknhshkym smmt hkh.
=<. Sakfjmohmk
Sakfjmohmk pshjgsgshmd
pshjgsgshmd Nmk sphrhtumd
sphrhtumd
=. Sshjgsgshmd
Jdhak mjthe nmdmi larsgshmdhsmsh, jdhak sarhkf iakympm tatmkffm, imsh` mjthe
iakfhjuth jafhmtmk nh imsymrmjmt saparth pakfmohmk ruthk ihkffumk
<. Hnakthehjmsh imsmdm` aigshgkmd iadhputh partmkymmk ?
Sartmkymmk tm`mp smtu ?

 Mpmjm` jdhak iakfmdmih sudht thnur 7 Xm

 Mpmjm` jdhak sarhkf fadhsm`7 ^hnmj
 Mpmjm` jdhak sarhkf iurukf nmk iakmkfhs saknhrh 7 ^hnmj 
 Mpmjm` jdhak sarhkf wms-wms mtmu j`mwmthr7 Xm
( dmout japartmkymmk tm`mp num mpmlhdm jdhak iakomwml —ym’ smtu mtmu dalh`
nmrh smtu )
Sartmkymmk tm`mp num

 Jadu`mk dalh` nmrh thfm ludmk mtmu dalh` nmrh smtu jmdh nmdmi saludmk 7 jdhak
iakfmtmjmk kyarh nmnm saladm` jhrh nhrmsmjmk < ludmk tarmj`hr hkh
 Mnm lmkymj imsmdm` mtmu ehjhrmk 7 ^arjmnmkf

 Mnm imsmdm` nakfmk jadumrfm 7 ^hnmj

 Iakffukmjmk glmt thnur mtmu pakakmkf mtms mkourmk ngjtar 7 ^hnmj 
 Baknrukf iakfurukf nhrh 7 ^hnmj 
 lhdm dalh` mtmu smim nakfmk smtu omwmlmk —ym’
 IMRMDM@ AIGRHGKMD SGRH^HE
Jashipudmk?
Jdhak iakfmdmih sudht thnur, tmph thnmj fadhsm`, thnmj iurukf nmk thnmj
iakmkfhs saknhrh, jdhak bujup wms-wms, `mkym ymkf iailumt sudht thnur kyarh
 

nmnm pmnm imdmi `mrh tarjmnmkf nmtmkf. Jdhak iakfmtmjmk thnmj iaihdhjh
imsmdm` nmdmi jadumrfmkym, thnmj iakffukmjmk glmt-glmt thnur / pakakmkf,
nmk thnmj iakfurukf nhrh.

=2. Rphrhtum
Rphrhtumdd
Jdhak ruthk hlmnm` s`mdmt nmk iakfhjuth pakfmohmk ruthk ihkffumk
=>. Jgksap
Jgksap nhrh
Jdhak iarmsm sunm` tum, kmiuk jdhak imipu iakarhim parulm`mk ehshj nmk tatmp
iaihdhjh jaymjhkmk nhrh nmk `mrfm nhrh sa`hkffm jdhak pgshthe iakarhim nhrhkym
saknhrh nmk larmkffmpmk lm`wm pakymjht ymkf nhnarhtm iarupmjmk saomdmk nakfmk
ushm ymkf saimjhk tum
=1. Sakfjmohmk
Sakfjmohmk stmtus eukfshgkmd
eukfshgkmd jdahk
jdahk
JM^_ Hknajs ?
Imknhrh nmdmi `md imjmk, jgkthkak nmdmi LML/LMJ, iakffukmjmk pmjmhmk, parfh
jatghdat, larphknm` nmk imknh.

Jatarmkfmk ? imknhrh  ?larmrth
 ?larmrth tmkpm pakfmwmsmk, pakfmrm`mk mtmu lmktumk mjthe nmrh
grmkf dmhk Rasgrmkf ymkf iakgdmj uktuj iadmjujmk sumtu eukfsh nhmkffmp thnmj
iadmjujmk eukfsh, iasjhpuk hm mkffmp imipu.

JM^_ Hknajs ?

KG J\H^A\HM NAKFMK IMKNH\H JA^A\MKFMK

LMK^QMK

= Imjmk - =3 Erajuaksh? 2x sa`mrh

Ouidm`? `mkym `mlhs ¹ pgrsh
Oakhs? kmsh, dmuj pmuj, nmk
smyur imyur 
< Ihkui - =3 Erajuaksh? ½=3x sa`mrh
Ouidm`? <33bb sathmp ihkui

Oakhs? mhr ihkarmd

2 Larphknm` nmrh jursh rgnm ja - =1 Jdhak laromdmk tmkpm lmktumk
 

taipmt thnur, salmdhjkym mdmt nmk jursh rgnm

> Sarsgkmd tg
tghdat (b
(bubh i
iuujm, - 1 Imknh <x/`mrh, shjmt fhfh
iakyhshr rmilut, fgsgj <x/`mrh, iakyhshr <x/`mrh
fhfh)

1 Jadumr imsuj tghdat - 1 Iakbubh pmjmhmk saknhrh

(iakbubh pmjmhmk, iakyajm
tulu` nmk iakyhrmi )
5 Imknh - =1 <x/`mrh
6 Omdmk nh pariujmmk nmtmr - =3 Jdhak nmpmt laromdmk tmkpm
 lmktumk
0 Kmhj turuk tmkffm - =3 Jdhak imipu kmhj turuk
tmkffm
8 Iakfakmjmk pmjmhmk - =3 Jdhak imipu iakfakmjmk
 pmjmhmk saknhrh
=3 Jgktrgd lgwad (LML) - =3 LML =x/`mrh, jgkshstaksh
 pmnmt
== Jgktrgd ldmnnar (LMJ) - =3 LMJ erajuaksh >x nmdmi
sa`mrh
=< Gdm` rmfm / dmth`mk - 1 Ra`mrh sajmdh gdm`rmfm rhkfmk
nhruim`
=2 \ajramsh / paimkemmtmk - 1 Iakfm`mlhsjmk wmjtu
wmjtu dumkf nhruim` nakfmk jadumrfm
iakgktgk tv

Jatarmkfmk ?
m. =23 ? Imknhrh ^gtmd sbgra? =33 (Jatarfmktukfmk salmfhmk)

 l. 51 - =<1 ? Jatarfmktukfmk salmfhmk

b. 53 ? Jatarfmktukfmk tgtmd
 

L@M\^AD HKNAP BMSMBH^X

Kg MJ^HEH^MR JAIMISQMK RJG\  

= Larphknm` Imknhrh 2

nhlmktu smtu grmkf <

nhlmktu num grmkf =
thnmj imipu 3
< Iglhdhsmsh ( Laromdmk ) Imknhrh 2

nhlmktu = grmkf (wmdjar) <

nhlmktu < grmkf =
thnmj imipu 3
2 Sakf
Sakffu
fukm
kmmk
mk ^ghd
ghdat ( SSar
arfh
fh Ja Nm
Nmkk Nmr
Nmrhh V
Vb,
b, imknhrh <
Iailujm & Iaimjmh Badmkm, Iakyajm Nmk
Iakyhrmi nh tgdgkf salmfhmk =
tarfmktukf grmkf dmhk 3
> Ia
Iail
ilar
arsh
sh`j
`jmk
mk Nh
Nhrh
rh ( D
Dmp
mp Iu
Iujm
jm,, RRhs
hshr
hr \m
\mil
ilut
ut,, imknhrh =
Fgsgj Fhfh )
 pardu partgdgkfmk 3
1 Iakfgktrgd Lml jgkthkak tarmtur   <

jmnmkf jgkthkak =
hkjgkthkak 3
5 Iakfgktrgd Lmj imknhrh <

jmnmkf jgkthkak =
hkjgkthkak/jmtatar  3
6 Imknh
Im imknhrh =
 

tarfmktukf grmkf dmhk 3

0 Larpmjmhmk imknhrh <

salmfhmk nhlmktu =

tarfmktukf grmkf dmhk 3

8 I mjmk
Im imknhrh <

salmfhmk nhlmktu =
tarfmktukf grmkf dmhk 3
=3 Km
Kmhhj ^ur
uruk
uk ^mkff
mkffmm im
imkn
knhhrh <

 pardu partgdgkfmk =
thnmj imipu 3

RJG\ ^G^MD <3

Jrhtarhm ?
Imknhrh ? <3

Jatarfm
Jatarfmktu
ktukfm
kfmkk rhkfmk
rhkfmk ? =< ‒ =8
Jatarfmktukfmk sanmkf ? 8 ‒ ==
Jatarfmktukfmk larmt ? 1 ‒ 0

^gtmd ? <3
 

=5. Sakfjmohmk
Sakfjmohmk Rtmtus Iaktmd
Iaktmd Fargkthj 
Fargkthj 
Hnakthehjmsh thkfjmt jarusmjmk hktadajtumd nakfmk iakffukmjmk R`grt Sgrtmlda
 Iaktmd Rtmtus ]uasthgkar (RSIR]) 
Hkstrujsh ?

Moujmk partmkymmk = ‒ =3 pmnm nmetmr hkh nmk bmtmt saium omwmlmk

Bmtmt ouidm` jasmdm`mk tgtmd larnmsmrjmk =3 partmkymmk

 R`grt Sgrtmlda Iaktmd Rtmtus ]uasthgkar (RSIR])

LAKM\ RMDM@ KG SA\^MKXMMK

∟ 3= ^mkffmd larmpm `mrh hkh 7

∟ 3<
∟ 32
∟ 3>
∟ 31
∟ 35
∟ 36
∟ 30
∟ 38
∟ =3
@mrh mpm sajmrmkf hkh 7
Mpm kmim taipmt hkh 7
Nhimkm mdmimt mknm 7
Larmpm uiur mknm 7
Jmpmk mknm dm`hr 7 (ihkhimd tm`uk dm`hr)
Rhmpm Srashnak Hkngkashm sajmrmkf 7
Rhmpm Srashnak Hkngkashm saladuikym 7
Rhmpm kmim Hlu mknm 7
Jurmkfh 2 nmrh <3 nmk pakfurmkfmk 2 nmrh sathmp
mkfjm lmru, saium sabmrm iakuruk

8
Rbgra 9 Eukfsh Hktadajtumd Qtu`

Hktarprastmsh ?
 Rmdm` 3 ‒ 2 ? Eukfsh hhktadajtumd
ktadajtumd utu`
 Rmdm` > ‒ 1 ? Jarusmjmk hktadajtumd rhkfmk
 Rmdm` 5 ‒ 0 ? Jarusmjmk hktadajtumd sanmkf
 Rmdm` 8 ‒ =3 ? Jarusmjmk hktadajtumd larmt
Hknakthehjmsh mspaj jgfkhthe nmrh eukfsh iaktmd iakffukmjmk IIRA (Ihkh Iaktmd Rtmta
 Axmi‘s )

 IIRA (Ihkh Iaktmd Rtmta Axmi‘s

 

KG MRSAJ   KHDMH KHDMH J\H^A\HM

JGFKH^HE
IMJRHIMD JDHAK

= Grhaktmsh 1 1 Iakyalutjmk nakfmk lakmr ?


 ^m`uk
Iushi<3<=
`uomk
 ^mkffmd =< Gjtglar <3<=
 @mrh Oui‘mt
 Ludmk Gjtglar 
Grhaktmsh 1 1 Nhimkm jhtm sajmrmkf larmnm 7
  Kafmrm hkngkashm
 Srgphksh omwm lmrmt
 Jgtm lajmsh
 Omthwmrhkfhk
 \^ 3=/38
< \afhstrmsh 2 2 Ralutjmk kmim 2 glyaj (gda`
 paiarhjsmmk) = nathj uktuj
iakfmtmjmk imshkf- imshkf
glyaj. Jaiunhmk tmkymjmk japmnm
jdhak jathfm tmnh. (Qktuj
nhsalutjmk )
  pudpak
  lgdm
  luju

Sar`mthmk nmk 1 > Ihktm jdhak uktuj iaiudmh nmrh

jmdjudmsh mkfjm =33 jaiunhmk nhjurmkfh 6
2 smipmh 1 jmdh/thkfjmt
 82
 05
 68
 63
 51
> Iakfhkfmt 2 2 Ihktm jdhak uktuj iakfudmfh jathfm
 

glyaj pmnm Kg. (rafhstrmsh) tmnh.

Lhdm lakmr, = pghkt uktuj imshkf-
imshkf glyaj 
1 Lm`msm 8 1 ^ukoujmk pmnm jdhak sumtu laknm
Nmk tmkymjmk kmimkym pmnm jdhak.
 (ihsmd omi tmkfmk)
 (ihsmd pakshd)
Ihktm jdhak uktuj iakfudmkf jmtm
 larhjut ? — tmj mnm ohjm, nmk tatmph —.
Lhdm lakmr, khdmh smtu pghkt.
 Sarkymtmmk lakmr
ihktm jdhak uktuj iakfhjuth
 parhktm` larhjut ymkf tarnhrh nmrh 2
dmkfjm` ? — milhd jartms nh tmkfmk
jmkmk mknm, dhpmt num nmk tmru` nh
dmktmh —
 milhd jartms nh tmkfmk jmkmk
mknm
 dhpmt num
 tmru` nhdmktmh
 parhktm`jmk pmnm jdhak uktuj `md
 larhjut (lhdm mjthvhtms sasumh prhktm`
khdmh = pghkt )
 — tutup imtm mknm
 parhktm`jmk pmnm jdhak uktuj
iakudhs
fmilmr. smtu jmdhimt nmk iakymdhk
 tudhs smtu jmdhimt
 iakymdhk fmilmr 
^gtmd sbgra? <1 (^hnmj mnm fmkffumk jgfkhthe)

Hktar prastmsh `mshd ?

Ouidm` tgtmd jdhak nmk imsujmk ja nmdmi jmtafgrh larhjut hkh ?
<> ‒ 23 ? ^hnmj mnm fmkffumk jgfkhthe 
=0 ‒ <2 ? Fmkffumk jgfkhthe sanmkf
  3 ‒ =6 ? Fmkffumk jgfkhthe larmt
IG\RA EMDD RBMDA (IER)
 

 Kmim Dmkshm ? ^k._ (51t`)

Mdmimt ? Od. @moh Lmsymr Kg.=3
^mkffmd pakfjmohmk ? =< Gjtglar <3<=

Sakfjmohmk Rjmdm Khdmh

^hnmj 3 3

=. \hw
\hwmym
mymtt omtu
omtu`` th
thfm
fm lludm
udmkk tarmj`
tarmj`hr7
hr7 Xm <1
^hnmj 3

<. Mpmj
Mpmjm`
m` ia
iaihd
ihdhjh
hjh ; = pakym
pakymjht
jht// mnm nh
nhmfkg
mfkgsm
sm Xm =1 3
sajuknar7
 
2. Md
Mdmt
mt lm
lmkt
ktuu oomd
mdmk
mk ? 3
- Lan ra
rasst/ nhlmk
lmktu parm
rmw
wmt
3
- Jruj/tgkfjmt/wmdjar 
- Larp
Larpaf
afmk
mkfm
fmkk pm
pmnm
nm llak
aknm
nm ssaj
ajht
htmr
mr ((ju
jurs
rsh,
h,`m
`mkn
knad
ad =1
 phktu ndd)
23

^hnmj 3

>. ^arm
^armph
ph hktrm
hktrm vakm/
vakm/ mpmj
mpmjm`
m` dmk
dmkshm
shm ta
tarpms
rpmsmkf
mkf hk
hkeus7
eus7 Xm <3 3

1. Fmym laro
laromdm
mdmk/
k/ bmrm larphkn
larphknm`?
m`? 3
- Kgri
Kgrimd
md// lan
lan ra
rast
st// hii
hiigl
glhd
hdaa (t
(thn
hnmj
mj nm
nmpm
pmtt
 3
 larfarmj saknhrh)
- Daim`/ tthhnmj la
lartakmfm
- Fmkf
Fmkffu
fumk
mk// bmb
bmbmt
mt// phk
phkbm
bmkf
kf// nh
nhsa
sara
ratt
=3
 

<3
5. Rtmt
Rtmtus
us ia
iakt
ktmd
md ?
- Dmksh
Dmkshmm iakym
iakymnm
nmrh
rh jg
jgkn
knhs
hshh nh
nhrh
rhky
kymm sak
saknh
nhrh
rh//
3 3
kgrimd
- Dmksh
Dmkshmm iakfm
iakfmdm
dmih
ih ppak
akuru
urukm
kmk/
k/ jjat
atarl
arlmt
mtmsm
msmkk =1
jgfkhthe 
^G^MD RJG\  3

Jmtmfgrh ? ^hnmj Larashjg

^hnmj larhshjg 3-<>

\hshjg raknm` <1-13

\hshjg thkffh ≡ 1=

 Kmim paiarhjsm ? Lr. A

Smrme ?L I
ⅇ 

Kmim dm
Kmim dmks
kshm
hm ? ^k
^k._._ (D)
(D)
Qshm ?51t`
Mdmimt ? Od. @moh Lmsymr
 

LL^ (LA\F LMDMKBA ^AR^)

=. Nunuj
Nunuj jjaa lar
larnh
nhrh
rh <. La
Larnh
rnhrh
rh tmkpm
tmkpm lmktu
lmktumk
mk
Hkstrujsh? tgdgkf larnhrh, bglmdm` uktuj thnmj Hkstrujsh? larnhrhdm` sadmim num iakht
iakffukmjmk tmkfmk salmfmh sgjgkfmk tmkpm larpafmkfmk
Rjgr  Rjgr 
( ) > Imipu larnhrh tmkpm iakffukmjmk (∟) > Imipu larnhrh sadmim num iakht
tmkfmk ( ) 2 Imipu larnhrh sadmi
sadmimm num iakht
( ∟ ) 2 Imipu uktuj larnhrh kmiuk nakfmk pakfmwmsmk
iakffukmjmk lmktumk tmkfmk ( ) < Imipu larnhrh sadmim 23 nathj
( ) < Imipu larnhrh iakffukmjmk tmkfmk tmkpm lmktumk
satadm` lalarmpm jmdh iakbglm ( ) = Iailutu`jmk lalarmpmjmdh uktuj 
( ) = Iailutu`jmk lmktumk ihkhimd uktuj iakbglm larnhrh sadmim 23 nathj 
 larnhrh tmkpm lmktumk
( ) 3 Iailutu`jmk lmktumk sanmkf mtmu ( ) 3 ^hnmj imipu larnhrh sadmim 23
imjshimd uktuj larnhrh nathj tmkpm lmktumk

2. Nun
Nunujuj tmkpm
tmkpm smknmr
smknmrmk
mk pu
pukff
kffukf
ukf ttatm
atmph
ph jm
jmjh
jh >. La
Larn
rnhr
hrhh ja nunu
nunujj
salmfmh tuipumk nh dmktmh Hkstrujsh? Rhdm`jmk nunuj 
Hkstrujsh? Nunujdm` smilhd iadhpmt tmkfmk
mknm sadmi num iakht
Rjgr  Rjgr 
(∟) > Imipu nunuj nakfmk mimk sadmim num (∟) > Nunuj nakfmk mimk nakfmk
iakht iakffukmjmk ihkhimd tmkfmk
( ) 2 Imipu nunuj sadmim num iakht nhlmwm` ( ) 2 Nunuj iakffukmjmk lmktumk
 pakfmwmsmk ( ) < Iakffukmjmk lmktumk lmfhmk
( ) < Imipu nunuj sadmim 23 nathj   ladmjmkfjmjh uktuj turuk
( ) = Imipu nunuj sadmim =3 nathj  ( ) = Nunuj imknhrh tmph thnmj imipu
 

( ) 3 ^hnmj imipu nunuj tmkpm lmtumk sadmim iakfgktrgd pmnm smmt nmrh larnhrh
=3 nathj  ja nunuj 
( ) 3 Iailutujmk lmktumk uktuj

nunuj 

1. Larphknm` 5. Larn
Larnhrh
hrh tmkpm
tmkpm lm
lmktu
ktumk
mk nnakm
akmfk
fk i
imtm
mtm
hkstrujsh? Lumtdm` jursh larsaladm`mk, ihkfm tartutup
jdhak uktuj larphknm` ja jursh ymkf Hkstrujsh? tutup imtm mknm nmk larnhrh
iaiahdhjh pakymkffm tmkfmk jaiunhmk ja sadmi =3 nathj 
mrm` jursh ymkf thnmj iaiahdhjh pakymkffm
tmkfmk
Rjgr  Rjgr 
(∟) > Imipu larphknm` nakfmk sanhjht (∟) > Imipu larnhrh sadmim =3 nathj
 pakffukmmk tmkfmk nakfmk mimk
( ) 2 Imipu larphknm` nakfmk lmktumk tmkfmk ( ) 2 Imipu larnhrh =3 nathj nakfmk
( ) < Imipu larphknm` nakfmk hsymrmt varlmd  pakfmwmsmk
mtmu pakfmwmsmk ( ) < Imipu larnhrh sadmim 2 nathj 
( ) = Iailutu`jmk sagrmkf uktuj iailmktu ( ) = ^hnmj imipu iakm`mk imtm mfmr
( ) 3 Iailutu`jmk num grmkf uktuj tatmp tartutup tatmph tatmp larnhrh
iailmktu mtmu iakfmwmsh nakfmk mimk
( ) 3 Iailutu`jmk lmktumk mfmr thnmj
 omtu`

6. Lar
Larnhr
nhrhh tmk
tmkpm
pm lm
lmktu
ktumk
mk na
nakfm
kfm nnum
um jm
jmjh
jh rm
rmpmt
pmt 0. Iarm
Iarmh`h` jana
janapmk
pmk nakf
nakfmk
mk i
iakfu
akfudur
durjmk
jmk
Hkstrujsh? rmpmtjmk jmjh mknm nmk larnhrhdm` tmkfmk jathjm larnhrh
tmkpm larpafmkfmk Hkstrujsh? datmjmk tmkfmk 83 narmomt,

rafmkfjmk omrh mknm

saimipu mknm nmk iadatmjmk
(pakfuoh rmhdm`
 pakffmrhs uktuj iakfujur omrmj omrh
 

nakfmk tulu`)
Rjgr  Rjgr 
(∟) > Imipu iarmpmtjmk jmjh nmk larnhrh smtu (∟) > Iakbmpmh <1 bi (=3 hkb`h)

iakht ( ) 2 Iakbmpmh =< bi (1 hkb`h)

( ) 2 Imipu iarmpmtjmk jmjh nmk larnhrh smtu ( ) < Iakbmpmh < bi (< hkb`h)
iakht nakfmk pakfmwmsmk ( ) = Nmpmt iarmh` tmph iaiardujmk
( ) < Imipu iarmpmtjmk jmjh tatmph thnmj  pakfmwmsmk
imipu lartm`mk sadmim 23 nathj  ( ) 3 Ja`hdmkfmk jasahilmkfmk jathjm
( ) = Iailutu`jmk lmktumk uktuj iakbmpmh iakbglm/iaiardujmk lmktumk
 pgshsh ymkf nhparhktm`jmk tatmph imipu

 larnhrh sadmim =1 nathj 

( ) 3 Iailutu`jmk lmktumk uktuj iakbmpmh
 pgshsh nmk thnmj nmpmt lartm`mk sadmim =1
nathj 

8. Iak
Iakfmi
fmilhd
lhd gloaj
gloaj nm
nmrh
rh dm
dmktm
ktmhh nmr
nmrhh pgs
pgshsh
hsh =3. Iadh`
Iadh`mt
mt jaladmjm
jaladmjmkf
kf iadawmth lm`u
 larnhrh jmkmk nmk jhrh jathjm larnhrh
Hkstrujsh? milhdm` sapmtu/smknmd nh napmk Hkstrujsh? takfgjdm` jaladmjmkf
jmjh mknm iadawmth lm`u jhrh, dmjujmk jailmdh
ja mrm` jmkmk
Rjgr  Rjgr 
(∟) > Imipu iakfmilhd nakfmk iunm` nmk (∟) > Iadh`mt jaladmjmkf nmrh janum
mimk shsh
( ) 2 Imipu iakfmilhd tatmph iailutu`jmk ( ) 2 Iadh`mt jaladmjmkf `mkym nmrh
 pakfmwmsmk smtu shsh
( ) < ^hnmj imipu iakfmilhd tatmph iarmh` ( ) < @mkym imipu iadh`mt jasmiphkf

<-1 bi nmrh laknm nmk nmpmt iakomfm   tatmph nmpmt iakomfm

jasahilmkfmk

( ) = ^hnmj imipu iakfmilhd nmk
iaiardujmk pakfmwmsmk jathjm iakbglm
( ) 3 ^hnmj nmpmt iakbglm/iailutu`jmk
 lmktumk uktuj iakbafm` `hdmkfkym
jasahilmkfmk mtmu taromtu`
==. Larput
Larputms
ms 253 narmom
narmomtt
Hkstrujsh? larputmrdm` smtu dhkfjmrmk paku`
jaiunhmk udmkfh dmfh nakfmk mrm` lardmwmkmk
Rjgr  Rjgr
(∟) > Imipu larputmr 253 narmomt nakfmk
mimk sadmim > nathj mtmu jurmkf
( ) 2 Imipu larputmr 253 narmomt `mkym nmrh
smtu shsh sadmim > nathj mtmu jurmkf
( ) < Imipu larputmr 253 narmomt, tatmph
nakfmk farmjmk ymkf dmilmt
( ) = Iailutu`jmk pakfmwmsmk mtmu hsymrmt
varlmd
( ) 3 Iailutu`jmk lmktumk ukuj larputmr  (
jasahilmkfmk
( ) = Iailutu`jmk pakfmwmsmk jathjm
iakfgj 
( ) 3 Iailutu`jmk lmktumk uktuj
iakbafm` jathnmj sahilmkfmk
mtmu taromtu`
=<. Iakaip
Iakaipmtjmk
mtjmk jmjh sabmrm larf
larfmkthm
mkthmkk
 pmnm salum` phomjmk jathjm larnhrh
tmkpm lmktumk
Hkstrujsh? taipmtjmk sabmrm larfmkthmk
sathmp jmjh pmnm salum` phomjmk.
Dmkoutjmk smipmh sathmp jmjh
iakyaktu` phomjmk sadmi > jmdh
 
(∟) > Imipu larnhrh imknhrh nk
iadmjujmk 0 phomjmk nmdmi <3
nathj 
( ) 2 Imipu larnhrh imknhrh nmk
iadmjujmk 0 jmdh phomjmk ; <3
nathj 
( ) < Imipu iadmjujmk > phomjmk
tmkpm lmktumk
) = Imipu iadmjujmk ;< phomjmk
nakfmk lmktumk ihkhimd
( ) 3 Iailutu`jmk lmktumk uktuj
iakbafm` omtu`/thnmj imipu
iadmjujmk
 

=2. Larnhr
Larnhrhh tmkpm lmktu
lmktumk
mk nakfm smtu jmjh =>. Larnhrh nakfmk sm
smtu
tu jmjh
nhnapmk jmjh dmhkkym Hkstrujmsh? larnhrhdm` nakfmk smtu jmjh
Hkstrujsh? taipmtjmk dmkfsukf smtu jmjh saimipu mkmnm tmkpm larpafmkfmk
nhnapmk jmjh dmhkkym, ohjm iarmsm thnmj lhsm,
bglmdm` iadmkfjm` saomu` ymkf mknm lhsm
Rjgr  Rjgr 
( ∟ ) > Imipu i
iakaipmtjmk
akaipmtjmk janum jmjh ( ∟ ) > Imipu iakfmkfjmt jmjh nmk
(tmknai) nmk iakm`mk sadmim 23 nathj  iakm`mk ; =3 nathj 
( ) 2 Imipu iakomu`jmk jmjh nmk iakm`mk ( ) 2 Imipu iakfmkfjmt jmjh nmk
sadmi 23 nathj  iakm`mk 1-=3 nathj 
( ) < Imipu iailumt dmkfjm` jabhd nmk ( ) < Imipu iakfmkfjmt jmjh nmk

iakm`mk sadmim 23 nathj  iakm`mk ; 2 nathj 

( ) = Iailutu`jmk lmktumk uktuj iadmkfjm` ( ) = Iakbglm ukfuj iakfmkfjmt jmjh,
nmk imipu iakm`mk sadmim =1 nathj  thnmj nmpmt lartm`mk sadmi 2
nathj, tatmph nmpmt larnhrh imknhrh
( ) 3 Ja`hdmkfmk jasahilkfmk jathjm
( ) 3 ^hnmj imipu iakbglm
iadmkfjm` mtmu larnhrh
^G^MD RJG\ ? 11
Saiarhjsm ? Lr. A

MKMDHRM ? Jdhak iaihdhjh rashjg omtu` raknm` nmk thnmj iaiardujmk mdmt
Lmktu

RJMDM NAS\ARH FA\HM^\H

(Farhmtrhb Naprasshgk Rbmda =1-htai / FNR-=1)

Kg JAMNMMK XMKF NH\MRMJMK RADMIM Khdmh \aspgk

RAIHKFFQ ^A\MJ@H\  XM ^HNMJ  

 

= Mpmjm` mknm salakmrkym pums nakfmk ja`hnupmk 3 =

mknm7
< Mpmjm` mknm tadm` iakhkffmdjmk lmkymj jafhmtmk = 3
nmk ihkmt mtmu jasakmkfmk mknm7

2 Mpmjm` mknm iarmsm ja`hnupmk mknm jgsgkf7 = 3

> Mpmjm` mknm sarhkf iarmsm lgsmk7 = 3

1 Mpmjm` mknm imsh` iaihdhjh saimkfmt `hnup7 3 =

5 Mpmjm` mknm tmjut lm`wm sasumtu ymkf luruj mjmk = 3
taromnh pmnm mknm7
6 Mpmjm` mknm iarmsm Lm`mfhm uktuj Ralmfhmk lasmr 3 =
`hnup mknm7
0 Mpmjm` mknm sarhkf iarmsm thnmj larnmym7 = 3
8 Mpmjm` mknm sujm thkffmd nh ruim`, nmrhpmnm parfh = 3
jadumr uktuj iakfaromjmk sasumtu ymkf lmru7
=3 Mpmjm` mknm iarmsm iaipukymh lmkymj imsmdm` = 3
nakfmk nmym hkfmt mknm nhlmknhkfjmk jalmkymjmk
grmkf7
== Mpmjm` mknm phjhr lm`wm `hnup mknm sajmrmkf hkh 3 =
iakyakmkfjmk7
=< Mpmjm` mknm iarmsm thnmj lar`mrfm7 = 3

=2 Mpmjm` mknm iarmsm paku` saimkfmt7 3 =

=> Mpmjm` mknm iarmsm jamnmmk mknm thnmj mnm = 3
`mrmpmk7
=1 Mpmjm` mknm phjhr lm`wm grmkf dmhk dalh` lmhj = 3
jamnmmkkym nmrhpmnm mknm7
RJG\ 2

Hktarpratmsh?
Ouidm` raspgk nhouidm`jmk nmk nhjmtafgrhjmk iakomnh
=) Rj
Rjggr =3
=3-=
-=11 9 nnaapra
rassh la
larm
rmtt
 

<) Rjg
Rjgrr 5-
5-88 9 napra
naprash
sh rhkf
rhkfmk
mk
2) Rjgr 3-1 9 naprash rhkfmk

MKMDHRM NM^M

Kg Nmtm Egjus Imssmdm` Athgdgfh

=. NR?  Kyarh mjut Mfak pakbanarm
=. Jd
Jdha
hakk iakfm
iakfmtm
tmjm
jmkk kya
kyarh
rh ssjm
jmdm
dm 6 ehshgdgfhs
<. Jdh
Jdhak
ak iakfmt
iakfmtmjm
mjmkk kkyarh
yarh nhr
nhrmsm
msm
num ludmk tarmj`hr hkh
2. Jdh
Jdhak
ak iakfmt
iakfmtmjm
mjmkk K
Kyar
yarhh nhr
nhrmsm
msm
smmt mjthvhtms larmt nmk hsthrm`mt
sanhjht larjurmkf

NG?
=. Jd
Jdha
hakk ttmi
mipmj
pmj ia
iarh
rhkfh
kfhss
<. @m
@msh
shdd sjm
sjmdm
dm kyar
kyarhh 6
2. Jd
Jdha
hakk tmip
tmipmj
mj ssud
udht
ht thnu
thnur 
r 
 

>. ^N
^N?=
?=53/
53/83
83,, Ru`
Ru`u?
u? 26,
26, \\
\\??
<3x/iakht, Kmnh?==3 nmk tarmlm
daim`
<. NR? Sakurukmk burm` Sarulm`mk metardgmn
=. Jd
Jdha
hakk iakfm
iakfmtm
tmjm
jmkk nmn
nmnmm mf
mfmj
mj  omktukf
sasmj ohjm larmjthvhtms larmt
<. Jdh
Jdhak
ak iakfmt
iakfmtmjm
mjmkk thnm
thnmjj kymi
kymimk
mk
nakfmk jgknhshkym

NG?
=. Jd
Jdha
hakk Km
Kmip
ipmj
mj fadh
fadhsm
sm``
<. ^N
^N?? =53/
=53/83
83,, Ru
Ru`u
`u?? 26
26,, \\
\\??
<3x/iakht, Kmnh? ==3 nmk tarmlm
daim`
2. ^urfgr pubmt

NHMFKGRM JASA\MVM^MK

=. Kyarh Mjut lar`uluk

lar`ulukfmk
fmk na
nakfmk
kfmk M
Mfak
fak Sa
Sakbanarm
kbanarm Ehshgd
Ehshgdgfhs
gfhs (N
(N.3366)
.3366)
<. Sakuruk
Sakurukmk
mk Burm
Burm`` Omkt
Omktukf
ukf la
lar`ulukf
r`ulukfmk
mk nakf
nakfmk
mk Sar
Sarulm`mk
ulm`mk Metard
Metardgmn
gmn (N.
(N.3330)
3330)
 

HK^A\UAKRH

Kg Nhmfkgsm ^uoumk Hktarvaksh

=. Kyarh Mjut l.n Mfak Ratadm` nhdmjujmk thknmjmk Imkmoaiak Kyarh
Sakbanarm Ehshgdgfhs sadmim 2x<> omi (H.30<20)
(N.3366) ^uoumk? Kyarh larjurmkf Glsarvmsh?
Nakfmk Jrhtarhm =. Hn
Hnak
akth
theh
ehjm
jmsh
sh
@mshd(Sareush Ihgjmrn)? dgjmsh,
=. Ky
Kyar
arhh nmn
nmnmm i
iak
akur
uruk
uk jmrmjtarhsthj,
<. ^a
^ajm
jmkm
kmkk nnmr
mrm`
m` nurmsh,
iailmhj  erajuaksh,
2. Na
Naky
kyut
ut kmnh
kmnh rmnh
rmnhmd
md jumdhtms,
 

iailmhj  hktakshtms kyarh

>. ^ajm
^ajmkm
kmkk mmrt
rtarh
arh mrta
mrtarh
rh <. Hn
Hnak
akth
theh
ehjm
jmsh
sh
rmtm-rmtm iailmhj  sjmdm kyarh
2. Hn
Hnak
akth
theh
ehjm
jmsh
sh
raspgk kyarh kgk
varlmd
>. Hn
Hnak
akth
theh
ehjm
jmsh
sh
embtgr ymkf
iaiparlarmt
nmk
iaiparhkfmk
kyarh

^armpauthj?
=. La
Larhrhjm
jmkk tajk
tajkhj
hj
kgk
emrimjgdgfhs
uktuj
iakfurmkfh rmsm
kyarh
<. Bgktrgd

dhkfjukfmk ymkf
iaipalarmt
rmsm kyarh
2. Emsh
Emshddhtmsh
tmsh
hsthrm`mt nmk
thnur 
>. Sart
Sarthi
hilm
lmkf
kfjm
jmkk
 oakhs nmk suilar 
kyarh nmdmi
 paihdh`mk
strmtafh
 

iaranmjmk kyarh

Anujmsh?
=. Oadmsjmk
 pakyalml,
 parhgna, nmk
 paihbu kyarh
<. Oadm
Oadmsj
sjmk
mk strm
strmta
tafh
fh
iaranmjmk kyarh
2. Mkourjmk
iakffukmjmk
mkmdfathj sabmrm
tapmt
>. Momr
Momrjm
jmkk tajk
tajkhj
hj
kgkemrimjgdgfhs
uktuj
iakfurmkfh rmsm
kyarh

Jgdmlgrmsh?
Jgdmlgrmsh pailarhmk
mkmdfathj, ohjm pardu
<. Sakurukmk Burm` Ratadm` nhdmjujmk thknmjmk Sarmwmtmk omktukf
Omktukf l.n Sarulm`mk sadmim 2x<> omi (H.3<361)
Metardgmn ^uoumk? jamnajumtmk burm` Glsarvmsh?
 omktukf =. Hn
Hnak
akth
theh
ehjm
jmsh
sh
Nakfmk Jrhtarhm @mshd(Burm` tmknm/faomdm
Omktukf)?  prhiar
=. Jajumtmk kmnh  pakurukmk burm`
 parhear iakhkfjmt  omktukf
<. Dadm` iakuruk <. Ig
Igkh
khtg
tgrr smtu
smturm
rmsh
sh
2. Iuriur omktukf gjshfak
 

iakuruk 2. Sarh
Sarhjs
jsmm tajm
tajmkm
kmkk
>. Nyspkam iakuruk nmrm` nmk
erajuaksh kmnh
saladui nmk
sasunm`
mjthvhtms/
 pailarhmk glmt
>. Ig
Igkh
khtg
tgrr mr
mrht
htih
ihmm

^armpauthj?
=. Sgsh
Sgshsh
shjm
jmkk pmsa
pmsahk
hk
saih-egwdar mtmu
egwdar nakfmk
jmjh ja lmwm`
mtmu pgshsh
kymimk
<. La
Larh
rhjm
jmkk nhat
nhat
 omktukf ymkf
sasumh
2. Larhjmk
nujukfmk

aigshgkmd nmk
sphrhtumd

Anujmsh?
=. Mkourjmk
 larmjthvhtms ehshj 
sasumh tgdarmksh
<. Mkourjmk
 lar`akth iagjgj 

2. Momr
Momrjm
jmkk pm
pmsh
shak
ak
nmk jadumrfm
 

iakfujur larmt
 lmnmk `mrhmk

Jgdmlgrmsh?

=. Jgdmlgr
lgrmsh
 pailarhmk
mkthmrhtihm, ohjm
 pardu
<. \uouj ja
 prgfrmi
ra`mlhdhtmsh
 omktukf
 

HISDAIAK^MRH
^FD/OMI Nhmfkgsm Hipdaiaktmsh \aspgk Smrme  
=< Gjtglar   Kyarh Mjut Glsarvmsh? Glsarvmsh?
<3<=/  l.n Mfak =. Hna
Hnakt
kthe
hehj
hjmsh
msh dgjms
dgjmsh,
h, =.
30.33 VHL Sakbanarm jmrmjtarhsthj, nurmsh, R? Jdhak
Ehshgdgfhs erajuaksh, jumdhtms, iakfmtmjmk
hktakshtms kyarh kyarh nh nmnm
<. Hna
Hnakt
kthe
hehj
hjmsh
msh sjmd
sjmdmm ky
kyar
arhh saladm` jhrh
2. Hna
Hnakt
kthe
hehj
hjmsh
msh embt
embtgr
gr yymk
mkff saparth tarlmjmr 
iaiparlarmt nmk G? Jdhak
iaiparhkfmk kyarh tmipmj
iarhkfhs nmk
^armpauthj?
fadhsm`
=. La
Larh
rhjm
jmkk taj
tajkh
khjj kg
kgkk
<.
emrimjgdgfhs uktuj
R? Jdhak
iakfurmkfh rmsm kyarh
iakfmtmjmk
<. Bg
Bgkt
ktrg
rgdd dhk
dhkfj
fjuk
ukfm
fmkk
sjmdm kyarh 6
ymkf iaiparlarmt rmsm
kyarh G? Jdhak
tmipmj
2. Em
Emsh
shdh
dhtm
tmsh
sh hs
hsth
thrm`
rm`mt
mt nnmk
mk
iarhkfhs nmk
thnur 
fadhsm`
>. Sa
Sart
rthi
hilm
lmkfj
kfjmk
mk oakh
oakhss
2.
nmk suilar kyarh nmdmi
R? Jdhak
 paihdh`mk strmtafh
iakfmtmjmk
iaranmjmk kyarh
jathjm mjthvhtms
Anujmsh?  larmt kyarh
=. Oa
Oadm
dmsj
sjmk
mk pa
paky
kyal
alml
ml,,  lartmilm`,
 

 parhgna, nmk paihbu jathjm hsthrm`mt

kyarh kyarh
<. Oa
Oadm
dmsj
sjmk
mk sstr
trmt
mtaf
afhh  larjurmkf
iaranmjmk kyarh G?
2. Mk
Mkou
ourj
rjmk
mk iakf
iakffuk
fukmj
mjmk
mk Jdhak tmipmj
mkmdfathj sabmrm tapmt fadhsm`
>. Momr
Momrjm
jmkk ta
tajk
jkhhj
kgkemrimjgdgfhs uktuj ^armpauthj?
iakfurmkfh rmsm kyarh =.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
 ladui parkm`

nhmomrjmk tarmph
kgk
emrimjgdgfhs
G? Jdhak
tmipmj
 lhkfukf nmk
 lartmkym ‒
^mkym
<.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
tarfmkffu ohjm
dhkfjukfmk
thnmj jgknushe
nmk larnalu
G? Jdhak
tmipmj fadhsm`

2.
R? Jdhak
 

iakfmtmjmk
hsthrm`mt nmk
thnur thnmj
tarmtur 
G? Jdhak
tmipmj daims
>.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
upmym
iaranmjmk
kyarh nakfmk

iakfadus nmnm
nmk hsthrm`mt
saoakmj 
G? Jdhak
 Kmipmj
fadhsm`

Anujmsh?
=.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
thnmj tm`u nmrh
imkm imkm nmk
mpm pakyalml
kyarh
nhnmnmkym
jmilu`

G? jdhak
tmipmj
 

 lartmkym-tmkym
<.
R? jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
`mkym
iakfadus nmnm
nmk hsthrm`mt
saoakmj uktuj
iakfmtmsh
kyarh
G? Jdhak
 Kmipmj

 lhkfukf
2.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
 ladui
iakfatm`uh
glmt ‒ glmtmk
ymkf `mrus
nhjgksuish
iakfakmh
 pakymjhtkym
G? Jdhak
 Kmipmj
 lhkfukf
>.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk

 ladui
iakfatm`uh
 

tajkhs kgk
emrimjgdgfhs
uktuj
iaranmjmk
kyarh
G? Jdhak
tmipmj
 lhkfukf

=< Gjtglar  Sakurukmk Glsarvmsh? Glsarvmsh

<3<=/30.23 Burm` =. Hnakthehjmsh tmknm/faomdm =.
VHL Omktukf l.n  prhiar pakurukmk burm` R? Jdhak
Sarulm`mk  omktukf iakfmtmjmk
Metardgmn <. Igkhtgr smturmsh smjht nmnm thlm
gjshfak  ‒ thlm
2. Sarhjsm ta
tajmkmk nnmmrm`  lartmilm` ohjm
nmk erajuaksh kmnh saladui nmk mjthvhtms larmt
sasunm` mjthvhtms/ pailarhmk G? Jdhak
glmt tmipmj fadhsm`
<.
^armpauthj? R? Jdhak

=. Sgshshjmk ppmmsahk ssaaih- iakfmtmj mfmj

egwdar mtmu egwdar nakfmk jmjh sasmj nmk smjht
ja lmwm` mtmu pgshsh kymimk nmnm saladm`
<. Larhjmk nhat omktukf jhrh
ymkf sasumh G? jdhak
2. Larhjmk nujukfmk tmipmj daims,
aigshgkmd nmk sphrhtumd smturmsh 8<
2.
Anujmsh? R? Jdhak
=. Mkourjmk larmjthvhtms iakfmtmjmk
 

ehshj sasumh tgdarmksh sasmj nmnm

<. Mkourjmk lar`akth  larnalmr nalmr 
iargjgj  G? @mshd ^N?
2. Momrjmk pmshak nmk =53/83 Kmnh
jadumrfm iakfujur larmt lmnmk ==3
`mrhmk
^armpauthj?
=.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
kymimk satadm`
nhpgshshjmk

nunuj saih
egwdar 
G? Jdhak
tmipmj takmkf
<.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sunm`
iakfurmkfh
rgjgj nmk
imjmkmk
 larjgdastrgd
G? Jdhak
tmipmj
iakoadmsjmk
sabmrm mjthe 
2.

R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
 

jmnmkf sadmdu
 lartarhmj ohjm
smjhtkym
jmilu`. Qktuj 
sphrhtumd jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sadmdu
iadmjsmkmjmk
s`gdmt 1 wmjtu
nmk ruthk
 pakfmohmk
G? Jdhak

tmipmj
 larbarhtm
Anujmsh?
=.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
 omrmkf mjthvhtms
gdm`rmfm
jmrakm tmjut
thilud kyarh
nhnmnm
G? Jdhak
tmipmj fadhsm`
<.
R? Jdhak sunm`
iakfurmkfh
iargjgj 

G? Jdhak
tmipmj mjthe
 

iakoadmsjmk
2.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
thnmj parkm`
iaimktmu ll
`mrhmk
G? Jdhak
tmipmj
 lhkfukf

^FD/OMI Nhmfkgsm Hipdaiaktmsh \aspgk Smrme  

=2 Gjtglar   Kyarh Mjut Glsarvmsh? Glsarvmsh?
<3<=/  l.n Mfak =. Hnak
Hnakth
theh
ehjm
jmsh
sh dgjm
dgjmsh
sh,, =.
30.33 VHL Sakbanarm jmrmjtarhsthj, nurmsh, R? Jdhak
Ehshgdgfhs erajuaksh, jumdhtms, iakfmtmjmk
hktakshtms kyarh kyarh nh nmnm
<. Hnak
Hnakth
theh
ehjm
jmsh
sh sj
sjmd
mdmm saladm` jhrh
kyarh saparth tarlmjmr 
2. Hnak
Hnakth
theh
ehjm
jmsh
sh embt
embtgr
gr sunm`
ymkf iaiparlarmt  larjurmkf

nmk iaiparhkfmk G? Jdhak

kyarh tmipmj sanhjht
takmkf
^armpauthj?
<.
=. La
Larh
rhjm
jmkk ttaj
ajkh
khjj kg
kgkk
R? Jdhak
emrimjgdgfhs uktuj
iakfmtmjmk
iakfurmkfh rmsm
sjmdm kyarh 2
kyarh
G? Jdhak
<. Bg
Bgkt
ktrg
rgdd dh
dhkf
kfju
jukf
kfmk
mk
tmipmj sanhjht
ymkf iaiparlarmt iarhkfhs
rmsm kyarh
 2.

2. Em
Emsh
shdh
dhtm
tmsh
sh hsth
hsthrm
rm`mt
`mt R? Jdhak
nmk thnur  iakfmtmjmk
>. Sa
Sart
rthi
hilm
lmkf
kfjm
jmkk oakh
oakhss sunm`
nmk suilar kyarh iakfurmkfh
nmdmi paihdh`mk mjthvhtms larmt
strmtafh iaranmjmk nmk
kyarh iakhkfjmtjmk
hsthrm`mt bujup
Anujmsh?
nmk imjmk
=. Oadmsjmk
imjmkmk sa`mt
 pakyalml,
G?
 parhgna, nmk
Jdhak tmipmj
 paihbu kyarh
<. Oadm
Oadmsj
sjmk
mk strm
strmtafh  lmhj 
tafh
iaranmjmk kyarh
^armpauthj?
2. Mkourjmk
=.
iakffukmjmk
R? Jdhak
mkmdfathj sabmrm
iakfmtmjmk
tapmt
sunm` iudmh
>. Mo
Momr
mrjm
jmkk tajk
tajkhj
hj
imjmk lmkymj
kgkemrimjgdgfhs
smyur nmk lum`
uktuj G? Jdhak
iakfurmkfh rmsm
tmipmj lmhj 
kyarh
<.
R? Jadumrfm
jdhak sunm`
iakarmpjmk
dhkfjukfmk
ymkf takmkf

mfmr tar`hknmr
nmrh stras
 

G? Jdhak
tmipmj takmkf
2.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sunm` iudmh
thnur nmk
hsthrm`mt tarmtur 
G? Jdhak
tmipmj takmkf
>.
R? Jdhak

iakfmtmsh
kyarh sunm`
nakfmk
hshtrm`mt bujup,
imjmk smyur
nmk lum`
G? Jdhak
kmipmj takmkf

Anujmsh?
=.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
kyarh thilud
 ohjm larmjthehtms
 larmt nmk
imjmk

imjmkmk
 larjgdastrgd
 

thkffh
G? jdhak
tmipmj mjthe 
<.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
gdm`rmfm
rhkfmk, hsthrm`mt
tarmtur nmk
imjmk
imjmkmk smyur
nmk lum` mfmr

kyarh thnmj
thilud
G? Jdhak
tmipmj mjthe 
2.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sunm`
iakfatm`uh
glmt ‒ glmtmk
ymkf `mrus
nhjgksuish
iakfakmh
 pakymjhtkym
G? Jdhak
^mipmj mjthe 
>.

R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
 

nakfm gdm`rmfm
rhkfmk nmk
hshtrm`mt bujup
G? Jdhak
tmipmj mjthe 

=2 Gjtglar  Sakurukmk Glsarvmsh? Glsarvmsh

<3<=/30.23 Burm` =. Hnakthehjmsh tmknm/faomdm =.
VHL Omktukf l.n  prhiar pakurukmk burm` R? Jdhak
Sarulm`mk  omktukf iakfmtmjmk
Metardgmn <. Igkhtgr smturmsh smjht nmnm thlm
gjshfak  ‒ thlm sunm`
2. Sarhjsm ta
tajmkmk nnmmrm`  larjurmkf
nmk erajuaksh kmnh saladui nmk G? Jdhak
sasunm` mjthvhtms/ pailarhmk tmipmj takmkf
glmt <.
R? Jdhak
^armpauthj? iakfmtmj mfmj
=. Sgshshjmk ppmmsahk ssaaih- sasmj nmk smjht
egwdar mtmu egwdar nakfmk jmjh nmnm sunm`
ja lmwm` mtmu pgshsh kymimk  larjurmkf

<. Larhjmk nhat omktukf G? jdhak

ymkf sasumh tmipmj takmkf,
2. Larhjmk nujukfmk smturmsh 86
aigshgkmd nmk sphrhtumd 2.
R? Jdhak
Anujmsh? iakfmtmjmk
=. Mkourjmk larmjthvhtms sasmj nmnm
ehshj sasumh tgdarmksh  larnalmr nalmr
<. Mkourjmk lar`akth sunm`
iargjgj   larjurmkf
 

2. Momrjmk pmshak nmk G? @mshd ^N?

jadumrfm iakfujur larmt lmnmk =>3/83 Kmnh 83
`mrhmk
^armpauthj?
=.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
kymimk satadm`
nhpgshshjmk
nunuj saih
egwdar 
G? Jdhak

tmipmj takmkf
<.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sunm` omrmkf
rgjgj nmk
sunm` thnmj
imjmk
imjmkmk
 larjgdastrgd
G? Jdhak
tmipmj
iakoadmsjmk
sabmrm mjthe 
2.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk

sunm` takmkf
jmrakm kyarh
 

sunm`
 larjurmkf
Qktuj sphrhtumd
jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sadmdu
iadmjsmkmjmk
s`gdmt 1 wmjtu
nmk ruthk
 pakfmohmk
G? Jdhak
tmipmj

 larbarhtm nmk
takmkf
Anujmsh?
=.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sunm` iudmh
ruthk mjthvhtms
gdm`rmfm rhkfmk
jmrakm thnmj
iakhiludjmk
kyarh nhnmnm
G? Jdhak
tmipmj takmkf
<.
R? Jdhak sunm`
iakfurmkfh

iargjgj 
 G? Jdhak

tmipmj mjthe
iakoadmsjmk
2.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sunm` iudmh
ruthk
iakhkilmkf
nmk iakbmtmt
 ll `mrhmk
G? Jdhak
tmipmj sakmkf
^FD/OMI Nhmfkgsm Hipdaiaktmsh \aspgk Smrme  
=> Gjtglar   Kyarh Glsarvmsh? Glsarvmsh?
<3<=/ Mjut l.n =. Hnakt
Hnakthe
hehj
hjmsh
msh dgjms
dgjmsh,
h, =.
30.33 VHL Mfak jmrmjtarhsthj, nurmsh, R? Jdhak
Sakbanarm erajuaksh, jumdhtms, iakfmtmjmk
Ehshgdgfhs hktakshtms kyarh kyarh nh nmnm
<. Hnak
Hnakth
theh
ehjm
jmsh
sh sj
sjmd
mdmm saladm` jhrh
kyarh saparth
2. Hnakt
Hnakthe
hehj
hjmsh
msh embt
embtgr
gr tarlmjmr

ymkf iaiparlarmt sunm` thnmj

nmk iaiparhkfmk mnm
kyarh G? Jdhak
^armpauthj? tmipmj
=. La
Larh
rhjm
jmkk ttaj
ajkh
khjj kg
kgkk takmkf
emrimjgdgfhs uktuj <.
iakfurmkfh rmsm R? Jdhak
kyarh iakfmtmjmk
<. Bg
Bgkt
ktrg
rgdd dhk
dhkfj
fjuk
ukfm
fmkk sjmdm kyarh =
ymkf iaiparlarmt G? Jdhak
 rmsm kyarh tmipmj

2. Em
Emsh
shdh
dhtm
tmsh
sh hsth
hsthrm`
rm`mt
mt takmkf
nmk thnur  2.
>. Sa
Sart
rthi
hilm
lmkfj
kfjmk
mk oakh
oakhss R? Jdhak
nmk suilar kyarh iakfmtmjmk
nmdmi paihdh`mk sunm` iudmh
strmtafh iaranmjmk ruthk
kyarh iakfurmkfh
Anujmsh? mjthvhtms larmt
=. Oadmsjmk nmk
 pakyalml, iakhkfjmtjmk
 parhgna, nmk hsthrm`mt
 paihbu kyarh bujup nmk

<. Oadm
Oadmsj
sjmk
mk sstr
trmt
mtaf
afhh imjmk
iaranmjmk kyarh imjmkmk
2. Mkourjmk sa`mt
iakffukmjmk G?
mkmdfathj sabmrm Jdhak tmipmj
tapmt  lmhj 
>. Mo
Momr
mrjm
jmkk tajk
tajkhj
hj
kgkemrimjgdgfhs ^armpauthj?
uktuj =.
iakfurmkfh rmsm R? Jdhak
kyarh iakfmtmjmk
sunm` ruthk
imjmk
 lmkymj smyur
nmk lum`
G? Jdhak
tmipmj lmhj 

<.
 R? Jadumrfm

jdhak sunm`
iakarmpjmk
dhkfjukfmk
ymkf takmkf
mfmr tar`hknmr 
nmrh stras
G? Jdhak
tmipmj
takmkf
2.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk

sunm` ruthk
thnur nmk
hsthrm`mt
tarmtur 
G? Jdhak
tmipmj
takmkf
>.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmsh
kyarh sunm`
nakfmk
hshtrm`mt
bujup, imjmk
smyur nmk
 lum`
G? Jdhak

kmipmj
 takmkf

Anujmsh?
=.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
kyarh thilud
 ohjm
 larmjthehtms
 larmt nmk
imjmk
imjmkmk
 larjgdastrgd

thkffh
G? jdhak
tmipmj mjthe 
<.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
gdm`rmfm
rhkfmk,
hsthrm`mt
tarmtur nmk
imjmk
imjmkmk
smyur nmk
 lum` mfmr
kyarh thnmj
thilud
G? Jdhak

tmipmj mjthe 
 2.

R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sunm`
iakfatm`uh
glmt ‒ glmtmk
ymkf `mrus
nhjgksuish
iakfakmh
 pakymjhtkym
G? Jdhak
^mipmj mjthe 
>.

R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
nakfm
gdm`rmfm
rhkfmk nmk
hshtrm`mt
bujup
G? Jdhak
tmipmj mjthe 

=> Gjtglar  Sakurukm Glsarvmsh? Glsarvmsh

<3<=/30.23 k Burm` =. Hnakthehjmsh ttmmknm/faomdm =.
VHL Omktukf  prhiar pakurukmk burm` omktukf R? Jdhak
 l.n <. Igkhtgr sm
smturmsh gjshfak iakfmtmjmk
Sarulm`mk 2. Sarhjsm ta
tajmkmk nm
nmrm` nnmmk smjht nmnm
Metardgmn erajuaksh kmnh saladui nmk sasunm` thlm ‒ thlm
mjthvhtms/ pailarhmk glmt sunm` thnmj
mnm
^armpauthj? G? Jdhak
 

=. Sgshshjmk ppmmsahk ssaaih- tmipmj

egwdar mtmu egwdar nakfmk jmjh ja takmkf
 lmwm` mtmu pgshsh kymimk <.
<. Larhjmk nhat omktukf ymkf R? Jdhak
sasumh iakfmtmj
2. Larhjmk nujukfmk mfmj sasmj
aigshgkmd nmk sphrhtumd nmk smjht
nmnm sunm`
Anujmsh? thnmj mnm
=. Mkourjmk larmjthvhtms ehshj G? jdhak
sasumh tgdarmksh tmipmj
<. Mkourjmk lar`akth iargjgj  takmkf,

2. Momrjmk pmshak nmk jadumrfm smturmsh 80

iakfujur larmt lmnmk `mrhmk 2.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sasmj nmnm
 larnalmr
nalmr sunm`
thnmj mnm
G? @mshd ^N?
=23/03 Kmnh
00

^armpauthj?
=.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
kymimk

satadm`
 nhpgshshjmk

nunuj saih
egwdar 
G? Jdhak
tmipmj
takmkf
<.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sunm` thnmj
iargjgj nmk
sunm` thnmj
imjmk

imjmkmk
 larjgdastrgd
G? Jdhak
tmipmj
iakoadmsjmk
sabmrm mjthe 
2.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sunm` takmkf
jmrakm kyarh
sunm` omrmkf
mnm. Qktuj
sphrhtumd jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sadmdu
iadmjsmkmjmk

s`gdmt 1
 wmjtu nmk

ruthk
 pakfmohmk
G? Jdhak
tmipmj
 larbarhtm nmk
takmkf
Anujmsh?
=.
R? Jdhak
iakfmtmjmk
sunm` ruthk
mjthvhtms

gdm`rmfm
rhkfmk jmrakm
thnmj
iakhiludjmk
kyarh nhnmnm
G? Jdhak
tmipmj
takmkf
<.
R? Jdhak
sunm`
iakfurmkfh
iargjgj 
G? Jdhak
tmipmj mjthe
iakoadmsjmk
2.

R? Jdhak
 iakfmtmjmk

sunm` iudmh
ruthk
iakhkilmkf
nmk iakbmtmt
 ll `mrhmk
G? Jdhak
tmipmj
sakmkf

AUMDQMRH

Kg ^fd&Vmjtu Nhmfkgsm Avmdumsh

= =< Gjtglar  Kyarh Mjut l.n Mfak R?
<3<=/30.33 VHL Sakbanarm Ehshgdgfhs =. Jdha
Jdhakk ia
iakf
kfmt
mtmjm
mjmkk ky
kyarh
arh nh

nmnm saladm` jhrh saparth

tarlmjmr 
<. Jdha
Jdhakk i
iak
akfm
fmtm
tmjmk
jmk sjmdm
sjmdm
kyarh 6
2. R? J
Jdh
dhak
ak i
iak
akfm
fmtm
tmjm
jmkk jat
jathj
hjmm
mjthvhtms larmt kyarh
 lartmilm`, jathjm hsthrm`mt
kyarh larjurmkf
>. Jdha
Jdhakk i
iak
akfmt
fmtmjm
mjmkk la
ladu
dui
i
 parkm` nhmomrjmk tarmph kgk
 

emrimjgdgfhs
1. Jdha
Jdhakk iak
iakfm
fmtm
tmjmk
jmk ttarf
arfmk
mkffu
ffu
 ohjm dhkfjukfmk thnmj
jgknushe nmk larnalu
5. Jdha
Jdhakk iak
iakfmt
fmtmjm
mjmkk hst
hsthr
hrm`
m`mt
mt
nmk thnur thnmj tarmtur 
6. Jdha
Jdhakk i
iak
akfm
fmtm
tmjmk
jmk upmy
upmymm
iaranmjmk kyarh nakfmk
iakfadus nmnm nmk hsthrm`mt
saoakmj
0. Jdha
Jdhakk iak
iakfm
fmtm
tmjmk
jmk tthn
hnmj
mj tm
tm`u
`u
nmrh imkm nmk mpm pakyalml

kyarh nhnmnmkym jmilu`

8. jdha
jdhakk ia
iakf
kfmt
mtmj
mjmk
mk ``mky
mkymm
iakfadus nmnm nmk hsthrm`mt
saoakmj uktuj iakfmtmsh
kyarh
=3. Jdhak iakfmt
iakfmtmjmk
mjmk lad
ladui
ui
iakfatm`uh glmt ‒ glmtmk
ymkf `mrus nhjgksuish
iakfakmh pakymjhtkym
==. Jdhak iakfmt
iakfmtmjmk
mjmk lad
ladui
ui
iakfatm`uh tajkhs kgk
emrimjgdgfhs uktuj
iaranmjmk kyarh

G?
=. Jdha
Jdhakk tm
tmip
ipmj
mj ia
iarh
rhkf
kfhs
hs nnmk
mk
fadhsm`
<. Rj
Rjmmdm kkyyarh 6
2. Jd
Jdha
hakk tm
tmip
ipmj
mj lh
lhkf
kfuk
ukff
 >. Jdha
Jdhakk tmi
tmipmj
pmj lartm
lartmkym
kym ‒

^mkym

M?
  Imsmdm` ladui tarmtmsh

S?
  Dmkoutjmk hktarvaksh
< =< Gjtglar Sakurukmk Burm` R?
<3<=/30.23 VHL Omktukf l.n Sarulm`mk =. Jdha
Jdhakk iak
iakfm
fmtm
tmjmk
jmk ssmjh
mjhtt nmn
nmnmm
Metardgmn thlm ‒ thlm lartmilm` ohjm
mjthvhtms larmt
<. Jdha
Jdhakk ia
iakf
kfmt
mtmj
mj mmfm
fmjj sa
sasmj
smj
nmk smjht nmnm saladm` jhrh
2. Jdha
Jdhakk i
iak
akfmt
fmtmjm
mjmkk sa
sasm
smjj
nmnm larnalmr nalmr 
>. Jdha
Jdhakk ia
iakf
kfmt
mtmjm
mjmkk ky
kymi
mimk
mk
satadm` nhpgshshjmk nunuj
saih egwdar 
1. Jdha
Jdhakk ia
iakf
kfmt
mtmjm
mjmkk sun
sunm`
m`
iakfurmkfh rgjgj nmk
imjmkmk larjgdastrgd
5. Jdha
Jdhakk ia
iakf
kfmt
mtmjm
mjmkk jm
jmnm
nmkf
kf
sadmdu lartarhmj ohjm smjhtkym
jmilu`. Qktuj sphrhtumd
jdhak iakfmtmjmk sadmdu
iadmjsmkmjmk s`gdmt 1 wmjtu
nmk ruthk pakfmohmk
6. Jdha
Jdhakk ia
iakf
kfmt
mtmjm
mjmkk om
omrmk
rmkff
mjthvhtms gdm`rmfm jmrakm
tmjut thilud kyarh nhnmnm
0. Jdha
Jdhakk ssun
unm`
m` iakfu
iakfurmk
rmkfh
fh
 

iargjgj 
8. Jdha
Jdhakk i
iak
akfm
fmtm
tmjmk
jmk thnmj
thnmj
 parkm` iaimktmu ll `mrhmk

G?
=. Jdha
Jdhakk tmip
tmipmj
mj fadhs
fadhsm`
m`
<. jdhak
jdhak tmipmj
tmipmj dai
daims,
ms, smt
smturm
urmsh
sh
8<
2. G? @
@ms
mshd
hd ^N
^N?? ==53/
53/83
83 K
Kmnh
mnh
==3
>. Jd
Jdha
hakk tm
tmip
ipmj
mj ttak
akmk
mkff
1. Jdha
Jdhakk tm
tmip
ipmj
mj ia
iako
koad
admsj
msjmk
mk
sabmrm mjthe 
5. Jdha
Jdhakk ttmi
mipmj
pmj larba
larbarh
rhtm
tm

M?
  Imsmdm` ladui tarmtmsh

A?
  Dmkoutjmk Hktarvaksh