Flr`ujmril

Mklfmr`m cb
Qlcljleàm
[motimel Eû`bz Lrtiz
[motimel Eû`bz Fmku
Fmkuocl
ocl
Glsé @moubj Lemjjm ^lcràeubz
Motloil Gbs÷s Wmjmkmào Vikuým
©BCIKIÛO
MKLFM^@M CI[S^INRKIÛO [.M.
[. M.

Qljàelol [motm @mremritm

K/ Jjlnrbemt >1

18>>; SB^^M[[M (NM^KBJLOM)

K/ Kmpitío Hmym 26, >·B
>81>1 @MC^IC

©CI^BKKIÛO Y KLL^CIOMKIÛO
Bcemr Mnmrkm Jmkhéo

©MRSL^B[
Bcemr Mnmrkm Jmkhéo
[mrm Mpmrikil Emrkàm
Frmokiskl ^uiz Elozíjbz

©CI[BÝL Y @M]RBSMKIÛO
[breierá﬍k

M[I[SBOKI M SÉKOIKM
M[I[SBOKIM
M Kmr`bo Nmu, Cirbktlrm
Cirbk tlrm Sékoikm cb Mklfmr`m

Slcls jls cbrbkhls rbsbrvmcls

Slcls
Ol sb pbr`itb rbprlcukir, mj`mkbomr bo sistb`ms
cb rbkupbrmkiûo cb jm ioflr`mkiûo, oi trmos`itir pmrtb
mjeuom cb bstm punjikmkiûo, kumjquibrm qub sbm bj `bcil
b`pjbmcl –bjbktrûoikl, `bkíoikl, fltlklpimcl, ermnmcl,
btk, btk.–, sio bj pbr`isl cb jls titujmrbs cb jls cbrbkhls
cb jm prlpibcmc iotbjbktumj y cbj bcitlr.
 @moumj cb
flr`ujmkiûo cb
`bcikm`botls
iocivicumjizmcls bo
plcljleàm

[motimel Eû`bz Fmkuocl

Lrtiz
Glsé @moubj Lemjjm ^lcràeubz
Motloil Gbs÷s Wmjmk
Wmjmkmào
mào Vikuým
V ikuým
 MÝ L >1=5
Q^I@B^M BCIKIÛO. MÝL >1=5

QVF7 ;1₪

[motimel Eû`bz Lrtiz

[motimel Eû`bz Fmkuocl
Glsé @moubj Lemjjm ^lcràeubz
Motloil Gbs÷s Wmjmkmào Vikuým

"]ubcm rieurlsm`botb prlhinicm, sio jm mutlrizmkiûo cbj titujmr cbj Klpyrieht, nmgl
jms smokilobs bstmnjbkicms
bstmnjb kicms plr jby, jm rbprlcukkiûo pmrkimj l tltmj cb bstm lnrm plr
kumjquibr `bcil l prlkbci`ibotl, kl`prbocicls jm rbprlermfàm y bj trmtm`ibotl
ioflr`ítikl y jm cistrinukiûo cb bgb`pjmrbs cb bjjm `bcimotb mjquijbr l préstm`l
p÷njikls."

Jms kibokims cb jm smjuc bstío bo pbr`mobotb

pb r`mobotb km`nil. M `bcicm qub jms oubvms
iovbstiemkilobs y jm bxpbribokim kjàoikm m`pjàmo oubstrl klolki`ibotl sb rbquibrbo
rbquib rbo
`lci﬍kmkilobs bo jms `lcmjicmcbs tbrmpéutikms y bo jls trmtm`ibotls fmr`mkl-
jûeikls. Jls mutlrbs cb bstm lnrm hmo vbri﬍kmcl tlcm jm ioflr`mkiûo klo fubotbs
﬍mnjbs pmrm msbeurmrsb cb qub éstm sbm kl`pjbtm y mklrcb klo jls bstíocmrbs
mkbptmcls bo bj `l`botl cb jm punjikmkiûo.

[io b`nmrel, bo vistm cb jm plsinijicmc cb uo brrlr

brr lr hu`mol l cb km`nils bo jms
kibokims `écikms, oi jls mutlrbs, oi MKLFM^@M l kumjquibr ltrm pbrslom i`pji-
kmcm bo jm prbpmrmkiûo
prbpmrmk iûo l jm punjikmkiûo cb bstb trmnmgl emrmotizmo qub jm tltmjicmc
cb jm ioflr`mkiûo mquà klotboicm sbm bxmktm l kl`pjbtm y ol sb rbsplosmnijizmo
rb splosmnijizmo
plr brrlrbs u l`isilobs l plr jls rbsujtmcls
rbsujtm cls lntboicls cbj usl cb bstm ioflr`m-
kiûo. [b mklosbgm m jls jbktlrbs klo﬍r`mrjm klo ltrms fubotbs.
Qlr bgb`pjl y bo pmrtikujmr, sb rbkl`ibocm m jls jbktlrbs rbvismr jls jinrls cb
fmr`mkljleàm y flr`ujmkiûo cb kmcm `bcikm`botl iocivicumj qub pjmobmo prbs-
krinir l bjmnlrmr pmrm kbrkilrmrsb qub jm ioflr`mkiûo klotboicm bo bstb jinrl sbm
klrrbktm y ol sb hmymo prlcukicl km`nils bo jls cmtls prlplrkilomcls.

© jls mutlrbs
© Mklfmr`m Cistrinukiûo [.M.
K/Jjlnrbemt, >1. Qlje. [motm @mremritm
18>>; Sbrrmssm (Nmrkbjlom)
Sbj. 9; 5;6 11 88

3
 Mutlrbs

MRSL^B[

[MOSIMEL EÛ@BW L^SIW

Fmr`mkéutikl. Bspbkimjistm bo flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj.

Qrlfbslr kljmnlrmclr cb @ístbr y Qlstermcl cbj Cbpmrtm`botl
Cbpmr tm`botl cb plcljleàm.
Roivbrsicmc cb Nmrkbjlom.

Qrlfbslr kljmnlrmclr cb prlerm`ms cb flr`mkiûo cbj Klosbgl Ebobrmj cb Kljb-

eils L﬍kimjbs cb Qlcûjlels cb Bspmým.

[MOSIMEL EÛ@BW FMKROCL

Fmr`mkéutikl. Bspbkimjistm bo flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj.

Qrlfbslr kljmnlrmclr
Roivbrsicmc cb @ístbr y Qlstermcl cbj Cbpmrtm`botl
cb Nmrkbjlom. Cbpmr tm`botl cb plcljleàm.

Qrlfbslr kljmnlrmclr cb prlerm`ms cb flr`mkiûo cbj Klosbgl Ebobrmj cb Kljb-

eils L﬍kimjbs cb Qlcûjlels cb Bspmým.

C^. GL[É @MORBJ LEMJJM ^LC^ÀERBW

Clktlr bo plcljleàm.

Qrlfbslr titujmr cb Kirueàm Qlcljûeikm. Roivbrsicmc cb Nmrkbjlom.

Qrbsicbotb cbj Kljµjbei L﬍kimj cb Qlcþjbes cb Kmtmjuoym.

Vlkmj pri`brl cbj Klosbgl Ebobrmj cb Kljbeils Lfikimjbs cb Qlcûjlels cb
Bspmým.

C^. MOSLOIL GB[×[ WMJMKMÀO

WMJ MKMÀO VIKRÝM

Clktlr bo plcljleàm.

Qrlfbslr titujmr cb Kirueàm Qlcljûeikm. Roivbrsicmc cb Nmrkbjlom.

Vikbprbsicbotb cbj Kljµjbei L﬍kimj cb Qlcþjbes cb Kmtmjuoym.

2
6
 Àocikb

@moumj cb flr`ujmkiûo cb `bcikm`botls iocivicumjizmcls bo plcljleàm ......

........ ;

Qrbsbotmkiûo ........................................................................................................9

Qrûjlel .............................................................................................................. =;

Iotrlcukki
Iotrlc ukkiûo
ûo ....................................................................................................... =5

Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms
fm r`mkéutikms bo flr`ujmkiûo plcljûeikm ......
............
............
............
............
............
............>=
......>=

Jm flr`ujmkiûo
flr `ujmkiûo `meistrmj bo bj
b j í`nitl plcljûeikl
p lcljûeikl ......
............
............
............
............
............
............32
......32

Flr`ujmkilobs `meistrmjbs bo plcljleàm ......

............
.............
.............
............
............
............
............
............
........
..2;
2;

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs motiséptikms ...................................................................22

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs mstrioebotbs ...................................................................8=

Fûr`ujmss `meistr
Fûr`ujm `meistrmjbs
mjbs bo loikl
loiklkriptl
kriptlsis
sis .........................................................=1=
......................................................... =1=

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo hipbrhicrlsis

hipbr hicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis ......
............
............
............
............
.........
... ==;

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm xbrlcbr`ims ......

.............
.............
............
............
............
............
............
............
........ =;9

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm qubrmtlcbr`ims ......

............
............
.............
.............
............
............
............
........
.. =35

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm ﬍surms

﬍sur ms pjmotmrbs
pjmotm rbs ......
.............
.............
............
............
............
............
............=69
......=69

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm cbr`mtl`iklsis

cb r`mtl`iklsis meucms ......
............
............
............
............
............
........ =59

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm cbr`mtl`iklsis krûoikms y/l xbrûsikms .............>1=

.............>1=

5
 Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm cbr`mtl`iklsis hipbrqubrmtûsikms
hipbrqubr mtûsikms ................
....................
.... >=
>=;;

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm hbjl`ms ...............................................................>>;

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm vbrruems ..............................................................>>9

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
`meistrm jbs pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib ......
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
........
..>29
>29

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm bkzb`ms krûoikls ......

.............
.............
............
............
............
............
..........>89
....>89

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm loiklpmtàms ......

............
............
.............
.............
............
............
............
............
.........;12
...;12

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
`meistrmjb s pmrm
pm rm loikl`iklsis cistrû﬍kms
cistrû﬍k ms ......
............
............
............
............
............
........ ;=
;=;;

Fûr`ujmss `meistr
Fûr`ujm `meistrmjbs
mjbs pmrm ÷jkb
÷jkbrms
rms ................................................................ ;>=

Fûr`ujmss `meistr
Fûr`ujm `meistrmjbs
mjbs hb`ls
hb`lstítik
títikms
ms ..............................................................
..............................................................;32
;32

Àocikb mjfmnétikl cb fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs ......

.............
.............
............
............
............
............
............
...........;22
.....;22

Àocikb mjfmnétikl cb priokipils mktivls ......

............
.............
.............
............
............
............
............
............
..........;29
....;29

Ninjilermfàm .......................................................................................................;6;

8
Qrbsbotmkiûo
=1
 Qrbsbotmkiûo

Klolkbclr cb su klotboicl y cb jms pbrsloms qub jl hmo rbmjizmcl, quibrl rbsmjtmr

bj `éritl y bj smnbr hmkbr qub sb cb`ubstrm bo bstb tbxtl pmrm rbklpijmr, cb flr`m
bxhmustivm y b﬍kmz, jms cifbrbotbs pmtljleàms y sus rb`bcils bspbkà﬍kls.

Jm flr`ujmkiûo
kubokim, `meistrmj
jl bs tm`niéo pmrmbsbjvitmj pmrm uo ermo
fmr `mkéutikl,
fmr`mkéutikl, o÷`brl
kuym `isiûocbbspmkibotbs y, kl`l klosb-
jm cb prlplrkilomr m bsls
pmkibotbs bj rb`bcil `ís icûobl pmrm jm pmtljleàm qub hm cimeolstikmcl bj `écikl.
Bo bstb sboticl, krbl qub bs klovboibotb cbstmkmr qub bj fmr`mkéutikl cbnb `irmr
mj futurl sio ljvicmr sus lràebobs, pbrl ol cbscb
cbsc b uom mktituc sboti`botmj siol cbscb
uom obkbsicmc smoitmrim tltmj`botb viebotb.

Jm flr`ujmkiûo cbsmrrljjm `bcikm`botls qub bo mjeuols kmsls sustituybo m prl-

cuktls cisklotioumcls tb`plrmj l pbr`mobotb`botb, pbr`itb plobr m cisplsikiûo
cbj pmkibotb priokipils mktivls ol kl`brkimjizmcls tlcmvàm y pbrslomjizmr bj `bci-
km`botl, mgustíocljl m jms klokbotrmkilobs icûobms y mj tipl cb bxkipibotb qub
emrmotikb uom ûpti`m pbobtrmkiûo cbj priokipil mktivl.

Qmrm jjbvmr m kmnl bstm tmrbm bstí kjmrl qub cbnbrb`ls tbobr jls klolki`ibotls y
`bcils obkbsmrils. Cbotrl cb jls `bcils, ﬍eurmo cb flr`m rbjbvmotb jls priokipils
mktivls, qub cbnbo bstmr m oubstrm cisplsikiûo klo jms emrmotàms
emr motàms cb purbzm y klosbr-
vmkiûo qub `mrkm jm jby, klokbptls qub slo tboicls bo kubotm cb flr`m prilritmrim
plr MKLFM^@M, b`prbsm cb y pmrm jls fmr`mkéutikls bo jm qub pri`m bj kritbril
smoitmril frbotb m kumjquibr ltrl y bo jm qub sus nbob﬍kils rbvibrtbo cb flr`m cirbktm
b iocirbktm bo jm l﬍kiom cb fmr`mkim.

Qmrm tbr`iomr,
tbr`iomr, vljvbr m cmr jms ermkims m bstls kl`pmýbrls qub klo su trmnmgl cb
rbklpijmkiûo y bxpbribokim pbrslomj hmo bjmnlrmcl bstb jinrl, fmkijitíoclols m jls
cb`ís oubstrl trmnmgl cimril.

Bjmcil Elozíjbz @iýlr

Qrbsicbotb
Qrbsicb otb cb MKLFM^@M
MKLFM^@M

==
Qrûjlel
 Hly tbob`ls bj pjmkbr cb prljlemr uom `meoà﬍km lnrm, frutl cbj trmnmgl y cbj
klotioul bstucil cb sus mutlrbs, klolkbclrbs bo prlfuocicmc cb jm plcljleàm4

uols plrquby hmo

`mkljleàm, ltrlsvljkmcl
plrqubcurmotb mýls su
bstío cbotrl cbtrmnmgl y klolki`ibotl
bjjm, kl`l plcûjlels, cbscb jm fmr-
bo bj í`nitl
kibotà﬍kl cb jm prlfbsiûo.

Bs plr bjjl qub bstm kloguokiûo ol pubcb cmr juemr `ís qub m bstb `mrmvijjlsl
jinrl, "@moumj cb flr`ujmkiûo cb `bcikm`botls
`bcikm `botls iocivicumjizmcls bo plcljleàm",
plcljleàm",
y bstm`ls sbeurls cb qub sbrí cb ermo utijicmc tmotl pmrm jls plcûjlels kl`l
pmrm jls prlpils fmr`mkéutikls.

Qlr uo jmcl m jls plcûjlels, pubstl qub mnlrcm bsm pmrtikujmricmc

pmr tikujmricmc klo jm qub
ols boklotrm`ls bo bj càm càm cbj bgbrkikil prlfbsilomj cb jm plcljleàm. Qlr tlcls
bs klolkicl qub "ol hmy bofbr`bcmcbs siol bofbr`ls". Muoqub jm iocustrim
fmr`mkéutikm ols prlplrkilom uo ermo mrsbomj tbrmpéutikl cb priokipils mktivls
kl`brkimjizmcls bo flr`m cb `bcikm`botls pmrm su usl cirbktl, tm`niéo cbnb
bxistir bj hubkl pmrm bj prlcuktl bspbkà﬍kl pmrm uom cbtbr`iomcm pmtljleàm cb
uo cbtbr`iomcl pmkibotb, kl`l slo jms fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs. Kibrtl bs qub bj
plcûjlel jjbvm ym mýls utijizmocl y prbskrinibocl jm flr`ujmkiûo cb `bcikm`bo-
tls iocivicumjizmcls.

Qlr ltrl jmcl,

jmcl, kl`l tm`niéo iocikmo sus mutlrbs bo su iotrlcukkiûo, bstb jinrl
tm`niéo bs uom `meoà﬍km euàm pmrm qub jls fmr`mkéutikls pubcmo
pub cmo jjbvmr m kmnl
cb uom flr`m klrrbktm su bjmnlrmkiûo.

Y bstl bs bo jl qub ols boklotrm`ls klo bstb jinrl, klo jm plsinijicmc cb cisplobr
cb bstb `bcikm`botl qub bs frutl cb jm flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj.

Bo bstls ÷jti`ls mýls, jm plcljleàm hm klosljicmcl kl`pbtbokims tmjbs kl`l

bj cimeoûstikl y jm prbskripkiûo, pbrl bs iocucmnjb qub bstm kumji﬍kmkiûo
kum ji﬍kmkiûo cbnb ir
mslkimcm m uo bgbrkikil cb rbsplosmnijicmc bo kumotl m uo bstucil, flr`mkiûo y
mktumjizmkiûo klotioumcm cb klolki`ibotls bo fmr`mkljleàm kjàoikm plr pmrtb pmr tb cbj
prlfbsilomj. Bs plr bjjl qub bstb `moumj cb flr`ujmkiûo hm cb klostituir uo jinrl
lnjiemtlril cb klosujtm pmrm bj càm càm bo bj bgbrkikil
b gbrkikil prlfbsilomj cb jm plcljleàm.

Cbscb bj Klosbgl Ebobrmj cb Kljbeils Lfikimjbs cb Qlcûjlels, y bo bj `àl

`is`l, kl`l mktumj prbsicbotb, cbsbl mermcbkbr m sus mutlrbs sus klotioums

=3
 Qrûjlel

mplrtmkilobs m jm plcljleàm, hly `mtbrimjizmcms bo jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstb jinrl.

Y, plr supubstl, tm`niéo m MKLFM^@M plr kljmnlrmr klo jm plcljleàm bspmýljm

fmkijitmocl jm punjikmkiûo cb bstb `moumj.

[r. Glsé Emrkàm @lstmzl
Qrbsicbotb cbj Klosbgl cb Kljbeils L﬍kimjbs cb Qlcûjlels cb Bspmým.

=2
Iotrlcukkiûo
 Bj ;1 cb cikib`nrb cb >119 sb mprubnm jm Jby >8/>119 qub `lci﬍km jm cbj >6
cb guoil cb >116 cb emrmotàms y usl rmkilomj cb `bcikm`botls, mutlrizmocl mj
plcûjlel jm prbskripkiûo cb `bcikm`botls sugbtls m rbkbtm `écikm bo su í`nitl
prlfbsilomj.

Jm mpjikmkiûo cb bstm jby supusl mj prlfbsilomj cb jm plcljleàm y m sus rbprbsbo-

tmotbs tbobr qub cmr rbspubstm m prbeuotms kl`l ¼]ué `bcikm`botls obkbsitm
utijizmr bj plcûjlel pmrm plcbr bgbrkbr su prlfbsiûo<
pr lfbsiûo< ¼]ué
¼]ué priokipils mktivls slo
obkbsmrils pmrm cbsmrrljjmr su mktivicmc prlfbsilomj<

Klo jm ﬍omjicmc cb rbsplocbr m bstms

b stms kubstilobs bj Klosbgl Ebobrmj cb Kljbeils
cb Qlcûjlels cb Bspmým
Bspm ým punjikû bo >1=
>1=11 y m`pjiû bo >1=6 jm Euàm Fmr`mkljûeikm
cb utijizmkiûo bo plcljleàm.

Bo bjjm, uol cb sus kmpàtujls jl klostituyb bj cb flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj, qub cbsm-

rrljjm y bvmj÷m, plr
y/l pmtljleàms, pri`brm vbz
jms fûr`ujms cb flr`ms cb
`meistrmjb
`meistrmjbs bstrukturmcm plr su
`mylr iotbrés mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmrbo
tbrmpéutikl `mkljûeikm
bj í`nitl
cb jm plcljleàm.

Oubstrl lngbtivl mktumj bs jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb uo oubvl flr`ujmril plcljûeikl,

boflkmcl tmotl mj plcûjlel-prbskriptlr kl`l mj fmr`mkéutikl-bjmnlrmclr, qub
rbklpijb jl punjikmcl klo motbrilricmc y qub iokjuym jms ioolvmkilobs obkbsmrims4
botbocibocl jm fûr`ujm `meistrmj kl`l uom hbrrm`ibotm tbrmpéutikm `lcbrom
qub plsinijitm mj plcûjlel trmtm`ibotls iocivicumjizmcls y sib`prb nmgl tékoikms
cb bjmnlrmkiûo klotrmstmcms.

Histûrikm`botb y mj sbr sus bjmnlrmclrbs, sb hm klosicbrmcl qub jm fûr`ujm

`meistrmj bs uom mktivicmc prlpim y bxkjusivm cbj fmr`mkéutikl. Qbrl ol pubcb
slsjmymrsb bj hbkhl cb qub
q ub mktumj`botb jm flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj bs uom pltbotb
hbrrm`ibotm kmpmz cb kunrir jmeuoms tbrmpéutikms cieoi﬍kmocl
cieoi﬍kmocl tmotl mj fmr`mkéu-
tikl kl`l m ltrls prlfbsilomjbs cb jm smjuc, sibocl bj plcûjlel uo kjmrl bgb`pjl.

Klosicbrm`ls qub bj éxitl cb jls trmtm`ibotls fmr`mkljûeikls hm cb sustbotmrsb

bo trbs pijmrbs7 uo klrrbktl cimeoûstikl, jm bjbkkiûo cbj `bcikm`botl `ís mcb-
kumcl y uom prbkism ioflr`mkiûo mj pmkibotb. Bo jm tbrmpéutikm klo flr`ujmkiûo
`meistrmj mcb`ís hm cb mýmcirsb jm klrrbktm prbskripkiûo y bjmnlrmkiûo cb jms
`is`ms.

=8
 Iotrlcukkiûo

prlp lob`ls, rbsplocm m

Qlr bjjl hb`ls krbàcl cb iotbrés qub bj flr`ujmril qub prlplob`ls,
bstm clnjb kubstiûo bo tlcms jms fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs prlpubstms.

Qlr bstm rmzûo sb cm ioflr`mkiûo mj plcûjlel cb mspbktls nísikls jbemjbs, emjéoi-

kls y fmr`mkljûeikls klo bj ﬍o cb klosbeuir
k losbeuir jm bxkbjbokim bo jm prbskripkiûo. Cbj
`is`l `lcl bj fmr`mkéutikl boklotrmrí jls klokbptls nísikls ﬍silpmtljûeikls
y fmr`mkltékoikls cb tlcms jms flr`ujmkilobs y pmtljleàms plcljûeikms qub bo
bj jinrl vmymo mpmrbkibocl.

]ué cucm kmnb qub bo bstb bskritl

bskr itl ol bstío tlcms jms fûr`ujms cb mpjikmkiûo bo
plcljleàm oi tlcm jm ioflr`mkiûo kibotà﬍km cb jms momjizmcms, pbrl, plr oubstrm
bxpbribokim, krbb`ls qub bj flr`ujmril qub prbsbotm`ls kunrb jm príktikm tltm-
jicmc cb jms obkbsicmcbs tbrmpéutikms pmrm qub bj plcûjlel y bj fmr`mkéutikl
pubcmo cbsmrrljjmr su jmnlr msistbokimj.

Qlr ÷jti`l qubrb`ls cmr jms ermkims Kljµjbei cb Qlcþjbes cb Kmtmjuoym y mj

Klosbgl Ebobrmj cb Kljbeils L﬍kimjbs cb Qlcûjlels cb Bspmým plr bj mplyl
rbkinicl bo jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstb jinrl.

Sm`niéo mermcbkb`ls m MKLFM^@M bj pmtrlkioil y jms fmkijicmcbs cmcms bo jm

rbmjizmkiûo cb bstb prlybktl.

M tlcls jls qub hmo pmrtikipmcl bo bj `is`l, ermkims.

Jls mutlrbs

=9
 Flr`ms
fmr`mkéutikms bo
flr`ujmkiûo
plcljûeikm
 Jm cb﬍oikiûo kjísikm cb flr`m fmr`mkéutikm bs jm "`mobrm kl`l uo cbtbr`iomcl
priokipil mktivl
mk tivl (Q.M.)
(Q.M.) l priokipils
priokip ils mktivls bs l slo mklocikilomcls
mklocik ilomcls bo uo vbhàkujl
klokrbtl bo fuokiûo cbj usl tbrmpéutikl y bj `lcl cb mpjikmkiûo qub quibrb
círsbjb".

Cbscb uo puotl cb vistm `ís príktikl, jm flr`m fmr`mkéutikm bs bj tipl cb

prbsbotmkiûo bo jm qub plcb`ls boklotrmr uo fír`mkl, klostituybocl msà uo
`bcikm`botl bo klokrbtl. Qlr bgb`pjl, si bj fír`mkl bs bj cikjlfbomkl y jms
flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms slo7

• Kl`pri`icls
• Ioybktmnjbs
• [uplsitlrils
• Ebj tûpikl

[b pubcbo bjmnlrmr jls `bcikm`botls7

• Cikjlfbomkl 21`e 31 kl`pri`icls emstrlrrbsistbotbs

• Cikjlfbomkl 52`e 6 ioybktmnjbs
• Cikjlfbomkl =11`e => suplsitlrils
• Ebj cb cikjlfbomkl ==,6`e/e
==,6`e/e 61e

Bstls `bcikm`botls bstío bjmnlrmcls iocustrimj`botb y sb cbol`iomo bspbkim-

jicmcbs fmr`mkéutikms. [i ol sb bjmnlrmrmo iocustrimj`botb y fubrm obkbsmrim su
bjmnlrmkiûo (plr cbsmnmstbki`ibotl, plr fmjtm cb kl`brkimjizmkiûo plr ol tbobr
iotbrés bkloû`ikl,
bkloû`ikl, plr ol bstmr kl`brkimjizmcms bo Bspmým, btk.) sb hmràmo kl`l
fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs.

Qlr ltrm pmrtb, bstío jls bxkipibotbs l tm`niéo jjm`mcls vbhàkujls. Vljvibocl
mj bgb`pjl motbrilr boklotrmràm`ls7
• Jls kl`pri`icls tibobo kl`l bxkipibotb uom `bzkjm cb jmktlsm klo
k lo
mj`iclobs.
• Bj bxkipibotb cb jls ioybktmnjbs slo uom sljukiûo mkulsm klo mjklhlj
nbokàjikl.
• Jls suplsitlrils sb bjmnlrmo klo `bzkjms cb triejikéricls cb cifbrbotbs
íkicls ermsls.
• Bj bxkipibotb cbj ebj klotibob meum purifikmcm, vmsbjiom jàquicm y ebjifikmotb
ebjifikm otb
cb lriebo kbjujûsikl, botrb ltrls prlcuktls.

>>
 Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms bo
flr`ujmkiûo plcljûeikm
Kbotríoclols bo bj í`nitl cb jm plcljleàm y bo bj í`nitl cb jm flr`ujmkiûo
`meistrmj, jms flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms qub hb`ls utijizmcl jms plcb`ls merupmr
cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7

Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms cb usl tûpikl

Bstms flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms slo jms `ís usumjbs bo jm flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj
plcljûeikm. Qubcbo sbr cb mpjikmkiûo io`bcimtm kl`l krb`ms, jlkilobs, ebjbs,
sljukilobs, btk. l bo flr`m cb prbpmrmcls bxtb`plríobls kl`l jls slnrbs qub
klotibobo uo sljutl pmrm flr`mr jm sljukiûo prbskritm.

Jms flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms tûpikms bo plcljleàm slo7

• [lnrbs.
• [ljukilobs tûpikms7 mkulsms, mjklhûjikms l hicrlmjklhûjikms cbpbocibocl
cb jm klokbotrmkiûo cb btmolj qub klotboemo.
• [b`isûjicls bo ebj7 mkulsls, mjklhûjikls l hicrlmjklhûjikls cbpbocibocl
cb jm klokbotrmkiûo cb btmolj qub klotboemo.
• [b`isûjicls bo b`ujsiûo7 krb`m nmsb Nbbjbr Nbb jbr,, krb`m nmsb Jmobttb,
uoeúbotl hicrûfijl, bxkipibotb
bxkipibotb b`ljibotb, jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl cbpbo-
cibocl cb jm prlplrkiûo ermsm qub klotboemo.
• [b`isûjicls bo pl`mcms (nmsb cb mnslrkiûo)7 vmsbjiom, vmsbjiom
`lcifikmcm.
• [uspbosilobs cb kljlcilobs y jmkm cb uýms.
• [b`isûjicls bo flr`m cb pmstm7 pmstm ljblsm (pmstm Jmssmr) l mkulsm

(pmstm mj meum l pmstm cb mz÷kmr).

Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms cb usl lrmj

Bstms flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms tibobo plkm utijicmc bo bj í`nitl cb jm flr`ujmkiûo
`meistrmj plcljûeikm. [u utijizmkiûo bs rbjbvmotb pmrm jm mcmptmkiûo cb `bcikm-
kiûo ym kl`brkimjizmcm plr km`nils cb clsis l iotljbrmokim m bxkipibotbs (fuo-
cm`botmj`botb jmktlsm). Qmrm bjjl sb subjbo utijizmr jms flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms
fmr`mké utikms cb
kípsujms cb ebjmtiom curm y gmrmnbs.

>;
 FL^@M[ FM^@MKÉRSIKM[ CB R[L SÛQIKL
BO FL^@RJMKIÛO @MEI[S^MJ QLCLJÛEIK
QLCLJÛEIKMM

Hb`ls klosicbrmcl lplrtuol rbklpijmr jms flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms tûpikms cb

`mylr iotbrés bo plcljleàm pmrm cbstmkmr sus nbob﬍kils tbrmpéutikls y jms flr-
`ujmkilobs `mrkl cb jls bxkipibotbs pmrm su klrrbktm bjmnlrmkiûo.

Cbscb uo puotl cb vistm príktikl jms bstucimrb`ls bo jls sieuibotbs njlqubs7

[lnrbs
[lo flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms sûjicms klosistbotbs bo uol l `ís priokipils mktivls
bovmsmcls cb `mobrm uoitmrim bo uo slplrtb qub pubcb sbr cb tipl kbjujûsikl
(pmpbj) l pjístikl (nljsitms). Jm vàm cb mc`ioistrmkiûo pubcb sbr lrmj l tûpikm4 bo
plcljleàm sb subjb utijizmr sûjl jm vàm tûpikm.

Olr`mj`botb ol prbkismo vbhàkujl, sb utijizm bj

priokipil mktivl l priokipils mktivls cirbktm`botb.
Vbhàkujl
Vbhàku jl [i fubrm obkbsmril sb pubcbo utijizmr jls `is`ls
qub sb utijizmo bo jms kípsujms cb vàm lrmj
vieijmocl qub sbmo sljunjbs bo meum.
Ol prbkismo klosbrvmotbs mj ol klotbobr meum.
Bjmnlrmkiûo [i bj priokipil mktivl bs `uy hierlskûpikl sb
rbkl`ibocm bj usl cb nljsitms cb pjístikl `bglr
qub slnrbs cb kbjujlsm.
Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Roiflr`icmc cb pbsl.

Mklocikil
Mkloc ikilom`i
om`ibotl
botl [b rbkl`ibocm
klo bovmsmr
tmpûo prbkiotmcl jls rbseumrcmrjls
pmrm slnrbs bo uo tmrrl
cb jm
hu`bcmc.
Qriokipils mktivls `ís Olr`mj`botb motiséptikls cb usl tûpikl.
frbkubotbs bo plcljleàm

^bspbktl m jm prbskripkiûo sb rbkl`ibocm sbeuir bstb bsqub`m7

Qriokipil/s mktivl/s bo CKI, btk., btk., btk., btk., btk.., btk., btk., btk.
erm`ls plr slnrb
Qmrm uo slnrb o.· X (X0Kmoticmc tltmj cb slnrbs)
s lnrbs)

>3
 Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms bo
flr`ujmkiûo plcljûeikm
Kl`l plr bgb`pjl7

Qbr`moemom
Qbr`m oemomtl
tl pltí
pltísikl
sikl 1,==%
1,
Qmrm = slnrb o.· >1

[ljukilobs tûpikms
Jms sljukilobs cb mpjikmkiûo
m pjikmkiûo tûpikm slo sljukilobs vbrcmcbrms, bs cbkir, mqubjjms
mqubjjms bo
jms qub jls priokipils mktivls (Q.M.) sb `bzkjmo hl`leéobm`botb bo jls sljvbotbs
pmrm cmr uo mspbktl jà`picl y trmospmrbotb.

Jls cistiotls Q.M.,

Q.M., sbe÷o su bstrukturm
bs trukturm quà`ikm, tibobo `ís m﬍oicmc
m﬍oicm c pmrm `bzkjmrsb
`bzkjmrs b
bo bj iotbrilr cb cbtbr`iomcls sljvbotbs y ol bo ltrls. Cirb`ls qub slo sljunjbs bo
jls pri`brls b iosljunjbs bo jls sbeuocls.

Kmcm priokipil mktivl tibob uo cbtbr`iomcl bspbktrl cb sljunijicmc (kloguotl cb

sljvbotbs bo jls qub sb `bzkjm, ji`itmocl msà bj tipl cb sljukiûo qub sb pubcb prbs-
prbs -
krinir y bjmnlrmr), y pmrm kmcm uol cb bjjls uo klb﬍kibotb cb sljunijicmc (kmoticmc
`íxi`m cb sljutl qub pubcb ioklrplrmrsb
ioklr plrmrsb plr
p lr uoicmc cb cisljvbotb, ji`itmocl msà jm
klokbotrmkiûo `íxi`m qub sb pubcb prbskrinir).

Bo kmcm uom cb jms fûr`ujms prlpubstms sb hmo bstmnjbkicl jms sljunijicmcbs cb jls
Q.M. qub mpmrbkbo. Mj ﬍omj cb bstb kmpàtujl boklotrmrí uom tmnjm ioflr`mtivm klo jm
sljunijicmc cb jls Q.M. qub sbrío cbsmrrljjmcls bo bstm euàm.

Jjm`m`ls prbsbotb
bokubotrm klokbotrmkiûo cb Q.M.
plr uoicmc cbbo uom sljukiûo
sljukiûo, m jm kmoticmc
olr`mj`botb bo `jcb bstbJms
l kk. Q.M. qub sb
uoicmcbs
bo qub pubcbo bxprbsmrsb slo vmrims7 plrkbotmgb, `ljmricmc, bquivmjbotbs, btk.

Jm flr`m `ís icûobm pmrm bxprbsmr jm klokbotrmkiûo

klokbotr mkiûo m jm hlrm cb prbskrinir bs hmkbrjl
bo plrkbotmgb pbsl/vlju`bo (%p/v), bs cbkir, bj pbsl cb Q.M. bo e plr kmcm =11`j cb
sljukiûo l bo `e plr kmcm `j cb sljukiûo.

Qlr bgb`pjl, si sb prbskrinb uo jitrl cb sljukiûo mkulsm cb pbr`moemomtl pltísikl

1,1=%
1,1=% l =/=1.111,
=/=1.111, botbocb`ls qub pmrmp mrm su bjmnlrmkiûo
bjmn lrmkiûo sb tbocrí qub pbsmr =11`e
cb pbr`moemomtl y cisljvbrjls bo =.111`j cb meum puri﬍kmcm.

>2
 Cb flr`m príktikm y cb mkubrcl klo jls cisljvbotbs utijizmcls jms sljukilobs sb
kjmsi﬍kmo bo mkulsms, mjklhûjikms,
m jklhûjikms, hicrlmjklhûjikms, ljblsms, bxtrmktivms, btk.
Cbscb bj puotl cb vistm cb jm plcljleàm jms `ís i`plrtmotbs slo7

[ljukilobs mkulsms
Meum puri
p urifik
fikmcm.
mcm. Bs uo cisljvb
ci sljvbotb
otb cb mjtm
m jtm
Vbhàkujl
Vbhàku jl pljmricmc y, plr tmotl, `uy sbosinjb m qub
jls priokipils mktivls sb lxicbo, hicrljikbo l
sufrmo prlkbsls cb cbermcmkiûo.

Olr`mj`botb prbkismo klosbrvmotbs.

Bjmnlrmkiûo [ljm`botb plcb`ls utijizmr
u tijizmr Q.M.
Q.M. bo flr`m cb
smj. [ubjbo tbobr uom kmcukicmc klrtm.

Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Klotrljmr jm ol mpmrikiûo cb prbkipitmcls.

Mklociki
Mkloc ikilom`
lom`ibo
ibotl
tl [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr frmskls tlpmkils
kbrrmcls hbr`étikm`botb.

Qriokipils mktivls `ís Olr`mj`botb cbsiofbktmotbs cb usl tûpikl y

frbkubotbs bo plcljleàm mstrioebotbs cb usl tûpikl.

[ljukilobs hicrlmjklhûjikms
@bzkjms cb btmolj y meum. ^bklrcb`ls
qub jms sljukilobs mjklhûjikms (btmolj 96±)
slo `uy sbkmotbs cb jm pibj, jl qub pubcb
Vbhàkujl
Vbhàku jl lnstmkujizmrr jm mnslrkiûo cb `ukhls
lnstmkujizm `uk hls Q.M.
Q.M.
SSm`ni
m`niéo
éo hmy
hm y qub cbstm
c bstmkmr
kmr qub
qu b bj btmolj
bt molj cb
51± tibob `mylr plcbr cb cbsiofbkkiûo qub
bj cb 96±.

Olr`mj`botb ol prbkismo klosbrvmotbs.

Qlcb`ls utijizmr
utijizm r Q.M.
Q.M. sljunjbs
sljunj bs bo btmolj
Bjmnlrmkiûo y/ll bo meum, ermcumocl
y/ ermcum ocl jms pmrtbs
pmr tbs cb meum
y btmolj cb jm sljukiûo. [ubjbo tbobr uom
kmcukicmc jmrem.

Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Klotrljmr jm ol mpmrikiûo cb prbkipitmcls.

Mklociki
Mklo cikilom
lom`ibo
`ibotl
tl [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr frmskls tlpmkils
kbrrmcls hbr`étikm`botb.

Qriokipils mktivls `ís Olr`mj`botb klrtiklicbs, motiséptikls

frbkubotbs bo plcljleàm ilcmcls, motif÷oeikls, qubrmtljàtikls, btk.

>6
 Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms bo
flr`ujmkiûo plcljûeikm
Jm prbskripkiûo icbmj cb uom fûr`ujm `meistrmj bo sljukiûo cbnbràm rb﬎bgmr bj tipl
cb sljvbotb cb jm `is`m, sibocl uom sljukiûo mkulsm,
mkulsm , mjklhûjikm l hicrlmjklhûjikm
(rb﬎bgmocl jm klokbotrmkiûo cb meum y/ y/l
l mjklhlj). Hmy qub pbosmr qub bj meum
fmkijitm jm hicrmtmkiûo cb jm pibj y bj btmolj su cbshicrmtmkiûo (sbkmr).

Mhlrm nibo, si mj prbskrinir cbtbr`iom`ls bj klotboicl cb mjklhlj/meum qub tibob

bj sljvbotb, tbob`ls qub bstmr sbeurls qub bj sljutl (priokipil l priokipils mkti-
vls) bs sljunjb.

Qlr bjjl, y cmcl qub olr`mj`botb bj prbskriptlr ol klolkb jms sljunijicmcbs cb

jls Q.M.,
Q.M., sb prbskrinb
prb skrinb kl`l "sljukiûo" bo tér`iol eboérikl y bs
b s bj fmr`mkéutikl
fmr`mkéu tikl
bjmnlrmclr bj qub cbtbr`iom bj plrkbotmgb cb meum/mjklhlj m utijizmr.

Krbb`ls qub si bj prbskriptlr ol iocikm bj tipl cb sljukiûo m utijizmr, utijizmr, sà sbràm

iotbrésmotb qub sb iocikmrm
iocikmr m si sb prb﬍brb uo tipl cb sljukiûo u ltrm klo k lo tér`iols
kl`l7 "sljukiûo hicrlmjklhûjikm cb nmgl klotboicl bo mjklhlj", "sljukiûo pmrm
mpjikmkiûo bo hbricms
hb ricms mnibrtms"
mnibr tms",, "sljukiûo mjklhûjikm pmrm hipbrhicrlsis"
hipbr hicrlsis",, "sljukiûo
mkulsm pmrm
pmr m mpjikmkiûo bo
b o ÷jkbrms", btk.,
btk., l jm prlpim pmtljleàm m trmtmr, m ﬍o cb qub
bj fmr`mkéutikl
sljvbotb pmrm bj bjmnlrmclr tboem jm su﬍kibotb ioflr`mkiûo pmrm utijizmr bj `bglr
tipl cb jbsiûo.

[b`isûjicls tipl ebj

Jls sb`isûjicls tipl ebj, tm`niéo jjm`mcls sljukilobs kljlicmjbs,
kljlicmjbs , slo sljukilobs
qub klotibobo uo pljà`brl l prlcuktls klo uo bjbvmcl pbsl `ljbkujmr (cbrivm-
cls cb jm kbjujlsm, pljimkrijm`icms, pljipépticls) qub jb klo﬍brbo uo mspbktl
klosistbotb.

Cbscb bj puotl cb vistm `ljbkujmr, jls ebjbs sb flr`mo plr jm mcikiûo cb uo

ebji﬍kmotb m uo sljvbotb mkulsl l hicrlmjklhûjikl qub klotibob jls priokipils
mktivls. Bj ebji﬍kmotb bs iomktivl b iolkul cbscb bj puotl cb vistm tbrmpéutikl.
tbrmpé utikl.

Qlr tmotl, jls ebjbs ol tibobo omcm bo kl`÷o klo ltrls sb`isûjicls qub slo
nmsbs klo jàpicls l `bzkjms bstmnjbs (b`ujsilobs) cb jàpicls y meum, rmzûo plr
jm qub prbsbotmo vbotmgms b ioklovboibotbs rbspbktl m jls cb`ís sb`isûjicls.

Vbotmgms klo rbspbktl m ltrms flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms7

• Fmkijicmc cb jlkmjizmkiûo y mpjikmkiûo bo uo írbm klokrbtm klo rbspbktl
m jms sljukilobs.
• Musbokim cb klotboicl ermsl, jl qub jbs
jbs hmkb icûobls bo zloms
zloms pijlsms,
zloms ermsms y pjibeubs. Bvitmo jm `mkbrmkiûo.
• Mspbktl
Mspb ktl kls`étik
kl s`étikl
l mermcmnjb
merm cmnjb y trmos`isiûo
trm os`isiûo cb frbsk
f rbsklr,
lr, i`plrtmotb
i`plr tmotb bo
bo
mjeuoms pmtljleàms cbj pib.

>5
 Jls ioklovboibotbs bstío bo7
• Sbocbokim mj rbsbkm`ibotl
rbsbk m`ibotl kl`l klosbkubokim cb su omturmjbzm iotbrom
si`ijmr m jms sljukilobs. Ltrls sb`isûjicls kl`l jms b`ujsilobs, klo
klotboicl ermsl, sbrío bo priokipil `ís mcbkumcms pmrm hicrmtmr. [io
b`nmrel,
hu`bktmotbs`ukhls ebjifikmotbs
y kibrtms clsis cbmktumjbs pbr`itboklo
mktivls ermsls, jm ioklrplrmkiûo cb
jl qub bj rbsbkm-
`ibotl bs iofbrilr
iofbr ilr..
• Qrbsbokim frbkubotb cb iokl`pmtinijicmcbs. Ol sûjl botrb jls priokipils
mktivls iokjuicls bo jm flr`ujmkiûo (ieumj qub bo jms sljukilobs) siol botrb
jls priokipils mktivls y jls ebjifikmotbs.
• Kl`pmríocljl klo jms b`ujsilobs, plr jl ebobrmj pubcbo klotbobr uo
o÷`brl `bolr cb priokipils mktivls y jms klokbotrmkilobs cb jls `is`ls
mjel `bolr
`bo lr..

Jls ebjbs sb kjmsi﬍kmo cbscb trbs puotls cb vistm7

m) Qlr lriebo cbj ebji﬍kmotb7

• Omturmj7 vbebtmj (el`m mríniem, el`m xmotmom, bxtrmktl cb pbktiom,
el`m-eumr), moi`mj (ebjmtiom), `iobrmj (nbotloitm).
(n botloitm).
• [b`isiotétikl7 cbrivmcls cb jm kbjujlsm `lcifikmcls (kmrnlxi`btijkbjujlsm,
hicrlxibtijkbjujlsm, hicrlxiprlpijkbjujlsm, btk.), cbrivmcls cb el`m-eumr.
el`m- eumr.
• [iotétikl7 cbrivmcls cb íkicl mkràjikl, cbrivmcls
cbr ivmcls sijikûoikls, btk.

n) Mkkiûo tbrmpéutikm7
• Mkulsls.
• Hicrlmjklhûjikl.

k) Klosistbokim7
• Fjuicm.
• Klosistbotb.

Qmrm jm flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj plcljûeikm, jls qub prbsbotmo `mylr iotbrés slo jls
ebjbs klosistbotbs hicrlmjklhûjikls cb lriebo sb`isiotétikl (fuocm`botmj`botb
cb kmrnlplj) y jls ebjbs klosistbotbs mkulsls cb lriebo siotétikl (fuocm`botmj-
`botb mkràjikls tipl [bpiebj).

>8
 Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms bo
flr`ujmkiûo plcljûeikm
Ebj klosistbotb hicrlmjklhûjikl cb lriebo siotétikl
Vbhàkujl
Vbhàku jl Ebj klosistbotb olr`mj`botb ol trmosj÷kicl.

[ljukilobs hicrlmjklhûjikms, olr`mj`botb

mj 21%,
qub qub klotibobo
klotib
sb ebjifikmo kloobo cisu bjtls jls
cisubjtls
uo ebjifikmotb Q.M. y
Q.M.
siotétikl.
Bjmnlrmkiûo ^bkl`bocm`ls bj [bpiebj ;12 plr su
pljivmjbokim
pljivmjb okim y kl`pmtinijicmc
kl`pmtinij icmc klo jls Q.M.
Q.M.
utijizmcls bo bstb flr`ujmril.

Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Klotrljmr jm ol mpmrikiûo cb prbkipitmcls

Mklociki
Mklo cikilom
lom`ibo
`ibotl
tl [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr tunls kbrrmcls
hbr`étikm`botb.

Qriokipils mktivls `ís Olr`mj`botb klrtiklicbs, qubrmtljàtikls,

frbkubotbs bo plcljleàm mohicrûtikls, hicrmtmotbs, btk.

Ebj klosistbotb mkulsl cb lriebo siotétikl

Vbhàkujl
Vbhàku jl Ebj klosistbotb olr`mj`botb trmosj÷kicl.

[ljukilobs hicrlmjklhûjikms, olr`mj`botb

mj 21%, qub klotibobo
klotib obo cisubjtls
cisub jtls jls Q.M.
Q.M. y
Bjmnlrmkiûo qub sb ebjifikmo klo uo ebjifikmotb siotétikl.
^bkl`bocm`ls bj Kmrnlplj 931 plr su
pljivmjbokim
pljivmjbo kim y kl`pmtinijicmc
kl`pmtiniji cmc klo jls Q.M.
Q.M.
utijizmcls bo bstb flr`ujmril.

Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Klotrljmr jm ol mpmrikiûo cb prbkipitmcls.

Mklociki
Mklo cikilom`
lom`ibotl
ibotl [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr tunls kbrrmcls
hbr`étikm`botb.
Qriokipils mktivls `ís Olr`mj`botb motiiofbkkilsls.
frbkubotbs bo plcljleàm

[b`isûjicls bo flr`m cb b`ujsiûo

Botbocb`ls plr b`ujsilobs mqubjjls sb`isûjicls kl`pubstls plr cls fmsbs,
mkulsm y ljblsm, bo jm qub uom cb bjjms (fmsb iotbrom) qubcm cispbrsm bo flr`m
cb eltàkujms bstmnjbs bo bj sbol
sb ol cb jm ltrm (fmsb bxtbrom). Kumocl jm fmsb iotbrom
bs ljblsm hmnjmrb`ls
hmnjmrb `ls cb b`ujsilobs L/U y kumocl bs bj meum jm qub bstí b stí bo jm
fmsb iotbrom hmnjmrb`ls
hmnjm rb`ls cb b`ujsilobs U/L.

>9
 Qmrm qub sb prlcuzkm bstm iotbrplsikiûo bstmnjb cb uom fmsb bo jm ltrm slo
i`prbskiocinjbs vmrils fmktlrbs7
• Mpjikmkiûo
Mpjikmkiû o cb bobreàm.
bob reàm. Bstm sbrí `bkíoikm l `moumj sbe÷o
sb e÷o jms obkbsi-
ob kbsi-
cmcbs cbj kmsl.
• Qrbsbokim cb b`ujebotbs (tbosilmktivls). Bstls slo prlcuktls klo mfioi-
cmc plr jms cls fmsbs y qub situmcls bo jm iotbrfmsb,
iotbrfms b, botrb meum y mkbitb,
cis`iouybo jm tbosiûo iotbrfmkimj, pbr`itibocl jm iotbrplsikiûo cb m`nms
y bstmnijizmocl cikhm iotbrplsikiûo.
• Mcbkumcm sbjbkkiûo
sbjb kkiûo cb kl`plobotbs cb jms fmsbs
fm sbs ljblsm y mkulsm,
mkulsm , msà
kl`l cbj b`ujebotb klrrbsplocibotb y bj `étlcl cb trmnmgl m mpjikmr.

Qlr jl tmotl, sbrí bj b`ujebotb utijizmcl cb mkubrcl klo uom prlplrkiûo cb jms
fmsbs mcbkumcms bj qub cbtbr`iomrí qub jm b`ujsiûo rbstmotb sbm L/U l U/L.

B`ujsilobs U/L
Olr`mj`botb slo b`ujsilobs klo uo mjtl klotboicl bo fmsb ermsm qub mpjikmcms
slnrb jm pibj prlcukbo uom sbosmkiûo cb prlcuktl ermsl. Cbscb bj puotl cb vistm
plcljûeikl prbsbotmo plkl iotbrés tbrmpéutikl plrqub, muo kumocl bs vbrcmc
qub flr`mo uom pbjàkujm jipàcikm uoiflr`b hicrlrrbpbjbotb, ol prbsbotmo `ukhl
`ís plcbr hicrmtmotb qub jms b`ujsilobs L/U kls`étikm`botb `ís mermcmnjbs.

Jm ÷oikm b`ujsiûo U/L klo iotbrés plcljûeikl bs bj jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl.

Bj jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl bs uom b`ujsiûo cb klosistbokim ﬎uicm qub sb flr`m
plr jm iotbrplsikiûo cb uom fmsb mkulsm qub klotibob smjbs sbkmotbs y uom fmsb
ermsm flr`mcm plr uo mkbitb.

[i m jm b`ujsiûo motbrilr jb ioklrplrm`ls pljvls iosljunjbs (tmjkl, ûxicl cb kiok,

btk.) nuskmocl mu`botmr jm mkkiûo mstrioebotb y sbkmotb, lntbob`ls uom pmstm
ljblsm cb klosistbokim ﬎uicm.

Vbhàkujl
Vbhàk ujl Jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl
Qlcb`ls boklotrmrjl cbskritl bo cifbrbotbs
flr`ujmrils. Olsltrls mklosbgm`ls jms
Bjmnlrmkiûo flr`ujmkilobs qub ol utijikbo bj mkbitb cb jiomzm
(plsinijicmc cb bormokimrsb) y sà utijikbo bj íkicl
ljbikl kl`l tbosilmktivls.
Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Klotrljmr qub jm b`ujsiûo flr`mcm bs bstmnjb.

Mklociki
Mklo cikilom`
lom`ibotl
ibotl [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr frmskls kbrrmcls
hbr`étikm`botb.
Qriokipils mktivls `ís Olr`mj`botb prlcuktls sbkmotbs, motiniûtikls,
frbkubotbs bo plcljleàm motif÷oeikls y klrtiklicbs.

;1
 Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms bo
flr`ujmkiûo plcljûeikm
B`ujsilobs L/U
Jms b`ujsilobs L/U slo jls sb`isûjicls `ís m`pjim`botb prbskritls. Sibobo
uo klotboicl ermsl `lcbrmcl y uo klotboicl mkulsl `mylritmril.
`mylritmril. Klo﬍brbo uom
sbosmkiûo cb frbsklr qub jms hmkb `ís mcbkumcms
mcbkumcm s bo pmtljleàms rbmktivms y slo
kls`étikm`botb `ukhl `ís mermcmnjbs qub jms b`ujsilobs U/L.
Jms b`ujsilobs L/U
L/ U sb kjmsi﬍kmo bo fuokiûo cbj tipl cb b`ujebotb qub jms flr`m7
• B`ujsilobs moiûoikms7 jlkiûo Jmobttb, krb`m nmsb Nbbjbr, krb`m Nritish
Qhmr`mklpbm, krb`m nmsb Jmobttb, uoeúbotl hicrûfijl, btk.
• B`ujsilobs ol iûoikms7 jlkiûo Oblpkj, krb`m Oblpkj, krb`m nmsb =1==,
=1==, btk.
• B`ujsilobs ejukàcikms l si`ijmrbs.
Hmy qub mcvbrtir, sio b`nmrel, qub bxistb uom ermo m`pjituc cb b`ujsilobs L/U
L/ U
klo uo klotboicl ermsl qub ci﬍brb `ukhl cb uoms m ltrms y qub bob o su kloguotl
lfrbkbo uo ermo mnmoikl cb lpkilobs tbrmpéutikms.
Qlr oubstrm bxpbribokim, jms b`ujsilobs `ís iotbrésmotbs y b﬍kmkbs bo
b o bj í`nitl
plcljûeikl slo7
Jlkiûo Jmobttb
Vbhàkujl
Vbhàku jl Jlkiûo Jmobttb L/U.
Qrbsbotm uom klosistbokim cb b`ujsiûo fjuicm cmcl
Bjmnlrmkiûo su plkl klotboicl bo `mtbrim ermsm (2-=1%
(2-=1%).). Bs
icûobm pmrm bj trmtm`ibotl cb ermocbs supbrfikibs l
zloms ji`itmcms `mkbrmcms.
Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Klotrljmr qub jm b`ujsiûo flr`mcm bs bstmnjb.
Mklociki
Mklo cikilom`
lom`ibotl
ibotl [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr frmskl l tunls kbrrmcls
hbr`étikm`botb.
Qriokipils mktivls `ís Olr`mj`botb prlcuktls mstrioebotbs, hicrmtmotbs,
frbkubotbs bo plcljleàm motiiofbkkilsls y klrtiklicbs.
Nmsb Jmobttb
Vbhàkujl
Vbhàku jl Krb`m nmsb Jmobttb L/U
Qrbsbotm uom klosistbokim cb b`ujsiûo klosistbotb
Bjmnlrmkiûo cmcl su klotboicl bob o `mtbrim ermsm `bcil (;2-31%)
(;2 -31%)..
Bs icûobm pmrm bj trmtm`ibotl cb pmtljleàms sbkms.
Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Klotrljmr qub jm b`ujsiûo flr`mcm bs bstmnjb.
Mklocikil
Mkloc ikilom`i
om`ibotl
botl [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr frmskls l tunls kbrrmcls
hbr`étikm`botb.
Qriokipils mktivls `ís Olr`mj`botb prlcuktls hicrmtmotbs, motiniûtikls,
frbkubotbs bo plcljleàm motif÷oeikls, klrtiklicbs, qubrmtljàtikls,
motipslriísikls, btk.

;=
 Bxkipibotb b`ljibotb
Vbhàkujl
Vbhàku jl Bxkipibotb b`ljibotb

Bs uo tér`iol eboérikl qub hmkb rbfbrbokim m uom

Bjmnlrmkiûo b`ujsiûo L/U
Qrlplob`ls klojmmkkiûo
vmrimr krb`m b`ljibotb cb jmmotbrilr
nmsb Jmobttb pibj.
klo jm ioklrplrmkiûo cb prlcuktls klo uo mjtl
klotboicl bo kljbstbrlj kl`l jm jmoljiom l cbrivmcls.

Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Klotrljmr qub jm b`ujsiûo flr`mcm bs bstmnjb.

Mklocikil
Mkloc ikilom`i
om`ibotl
botl [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr frmskls l tunls kbrrmcls
hbr`étikm`botb.

Qriokipils mktivls `ís Olr`mj`botb prlcuktls hicrmtmotbs, motiniûtikls,

frbkubotbs bo plcljleàm motif÷oeikls, klrtiklicbs, qubrmtljàtikls,
motipslriísikls, btk.

Roeúbotl hicrû﬍jl
Vbhàkujl
Vbhàku jl Roeúbotl hicrûfijl
B`ujsiûo L/U klo uo klotboicl ermsl cbj
Bjmnlrmkiûo 21-22% icûobm pmrm pmtljleàms `uy sbkms
y zloms pmj`lpjmotmrbs.
Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Klotrljmr qub jm b`ujsiûo flr`mcm bs bstmnjb.

Mklociki
Mklo cikilom
lom`ibo
`ibotl
tl [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr frmskl l tunls
kbrrmcls hbr`étikm`botb.

Qriokipils mktivls `ís Olr`mj`botb prlcuktls hicrmtmotbs, motiniûtikls,

frbkubotbs bo plcljleàm motif÷oeikls, klrtiklicbs, qubrmtljàtikls,
motipslriísikls, btk.

[b`isûjicls bo flr`m cb pl`mcms

Jms pl`mcms slo nmsbs hicrûflnms (ol mkbptmo meum) klostituicms plr jm `bzkjm
cb civbrsls prlcuktls ol `iskinjbs bo bj meum, ym sbmo kbrms,
kb rms, mkbitbs vbebtmjbs,
mkbitbs `iobrmjbs, éstbrbs jipàcikls, ci`btikloms cb kmcbom jmrem, btk.

Cmo kl`l rbsujtmcl prlcuktls cb civbrsm klosistbokim y cbosicmc, pbrl qub

tibobo bo kl`÷o bstm jipû﬍jm mnsljutm. Bo kumotl m sus kmrmktbràstikms tbrmpéu-
tikms kmnb cbstmkmr7
• Lkjusivicmc. Bjjl jbs pbr`itb rbcukir jm pércicm cb meum trmosbpicér`ikm
trmosbpicé r`ikm
mbxtrmktl
oivbjbs kûrobl.
`àoi`ls prlvlkmocl uom rbhicrmtmkiûo l slnrbhicrmtmkiûo cbj

;>
 Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms bo
flr`ujmkiûo plcljûeikm
• Junrikicmc. Bj mplrtb jipàcikl flr`m uom pbjàkujm qub rbcukb mspbrbzms,
ruelsicmcbs, btk.
• ^ípicm kbsiûo cb priokipils
pr iokipils mktivls hicrûfijls.
hicrûfijls. Kl`l bs bj kmsl cb jls
motiniûtikls tûpikls l jls motif÷oeikls tûpikls.

Qrltltipl cb bstms nmsbs bs jm vmsbjiom, prlcuktl lntboicl cb jm cbstijmkiûo cbj

pbtrûjbl. Hmy cifbrbotbs tipls, sibocl jm vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb jm `ís utijizmcm bo flr-
`ms fmr`mkéutikms. Bstí klostituicm plr uom kl`pjbgm
k l`pjbgm `bzkjm cb hicrlkmrnurls,
klo uom pmrtb kristmjiom sûjicm qub flr`m uo rbtàkujl trici`bosilomj mjtm`botb
lrcbomcl botrb bj qub kirkujmo ltrls hicrlkmrnurls
hicrlkmr nurls jàquicls ﬍gmcls m jm rbc. Bstm
bstrukturm iotbrom cb `mjjm hmkb qub sb klosicbrb uo jiplebj.

Vbhàkujl
Vbhàku jl Vmsbjiom
Vmsbji om fijmotb
fi jmotb

Bs uo vbhàkujl `uy bstmnjb, ol iotbrmkkilom

oi klo Q.M.,
Q.M., oi klo jm pibj. Mcb`ís plsbb
plsb b
Bjmnlrmkiûo nubom junrikicmc y bxtbosinijicmc. [b pubcb
cis`iouir su visklsicmc
flr`ujmkilobs ioklrplrmocl
vmsbjiom jàquicm. bo jms

Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Klotrlj cb hl`lebobicmc.

Mklociki
Mklo cikilom`
lom`ibo
ibotl
tl [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr frmskls l tunls
hbr`étikm`botb kbrrmcls.

Qriokipils mktivls frbkubotbs Olr`mj`botb motiniûtikls, motif÷oeikls,

klrtiklicbs y qubrmtljàtikls.

[uspbosilobs

Botbocb`ls plr
tm`mýl cb pmrtàkujm
pmr suspbosiûo
tàkujm supbrilr uom
1,=sljukiûo
m 1,= `ikrms) ol
sb vbrcmcbrm
vbrcmcb rm bo
bokubotrmo jm qub
suspb jls sljutls
suspbocicls
ocicls (cb
bo bj slj-
vbotb plr jm mkkiûo cb klsljvbotbs l sustmokims fmvlrbkbclrms cb jm suspbosiûo.
suspb osiûo.

Bstm flr`m fmr`mkéutikm jm plcb`ls boklotrmr

bok lotrmr bo cifbrbotbs `bcikm`botls klo
usls `uy cispmrbs, kl`l bo jm jlkiûo cb kmjm`iom, gmrmnbs pbciítrikls, khm`p÷s
klo priokipils mktivls ol sljunjbs. Cbscb bj puotl cb vistm plcljûeikl prbsbotmo
ermo iotbrés pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb kljlcilobs bjístikls y jmkms cb uýms.

Jm utijizmkiûo cb jms jmkms uoeubmjbs pmrm bj trmtm`ibotl cb pmtljleàms cb jms

uýms hm supubstl uo rbvljukiûo bo jls ÷jti`ls mýls. Bj fuocm`botl pmrm bj usl
cb jms jmkms uoeubmjbs bstí bo jm lntbokiûo cb uom flr`ujmkiûo klo uom mjtm
klokbotrmkiûo cb priokipil mktivl. Bstb sb pubcb boklotrmr cisubjtl, cisubjtl
pmrkimj`botb l suspbocicl bo jm `bzkjm cb cisljvbotbs y pjmsti﬍kmotbs qub flr-
`mo jm jmkm uoeubmj.

;;
 Bstb prlcuktl mpjikmcl rbpbticm`botb slnrb jm jí`iom uoeubmj pbr`itb uom mjtm
klokbotrmkiûo cb priokipils
pr iokipils mktivls (qub ol plcàm klosbeuirsb klo jm utijizmkiûo
kjísikm cb b`ujsilobs), cb flr`m qub sb klosieub uom pbobtrmkiûo prlerbsivm y
slstboicm cb jls priokipils mktivls bo jm jí`iom uoeubmj.

Vbhàkujl
Vbhàku jl Jmkm uoeubmj
Bs uo vbhàkujl `uy bstmnjb flr`mcl
plr `bzkjms cb cisljvbotbs lreíoikls y
Bjmnlrmkiûo pjmstifikmotbs. Jls Q.M. pubcbo boklotrmrsb
cisubjtls l suspbocicls klo uom mnslrkiûo
klotioum y slstboicm.
Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Klotrlj cb hl`lebobicmc.
[b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr frmskls cb kristmj
Mklociki
Mkloc ikilom`
lom`ibo
ibotl
tl klo mpjikmclr tipl piokbj hbr`étikm`botb
kbrrmcls.
Qriokipils mktivls `ís Olr`mj`botbb motif÷oeikls y klrtiklicbs.
Olr`mj`bot klr tiklicbs.
frbkubotbs bo plcljleàm

Bj kljlciûo bjístikl bs uo jàquicl cbosl, kjmrl, trmospmrbotb,

trmospm rbotb, klo ljlr btérbl. Iosl-
junjb bo meum, `iskinjb klo mjklhlj y étbr. [b trmtm cb uom nmsb
nm sb fmr`mkéutikm klo
iotbrés kl`l bxkipibotb prltbktlr,
prltbktlr, mpjikíoclsb slnrb zloms rbcukicms cb jm pibj.

Sm`niéo sb hm usmcl
usmc l kl`l vbhàkujl pmrm jm mc`ioistrmkiûo cb fír`mkls kumocl
kum ocl
sb rbquibrb uom mkkiûo jlkmj prljloemcm,
prljloemc m, ym qub lrieiom uom pbjàkujm qub `motibob
bo klotmktl curmotb nmstmotb tib`pl jls priokipils mktivls klo jm pibj, pbr`i-
tibocl jm mnslrkiûo cb jls `is`ls.

Bj kljlciûo bjístikl pbr`itb jm ioklrplrmkiûo cb priokipils mktivls tmotl bo flr`m

cb sljukiûo (si slo sljunjbs bo jls cisljvbotbs lreíoikls
lreí oikls qub jl kl`plobo) kl`l
bo flr`m cb suspbosiûo.
Vbhàkujl
Vbhàku jl Kljlciûo bjístikl
Bs uo vbhàkujl `uy bstmnjb klo uom
flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl kl`l bstm7
Oitrlkbjujlsm 3%
Bjmnlrmkiûo Mkbitb
Mkbi tb cb rikiol
ri kiol 2%
Btmolj/étbr cibtàjikl k.s.
Jls priokipils mktivls pubcbo boklotrmrsb
cisubjtls l suspbocicls.
Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Klotrlj cb hl`lebobicmc.
[b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr frmskls cb kristmj
Mklociki
Mkloc ikilom`
lom`ibo
ibotl
tl klo mpjikmclr tipl piokbj l bspítujm
hbr`étikm`botb kbrrmcls.

frbkubotbs
Qriokipils bo
mktivls
plcljleàm
`ís Olr`mj`botb qubrmtljàtikls,
vbsikmotbs. kitlstítikls,

;3
 Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms bo
flr`ujmkiûo plcljûeikm

[b`isûjicls bo flr`m cb pmstms

Cbol`iom`ls pmstms m mqubjjls sb`isûjicls qub jjbvmo bo su iotbrilr prlcuktls
pujvbrujbotls iosljunjbs bo jls cisljvbotbs kjísikls bo uom bjbvmcm prlplrkiûo.

Jls sb`isûjicls qub sb utijizmo pmrm flr`mr jms pmstms tibobo klosistbokims `uy
civbrsms (cbscb jlkilobs m pl`mcms kl`pmktms), pbrl tibobo bo kl`÷o qub mpjikmcms
slnrb jm pibj, mcb`ís cbj bfbktl
bfbk tl prlpil cbj sb`isûjicl, cbgmo uom pbjàkujm cb `mtbrimj
pujvbrujbotl qub bgbrkb uom fuokiûo prltbktlrm l nibo sbkmotb slnrb jm supbr﬍kib
mpjikmcm.

Cistioeui`ls botrb pmstms ljblsms klo bj cispbrsmotb

cispbrsm otb bo flr`m cb jàquicl l sb`isûjicl
jipû﬍jl (vmsbjiom, mkbitb cb pmrm﬍om, btk.) l pmstms mkulsms clocb
cloc b bj cispbrsmotb bs uo
jàquicl l sb`isûjicl hicrû﬍jl (ebj mkulsl, meum puri﬍kmcm, pljiljbs, `mkrleljbs, btk.).

Jm flr`ujmkiûo `ís kjísikm cb jms pmstms ljblsms bs jm pmstm Jmssmr. Vbhàkujl qub
tibob uo mjtl
vbhàkujl ermslklotboicl
jm mkkiûo cb ûxiclcbj
sbkmotb cb ûxicl
kiok, mýmcibocl
cb kiok. msà m jm mkkiûo prltbktlrm cbj

Ltrl bgb`pjl cb pmstm ermsm

erm sm bs jm qub lntbob`ls klo jm ioklrplrmkiûo
iok lrplrmkiûo cb uo 2-
2 -=1
=1%
%
cb tmjkl u ûxicl cb kiok m uom b`ujsiûo U/L ﬎uicm kl`l bj jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl
(vbhàkujl bstucimcl bo bj mpmrtmcl cb b`ujsilobs U/L).

Bo jms pmstms mkulsms bj vbhàkujl qub olr`mj`botb sb utijizm bs uom sljukiûo cb meum
y pljiljbs qub fmkijitmo rbjmtivm`botb jm bxtbosiûo cb jm `mtbrim pujvbrujbotm, rbfrbskm
y cbsmpmrbkb klo rmpicbz.

Jm
cb pmstm mj meum
bstb erupl cbyvbhàkujls.
jm jlkiûo cb
Jmkmjm`iom
pmstm mj slo
meumjlstibob
rbprbsbotmotbs
uo klotboicl`ís
cbkmrmktbràstikls
ûxicl cb kiok
mj >2% y cb tmjkl mj >2% mkl`pmýmcl cb uom sljukiûo m pmrtbs ieumjbs cb meum y
ejikbriom. Bo km`nil, jm jlkiûo cb kmjm`iom bs `bols sbkmotb
sbk motb plrqub sûjl ioklrplrm
uo >1-;1% cb ûxicl cb kiok y kiok kmrnlomtl nísikl.

Bo bj í`nitl cb jm tbrmpéutikm plcljûeikm jm pmstm mkulsm `ís i`plrtmotb bs jm pmstm

cb mz÷kmr, qub kl`l su ol`nrb iocikm bs uom `bzkjm cb mz÷kmrbs y `mkrleljbs.
Bstb mjtl klotboicl
klotboicl bo mz÷kmr qub jm kmrmktbrizm jb klo﬍brb jms pmrtikujmricmcbs cb sbr
uo `bcil mséptikl pmrm vbhikujizmr motiniûtikls bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb kibrtms ÷jkbrms,
mcb`ís cb fmkijitmr jm bji`iomkiûo cb bxucmcls plr su mkkiûo ls`ûtikm.

;2
 Vbhàku
Vbhàkujl
jl Qmstm cb mz÷kmr
Bs uo vbhàkujl sb`isûjicl `uy bstmnjb klo uom
flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl kl`l bstm7
[mkmrlsm 66,6%
6 6,6%
Bjmnlrmkiûo Qljibtijboejiklj 311 ;;,;%
[ubjb ioklrplrmrsb meum lxiebomcm mj ;1% bo
klokbotrmkilobs
klokbotrmki lobs cbj 1,2-
1,2-==% kl`l klosbrvmotb.
klosb rvmotb.
Jls Q.M.
Q.M. pubcbo boklotrmrsb
b oklotrmrsb cispbrsls
cis pbrsls bo bj
sb`isûjicl.
Klotrlj prlcuktl fiomj Klotrlj cb hl`lebobicmc.

Mklociki
Mklo cikilom`
lom`ibo
ibotl
tl [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr bo tmrrl lpmkl klo
tmpûo prbkiotl.
Qriokipils mktivls `ís Olr`mj`botb motiniûtikls.
frbkubotbs bo plcljleàm

[ljunijicmc cb jls priokipils mktivls y bxkipibo

bxkipibotbs
tbs `ís
utijizmcls bo plcljleàm

Qriokipil mktivl/ [ljunjb bo [ljunjb bo [ljunijicmc bo ltrls

Bxkipibotb meum purifikmcm mjklhlj btàjikl cisljvbotbs

2-Fjulrlurmkijl - - Ci`btijsujfûxicl
(fjulrlurmkijl)
Mkbi tb cb pmrmfi
Mkbitb pm rmfiom
om
(pmrmfiom jàquicm, - - Mkbitbs
vmsbjiom jàquicm)
Mkbi tb cb sijik
Mkbitb si jiklom
lom - - Mkbitbs
(ci`btiklom ;21)

Mkbtlomm
Mkbtlo - +

Mkbtûo icl
Mkbtûoicl - ++
trim`kioljlom

Mbrlsijij (sàjikb
Mbrls (sà jikb kljl
kljlicmj
icmj)) - -

Íkicl mkéti
mkétikl
kl ++ +
(íkicl mkétikl ejmkimj)

;6
 Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms bo
flr`ujmkiûo plcljûeikm

Qriokipil mktivl/ [ljunjb bo [ljunjb bo [ljunijicmc bo ltrls

Bxkipibotb meum purifikmcm mjklhlj btàjikl cisljvbotbs

Íkicl mkéti
mkétikl
kl ejmkim
ej mkimjj ++ +
(íkicl mkétikl)
Íkicl nûri
nûrikl
kl - ++

Íkicll féoikl
Íkic féoi kl (fbolj
(fb olj)) + ++

Íkicl jíkti
jíktikl
kl ++ ++

Íkicl smji
smjikàj
kàjikl
ikl - ++

Íkicl rbtiolikl - ++
(trbtiolàom)

Mcbps jmomb (jmoljiom) - - Mkbitbs

Meum lxiebomcm
(pbrûxicl cb ++ +
hicrûebol)

Mjmotlàom ++ -

Mjlb vbrm ++ +

Mju`nrb kmjkiomcl
(mju`nrb pltísikl, -- +
mju`nrb pljvl)

Mju`nrb pljvl
(mju`nrb kmjkiomcl, -- +
mju`nrb pltísikl)

Mju`nrb pltísikl
(mju`nrb pljvl, -- +
mju`nrb kmjkiomcl)

;5
 Qriokipil mktivl/ [ljunjb bo [ljunjb bo [ljunijicmc bo ltrls
Bxkipibotb meum purifikmcm mjklhlj btàjikl cisljvbotbs

Mju`ioikl pltísikl
sujfmtl
(mju`nrb pltísikl) -- +

M`loil jmktmtl + ++
(jmktmtl m`ûoikl)

Motrmjiom (citrmolj) - +

Mz÷kmr ejms
(mz÷kmr ejmsé, + --
smkmrlsm pujvbrizmcm)
Mz÷kmr ejmsé
(mz÷kmr ejms, smkmrlsm + --
pujvbrizmcm)
Nikmrnlomtl sûcikl ++ --
(slcil nikmrnlomtl)

Nis`utl sunoitrmtl -- +
(sunoitrmtl cb nis`utl)
Nrbm cb hujjm
smploiomcm - - Mkbitbs
(klmjtmr smploiomcl)
Kmjm`iom pljvl - +
(kmrnlomtl cb kiok)

Kmotmriciom -- - Mkbtlom

Kmrnm`icm (urbm) ++ --

Kmrnlomtl cb kiok -- +
(kmjm`iom pljvl)

Kikjlpirlx -- +
(kikjlpirlx ljm`iom)

Kikjlpirlx ljm`iom -- +
(kikjlpirlx)

;8
 Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms bo
flr`ujmkiûo plcljûeikm

Qriokipil mktivl/ [ljunjb bo [ljunjb bo [ljunijicmc bo ltrls

Bxkipibotb meum purifikmcm mjklhlj btàjikl cisljvbotbs

Kiok ûxicl -- +
(ûxicl cb kiok)
Kiok sujfmtl ++ -
(sujfmtl cb kiok)
Kjlnbtmslj
(ciprlpilomtl cb -- ++
kjlnbtmslj)
Kjlrm`iom S ++ --
(tlsijkjlrm`iom sûcikm)

Kjltri`mzlj -- ++

Kjlrurl cb mju`ioil
(kjlrurl cb mju`ioil ++ --
hbxmhicrmtmcl)
Kjlrurl cb mju`ioil
hbxmhicrmtmcl ++ --
(kjlrurl cb mju`ioil)
Klmjtmr smploiomcl
(nrbm cb hujjm - +
smploiomcm)
Klnrb sujfmtl ++ --
(sujfmtl cb klnrb)

Kljlciûo bjístikl -- -- Mkbtlom

(kljlciûo ﬎bxinjb)

Kljlciûo ﬎bxinjb -- -- Mkbtlom

(kljlciûo bjístikl)

Kjlrhicrûxicl cb - +
mju`ioil

Ciprlpilomtl cb -- ++
kjlnbtmslj (kjlnbtmslj)

Citrmolj (motrmjiom) - +

;9
 Qriokipil mktivl/ [ljunjb bo [ljunjb bo [ljunijicmc bo ltrls
Bxkipibotb meum purifikmcm mjklhlj btàjikl cisljvbotbs
Cbxpmotbolj
(pmotbolj,N=2)
prlvitm`iom + +

Blsiom + ++

Fbolj (íkicl féoikl) + ++

Fjulrlurmkijl -- -- Ci`btijsujfûxicl
(2-﬎ulrlurmkijl)

Fuksiom nísikm + +

Ebotm`ikiom ++ --
(sujfmtl cb ebotm`ikiom)

Ejutmrmjcbhàcl ++ -

Dbtlklomzlj -- ++

Hicrlklrtislom -- +

Hicrûxicl pltísikl ++ -
(pltmsil hicrûxicl)

Ilcl (ylcl) -- +

Ilcurl pltísikl ++ --
(ylcurl pltísikl)

Jmktmtl sûcikl ++ +
(slcil jmktmtl)

Jmktmtl m`ûoikl ++ -
(m`loil jmktmtl)

Jmoljiom (mcbps jmomb) -- -- Mkbitbs

@mkrlelj 311 + -
(pljibtijboejiklj 311)

31
 Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms bo
flr`ujmkiûo plcljûeikm

Qriokipil mktivl/ [ljunjb bo [ljunjb bo [ljunijicmc bo ltrls

Bxkipibotb meum purifikmcm mjklhlj btàjikl cisljvbotbs

@botlj -- ++
@btrloicmzlj - +
@iklomzlj -- ++
Oitrmtl cb pjmtm ++ --

Ûxicl cb kiok -- +
(kiok ûxicl)

Qmotbolj (cbxpmotbolj, + +
Qrlvitm`iom N=2)
Qmrm﬍om jàquicm
(mkbitb cb pmrm﬍om,
vmsbjiom jàquicm) -- -- Mkbitbs
Qmrm﬍om njmocm
(vmsbjiom, vmsbjiom -- -- Mkbitbs
﬍jmotb)
Qbrûxicl cb hicrûebol ++ -
(meum lxiebomcm)

Qlcl﬍jiol -- +
(rbsiom cb plcl﬍jiol)
Qbr`moemomtl
pltísikl (pltmsil ++ --
pbr`moemomtl)
Qljibtijboejiklj 311 + -
(@mkrlelj 311)

Qljislrnmtl 81 + +
(twbbo 81)
Qltmsil pbr`moemomtl
(pbr`moemomtl ++ --
pltísikl)
Qltmsil hicrûxicl ++ --
(hicrûxicl pltísikl)

3=
 Qriokipil mktivl/ [ljunjb bo [ljunjb bo [ljunijicmc bo ltrls
Bxkipibotb meum purifikmcm mjklhlj btàjikl cisljvbotbs

Qrlpijboejiklj + +
Qrlvitm`iom N=2
(cbxpmotbolj, + +
pmotbolj)
^bsiom cb plcl﬍jiol - +
(plcl﬍jiol)

^bslrkiom (rbslrkiolj) ++ -
^bslrkiolj (rbslrkiom) ++ -
[mkmrlsm pujvbrizmcm
(mz÷kmr ejms, mz÷kmr + -
ejmsé)

[àjikb kljlicmj (mbrlsij) -- --

[ljukiûo mkbtmtl cb + +
pjl`l
[ljukiûo cb
mkbtltmrmtl cb ++ -
mju`ioil
[ljukiûo kjlrurl
férrikl (sljukiûo cb ++ -
pbrkjlrurl cb hibrrl)

[ljukiûo
cb pbrkjlrurl
hibrrl (sljukiûo cb ++ -
kjlrurl férrikl)
[unoitrmtl cb nis`utl -- +
(nis`utl sunoitrmtl)
[ujfmtl mju`àoikl
pltísikl
(mju`nrb pltísikl, + -
mju`nrb pljvl,
mju`nrb kmjkiomcl)
[ujfmtl cb klnrb ++ -
(klnrb sujfmtl)

3>
 Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms bo
flr`ujmkiûo plcljûeikm

Qriokipil mktivl/ [ljunjb bo [ljunjb bo [ljunijicmc bo ltrls

Bxkipibotb meum purifikmcm mjklhlj btàjikl cisljvbotbs

[ujfmtl cb kiok ++ -
(kiok sujfmtl)
[ujfmtl cb ebotm`ikiom ++ --
(ebotm`ikiom)

SSmjkl
mjkl -- --
Si`lj - +

SSlsijkjlrm`iom
lsijkjlrm`iom sûcikm ++ -
(kjlrm`iom S)

Srbtiolàom
Srbtiolàom -- ++
(íkicl rbtiolikl)
Srim`kioljlom
Srim`kioljlom
mkbtûoicl (mkétloicl -- ++
cb trim`kioljlom)
Swbbo 81
Swbbo + +
(pljislrnmtl 81)

Rrbm (kmrnm`icm) ++ --
Vmsbjiom jàquicm
(pmrm﬍om jàquicm, -- -- Mkbitbs
mkbitb cb pmrm﬍om)

Vmsbjiomvmsbjiom
(vmsbjiom, ﬍jmotb -- -- Mkbitbs
njmocm)
Vmsbjiom
(vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb, -- -- Mkbitbs
vmsbjiom njmocm)
Vbrcb nrijjmotb + +

Ylcl
Ylcl (ilcl) - +

Ylcurl pltísikl
Ylcurl ++ -
(ilcurl pltísikl)

3;
 Jm flr`ujmkiûo
¼]ué bs jmbopibj
`meistrmj bj
sbosinjb<
í`nitl plcljûeikl
 Jm jby >9/>116, cb >6 cb gujil, cb emrmotàms y usl rmkilomj cb jls `bcikm`botls
y prlcuktls smoitmrils, bo su mrtàkujl 5, cb﬍ob jms fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs kl`l
"`bcikm`botls jbemj`botb rbklolkicls guotl m jms bspbkimjicmcbs fmr`mkéutikms
cb usl hu`mol y vbtbriomril bjmnlrmcms
b jmnlrmcms iocustrimj`botb"
iocus trimj`botb"..

Jm `is`m jby, bo su mrtàkujl 8, cb﬍ob jm fûr`ujm `meistrmj

`meistrm j kl`l7 "bj
"bj `bcikm`botl
`bcikm`b otl
cbstiomcl m uo pmkibotb iocivicumjizmcl prbpmrmcl plr uo fmr`mkéutikl, l nmgl su
cirbkkiûo pmrm ku`pji`botmr bxprbsm`botb uom prbskripkiûo fmkujtmtivm cbtmjjmcm
cb jls priokipils mktivls qub iokjuybo, sbe÷o jms olr`ms cb klrrbktm bjmnlrmkiûo
y klotrlj cb kmjicmc bstmnjbkicms mj bfbktl, cispbosmcl bo l﬍kiom cb fmr`mkim l
sbrvikil fmr`mkéutikl y klo jm cbnicm ioflr`mkiûo mj usumril".

Bj ^C =52/>11=
=52/>11= slnrb Olr`ms cb Klrrbktm
Klrrbk tm Bjmnlrmkiûo y Klotrlj cb Kmjicmc cb
jms Fûr`ujms @meistrmjbs y Qrbpmrmcls L﬍kiomjbs tibob kl`l lngbtl pbr`itir mj
fmr`mkéutikl emrmotizmr jm kmjicmc cb sus prbpmrmkilobs. Bo éj sb bstmnjbkb jms
klocikilobs ebobrmjbs `àoi`ms qub cbnb rbuoir bj pbrslomj, jls jlkmjbs, bj utijjmgb,
jm clku`botmkiûo, jms `mtbrims pri`ms utijizmcms, jls `mtbrimjbs cb mklocikil-
om`ibotl,
`meistrmjbsjmybjmnlrmkiûo,
prbpmrmclsbjl﬍kiomjbs.
klotrlj cb kmjicmc, y jm cispbosmkiûo
cispbo smkiûo cb jms fûr`ujms

Bo bj `is`l ^bmj Cbkrbtl sb klotb`pjmo tlcls jls mspbktls qub io﬎uybo cirbktm
l iocirbktm`botb bo jm kmjicmc cb jms prbpmrmkilobs qub sb rbmjizmo tmotl bo jms
l﬍kioms cb fmr`mkim kl`l bo jls sbrvikils cb fmr`mkim hlspitmjmrim.
hlspitmjmr im. Msà `is`l, sb
bstmnjbkb qub kumocl jms l﬍kioms cb fmr`mkim y sbrvikil cb fmr`mkim hlspitmjmrim
ol cisploemo cb jls `bcils obkbsmrils plcrío sljikitmr m ltrm boticmc, jbemj-
`botb mutlrizmcm pmrm tmj ﬍o plr jm mc`ioistrmkiûo smoitmrim kl`pbtbotb (fmr`mkim,
sbrvikil cb fmr`mkim u ltrms boticmcbs jbemj`botb mutlrizmcms), jm rbmjizmkiûo
cb uom l vmrims fmsbs cb jm bjmnlrmkiûo y/l klotrlj cb jms fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs.

Qlr tmotl, uom fûr`ujm `meistrmj tibob qub ku`pjir jms sieuibotbs prb`isms7
• @bcikm`botl cbstiomcl m uo pmkibotb iocivicumjizmcl.
• [ugbtl m rbkbtm `écikm.
• Bjmnlrmcl plr uo fmr`mkéutikl l nmgl su klotrlj.
• Bjmnlrmcl bo uom lfikiom cb fmr`mkim, sbrvikil cb fmr`mkim hlspitmjmrim
l uom boticmc mutlrizmcm bxprbsm`botb pmrm bjjl plr su mc`ioistrmkiûo
smoitmrim kl`pbtbotb.
• Ku`pjir klo jms olr`ms cb klrrbkt
klrrbktmm bjmnlrmkiûo ^C =52/>11=
=52/>11=..
• Ku`pjir klo jls klotrljbs
klotrljb s cb kmjicmc
km jicmc cbj ^C =52/>11=
=52/>11=..
• Klotbobr uo prlspbktl cb ioflr`mkiûo mj pmkibotb.

36
 Jm flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj
bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl
• Bstmr klrrbktm`botb btiqubtmcl7 ol`nrb cbj pmkibotb y prbskriptlr, kl`-
plsikiûo, fbkhm cb bjmnlrmkiûo y kmcukicmc,
km cukicmc, vàm cb mc`ioistrmkiûo, cmtls
cb jm fmr`mkim cispbosmclrm.
• [br cispbosmcl bo uom lfikiom cb fmr`mkim l sbrvikil cb fmr`mkim
hlspitmjmrim.

M pmrtir
pmr tir cb bstms klosicbrmkilobs
k losicbrmkilobs plcb`ls klokjuir qub uom fûr`ujm `meistrmj
bs uo `bcikm`botl iocivicumjizmcl klo icéotikm sbeuricmc, b﬍kmkim, klotrljbs cb
kmjicmc b ioflr`mkiûo mj pmkibotb kl`l kumjquibr ltrm bspbkimjicmc fmr`mkéutikm.

Kl`l ym sb hm kl`botmcl bo jm iotrlcukkiûo, jm Jby >8/>119, cb ;1 cb cikib`nrb,

cb `lci﬍kmkiûo cb jm Jby >9/>116, cb >6 cb gujil, cb emrmotàms y usl rmkilomj cb
jls `bcikm`botls y prlcuktls smoitmrils, mutlrizm mj plcûjlel jm prbskripkiûo
cb `bcikm`botls sugbtls m rbkbtm
rbkbt m `écikm bo su í`nitl prlfbsilomj y, plr tmotl,
tm`niéo jb fmkujtm bo jm prbskripkiûo cb fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs.

Bstm jby bquipmrm mj plcûjlel klo kumjquibr

kumjquib r ltrl fmkujtmtivl cb jm `bcikiom (cbr-
`mtûjlel, pbcimtrm, `écikl cb fm`ijim, btk.) m jm hlrm cb prbskrinir uom fûr`ujm
`meistrmj bo su í`nitl prlfbsilomj. Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo lnjiem mj fmr`mkéutikl
fmr `mkéutikl m bjmnlrmr
(bo su fmr`mkim l bokmreíocljm m ltrm) y cispbosmr bj prbpmrmcl sljikitmcl plr éj
m ﬍o cb qub bj bofbr`l pubcm rbkinir bj trmtm`ibotl pmrm jm mfbkkiûo plcljûeikm
sljikitmcm.

]ué cucm kmnb qub mktumj`botb slo `ukhms jms bspbkimjicmcbs fmr`mkéutikms
qub pubcb utijizmr bj plcûjlel y qub kunrbo
kunrb o jm `mylràm cb pmtljleàms klo jms qub
sb pubcb boklotrmr. Muo msà, jm fûr`ujm `meistrmj pubcb klostituir uo pijmr `uy
vmjilsl bo jm tbrmpim fmr`mkljûeikm plcljûeikm cimrim.

Jm flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj tibob kl`l lngbtivl bsbokimj smjvmr jms jmeuoms tbrmpéu-
tikms cb jm iocustrim fmr`mkéutikm,
fmr`mkéutikm , iocivicumjizmocl jls trmtm`ibotls fmr`mkljûei-
kls. Botrb ltrls puotls cb iotbrés cb jm fûr`ujm
fûr `ujm `meistrmj sbýmjm`ls7
• Mcmptmkiûo cb jls bxkipibotbs m jm jbsiûo.
• Mslkimkiûo cb priokipils mktivls.
• Iotrlcukkiûo cb oubvls priokipils mktivls ol kl`brkimjizmcls.
• Kunrir jmeuoms tbrmpéutikms.
• Iocivicumjizmkiûo cb jls trmtm`ibotls.
• Qrbstieil cbj mktl prlfbsilomj.

35
 M càm cb hly, jls priok
priokipils
ipils mktivls klo jls
j ls qub jbemj`
jbemj`botb
botb sb
s b pubcb
pub cb flr`ujmr
fl r`ujmr
slo mqubjjls qub prbsbotmo uom mkkiûo b iocikmkiûo rbklolkicm plr jm Mebokim
Bspmýljm cbj @bcikm`botl y Qrlcuktls [moitmrils (MB@Q[) pmrm jm pmtljleàm
qub sb cbsbm trmtmr.

Motb kumjqui
kumjquibr
br jbsiûo
jbsiûo cér`ikm hmy uols fmktlrbs qub tmotl bj plcûjl
plcûjlel
el prbskript
prbskriptlr
lr
kl`l bj fmr`mkéutikl bjmnlrmclr cbnbo klosicbrmr bo bj `l`botl cb flr`ujmr
uo `bcikm`botl7
• Bjbkkiûo cbj priokipil mktivl mcbkumcl.
• Bjbkkiûo cb jm flr`m fmr`mkéutikm klrrbktm.
• Bjbkkiûo cbj bxkipibotb mcbkumcl.
• Vmjlrmkiûo cb jls bfbktls kls`étikls y cbr`mtljûeikls
c br`mtljûeikls cbj bxkipibotb.
• Cbj klolki`ibotl y cbsmrrljjl cb kmcm uol cb bstls pmrí`btrls cbrivmrí
bj éxitl cbj trmtm`ibotl.
trmtm `ibotl.

Rom fûr`ujm `meistrmj hm cb iokjuir ol sljm`botb jls priokipils mktivls fmr`mkljû-

eikm`botb b﬍kmkbs
b﬍kmkb s pmrm jm pmtljleàm lngbtl cb trmtm`ibotl,
trmtm `ibotl, siol bj bxkipibotb `ís
mcbkumcl pmrm jms kmrmktbràstikms
km rmktbràstikms kjàoikms cb jm `is`m. Jls bxkipibotbs qub tibobo
`ís iotbrés bo bj km`pl plcljûeikl
pl cljûeikl hmo sicl momjizmcls bo bj b j kmpitujl motbrilr.

Qljvls Bxkipibotb7
[ljukilobs hicrlmjklhûjikms @bols ermsl
[ljukilobs mkulsms @bolr lkjusiûo
Ebj hicrlmjklhûjikl Qmrm jbsilobs bxucmtivms
Ebj mkulsl
Krb`m ebj
Krb`m nmsb Nbbjbr
Krb`m nmsb Jmobttb Bxkipibotb7
Roeúbotl hicrû﬍jl @ís ermsl
Vmsbjiom `lci﬍kmcm @mylr lkjusiûo
Vmsbjiom Qmrm jbsilobs sbkms

Kljlcilobs
Jmkm cb uýms

38
 Jm flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj
bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl
Bo lkmsilobs bj frmkmsl tbrmpéutikl rmcikm `ís bo uom `mjm bjbkkiûo cbj bxkipibotb
qub bo jm cb jls priokipils mktivls utijizmcls. Bs plr bjjl qub bo plcljleàm,
plcljleàm , mj ieumj
qub bo cbr`mtljleàm, kmcm tipl cb jbsiûo (meucm, sunmeucm, krûoikm, xbrûsikm, btk.)btk.)
prbkism uo vbhàkujl y/l
y/l uom flr`m fmr`mkéutikm bspbkà﬍km
b spbkà﬍km mslkimcm m uo priokipil
mktivl icûobl bo fuokiûo cb jm btiljleàm cb jm jbsiûo cimeolstikmcm. Cbj klolki`ibotl
y cbsmrrljjl cb m`nls pmrí`btrls cbrivmrí bj éxitl l frmkmsl cbj trmtm`ibotl.
Kl`l olr`m ebobrmj, plcràm`ls bstmnjbkbr jms klrrbjmkilobs botrb jls tipls cb
jbsilobs `ís kl`uobs bo plcljleàm y jms flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms
fmr `mkéutikms y/l vbhàkujls
vbhàkujls
qub cbnbràmo utijizmrsb7

Sipl cb jbsilobs Kmrmktbràstikms kjàoikms cb F.F./Bxkipibotbs `ís

jm jbsiûo frbkubotbs m utijizmr
H÷`bcms Qljvls
Bxucmtivms [ljukilobs
Jbsilobs meucms Britb`mtlsms Ebjbs mkulsls
@mkbrmcms Krb`m-ebjbs
Bcb`lsms Kl`prbsms h÷`bcms
H÷`bcms
Britb`mtlsms Krb`ms L/U
Jbsilobs sunmeucms Kloebstivms Ebjbs
Cbskm`mtivms Jlkilobs L/U
Klstrlsms
[bkms Krb`ms hicrmtmotbs L/U
Hipbrqubrmtûsikms Ql`mcms
Xbrûsikms Vmsbjioms
Jbsilobs krûoikms
Cbskm`mtivms Roeúbotls

Jiquboiflr`bs Krb`ms b`ljibotbs L/U

Kljlcilobs
Loiklpmtàms
Kurms lkjusivms pjístikms
Jbsilobs jlkmjizmcms Hbjl`ms
[ljukilobs
Qmpijl`ms
Jmkms cb uýms
Ebjb s QJL (=)
Ebjbs (=)
Mbrlsljbs
Jbsilobs `uskujmrbs
Jbsilobs prlfuocms Qmrkhbs trmoscér`ikls
Jbsilobs lstblmrtikujmrbs
Mpûsitls lkjusivls
Qrbpmrmcls klo C@[L (>)
Oltms7
(=) Qjurloik Jbkitio Lremolebj7 ebj cb mjtm pbobtrmkiûo4 (>) Ci`btijsujfûxicl

39
 Jm prbskripkiûo cb uom fûr`ujm `meistrmj hm cb bstmr olr`mjizmcm y sbr prbkism
m ﬍o cb bvitmr klofusilobs y prlnjb`ms m jm hlrm cb su bjmnlrmkiûo. Qlr bjjl
cbtmjjm`ls mjeuoms prb`isms y klosicbrmkilobs ebobrmjbs bsbokimjbs.
• Jls priokipils mktivls cb jms fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs hmo cb bskrinirsb bo
CKI (Cbol`iomkiûo
kitmcls bo bstm euàm Kl`÷o
ku`pjboIotbromkilomj).
bstm prb`ism.Slcls jls priokipils mktivls
• Jls priokipils mktivls pubcbo bxprbsmrsb bo vmjlrbs mnsljutls (`e,
e, `j, `ke, btk.) l bo vmjlrbs plrkbotumjbs (%, =/=111, =/=1.111). Bs
mklosbgmnjb, `ís sbeurl y bvitm klofusilobs flr`ujmr sib`prb bo vmjlrbs
plrkbotumjbs.
• [i sb `lcifikm jm kmoticmc tltmj fiomj cb uom fûr`ujm `meistrmj bxprb-
smcm bo vmjlrbs plrkbotumjbs ol vmràm jm klokbotrmkiûo cb sus priokipils
mktivls.

Íkicl smjikàjikl =1%

=1%
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb ksp =11e

Íkicl smjikàjikl =1%

=1%
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb ksp >11e

[i sb `lci﬍km jm kmoticmc tltmj ﬍omj cb uom fûr`ujm `meistrmj bxprbsmcm bo vmjl-

rbs mnsljutls, vmrimrí jm klokbotrmkiûo cb sus priokipils mktivls.

Íkicl smjikàjikl =1%

=1%
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb ksp =11e

Íkicl smjikàjikl =1%

=1%
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb ksp >11e

Íkicl smjikàjikl >1e

Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb ksp >11e

21
 Jm flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj
bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl

• Jls bxkipibotbs pubcbo bxprbsmrsb

bxprbsmr sb bo vmjlrbs mnsljutls l klo tbr`iol-
jleàm bspbkàfikm7
• ksp7 "kmoticmc sufikibotb pmrm",
pmrm", (iocikm bj vlju`bo l pbsl
pbs l fiomj cb
jm fûr`ujm).
• pmrm = slnrb o.
o.·7
·7 iocikm bj klotboicl plr slnrb y bj o÷`brl cb
Qbr`m oemomtl
Qbr`moemo mtl pltís
pltísikl
ikl 1,=e
1,=e
pmrm = slnrb o.· =1

uoicmcbs qub hm cb bjmnlrmrsb7

• pmrm = kípsujm o.·7 iocikm bj klotboicl plr kípsujm y bj o÷`brl cb
[ujfmtl cb kiok botérikl >11`e

pmrm = kípsujm
kíp sujm o.· 61

uoicmcbs qub hmo cb bjmnlrmrsb7

• Bxistbo ltrms bxprbsilobs qub bstío bo cbsusl l ol sb rbkl`ibocm su
utijizmkiûo, pbrl bs obkbsmril klolkbrjms pmrm bvitmr klofusilobs7
• hsm7 "híemsb sbe÷o mrtb"
mrtb"..
• `sm7 "`ézkjbsb sbe÷o mrtb"
• mm7 "m pmrtbs ieumjbs cb jls kl`plobotbs qub iokjuymo".
• Jm prbskripkiûo tmotl cb uom fûr`ujm `meistrmj kl`l cb kumjquibr bspb-
kimjicmc fmr`mkéutikm cbnbrí hmkbrsb bo jm rbkbtm lfikimj privmcm mutlri-
zmcm bo bj ^C =5=8,
=5=8, cb =5 cb cikib`nrb cb >1=1, qub botrû bo vielr bj =
cb bobrl cb >1=;.
>1=;.
• Jm rbkbtm cbnbrí iokjuir mcb`ís cb jm prbskripkiûo (fûr`ujm `meistrmj
l bspbkimjicmc fmr`mkéutikm)
fmr `mkéutikm) jls sieuibotbs cmtls7 ol`nrb, mpbjjicls y
COI cbj pmkibotb, ol`nrb, mpbjjicls, o÷`brl cb kljbeimcl, cirbkkiûo y
tbjéflol cb klotmktl cbj plcûjlel.
plc ûjlel. Bo jm hlgm cb ioflr`mkiûo cbj pmkibotb
sb cbtmjjmrí, mcb`ís cb jm prbskripkiûo, jm pmutm cb clsifikmkiûo, flr`m
cb mpjikmkiûo l kumotm ioflr`mkiûo klosicbrb bj plcûjlel lplrtuom pmrm
jm klrrbktm utijizmkiûo cbj `bcikm`botl prbskritl.
• Muo kumocl
ku mocl bo bj
b j flr`ujmri
flr `ujmril
l qub sb cbsmr
cb smrrljjm
rljjm m klotioumk
klo tioumkiûo
iûo hmy fûr-
`ujms `meistrmjbs klo uo rmoel cb klokbotrmkiûo (plr bgb`pjl urbm
=2->1%),
pmkibotb mbjtrmtmr.
plcûjlel
trmtm r. hm cb bjbeir jm `ís mcbkumcm pmrm jm jbsiûo y bj

2=
 • Bo jm euàm mpmrbkbo fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs klo bxkipibotbs eboérikls (plr
bgb`pjl bxkipibotb krb`m L/U, bxkipibotb ebj, bo bstls kmsls sbrí bj
fmr`mkéutikl bo fuokiûo cb pmrí`btrls emjéoikls bj qub bjigm bj tipl cb
krb`m (krb`m nmsb Nbbjbr, krb`m nmsb Jmobttb,
Jmobt tb, btk.)
btk.) l cb ebj (kbjujûsikl,
hicrlmjklhûjikl, sijikûoikl, btk.)
btk.)..
• Jms kmoticmcbs fiomjbs
fiomjb s cb jms fûr`ujms qub sb cbtmjjmo slo lribotmtivms y
bs bj plcûjlel bo fuokiûo cb jm bxtbosiûo cb jms jbsilobs y curmkiûo cbj
trmtm`ibotl quibo jms cbtbr`iob.
• Jm fûr`ujm `meistrmj bs uo fír`mkl pltbokimj`botb mnibrtl y bj plcûjlel
p lcûjlel
bo fuokiûo cb jms obkbsicmcbs tbrmpéutikms, kmrmktbràstikms cb jm jbsiûo
y cbj pmkibotb, uoicl m sus klolki`ibotls fmr`mkltbrmpéutikls, plcrí
iokjuir l bxkjuir priokipils mktivls, msà kl`l `lcifikmr jms klokbotrmkilobs
klokb otrmkilobs
cb jls `is`ls.

M klotioumkiûo sb bxplobo jms `lolermfàms cb jms fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs, mktumj-

`botb slo klosicbrmcms cb `mylr iotbrés plcljûeikl plr su b﬍kmkim y sbeu-
ricmc. [b hmo merupmcl plr mkkilobs fmr`mkltbrmpéutikms y/l plr jbsilobs
cbr`mtljûeikms.

]ubrb`ls iosistir bo qub bo oioe÷o `l`botl bs klosicbrmcl uo flr`ujmril

kbrrmcl, siol mj klotrmril, cbnb vbrsb kl`l mjel cioí`ikl, clocb bj plcûjlel
bo nmsb m sus klolki`ibotls fmr`mkljûeikls, tbrmpéutikls
tbrmpé utikls y cbr`mtljûeikls hm
cb plcbr iokjuir l bxkjuir priokipils mktivls,
mktivls, `lci﬍kmr klokbotrmkilobs y krbmr
krbm r
oubvms fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs m ﬍o cb plcbr smtisfmkbr jm obkbsicmcbs
obkbsicm cbs tbrmpéutikms
iocivicumjizmcms qub m jl jmrel cb su vicm prlfbsilomj sb vmym boklotrmocl.

2>
Flr`ujmkilobs
¼]ué bs jm pibj
`meistrmjbs bo
sbosinjb<
plcljleàm
 Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs
Ltljleàm
motiséptikms
 Jm pibj bs uo ûremol qub, plr sbr frlotbrm klo bj `uocl bxtbrilr, prbsbotm uom rikm
﬎lrm nmktbrimom y f÷oeikm smprû﬍tm, cbol`iomcm ﬎lrm rbsicumj pbr`mobotb, qub
bstí bo pbrfbktl
pb rfbktl bquijinril bkljûeikl. Bstm ﬎lrm guotl klo bj pH jiebrm`botb íkicl
cb jm pibj (`motl íkicl ermsl kutíobl) mkt÷mo kl`l `bkmois`ls cb cbfbosm
pmrm klotrljmr bj krbki`ibotl cb `ikrllremois`ls pltbokimj`botb pmtûebols y
su plsinjb iovmsiûo hmkim ltrms pmrtbs cb jm pibj y cbj kubrpl.

Bs plr bjjl qub bj cbsbokmcbom`ibotl cb jm iofbkkiûo cér`ikm plr eér`bobs

pmtûebols bstí rbjmkilomcm sib`prb
sib`pr b klo jm rupturm cb jls `bkmois`ls
`bkmois`ls "cbsiofbk-
tmotbs "prltbktlrbs cb jm pibj l klo bj cbsmrrljjl
cbsm rrljjl cb uo ermo o÷`brl cb kljloims
k ljloims
cb `ikrllremois`ls pmtûebols.

Bj cbsbquijinril cbj nmjmokb bkljûeikl

b kljûeikl olr`mj pubcb pltbokimrsb plr mjtbrmkilobs
cb jm pibj cistiotms cb jls `bkmois`ls cb cbfbosm, fmvlrbkibocl bj lriebo y jm
bxtbosiûo cb jms jbsilobs iofbkkilsms cér`ikms. Botrb éstls cbstmkmo7

• Jmvmcl bxkbsivl cb jm pibj klo gmnlobs mjkmjiols.

• ^lturm cb jm supbrfikib iotmktm kutíobm (trmu`mtis`ls, qub`mcurms).
• Srmtm`ibotl krûoikl klo klrtiklicbs tûpikls y qui`iltbrípikls.
• Bstmcls cb io`uolcbfikibokim
io`uolcbfikib okim y/l utijizmkiûo
utijizmkiûo cb kitlstítikls.
• Bxplsikiûo klotioumcm mj meum7 hipbrhicrlsis, `mkbrmkiûo kutíobm, btk.
• Fmjtm cb hieibob y/l outrikiûo cbfikibotb.

Jls motiséptikls slo sustmokims quà`ikms qub iohinbo bj krbki`ibotl l cbstruybo

`ikrllremois`ls pmtûebols mktumocl
mktumoc l slnrb jm pibj u ltrls tbgicls vivls.

Jls cbsiofbktmotbs slo sustmokims quà`ikms qub bgbrkbo cikhm mkkiûo slnrb
supbr﬍kibs u lngbtls iomoi`mcls.

Bo ebobrmj, jms `is`ms sustmokims pubcbo sbr usmcms kl`l motiséptikls l cbs-
iofbktmotbs, ym qub jm mkkiûo ebr`ikicm l ebr`istítikm ol vmràm sbe÷o jm supbr﬍kib
cb mpjikmkiûo. Qlr tmotl, uo cbsiofbktmotb sb usmrí kl`l motiséptikl si ol bs
irritmotb pmrm jls tbgicls, ol bs iomktivmcl plr jm `mtbrim lreíoikm y ol prlcukb
tlxikicmc sbkuocmrim plr mnslrkiûo sisté`ikm.

Bo plcljleàm, jls prbpmrmcls motiséptikls sb utijizmo m`pjim`botb bo bj trmtm-

`ibotl l prbvbokiûo cb iofbkkilobs supbr﬍kimjbs, bo bj trmtm`ibotl
trmtm `ibotl klmcyuvmotb
cb cbr`mtl`iklsis
kubstilomocl su usl
bxucmtivms
bo hbricms
l bo
`ísjm msbpsim
prlfuocms
prbyykrûoikms.
plstlpbr mtlrim, pbrl sb sieub
plstlpbrmtlrim,

26
 Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
motiséptikms
kum ocl
Bo hbricms krûoikms hmy mutlrbs qub mvmjmo jm utijizmkiûo cb motiséptikls kumocl
hmy bjbvmcm klokbotrmkiûo nmktbrimom kmusmotb cb iofbkkiûo. M pbsmr cb bjjl,
bxistb uom ermo klotrlvbrsim
klotrlvbrsim bo bstb
b stb tb`m. Klosicbrm`ls cb iotbrés jms cirbk-
trikbs cbj Burlpbmo Qrbssurb Rjkbr Mcvislr y Qmobj (BQRMQ)7 "Ol sb cbnbràm
utijizmr cb `mobrm rutiomrim motiséptikls pmrm ji`pimr jms hbricms, muoqub sb
pubcb klosicbrmr su usl kumocl jm kmrem nmktbrimom obkbsitm sbr klotrljmcm.
Cb uom `mobrm icbmj jls motiséptikls cbnbràmo sbr utijizmcls curmotb uo pbrilcl
cb tib`pl ji`itmcl hmstm qub jm hbricm bsté ji`pim y jm io﬎m`mkiûo cbj tbgicl
pbri÷jkbrmjj rbcukicm".
pbri÷jkbrm rbcukicm".

Jls motiséptikls y cbsiofbktmotbs slo prlcuktls cb uom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm y

bo mjeuols kmsls ol sb bokubotrmo kl`brkimjizmcls
kl`brkimjizmcls bo bspbkimjicmcbs
b spbkimjicmcbs fmr`m-
kéutikms, tboibocl qub lntbobrsb kl`l fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs. Jls motiséptikls
klo mjtl plcbr mstrioebotb7 pbr`moemomtl pltísikl, smjbs cb mju`ioil, smjbs cb
klnrb l kiok, mju`nrb, slo `uy b﬍kmkbs bo
b o ermo o÷`brl cb pmtljleàms cér`ikms
plcljûeikms7 cbr`mtlsis meucms, hipbrhicrlsis, jbsilobs ujkbrmtivms,
ujk brmtivms, ﬎bnitis, btk.
Sm`niéo jls qub prbsbotmo bfbktls cbsnricmotbs7
cb snricmotbs7 cbrivmcls kjlrmcls fuocm`bo-
tmj`botb (vbr mpmrtmcl klrrbsplocibotb).

Mktumj`botb jls motisépt

Mktumj`botb motiséptikls
ikls qub `ís sb mprlxi
mprlxi`mo
`mo mj icbmj slo jm kjlrhbxiciom y
jls ylcmcls (mjklhlj ylcmcl y plviclom ylcmcm) y, plr tmotl
tmotl,, guot
guotl
l m jls kitmcls
plr su plcbr mstrioebotb y cbnricmotb4 slo jls cb bjbkkiûo pmrm jm `mylràm cb
obkbsicmcbs fmr`mkljûeikms bo bj km`pl cb jm plcljleàm.

Motbs cb utijizmr uo motiséptikl hb`ls cb tbobr

tbobr bo kubotm qub7

• Jls motiséptikls ol cbnbo cb usmrsb cb `mobrm iociskri`iomcm pmrm jm

ji`pibzm cb hbricms ji`pims klo tbgicl cb ermoujmkiûo.
• Bj cbsnricm`ibotl cbj tbgicl mfbktmcl
mfbktmc l hm cb sbr prbvil m jm utijizmkiûo cb
kumjquibr motiséptikl.
• Jm tbrmpim motiniûtikm sisté`ikm pubcb sbr kl`pjb`botmrim m jm utijizmkiû
utijizmkiûoo
cb jls motiséptikls.
• Cbnb bvitmrsb bj usl prljloemcl l rbpbtitivl
rbpb titivl pmrm jm ji`pibzm cb hbricms.
• Cbspués cb jm ji`pibzm cb uom hbricm krûoikm klo uo motiséptikl, hm cb
jmvmrsb jm supbrfikib klo subrl fisiljûeikl (sljukiûo mkulsm cb kjlrurl
sûcikl mj 1,9%) klo bj fio cb cis`iouir jm pltbokimj tlxikicmc.
• Hmo cb bstmnjbkbrsb
b stmnjbkbrsb kritbrils sbjbktivls
sbjbk tivls cb tlxikicmc,
tlxikicmc, kl`pmtinijicmc
kl`pmtinijicmc klo
bj tbgicl mfbktmcl y sbeuricmc m jm hlrm cb bjbeir uo motiséptikl.

25
 MJKLHLJ 51· YLCMCL
YLCMCL

Kl`plsikiûo
Ylcl =->%
Ylcurl pltí
pltísikl
sikl >,2%
Mjklhlj cb 51± ksp 21`j

[ioûoi`ls
Mjklhlj 51± ilcmcl mj = l >%. Mjklhlj 51±
51± ylcmcl mj = l >%.
>%.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Mslkimkiûo cb motiséptikls klo bfbktl sioéreikl. [lo mktivls frbotb m nmktbrims,
hloels, prltlzlls y virus. Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom pltbokim `mylr qub jm
plviclom ilcmcm klo uom mkkiûo `ís rípicm pbrl `bols slstboicm, sibocl mjel
`ís irritmotb.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb cb kljlr `mrrûo iotbosl y ljlr kmrmktbràstikl. Jm pibj prb-
sbotm uom kljlrmkiûo pmrcm cb flr`m trmositlrim cbspués cb su mpjikmkiûo.

Iocikmkilobs
Cbsiofbkkiûo cb hbricms trmu`ítikms, quir÷reikms y pbqubýms brlsilobs. Cbsio-
fbkkiûo cb pibj iotmktm prbquir÷reikm. Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb jms cbr`mtl-
`iklsis meucms y bxucmtivms slnrbiofbktmcms.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr cb = m ; vbkbs mj càm cirbktm`botb slnrb jm jbsiûo. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm-
`ibotl vbocrí klocikilomcm bo fuokiûo cb jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj ylcl l cbrivmcls. Jms pbrsloms qub prbsbotbo prlnjb`ms
tirlicbls hmo cb bvitmr bj usl krûoikl prljloemcl cbj prbpmrmcl.
Jls cbtbrebotbs m`loils kumtbromrils y jls `brkurimjbs bstío klotrmiocikmcls
klo jls cbrivmcls ylcmcls. Bj ylcl sb iomktivm bo pmrtb pmr tb plr jm prbsbokim cb
`mtbrim lreíoikm (cbtritus, pus, bxucmcls, btk.).
[i hmy ltrm mjtbromtivm b﬍kmz, ol utijizmr bo oiýls rbkiéo oíkicls.

28
 Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
motiséptikms
^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Kumocl sb mpjikm bo ermocbs zloms y curmotb tib`pl prljloemcl pubcb mnslr-
nbrsb sisté`ikm`botb y prlcukir trmstlrols tirlicbls. Bo jms klokbotrmkilobs
iocikmcms (=->%
(=->%)) rmrm`botb pubcb prbsbotmr
p rbsbotmr irritmkiûo
irr itmkiûo kutíobm. Bo kmsl
km sl cb mpm-
rbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr
bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtb klo su plcûjlel. Bs irritmotb pmrm lgls y `uklsms.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Mpjikmr cirbktm`botb
cirbktm`b otb slnrb jm jbsiûo prbvim`botb ji`pim
ji`pim y sbkm.
• Bo kmsl obkbsmril, kunrir klo uo mpûsitl bstérij.
• Bvitmr bj klotmktl klo lgls y `uklsms.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl, frbskl y bo frmskl tlpmkil u lpmkl prltbeicl cb
jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj mjklhlj 51± ylcmcl mj = l >% bs uo bxkbjbotb y sbeurl motiséptikl pljivmjbotb,
cb ermo iotbrés bo bj km`pl prb y plstlpbrmtlril, y bo jms fmsbs meucms y bxu-
cmtivms cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis.

29
 Flr`ms fmr`mkéutikms bo
flr`ujmkiûo plcljûeikm
IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^
SSmnjm
mnjm cb kíjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc % Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils Qbsl Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo rbmj pbsmcm
Vlju`b Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb

Qmrtàkujms `btíjikms Moti séptikl

Motisépti kl cb `uy
` uy
Ylcl >% =e cb kljlr eris m`pjil bspbktrl.
iotbosl.

Ylcurl
Ylcurl Qljvl kristmjiol Moti séptikl
Motisépti kl cénij.
cé nij.
pltísikl >,2% =,>2e `uy sljunjb Fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo
bo meum. cbj ylcl.

Mjk lhlj
Mjklhlj Moti séptikl.
Motisépti kl. Qltbokim
Qltbok im
cb 51· k s p 21 ` j k s p 21 ` j jm mkkiûo motiséptikm
cbj ylcl.
SLSMJ
SLSMJ 21`j 21`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Qbsmr tlcls jls kl`plobotbs.
QM[L > Bo uo `lrtbrl,
`lrtbrl, cbplsitmr bj ylcl
ylcl y bj ylcurl pltísikl. Klo jm myucm
myucm
cb uo pistijl pujvbrizmr bj ylcl flr`mocl uom `msm kl`pmktm klo bj
ylcurl pltísikl cb kljlr `mrrûo
`mr rûo iotbosl. Ioklrplrmr jm ermo `mylràm
cbj mjklhlj cb 51· pmujmtiom`botb flr`mocl jm sljukiûo cbsbmcm.
QM[L ; Bo uom prlnbtm l bo bj bovmsb ﬍omj
﬍omj si bstí ermcumcl, bormsm
bormsmrr hmstm bj
vlju`bo ﬍omj cbsbmcl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo uo frmskl cb kristmj tlpmkil klo kubotmeltms.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb cb kljlr `mrrûo `uy iotbosl, sio prbkipitmcls.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

61
 Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
motiséptikms
[LJRKIÛO CB JRELJ @LCIFIKMCM

Kl`plsikiûo
Ylcl >%
Ylcurl pltí
pltísikl
sikl >,2%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp 21`j

[ioûoi`ls
[ljukiûo ylcl ylcurmcm `lci﬍kmcm. [ljukiûo ilcl ilcurmcm `lci﬍kmcm.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj ylcl bs uo motiséptikl cb m`pjil bspbktrl mktivl frbotb m nmktbrims, hloels
prltlzllss y virus. Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom pltbokim `mylr qub jm plviclom
prltlzll
ilcmcm klo uom mkkiûo `ís rípicm pbrl `bols slstboicm, sibocl mjel `ís irri-
tmotb. Bj ylcurl pltísikl fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo mkulsm cbj ylcl, flr`mocl uo
kl`pjbgl cb ylcl ylcurmcl. Jm musbokim cb mjklhlj jb klo﬍brb mj prbpmrmcl
pr bpmrmcl uo
`bolr plcbr motiséptikl, pbrl tm`niéo uo `bolr plcbr irritmotb.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb cb kljlr `mrrûo iotbosl y ljlr kmrmktbràstikl. Jm pibj prb-
prb -
sbotm uom kljlrmkiûo pmrcm cb flr`m trmositlrim cbspués cb su mpjikmkiûo.

Iocikmkilobs
Cbsiofbkkiûo cb hbricms trmu`ítikms, quir÷reikms y pbqubýms brlsilobs. Srm-
tm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb
klmcyuvmotb cb jms cbr`mtlsis meucms iokjuicms jms cbr`mtl`iklsi
cbr`mtl`iklsiss
bxucmtivms slnrbiofbktmcms.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr cb = m ; vbkbs
vbkbs mj càm cirbktm`botb slnrb jm jbsiûo. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm-
`ibotl vbocrí klocikilomcm bo fuokiûo cb jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj ylcl l cbrivmcls. Jms pbrsloms qub prbsbotbo prlnjb`ms
tirlicbls hmo cb bvitmr bj usl krûoikl prljloemcl cbj prbpmrmcl.
Jls cbtbrebotbs m`loils kumtbromrils y jls `brkurimjbs bstío klotrmiocikmcls
klo jls cbrivmcls ylcmcls. Bj ylcl sb iomktivm bo pmrtb pmr tb plr jm prbsbokim cb
`mtbrim lreíoikm (cbtritus, pus, bxucmcls, btk.).
[i hmy ltrm mjtbromtivm b﬍kmz, ol utijizmr bo oiýls rbkiéo oíkicls.

6=
 ^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Kumocl sb mpjikm bo ermocbs zloms y curmotb tib`pl prljloemcl pubcb mnslr-
nbrsb sisté`ikm`botb y prlcukir trmstlrols tirlicbls. Bo jm klokbotrmkiûo
klokbotrm kiûo iocikmcm
(>%) y plr jm musbokim cb mjklhlj rmrm`botb pubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm. Bo
kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
suspbocbr bjb j trmtm`ibotl y klosujtb klo su plcûjlel. Ol utijizmr slnrb `uklsms
oi zlom pbrilkujmr.
pbrilkujm r.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmkiûo

• Mpjikmr cirbktm`botb
cirbktm `botb slnrb jm jbsiûo prbvim`botb ji`pim
ji`pim y sbkm.
• Bo kmsl obkbsmril, kunrir klo uo mpûsitl bstérij.
• Bvitmr bj klotmktl klo lgls y `uklsms.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl, frbskl y bo frmskl tlpmkil u lpmkl prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Jm sljukiûo mkulsm cb ylcl mj >% bs uo nubo y sbeurl motiséptikl pljivmjbotb,
klo bfbktls mstrioebotbs y motiio﬎m`mtlrils cb ermo iotbrés bo jms fmsbs meucms y
bxucmtivms cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis l cbr`mtlsis bo ebobrmj iofbktmcms.

6>
 Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
motiséptikms

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

SSmnjm
mnjm cb kíjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc % Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils Qbsl o
Vlju`b
Vlju`bo Kmoticmc
rbmj pbsmcm fisiklquà`ikms
Ioflr`mkiûo Qrlpibcmcbs
fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs

Ylcl >% =e Qmrtàkujms `btíjikms cb Moti séptikl

Motisépti kl cb `uy
` uy
kljlr eris iotbosl. m`pjil bspbktrl.

Ylcurl
Ylcurl Qljvl kristmjiol `uy Motiséptik
Moti séptikll cénij.
cén ij.
pltísikl >,2% =,>2e sljunjb bo meum. Fmkijitm jm
cisljukiûo cbj ylcl.
Meum k s p 21 ` j k s p 21 ` j
purifikmcm

SLSMJ
SLSMJ 21`j 21`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Qbsmr tlcls jls kl`plobotbs.
QM[L > Bo uo
uo `lrtbrl,
`lrtbrl, cbplsitmr bj ylcl
ylcl y bj ylcurl
ylcurl pltísikl. Klo jm myucm
myucm cb
uo pistijl pujvbrizmr bj ylcl flr`mocl uom `msm kl`pmktm klo bj ylcurl
pltísikl cb kljlr `mrrûo iotbosl. Ioklrplrmr jm ermo `mylrà
`mylràmm cbj meum
puri﬍kmcm pmujmtiom`botb flr`mocl jm sljukiûo cbsbmcm.
QM[L ; Bo uom
uom prlnbtm l bo bj bovmsb
bovmsb ﬍omj
﬍omj si bstí ermcumcl,
ermcumcl, bormsmr hmstm bj
vlju`bo ﬍omj cbsbmcl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo uo frmskl cb kristmj tlpmkil klo kubotmeltms.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb cb kljlr `mrrûo `uy iotbosl. Qubcbo mpmrbkbr jiebrls prbki-
pitmcls cb ylcl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

6;
 MERM NL^IKMCM

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl nûrikl >-2%
>-2%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp >21`j

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Motiséptikl cénij mktivl frbotb m hloels y nmktbrims. Sibob tm`niéo prlpibcmcb
prlpibcmcbss
mstrioebotbs, motikloebstivms y jiebrm`botb motiio﬎m`mtlrims. Qrbsbotm uom ermo
sbosinijicmc frbotb m Qsbucl`loms mbrueiolsm.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb iokljlrl b iolclrl.

Iocikmkilobs
Ji`pibzm cb hbricms supbr﬍kimjbs
supbr ﬍kimjbs y qub`mcurms jiebrms. Qlr su plcbr mstrioebotb
pubcb utijizmrsb kl`l trmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb bo jbsilobs bxucmtivms y klo-
ebstivms kl`l bo7 qub`mcurms sljmrbs bo pibs, cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl y ltrls
bkzb`ms, cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms, btk.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Bo plcljleàm jm klokbotrmkiûo `ís bvmjumcm y b﬍kmz bs mj ;%. Mpjikmr jm sljukiûo
cb = m ; vbkbs mj càm cirbktm`botb l bo flr`m cb kl`prbsms h÷`bcms.
h÷`bcm s. Jm curm-
kiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl vbocrí klocikilomcm bo fuokiûo cb jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl nûrikl l cbrivmcls. Ol utijizmr bo oiýls `bolrbs cb
; mýls. Bvitmr trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls y bo zloms `uy bxtbosms cb jm pibj plr
ribsel cb mnslrkiûo sisté`ikm.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Kumocl sb mpjikm bo ermocbs
ermo cbs zloms y curmotb tib`pl prljloemcl, bo zloms klo
hbricms l brlsilobs bxtbosms, bj prbpmrmcl pubcb mnslrnbrsb sisté`ikm`botb
sisté`ikm`botb
y prlcukb vû`itls, cimrrbm, cljlr mncl`iomj y brupkilobs bo pibj y `uklsms.
^mrm`botb pubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs
mjéreikms (urtikmrim, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y
klosujtb klo su plcûjlel.

63
 Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
motiséptikms
Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm
mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Mpjikmr cirbktm`botb
cirbktm`b otb slnrb jm jbsiûo l `bcimotb kl`prbsms h÷`bcms.
• Mpjikmrr plstbrilr`bo
Mpjikm plstb rilr`botb
tb bj trmtm`ibotl
t rmtm`ibotl cb nmsb
nms b bo fuokiûo
f uokiûo cb jm btiljleàm
cb jm jbsiûo.
• Bj prbpmrmcl hm cb prltbebrsb cb jm juz y jm tb`pbrmturm bjbvmcm.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj meum nlrikmcm prbsbotm uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim bo jm pibj iotmktm. Qlr su
nmgl plcbr mstrioebotb y motiséptikl
m otiséptikl tibob uom utijizmkiûo ji`itmcm
ji`itmcm bo bj
b j km`pl
plcljûeikl, mj hmnbr mjtbromtivms `ís b﬍kmkbs.

62
 IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^
Smnjm cb kíjkujls
Qmrm rbmjizmr jls kíjkujls utijizmrb`ls jm klokbotrmkiûo `mylr, sibocl bxtrmpl-
jmnjbcb m kumjquibr ltrm.
@mtbrim Kmoticmc % Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m Qbsl fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Vlju`bo
Vlju`b o rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Roicmcbs pbsmcm rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs
Moti séptikl
Motisépti kl klo
kl o
Íkicl Qljvl njmokl mkkiûo nmktbrilstítikm
n ûr i k l >% 2e pmrkimj`botb sljunjb y fuoeistítikms
bo meum, mjklhlj Qrbsbotm mkkilobs
y ejikbriom. motiiofjm`mtlrims y
motikloebstivms.

purifikmcm
Meum >21`j
ksp >21`j
ksp
SLSMJ
SLSMJ >21`j >21`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Qbsmr bj íkicl nûrikl bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls.
QM[L > Ioklrplrm r bo bj vmsl cb prbkipitmcls motbrilr bj 91% cb jm kmoticmc
Ioklrplrmr
tltmj cb meum puri﬍kmcm. Klo jm myucm cb uo meitmclr `meoétikl, `bz-
kjmr hmstm jm kl`pjbtm cisljukiûo cbj íkicl nûrikl. Qubcb mkbjbrmrsb
bj prlkbsl mpjikmocl kmjlr.
QM[L ; Bo uom prlnbtm l bo bj bovmsb ﬍omj si bstí ermcumcl, bormsmr hmstm bj
vlju`bo ﬍omj cbsbmcl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo QBS tlpmkil klo tmpûo clsi﬍kmclr.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb, iokljlrm b iolclrm.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

; `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

66
 Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
motiséptikms
[LN^B[ CB KJL^M@IOM S

Kl`plsikiûo
Slsijkjlrm`iom sûcikm >,2e
pmrm = slnrb o.· =2

[ioûoi`ls
Kjlrm`iom7 kjlrm`iom-S, kjlrm`icm, tlsijkjlrm`icm sûcikm.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Motiséptikl y cbsiofbktmotb
cbsiofbkt motb cb m`pjil bspbktrl. Qrbsbotm uom mkkiûo `ís jbotm
pbrl `bols irritmotb pmrm jm pibj qub jls hiplkjlritls. Mcb`ís prbsbotm mkkiûo
mstrioebotb, motiio﬎m`mtlrim y jiebrm`botb cbsnricmotb.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Qljvl njmokl klo jiebrl ljlr m hiplkjlritl sûcikl (jbgàm).

Iocikmkilobs
Cbsiofbkkiûo cb jm pibj. Ji`pibzm cb pbqubýms hbricms, qub`mcurms supbr﬍kimjbs
y ÷jkbrms. Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb jbsilobs bkzb`mtlsms meucms,
meucm s, bxucmtivms,
kloebstivms y slnrbiofbktmcms.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Cisljvbr bj klotboicl cb uo slnrb bo =-> jitrls cb meum. Jm utijizmkiûo sb rbmjizmrí
rbmjizm rí
`bcimotb jmvmcls klo jm sljukiûo lntboicm l `bcimotb kl`prbsms h÷`bcms cb
= m ; vbkbs mj càm. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl vbocrí klocikilomcm plr jm bvl-
jukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj kjlrl l cbrivmcls. Ol utijizmr si`ujtíobm`botb klo meum
lxiebomcm l mjklhlj. Ol utijizmr bo oiýls rbkiéo oíkicls.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Bo kmsls `uy bxkbpkilomjbs pubcb prlcukir jiebrm irritmkiûo tb`plrmj. Bo trm-
tm`ibotls krûoikls, muoqub rmrm`botb, pubcb prbsbotmr sbqubcmc kutíobm. Bo
kmsl cb mpmrbkbr
mpmrbk br rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.)
suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtb klo su plcûjlel.

65
 Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki
mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Jm sljukiûo sb prbpmrmrm bo uo rbkipibotb ji`pil. Meitmocl bj pljvl y
cbgíocljl rbplsmr > `ioutls.

Jm sljukiûo sbbompjikmrí
• cirbktm`botb slnrb
jm sljukiûo bj írbm
í rbmmktumr
cbgmocl mfbktmcm.
botrbJls
;-2 pibs sb su`breirío
`ioutls. Frikkilomr
y mkjmrmr klo uom emsm bstérij. Bstm lpbrmkiûo sb pubcb rbpbtir > l ;
vbkbs mj càm.
• Jm sljukiûo pubcb sbr utijizmcm tm`niéo bo flr`m cb kl`prbsms h÷`b-
cms. Mpjikíoclsb slnrb jm jbsiûo >-; vbkbs mj càm curmotb uo pbrilcl cb
=1-=22 `ioutls.
=1-= `iou tls.
• Jm sljukiûo bs `ís bfikmz y rípicm bo kmjibotb qub bo fràl.
• Jm sljukiûo cbnbrí prbpmrmrsb kumocl sb vmym m utijizmr, cbsbkhíocljm
cbspués cb su utijizmkiûo.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Jm kjlrm`iom prbsbotm uom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm y sbeurm (tmotl bo nmýls kl`l
bo kl`prbsms h÷`bcms) plr sus bfbktls mstrioebotbs, motiséptikls, cbsnricmotbs
bo jm ji`pibzm cb jbsilobs iofbkkilsms meucms bxucmtivms.

68
 Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
motiséptikms

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils %
Qbsl Kmoticmc
rbmj ﬍siklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`bo pbsmcm Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb
Motiséptikl y
cbsiofbktmotb cb m`pjil
Qljvl njmokl bspbktrl. Qrbsbotm uom
SSlsijkjlrm`iom
lsijkjlrm`iom pmrkimj`botb mkkiûo `ís jbotm pbrl
sûcikm >,2e ;5,2e sljunjb bo meum `bols irritmotb pmrm jm pibj
y mjklhlj. qub jls hiplkjlritls.
Qrbsbotm mkkiûo mstrioebotb,
motiio﬎m`mtlrim
y jiebrm`botb cbsnricmotb.
[lnrbs =2u =2u
SLSSMJ
SL =2u =2u

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Qbsmr jm kmoticmc tltmj
tltmj cb tlsijkjlrm`iom sûcikm bo uo `lrtbrl y puj-
vbrizmr hmstm lntbobr uo tm`mýl cb pmrtàkujms uoiflr`bs.
QM[L > Muo kumocl sb pubcbo utijizmr
utijizmr pmpbjijjls kl`l hmkb mýls, rbkl`bo-
cm`ls utijizmr slnrbs njmokls cb kbjujlsm cb uom `bcicm mprlxi`mcm
m 31x52``.
QM[L ; Qbsmr >,2e bo kmcm slnrb y kbrrmrjls clnjmocl
clnjmocl jm pmrtb supbrilr
supbrilr
cls vbkbs y boemokhíocljls klo uom kiotm mchbsivm tipl "kbjl"
"kbjl"
jmtbrmj`botb.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb tlcls jls slnrbs bo uo tmrrl mokhl klo tmpm
prbkiotl.

Sm`niéo sb pubcbo utijizmr nljsm pbqubýms cb pjístikl klo kibrrb tipl "zipp"
"zipp" (jms
`is`ms qub sb utijizmo pmrm
pmr m kloebjmr mji`botls).

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[lnrbs njmokls cb kbjujlsm
kbjuj lsm cb pbsl ieumj, pucibocl
pucibo cl cbsvimrsb cbj vmjlr rbmj uo =%.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

69
 [LJRKIÛO CB KJL^M@IOM S

Kl`plsikiûo

Slsijkjlrm`iom sûcikm
Si`lj 1,>%
1,=%
Íkicl nûrikl =%
Nikmrnlomtl sûcikl 1,2%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp 211`j

[ioûoi`ls
Kjlrm`iom7 kjlrm`iom-S, kjlrm`icm, tlsijkjlrm`iom sûcikm.
Si`lj7 íkicl tà`ikl.
Nikmrnlomtl sûcikl7 smj cb Vikhy.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Mslkimkilobs
Mslkim kilobs cb motiséptik
mo tiséptikls
ls y cbsiofbk
cb siofbktmotbs
tmotbs cb m`pjil
m`p jil bspbktrl
bsp bktrl klo jiebrms
jieb rms
mkkilobs mstrioebotbs y motiio﬎m`mtlrims.
Jm kjlrm`iom prbsbotm uom mkkiûo `ís jbotm pbrlp brl `bols irritmotb pmrm jm pibj qub
jls hiplkjlritls y tm`niéo prbsbotm mkkiûo mstrioebotb y motiio﬎m`mtlrim.
Bj ti`lj bs uo motiséptikl fboûjikl klo mktivicmc motinmktbrimom y moti`ikûtikms,
sibocl `ís mktivl qub bj fbolj, muoqub su usl bs `ís ji`itmcl plr su nmgm
sljunijicmc bo meum.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms

[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb
cbnicl m jm cbti`lj.
cisljukiûo cbj ljlr kmrmktbràstikl y klo jiebrms jmeuoms mkbitlsms

Iocikmkilobs
Cbsiofbkkiûo cb jm pibj. Ji`pibzm
Ji`pibzm cb pbqubýms hbricms y qub`mcurms supbr﬍kim-
supb r﬍kim-
jbs. Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb jbsilobs bxucmtivms, kloebstivms, slnrbiofbk-
tmcms. Qubcb mslkimrsb
mslkimrs b m trmtm`ibotls cb nmsb klo bj priokipil mktivl mcbkumcl
bo fuokiûo cb su btiljleàm (klrtiklicb, moti`ikûtikl, motiniûtikl, btk.).
btk.).

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Jmvmcl cb jbsiûo klo jm sljukiûo cirbktm`botb l `bcimotb kl`prbsms h÷`bcms,
cb = m ; vbkbs mj càm. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl vibob klocikilomcm plr jm
bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.

51
 Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
motiséptikms
Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj kjlrl l cbrivmcls. Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls ltrls
kl`plobotbs cb jm fûr`ujm. Qlr su iokl`pmtinijicmc ol utijizmr si`ujtíobm`botb
klo meum lxiebomcm, mjklhlj, ylcl l íjkmjis.
íjkm jis.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Bo kmsls `uy bxkbpkilomjbs pubcb prlcukir jiebrm irritmkiûo tb`plrmj. ^mrm-
`botb pubcb prbsbotmr sbqubcmc kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls krûoikls. Bo kmsl
cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms,
btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jm sljukiûo sb mpjikmrí slnrb bj írbm mfbktmcm cirbktm`botb l bo flr`m
cb kl`prbsms.
• Jm sljukiûo bs `ís bfikmz y rípicm bo kmjibotb qub bo fràl.
• Jm sljukiûo tibob uom bstmnijicmc `íxi`m cb =2 càms.
• Meitmr jm sljukiûo motbs cb su mpjikmkiûo.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Jm sljukiûo cb kjlrm`iom prbsbotm uom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm y sbeurm (tmotl bo
nmýls kl`l bo kl`prbsms h÷`bcms) plr sus bfbktls mstrioebotbs y motiséptikls
pltbokimcls plr jm mkkiûo cbj fbolj y íkicl nûrikl bo jm ji`pibzm cb jbsilobs
iofbkkilsms meucms bxucmtivms.

5=
 5=

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls

@mtbrim pri`m Kmoticmc

Qriokipils Qbsl % Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`b rbmj
Vlju`boo pbsmcm Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb
Moti séptikl
Motisépti kl y cbsiofb
cb siofbktmo
ktmotb
tb
cb m`pjil bspbktrl. Qrbsbotm
Qljvl njmokl uom mkkiûo `ís jbotm pbrl
SSlsij
lsijkjlr
kjlrm`io
m`iomm 1,>% 1,=e pmrkimj`botb sljunjb `bols irritmotb pmrm jm pibj
sûcikm bo meum, mjklhlj. qub jls hiplkjlritls.
Qrbsbotm mkkiûo mstrioebotb,
motiiofjm`mtlrim y jiebrm`botb
cbsnricmotb.

Motisépti
Moti séptikl
kl fboûji
fbo ûjikl
kl klo
kl o
Qljvl `uy mktivicmc motinmktbrimom
motif÷oeikm, sibocl `ísy
Si`ljj
Si`l 1,==%
1, 1,12e kristmjiol cb ljlr mktivl qub bj fbolj, muoqub
kmrmktbràstikl su usl bs `ís ji`itmcl
sljunjb bo mjklhlj. plr su nmgm sljunijicmc
bo meum.

Qljvl njmokl Moti séptikl

Motisépti kl klo
kl o mkkiûo
mkki ûo
Íkicl nûri
nûrikl
kl nmktbrilstítikm y fuoeistítikm.
=% 1,2e pmrkimj`botb sljunjb
bo meum, mjklhlj y Qrbsbotm mkkilobs
ejikbriom. motiiofjm`mtlrims
y motikloebstivms.

Nikmrnlomtl 1,2% 1,>2e Qljvl njmokl `uy Bstmnijizmotb.

sûcikl sljunjb bo meum.
Meum ks p k sp
purifikmcm
Mjk lhlj
Mjklhlj ks ks
btàjikl
SLSMJ
SLSMJ 211`j
211 `j 211`j
211 `j
5>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
motiséptikms
@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Qbsmr bj ti`lj bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls y cisljvbrjl bo jm `àoi`m
`àoi`m
kmoticmc cb mjklhlj.
QM[L > Qbsmr bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls7 tlsijkjlrm`iom sûcikm, íkicl nûrikl
y nikmrnlomtl sûcikl. Cisljvbrjls bo uo 91% cbj meum puri﬍kmcm tltmj
klo jm myucm cb uo meitmclr `meoétikl. [i mpjikm`ls kmjlr plcb`ls
rbcukir bj tib`pl cb jm cisljukiûo.
QM[L ; Ioklrplrmr jm sljukiûo cb pmsl = slnrb jmjm sljukiûo cbj pmsl > sio cbgmr
cb meitmr. @motbobr jm meitmkiûo hmstm jm kl`pjbtm cisljukiûo cb tlcls
jls mktivls.
QM[L 3 Bo uom prlnbtm l bo bj bovmsb ﬍omj si bstí ermcumcl, bormsmr hmstm bj
vlju`bo ﬍omj cbsbmcl klo bj meum puri﬍kmcm rbstmotb.
QM[L 2 Bovmsmr bo uo frmskl lpmkl l QBS tlpmkil klo tmpûo clsi﬍kmclr.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb, iokljlrm y cb ljlr kmrmktbràstikl m ti`lj.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 5;

[LJRKIÛO CB QB^@MOEMOMSL =/=1.111

=/=1.111

Kl`plsikiûo

Qbr`moemomtl
Meum cbstijmcm pltísikl 1,
1,=11e
=11e
ksp =.111`j
=.111`j

[ioûoi`ls
[ljukiûo mkulsm cb pbr`moemomtl
pbr` moemomtl pltísikl =/=1.111.
=/=1.111.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj pbr`moemomtl pltísikl bs uo nmktbrikicm y fuoeikicm cénij y jbotl. [b iomk-
tivm rípicm`botb bo prbsbokim cb `mtbrim lreíoikm, plr jl qub su plcbr kl`l
motiséptikl bs `uy bskmsl. Sibob mkkilobs mstrioebotbs, motibcb`mtlsms y
motiio﬎m`mtlrims.
Bj rmoel tbrmpéutikl lskijm botrb =/=111 y =/>1111 bo sljukiûo mkulsm. [b klo-
sicbrm qub jm klokbotrmkiûo
k lokbotrmkiûo prlpubstm (=/=1.111)
(=/=1.111) bs jm `ís bvmjumcm, b﬍kmz y
sbeurm bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb cb kljlr viljbtm iotbosl. Kumocl sb lxicm prbsbotm uom
kljlrmkiûo pmrcm y bs tltmj`botb iomktivl.

Iocikmkilobs
Cbsiofbkkiûo cb jm pibj. Ji`pibzm cb ÷jkbrms (vmskujmrbs, plr cbk÷nitl, cimnétikms,
btk.) y mnskbsls. Srmtm`ibotl
Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb jbsilobs meucms, bcb`mtlsms,
b cb`mtlsms, klo-
ebstivms,(cbr`mtl`iklsis
f÷oeikm bxucmtivms cb btiljleàm mjéreikm
bxucmtivms, (cbr`mtitis
btk.) meucms,
l nmktbrimom bkzb`mssbkuocmrim
(cbr`mtitis h÷`bcls),
meucm, bkzb`m cbshicrûtikl slnrbiofbktmcl,
slnrbiofbktmc l, btk.).
btk.). Qubcb mslkimrsb m trmtm`ibotls
tr mtm`ibotls
cb nmsb klo bj priokipil mktivl mcbkumcl bo fuokiûo cb jm btiljleàm cb jm jbsiûo
(klrtiklicb, moti`ikûtikl, motiniûtikl, bozi`ms prltbioljàtikms, btk.).

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Jmvmcl cb jm jbsiûo klo jm sljukiûo cirbktm`botb l `bcimotb kl`prbsms h÷`b-
cms, cb = m ; vbkbs mj càm. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl vibob klocikilomcm plr
jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs

Hipbrsbosinijicmc
Hipbrsbosinijicm
klolkbo c mj pbr`moemomtl pltísikl l cbrivmcls. Hmstm jm fbkhm ol sb
ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
53

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
motiséptikms
^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jls pmkibotbs klo jbsilobs bxtbosms y ÷jkbrmcms trmtmcls klo pbr`moemomtl y
qub pmcbzkmo iosu﬍kibokim rbomj klrrbo
k lrrbo ribsel cb obfrltlxikicmc plr jm plsinijicmc
cb mnslrkiûo cbj fír`mkl.
fír`mk l. Bj usl klotioumcl y m klokbotrmkilobs mjtms
mjtm s cbj prbpm-
rmcl pubcb
pubcb prlvlkmr
prbsbotmr irritmkiûo
sbqub
sbqubcmc jlkmj b iokjusl
cmc kutíobm. [b hmo jiebrms
cbskritlqub`mcurms.
qub`mcur
kmsls boms. @uy rmrm`botb
trmtm`ibotls krû-
oikls. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs
bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jm sljukiûo sb mpjikmrí slnrb bj írbm mfbktmcm cirbktm`botb l bo flr`m
cb kl`prbsms h÷`bcms.
• Jm mpjikmkiûo sb rbmjizmrí >-; vbkbs mj càm klo uom curmkiûo cb =1-=2
`ioutls kmcm uom.
• Jm sljukiûo tibob uom bstmnijicmc `íxi`m cb =2 càms.

• Bs obkbsmril cbsbkhmr jm sljukiûo si km`nim m kljlr pmrcl.

• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl, frbskl y bo frmskl tlpmkil u lpmkl prltbeicl cb
jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Jm sljukiûo mkulsm cb pbr`moemotl pltísikl prbsbotm uom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm
y sbeurm (tmotl bo nmýls kl`l bo kl`prbsms h÷`bcms) plr sus bfbktls mstrio-
ebotbs, motiio﬎m`mtlrils y jiebrm`botb motiséptikls, y bs b﬍kmz kl`l trmtm`ibotl
klmcyuvmotb cb jbsilobs bxucmtivms b io﬎m`mtlrims cb civbrsm btiljleàm. [u bstm-
nijicmc bs `uy rbcukicm
rbcuk icm (`íxi`l =2 càms cbscb su prbpmrmkiûo).
prbpmr mkiûo).
 52

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc % Kmrmktbràstikms
Qriokipils
pri`m Qbsl o Kmoticmc
Vlju`bo
Vlju`b rbmj fisiklquà`ikms
Ioflr`mkiûo Qrlpibcmcbs
fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Roicmcbs pbsmcm rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs
Nmktbrikicm y fuoeikicm
cénij y jbotl. [b iomktivm
Qljvl rípicm`botb bo prbsbokim
Qbr`moemomtl kristmjiol cb `mtbrim lreíoikm, plr
pltísikl =/=111 1,=e oberl `uy jl qub su plcbr kl`l
sljunjb bo motiséptikl bs `uy nmgl.
meum. Sibob
Sib ob mkkilo
mk kilobsbs mstrio
mst rioebotb
ebotbs,
s,
motibcb`mtlsms y
motiiofjm`mtlrims.
Meum ksp ksp
purifikmcm =.111`j =.111`j
SLSMJ
SLS MJ =.11
=.111`j
1`j =.11
=.111`j
1`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Qbsmr bj pbr`moemomtl pltísikl bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls l bo uo
`mtrmz mflrmcl.
QM[L > Bo bj vmsl cb prbkipitmcls l bj `mtrmz ioklrplrmr bj 91%
91% cb meum y
cisljvbr `bcimotb uom jiebrm meitmkiûo.
QM[L ; Vbrtbr bj jàquicl
jàquicl cb vmsl
vmsl cb prbkipitmcls
prbkipitmcls bo uom
uom prlnbtm
prlnbtm y bormsmr
klo bj rbstl cb meum puri﬍kmcm, l bormsmr cirbktm`botb bo bj `mtrmz
mflrmcl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo frmskl lpmkl
lpmkl l QBS tlpmkil klo tmpûo
clsi﬍kmclr.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb cb kljlr viljbtm iotbosl sio prbkipitmcls.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

=2 càms m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
56

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
motiséptikms
[LN^B[ QB^@MOEMOMSL
QB^@ MOEMOMSL QLSÍ[IKL
QLSÍ[IKL

Kl`plsikiûo

Qbr`m
Qbr`moemom
pmrm = oemomtl
slnrb tl
o.·pltís
pltísikl
=2 ikl 1,=e
1,=e

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj pbr`moemomtl pltísikl bs uo nmktbrikicm y fuoeikicm cénij y jbotl
jbotl.. [b iomk-
tivm rípicm`botb bo prbsbokim cb `mtbrim lreíoikm, plr jl qub su plcbr kl`l
motiséptikl bs `uy bskmsl. Sibob mkkilobs mstrioebotbs, motikloebstivms y
motiio﬎m`mtlrims.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[lnrbs cb kbjujlsm
vbz cisubjtl sb krbmqub
uomklotibobo
k sljukiûo
lotibobo uo pljvl kristmjiol
trmospmrbotb cb kljlr
cb kljlr oberl
viljbtm vbrclsl.
iotbosl. Rom
Kumocl
jm sljukiûo sb lxicm prbsbotm uom kljlrmkiûo pmrcm y bs tltmj`botb iomktivl.

Iocikmkilobs
Cbsiofbkkiûo cb jm pibj. Ji`pibzm cb ÷jkbrms (vmskujmrbs, plr cbk÷nitl, cimnétikms,
btk.) y mnskbsls. Srmtm`ibotl
Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb jbsilobs meucms, bcb`mtlsms,
b cb`mtlsms, klo-
ebstivms, bxucmtivms cb btiljleàm mjéreikm (cbr`mtitis meucms, bkzb`ms h÷`bcls),
f÷oeikm (cbr`mtl`iklsis bxucmtivms, btk.) l nmktbrimom (cbr`mtitis sbkuocmrim
meucm, bkzb`m cbshicrûtikl slnrbiofbktmcl,
slnrbiofbktm cl, btk.).
btk.). Qubcb mslkimrsb m trmtm`ibotls
cb nmsb klo bj priokipil mktivl mcbkumcl bo fuokiûo cb jm btiljleàm cb jm jbsiûo
(klrtiklicb tûpikl, motif÷oeikl, motiniûtikl, bozi`ms prltbljàtikms,
pr ltbljàtikms, btk.).

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Jm prbsbotmkiûo
prbsb otmkiûo 1,=e
1,=e cb pbr`moemomtl pltísikl bo uo slnrb bstm b stm pbosmcm pmrm
pm rm
sbr cisubjtm bo
b o uo jitrl cb meum, lntboibocl uom klokbotrmkiûo =/=1.111.
=/=1.111. Jmvmcl
cb jm jbsiûo klo jm sljukiûo cirbktm`botb
cirbktm`botb l `bcimotb kl`prbsms h÷`bcms, cb
= m ; vbkbs mj càm. Jm curmkiûo
curm kiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl vibob klocikilomcm plr jm bvljukiûo
cb jm jbsiûo.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj pbr`moemomtl pltísikl l cbrivmcls. Hmstm jm fbkhm ol sb
klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
 55

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jls pmkibotbs klo jbsilobs bxtbosms y ÷jkbrmcms trmtmcls klo pbr`moemomtl y
qub pmcbzkmo iosu﬍kibokim rbomj klrrbo bj ribsel cb obfrltlxikicmc plr jm plsi-
nijicmc cb mnslrkiûo cbj fír`mkl. Bo `uy rmrms lkmsilobs, bj usl klotioumcl
cbj prbpmrmcl
`uy pubcbpubcb
rmrms lkmsilobs prlvlkmr irritmkiûo
prbsbotmr jlkmj bciokjusl
sbqubcm
sbqubcmc jiebrms
kutíobm. qub`mcurms.
[b hmo Bo
cbskritl kmsls
bo trmtm`ibotls krûoikls. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr
klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki

mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Cisljvbr bj slnrb bo uo jitrl cb meum. Qrbfbrbotb`botb meum cbstijmcm.
• Jm sljukiûo sb mpjikmrí slnrb bj írbm mfbktmcm cirbktm`botb l bo flr`m
cb kl`prbsms h÷`bcms.
• Jm mpjikmkiûo sb rbmjizmrí >-; vbkbs mj càm klo uom curmkiûo cb smjtmr
=1-=2
=1-=2 `ioutls kmcm uom cb
c b bjjms.
• Jm sljukiûo uom vbz prbpmrmcm y utijizmcm hm cb cbsbkhmrsb.
• Jls slnrbs tibobo uom bstmnijicmc `íxi`m cb ; `bsbs.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Jm sljukiûo mkulsm cb pbr`moemomtl pltísikl lntboicm
lntboicm m pmrtir cb jls slnrbs cb
jm fûr`ujm bxpubstm prbsbotm uom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm y sbeurm (tmotl bo nmýls
kl`l bo kl`prbsms h÷`bcms) plr sus bfbktls mstrioebotbs, motiio﬎m`mtlrils y
jiebrm`botb motiséptikls, qub slo b﬍kmkbs kl`l trmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb
jbsilobs bxucmtivms b io﬎m`mtlrims cb civbrsm btiljleàm. Jm bstmnijicmc cb jls
slnrbshlrms.
>3-38 bs mjtm (vmrils `bsbs), pbrl uom vbz prbpmrmcm
prbpmr mcm jm sljukiûo sb rbcukb m
58

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
motiséptikms

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc % Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils Qbsl o Kmoticmc
Vlju`bo
Vlju`b rbmj fisiklquà`ikms
Ioflr`mkiûo Qrlpibcmcbs
fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Roicmcbs pbsmcm rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs
Nmktbrikicm y fuoeikicm
cénij y jbotl. [b iomktivm
Qljvl rípicm`botb bo prbsbokim
Qbr`moemomtl kristmjiol cb `mtbrim lreíoikm,
p ltí s i k l 1,=e =,2e oberl plr jl qub su plcbr
`uy sljunjb kl`l motiséptikl bs `uy
bo meum. bskmsl. Sibob mkkilobs
mstrioebotbs,
motikloebstivms y
motiiofjm`mtlrims.

[l nrb s =2u =2u

SLSMJ
SLS MJ =2u =2u

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Qbsmr jm
jm kmoticmc tltmj
tltmj cb pbr`moem
pbr`moemomtl
omtl pltísikl bo uo `lrtbrl y
pujvbrizmr hmstm lntbobr uo tm`mýl cb pmrtàkujms uoiflr`bs.
QM[L > Muo kumocl sb pubcbo utijizmr
utijizmr pmpbjijjls kl`l hmkb mýls, rbkl`bo-
cm`ls utijizmr slnrbs njmokls cb kbjujlsm cb uom `bcicm mprlxi`mcm
m 31x52``.
QM[L ; Qbsmr 1,
1,=e bo kmcm slnrb y kbrrmrjls clnjmocl jm pmrtb supbrilr
cls vbkbs y boemokhíocljls klo uom kiotm mchbsivm tipl "kbjl"
"kbjl"
jmtbrmj`botb.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb tlcls jls slnrbs bo uo tmrrl mokhl klo tmpm
prbkiotl.

Sm`niéo sb pubcbo
pubcb o utijizmr nljsms pbqubýms cb pjístikl klo kibrrb
kibr rb tipl "zipp"
"zipp"
(jms `is`ms qub sb utijizmo pmrm kloebjmr mji`botls).

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[lnrbs njmokls cb kbjujlsm
kbjuj lsm cb pbsl ieumj, pucibocl
pucibo cl cbsvimrsb cbj vmjlr rbmj uo =%.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs
`bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
m`nibotb.
59
 Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs
Ltljleàm
mstrioebotbs
Jms sljukilobs mstrioebotbs cis`iouybo jm pbr`bmnijicmc cb jms kéjujms bpicér`i-
kms, klmeujmo prltbàoms slnrb jms `is`ms prbsbotmocl mcb`ís bfbktls vmslklos-
triktlrbs y motiséptikls. Qlr tmotl, sus bfbktls fmr`mkltbrmpéutikls jls plcràm`ls
siotbtizmr bo7

• Cis`ioukiûo cb jls prlkbsls kloebstivls, bcb`mtlsls y bxucmtivls.

• [bkmcl ebobrmj cb jms jbsilobs.
• ^bcukkiûo cb jm iofjm`mkiûo y cbj cljlr.
• Klotrlj cb jls prlkbsls iofbkkilsls.
• Bfbktls hb`lstítikls.

Bo plcljleàm, bj trmtm`ibotl klo sljukilobs mstrioebotbs, bo jm `mylràm cb lkmsilobs,

sbrí klmcyuvmotb
klmcy uvmotb `bglrmocl jm siotl`mtljleàm cb jm pmtljleàm7 cis`iouybocl bj cljlr,
jm io﬎m`mkiûo, jm kloebstiûo y jls bxucmcls, klotrljmocl jls prlkbsls iofbkkilsls m
﬍o cb fmkijitmr bj trmtm`ibotl
trmtm `ibotl cb nmsb, bo fuokiûo cb jm btljleàm cb jm jbsiûo.

Jms pmtljleàms plcljûeikms qub slo suskbptinjbs cb sbr trmtmcms klo mstrioebotbs
slo7
• Jbsilobs bzkb`mtlsms meucms l sunmeucms h÷`bcms.
• Cbr`mtl`iklsis iotbrtrieiolsm h÷`bcm l vbrsàkujl-m`pljjlsm.
• Jbsilobs ujkbrmtivms vmskujmrbs, trmu`ítikms l sbkuocmrims m qub`mcurms.
• Loiklkriptlsis.
• Hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis pjmotmr.
• Fjbnitis.

• Srmtm`ibotls hb`lstítikls.
hb`lstí tikls.

Bo plcljleàm, jm utijizmkiûo cb jms sljukilobs motiséptikms mstrioebotbs sb rbmjizmrí

bo flr`m cb nmýls cirbktls l bo kl`prbsms h÷`bcms slnrb jm jbsiûo m trmtmr.
8>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
mstrioebotbs

MERM CB ELRJM^C

Kl`plsikiûo
[ljukiûo cb sunmkbtmtl cb pjl`l =%
Mjklhlj btàjikl >,>%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp >21`j

[ioûoi`ls
Meum njmokm. Meum vbebtl`iobrmj.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj sunmkbtmtl cb pjl`l tibob prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs pltbotbs y motiséptikms
jiebrms. Jms smjbs cb pjl`l prbsbotmo uo mjtl àocikb cb klotrmiocikmkilobs y
rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb klo uom jiebrm tlomjicmc njmokm y uo jiebrl ljlr m íkicl
mkétikl (viomerb).

Iocikmkilobs
Jbsilobs qub obkbsitbo trmtm`ibotl mstrioebotb. [b rbkl`ibocm ji`itmr su usl
plr su mjtl àocikb cb tlxikicmc y sustituir bj trmtm`ibotl plr ltrls mstrioebotbs
ms trioebotbs
`ís sbeurls. M pbsmr cb bjjl, m càm cb hly, bs `uy utijizmcl bo urljleàm bo bj
trmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cbj nmjmois`l.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Jmvmcl cb jm jbsiûo klo jm sljukiûo cirbktm`botb l `bcimotb kl`prbsms h÷`b-
cms, cb = m ; vbkbs mj càm. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl vibob klocikilomcm plr jm
bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo. Bo kmsl cb su utijizmkiûo sb rbkl`ibocm
rbk l`ibocm ol utijizmrjm `ís
cb 5 càms y bvitmr bo jl plsinjb su mpjikmkiûo slnrb pibj ol iotmktm.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj pjl`l, l cbrivmcls. Bstí klotrmiocikmcl bo oiýls, b`nmrm-
zmcms y `ugbrbs bo pbrilcl cb jmktmokim. Ol utijizmr bo hbricms mnibrtms, pibj ol
iotmktm, zloms bxtbosms oi klo vbocmgbs lkjusivls.
 8;

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
^bmkkilobs cb hipbrsbosinijicmc l cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl plr jm prbsbokim cb
pjl`l bo bj prbpmrmcl. Rom mpjikmkiûo iomcbkumcm cb bstm fûr`ujm (zloms
bxtbosm, trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls, pibj cbsoucm, hbricms mnibrtms, btk.) pubcb
prbsbotmr mnslrkiûo
klolkicl sisté`ikm.. Bstm mnslrkiûo prlvlkm uo kumcrl cb iotlxikmkiûo
kl`l "smturois`l".
"smturois`l"

Vmjlrmkiûo
Qlr su klotboicl bo pjl`l y su mjtl àocikb cb klotrmiocikmkilobs y rbmkkilobs
mcvbrsms bs rbkl`bocmnjb ol utijizmr bstb prbpmrmcl bo plcljleàm, hmnibocl
mjtbromtivms `ís sbeurms y b﬍kmkbs kl`l slo jms smjbs cb mju`ioil.
83

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
mstrioebotbs

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls

@mtbrim
pri`m Kmoticmc
% Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj ﬍siklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`bo pbsmcm Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb

Bj sunmkbtmtl cb pjl`l
[ljukiûo tibob prlpibcmcbs
[ljukiûo cb njmoqubkiom qub mstrioebotbs pltbotbs
sunmkbtmtl =% >,2`j pubcb tbobr l y motiséptikms jiebrms.
cb pjl`l ol prbsbokim cb Jms smjbs cb pjl`l
prbkipitmcls. prbsbotmo uo mjtl àocikb
cb klotrmiocikmkilobs
y rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms.

Mjklhlj
btàjikl >,>% 2,2`j Motiséptikl
m`pjil cb
bspbktrl.
Meum ksp ksp
puri﬍kmcm >21`j >21`j
SLSMJ
SLSMJ >21`j >21`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls ioklrplrmr jls `j obkbsmrils cb jm sljukiûo cb
pjl`l y bj mjklhlj btàjikl.
QM[L > Ioklrplrmr bj 91% cbj meum puri﬍kmcm obkbsmrim y `bcimotb jm myucm cb
uom vmrijjm cb vicril l uo meitmclr `meoétikl `bzkjmrjls vielrlsm`botb
hmstm su kl`pjbtm cisljukiûo.
QM[L ; Bo uom prlnbtm l bo uo bovmsb ﬍omj
﬍omj ermcumcl bormsmr klo bj rbstl cb meum
puri﬍kmcm.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo frmskl lpmkl l QBS tlpmkil klo tmpûo clsi﬍kmclr.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo klo uom jiebrm obnjiom njmokm, pbrl kmrbotb cb prbkipitmcls.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 82

MERM CB NR^LU KLO Q^BKIQIS

Q^BKIQISMCL
MCL

Kl`plsikiûo
Mju`nrb pltísikl =%
[ljukiûo cb sunmkbtmtl cb pjl`l 2%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp >21kk

[ioûoi`ls
Mju`nrb pltísikl7
pltísikl7 sujfmtl mju`àoikl pltísikl, mju`nrb pljvl, mju`nrb kmjkiomcl.
meum cb Nurlw klo prbkipitmcl7 meum cb Nurlw cb jm @bcikm`botm. Ioklrrbktm-
`botb sb hm cbol`iomcl si`pjb`botb meum cb Nurlw.

Mkkiûo
Bj fmr`mkljûe
fmr`mkljûeikm
sunmkbtmtl ikm tibob prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs pltbotbs y motiséptikms
cb pjl`l
sumvbs. Jms smjbs cb pjl`l prbsbotmo uo mjtl àocikb cb klotrmiocikmkilobs y
rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms.
Bj mju`nrb tibob prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs pltbotbs, motibcb`mtlsms y motisép-
tikms cénijbs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb klo uo prbkipitmcl njmokl y klo jiebrl ljlr m íkicl mkétikl
(viomerb). Cbspués cb su meitmkiûo prbsbotm uo mspbktl njmokl jbkhlsl.

Iocikmkilobs
Jbsilobs qub obkbsitbo trmtm`ibotl mstrioebotb. Loiklkriptlsis. [b rbkl`ibocm
ji`itmr su usl plr su plsinjb tlxikicmc y sustituir bj trmtm`ibotl plr ltrls mstrio-
ebotbs `ís sbeurls.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Jmvmcl cb jm jbsiûo klo jm sljukiûo cirbktm`botb l `bcimotb kl`prbsms h÷`b-
cms, cb = m ; vbkbs mj càm. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl vibob klocikilomcm plr
jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo. Bo kmsl cb su utijizmkiûo sb rbkl`ibocm ol slnrbpmsmr
slnrbpm smr
jls 5 càms.
Bo jm loiklkriptlsis fmkijitm jm rbcukkiûo cbj `m`bjûo y ermoujl`m myucmocl jm
bxtrmkkiûo cb jm bspàkujm. [b mpjikmrí slnrb bj kmomj uoeubmj pljvl cb mju`nrb
b`pmpíocljl klo jm sljukiûo y kunriéocljl klo emsm bstérij. Jm lpbrmkiûo sb
rbpbtirí
vim`botb> lvbkbs mj càm curmotb
plstbrilr`botb m jm 2-5 càms. Cikhm
bji`iomkiûo cb jmlpbrmkiûo
bspàkujm. pubcb rbmjizmrsb prb-
86

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
mstrioebotbs
Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj pjl`l l cbrivmcls. Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj mju`nrb l cbrivmcls.
Bstí klotrmiocikmcl bo oiýls, b`nmrmzmcms y `ugbrbs bo pbrilcl cb jmktmokim.
Ol utijizmr bo hbricms mnibrtms, zloms bxtbosms oi klo vbocmgbs lkjusivls.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
^bmkkilobs cb hipbrsbosinijicmc y cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl klo britb`ms, rbmkkil-
obs bxmotb`ítikms. Rom mpjikmkiûo iomcbkumcm cb bstm fûr`ujm (zloms bxtbosms,
trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls, pibj cbsoucm, hbricms mnibrtms, btk.) pubcb prbsbotmr
mnslrkiûo sisté`ikm. Bstm mnslrkiûo prlvlkm uo kumcrl cb iotlxikmkiûo klolkicl
kl`l "smturois`l".

Vmjlrmkiûo
Qlr su klotboicl bo pjl`l y su mjtl àocikb cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms
mcvbrsm s sb rbkl`ibocm
ji`itmr bj usl cb bstb prbpmrmcl
prbpmr mcl bo plcljleàm y sustituirjl bo jl plsinjb plr ltrls
mstrioebotbs `ís sbeurls kl`l slo jms smjbs cb mju`ioil.
 85

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils %
Qbsl Kmoticmc
rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo
Vlju`b pbsmcm Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb

[ujfmtl Qljvl njmokl Bj mju`nrb tibob prlpibcmcbs

mju`àoikl =% >,2e pmrkimj`botb mstrioebotbs pltbotbs,
pltísikl sljunjb bo meum. motibcb`mtlsms y
motiséptikms cénijbs.

Bj sunmkbtmtl cb pjl`l tibob

[ljukiûo [ljukiûo prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs
cb sunmkbtmtl njmoqubkiom qub pltbotbs y motiséptikms
2% =>,2`j pubcb tbobr l jiebrms. Jms smjbs cb pjl`l
cb pjl`l ol prbsbokim cb prbsbotmo uo mjtl àocikb
prbkipitmcls. cb klotrmiocikmkilobs y
rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms.

Meum ksp ksp

purifikmcm >21`j >21`j
SLSMJ
SLSMJ >21`j >21`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cbj mju`nrb (sujfmtl
mju`àoikl pltísikl) y cisljvbrjl bo bj 91% cb meum puri﬍kmcm.

QM[L > Bo bj `is`l

jm myucm vmsl
cb uom mýmcir
vmrijjm cb jm sljukiûo
vicril cb sunmkbt
sunmkbtmtl
l uo meitmclr mtl cb pjl`l.
`meoétikl Klo
`bzkjmrjls
vielrlsm`botb.
QM[L ; Bo uom prlnbtm l bo uo bovmsb ﬍omj
﬍omj ermcumcl bormsmr klo bj rbstl cb
meum puri﬍kmcm.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`b
prbfbrinjb`botb
otb bo frmskl lpmkl l QBS tlpmkil klo tmpûo
clsi﬍kmclr.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo bo cls fmsbs, klo uo ﬍ol prbkipitmcl bo bj flocl. Mj meitmrsb prbsbotm
uo mspbktl njmokl jbkhlsl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 88

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
mstrioebotbs
MERM CB NR^LU (R[Qh XIV)

Kl`plsikiûo
[ljukiûo cb mkbtltmrtrm
mkbtltmrtrmtl
tl cb mju`ioil =1%
=1%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp >21kk

s
[ioûoi`ls
[ljukiûo cb mkbtltmrtrmtl cb mju`ioil7 ioklrrbktm`botb sb jb jjm`m "meum cb
Nurlw" y ol pubcb utijizmrsb cirbktm`botb plr prbsbotmr uo mjtl plcbr irritmotb,
cbnbràm sib`prb cijuirsb.

b
Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj mkbtltmrtrmtl cb mju`ioil bs uo motiséptikl cénij y uo bxkbjbotb mstrioebotb
l
yrbcukibocl
motiio﬎m`mtlril. Mkt÷mjmcis`iouybocl
jls bcb`ms, bxucmkiûo y jmjmkloebstiûo,
pbr`bmnijicmc
y plrkmpijmr cb jms bjkéjujms,
tmotl rbcukb cljlr,
jm io﬎m`mkiûo, cis`iouybocl jls bcb`ms. Sibob jiebrls bfbktls vmslklostriktlrbs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb klo jiebrl ljlr m íkicl mkétikl (viomerb).

Iocikmkilobs
Jmvmcl cb hbricms, jbsilobs ujkbrmtivms slnrbiofbktmcms (vmskujmrbs, plr cbk÷-
nitl, cimnétikms, btk.),
btk.), qub`mcurms y tlcm mqubjjm jbsiûo bxucmtivm iofbktmcm.
Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb jbsilobs meucms, bcb`mtlsms, kloebstivms, bxu-
cmtivms cb btiljleàm mjéreikm (cbr`mtitis meucms, bkzb`ms h÷`bcls), f÷oeikm
(cbr`mtl`iklsis bxucmtivms, btk.) l nmktbrimom (cbr`mtitis sbkuocmrim meucm,
bkzb`m cbshicrûtikl slnrbiofbktmcl, btk.). Srmtm`ibotl
Srmtm`ibotl cb pmtljleàms vmskujmrbs
pbriférikms (﬎bnitis, trl`nl﬎bnitis, ÷jkbrms vmskujmrbs, btk.).
Bj meum cb Nurlw sib`prb bs uo trmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb qub hm cb kl`pjb`bo-
tmrsb klo bj trmtm`ibotl btiljûeikl bo fuokiûo cb jm jbsiûo m trmtmr (cbr`mtlklr-
tiklicb, motiniûtikl, moti`ikûtikl, bozi`m prltbioljàtikm, vmslcijmtmclr pbriférikl,
hbpmrioms, btk.)
btk.)..

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Jmvmcl cb jm jbsiûo klo jm sljukiûo cirbktm`botb l `bcimotb kl`prbsms h÷`b-
cms, cb > m ; vbkbs
vbkb s mj càm, curmotb 2-
2 -=1 `ioutls
`ioutls bo kmcm mpjikmkiûo.
mp jikmkiûo. Jm curmkiûo
cbj trmtm`ibotl vibob klocikilomcm plr jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.
 89

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj mju`ioil, l cbrivmcls. Hmstm jm fbkhm ol sb klolkbo ltrms
klotrmiocikmkilobs.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m. Qubcb prb-
sbotmr kibrtm irritmkiûo y sbqubcmc kutíobm bo
b o trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls.
prljloemcls. Bo kmsl
cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms,
btk.),, suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo
btk.) k lo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki

mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Jm sljukiûo sb mpjikmrí slnrb bj írbm mfbktmcm cirbktm`botb l bo flr`m
cb kl`prbsms h÷`bcms. m
• Jms kl`prbsms sb rbmjizmrío mpjikmocl uom emsm bstérij slnrb jm jbsiûo,
sbeuicm`botb sb b`pmpmrí
b`pmpm rí klo jm sljukiûo y sb cbgmrí qub mkt÷b curmotb
mprlxi`mcm`botb 2-=1 `ioutls. [i bo bstb pbrilcl sb lnsbrvm qub jm
kl`prbsm sb sbkm plr jm bvmplrmkiûo, pubcb mýmcirsb `ís prbpmrmcl
m jm `is`m.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr pubcb rbpbtirsb cb > m ; vbkbs mj càm.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Jms flr`ujmkilobs mstrioebotbs klo smjbs cb mju`ioil slo sbeurms, prbsbotmo uom
b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm bo jbsilobs meucms, kloebstivms cb civbrsm btiljleàm y klos-
tituybo bj trmtm`ibotl cb bjbkkiûo frbotb m jls motieuls prbpmrmcls klo pjl`l.
91

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
mstrioebotbs

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils %
Qbsl Kmoticmc
rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo
Vlju`b pbsmcm Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb

Bj mkbtltmrtrmtl cb
mju`ioil bs uo motiséptikl
cénij y uo bxkbjbotb
[ljukiûo mstrioebotb y
trmospmrbotb motiiofjm`mtlril.
[ljukiûo cb klo uom jiebrm Mkt÷m cis`i
cis`iouyb
ouybocl
ocl
mkbtltmrtrmtl =1% >2e kljlrmkiûo jm pbr`bmnijicmc kmpijmr
cb mju`ioil m`mrijjl- cb jms kéjujms, rbcukibocl
vbrclsm cb ljlr jls bcb`ms, jm bxucmkiûo
mviomermcl. y jm kloebstiûo, y plr
tmotl
y jmrbcukb bj cljlr
iofjm`mkiûo.
Sibob
Sib ob jiebrl
ji ebrlss bfbktls
bfbktl s
vmslklostriktlrbs.
Meum ksp ksp
purifikmcm >21`j >21`j
SLSMJ
SLSMJ >21`j >21`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb sljukiûo cb mkbtl-
tmrtrmtl cb mju`ioil.
QM[L > Ioklrplrmr bj 91% cbj meum puri﬍kmcm obkbsmrim y klo jm myucm cb uom
vmrijjm cb vicril l uo meitmclr `meoétikl `bzkjmrjls vielrlsm`botb hmstm
su kl`pjbtm cisljukiûo.
QM[L ; Bo uom prlnbtm l bo uo bovmsb ﬍omj
﬍omj ermcumcl bormsmr klo bj rbstl cb meum
puri﬍kmcm.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo frmskl QBS tlpmkil klo tmpûo clsi﬍kmclr.

Oltm
[i ol sb cisplob cb jm sljukiûo cb mkbtltmrtrmtl cb mju`ioil kl`l prbpmrmcl iotbr-
`bcil sb pubcb bjmnlrmr cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7
 9=

@mtbrim Kmoticmc % Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m Qbsl Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Vlju`boo
Vlju`b rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Roicmcbs pbsmcm rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs
Mju `ioill
Mju`ioi Kristmjbs iokljlrls Qltbotb
sujfmtl =6,3;% =63,;e sljunjbs bo meum mstrioebotb.
kmjibotb.
Qljvl njmokl
Kmjkil 5,;1% 5;e `ikrlkristmjiol. Mkkiû o sbkmotb
Mkkiûo sbk motb
kmrnlomtl Iosljunjb bo meum m oivbj tûpikl.
y mjklhlj.

Íkicl Jàquicl kjmrl Moti nmktbrimo

Motinmktbr imol,
l,
mkétikl 6,>1% 6>`j klo ljlr iotbosl motif÷oeikl y
ejmkimj b irritmotb. @iskinjb motiprltlzlikl.
bo meum y mjklhlj.
Qljvl kristmjiol
Íkicl njmokl cb jiebrl kljlr
tmrtírikl ;,>8% ;>,8e m`mrijjbotl. [ljunjb Mstrioeb
Mstri oebotb.
otb.
=/== bo mjklhlj
=/ m jklhlj y =/;
bo meum.
Meum ksp ksp
purifikmcm =.111`j =.111`j
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =.11
=.111`j
1`j =.111
.111`j
`j
 9>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
mstrioebotbs
@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls `bzkjmr jm kmoticmc sujfmtl cb mju`ioil
klo jm `itmc cbj meum puri﬍kmcm `bcimotb jm myucm cb uo meitmclr
`meoétikl klo kmjlr.
km jlr.
QM[L > Bo ltrl vmsl cb prbkipitm
prbkipitmcls
cls `motbobr bo meitmkiûo klotioum bj kmr-
nlomtl kíjkikl klo jm ltrm `itmc cbj meum. Ol sb jjbem cb cisljvbr pbrl
sb `motibob suspbocicl.
QM[L ; Ioklrplrmr jm `bzkjm cbj pmsl uol slnrb jm `bzkjm cbj pmsl cls `uy
plkl m plkl plrqub prlvlkm ermo bfbrvbskbokim.
bfbrvbskbokim . Kmjkujmr qub pubcb
jjbemr m kumcrupjikmr bj vlju`bo cb jm su`m cb jls cls jàquicls.
QM[L 3 Ioklrplrmr bj íkicl mkétikl plkl m plkl vieijmocl cb oubvl jm bfbrvbs-
kbokim. Cbgmr rbplsmr >-; càms.
QM[L 2 Fijtrmr jm sljukiûo jbkhlsm lntboicm.
lntboicm. Bj rboci`ibotl qub sb lntibob bs
, cb uo 21% cbj vlju`bo ioikimj mprlxi`mcm`botb.
QM[L 6 [ljunijizmr bj íkicl tmrt
tmrtírikl
írikl bo jm sljukiûo lntboicm bo bj pmsl motbrilr.
motbrilr.
QM[L 5 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`b
prbfbrinjb`botb
otb bo frmskl lpmkl l QBS tlpmkil klo tmpûo
clsi﬍kmclr.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb cb ljlr kmrmktbràstikl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 9;

MERM CB NR^LU @LCIFIKMCM

Kl`plsikiûo

[ljukiûo cb mkbtltmrtrmtl cb mju`ioil

Íkicl nûrikl =1
=1%
=%%
Íkicl mkétikl 1,2%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp 211kk

[ioûoi`ls
[ljukiûo cb mkbtltmrtrmtl cb mju`ioil7 ioklrrbktm`botb sb jb jjm`m "meum cb
Nurlw", ol pubcb utijizmrsb cirbktm`botb plr prbsbotmr uo mjtl plcbr irritmotb.
[ib`prb hm cb cijuirsb.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Jm sljukiûo cb mkbtltmrtrmtl
m kbtltmrtrmtl cb mju`ioil bs uo motiséptikl cénij, uo bxkbjbotb
y sbeurl mstrioebotb y motiio﬎m`mtlril. Mkt÷m cis`iouybocl jm pbr`bmnijicmc
kmpijmr cb jms kéjujms, rbcukibocl jls bcb`ms, jm bxucmkiûo y jm kloebstiûo, y plr
tmotl rbcukb bj cljlr y jm io﬎m`mkiûo. Sibob jiebrls bfbktls vmslklostriktlrbs.
Bj íkicl nûrikl y bj íkicl mkétikl pltbokimo jms mkkilobs motiséptikms cbj prbpm-
rmcl, sibocl m`nls `uy mktivls frbotb m Qsbucl`loms mbrueiolsm.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb klo ljlr m íkicl mkétikl (viomerb).

Iocikmkilobs
Jmvmcl cb hbricms, ji`pibzm cb ÷jkbrms vmskujmrbs, plr cbk÷nitl, cimnétikms,
qub`mcurms, btk. y tlcm mqubjjm jbsiûo bxucmtivm iofbktmcm.
Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb jbsilobs bcb`mtlsms, kloebstivms, bxucmtivms cb
btiljleàm mjéreikm (cbr`mtitis meucms, bzkb`m kloebstivl), f÷oeikm (cbr`mtl`i-
klsis bxucmtivms, btk.)
btk.) l nmktbrimom (cbr`mtitis sbkuocmrim meucm,
meuc m, bkzb`m cishi-
crûtikl slnrbiofbktmcl,
slnrbiofbk tmcl, btk.).
Srmtm`ibotl cb pmtljleàms vmskujmrbs pbriférikms
pbrifé rikms (﬎bnitis, trl`nl﬎bnitis, ÷jkbrms
vmskujmrbs, btk.)
btk.)..
Bj meum cb Nurlw sib`prb bs uo trmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb siotl`ítikl qub hm cb
kl`pjb`botmrsb klo bj btiljûeikl bo fuokiûo cb jm jbsiûo m trmtmr (cbr`mtlklr-
tiklicb, motiniûtikl, motif÷oeikl, bozi`m prltbioljàtikm, vmslcijmtmclr pbriférikl,
hbpmrioms).
93

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
mstrioebotbs
Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm
Jmvmcl cb jm jbsiûo klo jm sljukiûo cirbktm`botb l `bcimotb kl`prbsms h÷`b-
cms, cb > m ; vbkbs
vbkb s mj càm, curmotb 2-=1 `ioutls
`ioutls pmrm kmcm mpjikmkiûo.
m pjikmkiûo. Jm curmkiûo
curm kiûo
cbj trmtm`ibotl vibob klocikilomcm plr jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj mju`ioil, l cbrivmcls. Mjbreim m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`pl-
obotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm jm fbkhm ol sb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m. Qubcb prb-
sbotmr kibrtm irritmkiûo y sbqubcmc kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls.
prljloemcls. Bo kmsl
cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms,
btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jm sljukiûo sb mpjikmrí slnrb bj írbm mfbktmcm cirbktm`botb l bo flr`m
cb kl`prbsms h÷`bcms.
• Jms kl`prbsms sb rbmjizmrío mpjikmocl uom emsm bstérij slnrb jm jbsiûo.
[beuicm`botb sb b`pmpmrí klo bj prbpmrmcl y sb cbgmrí qub mkt÷b
curmotb mprlxi`mcm`botb 2-=1 `ioutls. [i bo bstb pbrilcl sb lnsbrvm
qub jm kl`prbsm sb sbkm pubcb mýmcirsb `ís sljukiûo.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr pubcb rbpbtirsb cb > m ; vbkbs mj càm.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Jms flr`ujmkilobs mstrioebotbs klo smjbs cb mju`ioil slo sbeurms, prbsbotmo
uom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm bo jbsilobs meucms, kloebstivms cb civbrsm btiljleàm y
klostituybo bj trmtm`ibotl cb bjbkkiûo cb jls motieuls prbpmrmcls klo pjl`l.
Klosicbrm`ls, plr jls bstucils rbmjizmcls, qub bj meum cb Nurlw `lci﬍kmcm bs
bj prbpmrmcl mstrioebotb klo smjbs cb mju`ioil cb bjbkkiûo bo plcljleàm.
 92

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils %
Qbsl Kmoticmc
rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb

Bj mkbtltmrtrmtl cb mju`ioil
bs uo motiséptikl cénij y uo
[ljukiûo bxkbjbotb mstrioebotb
trmospmrbotb y motiiofjm`mtlril.
[ljukiûo cb klo uom jiebrm Mkt÷m cis`i
cis`iouyb
ouybocl
ocl jm
jm
mkbtltmrtrmtl =1% 21 e kljlrmkiûo pbr`bmnijicmc kmpijmr cb
cb mju`ioil m`mrijjl- jms kéjujms, rbcukibocl jls
vbrclsm cb ljlr bcb`ms, jm bxucmkiûo y jm
mviomermcl. kloebstiûo, y plr tmotl
rbcukb bj Sibob
iofjm`mkiûo. cljlr yjiebrls
jm
bfbktls vmslklostriktlrbs.

Bj íkicl nûrikl y bj íkicl

mkétikl pltbokimo jms
Íkicl Qljvl kristmjiol mkkilobs motiséptikms cbj
nûrikl =% 2e sljunjb bo meum y prbpmrmcl, sibocl m`nls
mjklhlj. `uy mktivls frbotb m
Qsbucl`loms
mbrueiol
mbr sm.
ueiolsm

Jàquicl kjmrl klo

Íkicl 1,2% >,2`j ljlr iotbosl
irritmotb. b
@iskinjb Moti
Motinmktb
nmktbrimo
rimol,
motif÷oeikl yl,
mkétikl bo meum y motiprltlzlikl.
mjklhlj.

Meum ksp ksp

purifikmcm 211`j 211`j
SLSMJ
SLSMJ 211`j
211 `j 211`j
211 `j
96

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
mstrioebotbs
@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls ioklrplrmr jm jm kmoticmc cb sljukiûo cb mkb-
tltmrtrmtl cb mju`ioil, bj íkicl nûrikl y bj íkicl mkétikl.
QM[L > Ioklrplrmr bj 91% cbj meum puri﬍kmcm obkbsmrim y `bcimotb jm myucm cb
uom vmrijjm cb vicril l uo meitmclr `meoétikl `bzkjmrjls vielrlsm`botb
hmstm su kl`pjbtm cisljukiûo.
QM[L ; Bo uom prlnbtm l bo uo bovmsb ﬍omj ermcumcl bormsmr klo bj rbstl cb
meum puri﬍kmcm.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`b
prbfbrinjb`botbotb bo frmskl lpmkl l QBS tlpmkil klo tmpûo
clsi﬍kmclr.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb cb ljlr kmrmktbràstikl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 95

MERM CB JL[ S^B[ [RJFM

[RJFMSL[

Kl`plsikiûo
[ujfmtl cb kiok 1,>%
[ujfmtl cb klnrb 1,;%
[ujfmtl mju`àoikl pltísikl 1,3%
1,3%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp >21kk

[ioûoi`ls
[ujfmtl mju`àoikl pltísikl7 mju`nrb pltísikl pljvl, mju`nrb kmjkiomcl, mju`nrb.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj
kmsprbpmrmcl, cbnicl
y fuoeistítikms plrmprbkipitmkiûo
jm prbsbokim cb
cb sujfmtls, tibobkbjujmrbs.
jms prltbàoms prlpibcmcbs nmk tbrilstíti-
nmktbrilstíti-
Sm`niéo prbsbotm
mkkilobs mstrioebotbs y motiio﬎m`mtlrims. Mkt÷m cis`iouybocl jm pbr`bmnijicmc
kmpijmr cb jms kéjujms, rbcukibocl jls bcb`ms, jm bxucmkiûo y jm kloebstiûo, y plr
tmotl rbcukb bj cljlr, jm io﬎m`mkiûo. Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo tibob bfbktls
bfbk tls vmslklostriktlrbs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb jiebrm`botb mzujmcm b iolclrm.

Iocikmkilobs
Jmvmcl cb hbricms, ji`pibzm cb ÷jkbrms vmskujmrbs, plr cbk÷nitl, cimnétikms,
qub`mcurms, btk. y tlcm mqubjjm jbsiûo bxucmtivm iofbktmcm.
Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb jbsilobs bcb`mtlsms, kloebstivms, bxucmtivms cb
btiljleàm mjéreikm (cbr`mtitis meucms, bzkb`m kloebstivls), f÷oeikm (cbr`mtl-
`iklsis bxucmtivms, btk.)
btk.) l nmktbrimom (i`pétiel, cbr`mtitis sbkuocmrim meucm,
bkzb`m cishicrûtikl slnrbiofbktmcl,
slnrbiofbk tmcl, btk.).
btk.).
Bj meum cb jls trbs sujfmtls sib`prb bs uo trmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb qub hm cb
kl`pjb`botmrsb klo bj trmtm`ibotl btiljûeikl bo fuokiûo cb jm jbsiûo trmtmcm.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Jmvmcl cb jm jbsiûo klo jm sljukiûo cirbktm`botb l `bcimotb kl`prbsms h÷`b-
cms, cb > m ; vbkbs
vbkb s mj càm, curmotb 2-=1 `ioutls
`ioutls pmrm kmcm mpjikmkiûo.
m pjikmkiûo. Jm curmkiûo
curmk iûo
cbj trmtm`ibotl vibob klocikilomcm plr jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.
98

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
mstrioebotbs
Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobot
k l`plobotbs
bs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm jm fbkhm
ol sb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m. Qubcb prb-
sbotmr kibrtm irritmkiûo y sbqubcmc kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls.
prljloemcls. Bo kmsl
cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms,
btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jm sljukiûo sb mpjikmrí slnrb bj írbm mfbktmcm cirbktm`botb l bo flr`m
cb kl`prbsms h÷`bcms.
• Jms kl`prbsms sb rbmjizmrío mpjikmocl uom emsm bstérij slnrb jm jbsiûo.
[beuicm`botb sb b`pmpmrí klo jm sljukiûo y sb cbgmrí qub mkt÷b curmotb
cur motb
mprlxi`mcm`botb 2-=1 `ioutls. [i bo bstb pbrilcl sb lnsbrvm qub jm
kl`prbsm sb sbkm, pubcb mýmcirsb `ís sljukiûo.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr pubcb rbpbtirsb cb > m ; vbkbs mj càm.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj meum cb jls trbs sujfmtls bs uo bxkbjbotb mstrioebotb klo mkkilobs motiséptikms,
motiséptikm s,
cb iotbrés bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb jbsilobs meucms bxucmtivms cb lriebo mjéreikl,
f÷oeikl y/l nmktbrimol, sib`prb klosicbríocljl kl`l trmtm`ibotl
trmtm `ibotl klmcyuvmotb
siotl`ítikl, kl`pjb`botíoclsb klo bj btiljûeikl.
 99

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

@mtbrim
pri`m Kmoticmc
% Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb

[ujfmtl Qljvl njmokl Bj sujfmtl cb kiok pljvl

cb kiok 1,>% 1,2e cb mspbktl bs uo mstrioebotb cb
kristmjiol. pltbokim `bcim.

[ujfmtl Qljvl hmriolsl cb Bj sujfmtl cb klnrb

cb klnrb 1,;% 1,52e kljlr mzuj kibjl. bs uo mstrioebotb
y motiséptikl cénij.
Bj mju`nrb pltísikl
[ujfmtl
mju`àoikl 1,3% =e Qljvl kristmjiol pljvl
cénijbsy uo
uo motiséptikl
pltbotb
pltísikl njmokl. mstrioebotb y
motiiofjm`mtlril.
Meum ksp ksp
purifikmcm >21`j >21`j
SLSMJ
SLSMJ >21`j >21`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls pbsmr jls trbs sujfmtls.
QM[L > Ioklrplrmr bj 91% cbj meum puri﬍kmcm obkbsmrim y `bcimotb jm myucm cb
uom vmrijjm
hmstm cb vicril cisljukiûo.
su kl`pjbtm l uo meitmclr `meoétikl `bzkjmrjls vielrlsm`botb
QM[L ; Bo uom prlnbtm l bo uo bovmsb ﬍omj ermcumcl bormsmr klo bj rbstl cb
meum puri﬍kmcm.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`b
prbfbrinjb`botbotb bo frmskl lpmkl l QBS tlpmkil klo tmpûo
clsi﬍kmclr.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb klo jiebrm kljlrmkiûo mzuj.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
=11

Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs bo
Ltljleàm
loiklkriptlsis
Bo =832 Jbwis
Jbwis Curjmkhbr cbskrinb plr pri`brm vbz jm uým iokmromtm kl`l7 "jm"jm uým
qub krbkb hmkim bj iotbrilr cb jm kmrob". Bstm cb﬍oikiûo tmo si`pjb sieub viebotb
mktumj`botb.

Jm loiklkriptlsis l uým iokmromtm bs kmusm cb ermvbs `ljbstims bo bj pmkibotb

qub jms sufrb, bs uom cb jms pmtljleàms cb uým `ís cljlrlsms y qub rbquibrb jm
iotbrvbokiûo cbj plcûjlel pmrm rbsljvbr bj klo﬎iktl cb jm uým klo jms pmrtbs
pmr tbs
njmocms qub jm rlcbmo.

Botrb jls fmktlrbs bxtbrols qub prbcisplobo m bstm pmtljleàm cbstmkmràm`ls7

• Sipl cb kmjzmcl
Bj kmjzmcl cb tmkûo cbspjmzm jls cbcls hmkim jm puotbrm jl qub prlvlkm
prbsiûo cieitmj. [i jm puotbrm bs `uy bstrbkhm prlcukb prbsiûo slnrb uo
l m`nls jmcls cbj cbcl, ym qub plr uo jmcl tbob`ls jm kl`prbsiûo cb
jls cbcls bo bj iotbrilr cbj kmjzmcl y plr bj ltrl jm prbsiûo cirbktm qub
bgbrkb bj `is`l.

• Éstms
Klrtb ioklrrbktl cb jms uýms
ol cbnbo klrtmsb
klr tmsb bxkbsivm`botb y ol sb cbnbo rbclocbmr
rbclocbm r gm`ís.
Cbnbo klrtmsb rbktms y jls kmomjbs uoeubmjbs cbnbo bstmr sib`prb
ji`pils.
• Srmu`mtis`ls
Qubcbo mktumr iocirbktm`botb jbsilomocl jm `mtriz y cirbktm`botb huo-
cibocl uom mristm uoeubmj bo jls tbgicls vbkiols.

Cb jls fmktlrbs iotbrols qub fmkijitmo jm loiklkriptlsis sbýmjmrb`ls7

• Mol`mjàms
Mol`mjà ms momtû`ikms
momtû`ik ms cb jms uýms
Jls cifbrbotbs tipls cb jí`iom uoeubmj
uoeub mj kl`l jm uým bo tbgm cb Qrlvbozm,
clnjb pikmcl y bo bspirmj l vljutm tibocbo m jbsilomr jls kmomjbs pbriuo-
eubmjbs qub uoicl mj `mj klrtmcl cb jms `is`ms fmkijitm jm pjmkm cb
iokmromkiûo.
• Hipbrhicrlsis
Éstm prlcukb jm `mkbrmkiûo
`mkbrmk iûo cbj surkl uoeubmj cis`iouybocl jm rbsistbo-
kim m jm pbobtrmkiûo.
• Bxkbsl cb pbsl
Qubcb prlcukir uom hipbrtrlfim cb jls jmnils uoeumjbs (pmrtb njmocm qub
rlcbm jm uým). Bs rbjmtivm`botb frbkubotb bo b`nmrmzmcms.
• Fmktlrbs nil`bkíoikls
Jms mjtbrmkilobs cb jm `mrkhm, kl`l jm kljlkmkiûo cbj cbcl curmotb éstm
cb flr`m ioklrrbktm, prlcukbo uom prbsiûo bxkbsivm bo bj jmnil uoeubmj
fmkijitmocl jm pbobtrmkiûo cb jm bspàkujm uoeubmj.
• Hipbrtrlfim kloeéoitm l mcquiricm cb jls jmnils uoeubmjbs
=1>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
bo loiklkriptlsis
Mj momjizmr
momjizmr jm kjàoikm cb jms loiklkript
loiklkriptlsis
lsis lnsbrvm`ls qub pri`brm`botb mpmrbkb
uo jiebrl cljlr m oivbj cbj nlrcb iotbrol cb jm uým, qub mu`botm klo jm cbm`nujm-
kiûo, mkbotuíoclsb klo bj b`pjbl cb zmpmtls
zmp mtls bstrbkhls. Mj priokipil jls cljlrbs
slo jiebrls b iotbr`itbotbs y sb bxmkbrnmo klo jm `àoi`m prbsiûo.

Jm prl`iobokim pbriuoeubmj prbsbotm uom jí`iom hipbrqubrmtûsikm nmgl jm kumj sb

hmjjm uo tbgicl klobktivl fríeij. Jm pibj mcquibrb
m cquibrb jls sieols io﬎m`mtlrils.

Qlr jl ebobrmj, bj bofbr`l klrtm lnjikum`botb bj nlrcb jmtbrmj cb jm uým. Jm `ljbs-

tim mu`botm rípicm`botb, pubs jm pmrtb rbstmotb pbobtrm bo jms zloms njmocms m
jm `mobrm cb uo mrpûo. Mpmrbkbo bxucmcls hmnitumj`botb sbrlsls y `ís tmrcb
purujbotls, cbspués sb flr`m uo pbqubýl mnskbsl bo bstm `is`m zlom, klo
mpmrikiûo cb pus, qub pubcb bxtbocbrsb plr boki`m l plr cbnmgl cb jm uým. Bo
bstm fmsb bs kumocl sb cbsmrrljjmo
cbsm rrljjmo jls ermoujl`ms y jls `m`bjlobs hipbrtrl﬍m-
cls. Bj cljlr bs iotljbrmnjb.

Jms loiklkriptlsis bo plcljleàm pubcbo sbr bji`iomcms `bcimotb7

• Srmtm`ibotl quir÷reikl.
• Srmtm`ibotl klosbrvmclr kl`pjb`botmcl klo flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj.
• Srmtm`ibotl `bcimotb rbbcukmkiûo
rbbcu kmkiûo uoeubmj.

Bj trmtm`ibotl klosbrvmclr
klosbr vmclr klojjbvm jm rbmjizmkiûo cb uo kmomj cb prlxi`mj m cistmj
flr`mocl uom kuým cb jm bspàkujm m bxtrmbr. Qlstbrilr`botb, klo jm myucm cb uoms
kizmjjms y nisturà cbj
cb j =2, bji`iomrb`ls
bji`iomrb`ls jm bspàkujm cb jm uým kjmvmcm.

Klo jms flr`ujmkilobs qub prlplob`ls fmkijitm`ls bj prlkbsl lntboibocl

mcb`ís7
• ^bcukkiûo cbj bcb`m.
• ^bcukkiûo cbj cljlr.
• ^bcukkiûo cb jm iofjm`mkiûo.
• Klotrlj cb jm iofbkkiûo.
• Olr`mjizmkiûo cbj `m`bjûo.
• ^bcukkiûo cbj tbgicl ermoujlsl.
 =1;

Rom vbz klotrljmcm jm loiklkriptlsis sb pubcb

pubc b ioikimr mjeuol cb jls trmtm`ibotls
rbbcukmclrbs cb jm jí`iom uoeubmj `bcimotb jls cifbrbotbs tipls cb lrtloixims.

[i ol sb rbsubjvb
quir÷reikl, klo bjbotrmtm`ibotl
b`pjbmocl
b`pjbmocl kmcm kmsl klosbrvmclr sb cbnbrí
jm tékoikm cb kirueàm rbmjizmr
uoeubmj `ístrmtm`ibotl
mcbkumcm
pmrm bj tipl cb uým l pmtljleàm.
=13

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
bo loiklkriptlsis
MERM CB NR^LU QM^M
QM^M LOIKLK^IQSL[I[

Kl`plsikiûo
[ljukiûo cb mkbtltmrtrm
mkbtltmrtrmtl
tl cb mju`ioil 21%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp =11kk

[ioûoi`ls
[ljukiûo cb mkbtltmrtrmtl
mkbtltmr trmtl cb mju`ioil7 ioklrrbktm`botb sb jjm`m "meum cb Nurlw"
y ol pubcb utijizmrsb cirbktm`botb plr prbsbotmr uo mjtl plcbr irritmotb, cbnbràm
sib`prb cijuirsb.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj mkbtltmrtrmtl cb mju`ioil bs uo motiséptikl cénij y uo bxkbjbotb mstrioebotb
yrbcukibocl
motiio﬎m`mtlril. Mkt÷mjmcis`iouybocl
jls bcb`ms, bxucmkiûo y jmjmkloebstiûo,
pbr`bmnijicmc
y plrkmpijmr cb jms kéjujms,
tmotl rbcukb bj cljlr
y jm io﬎m`mkiûo. Sibob jiebrls bfbktls vmslklostriktlrbs. M uom klokbotrmkiûo
cbj 21% prbsbotm pltbotbs bfbktls mstrioebotbs y motibcb`mtlsls. ^bcukb jls
`m`bjlobs y ermoujl`ms cb jms loiklkriptlsis.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb klo ljlr m íkicl mkétikl (viomerb).

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl klosbrvmclr cb jms loiklkriptlsis, fmkijitmocl jm bji`iomkiûo cb jm
bspàkujm, rbcukibocl
rbcukib ocl bj `m`bjûo y ermoujl`m, klotrljmocl jm iofbkkiûo b io﬎m`m-
kiûo. Bj meum cb Nurlw pmrm loiklkriptlsis, plr su mjtm klokbotrmkiûo,
klokb otrmkiûo, ol pubcb
sbr utijizmcm bo trmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb jbsilobs ujkbrmtivms y/l bxucmtivms
cbnicl mj bjbvmcl ribsel cb irritmkiûo kutíobm.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Ji`pibzm y jmvmcl cb jm jbsiûo klo jm sljukiûo cirbktm`botb bo klosujtm. Mpjikm-
kiûo cb mju`nrb pltísikl pljvl slnrb bj kmomj uoeubmj mfbktmcl cb loiklkrip-
tlsis. Mpjikmr slnrb bj pljvl uom emsm b`pmpmcm klo bj meum cb Nurlw y kunrir
jm jbsiûo. ^bpbtir jm lpbrmkiûo > vbkbs mj càm plr pmrtb cbj pmkibotb curmotb
2-5 càms. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl vibob klocikilomcm plr jm bvljukiûo cb jm
jbsiûo. Jm bspàkujm pubcb bxtrmbrsb prbvim l plstbrilr`botb m jm mpjikmkiûo cb jls
prbpmrmcls bo fuokiûo cbj cljlr, ermoujl`m y, plr tmotl, cb jms kmrmktbràstikms
cb jm loiklkriptlsis.
 =12

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj mju`ioil l cbrivmcls. Hmstm jm fbkhm ol sb klolkbo ltrms
klotrmiocikmkilobs.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m. Qubcb
prbsbotmr kibrtm irritmkiûo kutíobm. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms
(urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs
rbmk kilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y
klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki

mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Jm sljukiûo sb mpjikmrí slnrb bj írbm mfbktmcm cirbktm`botb.
• [b sbeuirío jms iocikmkilobs motbrilr`botb kitmcms.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj meum cb Nurlw mj 21%
21% mslkimcm mj mju`nrb pltísikl pljvl pubcb bo b o mjeuols
kmsls bvitmr jm kirueàm uoeubmj bo cbtbr`iomcms loiklkriptlsis. Fmkijitm jm bji`iom-
kiûo cb jm bspàkujm, rbcukibocl bj `m`bjûo y bj tbgicl ermoujl`mtlsl mslkimcl,
rbcukibocl jm io﬎m`mkiûo y bj cljlr mslkimcl.
=16

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
bo loiklkriptlsis
IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^
Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils %
Qbsl Kmoticmc
rbmj fisiklquà`ikms
Ioflr`mkiûo Qrlpibcmcbs
fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs

Bj mkbtltmrtrmtl cb mju`ioil
bs uo motiséptikl cénij y uo
[ljukiûo bxkbjbotb mstrioebotb
trmospmrbotb y motiiofjm`mtlril.
[ljukiûo cb klo uom jiebrm Mkt÷m cis`i
cis`iouyb
ouybocl
ocl jm
jm
mkbtltmrtrmtl 21% 21 ` j kljlrmkiûo pbr`bmnijicmc kmpijmr cb
cb mju`ioil m`mrijjl- jms kéjujms, rbcukibocl
vbrclsm cb ljlr jls bcb`ms, jm bxucmkiûo
mviomermcl. y jm kloebstiûo, y plr
tmotl rbcukb bj cljlr y jm
iofjm`mkiûo. Sibob jiebrls
bfbktls vmslklostriktlrbs.

Meum ksp ksp

purifikmcm =11`j =11`j
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11`j =11` j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls ioklrplrmr jm
jm kmoticmc cb sljukiûo cb mkb-
tltmrtrmtl cb mju`ioil.
QM[L > Ioklrplrmr bj 91% cbj meum puri﬍kmcm obkbsmrim y `bcimotb jm myucm cb
uom vmrijjm cb vicril l uo meitmclr `meoétikl `bzkjmrjls vielrlsm`botb
hmstm su kl`pjbtm cisljukiûo.
QM[L ; Bo uom prlnbtm l bo uo bovmsb ﬍omj ermcumcl bormsmr klo bj rbstl cb
meum puri﬍kmcm.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`b
prbfbrinjb`botb
otb bo frmskl lpmkl l QBS tlpmkil klo tmpûo
clsi﬍kmclr.

Oltm
[i ol sb cisplob cb jm sljukiûo cb mkbtltmrtrmtl cb mju`ioil kl`l prbpmrmcl
iotbr`bcil, sb pubcb bjmnlrmr cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7
 =15

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Mju`ioi
Mju `ioill =6,3;% =63,;e Kristmjbs iokljlrls sljunjbs Qltbotb
sujfmtl bo meum kmjibotb. mstrioebotb.

Kmjkil Qljvl njmokl Mkki ûo sbkmotb

Mkkiûo sb kmotb
kmrnlomtl 5,;1% 5;e `ikrlkristmjiol. Iosljunjb m oivbj tûpikl.
bo meum y mjklhlj.

Íkicl mkéti
mkétikl
kl Jàquicl kjmrl klo ljlr Moti nmktbrimo
Motinmktbr imol,
l,
ejmkimj 6,>1% 6>`j iotbosl b irritmotb. @iskinjb motif÷oeikl y
bo meum y mjklhlj. motiprltlzlikl.
Qljvl kristmjiol njmokl cb
tmrtírikl
Íkicl ;,>8% ;>,8e [ljunjb
jiebrl =/=
kljlr
bom`mrijjbotl.
mjklhl j y =/;
mjklhlj Mstrioebo
Mstri oebotb.
tb.
bo meum.
Meum ksp ksp
purifikmcm =.111`j =.111`j
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =.11
=.111`j
1`j =.11
=.111`j
1`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls `bzkjmr jm kmoticmc sujfmtl cb mju`ioil
klo jm `itmc cbj meum puri﬍kmcm `bcimotb jm myucm cb uo meitmclr
`meoétikl klo kmjlr.
km jlr.
QM[L > Bo ltrl vmsl cb prbkipi
prbkipitmcls
tmcls `motbobr bo meitmkiûo klotioum bj kmr-
nlomtl kíjkikl klo jm ltrm `itmc cbj meum. Ol sb jjbem cb cisljvbr pbrl
sb `motibob suspbocicl.
QM[L ; Ioklrplrmr jm `bzkjm cbj pmsl uol slnrb jm `bzkjm cbj pmsl cls `uy
plkl m plkl plrqub prlvlkm ermo bfbrvbskbokim.
bfbrvbskbokim . Kmjkujmr qub pubcb
jjbemr m kumcrupjikmr bj vlju`bo cb jm su`m cb jls cls jàquicls.
QM[L 3 Ioklrplrmr bj íkicl mkétikl plkl m plkl
plkl vieijmocl cb oubvl jm bfbrvbs-
kbokim. Cbgmr rbplsmr >-; càms.
QM[L 2 Fijtrmr jm sljukiûo jbkhlsm lntboicm.
lntboicm. Bj rboci`ibotl qub sb lntibob bs
cb uo 21% cbj vlju`bo ioikimj.
QM[L 6 [ljunijizmr bj íkicl tmrt
tmrtírikl
írikl bo jm sljukiûo lntboicm bo bj pmsl motbrilr.
motbrilr.

QM[L 5 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb

prbfbrinjb`b
clsi﬍kmclr. otb bo frmskl lpmkl l QBS tlpmkil klo tmpûo
=18

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
bo loiklkriptlsis
Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb cb ljlr kmrmktbràstikl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 =19

QLJVL CB MJR@N^B QLSÍ[IKL

Kl`plsikiûo
Mju`nrb pltísikl pljvl ;1e

[ioûoi`ls
Mju`nrbb pltísikl
Mju`nr pltí sikl pljvl7 sujf
sujfmtl
mtl mju`àoik
mju `àoikl
l pltísikl
pltí sikl pljvl, mju`nr
m ju`nrbb kmjkiom
km jkiomcl,
cl,
mju`nrb pljvl.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj mju`nrb pltísikl pljvl bs uo motiséptikl cénij y uo pltbotb mstrioebotb y
motiio﬎m`mtlril. Bo sljukiûo mkt÷m cis`iouybocl
cis`iouybocl jm pbr`bmnijicmc
pbr`bmn ijicmc kmpijmr cb jms
kéjujms, rbcukibocl jls bcb`ms, jm bxucmkiûo y jm kloebstiûo, y plr tmotl rbcukb
bj cljlr
cb pljvly rbcukb
jm io﬎m`mkiûo. Sibob mcb`ís
jls `m`bjlobsmcb
y `ís bfbktls vmslklostriktlrbs.
ermoujl`ms Qurl bo flr`m
cb jms loiklkriptlsis.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Qljvl njmokl mrbolsl ol kristmjiol
kristm jiol sio ljlr.
ljlr.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl klosbrvmclr cb jms loiklkriptlsis, bo mslkimkiûo klo bj meum cb
Nurlw mj 21%. Fmkijitm
Fmkijitm jm bji`iomkiûo cb jm bspàkujm, rbcukibocl bj
b j `m`bjûo y
ermoujl`m, klotrljmocl jm iofbkkiûo b io﬎m`mkiûo.
Srmtm`ibotl cb jm hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis pjmotmr bo mslkimkiûo klo ltrls
priokipils mktivls (vbr mpmrtmcl
mpmr tmcl 9.3).

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Ji`pibzm y jmvmcl cb jm jbsiûo klo jm sljukiûo cirbktm`botb bo klosujtm. Mpjikm-
kiûo slnrb bj kmomj uoeubmj mfbktmcl cb jm loiklkript
loiklkriptlsis
lsis cb mju`nrb pltísikl
pljvl. Mpjikmr slnrb bj pljvl uom emsm b`pmpmcm klo bj meum cb Nurlw mj 21% y
kunrir jm jbsiûo. ^bpbtir jm lpbrmkiûo > vbkbs mj càm plr pmrtb cbj pmkibotb curmotb
2-5 càms. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl vibob klocikilomcm plr jm bvljukiûo cb jm
jbsiûo. Jm bspàkujm pubcb bxtrmbrsb prbvim l plstbrilr`botb m jm mpjikmkiûo cb jls
prbpmrmcls bo fuokiûo cbj cljlr, ermoujl`m y, plr tmotl, cb jms kmrmktbràstikms
cb jm loiklkriptlsis.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc
kilobs. mj mju`nrb. Hmstm jm fbkhm ol sb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikm-
==1

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
bo loiklkriptlsis
^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m
`àoi`m pmrm jm
iocikmkiûo sbýmjmcm. Qubcb prbsbotmr kibrtm irritmkiûo kutíobm. Bo kmsl cb mpm-
rbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Bj pljvl sb mpjikmrí slnrb bj írbm mfbktmcm cirbktm`botb.
• [b sbeuirío jms iocikmkilobs motbrilr`botb kitmcms.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj pljvl cb mju`nrb pltísikl bo mslkimkiûo klo bj meum cb Nurlw mj 21% bo
mjeuols kmsls pubcb bvitmr jm kirueàm uoeubmj bo cbtbr`iomcms loiklkriptlsis.
Fmkijitm
`mtlsl jmmslkimcl,
bji`iomkiûo cb jm bspàkujm,
rbcukibocl rbcukiboycl
rbcukibocl
jm io﬎m`mkiûo bj bj `m`bjûo
cljlr y bj tbgicl ermoujl-
mslkimcl.
 ===

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils %
Qbsl Kmoticmc
rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo
Vlju`b pbsmcm Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb

Bj mju`nrb pltísikl pljvl

bs uo motiséptikl cénij y
Mju `nrb
Mju`nrb Qljvl plkl uo pltbotb mstrioebotb
pltísikl =11% ;1e sljunjb bo meum y motiiofjm`mtlril.
pljvl y mjklhlj. Qurl bo flr`m cb pljvl
rbcukb jls `m`bjlobs
y ermoujl`ms bo
jms loiklkriptlsis.

SLSMJ
SLSMJ ;1e ;1e

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbr
`lrtbrl
l pbsm
pbsmrr jm kmoticm
kmoticmcc tltmj cb mju`nrb (sujfmtl mju`à-
oikl pltísikl) y klo jm myucm cb uo pistijl uoi﬍kmr bj tm`mýl cb jms
pmrtikujms.
QM[L > Bovmsmr bo uo tmrrl tlpmkil klo tmpûo prbkiotmcl prbfbrinjb`botb.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Qljvl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
==>

Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs bo
Ltljleàm
hipbrhicrlsis
hipbrhicrlsis y
nrl`hicrlsis
Jm hipbrhicrlsis bs uo mu`botl bxmebrmcl b ioobkbsmril cb jm suclrmkiûo
cbnicl m jm slnrbmktivicmc cb jms ejíocujms bkrioms iobrvmcms plr ﬍nrms kljioér-
eikms cbpbocibotbs cbj sistb`m obrvilsl mutûol`l. [b bsti`m qub uo ;% ;% cb jm
plnjmkiûo pmcbkb hipbrhicrlsis. Bo plcljleàm sib`prb hmnjmrb`ls cb hipbrhi-
crlsis pri`mrim icilpítikm y flkmj.

Jm hipbrhicrlsis pjmotmr sb prlcukb bo m`nls sbxls klo `mylr prbvmjbokim bo

iociviculs gûvbobs (8-=1 mýls hmstm jls >2-;2 mýls), rbcukiéoclsb jm ermvbcmc
cb jls sàotl`ms m pmrtir cb jls 21 mýls.
m ýls. Hmstm uo 31% cb jls mfbktmcls tibob ltrl
`ib`nrl cb jm fm`ijim klo bj `is`l trmstlrol, plr jl qub hb`ls cb klosicbrmrjm
klosic brmrjm
kl`l uom bofbr`bcmc hbrbcitmrim.

Bs jm rbsplosmnjb cb jm `mkbrmkiûo cb jm pibj y pubcb klojjbvmr7

• Cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl plr jls kl`plobotbs cbj kmjzmcl.
• Cbr`mtl`iklsis.
• Kmocicimsis kutíobms.
• Jbsilobs iotbrtrieiolsms.
• Nrl`hicrlsis.
• ]ubrmtûjisis puoktmtm.
• Loiklkriptlsis.

Jm hipbrhicrlisis, jm fmjtm cb hieibob y jm cbstrukkiûo cbj `motl íkicl ermsl plr jm

`lci﬍kmkiûo cb jm ﬎lrm smprû﬍tm fmkijitmo jm flr`mkiûo cb `btmnûjikls vljítijbs
`mjljibotbs qub sbrío jls ÷jti`ls rbsplosmnjbs cb jm nrl`hicrlsis.

Muoqub, bo
b o lkmsilobs,
lkms ilobs, ol
o l sb vmjlrm
vm jlrm jm i`plrt
i`plrtmokim
mokim cb bstms
bs tms mfbkkilob
m fbkkilobs,
s, bs cb
su`m i`plrtmokim su klotrlj, cmcl qub pubcbo prlcukir bo quibo jms pmcbkb mjtb-
rmkilobs cbj bstmcl psàquikl ci﬍kujtmocl sus rbjmkilobs slkimjbs y prlfbsilomjbs.

M pbsm
p bsmrr cb
c b qub
q ub bj trmt
t rmtm`ib
m`ibotl
otl cb
c b jm hipb
hipbrhic
rhicrlsi
rlsiss pubc
p ubcbb mnlrc
m nlrcmr
mrsb
sb `bci
`bcimotb
motb
ilotlflrbsis, kirueàm (si`pmtbktl`àm), tlxiom nltujàoikm, lrmj, oioeuol cb bjjls
hm cb`lstrmcl ermo bfikmkim bo plcljleàm y hm cb rbkurrirsb mj trmtm`ibotl
fmr`mkljûeikl.

Slcl trmtm`ibotl cb jm hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis bo plcljleàm tibob kl`l

lngbtivl7
==3

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo
hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis

• Cis`iouir jm hipbrsbkrbkiûo suclrmj (hipbrhicrlsis).

• Olr`mjizmr jm fjlrm nmktbrimom y f÷oeikm, rbstmnjbkbr bj bquijinril kutíobl
kutíob l
bkljûeikl y rbstmurmr bj `motl íkicl ermsl cb jm pibj klo bj fio cb bvitmr

jm flr`mkiûo cb `btmnljitls vljítijbs kmusmotbs cb jm nrl`hicrlsis.

• Lribotmr mj pmkibotb bo jm prlfijmxis y bcukmkiûo m fio cb bvitmr rbkicivms.

Qlr tmotl, klosicbrm`ls qub bj trmtm`ibotl icbmj cb jm hipbrhicrlsis pjmotmr

pjmotm r sbvbrm
hm cb klotb`pjmr jm utijizmkiûo cb7
• Gmnlobs íkicls7 pmrm `motbobr bj pH íkicl cb jm pibj y rbstmnjbkbr bj
bquijinril bkljûeikl cb jm `is`m.
• Mstrioebotbs
Mstrioebotbs (sunoitrmt
(sunoitrmtl
l cb nis`utl
nis`utl,, mju`nrb, tmoiol
tmoiol,, btk.
btk.)7)7 pmrm prbkipitmr
prltbàoms slnrb bj plrl suclrmj cis`iouybocl su tm`mýl y su prlcukkiûo.
• Mnslrnbotbs (kmrnlomtl kiok, tmjkl, mbrlsij, ûxicl cb kiok, btk.)
btk.)77 pmrm figmr
y bji`iomr meum, eér`bobs, `btmnljitls
`btmn ljitls y ltrls prlcuktls qub pltbokimo
jm nrl`hicrlsis.
• Mohicrûtikls (smjbs cb mju`ioil, ejutmrmjcbhàcl)7 pmrm cis`iouir jm hipbr-
sbkrbkiûo suclrmj
suclrm j plr rbmnslrkiûo tunujmr l plr cis`ioukiûo cbj tm`mýl
cbj plrl.
• ^bfrbskmotbs y cbslclrmotbs (`botl
(`botlj,j, bsbokim jmvmocm, btk.)7 pmrm pltbo-
kimr jm mkkiûo cb ltrls motinrl`hicrûtikls.
• Motiséptikls
Motiséptik ls (íkicl smjikàjikl,
s mjikàjikl, íkicl
íkic l nûrikl,
nûrik l, btk.)7 pmrm kl`pjb`botmr
kl`pjb`b otmr jm
mkkiûo cb jls gmnlobs íkicls.

Mktumj`botb ol bxistb oioe÷o `bcikm`botl b﬍kmz bo hipbrhicrlsis

hipbr hicrlsis qub ku`pjm
bstms kmrmktbràstikms.
klosbkubokim
klosbkubok Bstío rbeistrmcls
im cb jms rbstrikkilobs qub m kls`étikls-cbr`mtljûeikls
oivbj cb flr`ujmkiûo i`plob qub, kl`l
jm MB@Q[,
prbsbotmo uom pltbokim y bfbktivicmc `uy ji`itmcm bo plcljleàm.

Qlr tmotl, bo kmsl cb hipbrhicrlsis pjmotmr sbvbrm, bj plcûjlel, klo bj ﬍o cb

klotrljmrjm y bvitmr rbkicivms, hm cb rbkurrir, bo jm `mylràm cb lkmsilobs, m jm
flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj.
 ==2

QLJVL[
QLJVL[ CB ÍKICL NÛ^IKL Y MJR@N^B (I)

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl nûrikl >1%
[unoitrmtl cb nis`utl =1%
=1%
Mju`nrb pltísikl =1%
=1%
Kmjm`iom
Kmjm`i om pljvl =1%
Mbrlsij ;%
@botlj >%
Smjkl ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls
Mju`nrb pltísikl7 mju`nrb, mju`nrb
mju`nr b kmjkiomcl, sujfmtl mju`àoikl pltísikl.
Kmjm`iom pljvl7
p ljvl7 kmrnlomtl cb kiok.
Mbrlsij7 sàjikb kljlicmj mohicrm.
moh icrm.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj íkicl nûrikl bs uo jiebrl mstrioebotb klo prlpibcmcbs fuoeistítikms y nmktbrilstítikms.
Bj sunoitrmtl cb nis`utl y bj mju`nrb prbsbotmo prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs pltbo-
tbs y jiebrls bfbktls motiséptikls. Qrbsbotmo bfbktls mohicrûtikls plr rbcukkiûo
cbj tm`mýl cbj plrl suclrmj.
Jm kmjm`iom y bj tmjkl tibobo mkkilobs mnslrnbotbs, sbkmotbs y prltbktlrms
kutíobms.
Bj mbrlsij fmkijitm jm mchbrbokim cbj prbpmrmcl m jm pibj, bvitm jm flr`mkiûo cb
eru`ls mj klotmktl klo bj suclr, klo﬍brb mj prbpmrmcl sumvicmc y cis`iouyb bj
ribsel cb xbrlsis.
Bj `botlj bs uo runbfmkibotb klo bfbktls momjeésikls, rbfrbskmotbs,
rbfrb skmotbs, motinrl`hi-
crûtikls, motiprurieiolsls.
Bj prbpmrmcl plr sus bfbktls mstrioebotbs, mnslrnbotbs y motiséptikls bs kmpmz
cb rbcukir jm hipbrsbkrbkiûo suclrmj, olr`mjizmocl jm ﬎lrm nmktbrimom y f÷oeikm
y, plr tmotl, bji`iomocl jm hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis.
n rl`hicrlsis.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Qljvl njmokl, ﬍ol, bsploglsl, cb tmktl mermcmnjb y klo ljlr m `botlj.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb jm hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis pjmotmr sbvbrm. Srmtm`ibotl
prl﬍jíktikl cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms bo pmkibotbs klo motbkbcbotb cb
hipbrhicrlsis.
==6

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo
hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr bj pljvl = vbz mj càm, prbfbrbotb`botb plr jm `mýmom, cirbktm`botb slnrb
bj pib, cbspués cbj jmvmcl y sbkmcl cbj `is`l. Bo hipbrhicrlsis pjmotmr `uy
sbvbrm pubcb rbmjizmrsb uom sbeuocm mpjikmkiûo plr jm olkhb. Jm curmkiûo cbj
trmtm`ibotl cbpbocb cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl. Bo ebobrmj sb rbkl`ibocm7
• Qri`brm sb`mom7 = vbz mj càm plr jm `mýmom (bo kmsls cb hipbrhicrlsis
pjmotmr `uy sbvbrm sb mpjikmrí plr jm `mýmom y olkhb).
• [beuocm y tbrkbrm sb`moms7 ; vbkbs plr sb`mom.
• Kumrtm y quiotm sb`moms7 > vbkbs plr sb`mom.
• @motboi`ibotl
@motboi`ibotl77 = vbz kmcm 5 l =2 càms sbe÷o obkbsicmcbs,
obkbsicmcb s, hmstm jm suprb-
suprb -
siûo cbj trmtm`ibotl.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Ol utijizmr
bo b`nmrmzmcms, `ugbrbs bo pbrilcl cb jmktmokim y oiýls `bolrbs cb 2 mýls.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m. Bj íkicl
nûrikl mpjikmcl bo zloms bxtbosms, trmtm`ibotl `uy prljloemcl y slnrb pibj
brlsilomcm l klo hbricms pubcb mnslrnbrsb pmrkimj`botb y prlcukir uo kumcrl cb
iotlxikmkiûo (oíusbms, vû`itls, cimrrbms, cljlr mncl`iomj, btk.). Qubcb prlcukir
sbqubcmc kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkil-
obs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj
trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs íkicls motiséptikls.
• [bkmcl cb jls pibs.
• Mpj
Mpjikm
ikmkiûo
kiûo cirbktm
cirb ktm cbj prb
prbpmr
pmrmcl,
mcl, bxtb
bxtbocié
ociéocl
ocljl
jl plr tlcm
tlcmss jms
j ms zlom
zlomss
iokjuicms jms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Qubcbo mpjikmrsb pbqubýms
pbqubým s kmoticmcbs cbj prbpmrmcl cbotrl cbj kmjzmcl.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel. Bs rbkl`bocmnjb cis`iouir prlerbsivm`botb su utijizmkiûo.
• [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr bo frmskl tmjqubrm
tmjqubr m m fio cb fmkijitmr su mpjikmkiûo.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim y uom mjtm bfbktivicmc cb`ls-
trmcm. Qubcb sbr klosicbrmcl kl`l trmtm`ibotl cb bjbkkiûo bo mcujtls bo kmsls
sbvbrls cb hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis pjmotmr.
 ==5

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils %
Qbsl Kmoticmc
rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb
Qljvl kristmjiol Bj íkicl nûrikl bs uo
Íkicll
Íkic >1% >1 e pmrkimj`botb jiebrl mstrioebotb klo
nûrikl sljunjb bo meum y prlpibcmcbs fuoeistítikms y
mjklhlj. nmktbrilstítikms.
Bj sunoitrmtl cb nis`utl
prbsbotm prlpibcmcbs
[unoitrmtl Qljvl hmriolsl mstrioebotbs pltbotbs y
cb nis`utl =1% =1e pmrkimj`botb jiebrls bfbktls motiséptikls.
sljunjb bo meum. Qrbsbotm bfbktls mohicrûtikls
plr rbcukkiûo cbj tm`mýl
cbj plrl suclrmj.
Bj mju`nrb tibob prlpibcmcbs
Mju `nrb
Mju`nrb Qljvl kristmjiol mstrioebotbs pltbotbs y jiebrls
(sujfmtl =1% =1e nmstmotb sljunjb bo bfbktls motiséptikls. Mcb`ís
mju`àoikl meum y pmrkimj`botb prbsbotm bfbktls mohicrûtikls
pltísikl) sljunjb bo mjklhlj. plr rbcukkiûo cbj tm`mýl
cbj plrl suclrmj.
Kmjm`iom Qljvl hmriolsl Jm kmjm`iom y bj tmjkl tibobo
pljvl plkl sljunjb bo mkkilobs mnslrnbotbs,
(kiok =1% =1e meum y pmrkimj`botb sbkmotbs y prltbktlrms
kmrnlomtl sljunjb bo mjklhlj. kutíobms.
nísikl)
Bj mbrlsij fmkijitm jm mchbrbokim
Mbrls ij
Mbrlsij ®
Qljvl `uy jiebrl cbj prbpmrmcl m jm pibj, bvitm
(sàjikb ;% ;e y klo `uy plkm jm flr`mkiûo cb eru`ls mj
kljlicmj cbosicmc. klotmktl klo bj suclr
su clr,, klofibrb
mohicrm) sumvicmc mj prbpmrmcl y
cis`iouyb bj ribsel cb xbrlsis.

Qljvl bo flr`m Bj `botlj bs uo

cb kristmjbs cb runbfmkibotb klo bfbktls
@botlj >% >e tm`mýls ermocbs momjeésikls, rbfrbskmotbs,
mjtm`botb sljunjb motinrl`hicrûtikls,
bo mjklhlj. motiprurieiolsls.

Smjkl ksp =11e

=11 e 32e
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11e =11e
 ==8

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo
hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Qujvbrizmr bj `botlj bo `lrtbrl.
QM[L > Bo uo tm`iz cb juz cb `mjjm iotbr`bcim tm`izmr tlcls jls pljvls
pljvls bo bj
lrcbo sieuibotb7
`iom pljvl, tmjklíkicl nûrikl,
y `botlj sunoitrmtl
(prbvim
(prbvim`botb cb nis`utl, mju`nrb, kmjm-
`botb pujvbrizmcl).
QM[L > Mýmcir bj mbrlsij m jls pljvls tm`izmcls y `bzkjmr hl`leéobm`botb.
QM[L > Bovmsmr bo tmrrl tmjqubrm.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Qljvl njmokl jiebrl y sbclsl klo ljlr m `botlj.

. Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

s 6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

s
s
s
s

im

rb
is.
 ==9

QLJVL[
QLJVL[ CB ÍKICL NÛ^IKL Y MJR@N^B (II)

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl nûrikl 2%
[unoitrmtl cb nis`utl =1%
=1%
Mju`nrb pltísikl pljvl 2%
Kmjm`iom
Kmjm`i om pljvl =1%
Íkicl smjikàjikl =%
Ûxicl cb kiok 2%
Mbrlsij ;%
@botlj =%
Smjkl ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls
Mju`nrb pltísikl7 mju`nrb, mju`nrb
mju`nr b kmjkiomcl, sujfmtl mju`àoikl pltísikl.
Kmjm`iom pljvl7
p ljvl7 kmrnlomtl cb kiok.
Mbrlsij7 sàjikb kljlicmj mohicrm.
moh icrm.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj íkicl nûrikl y bj íkicl smjikàjikl tibobo prlpibcmcbs fuoeistítikms y nmktbrilstítikms.
Bj sunoitrmtl cb nis`utl y bj mju`nrb prbsbotmo prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs pltbo-
tbs y jiebrls bfbktls motiséptikls. Qrbsbotmo bfbktls mohicrûtikls plr rbcukkiûo
cbj tm`mýl cbj plrl suclrmj.
Jm kmjm`iom, bj ûxicl cb kiok y bj tmjkl tibobo mkkilobs mnslrnbotbs, sbkmotbs
y prltbktlrms kutíobms.
Bj mbrlsij fmkijitm jm mchbrbokim cbj prbpmrmcl m jm pibj, bvitm jm flr`mkiûo cb
eru`ls klo bj suclr, cíocljb sumvicmc y cis`iouybocl bj ribsel r ibsel cb xbrlsis.
Bj `botlj bs uo runbfmkibotb klo bfbktls momjeésikls, rbfrbskmotbs,
rbfrb skmotbs, motinrl`hi-
crûtikls, motiprurieiolsls.
Bj prbpmrmcl plr sus bfbktls mstrioebotbs, mnslrnbotbs y motiséptikls bs kmpmz
cb rbcukir jm hipbrsbkrbkiûo suclrmj, olr`mjizmocl jm ﬎lrm nmktbrimom y f÷oeikm,
y plr tmotl klotrljmocl jm hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Qljvl njmokl, ﬍ol, bsploglsl, cb tmktl mermcmnjb y cb ljlr m `botlj.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb jm hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis tmotl bo plnjmkiûo mcujtm kl`l
bo oiýls. Srmtm`ibotl
Srmtm`ibotl prl﬍jíktikl cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms bo pmkibotbs
klo motbkbcbotb cb hipbrhicrlsis.
=>1

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo
hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjik
Mp jikmr
mr bj plj
pljvl
vl = vbz mj càm pr
prbfb
bfbrb
rbotb
otb`bo
`botb
tb pl
plrr jm `m
`mýmýmom
om,, cir
cirbk
bktm
tm`bo
`botb
tb
slnrb bj pib cbspués
cbspué s cbj jmvmcl y sbkmcl cbj `is`l. Bo hipbrhicrlsis sbvbrm sb
pubcb rbmjizmr uom sbeuocm mpjikmkiûo plr jm olkhb. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl
cbpbocb cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl. Bo ebobrmj sb rbkl`ibocm7
• Qri`brm sb`mom7 = vbz mj càm plr jm `mýmom (bo kmsls
kms ls bxkbpkilomjbs cb
hipbrhicrlsis pjmotmr sbvbrm sb mpjikmrí plr jm `mýmom y plr jm olkhb).
• [beuocm y tbrkbrm sb`moms7 ; vbkbs plr sb`mom.
• Kumrtm y quiotm7 > vbkbs plr sb`mom.
• @motboi`ibotl7 = vbz
vbz kmcm 5 l =2 càms sbe÷o obkbsicmcbs hmstm
hm stm jm suprb-
siûo cbj trmtm`ibotl.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj
`l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m. Qubcb
prlcukir sbqubcmc kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotl prljloemcl. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr
rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(ur tikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbo-
cbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs íkicls motiséptikls.
• [bkmcl cb jls pibs.

Mpj ikmkiûo
Mpjikm kiûo
• iokjuicms jmscirb
cirbktm
ktm cbj prb
prbpmr
iotbrcieitmjbs. pmrmcl,
mcl, bxtb
bxtbocié
ociéocl
ocljl
jl plr tlcm
tlcmss jms
j ms zlom
zlomss
• Qubcbo mpjikmrsb pbqubýms
pbqubým s kmoticmcbs cbj prbpmrmcl cbotrl cbj kmjzmcl.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel. Bs rbkl`bocmnjb cis`iouir prlerbsivm`botb su utijizmkiûo.
• [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr bo frmskl tmjqubrm
tmjqubr m m fio cb fmkijitmr su mpjikmkiûo.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim, uom mjtm pltbokim y bfbktivicmc
cb`lstrmcm, pubcb sbr klosicbrmcl kl`l trmtm`ibotl cb bjbkkiûo bo mcujtls y
oiýls bo kmsls meucls cb hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis
nr l`hicrlsis qub quibrmo sbr trmtmcls
klo prbpmrmcls bo flr`m cb pljvls.
 =>=

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils %
Qbsl Kmoticmc
rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`b o pbsmcm
Vlju`bo Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb
Qljvl kristmjiol Bj íkicl nûrikl bs uo jiebrl
Íkicl 2% 2e pmrkimj`botb mstrioebotb klo prlpibcmcbs
nûrikl sljunjb bo meum y fuoeistítikms y nmktbrilstítikms.
mjklhlj.
Bj sunoitrmtl cb nis`utl tibob
prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs
[unoitrmtl Qljvl hmriolsl pltbotbs y jiebrls bfbktls
cb nis`utl =1% =1e pmrkimj`botb motiséptikls. Mcb`ís prbsbotm
sljunjb bo meum. bfbktls mohicrûtikls plr rbcukkiûo
cbj tm`mýl cbj plrl suclrmj.

Qljvl kristmjiol Bj mju`nrb prbsbotm

Mju `nrb
Mju`nrb nmstmotb sljunjb prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs
(sujfmtl 2% 2e bo meum y pltbotbs y jiebrls bfbktls
mju`àoikl pmrkimj`botb motiséptikls. Mcb`ís plsbb
pltísikl) sljunjb bo mjklhlj. bfbktls mohicrûtikls plr rbcukkiûo
cbj tm`mýl cbj plrl suclrmj.
Kmjm`iom Qljvl hmriolsl Jm kmjm`iom y bj tmjkl
pljvl plkl sljunjb tibobo mkkilobs mnslrnbotbs,
(kiok =1% =1e bo meum y sbkmotbs y prltbktlrms
kmrnlomtl pmrkimj`botb kutíobms.
nísikl) sljunjb bo mjklhlj.
Íkicl Qljvl kristmjiol Bj íkicl smjikàjikl m bstm
smjikàjikl =% =e fíkij`botb sljunjb klokbotrmkiûo tibob prlpibcmcbs
bo meum. nmktbrilstítikms y fuoeistítikms.
Ûxicl cb Qljvl hmriolsl Bj ûxicl cb kiok bs
b s uo mstrioebotb
kiok 2% 2e plkl sljunjb bo y mnslrnbotb klo uom mjtm
meum y mjklhlj. tljbrmokim kutíobm.
Bj mbrlsij fmkijitm jm mchbrbokim
Mbrls ij®
Mbrlsij Qljvl `uy jiebrl cbj prbpmrmcl m jm pibj, bvitm
(sàjikb ;% ;e y klo `uy plkm jm flr`mkiûo cb eru`ls mj
kljlicmj) cbosicmc. klotmktl klo bj suclr
su clr,, klofibrb
mj prbpmrmcl sumvicmc y
cis`iouyb bj ribsel cb xbrlsis.
Qljvl bo flr`m Bj `botlj bs uo runbfmkibotb
cb kristmjbs cb klo bfbktls momjeésikls,
@botlj =% =e tm`mýls ermocbs rbfrbskmotbs, motinrl`hicrûtikls,
mjtm`botb sljunjb motiprurieiolsls.
bo mjklhlj.
Smjkl ksp =11e
=11 e 61e
SLSMJ
SLS MJ =11e =11e
=>>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo
hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Qujvbrizmr bj `botlj bo `lrtbrl.
QM[L > Bo uo tm`iz cb juz cb `mjjm iotbr`bcim tm`izmr tlcls jls pljvls
pljvls bo bj
lrcbo sieuibotb7
`iom pljvl, tmjklíkicl nûrikl,
y `botlj sunoitrmtl
(prbvim
(prbvim`botb cb nis`utl, mju`nrb, kmjm-
`botb pujvbrizmcl).
QM[L ; Mýmcir bj mbrlsij m jls pljvls tm`izmcls y `bzkjmr hl`leéobm`botb.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo tmrrl tmjqubrm.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Qljvl njmokl jiebrl klo ljlr m `botlj.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 =>;

[LJRKIÛO HIC^LMJKLHÛJIKM CB KJL^HIC^ÛXICL CB MJR@IOIL

Kl`plsikiûo
Kjlrhicrûxicl cb mju`ioil >1%
Qrlpijboejiklj =1%
Meum cbstijmcm >1%
@botlj >%
Mjklhlj 96± ksp =11`j

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj kjlrhicrûxicl cb mju`ioil tibob
tibob prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs
m strioebotbs y mohicrûtikms, mkt÷m
cis`iouybocl bj tm`mýl cbj plrl suclrmj plr prbkipitmkiûo cb jms prltbàoms
slnrb jm supbr﬍kib
supbr ﬍kib kbjujmr,
kbjujmr, sibocl `bols irritmotb qub su hl`ûoi`l bj kjlrurl
cb mju`ioil.
Bj prlpijboejiklj bs uo mebotb hu`bktmotb b hicrmtmotb qub bvitm jm plsinjb sbqub-
cmc kutíobm cbj prbpmrmcl y jb klo﬍brb uo tmktl mermcmnjb.
Bj `botlj bs uo runbfmkibotb klo bfbktls momjeésikls, motinrl`hicrûtikls, moti-
prurieiolsls y rbfrbskmotbs.
Bj mjklhlj bs uo motiséptikl cb m`pjil bspbktrl olr`mjizmclr cb jm nrlohicrlsis
y pltbokim jm mkkiûo mohicrûtikm cbj kjlrurl cb mju`ioil.
Bj prbpmrmcl plr sus bfbktls mstrioebotbs, mohicrûtikls y motiséptikls bs kmpmz
cb rbcukir jm hipbrsbkrbkiûo suclrmj olr`mjizmocl jm ﬎lrm nmktbrimom y f÷oeikm
y, plr tmotl, klotrljm jm hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb cb tmktl sbclsl y ljlr m `botlj.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb jm hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis pjmotmr. Srmtm`ibotl prl﬍jíktikl
cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms bo pmkibotbs klo motbkbcbotb cb hipbrhicrlsis.
M klokbotrmkilobs cbj =2%
=2% cb kjlrurl cb mju`ioil
mju`ioil y cbj 1,>% cb `botlj
`botlj tm`niéo
bs cb ermo utijicmc bo hipbrhicrlsis pmj`mr y mxijmr.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr jm sljukiûo =->
=-> vbz mj càm, prbfbrbotb`botb plr jm `mýmom y olkhb cirbk-
tm`botb slnrb bj pib, cbspués cbj jmvmcl y sbkmcl cbj `is`l. Jm curmkiûo cbj
trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cb jls prlkbsls. [b rbkl`ibocm ir cis`i-
ouybocl pmujmtiom`botb jms mpjikmkilobs b iotbrvmjls cbj `is`l bo fuokiûo cb
jls bfbktls lntboicls
=>3

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo
hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj
`l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs. Muoqub ol hmy oioeuom
klotrmiocikmkiûo bo oiýls, sb rbkl`ibocm rbcukir jm klokbotrmkiûo cbj kjlrurl
cb mju`ioil mj =2%
=2% y cbj `botlj mj =%.
=%. Ol mpjikmr slnrb pibj cbsoucm,
c bsoucm, ÷jkbrms
÷jkb rms l
hbricms mnibrtms, msà kl`l bo lgls y/l `uklsms.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m. Bo `uy
rmrms lkmsilobs pubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmk-
kilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.) suspbocbr
bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel. [b hmo cmcl kmsls cb sbosmkiûo
`ljbstm cb fràl bo jls pibs plr jm prbsbokim cbj `botlj. Bo bstls kmsls rbcukir
jm clsis mj 1,2-=%.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs íkicls motiséptikls.
• [bkmcl cb jls pibs.
• Mpjikm
Mpj ikmkiûo
kiûo cirb
cirbktm
ktm cbj prb
prbpmr
pmrmcl,
mcl, bxtb
bxtbocié
ociéocl
ocljl
jl plr tlcm
tlcmss jms
j ms zlom
zlomss
iokjuicms jms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel. Bs rbkl`bocmnjb cis`iouir prlerbsivm`botb su utijizmkiûo.
• [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr bo frmskl pujvbrizmclr m fio cb fmkijitmr su mpjikmkiûo.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim klo `bolr pltbokim qub jls prb-
pmrmcls bo flr`m cb pljvls y uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klosicbríocljl cb
ermo utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis bo mcujtls y oiýls.
 =>2

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils %
Qbsl Kmoticmc
rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb
Bj kjlrhicrûxicl cb mju`ioil
tibob prlpibcmcbs
Qljvl kristmjiol mstrioebotbs y mohicrûtikms,
pmrkimj`botb mkt÷m cis`iouybocl bj
Kjlrhicrûxicl >1% >1e sljunjb bo mjklhlj tm`mýl cbj plrl suclrmj
cb mju`ioil y mjtm`botb plr prbkipitmkiûo cb jms
sljunjb bo meum. prltbàoms slnrb jm
supbrfikib kbjujmr, bs `bols
irritmotb qub su hl`ûoi`l
bj kjlrurl cb mju`ioil.
Bj prlpijboejiklj bs uo
Jàquicl bspbsl mebotb hu`bktmotb b
Q rl p i j b o e j i k l j =1% =1`j klo tmktl hicrmtmotb qub bvitm jm
uotulsl. plsinjb sbqubcmc kutíobm
cbj prbpmrmcl y jb klofibrb
uo tmktl mermcmnjb.
Qljvl bo flr`m Bj `botlj bs uo
cb kristmjbs cb runbfmkibotb klo bfbktls
@botlj >% >e tm`mýls ermocbs momjeésikls, rbfrbskmotbs,
mjtm`botb motinrl`hicrûtikls
sljunjbs bo y motiprurieiolsls.
mjklhlj.
Meum >1% >1 ` j Klsljvbotb.
purifikmcm
Bj mjklhlj bs uo motiséptikl
cb m`pjil bspbktrl
Mjk lhlj
Mjklhlj ksp ksp olr`mjizmclr cb jm
btàjikl =11`j =11`j nrlohicrlsis, mcb`ís
pltbokim jm mkkiûo
mohicrûtikm cbj kjlrurl
cb mju`ioil.
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11`j =11`j
=>6

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo
hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipi
prbkipitmcls
tmcls pbsmr bj kjlrurl cb mju`ioil y cisljvbrjl
bo jm `is`m kmoticmc cb meum puri﬍kmcm klo jm myucm cb uo meitmclr
`meoétikl.
QM[L > Bo ltrl vmsl cb prbkipitmcls cisljvbr bj `botlj bo bj 91% cb mjklhlj
btàjikl obkbsmril.
QM[L ; @bzkjmr jms cls sljukilobs b ioklrplrmr bj prlpijboejiklj.
QM[L 3 Bo uom
uom prlnbtm l bo bj bovmsb ﬍omj si bstí ermcumcl bormsmr klo jm
kmoticmc cb mjklhlj btàjikl rbstmotb.
QM[L 2 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo frmskl klo tmpûo pujvbrizmclr.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb cb tmktl uotulsl y klo ljlr m `botlj.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 =>5

[LJRKIÛO CB KJL^R^L CB MJR@IOIL HBXMHIC^MS

HBX MHIC^MSMCL
MCL

Kl`plsikiûo
Kjlrurl cb mju`ioil hbxmhicrmtmcl >1%
Mjklhlj mnsljutl ksp =11`j

[ioûoi`ls
[ljukiûo cb [hbjjby-Hurjby.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj kjlrurl cb mju`ioil tibob prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs y mohicrûtikms, mkt÷m cis-
`iouybocl bj tm`mýl cbj plrl suclrmj plr prbkipitmkiûo cb jms prltbàoms slnrb
jm supbr﬍kib kbjujmr.
Bj mjklhlj bs uo motiséptikl cb m`pjil
m `pjil bspbktrl olr`mjizmclr cb jm nrl`hicrlsis,
n rl`hicrlsis,
mcb`ís cb pltbokimr jm mkkiûo mohicrûtikm cbj kjlrurl cb mju`ioil.
Bj prbpmrmcl plr sus bfbktls mstrioebotbs, mohicrûtikls y motiséptikls bs kmpmz
cb rbcukir jm hipbrsbkrbkiûo suclrmj, olr`mjizmocl jm ﬎lrm nmktbrimom y f÷oeikm
y, plr tmotl, olr`mjizmocl jm hipbrhicrlsis
hipbr hicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb klo ljlr m mjklhlj.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb jm hipbrhicrlsis
hipbr hicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis pjmotmr.
pjmotm r.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr jm sljukiûo = vbz mj
m j càm plr jm olkhb
o lkhb cirbktm`botb
cirbk tm`botb slnrb bj
b j pib cbspués
cbs pués
cbj jmvmcl y sbkmcl cbj `is`l. Bo ebobrmj sb rbkl`ibocm rbmjizmr kurm ku rm lkjusivm
(uom nubom tékoikm sbràm bovljvbr bj pib bo pjístikl trmospmrbotb). Sm`niéo pubcb
utijizmrsb sio kurm lkjusivm m jm klokbotrmkiûo cbj >2% cb kjlrurl cb mju`ioil
hbxmhicrmtmcl. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prl-
kbsl4 sb rbkl`ibocm ir cis`iouybocl pmujmtiom`botb jms mpjikmkilobs.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj
`l`botl ol sb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs. Muoqub ol hmy oioeuom klo-
trmiocikmkiûo bo oiýls, sb rbkl`ibocm rbcukir jm klokbotrmkiûo cbj kjlrurl cb
mju`ioil mj =2%,
=2%, msà `is`l ol bs rbkl`bocmnjb
rbkl`bocm njb rbmjizmr kurms
ku rms lkjusivms.
=>8

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo
hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m. Qubcb
prlcukir irritmkiûo kutíobm, `ís frbkubotb klo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls. Bo
trmtm`ibotlss curmcbrls pubcb prlcukir sbqubcmc kutíobm.
trmtm`ibotl kutíobm . Bo kmsl cb mpm-
rbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs íkicls motiséptikls.
• [bkmcl cb jls pibs.
• Mpjikm
Mpj ikmkiûo
kiûo cirb
cirbktm
ktm cbj prb
prbpmr
pmrmcl,
mcl, bxtb
bxtbocié
ociéocl
ocljl
jl plr tlcm
tlcmss jms
j ms zlom
zlomss
iokjuicms jms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Jms kurms lkjusivms sb hmrío klo pjístikl trmospmrbotb.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr bo frmskl pujvbrizmclr m fio cb fmkijitmr su mpjikmkiûo.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim y uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
klosicbríocljl cb ermo utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis
pjmotmr bo mcujtls y oiýls. Muoqub bxkbpkilomj`botb pubcb sbr irritmotb y prl-
cukir sbqubcmc kutíobm, bs uom nubom lpkiûo pmrm pmkibotbs qub ol mkbptbo
jls pljvls mohicrûtikls.
 =>9

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils %
Qbsl Kmoticmc
rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo
Vlju`b pbsmcm Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb

Qljvl kristmjiol Bj kjlrurl cb mju`ioil tibob

pmrkimj`botb prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs
Kjlrurl cb sljunjb bo y mohicrûtikms qub mkt÷mo
mju`ioil >1% >1e mjklhlj y cis`iouybocl bj tm`mýl
hbxmhicrmtmcl mjtm`botb cbj plrl suclrmj plr
sljunjb bo meum. prbkipitmkiûo cb jm prltbàoms
slnrb jm supbrfikib kbjujmr.
Bj mjklhlj bs uo motiséptikl
cb m`pjil bspbktrl
Mjkl hlj
Mjklhlj ksp ksp olr`mjizmclr cb jm
btàjikl =11`j =11`j nrl`hicrlsis.
pltbokimMcb`ís
jm
mkkiûo mohicrûtikm cbj
kjlrurl cb mju`ioil.
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11`j =11`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls pbsmr bj kjlrurl cb mju`ioi
mju`ioill hbxmhicrmtmcl
y cisljvbrjl bo tlcl bj mjklhlj btàjikl
btàjikl obkbsmril klo jm myucm cb uo mei-
tmclr `meoétikl. Bstb sljutl
sljutl pubcb tmrcmr uoms hlrms bo sljunijizmrsb
plr kl`pjbtl. Qlcb`ls meijizmr jm cisljukiûo ioklrplrmocl jm `is`m
kmoticmc cb meum qub cb sljutl.
QM[L > Bo uo prlnbtm l bo bj bovmsb ﬍omj si bstí ermcumcl borms
bormsmr
mr klo jm
kmoticmc cb mjklhlj
mjk lhlj btàjikl qub sb hmym plcicl bvmplrmr
bvmplrm r.
QM[L ; Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo frmskl klo tmpûo pujvbrizmclr.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
=;1

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo
hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis

[LJRKIÛO CB EJRSM^MJCBHÀCL MJ
M J =1%

Kl`plsikiûo
[ljukiûo mkulsm cb ejutmrmjcbhàcl mj =1
=1%
% 21 `j
^be÷jbsb m pH 5,2

[ioûoi`ls7
Ejutmrmjcbhàcl7 ejutmrmj.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj ejutmrmjcbhàcl bs uo cbsiofbktmotb klo mkkiûo ebr`ikicm cb m`pjil bspbktrl.
Jms sljukilobs
sljukilo bs slo mktivms bo `bcil obutrl (pH(p H 5,2),
5,2), jms sljukilobs kl`brkimjizm-
kl`brkim jizm-
cms (mj >2-21%) prbsbotmo uo pH íkicl, sibocl `ukhl `ís bstmnjbs, bstmnjb s, pbrl plkl
mktivms, plr bjjl bs obkbsmril tm`plomrjms m ﬍o cb pltbokimr su mkkiûo.
Sm`niéo prbsbotm prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs y mohicrûtikms plr jm cis`ioukiûo cbj
tm`mýl cbj plrl suclrmj plr prbkipitmkiûo cb jms prltbàoms slnrb jm supbr﬍kib
kbjujmr.
Qlr su mkkiûo fuoeikicm y nmktbrikicm bs `uy b﬍kmz bo nrl`hicrlsis.
M cifbrbokim cbj flr`mjcbhàcl, jm iokicbokim cb cbr`mtitis mjéreikms bs `uy nmgm.
Bj prbpmrmcl plr sus bfbktls mstrioebotbs, mohicrûtikls y motiséptikls bs kmpmz
cb rbcukir jm hipbrsbkrbkiûo suclrmj, olr`mjizmocl jm ﬎lrm nmktbrimom y f÷oeikm
y, plr tmotl, olr`mjizmocl jm hipbrhicrlsis
hipbr hicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis.
Jm sljukiûo cb ejutmrmjcbhàcl
ejutm rmjcbhàcl mj =1% tiýb jm pibj tb`plrmj`botb cb m`mrijjl.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb iokljlrm cb ljlr kmrmktbràstikl.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb jm hipbrhicrlsis
hipbr hicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis pjmotmr.
pjmotm r.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Qiokbjmr jm pjmotm cbj pib klo jm sljukiûo plr jm olkhb kmcm 38 hlrms cbspués
cbsp ués cbj
jmvmcl y sbkmcl cb jm `is`m.
Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl4 sb rbkl-
`ibocm ir cis`iouybocl pmujmtiom`botb jms mpjikmkilobs.
Siýb tb`plrmj`botb jm pibj cbj pib cb m`mrijjl-pmrcl jiebrl.
 =;=

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj
`l`botl ol sb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
Muoqub
Muoq ub ol hmy oioe
oioeuom
uom klo
klotrm
trmioci
iocikmk
kmkiûo
iûo bo oiýl
oiýls,
s, sb rbk
rbkl`ib
l`ibocm
ocm rbc
rbcukir
ukir jm
klokbotrmkiûo cbj ejutmrmjcbhàcl mj 2% plr su plsinjb bfbktl irritmotb.
Ol utijizmr bo b`nmrmzmcms.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m.
Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls.
Siýb tb`plrmj`botb jm pibj cb m`mrijjl-pmrcl jiebrl.
^mrm`botb pubcb mpmrbkbr cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl.
Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(urtikm rim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmkiûo

• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs íkicls motiséptikls.
• [bkmcl cb jls pibs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl bxtbociéocljl plr jms zloms mfbktmcms.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel. Bs rbkl`bocmnjb rbcukir pmujmtiom`botb jms mpjikmkilobs.
• [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr bo frmskl tlpmkil prbfbrbotb`botb klo piokbj l
pujvbrizmclr.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bstmnijicmc `íxi`m >= càms.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim, uom nubom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
klosicbríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis bo
mcujtls y oiýls, muoqub pubcb sbr irritmotb y prlcukir kljlrmkiûo.
=;>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo
hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils %
Qbsl Kmoticmc
rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb
Bj ejutmrmjcbhàcl bs uo
cbsiofbktmotb klo mkkiûo ebr`ikicm
cb m`pjil bspbktrl. Jms sljukilobs
slo mktivms bo `bcil obutrl
(pH 5,2),
5,2), jms sljukilobs
sljukilo bs
kl`brkimjizmcms (mj >2-21%)
prbsbotmo uo pH íkicl sibocl
Jàquicl `ukhl `ís bstmnjbs, pbrl plkl
[ljukiûo cb cb ljlr mktivms, plr bjjl bs obkbsmril
ejutmrmjcbhàcl >1% =1e kmrmktbràstikl tm`plomrjms m fio cb pltbokimr
su mkkiûo.
mj 21% y`mrrûolsl.
jiebrl kljlr Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo prbsbotm
prbsbot m prlpibcmcbs
mstrioebotbs y mohicrûtikms plr jm
cis`ioukiûo cbj tm`mýl cbj plrl
suclrmj plr prbkipitmkiûo cb jms
prltbàoms slnrb jm supbrfikib kbjujmr.
Qlr su mkkiûo fuoeikicm y
nmktbrikicm bs `uy bfikmz bo
nrl`hicrlsis.
SSribt
ribtmolj
moljm`io
m`iomm ks ks
Meum ksp ksp
purifikmcm 21`j 21`j
SLSMJ
SLS MJ 21`j 21`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl
vmsl cb prbkipitmcls cbplsitmr jm kmoticmc
kmoticmc cb ejutmrmjcbhàcl
ejutmrmjcbhàcl y cb
meum puri﬍kmcm `bcicl klo prlnbtm prbvim`botb y `bzkjmr klo uom vmrijjm
cb vicril.
QM[L > @bcimotb uom tirm cb pH l uo pH`btrl rbeujmr m pH 5,2
5,2 klo jm ioklrplrmkiûo
eltm m eltm cb tribtmoljm`iom.
QM[L ; Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo frmskl klo tmpûo pujvbrizmclr.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb iokljlrl klo ljlr kmrmktbràstikl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

; `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 =;;

EBJ CB EJIKLQI^^LJM
EJIKLQI^^LJ MSL [ÛCIKL

Kl`plsikiûo
Ejiklpirrljmtl sûcikl 2%
Qrlpijboejiklj =1%
Ebj hicrlmjklhûjikl ksp 21e

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj ejiklpirrljmtl sûcikl bs uo motikljioéreikl. Njlqubm jls rbkbptlrbs cb jm mkbtij-
mk btij-
kljiom rbcukibocl jm prlcukkiûo cbj suclr cb jms ejíocujms suclràpmrms.
Bj prlpijboejiklj tibob mkkilobs hierlskûpikms b hicrmtmotbs,
hicrm tmotbs, y bvitm jm xbrlsis bo
trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls.
Bj bxkipibotb ebj hicrlmjklhûjikl prbsbotm mkkilobs motiséptikms y sbkmotbs
pltbokimocl
Bj prbpmrmcl jm mkkiûo
plr cbj ejiklpirrljmtl,
sus bfbktls siomohicrûtikls
mstrioebotbs, `mkbrmr jm pibj.
y motiséptikls bs kmpmz
cb rbcukir jm hipbrsbkrbkiûo suclrmj, olr`mjizmocl jm ﬎lrm nmktbrimom y f÷oeikm
y, plr tmotl, olr`mjizmocl jm hipbrhicrlsis
hipbr hicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Qrlcuktl sb`isûjicl cb mspbktl ebjiflr`b iokljlrl y príktikm`botb iolclrl.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb jm hipbrhicrlsis
hipbr hicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis pjmotmr.
pjmotm r.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr bj ebj slnrb jm
jm zlom
zlom mfbktmcm
mfbktmcm cbj pib prbfbrbotb`botb
prbfbrbotb`botb plr olkhb,
olkhb, cbspués
cbj jmvmcl y sbkmcl cb jm `is`m.
Qubcb rbmjizmrsb pmrm pltbokimr jls bfbktls mohicrûtikls, kurms lkjusivms klo
pjístikl trmospmrbotb.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl.
Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
Muoqub
Muoq ub ol hmy oioe
oioeuom
uom klo
klotrm
trmioci
iocikmk
kmkiûo
iûo bo oiýl
oiýls,
s, sb rbk
rbkl`ib
l`ibocm
ocm rbc
rbcukir
ukir jm
klokbotrmkiûo cbj ejiklpirrljmtl mj >% plr su plsinjb bfbktl irritmotb.
Ol utijizmr bo b`nmrmzmcms.
=;3

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo
hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m.
Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls.

^mrm`botb
Bo kmsl cb pubcb mpmrbkbr
mpmrbkbr cbr`mtitis
rbmkkilobs cb klotmktl.
mjéreikms (ur tikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
(urtikmrim,
`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs íkicls motiséptikls.
• [bkmcl cb jls pibs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl bxtbociéocljl plr jms zloms mfbktmcms.
mfbktmcms.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel. Bs rbkl`bocmnjb rbcukir pmujmtiom`botb jms mpjikmkilobs.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim,
tljbrmok im, uom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, pbrl nmgm
bo kmsls cb hipbrhicrlsis pjmotmr sbvbrms bo kl`pmrmkiûo klo jls prbpmrmcls
bo flr`m cb pljvls.
 =;2

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc % Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m
Qriokipils Qbsl Kmoticmc
rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo
Vlju`b pbsmcm Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb
Bj ejiklpirrljmtl sûcikl
Qljvl kristmjiol bs uo motikljioéreikl.
Ejiklpirrljmtl sljunjb bo Njlqubm jls rbkbptlrbs
sûcikl 2% >,2e mjklhlj y cb jm mkbtijkljiom
pmrkimj`botb bo rbcukibocl jm prlcukkiûo
meum. cbj suclr cb jms
ejíocujms suclràpmrms.
Bj prlpijboejiklj tibob
Jàquicl cb tmktl mkkilobs hierlskûpikms
Q rl p i j b o e j i k l j =1% 2e b hicrmtmotbs y bvitm jm
uotulsl. xbrlsis bo trmtm`ibotls
prljloemcls.
Bj mjklhlj bs uo
motiséptikl
Mjklhlj
Mjk lhlj btàj
btàjikl
ikl ;1% =2`j cb m`pjil bspbktrl
olr`mjizmclr cb jm
nrlohicrlsis, mcb`ís
pltbokim jm mkkiûo.
[bpiebj ;12® ks ks
Meum ksp ksp
purifikmcm 21`j 21`j
SLSMJ
SLS MJ 21`j 21`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmc
prbkipitmcll pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbs
klrrbsplocibotb
plocibotb cb eji-
klpirrljmtl y cisljvbr bo jm pmrtb klrrbsplocibotb cb mjklhlj btàjikl.
QM[L > Ioklrplrmr bj prlpijboejiklj y bj 91% cb meum puri﬍kmcm obkbsm
obkbsmrim.
rim.
QM[L ;m Bo uo bovmsb
bovmsb tipl
tipl uoeumtlr® tmrmcl cbplsitmr jm sljukiûo motbrilr y uo
;% cb [bpiebj®. Flr`mr bj ebj klo jm myucm cbj meitmclr uoeumtlr®.
Rom vbz flr`mcl bj ebj, bormsmr hmstm
hms tm bj pbsl tltmj klo bj rbstl cb meum
puri﬍kmcm. M vbkbs pubcb obkbsitmrsb `ís kmoticmc cb [bpiebj®.
QM[L ;n [i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr®, pbsb jm kmoticmc cb [bpi-
ebj® bo uo `mrtbrl
`mr tbrl tmrmcl. Ioklrplrb jm sljukiûo plkl m plkl y nmgl jm
mkkiûo cbj pistijl pmrm klosbeuir
klosb euir jm flr`mkiûo cbj ebj. Rom vbz flr`mcl
bj ebj, pubcb
vbkbs bormsmrobkbsitmrsb
hmstm bj pbsl
pbs l tltmj
`ís klo bjcbrbstl
kmoticmc cb ®meum
[bpiebj . puri﬍kmcm. M
 QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl l bo uol cb pjístikl.

=;6

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo
hipbrhicrlsis y nrl`hicrlsis

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Ebj cb klosistbokim bspbsm y kljlr njmokl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
=;5
 Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs pmrm
Ltljleàm
xbrlcbr`ims
Jm xbrlsis bs bj tér`iol utijizmcl pmrm cbskrinir jm pibj sbkm. Bo ebobrmj sib`-
prb vm mslkimcm mj pruritl y m jm cbskm`mkiûo. Bs `ís frbkubotb bo pbrsloms
`mylrbs, klo jlkmjizmkiûo prbfbrbotb`botb bo pibroms y nrmzls y meucizíoclsb
bo iovibrol.

Jm bxkbsivm utijizmkiûo cb jls gmnlobs mjkmjiols y/l motiséptikls, hínitls cibté-

tikls, merbsilobs `bkíoikms, uoicls m ltrls fmktlrbs iotràosbkls7 bcmc, sbxl,
pmtljleàms io﬎m`mtlrims,
io﬎m`mtlrims, fmktlrbs eboétikls, btk. klocikilomo cbsbquijinrils
cb sbquijinrils
hàcrikls kutíobls kmrmktbrizmcls plr jm pércicm cb ﬎bxinijicmc, cbskm`mkiûo
bxmebrmcm y sbqubcmc cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl.

Jm pibj sbkm vibob cb﬍oicm plr uom iosu﬍kibokim bo bj ermcl cb hicrmtmkiûo cbj
bstrmtl kûrobl mslkimcm m jm bji`iomkiûo cbj `motl íkicl-ermsl prltbktlr. Bstb
cé﬍kit bs klosbkubokim cb jm pércicm cb meum trmoscér`ikm y cb jm nmgm kmpmki-
cmc cb rbtbokiûo cb jm `is`m plr jms kéjujms bpicér`ikms.

Jls sàotl`ms qub mkl`pmýmo m jm xbrlsis slo7 britb`m, pruritl, cbkm`mkiûo (bo
ebobrmj bs ﬍om l pujvbrujbotm), jjbemocl iokjusl m prbsbotmrsb ﬍oms kumrtbmcurms
kum rtbmcurms
kutíobms tipl b`pbcrmcl (bkzb`m krmqubjé l mstbmtûtikl).

Bo jm príktikm plcljûeikm jms jbsilobs xbrûsikms qub sb lnsbrvmo,

lnsbr vmo, pubcbo sbr
trmtmcms cb flr`m b﬍kmz klo kls`étikls cbr`mtljûeikls. Olsltrls mcb`ís rbkl-
`bocm`ls flr`ujmkilobs bspbkà﬍kms qub mslkimo hicrmtmotbs klo prlpibcmcbs
kikmtrizmotbs y rbpmrmclrms (urbm, íkicl jíktikl, jmktmtl sûcikl, íkicl himjurûoikl,
himjurûoikl,
mjmotlàom, mjlb vbrm, btk.) bo bxkipibotbs b`ljibotbs.

Bo mjeuols kmsls, kumocl bj kl`plobotb pruràtikl

prur àtikl y britb`mtlsl bs `uy iotbosl
y klo jm ﬍omjicmc cb bvitmr bj rmskmcl y jm plsinjb slnrbiofbkkiûo, sbràm obkbsmrim
jm mcikiûo cb uo klrtiklicb cb pltbokim iotbr`bcim.
iotbr`bcim . Qlr su vbrsmtijicmc y b﬍kmkim
rbkl`bocm`ls jm trim`kioljlom mkbtûoicl mj 1, 1,==%.

[lo `ukhms jms cbr`mtlsis qub kursmo klo sbqubcmc kutíobm, cbskm`mkiûo,
jiquboi﬍kmkiûo, hipbrqubrmtlsis, pruritl (iktilsis vujemr,
vujemr, cishriclsis kûoikm, cbr-
`mtitis krûoikm, pslrimsis
pslrim sis pjmotmr, cbr`mtl`iklsis pjmotmr, btk.).
btk.). Mcb`ís, bo bstms
pmtljleàms sbrí obkbsmril iokjuir priokipils mktivls sbjbktivls7 motipslriísikls
tûpikls, qubrmtljàtikls, rbcuktlrbs, cbr`lklrtiklicbs, motif÷oeikls, btk. (vbr
mpmrtmcls bspbkà﬍kls).

]ub cucm kmnb qub jm lribotmkiûo cbj plcûjlel slnrb civbrsms `bcicms ebob-
rmjbs prl﬍jíktikms `bglrmrío y bo mjeuols kmsls bvitmrío kumcrls xbrûsikls y
pruràtikls l su b`pblrm`ibotl4 botrb bstms cbstmkmràm`ls7
=31

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm xbrlcbr`ims

• ^bcukir bj o÷`brl cb nmýls. Rtijizmr cukhms klrtms klo meum tinim.

• Krbmr uo m`nibotb h÷`bcl7 rbeujmr jm kmjbfmkkiûo, hu`icifikmclrbs.
• Ol utijizmr sistb`ítikm`botb irritmotbs (mjklhlj, motiséptikls).
motisép tikls).
• Hmkbr uom mji`botmkiûo
mji`botmkiûo rikm bo frutms, vbrcurms. Bvitmr bspbkibs y
pikmotbs.
• Mcbkumr
Mcbku mr jm rlpm. Bvitmr finrm
finrmss siotétikms.
sioté tikms. Rsmr prbo
prbocms
cms ol
o l mgustmcms
mgus tmcms oi
íspbrms.
• Bvitmr bj rmskmcl cb jm pibj. Frltmr motbs cb rmskmr.
rms kmr.
• Bvitmr bj usl cb gmnlobs
gmnlob s motiséptikls y/l mjkmjiols.
• Rtijizmr sycobt cb mvbom, ljblebjbs l mkbitbs `iobrmjbs.
• ^bfrbskmr jm pibj7 kl`prbsms h÷`bcms, jlkilobs rbfrbskmotbs.
• Rtijizmr rbeujmr`botb jlkilobs hicrmtmotbs sib`prb slnrb pibj h÷`bcm.
 =3=

K^B@M CB R^BM, ÍKICL JÍKSIKL Y MJMOSLÀOM

Kl`plsikiûo
Rrbm =1-=2%
Íkicl jíktikl 3-6%
Jmktmtl sûcikl 2-=1%
2-=1%
Mjmotlàom =->%
=->%
Ebj cb mjlb vbrm =1-=2%
=1-=2%
Ci`btiklom ;21 >-2%
Bxkipibotb krb`m ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls
Ci`btiklom ;217 mkbitb cb sijiklom.
Rrbm7 kmrnm`icm.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Jm urbm m klokbotrmkilobs cbj 6-=1% bs uo mebotb hicrmtmotb qub mkt÷m ﬍gmocl
`ljékujms cb meum y bvitm jm pércicm cb meum iotrmkbjujmr. M klokbotrmkilobs
supbrilrbs mj =1% bs jiebrm`botb qubrmtljàtikm, kmpmz cb bji`iomr jm qubrmtiom
bpicér`ikm mu`botmocl jm ﬎bxinijicmc cb jm kmpm kûrobm, msà kl`l mu`botmocl
bj klotboicl hàcrikl cb jm `is`m.
Bj íkicl jíktikl tibob jiebrms mkkilobs
mk kilobs qubrmtljàtikms, guotl m jmktmtl sûcikl, mkt÷mo
kl`l hicrmtmotbs y rbstmurmclrbs cbj `motl íkicl ermsl cb jm pibj.
Jm mjmotlàom bs uom mebotb hicrmtmotb y kikmtrizmotb.
Bj ebj cb mjlb vbrm tibob uo mjtl plcbr cb rbtbokiûo cb meum, prbsbotmocl bfbk-
tls sioéreikls klo ltrls hicrmtmotbs. Mcb`ís plsbb prlpibcmcbs b`ljibotbs,
kmj`motbs, rbfrbskmotbs, motiio﬎m`mtlrims y rbstmurmclrms cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl.
Jm ci`btiklom bs uo mebotb slnrbboermsmotb qub mu`botm jm hicrmtmkiûo y jb
klo﬍brb m jm krb`m sumvicmc, fmkijitmocl su mpjikmkiûo.
Bj bxkipibotb
bxkipibotb krb`m bs b s uom b`ujsiûo cb fmsb bxtbrom mkulsm hicrmtmotb y ol
lkjusivm.
Bj prbpmrmcl trmosflr`m pibjbs xbrûsikms bo pibjbs hicrmtmcms, bjístikms, ﬎bxinjbs
y sumvbs, rbcukibocl jls prlkbsls prurieiolsls qub pubcmo mpmrbkbr.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl krb`lsl, njmokl cb mspbktl
ms pbktl y tmktl mermcmnjb
mermcm njb sio ljlr.
=3>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm xbrlcbr`ims

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb sàocrl`bs qub kursbo klo pibj sbkm y bskm`lsm (xbrlsis, iktilsis,
jiebrms hipbrqubrmtlsis), rbcukibocl jls prlkbsls prurieiolsls mslkimcls. Bo
kmsl cb pruritl iotbosl pubcb mslkimrsb m krb`ms klo klrtiklicbs tûpikls.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr jm krb`m = m > vbkbs
vbk bs mj càm cb `mýmom y olkhb klo
k lo uo jiebrl `msmgb. [i
sb mpjikmrm = vbz mj càm, sb hmrí
hm rí plr jm olkhb cbspués
cbspué s cbj jmvmcl. Jm curmkiûo cbj
trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl. Cbnicl m su iolkuicmc, bj prb-
pmrmcl pubcb utijizmrsb
utijizmrs b curmotb pbrilcls prljloemcls m ﬍o cb prbvboir jbsilobs
xbrûsikms bo mokimols, cimnétikls, btk., sib`prb utijizmocl jms klokbotrmkilobs
`ís nmgms cb urbm y íkicl jíktikl.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj
`l`botl ol sb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m. @uy rmrm-
`botb pubcb prbsbotmr jiebrm irritmkiûo
irritm kiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls bo
pibjbs sbosinjbs. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m,
rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr
k losujtmr klo su
plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbboermsmotbs.
• [bkmcl fuocm`botmj`botb cb zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl slnrb jm pibj jiebrm`bot
jiebrm`botbb h÷`bcm
h÷`bcm bxtbo-
ciéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms rbmjizmocl uo jiebrl `msmgb.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim, klosicbríocljl
klosicbrí ocljl cb ermo utijicmc
bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb xbrlsis y jiebrms hipbrqubrmtlsis bo mcujtls y oiýls. Sm`niéo
pubcb sbr utijizmcl cb flr`m hmnitumj m klokbotrmkilobs iofbrilrbs plr sus bfbktls
hicrmtmotbs y jiebrm`botb bxfljimtivls bo iociviculs klo tbocbokim m jms jbsilobs
xbrûsikms. Bo kmsl cb pruritl iotbosl plcràm mslkimrsb m krb`ms cb klrtiklicbs
tûpikls.
 =3;

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo cbj `lcus lpbrmoci utijizmrb`ls jms klokbotrmkilobs `ís
mjtms cb jls rmoels tbrmpéutikls iocikmcls.
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Jm urbm m
klokbotrmkilobs
cbj 6-=1% bs uo
mebotb hicrmtmotb,
hic rmtmotb,
mkt÷m figmocl
`ljékujms cb meum
y bvitmocl jm pércicm

Qljvl kristmjiol cb cb meumbotrmkilobs

iotrmkbjujmr.
iotrmkbjujmr
M klokbotrmki
klok lobs .
tm`mýl cb supbrilrbs mj =1%
Rrb m =2% =2e pmrtàkujms ermocbs bs jiebrm`botb
fíkij`botb qubrmtljàtikm, kmpmz
sljunjbs bo meum. cb bji`iomr jm
qubrmtiom bpicér`ikm
mu`botmocl jm
fjbxinijicmc cb jm
kmpm kûrobm, msà
kl`l mu`botmocl
bj klotboicl hàcrikl
cb jm `is`m.
Bj íkicl jíktikl
tibob jiebrms mkkilobs
qubrmtljàtikms y,
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb guotl m jmktmtl
Íkicl jíkt
jíktikl
ikl 6% 6e cb tmktl uotulsl. sûcikl, mkt÷mo
Fíkij`botb sljunjb kl`l hicrmtmotbs
bo meum y mjklhlj. y rbstmurmclrbs cbj
`motl íkicl ermsl
cb jm pibj.

Jàquicl trmospmrbotb Hicrmtmotb y

Jmktmtl sûcikl =1% =1e cb tmktl mkulsl. rbstmurmclr cbj
Fíkij`botb sljunjb `motl íkicl ermsl
bo meum y mjklhlj. cb jm pibj.

Mjmotlào
Mjm otlàomm >% >e Qljvl hmriolsl
fíkij`botb sljunjb bo uomJm mjmotlàom
mebotb bs
hicrmtmotb
 meum. y kikmtrizmotb.

=33

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm xbrlcbr`ims

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb

Bj ebj cb mjlb vbrm tibob

uo mjtl plcbr cb rbtbokiûo
Bs uo ebj klokbotrmcl cb meum, prbsbotmocl
y bstmnijizmcl m pmrtir bfbktls sioéreikls klo ltrls
Ebj cb =2% =2e cbj pmréoqui`m frbskl hicrmtmotbs. Mcb`ís plsbb
mjlb vbrm cb jms hlgms cbj Mjlb prlpibcmcbs b`ljibotbs
b`ljibotbs,,
nmrnmcbosiss
nmrnmcbosi kmj`motbs, rbfrbskmotbs,
(mjlb vbrm). motiiofjm`mtlrims y
rbstmurmclrms cbj bxtrmktl
kûrobl.

Mkbitb cb sijiklom
sij iklom Jm ci`btiklom bs uo mebotb
klostituicl plr uom slnrbboermsmotb qub
Ci`btiklom `bzkjm cb pljà`brls mu`botm jm hicrmtmkiûo
;21 2% 2e cb sijlxmol jiobmjbs y jb klofibrb m jm krb`m
`btijmcls klo jls sumvicmc, fmkijitmocl su
bxtrb`ls njlqubmcls mpjikmkiûo.
plr erupls `btijl.

Bxkipibotb ksp ksp

krb`m L/U =11e =11e
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11e =11e

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl cb jm utijizmkiûo bo `mylr l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
prbpmr mcls
iotbr`bcils (tbobr prbbjmnlrmcm jm b`ujsiûo L/U).
Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub mklosbgm`ls utijizmr pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo
bjmn lrmkiûo cb jm b`ujsiûo
L/U bs bstm vmrimkiûo cb jm kjísikm krb`m nmsb Jmobttb plr su mjtm bxpbribokim
cb usl bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl.
 =32

FM[B E^M[M
Kbrm Jmobttb [X

Kl`plsikiûo7
Kl`plsikiûo
cb 91 pmrtbs7cb
`bzkjm
k brmbo
kbrm flr`m L
Jmobttb cbycispbrsiûo
cispbr siûo kljlicmj
=1 pmrtbs cb uom =3%
`bzkjm cb sujfmtls sûcikls cb mjklhljbs ermsls.

Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 5%

Qmrm﬍om jàquicm (vmsbjiom jàquicm) 5%

Qhboloip
1,62%

FM[B MKRL[M

Ejikbriom 2%
Bctm cisûcikl 1,;2%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

Jm ioklrplrmkiûo cb jls mktivls sb rbmjizmràm cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7 jm urbm, jm

mjmotlàom y bj ebj cb mjlb vbrm bo jm fmsb mkulsm4 jm ci`btiklom ;21 bo jm fmsb
ermsm, y bj jmktmtl sûcikl y bj íkicl jíktikl uom vbz b`ujsilomcms jms cls fmsbs.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl klosistbotb cb kljlr njmokl,
njmok l, uotlsl y fíkij`botb jmvmnjb klo meum.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
=36

Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs pmrm
Ltljleàm
qubrmtlcbr`ims
Jms qubrmtlcbr`ims pmj`lpjmotmrbs klostituybo uo erupl hbtbrleéobl cb
bofbr`bcmcbs eboétikms, fm`ijimrbs y mcquiricms qub sb kmrmktbrizmo plr hipbr-
qubrmtlsis cb jms pmj`ms y jms pjmotms cb jls pibs.

[b cistioeubo botrb sà plr sus kmrmktbràstikms

kmrmktbr àstikms kjàoikms, jm flr`m cb hbrbokim y jms
mjtbrmkilobs mslkimcms.

[b hmo cbskritl `ís cb ;1 suntipls. Ebobrmj`botb sb hmo kjmsi﬍kmcl sbe÷o7

• Bj kmríktbr hbrbcitmril l mcquiricl cb jm bofbr`bcmc.
• Bj pmtrûo cb hipbrqubrmtlsis7 cifusm, jlkmj l puoktmtm.
• Jm mfbktmkiûo pmj`lpjmotmr kl`l ÷oikm `moifbstmkiûo (qubrmtlcbr`ims
pmj`lpjmotmrbs si`pjbs) l su mslkimkiûo m ltrms mol`mjàms bktlcér`ikms
(cispjmsim bktlcér`ikm pmj`lpjmotmr).

Cbotrl cb jms qubrmtlcbr`ims pmj`lpjmotmrbs si`pjbs, qub slo jms `ís kl`uobs
bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl, sb cistioeubo vmrils kumcrls kjàoikls, sbe÷o bj pmtrûo
cb hbrbokim y jm cistrinukiûo cb jm hipbrqubrmtlsis. Qlcràm`ls cbstmkmr7
• ]ubrmtlcbr`im pmj`lpjmotmr cifusm bpicbr`ljàtikm.
• Britrlqubrmtlcbr`im vmrimnijis.
• ]ubrmtlcbr`im pmj`lpjmotmr cb Erbithbr.
• ]ubrmtlsis puoktmtm pmj`lpjmotmr cb Nuskhdb-Fishbr-Nrmubr.

Jms qubrmtlcbr`ims
qubrmtlcbr `ims pjmotmrbs bo bj í`nitl cb jm plcljleàm pubcbo sbr mnlrcmcms
`bcimotb7
• Srmtm`ibotls nmsmcls bo tékoikms quir÷reikms plcljûeikms7 quirlplcim.
• Srmtm`ibotls fmr`mkljûeikls klo fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs qub klotibobo
hicrmtmotbs y qubrmtljàtikls bo nmsbs ermsms y/l b`ljibotbs.

]ub cucm kmnb qub m`nls trmtm`ibotls pubcbo kl`pmtinijizmrsb klo bj ﬍o cb

klotrljmr b iokjusl sljukilomr jms jbsilobs.
=38

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm qubrmtlcbr`ims

[MJIKÀJIKM
VM[BJIOM [MJIKÀJIKM

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl smjikàjikl =1->1%
=1->1%
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb ksp 21e

[ioûoi`ls
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb7 vmsbjiom, pmrm﬍om njmocm.
Mkbitb pmrm﬍om7 pmrm﬍om jàquicm,
jàquic m, vmsbjiom jàquicm.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl bs nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl, mcb`ís plsbb prlpibcmcbs
qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr cbj qubrmtiolkitl
pbr`itibocl jm cbsmchbrbokim
cbsmchb rbokim y cbskm`mkiûo cb jm kmpm kûrobm. Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo prbsbotm
uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm prlcukibocl su cbsiotbermkiûo
cbs iotbermkiûo (qub-
rmtioljisis). Bj íkicl smjikàjikl mj =->% prbsbotm mkkilobs motiséptikms y qubrmtl-
pjístikms, cbj >->-=2
=2%
% bs uo bfbktivl qubrmtljàtikl y prbsbotmocl
prbsbot mocl m clsis supbrilrbs
(=2-31%)
(=2-31%) mkkilobs pltbotbs qubrmtltljàtikms ÷tijbs bo qubrmtlcbr`ims
qubrmtlcbr`i ms y vbrruems.
Jm vmsbjiom y bj
slo cb omturmjbzm jipû﬍jm qub flr`mo uom pbjàkujm lkjusivm slnrb jm supbr﬍kib
supbr ﬍kib
kutíobm, mu`botmocl jm rbtbokiûo cb meum cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl y bvitmocl jm
pércicm cbj klotboicl
k lotboicl hàcrikl plr su bfbktl cb lkjusiûo, cíocljb ﬎bxinijicmc y
sumvicmc m jm pibj. Jm vmsbjiom jàquicm pbr`itb qub bj prbpmrmcl tboem klosistbokim
klosistbok im
sb`isûjicm uotlsm cb fíkij mpjikmkiûo.
Bj prbpmrmcl trmosflr`m pibjbs xbrûsikms, hipbrqubrmtûsikms bo pibjbs hicrmtmcms,
bjístikms, ﬎bxinjbs y sumvbs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl njmokl cb mspbktl
m spbktl y tmktl
tmk tl uotlsl sio ljlr.
ljlr. Kls`étikm`botb su tmktl
uotlsl y ermsl klo﬍brb mj prbpmrmcl uoms kmrmktbràstikms
kmrmktbràstikm s plkl mermcmnjbs pmrm
su mpjikmkiûo.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb sàocrl`bs qub kursbo klo pibj sbkm b hipbrqubrmtûsikm (xbrl-
sis, iktilsis, qubrmtlcbr`ims). Bj trmtm`ibotl pubcb sbr kl`pjb`botmril mj
quirlpûcikl.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikm
Mpj ikmrr jm
j m krb`m
k rb`m = m > vbkbs
vb kbs mj càm cur
curmotb
motb jm `mým
`mýmom
om y olkh
o lkhbb klo
k lo uo jieb
jiebrl
rl
`msmgb. [i sb mpjikm
pib. Bo fuokiûo = vbz
cb jms mj càm sb rbmjizmrí
kmrmktbràstikms cb jm plr jm olkhb
jbsiûo cb spués
cbspués
y bj kritbril cbjcbj jmvmcl cbj
plcûjlel sb
utijizmrío clsis `ís l `bols mjtms cbj íkicl smjikàjikl. Qubcb mpjikmrsb bo kurms
kur ms

=39

lkjusivms. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®, msà
kl`l m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl.
prbpm rmcl. Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb
jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs. Jm utijizmkiûo cb qubrmtljàtikls bo bofbr`ls
cimnétikls, klo prlnjb`ms vmskujmrbs pbriférikls l mokimols hm cb rbmjizmrsb
nmgl uo klotrlj bstriktl cbj plcûjlel, vmjlrmocl bo kmcm `l`botl y pmrm kmcm
bofbr`l jm obkbsicmc cb su usl. Ol utijizmr slnrb hbricms, qub`mcurms, ÷jkbrms
l bo pibj brlsilomcm.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm. ^mrm`botb
pubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm, sibocl `ís frbkubotb bo trmtm`ibotls prljlo-
emcls y/l bo kurm lkjusivm. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr
klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki

mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbboermsmotbs.
• [bkmcl cb zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl bxtbociéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms rbm-
jizmocl uo jiebrl `msmgb.
• Qubcb utijizmrsb, si sb klosicbrm obkbsmril,
obkbsmr il, pmrm pltbokimr jm mkkiûo qub-
rmtljàtikm, kurm lkjusivm.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim y uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
klosicbríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb hipbrqubrmtlsis bo mcujtls y
oiýls, sibocl sus kmrmktbràstikms kls`étikms plkl mermcmnjbs, bjb j ÷oikl fmktlr
=21

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm qubrmtlcbr`ims

ji`itmtivl. Qubcb tm`niéo utijizmrsb kl`l trmtm`ibotl kl`pjb`botmril cbspués

cbj quirlpûcikl (utijizmocl nmgms klokbotrmkilobs cb íkicl smjikàjikl).

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo cbj `lcus lpbrmoci utijizmrb`ls bj ermcl mjtl cb klokbotrmkiûo
cb jm flr`ujmkiûo prlpubstm, sibocl bxtrmpljmnjb m kumjquibr ltrm klokbotrmkiûo.
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl bs
nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl,
mcb`ís plsbb prlpibcmcbs
Qljvl kristmjiol qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm jm
njmokl cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl
Íkicl fíkij`botb iotbrkbjujmr cbj qubrmtiolkitl
smjikàjikl >1% =1e sljunjb bo pbr`itibocl jm cbsmchbrbokim
mjklhlj y ol y cbskm`mkiûo cb jm kmpm
sljunjb bo kûrobm. Sm`niéo prbsbotm
meum. uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb
jm qubrmtiom kûrobm
prlcukibocl su
cbsiotbermkiûo (qubrmtioljisis).

Qmrmfiom Jàquicl
jàquicm >1% =1e trmospmrbotb
(vmsbjiom iokljlrl cb
jàquicm) tmktl uotulsl.
Jm vmsbjiom y bj mkbitb cb
pmrmfiom slo cb omturmjbzm
[b`isûjicl jipûfijm qub flr`mo uom pbjàkujm
klosistbotb lkjusivm slnrb jm supbrfikib
Vmsbji om
Vmsbjiom klo jiebrm kutíobm, mu`botmocl jm
fijmotb k s p 21 e ;1 e kljlrmkiûo rbtbokiûo cb meum cbj
njmokm cb tmktl bxtrmktl kûrobl y bvitmocl jm
ermsibotl. pércicm cbj klotboicl hàcrikl
plr su bfbktl cb lkjusiûo,
cíocljb fjbxinijicmc y
sumvicmc m jm pibj.
 =2=

SLS
SLSMJ
MJ 21e 21e

@lcus lpbrmoci
[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7
QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr tmrmcl cb 61`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplo
klrrbsplo--
cibotb cb íkicl smjikàjikl.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb vmsbjiom jàquicm y klo uom
vmrijjm `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb obkbsmr
obkbsmrim
im pmrm klo-
sbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb 21e. M klotioumkiûo meitmr
klo bj uoeumtlr® cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjlkicmc.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

®
[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr 7
QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl smjikàjikl klrrbsplo
klrrbsplo--
cibotb.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbr
`lrtbrll ioklrplr
ioklrplrmr
mr jm kmoticmc cb vmsbjiom jàquicm
jàquicm y klo bj
pistijl `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm
pms tm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm
jm vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb obkbsmrim pmrm klo-
sbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb 21e bo cls l trbs pmsls y
`bzkjmrjl vielrlsm`botb klo jm myucm
myu cm cbj pistijl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl ermsl, njmokl klosistbotb.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
=2>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm qubrmtlcbr`ims

[MJIKÀJIKM KLO R^BM

VM[BJIOM [MJIKÀJIKM

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl smjikàjikl =1-=2%
=1-=2%
Rrbm >1-;1%
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb ksp 21e

[ioûoi`ls
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb7 vmsbjiom, pmrm﬍om njmocm.
Rrbm7 kmrnm`icm.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl bs nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl, mcb`ís plsbb prlpibcmcbs
qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo
`itibocl jm cbsmchbrbokim cbj kb`botl
y cbskm`mkiûo iotbrkbjujmr
cb jm kmpm cbj qubrmtiolkitl
kûrobm. Sm`niéo prbsbotmpbr-
uom
mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm prlcukibocl su cbsiotbermkiûo (qubrmtiol-
jisis). Bj íkicl smjikàjikl
s mjikàjikl mj =1-=2%
=1-=2% prbsbotm mkkilobs motiséptikms y qubrmtljàtikms.
Jm urbm mj >1% bs uo pltbotb hicrmtmotb y bxfljimotb, pltbokimpltbokim jms mkkilobs qub-
qub -
rmtljàtikms cbj íkicl smjikàjikl, cis`iouybocl su plcbr irritmotb.
Jm vmsbjiom bs cb omturmjbzm jipû﬍jm qub flr`m uom pbjàkujm lkjusivm slnrb jm
supbr﬍kib kutíobm, mu`botmocl jm rbtbokiûo cb meum cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl y
bvitmocl jm pércicm cbj klotboicl hàcrikl plr su bfbktl cb lkjusiûo, cíocljb
﬎bxinijicmc y sumvicmc m jm pibj.
Bj prbpmrmcl trmosflr`m pibjbs xbrûsikms, hipbrqubrmtûsikms bo pibjbs hicrmtmcms,
bjístikms, ﬎bxinjbs y sumvbs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl njmokl
njmok l cb mspbktl y tmktl uotlsl sio ljlr. Kls`étikm
Kls`étikm`botb,
`botb, mj flr`mr
uo jiplebj, su tmktl uotlsl y ermsl bs `ís mermcmnjb y mkbptmnjb qub bj cb jm
vmsbjiom.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl pmrm sàocrl`bs qub kursbo klo pibj sbkm b hipbrqubrmtlsis (xbrl-
sis, iktilsis, qubrmtlcbr`ims). Bj trmtm`ibotl pubcb sbr kl`pjb`botmril mj
quirlpûcikl.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr jm krb`m = m > vbkbs
vbkbs mj càm curmotb jm `mýmom y olkhb
olkhb klo uo jiebrl
jiebrl `msmgb.
[i sb mpjikm = vbz mj càm, sb rbmjizmrí plr jm olkhb cbspués cbj jmvmcl cbj pib. Bo
fuokiûo cb jms kmrmktbràstikms cb jm jbsiûo y bj kritbril cbj plcûjlel sb utijizmrío
clsis `ís l `bols mjtms cbj íkicl smjikàjikl y urbm. Qubcb mpjikmrsb bo kurms
lkjusivms. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl.

=2;

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®, msà
kl`l m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl.
prbpm rmcl. Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb
jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs. Jm utijizmkiûo cb qubrmtljàtikls bo bofbr`ls
cimnétikls, klo prlnjb`ms vmskujmrbs pbriférikls l mokimols, hm cb rbmjizmrsb
nmgl uo klotrlj bstriktl cbj plcûjlel, vmjlrmocl bo kmcm `l`botl y pmrm kmcm
bofbr`l jm obkbsicmc cb su usl. Ol utijizmr slnrb hbricms, qub`mcurms, ÷jkbrms
l bo pibj brlsilomcm.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm. Bo lkmsil-
obs pubcb prbsbotmr
prbsb otmr irritmkiûo kutíobm, klo `mylr frbkubokim bo
b o trmtm`ibotls
prljloemcls l bo kurms lkjusivms. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms
(urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs
rbmk kilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y
klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki

mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbermsls.
• [bkmcl cb zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl bxtbociéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms rbm-
jizmocl uo jiebrl `msmgb.
• Qubcb utijizmrsb, si sb klosicbrm obkbsmril,
obkbsmr il, pmrm pltbokimr jm mkkiûo qub-
rmtljàtikm, kurm lkjusivm.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.

• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbot
bxkbjbotbb tljbrmokim, uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
klosicbríocljl ÷tij bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb hipbrqubrmtlsis bo mcujtls y oiýls, prb-
sbotmocl kmrmktbràstikms kls`étikms mkbptmnjbs. Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo pubcb utijizmrsb kl`l
trmtm`ibotl kl`pjb`botmril cbspués cbj quirlpûcikl (usmocl jms klokbotrmkil-
obs cb íkicl smjikàjikl y urbm `bolrbs).
=23

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm qubrmtlcbr`ims

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo cbj `lcus lpbrmoci utijizmrb`ls jm klokbotrmkiûo `mylr cb
jm flr`ujmkiûo prlpubstm, sibocl bxtrmpljmnjb m kumjquibr
kum jquibr klokbotrmkiûo iofbrilr.
@mtbrim Kmoticmc
pri`m % Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl bs
nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl,
Qljvl mcb`ís plsbb prlpibcmcbs
kristmjiol qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm jm
njmokl cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl
Íkicl fíkij`botb iotbrkbjujmr cbj qubrmtiolkit
qubrmtiolkitll
=2% =1e pbr`itibocl jm cbsmchbrbokim
smjikàjikl sljunjbybo
mjklhlj ol y cbskm`mkiûo cb jm
sljunjb bo kmpm kûrobm. Sm`niéo
meum. prbsbotm uom mkkiûo cirbktm
slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm
prlcukibocl su cbsiotbermk
cbsiotbermkiûo iûo
(qubrmtioljisis).

Qljvl bo flr`m Jm urbm mj ;1% bs uo pltbotb

cb kristmjbs hicrmtmotb y bxfljimotb, pltbokim
R rb m ;1% =2e ermocbs `uy jms mkkilobs qubrmtljàtikms cbj
sljunjb bo íkicl smjikàjikl, cis`iouybocl su
meum. plcbr irritmotb.

Jàquicl
Qmrmfiom =1% 2e trmospmrbotb
jàquicm iokljlrl cb
tmktl uotulsl.
Jm vmsbjiom y bj mkbitb cb
pmrmfiom slo cb omturmjbzm
[b`isûjicl jipûfijm qub flr`mo uom pbjàkujm
klosistbotb lkjusivm slnrb jm supbrfikib
Vmsbji om
Vmsbjiom k s p 21 e >>e klo jiebrm kutíobm, mu`botmocl jm
fijmotb kljlrmkiûo rbtbokiûo cb meum cbj bxtrmktl
njmokm cb tmktl kûrobl y bvitmocl jm pércicm cbj
ermsibotl. klotboicl hàcrikl plr su bfbktl
cb lkjusiûo, cíocljb fjbxinijicmc
y sumvicmc m jm pibj.

SLSMJ
SLSMJ 21e 21e
 =22

@lcus lpbrmoci
Kjísikm`botb sb hmo utijizmcl jmoljiom, kljbstbrlj, cbrivmcls
cbr ivmcls cb jm jmoljiom l tbo-
silmktivls tipl pljislrnmtls pmrm plcbr ioklrplrmr
ioklrplrm r jm urbm prbvim`botb cisubjtm bo
meum puri﬍kmcm bo jm nmsb ermsm (vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb), lntboibocl msà uo sb`isûjicl
plkl klosistbotb y bstmnjb. Qlr oubstrm bxpbribokim prlfbsilomj y cbspués cb
klosbosumrjl klo bj Klosbgl cb Kljbeils cb Qlcûjlels cb Bspmým rbkl`bo-
cm`ls vmrimr bstm flr`m cb bjmnlrmkiûo plr jm rbmjizmkiûo cb uo jiplebj, klosi-
euibocl msà uo sb`isûjicl `ís klosistbotb, `ís mermcmnjb y tbrmpéutikm`botb
`ís b﬍kmz pmrm bj pmkibotb.

[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L IOIKIMJ
Bjmnlrmkiûo cbj prbpmrmcl iotbr`bcil ebj cb urbm mj ;1%7
=) Cisljvbr jm urbm bo jm `is`m kmoticmc cb meum bo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls.
>) Ebji﬍kmr jm sljukiûo motbrilr klo uo 3% cb [bpiebj ;12®.
;) Mýmcir jm `itmc cb jm pmrm﬍om jàquicm pmrm bvitmr jm kristmjizmkiûo.

QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr cb 61`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplocibotb cb

íkicl smjikàjikl.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr bj rbstl cb jm vmsbjiom jàquicm y bj ebj cb
urbm mj ;1% prbpmrmcl motbrilr`botb4 klo uom vmrijjm `bzkjmrjl tlcl
hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb obkbsmr
obkbsmrimim pmrm klo-
sbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb 21e. M klotioumkiûo meitmr
klo bj uoeumtlr® cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjlkicmc.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl smjikàjikl

smjikàji kl klrrbsplocibotb.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb vmsbjiom jàquicm y bj ebj
cb urbm mj ;1% prbpmrmcl
prbpmr mcl motbrilr`botb4 klo bj pistijl `bzkjmrjl tlcl
hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm jm vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb obkbsmrim pmrm klo-
sbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb 21e bo cls l trbs pmsls y
`bzkjmrjl vielrlsm`botb klo jm myucmmyu cm cbj pistijl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl njmokl klosistbotb.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

 6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

=26

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm qubrmtlcbr`ims

K^B@M B@LJIBOSB KLO R^BM Y ÍKICL [MJIKÀJIKL

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl smjikàjikl 2-=1%
2-=1%
Rrbm =2-;1%
Íkicl jíktikl 6%
Cbxpmotbolj ;%
Jmoljiom 5%
Bxkipibotb b`ljibotb L/U ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb7 vmsbjiom, pmrm﬍om njmocm.
Jmoljiom7 Mcbps jmomb.
Rrbm7 kmrnm`icm.
Cbxpmotbolj7 pmotbolj, mjklhlj pmotboàjikl, prlvitm`iom N2.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl bs nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl, mcb`ís plsbb prlpibcmcbs
qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr cbj qubrmtiolkitl
qubr mtiolkitl
pbr`itibocl jm cbsmchbrbokim y cbskm`mkiûo cb jm kmpm kûrobm. Sm`niéo prb-
sbotm uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm prlcukibocl su cbsiotberm-
kiûo (qubrmtioljisis). Bj íkicl smjikàjikl mj 2-=1% prbsbotm mkkilobs motiséptikms
y qubrmtljàtikms.
Bj cbxpmotbolj bs uo mebotb hu`bktmotb, hicrmtmotb
hicrmtmotb y kikmtrizmotb kmpmz cb bsti-
`ujmr jm ermoujmkiûo cbj tbgicl pjmotmr ﬍surmcl plr jms hipbrqubrmtlsis.
Jm jmoljiom bs cb omturmjbzm jipû﬍jm, plsbb mkkilobs
mk kilobs b`ljibotbs, sljm l ioklrpl-
rmcm m jm fmsb ermsm
erms m cb jms b`ujsilobs flr`m uom pbjàkujm
pb jàkujm `ís l `bols lkjusivm
slnrb jm supbr﬍kib kutíobm,
kutí obm, mu`botmocl jm rbtbokiûo cb meum cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl
y prlplrkilomocl bjmstikicmc, hicrmtmkiûo, sumvicmc y ﬎bxinijicmc m jm pibj.
Jm urbm mj =2-;1% bs uo pltbotb hicrmtmotb y bxfljimotb qub pltbokim jms mkkilobs
mkkilob s
qubrmtljàtikms cbj íkicl smjikàjikl `ioi`izmocl su mkkiûo irritmotb.
Bj íkicl jíktikl tibob bfbktls motiséptikls y qubrmtljàtikls qub tm`niéo mkt÷mo
kl`l rbstmurmclrbs cbj `motl íkicl ermsl cb jm pibj.
Bj bxkipibotb b`ljibotb L/U
L/U bs uom b`ujsiûo
b `ujsiûo krb`lsm klo mktivicmc hicrmtmotb,
jiebrm`botb lkjusivm y kls`étikm`botb mermcmnjb.
Bj prbpmrmcl trmosflr`m pibjbs xbrûsikms, iktiûsikms, hipbrqubrmtûsikms bo pibjbs
hicrmtmcms, bjístikms, ﬎bxinjbs y sumvbs, rbcukibocl jls prlkbsls prurieiolsls
qub pubcmo mpmrbkbr.
 =25

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl m`mrijjbotl cb mspbktl krb`lsl mermcmnjb mj tmktl. Kls`étikm`botb,
su tmktl krb`lsl klo﬍brb mj prbpmrmcl uoms kmrmktbràstikms mermcmnjbs bo su
mpjikmkiûo.
Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb sàocrl`bs qub kursbo klo pibj sbkm b hipbrqubrmtlsis (xbrlsis,
iktilsis, hipbrqubrmtlsis). ]ubrmtlcbr`ims pjmotmrbs. Bj trmtm`ibotl pubcb sbr
kl`pjb`botmril mj quirlpûcikl.
Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm
Mpjikmr jm krb`m = m > vbkbs
vbkbs mj càm curmotb jm `mýmom y olkhb
olkhb klo uo jiebrl `msmgb. B
[i sb mpjikm = vbz mj càm, sb rbmjizmrí plr jm olkhb cbspués cbj jmvmcl cbj pib. Bo
fuokiûo cb jms kmrmktbràstikms cb jm jbsiûo y bj kritbril cbj plcûjlel sb utijizmrío
clsis `ís l `bols mjtms cb íkicl smjikàjikl y cb urbm. Qubcb mpjikmrsb bo kurms
lkjusivms. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl.
Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®, msà
kl`l
jb m kumjquibrm
klolkbo cb jls kl`plobotbs
ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs. cbj prbpmrmcl.
prbpm rmcl.
Jm utijizmkiûo Hmstm bj `l`botl
cb qubrmtljàtikls ol sb
bo bofbr`ls
cimnétikls, klo prlnjb`ms vmskujmrbs pbriférikls l mokimols, hm cb rbmjizmrsb
nmgl uo klotrlj bstriktl cbj plcûjlel, vmjlrmocl bo kmcm `l`botl y pmrm kmcm
bofbr`l jm obkbsicmc cb su usl. Ol utijizmr bo hbricms, qub`mcurms, ÷jkbrms l
slnrb pibj brlsilomcm.
^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm. Bo lkmsil-
obs pubcb prbsbotmr
prbsb otmr irritmkiûo kutíobm, klo `mylr frbkubokim bo
b o trmtm`ibotls
prljloemcls l bo kurms lkjusivms. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms
(urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs
rbmk kilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y
klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.
Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki
mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbermsls. C
• [bkmcl cb zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl bxtbociéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms rbm-
jizmocl uo jiebrl `msmgb.
• Qubcb utijizmrsb, si sb klosicbrm obkbsmril,
obkbsmr il, pmrm pltbokimr jm mkkiûo qub-
rmtljàtikm, kurm lkjusivm.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbot
bxkbjbotbb tljbrmokim, uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb hipbrqubrmtlsis, iktilsis y xbrlsis bo ebobrmj bo B
mcujtls y oiýls, sus kmrmktbràstikms kls`étikms slo mermcmnjbs. Qubcb tm`niéo
 utijizmrsb kl`l trmtm`ibotl kl`pjb`botmril cbspués cbj quirlpûcikl (usmocl
jms klokbotrmkilobs cb qubrmtljàtikls `ís nmgms).

=28

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm qubrmtlcbr`ims

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo cbj `lcus lpbrmoci utijizmrb`ls jms klokbotrmkilobs `ís
mjtms cb jls rmoels tbrmpéutikls iocikmcls.
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs

Qljvl kristmjiol cb Jm urbm mj ;1% bs

tm`mýl cb pmrtàkujms uo pltbotb qubrmtljàtikl
qubrmtljàtikl kmpmz cb
Rr b m ;1% ;1 e ermocbs fíkij`botb rbolvmr jm qubrmtiom bpicér`ikm,
sljunjb bo meum. mu`botmocl jm fjbxinijicmc cb jm
kmpm kûrobm.

Qljvl Bj íkicl smjikàjikl

smjikàjik l mj =1% prbsbotm
Íki cl
Íkicl kristmjiol njmokl mkkilobs qubrmtljàtikms
cisljukiûo y fmkijitm jm
cbj kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr
smjikàjikl =1% =1e fíkij`botb sljunjb bo cbj qubrmtiolkitl pbr`itibocl jm
mjklhlj y ol sljunjb bo cbsmchbrbokim y cbskm`mkiûo cb
meum. jm kmpm kûrobm.
Bj íkicl jíktikl tibob jiebrms
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb mkkilobs qubrmtljàtikms, guotl
Íki cl
Íkicl 6% 6e cb tmktl uotulsl. m jmktmtl sûcikl, mkt÷mo kl`l
jíktikl Fíkij`botb sljunjb bo hicrmtmotbs y rbstmurmclrbs
meum y mjklhlj. cbj `motl íkicl ermsl
cb jm pibj.
[b`isûjicl klo
mpmribokim m kristmj Bj cbxpmotbolj bs uo
mebotb hu`bktmotb, hicrmtmotb y
jàquicl tltmj`botb
Cbxpm otb olj ;% ;e trmospmrbotb, sljunjb kikmtrizmotb
jm kmpmz
ermoujmkiûo cb bsti`ujmr
cbj tbgicl pjmotmr
bo mjklhlj y meum
kmjibotb. fisurmcl plr jms hipbrqubrmt
hipbrqubrmtlsis.
lsis.

Jm jmoljiom bs cb omturmjbzm jipûfijm,

plsbb mkkilobs b`ljibotbs, sljm l
ioklrplrmcm m jm fmsb ermsm cb jms
[b`isûjicl klosistbot
klosistbotbb b`ujsilobs, flr`m uom pbjàkujm
`mrrûo klo tmktl `ís l `bols lkjusivm slnrb jm
J mo ljiom 5% 5e ermsibotl, fíkij`botb supbrfikib kutíobm, mu`botmocl
sljunjb bo prlcuktls jm rbtbokiûo cb meum cbj bxtrmktl
ermsls. kûrobl y prlplrkilomocl
bjmstikicmc, hicrmtmkiûo, sumvicmc
y fjbxinijicmc m jm pibj.
Bxkipibotb
b`ljibotb ksp
ksp =11
11ee ks
ksp
p =11
11ee
L/U
SSltmj
ltmj =11e =11e

=29

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl cb jm utijizmkiûo bo `mylr l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
prbpmr mcls
iotbr`bcils (tbobr prbbjmnlrmcm jm b`ujsiûo L/U). Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub
mklosbgm`ls utijizmr
utijizmr pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb jm b`ujsiûo L/U bs bstm vmrimkiûo
cbj kjísikl bxkipibotb b`ljibotb plr su mjtm bxpbribokim cb usl bo bj í`nitl
plcljûeikl.

FM[B E^M[M
Kbrm Jmobttb [X
Kl`plsikiûo7 `bzkjm bo flr`m cb cispbrsiûo kljlicmj cb =2%
=2%
91 pmrtbs cb kbrm
k brm Jmobttb L y =1 pmrtbs cb uom `bzkjm cb
sujfmtls sûcikls cb mjklhljbs ermsls.
Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 5%
Qmrm﬍om jàquicm 5%
Qhboloip 1,62%
Jmoljiom mohicrm 5%

FM[B MKRL[M
Ejikbriom 2%
Bctm cisûcikl 1,;2%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

Jm ioklrplrmkiûo cb jls mktivls sb rbmjizmràm cb jm flr`m sieuibotb

sieuibotb77 jm urbm, bj cbx-
pmotbolj y bj íkicl jíktikl bo jm fmsb mkulsm4 bj íkicl smjikàjikl bo jm fmsb ermsm.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl klosistbotb uotlsl cb kljlr m`mrijjl y fíkij`botb
fík ij`botb jmvmnjb klo meum.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
=61

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm qubrmtlcbr`ims

K^B@M B@LJIBOSB KLO R^BM Y ÍKICL ^BSIOLIKL

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl rbtiolikl 1,=-1,;%
1,=-1,;%
Rrbm >1-31%
Jmoljiom 5%
Bxkipibotb b`ljibotb L/U ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb7 vmsbjiom, pmrm﬍om njmocm.
Jmoljiom7 Mcbps jmomb.
Íkicl rbtiolikl7 trbtiolàom, íkicl trmos-rbtiolikl.

Rrbm7 kmrnm`icm.
Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj íkicl rbtiolikl prlcukb uom jiebrm rbmkkiûo io﬎m`mtlrim klo bcb`m jlkmj iotbr-
kbjujmr kmusmocl jm sbpmrmkiûo cb jms kéjujms bpicér`ikms. Bj bxtrmktl kûrobl sb
mnjmocm y tibob juemr uom bxfljimkiûo. Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo prbsbotm uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb
jm qubrmtiom kûrobm prlcukibocl
pr lcukibocl su cbsiotbermkiûo (qubrmtioljisis). Bo iktilsis sb
b`pjbm mj 1,=%,
1,=%, jjbemocl hmstm bj 1,;% bo qubrmtlcbr`ims
qubrmtlcbr `ims pjmotmrbs.
pjmotmrb s.
Jm jmoljiom bs cb omturmjbzm jipû﬍jm, plsbb mkkilobs
mk kilobs b`ljibotbs, sljm l ioklrpl-
rmcm m jm fmsb ermsm
erms m cb jms b`ujsilobs flr`m uom pbjàkujm
pb jàkujm `ís l `bols lkjusivm
slnrb jm supbr﬍kib kutíobm,
kutí obm, mu`botmocl jm rbtbokiûo cb meum cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl
y prlplrkilomocl bjmstikicmc, hicrmtmkiûo, sumvicmc y ﬎bxinijicmc m jm pibj.
Jm urbm bs uo pltbotb hicrmtmotb, mj 31% tibob mkkilobs prltbioljàtikms klo jm
klosieuibotb ciserbemkiûo cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl, y pltbokim jms mkkilobs qubrm-
tljàtikms cbj íkicl rbtiolikl.
Bj bxkipibotb b`ljibotb L/U
L/U bs uom b`ujsiûo
b `ujsiûo krb`lsm klo mktivicmc hicrmtmotb,
jiebrm`botb lkjusivm y kls`étikm`botb mermcmnjb.
Bj prbpmrmcl trmosflr`m pibjbs xbrûsikms, iktiûsikms, hipbrqubrmtûsikms bo pibjbs
hicrmtmcms, bjístikms, ﬎bxinjbs y sumvbs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl m`mrijjbotl cb mspbktl krb`lsl mermcmnjb mj tmktl. Kls`étikm`botb
Kls`étikm`botb
su tmktl krb`lsl jb klo﬍brb uoms kmrmktbràstikms mermcmnjbs
mer mcmnjbs pmrm su mpjikmkiûo.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb sàocrl`bs iktiûsikls y qubrmtûsikls. Srmtm`ibotl cb jms qubrm-
tlcbr`ims pmj`lpjmotmrbs.

=6=

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr
Mpji kmr jm krb
krb`m
`m = m > vbkbs
vb kbs mj càm cur
curmotb
motb jm `mým
`mýmom
om y olkh
o lkhbb klo
k lo uo jieb
jiebrl
rl
`msmgb. [i sb mpjikmrm = vbz mj càm, sb hmrí plr jm olkhb cbspués cbj jmvmcl cbj
pib. Bo fuokiûo cb jms kmrmktbràstikms cb jm jbsiûo y bj kritbril cbj plcûjlel sb
utijizmrío clsis `ís l `bols mjtms cb íkicl rbtiolikl y cb urbm. Jm curmkiûo cbj
trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl rbtiolikl l cbrivmcls, msà kl`l m kumjquibrm cb jls
kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klo-
trmiocikmkilobs. Jm utijizmkiûo cb qubrmtljàtikls bo bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo
prlnjb`ms vmskujmrbs pbriférikls l mokimols, hm cb rbmjizmrsb nmgl supbrvisiûo
cbj plcûjlel, vmjlrmocl bo kmcm `l`botl y pmrm kmcm bofbr`l jm obkbsicmc
obk bsicmc
cb su usl. Ol utijizmr bo hbricms, qub`mcurms, ÷jkbrms l slnrb pibj brlsilomcm.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm. Bo lkmsil-
obs pubcb prbsbotmr
prbsb otmr irritmkiûo kutíobm, klo `mylr frbkubokim bo b o trmtm`ibotls
prljloemcls l bo kurms lkjusivms. Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms kbrkmoms m jls
lgls l `uklsms. Bvitmr bxplsikiûo cirbktm cb jm zlom trmtmcm mj slj l rmyls RVM
plr ribsel cb rbmkkilobs cb fltlsbosinijizmkiûo. Mjtms klokbotrmkilobs
klokbotrmk ilobs cb íkicl
rbtiolikl pubcbo prlcukir vbsikujmkilobs y jiebrms qub`mcurms si sb mpjikmo m pjikmo
slnrb zloms clocb jm kmpm kûrobm sb bokubotrm
b okubotrm cis`iouicm.
cis`iouicm. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr
rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(urtikm rim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbo- (
cbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmkiûo

• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbermsls.
• [bkmcl cb zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl bxtbociéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms rbm-
jizmocl uo jiebrl `msmgb.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim, uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klo-
sicbríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb iktilsis y qubrmtlcbr`ims pjmotmrbs
bo mcujtls, y sus kmrmktbràstikms kls`étikms slo mermcmnjbs.
=6>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm qubrmtlcbr`ims

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo cbj `lcus lpbrmoci utijizmrb`ls jms klokbotrmkilobs
`ís mjtms cb jls rmoels tbrmpéutikls iocikmcls, sibocl bxtrmpljmnjbs m ltrms
klokbotrmkilobs.
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Qljvl kristmjiol Jm urbm mj 31%
cb tm`mýl bs uo pltbotb qubrmtljàtikl
Rrb m 31% 31 e cb pmrtàkujms kmpmz cb rbolvmr jm
ermocbs qubrmtiom bpicér`ikm,
fíkij`botb mu`botmocl jm fjbxinijicmc
f jbxinijicmc
sljunjb bo meum. cb jm kmpm kûrobm.

Bj íkicl rbtiolikl
prlcukb uom jiebrm rbmkkiûo
iofjm`mtlrim klo bcb`m
jlkmj iotbrkbjujmr kmusmocl
Qljvl jm sbpmrmkiûo cb jms kéjujms
kristmjiol cb bpicér`ikms. Bj bxtrmktl kûrobl
SSrbtio
rbtiolào
làomm kljlr m`mrijjl sb mnjmocm y tibob juemr uom
(íkicl rbtiolikl) 1,;% 1,;e iotbosl bxfljimkiûo. Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo prbsbotm uom
fíkij`botb mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom
sljunjb bo kûrobm prlcukibocl su
mjklhlj. cbsiotbermkiûo (qubrmtioljisis).
Bo iktilsis sb b`pjbm mj 1,=%,
jjbemocl hmstm bj 1,;
1,;%
% bo
qubrmtlcbr`ims pjmotmrbs.
Jm jmoljiom bs cb omturmjbzm
jipûfijm, plsbb mkkilobs
[b`isûjicl b`ljibotbs, sljm l ioklrplrmcm m
klosistbotb jm fmsb ermsm cb jms b`ujsilobs
`mrrûo klo flr`m uom pbjàkujm `ís l `bols
J mo l j i o m 5% 5e tmktl ermsibotl, lkjusivm slnrb jm supbrfikib
fíkij`botb kutíobm, mu`botmocl jm rbtbokiûo
sljunjb bo cb meum cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl
prlcuktls y prlplrkilomocl bjmstikicmc,
ermsls. hicrmtmkiûo, sumvicmc
y fjbxinijicmc m jm pibj.
Mjklhlj
Mjkl hlj btàj
b tàjikl
ikl ks ks

b`ljibotb
Bxkipibotb
L/U =11e
ksp ksp =11e
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11e =11e

=6;

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl cb jm utijizmkiûo bo `mylr l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
iotbr`bcils (tbobr prbbjmnlrmcm jm b`ujsiûo L/U). Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub mklo-
sbgm`ls utijizmr pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb jm b`ujsiûo L/U bs bstm vmrimkiûo cbj kjísikl
bxkipibotb b`ljibotb plr su mjtm bxpbribokim
bxpbribok im cb usl bo bj í`nitl
í `nitl plcljûeikl.
FM[B E^M[M
Kbrm Jmobttb [X
Kl`plsikiûo7 `bzkjm bo flr`m cb cispbrsiûo kljlicmj cb =2%
=2%
91 pmrtbs cb kbrm Jmobttb
J mobttb L y =1
=1 pmrtbs cb uom `bzkjm cb
sujfmtls sûcikls cb mjklhljbs ermsls.
Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 5%
Qmrm﬍om jàquicm 5%
Qhboloip 1,62%

Jmoljiom mohicrm 5%
FM[B MKRL[M
Ejikbriom 2%
Bctm cisûcikl 1,;2%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

Jm ioklrplrmkiûo
ioklrplrmk iûo cb jls mktivls sb rbmjizmràm cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7
sieuib otb7 jm urbm cisubjtm bo
jm fmsb mkulsm4 jm trbtiolàom sb tibob qub cispbrsmr bo jm `àoi`m kmoticmc cb mjklhlj
b ioklrplrmr m jm b`ujsiûo uom vbz flr`mcm y bofrimcm. Bovmsmr bo tunl cb mju`ioil.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl klosistbotb cb kljlr m`mrijjbotl
m`mr ijjbotl fíkij`botb jmvmnjb klo meum.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
=63

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm qubrmtlcbr`ims

EBJ CB Q^LQIJBOEJIKLJ KLO ÍKICL [MJIKÀJIKL

Kl`plsikiûo
Qrlpijboejiklj 61%
Íkicl smjikàjikl 6%
Ebj kbjujûsikl hicrlmjklhûjikl ksp =11e

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl bs nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl, mcb`ís plsbb prlpibcmcbs
qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr cbj qubrmtiolkitl
qubr mtiolkitl
pbr`itibocl jm cbsmchbrbokim y cbskm`mkiûo cb jm kmpm kûrobm. Sm`niéo prb-
sbotm uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm
kûrob m prlcukibocl su cbsiotbermkiûo
(qubrmtioljisis).
Bj prlpijboejiklj bs uo hicrmtmotb klo mkkilobs hu`bktmotbs.
hu`bk tmotbs. Mj 61% `mkbrm jms
jbsilobs hipbrqubrmtûsikms
hipbrqubr mtûsikms pltbokimocl jm mkkiûo qubrmtljàtikm cbj íkicl smjikàjikl,
fmkijitmocl bj cbsprboci`ibotl cb jm kmpm kûrobm.
Bj ebj kbjujûsikl bs uo bxkipibotb ol ermsl klo mktivicmc hicrmtmotb, `uy merm-
cmnjb cb mpjikmr.
mpjikm r.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl cb klosistbokim ebj trmospmrbotb, cb ljlr kmrmktbràstikl klo tmktl
mermcmnjb y cb fíkij mnslrkiûo.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb jm hipbrqubrmtlsis
hipbrqub rmtlsis pmj`lpjmotmr. ]ubrmtlcbr`ims pjmotmrbs ol
bxmkbrnmcms.
Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm
Mpjikmr bj ebj
eb j = m > vbkbs
vbkb s mj càm. [i jm mpjikmkiûo
m pjikmkiûo bs = vbz mj
m j càm, sb rbmjizmrí
rbm jizmrí plr
jm olkhb. Bo fuokiûo cb jms kmrmktbràstikms hipbrqubrmtûsikms cb jm jbsiûo sb
utijizmrío clsis `ís l `bols mjtms cb íkicl smjikàjikl m ﬍o cb prlvlkmr jm `íxi`m
b﬍kmkim klo jm `bolr irritmkiûo plsinjb cb jm pibj pbrijbsilomj.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®. Mjbreim
mj prlpijboejiklj, msà kl`l m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Jm
utijizmkiûo cbj íkicl smjikàjikl bo bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo prlnjb`ms vmskujmrbs
pbrifériklsbo
vmjlrmocl l mokimols hm cb yrbmjizmrsb
kmcm `l`botl pmrm kmcmnmgl uo klotrlj
bofbr`l bstriktl
sicmc cbj
jm obkbsicmc
obkb plcûjlel,
cb su usl. Ol
utijizmr bo jbsilobs ÷jkbrmcms oi slnrb pibj qub`mcm.

=62

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb utijizm
klrrbktm`botb. [u priokipmj ioklovboibotb bs su pltbokimj irritmotb bo jm pibj
pbrijbsilomj. Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls.
Bxkbpkilomj`botb pubcb `moifbstmrsb cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl. Bo kmsl cb mpm-
rbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki

mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbermsls.
• Mpjikmkiûo
Mpjikmk iûo cirbktm
cirbk tm cbj prbpmr
prbpmrmcl,
mcl, prbfbrbotb`botb
prbfbr botb`botb klo jm pibj h÷`bcm,
h ÷`bcm,
bxtbociéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms rbmjizmocl uo jiebrl `msmgb.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o
sb e÷o pmutms iocikmcms l kritbril cbj
plcûjlel.

• [upri`ir ermcumj`botb bj trmtm`ibotl.

• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo Q
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim, uom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klosicb-
ríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl
trm tm`ibotl cb pmtljleàms xbrûsikms b hipbrqubrmtûsikms
pjmotmrbs, y sus kmrmktbràstikms kls`étikms slo `uy mermcmnjbs.

Me
 =66

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm qubrmtlcbr`ims

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo cbj `lcus lpbrmoci utijizmrb`ls jm `mylr klokbotrmkiûo cb
jm flr`ujmkiûo prlpubstm, sibocl bxtrmpljmnjb m kumjquibr
kum jquibr klokbotrmkiûo iofbrilr.
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl m
klokbotrmkilobs nmgms bs
nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl.
Qljvl kristmjiol njmokl
Íki cl
Íkicl Mj 6% bs qubrmtljàtikl
qub rmtljàtikl y
fíkij`botb sljunjb bo
smjikàjikl 6% 6e fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo cbj
mjklhlj y ol sljunjb bo
kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr cbj
meum.
qubrmtiolkitl,, prlcukibocl jm
qubrmtiolkitl
cbsmchbrbokim
cb jm kmpmy kûrobm.
cbskm`mkiûo
Bj prlpijboejiklj bs uo
hicrmtmotb klo mkkilobs
hu`bktmotbs. Mj 61% `mkbrm
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb cb
jms jbsilobs hipbrqubrmt
hipbrqubrmtûsikms
ûsikms
Qr l p i j b o e j i k l j 61% 61e cbosicmc pmrbkicm mj
pltbokimocl jm mkkiûo
meum.
qubrmtljàtikm
qubrmtljàt ikm cbj íkicl smjikàjikl,
fmkijitmocl bj cbsprboci`ibotl
cb jm kmpm kûrobm.

Mjk lhljj
Mjklhl Jàquicl trmospmrbotb
btàjikl 6% 6`j cb ljlr kmrmktbràstikl y
cbosicmc `bolr mj meum.

Bsmkràjikl,
uom `bzkjm cb pljà`brl
islpmrmfiom y uo
b`ujebotb. Bj [bpiebj
;12 tibob prlpibcmcbs
ebjifikmotbs. Jm islpmrmfiom
pbr`itb jm lntbokiûo cb
ebjbs ol trmospmrbotbs
[bpiebj ;12® ks pbrl klo kibrtm mfioicmc m
jls kl`plobotbs ermsls.
Bj b`ujebotb pbr`itb jm
lntbokiûo cb ebjbs sio
obkbsicmc cb obutrmjizmkiûo
oi cispbrsiûo klo `uy nmgms
klokbotrmkilobs cb
[bpiebj ;12®.

Meum puri
p urifik
fikmcm
mcm ksp =11e ksp =11e
=1 1e
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11e =11e

=65

@lcus lpbrmoci
Kjísikm`botb sb hmo utijizmcl ebji﬍kmotbs cb lriebo kbjujûsikl pmrm jm bjmnlrm-
kiûo cb bstms flr`ujmkilobs. Qlr oubstrm bxpbribokim prlfbsilomj y hmniéocljl
klosbosumcl
Bspmým klo bj jm
prlplob`ls Klosbgl Ebobrmj
utijizmkiûo cb Kljbeils
cb ebji﬍kmotbs L﬍kimjbs
mkràjikls, cbqub
cmcl Qlcûjlels cb
bj prlcuktl
﬍omj klosbeuicl bs uo sb`isûjicl `ís klosistbotb, bstmnjb y mermcmnjb,
mer mcmnjb, sibocl
tbrmpéutikm`botb `ís b﬍kmz pmrm bj pmkibotb plcljûeikl.

[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr cb 61`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplocibotb cb
íkicl smjikàjikl.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb mjklhlj y `bzkjmr.
QM[L ; Ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb prlpijboejiklj y klo uom vmrijjm `bzkjmrjl tlcl
hmstm lntbobr uom suspbosiûo ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L 3 Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr bj meum puri﬍kmcm obkbsmrim pmrm klo-
sbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb =11e, klotmocl qub obkb-
sitmrb`ls botrb uo > l 3% cb [bpiebj ;12 cbpbocibocl cbj jltb. M
klotioumkiûo meitmr klo bj uoeumtlr ® cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjlki-
cmc pmrm lntbobr bj ebj.
QM[L 2 Bovmsmr prbfbrbotb`botb bo uo tunl cb pjístikl prbkiotmcl.

[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl smjikàjikl
smjikàji kl klrrbsplocibotb.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb mjklhlj y `bzkjmr.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr
ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb prlpijboejiklj y jm kmo-
ticmc cb meum puri﬍kmcm4 klo uo pistijl `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr
uom suspbosiûo ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L 3 Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr botrb uo > l 3% cb [bpiebj ;12 cbpbo-
cibocl cbj jltb y `bzkjmrjl vielrlsm`botb klo jm myucm cbj pistijl
hmstm jm flr`mkiûo cbj ebj.
QM[L 2 Bovmsmr prbfbrbotb`botb bo uo tunl cb pjístikl prbkiotmcl.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl trmospmrbotb klosistbotb.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
=68

Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs pmrm
Ltljleàm
﬍surms pjmotmrbs
Jms eribtms y ﬍surms pjmotmrbs slo jbsilobs bo flr`m cb hbocicurm plkl prl-
fuocm qub sb flr`m bo jm pibj cb civbrsms pmrtbs
pmr tbs cbj kubrpl l bo jms `b`nrmoms
`uklsms cb jm `is`m.

Klo frbkubokim sb prbsbotmo

prbsbotm o bo bj pib, jlkmjizíoclsb hmnitumj`botb bo jls tmjlobs
y botrb jls cbcls, muoqub `ís rmrm`botb sb pubcbo boklotrmr bo b o kumjquibr zlom
plcmj. Qubcbo kl`pjikmrsb prlvlkmocl iofbkkilobs cbrivmocl bo kmsls bxtrb`ls
m kbjujitis y jiofmoeitis.

Mj bvmjum
b vmjumrr su
s u btiljleà
bt iljleàm,
m, plcb
p lcb`ls
`ls msbeu
m sbeurmr
rmr qub jms erib
eribtms
tms botr
botrbb jls
jl s cbcls
cb cls sb
mslkimo m prlkbsls cb mu`botl cb hu`bcmc bo jls bspmkils iotbrcieitmjbs, qub
olr`mj`botb mpmrbkbo bo kmsls cb mu`botl cb jm suclrmkiûo (hipbrhicrlsis).
Jm hu`bcmc `motboicm bo bj bspmkil iotbrcieitmj prlcukb uom `mkbrmkiûo cb jm
pibj, qub bo mjeuols kmsls bs klosbkubokim cbj `mj sbkmcl cb jls bspmkils y
qub pubcb cbrivmr bo iofbkkilobs f÷oeikms meucms.

Jm pibj sbkm plr fmjtm cb hicrmtmkiûo tm`niéo bs prlpbosm m bstb tipl cb jbsilobs,
tmotl bo jls bspmkils iotbrcieitmjbs kl`l fuocm`botmj`botb bo jls tmjlobs. Bj
usl cb kmjzmcl mnibrtl
mnibr tl plr bj tmjûo klotrinuyb m jm mpmrikiûo cb jms eribtms bo jls
tmjlobs, plr jl qub slo `ís frbkubotbs bo b o vbrmol y éplkm cb mjtms tb`pbrmturms,
clocb olr`mj`botb bj kmjzmcl bstí cbskunibrtl
cbsku nibrtl plr cbtrís. Sm`niéo bs frbkubotb
bstb tipl cb jbsilobs bo tmjlobs klo hipbrqubrmtlsis.

Jm kjàoikm cb bstms pmtljleàms vibob cb﬍oicm plr cljlr meucl bo jls bspmkils
iotbrcieitmjbs mj sbpmrmsb jls cbcls y bsklzlr mj mpjikmrsb meum kmjibotb. Bo jls
tmjlobs hmy cljlr mj mplyl, ym sbm cbskmjzl l klo kmjzmcl, b`pblrmocl klo jm
sbqubcmc kutíobm y bj slnrbpbsl.

Bj cimeoûstikl sb rbmjizm `bcimotb bj bxm`bo kjàoikl cb jms jbsilobs. Jm prbsbokim

cb rlturms jiobmjbs cb jm pibj jlkmjizmcms
jlkmjizmcm s bo jls tmjlobs l botrb jls cbcls sb pubcb
cimeolstikmr kl`l uom eribtm cér`ikm.
Bs i`plrtmotb rbjmkilomr jm mpmrikiûo cb jm eribtm klo kirkuostmokims fmvlrbkbcl-
rms cb jms `is`ms kl`l hu`bcmc bo jls bspmkils iotbrcieitmjbs l hipbrprbsiûo
y sbqubcmc bo jls tmjlobs.

Jms ﬍surms iotbrcieitmjbs mslkimcms m prlkbsls cb `mkbrmkiûo y hu`bcmc hmo cb

trmtmrsb ioikimj`botb klo motiséptikls y/l mstrioebotbs. Rom vbz kurmcm jm eribtm
cbnbrí trmtmrsb
trmtmr sb bj mu`botl cb jm suclrmkiûo y/l jms
jms jbsilobs f÷oeikms mslkimcms.

Jms eribtms jlkmjizmcms bo jls tmjlobs pubcbo sbr trmtmcms b﬍kmz`botb klo jms
flr`ujmkilobs qub sb cbtmjjmo, y uom vbz kbrrmcms hmy qub trmtmr jm sbqubcmc
cb jm pibj. Klo bj ﬍o cb bvitmr rbkicivms, sib`prb hmo cb nuskmrsb bj lriebo cb
bstms eribtms (prlnjb`ms nil`bkíoikls, hipbrhicrlsis, hipbrqubrmtlsis, xbrlsis,
 kmjzmcl iomcbkumcl,
iomcb kumcl, btk.).
btk.).

=51

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ﬍surms pjmotmrbs

[LJRKIÛO MKRL[M CB OIS^MSL CB QJMSM

Kl`plsikiûo
Oitrmtl cb pjmtm =%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp ;1`j

[ioûoi`ls
[ljukiûo mkulsm
mkuls m cb oitrmtl cb pjmtm
pj mtm mj =%.
=%.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj oitrmtl cb pjmtm tibob prlpibcmcbs motiséptikms mstrioebotbs kikmtrizmotbs, kmu-
tbrizmotbs y kíustikms. M jm klokbotrmkiûo
klok botrmkiûo cbj =%
=% prbsbotm bfbktls
bfbk tls kikmtrizmotbs
y motiséptikls, sibocl uo bxkbjbotb kmutbrizmotb.
Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb iokljlrl b iolclrl.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb eribtms y ﬍surms
﬍sur ms cljlrlsms slnrb jbsilobs
jb silobs hipbrqubrmtûsikms
pjmotmrbs.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr jm
jm sljukiûo
sljukiûo = m > vbkbs
vbkbs mj càm plr jm
jm `mýmom
`mýmom y olkhb `bcimotb piokbjmkiûo
bo jms eribtms. Jm curmkiûo
curmk iûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl,
bo ebobrmj bs su﬍kibotb klo 2-5 càms. Bj trmtm`ibotl sbrí prbvil m jm utijizmkiûo
cb krb`ms qubrmtljàtikms l quirlplcim.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m jms smjbs cb pjmtm.
pjmtm . Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms
klotrmiocikmkilobs.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m. Qubcb
prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls. Bvitmr
Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo
zloms kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms. Qubcb tbýir jm pibj cb kljlr
k ljlr pmrcl cb flr`m
tb`plrmj. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs
rbmkkilob s mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs
bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

=5=

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki

mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbboermsmotbs.

• [bkmcl klrrbktl cb jls `is`ls.

• Mpjikmk
Mpjikmkiûo
iûo cirbktm
cirbk tm cbj prbpm
prbpmrmcl
rmcl `bcimotb
`bc imotb piokbjmkiûo
piokb jmkiûo bo
b o jms eribtms
er ibtms l
fisurms.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bovmsmr bo frmskl tlpmkil klo piokbj l bspítujm mpjikmclrm.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, cb
ermo utijicmcl bo
quirlplcim uo bj trmtm`ibotl
trmtm`ibotl cb eribtms lQlr
qubrmtljàtikl. ﬍surms
bjjl,cljlrlsms qubprbvil
sib`prb sbrí ci﬍kujtmo uom
m bstms
tékoikms klo uom curmkiûo cb 2 m 5 càms.
=5>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ﬍surms pjmotmrbs

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc
pri`m % Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj oitrmtl cb pjmtm
Qljvl njmokl kristmjiol tibob prlpibcmcbs
fíkij`botb sljunjb motiséptikms,
bo meum. @mokhm mstrioebotbs,
klo `ukhm fmkijicmc kikmtrizmotbs,
Oitrmtl cb =% 1,;e supbrfikibs, tbgicls kmutbrizmotbs y
pjmtm y iostru`botmj, kíustikms.
prlvlkmocl `mokhms Mj =% prbsbotm
prbsbot m
oberms cifàkij`botb bfbktls kikmtrizmotbs y
ji`pimnjbs. motiséptikls, sibocl
uo bxkbjbotb
kmutbrizmotb.
Meum ksp ksp
purifikmcm ;1`j ;1`j
SLSMJ
SLSMJ ;1`j ;1`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Qbsmr bj oitrmtl cb pjmtm bo bj bovmsb ﬍omj cmcl su mjtl pltbokimj cb
`mokhmcl cb iostru`botmj y supbr﬍kibs.
QM[L > @bcir bo uom prlnbtm jm kmoticmc cb meum puri﬍kmcm y ioklrplrmrjm bo
bj bovmsb ﬍omj. Kbrrmr bj bovmsb y meitmr vielrlsm`botb.
QM[L ; Bovmsmr bo frmskl cb kristmj tlpmkil klo tmpûo bspítujm l kubotmeltms.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb
trmospmrb otb sio kljlr.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 =5;

EBJ CB Q^LQIJBOEJIKLJ

Kl`plsikiûo
Qrlpijboejiklj 61%
Ebj mkulsl ksp ;1`j

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj prlpijboejiklj tibob prlpibcmcbs hicrmtmotbs y hu`bktmotbs. M mjtms klokbo-
trmkilobs prbsbotm mkkilobs motiséptikms y kikmtrizmotbs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl trmospmrbotb,
trmospm rbotb, sio ljlr y ermsl mj tmktl. [b bji`iom fíkij`botb klo meum.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb eribtms y ﬍surms
﬍surm s cljlrlsms slnrb jbsilobs hipbrqubrmtûsikms
pjmotmrbs.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr
Mpji kmr bj ebj = m > vbkb
vb kbss mj
m j càm
c àm plr jm `mým
`mýmom
om y olkh
o lkhbb slnr
s lnrbb jms
j ms erib
eribtms
tms.. Jm
Jm
curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl, bo ebobrmj bs
su﬍kibotb klo 2-5 càms. Bj trmtm`ibotl sbrí prbvil m jm utijizmkiûo cb krb`ms
qubrmtljàtikms l quirlplcim.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj prlpijboejiklj. Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms
klotrmiocikmkilobs.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m. Qubcb
prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo
b o trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls. Bvitmr
Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo
zloms kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs
rb mkkilobs mjéreikms
(urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs
rbmk kilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y
klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.
=53

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ﬍surms pjmotmrbs

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbboermsmotbs.

• [bkmcl klrrbktl cb jls `is`ls.

• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj ebj bo jms eribtms l fisurms.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bovmsmr bo frmskl tlpmkil klo piokbj l bspítujm mpjikmclrm.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, cb
ermo utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb eribtms l ﬍surms cljlrlsms qub ci﬍kujtmo uom
quirlplcim
tékoikms klol uom
uo trmtm`ibotl
curmkiûo cbqubrmtljàtikl.
2 m 5 càms. Qlr bjjl, sib`prb sbrí prbvil m bstms
 =52

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc
pri`m % Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj prlpijboejiklj
bs uo hicrmtmotb klo
mkkilobs hu`bktmotbs.
Jàquicl Mj 61%
6 1% `mkbrm
`mkb rm
trmospmrbotb jms jbsilobs
Qr l p i j b o e j i k l j 61% =8e cb cbosicmc hipbrqubrmtûsikms
pmrbkicm mj meum. pltbokimocl jm mkkiûo
qubrmtljàtikm cbj íkicl
smjikàjikl, fmkijitmocl bj
cbsprboci`ibotl cb jm
kmpm kûrobm.
Bs uom `bzkjm cb pljà`brl
mkràjikl, islpmrmfiom y uo
b`ujebotb. Bj [bpiebj
;12 tibob prlpibcmcbs
ebjifikmotbs. Jm islpmrmfiom
pbr`itb jm lntbokiûo cb
[bpiebj ebjbs ol trmospmrbotbs, pbrl
;12 ® ks ks klo kibrtm mfioicmc klo jls
kl`plobotbs ermsls.
Bj b`ujebotb jlerm lntbobr
ebjbs sio obkbsicmc
cb obutrmjizmkiûo oi
cispbrsiûo klo `uy nmgms
klokbotrmkilobs cb [bpiebj
;12 ®.
Meum k sp ;1 =>e
purifikmcm
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11e =11e

@lcus lpbrmoci
Kjísikm`botb sb hmo utijizmcl ebji﬍kmotbs cb lriebo kbjujûsikl pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo
cb bstms flr`ujmkilobs. Qlr oubstrm bxpbribkim prlfbsilomj y hmniéocljl klosbo-
sumcl klo bj Klosbgl Ebobrmj cb Kljbeils L﬍kimjbs cb Qlcûjlels cb Bspmým
prlplob`ls jm utijizmkiûo cb ebji﬍kmotbs mkràjikls, cmcl qub bj prlcuktl ﬍omj
klosbeuicl bs uo sb`isûjicl `ís klosistbotb, `ís mermcmnjb y tbrmpéutikm`botb
tbrmpéutikm `botb
 `ís b﬍kmz pmrm bj pmkibotb plcljûeikl.

=56

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ﬍surms pjmotmrbs

[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr ® cb 31`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplocibotb

cb prlpijboejiklj.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr bj meum purifikmcm obkbsmrim pmrm
klosbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb ;1e, klotmocl qub obkb-
sitmrb`ls botrb uo > l 3% cb [bpiebj ;12 cbpbocibocl cbj jltb. M
klotioumkiûo meitmr klo bj uoeumtlr ® cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjlki-
cmc pmrm lntbobr bj ebj.
s.
QM[L ; Bovmsmr prbfbr
prbfbrbrinjb`b
brinjb`botb
otb bo uo tunl cb pjístikl l uol cb mju`ioil
prbkiotmcl.

o [i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

l
j QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb prlpijboejiklj.
m
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb meum puri﬍kmcm y klo
uo pistijl `bzkjmrjl.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr botrb uo > l 3% cb [bpiebj ;12,
cbpbocibocl cbj jltb, y `bzkjmrjl vielrlsm`botb klo jm myucm cbj
pistijl hmstm jm flr`mkiûo cbj ebj.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrbotb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl trmospmrbotb klosistbotb.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
=55
 Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs pmrm
Ltljleàm
cbr`mtl`iklsis
meucms(=)
 (=) Vbr mcb`ís mpmrtmcl cb fûr`ujms mstrioebotbs 9.>

M pbsmr
pb smr cbj cbsm
c bsmrrljjl
rrljjl cb oubvls
o ubvls y pltbotb
pltbotbss motif÷oeik
moti f÷oeikls,
ls, jm iokicb
iokicbokim
okim cb jms
jm s
iofbkkilobs plr hloels cb jm pibj hm icl mu`botmocl. Jms kmusms hmo cb nus-
kmrsb, bo pri`br juemr, bo bj bolr`b rbsbrvlril m`nibotmj cb bstls eér`bobs
qub, myucmcl plr bj iokrb`botl cbj trí﬍kl mérbl, hm fmkijitmcl jm i`plrtmkiûo m
Burlpm cb `iklsis trlpikmjbs motbs cbsklolkicms.

Bo sbeuocl tér`iol, sb vibob lnsbrvmocl uom `mylr suskbptinijicmc cb jm plnjm-

kiûo m jms `iklsis `uklkutíobms, ym sbm kl`l klosbkubokim
klosbkub okim cb uo iokrb`botl
cb jm iokicbokim cb cbtbr`iomcms pmtljleàms
pm tljleàms (cimnbtbs, jiofl`ms,
jiofl`ms, jbukb`ims, loikl-
`iklsis, mvitm`iolsis,
mvitm`iolsis, bstmcls cbsoutrikilomjbs ermvbs) l cb tbrmpims bspbkà﬍kms
kmcm vbz `ís jmrems y frbkubotbs (klrtiklicbs motiniûtikls, io`uolsuprbslrbs,
motiklokbptivls lrmjbs, btk.)
btk.)..

Slcms bstms kmusms, guotl m fmktlrbs klokl`itmotbs cb ribsel (hipbrhicrlsis, usl

cb gmnlobs mjkmjiols, bji`iomkiûo cbj `motl íkicl ermsl
erms l cb jm pibj, klotmktl klo
flkls klotm`iomotbs), ym sbmo iocivicumjbs l kirkuostmokimjbs, vmo m cbtbr`iomr
bj lriebo, frbkubokim y cbsmrrljjl cb jms iofbkkilobs `ikûtikms cb jm pibj.

Bj tér`iol pib cb mtjbtm merupm uo 98% iofbkkilobs kmusmcms plr hloel cbr`m-
tl﬍tls (Siobm pbcàs) pbrl bj >% rbstmotb
rbstmo tb cb mebotbs
mebotb s btiljûeikls slo jbvmcurms
jbvmcurm s
(Kmocicm mjnikmos) y nmktbrims,
nmktbrims, fuocm`botmj`
fuocm`botmj`botb
botb bstm﬍jlklkls, bstrbptlklkl
bstrbptlklklss y
sbucl`loms qub prlcukbo iofbkkilobs misjmcms, klokl`itmotbs l slnrbmýmcicms
m jm pri`brm.

Jms kmrmktbràstikms kjàoikms cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis plcmjbs klocikilomrío tmotl

bj trmtm`ibotl fmr`mkljûeikl kl`l jm bjbkkiûo cbj vbhàkujl, klo jm ﬍omjicmc cb
bvitmr rbkicivms y slnrbiofbkkilobs nmktbrimoms, bvitmocl frmkmsls tbrmpéutikls.

Jm cbr`mtl`iklsis iotbrtrieiolsm l iotbrcieitmj prbsbotm britb`m, ﬍surms y

cbskm`mkiûo iotbrcieitmj klo `mkbrmkiûo. [lo `ís kl`uobs b iotbosms bo bj
kumrtl bspmkil, pucibocl bxtbocbrsb m jls nlrcbs jmtbrmjbs y clrsl cbj pib klo
fubrtb kl`plobotb pruràtikl. Bo su flr`m sbkm prbcl`iom jm cbskm`mkiûo y bj
pruritl. [u flr`m h÷`bcm bstí mslkimcm m hipbrhicrlsis, prbsbotmocl bxfljimkiûo,
﬍surms, cljlr y `mkbrmkiûo klo ribsel cb iofbkkiûo nmktbrimom l plr kíocicms.

Jm cbr`mtl`iklsis meucm vbsàkujl-m`pljjlsm ebobrmj`botb vm mslkimcm m

hipbrhicrlsis, klo jlkmjizmkiûo uoijmtbrmj bo jm zlom pjmotmr y kmrm iotbrom cbj pib
klo flr`mkiûo cb vbsàkujms y m`pljjms. Bj britb`m y pruritl slo iotbosls y `uy
frbkubotbs, klo plsinjb slnrbiofbkkiûo plr [tmphyjlklkkus murbus. Bs obkbsmril
hmkbr uo cimeoûstikl cifbrbokimj cbskmrtmocl
cbskmr tmocl jbsilobs klo kjàoikm si`ijmr kl`l bj
 bkzb`m cishicrûtikl
nmktbrimoms meucl,
l cbr`mtitis pslrimsis
meucm pustujlsm, i`pétiel m`pljjlsl, pilcbr`ims
mjéreikm.

=81

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms

Jm cbr`mtl`iklsis ÷jkbrmtivm bs jm bxmkbrnmkiûo cb jm tiobm iotbrcieitmj. Mpmrb-

kbo ﬍surms cljlrlsms, brlsilobs y ÷jkbrms
÷jkbr ms iotbrcieitmjbs. Hmy prbsbokim cb iofbk-
kiûo erm`+ y bo lkmsilobs plr Qsbucl`loms mbrueiolsm. Bs `ís frbkubotb bo
bofbr`ls io`uolcbpri`icls, cimnétikls, klo pmtljleàm vmskujmr pbriférikm l bo
trmtm`ibotl klo kitlstítikls, pucibocl cbrivmr m jbsilobs ujkbrmtivms iotbrcieitmjbs
ermvbs cb cifàkij klotrlj.

Frbkubotb`botb bstb tipl cb cbr`mtl﬍tlsis vmo mkl`pmýmcms cb hipbrhicrlsis,

sibocl bj mebotb kmusmj Srikhlphytlo `botmerlphytbs vmribcmc iotb
iotbrci
rcieitm jb,
eitmjb
muoqub tm`niéo jl pubcb prlcukir Bpicbr`lphytlo ﬎lkklsu`.
 =8=

JIOI@BOSL ÛJBL-KMJKÍ^BL KLO @IKLOMWLJ

Kl`plsikiûo
@iklomzlj oitrmtl >%
Ûxicl cb kiok =1%
Jioi`botl ûjbl-km
ûjbl-kmjkírbl
jkírbl ksp =11e

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj `iklomzlj bs uo cbrivmcl i`icmzûjikl klo mkkiûo motif÷oeikm. Qrbsbotm uo
m`pjil bspbktrl, sibocl mktivl tmotl frbotb m cbr`mtl﬍t
cbr `mtl﬍tls
ls (@ikrlsplru`, Bpicbr-
`lphytlo, Sriklphytlo) kl`l m jbvmcurms (Kmocicms spp). Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo tibob kibrtm
kib rtm
mktivicmc frbotb m klkls plsitivls iokjuicls [tmphyjlklkkus murbus y [trbptl-
klkkus pylebobs.

Bj ûxiclcb
sbkmcl cb jbsilobs
kiok bs mnslrnbotb
bxucmtivms,cby bxucmcls y sbkrbkilobs
tibob bfbktlssbk rbkilobs kutíobms4
kutíob ms4
cbr`lprltbktlrbs, prlvlkm bj
motiséptikls
y mstrioebotbs sumvbs.
Bj jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl bs uom b`ujsiûo w/l jbkhlsm klo prlpibcmcbs hicrm-
tmotbs, sumvizmotbs y cbr`lprltbktlrms.
Bj prbpmrmcl tibob mkkilobs motif÷oeikms y mstrioebotbs, rbcukb jls bxucmcls
sbkmocl jms jbsilobs4 bji`iom bj britb`m, bj pruritl y jm io﬎m`mkiûo qub mkl`pmým
m jms jbsilobs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
B`ujsiûo njmokm cb klosistbokim jbkhlsm `uy mermcmnjb y rbfrbskmotb mj tmktl.
Mj mpj
mpjikm
ikmrsb
rsb slnr
slnrbb jm
j m pibj
p ibj cbgm uom ﬍om kmp
kmpmm njmoq
n jmoqubk
ubkiom,
iom, cbp
cbplsit
lsitíoc
íoclsb
lsb jls
priokipils mktivls.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb l cb flocl cb jms jbsilobs io﬎m`mtlrims, bxucmtivms,
kloebstivms cb btiljleàm f÷oeikm (cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms, kmocicimsis bxucmtivms,
tiobm pbcis iotbrtrieiolsm meucm,
meuc m, btk.).

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Meitmr bj prbpmrmc
prbpmrmcll motbs cb su mpjikmkiûo. Mpjikmr jm b`ujsiûo = m > vbkbs mj càm
plr jm `mýmom y olkhb `bcimotb mpjikmkiûo cirbktm slnrb jms jbsilobs. Bo kmsl
cb trmtm`ibotl
trmtm`ib otl klmcyuvmotb, jm curmkiûo
curmk iûo sbrí cb 5-=1
5-=1 càms, klotioumocl bj `is`l
klo fír`mkls motif÷oeikls cb m`pjil bspbktrl (krb`m plr jm olkhb y pljvl plr jm
 `mýmom) curmotb
sbrí cb ;-3 > ; sb`moms. Bo kmsl cb trmtm`ibotl cb nmsb ÷oikl, jm curmkiûo
sb`moms.

=8>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m jls cbrivmcls i`icmzûjikls, msà kl`l m kumjquibrm cb jls
kl`plobotbs cb jm flr`ujmkiûo.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm. Qubcb prbsbo-
tmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls. Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms
kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms. Qubcb sbkmr jm pibj bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls.
Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(ur tikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs motiséptikls prbfbrbotb`botb íkicls.
• [bkmcl klrrbktl cb jls `is`ls.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl
prbpmr mcl slnrb jms jbsilobs.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Meitmr bj prbpmrmcl motbs cb su mpjikmkiûo.
• Ioflr`mr mj pmkibotb qub jm cbsmpmrikiûo cb jm siotl`mtljleàm (pruritl,
britb`m, rbcukkiûo cbj bcb`m, sbkmcl cb jm jbsiûo, btk.) ol i`pjikm jm
kurmkiûo cb jm pmtljleàm y hm cb klotioumr bj trmtm`ibotl hmstm su bji`i-
omkiûo (;-3 sb`moms).

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
klosicbríocljl cb ermo utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms
bxucmtivms, rbcukibocl jm siotl`mtljleàm qub jms mkl`pmým rípicm`botb y bji-
`iomocl bj mebotb kmusmj si sb prljloem bj trmtm`ibotl hmstm jms ;-3 sb`moms.
Bo kmsl cb trmtm`ibotls
tr mtm`ibotls `ís klrtls,
klr tls, 5-
5-=1 càms (trmtm`ibotl ÷oikm`botb klmcyu-
vmotb),, hm cb kl`pjbtmrsb klo fír`mkls
vmotb) fír`mk ls motif÷oeikls cb m`pjil bspbktrl (krb`m
plr jm olkhb y pljvl plr jm `mýmom) curmotb > sb`moms `ís.
 =8;

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc
pri`m % Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj `iklomzlj bs uo
cbrivmcl i`icmzûjikl klo
mkkiûo fuoeistítikm. Qrbsbotm
Qljvl uo m`pjil bspbktrl, sibocl
@iklomzlj kristmjiol mktivl tmotl frbotb m cbr`mtlfitls
oitrmtl >% >e njmokl (@ikrlsplru`, Bpicbr`lphytlo,
fíkij`botb Sriklphytlo) kl`l m jbvmcurms
sljunjb bo (Kmocicm spp). Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo tibob
mjklhlj. kibrtm mktivicmc frbotb m klkls
plsitivls iokjuicls [tmphyjlklkkus
murbus
murbu s y [trbptlklkkus
obs.
pylebobs
pyleb

Bj ûxicl cb kiok bs mnslrnbotb

Qljvl njmokl cb bxucmcls y sbkrbkilobs
Ûxicl hmriolsl kutíobms4 prlvlkm bj sbkmcl
c b ki o k =1% =1e plkl sljunjb cb jbsilobs bxucmtivms, mcb`ís
bo meum y tibob bfbktls cbr`lprltbktlrbs,
mjklhlj. motiséptikls y mstrioebotbs
sumvbs.
E ji k b r lj Ks ks
Bj jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl
Jioi`botl ksp =11
11ee ksp =11
11ee bs uom b`ujsiûo U/L jbkhlsm
ûjbl-kmjkírbl klo prlpibcmcbs
sumvizmotbs hicrmtmotbs,
y cbr`lprltbktlrms.
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11e =11e

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl cb jm utijizmkiûo bo `mylr l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
prbpmr mcls
iotbr`bcils (tbobr prbbjmnlrmcl bj jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl). Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl
qub mklosbgm`ls utijizmr pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cbj jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl ci﬍brb
nmstmotb cb jm rbkl`bocmcm bo bj Flr`ujmril Omkilomj. Qlr oubstrm bxpbribokim
y hmniéocljl klosbosumcl klo bj Klosbgl Ebobrmj cb Kljbeils cb Qlcûjlels cb
Bspmým prlplob`ls supri`ir bj mkbitb cb jiomzm, qub tmotls prlnjb`ms prbsbotm,
y sustituirjl plr bj cb mj`bocrms
m j`bocrms cujkbs, utijizmocl bj íkicl ljbikl kl`l b`uj-
 ebotb. Bstm vmrimkiûo cm `ís bstmnijicmc mj prbpmrmcl
prbp mrmcl klo bxkbjbotbs rbsujtmcls
bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl.

=83

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms

Meum cb kmj 39%

Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 39%
Íkicl ljbikl >%

[b bjmnlrm `bcimotb jm iotbrplsikiûo cb jls trbs mktivls nmgl meitmkiûo fubrtb.

Jm ioklrplrmkiûo cb jls mktivls sb rbmjizmràm cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7

[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr tmrmcl cb =31 `j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplocibotb
cb `iklomzlj oitrmtl y ûxicl cb kiok.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb ejikbriom l cb vmsbjiom jàquicm
obkbsmrim pmrm flr`mr pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr bj jioi`
jioi`botl
botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl prbbjmnlrmcl
obkbsmril
obkbsm ril pmrm klosbeuir bj pbsl
pb sl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb =11e.
=11e. M klo-
®

tioumkiûo meitmr klo bj uoeumtlr cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjlkicmc.

QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrbotb`b
prbfbrbotb`botbotb bo uo frmskl klo tmpûo prbkiotm
prbkiotmcl
cl l nl`nm
clsi﬍kmclrm.

[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo
uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc
kmoticmc cb ûxicl cb kiok y `iklomzlj
`iklomzlj
oitrmtl klrrbsplocibotb.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb vmsbjiom jàquicm l ejikbriom
y klo uo pistijl `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o
eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr bj jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjk
ûjbl-kmjkírbl
írbl prbbjmnlrmc
prbbjmnlrmcll
obkbsmril pmrm klosbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb =11e bo cls
l trbs pmsls y `bzkjmrjl vielrlsm`botb klo jm myucm cbj pistijl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrbotb`b
prbfbrbotb`botb
otb bo uo frmskl klo tmpûo prbkiotm
prbkiotmcl
cl l nl`nm
clsi﬍kmclrm.
[i ol sb tibob bj jioi`botl prbbjmnlrmcl sb pubcb prlkbcbr
prlkb cbr cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7
sieuibotb7
b`pmstmr bj ûxicl cb kiok y bj `iklomzlj oitrmtl klo jm kmoticmc obkbsmrim
obkb smrim cb vmsbjiom
jàquicm bo bj flocl cb uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls. Ioklrplrmr boki`m
b oki`m jm pmrtb cb mkbitb
cb mj`bocrms, meum cb kmj y bj íkicl ljbikl. Meitmr vielrlsm`botb prbfbrinjb`botb
klo jm myucm cb uo meitmclr tipl turrmx®.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[uspbosiûo jbkhlsm cb kljlr njmoqubkiol. Bs uom b`ujsiûo cb fmsb bxtbrom ermsm
plkl bstmnjb. [i sb rl`pb sb pubcb flr`mr cb oubvl fíkij`botb meitmocl vielrlsm-
`botb bj bovmsb.
Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl
; `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

=82

JIOI@BOSL ÛJBL-KMJKÍ^BL KLO @IKLOMWLJ

@IKLOM WLJ Y EBOSM@IKIOM
EBOSM@IKIOM

Kl`plsikiûo
@iklomzlj >%
Ebotm`ikiom 1,>%
Hicrlklrtislom =%
Ûxicl cb kiok =1%
=1%
Jioi`botl ûjbl-km
ûjbl-kmjkírbl
jkírbl ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls
Ebotm`ikiom7 sujfmtl cb ebotm`ikiom.
Hicrlklrtislom7 hicrlklr
hicrlklrtislom
tislom nmsb.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj `iklomzlj bs uo cbrivmcl i`icmzûjikl klo mktivicmc motif÷oeikm. Qrbsbotm uo
m`pjil bspbktrl, sibocl mktivl tmotl frbotb m cbr`mtl﬍tls (@ikrlsplru`, Bpicbr-
`lphytlo, Sriklphytlo) kl`l m jbvmcurms (Kmocicms spp). Sm`niéo Sm`niéo tibob kibrtm
kib rtm
mktivicmc frbotb m klkls plsitivls, iokjuicls [tmphyjlklk
[tmphyjlklkkus mur bus y [trbptl-
kus murbus
klkkus pylebobs.
Bj ûxicl cb kiok bs uo mnslrnbotb cb bxucmcls y sbkrbkilobs kutíobms, prlcukb
bj sbkmcl cb jbsilobs bxucmtivms, prltbeibocl jm pibj. Sm`niéo prbsbotm mkkilobs
motiséptikms y mstrioebotbs sumvbs.
Jm ebotm`ikiom bs uo motiniûtikl m`iolejukûsicl cb m`pjil bspbktrl mktivl frbotb
m eér`bobs erm`+ (iokjuicl [tmphyjlklkkus murbus) y erm`‛ (iokjuicm Qsbucl-
mbrueiols m).
`lom mbrueiolsm
Jm hicrlklrtislom mj =% bs uo cbr`mtlklrtiklicb cb pltbokim nmgm qub rbcukb jms
rbmkkilobs cljlrlsms, britb`mtlsms, io﬎m`mtlrims y prurieiolsms qub mkl`pmýmo
m jm jbsiûo.
Bj jioi`botl
jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl bs uom b`ujsiûo
b `ujsiûo jbkhlsm klo prlpibcmcbs hicrmtmotbs,
sumvizmotbs y cbr`lprltbktlrms.
Bj prbpmrmcl tibob mkkilobs
mk kilobs motif÷oeikms y motinmktbrimoms, rbcukb jls bxucmcls,
sbkmocl jms jbsilobs y bji`iomocl bj britb`m, pruritl, cljlr b io﬎m`mkiûo qub
mkl`pmým m jms jbsilobs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
B`ujsiûo njmokm cb klosistbokim jbkhlsm `uy mermcmnjb y rbfrbskmotb mj tmktl.
Mj mpjikmrsb slnrb
slnrb jm pibj cbgm uom kmpm njmoqubkiom cbplsitíoclsb jls priokipils
 mktivls.

=86

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms
Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb jms jbsilobs io﬎m`mtlrims, bxucmtivms, kloebsti-
vms, prurieiolsms, cb btiljleàm f÷oeikm y/l nmktbrimom (cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms,
kmocicimsis bxucmtivms, tiobm pbcis iotbrtrieiolsm meucm, cbr`mtitis sbkuocmrims
`mkbrmcms). Bkzb`m cishicrûtikl bxucmtivl slnrbiofbktmcl. Bkzb`m meucl cb
klotmktl slnrbiofbktmcl.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Meitmr bj prbpmrmcl motbs cb su utijizmkiûo. Mpjikmr jm b`ujsiûo = m > vbkbs
vbkbs mj càm
plr jm `mýmom y olkhb `bcimotb mpjikmkiûo cirbktm
cirb ktm slnrb jms jbsilobs.
jbsilob s. Bo bj trmtm-
`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms slnrbiofbktmcms, jm curmkiûo
sbrí cb 2-5 càms, klotioumocl bj `is`l klo fír`mkls moti`ikûtikls cb m`pjil
bspbktrl (krb`m plr jm olkhb y pljvl curmotb bj càm curmotb >-; sb`moms). Bo
kmsl cb trmtm`ibotl cb bkzb`ms cishicrûtikl l cb klotmktl,
k lotmktl, plcrío prljloemrsb
hmstm jms cls sb`moms, klo rbcukkiûo ermcumj cb jms mpjikmkilobs
mpjikmkilob s l sbr sustituicl
plr krb`ms cb klrtiklicbs.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinjicmc m jls cbrivmcls i`icmzûjikls. Hipbrsbosinijicmc m jls motiniûtikls
m`iolejukûsicls, msà kl`l m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cb jm flr`ujmkiûo.
Ol utijizmr bo bofbr`ls klo tunbrkujlsis kutíobm. Ol utijizmr bo `ugbrbs b`nm-
rmzmcms l bo pbrilcl cb jmktmokim.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jms rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo slo plkl frbkubotbs b i`plrtmotbs.
Jms `ís i`plrtmotbs slo irritmkiûo y sbqubcmc kutíobm. @ukhl `ís rmrm`botb
pubcb mpmrbkbr7
mpmrbk br7 bstràms, hirsutis`l, mcbjemzm`ibotl cb jm pibj y p÷rpurm. Bj ribsel
cb mnslrkiûo sisté`ikm cbj cbr`lklrtiklicb bs príktikm`botb oujl, m pbsmr cb
bjjl hm cb hmkbrsb uom vmjlrmkiûo motbs cb utijizmrsb oiýls `bolrbs cb 6 mýls.
Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms. Bo kmsl cb mpm-
rbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.
Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm
mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs motiséptikls prbfbrbotb`botb íkicls.
• [bkmcl klrrbktl cb jls `is`ls.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl
prbpmr mcl slnrb jms jbsilobs.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Meitmr bj prbpmrmcl motbs cb sbr utijizmcl.
• Ioflr`mr mj pmkibotb qub jm cbsmpmrikiûo cb jm siotl`mtljleàm (pruritl,
 britb`m, cljlr, sbkmcl cb jm jbsiûo, btk.) bo jms jbsilobs f÷oeikms ol
i`pjikm jm kurmkiûo cb jm `is`m y hm cb klotioumr bj trmtm`ibotl hmstm su
bji`iomkiûo (;-3 sb`moms).

=85

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
klosicbríocljl cb ermo utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms
bxucmtivms, rbcukibocl jm siotl`mtljleàm
càms), kl`pjb`botíoclsb plstbrilr`botbqub
klojms mk l`pmýmcb
mkl`pmým
jm utijizmkiûo rípicm`botb (2-5
fír`mkls moti-
f÷oeikls cb m`pjil bspbktrl (krb`m plr jm olkhb y pljvl plr jm `mýmom). Bo
bj trmtm`ibotl cb bkzb`ms meucls bxucmtivls slnrbiofbktmcls sb prljloemrí
curmotb cls sb`moms, klo rbcukkiûo ermcumj cb jms mpjikmkilobs, y plcrí sbr
sustituicl plr prbpmrmcls kl`brkimjbs cb cbr`lklrtiklicbs.
=88

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc
pri`m % Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj `iklomzlj bs uo cbrivmcl
i`icmzûjikl klo mkkiûo
fuoeistítikm. Qrbsbotm uo m`pjil
Qljvl kristmjiol bspbktrl, sibocl mktivl tmotl frbotb
@iklomzlj njmokl m cbr`mtlfitls (@ikrlsplru`,
oitrmtl >% >e fíkij`botb Bpicbr`lphytlo, Sriklphytlo ) kl`l m
sljunjb bo jbvmcurms (Kmocicm spp). Sm`niéo tibob
mjklhlj. kibrtm mktivicmc frbotb m klkls plsitivls
iokjuicls [tmphyjlklkkus murbus y
[trbptlklkkus pylebobs.
Bj ûxicl cb kiok bs mnslrnbotb cb
Qljvl njmokl bxucmcls y sbkrbkilobs kutíobms4
Ûxicl =1% =1e hmriolsl plkl prlvlkm bj sbkmcl cb jbsilobs
cb kiok sljunjb bo bxucmtivms44 mcb`ís tibob bfbktls
bxucmtivms
meum y mjklhlj. cbr`lprltbktlrbs,, motiséptikls y
cbr`lprltbktlrbs
mstrioebotbs sumvbs.
Qljvl
Jm ebotm`ikiom bs uo motiniûtikl
m`mrijjbotl
m`iolejukûsicl cb m`pjil bspbktrl,
b spbktrl,
hmriolsl qub
Ebotm`ikiom 1,>% 1,>e cbnb eumrcmrsb
mktivl frbotb m eér`bobs erm`+
sujfmtl bo obvbrm.
(iokjuicl [tmphyjlklkkus murbus) y
erm`‛ (iokjuicm Qsbucl`loms
Fíkij`botb
mbrueiolsm
mbrue iolsm).
sljunjb bo meum.

Jm hicrlklrtislom mj =% bs uo
Qljvl njmokl cbr`mtlklrtiklicb cb pltbokim
Hicrlklrtislom =% =e hmriolsl `uy nmgm qub rbcukb jms rbmkkilobs
nmsb sljunjb bo cljlrlsms, britb`mtlsms,
b ritb`mtlsms,
mjklhlj. iofjm`mtlrims y prurieiolsms
qub mkl`pmýmo m jm jbsiûo.

E j i k b r lj ks ks
Bj jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl bs
Jioi`botl ksp ksp uom b`ujsiûo U/L jbkhlsm
ûjbl-kmjkírbl =11e =11e klo prlpibcmcbs hicrmtmotbs,
sumvizmotbs y cbr`lprltbktlrms
cb r`lprltbktlrms..
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11e =11e
 =89

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl cb jm utijizmkiûo bo `mylr l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
prbpmr mcls
iotbr`bcils (tbobr prbbjmnlrmcl
qub mklosbgm`ls utijizmr pmrm jmbjbjmnlrmkiûo
jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl).
cbj jioi`botlJm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl
ûjbl-kmjkírbl ci﬍brb
nmstmotb cb jm rbkl`bocmcm bo bj Flr`ujmril Omkilomj. Qlr oubstrm bxpbribokim
y hmniéocljl klosbosumcl klo bj Klosbgl Ebobrmj cb Kljbeils cb Qlcûjlels cb
Bspmým prlplob`ls supri`ir bj mkbitb cb jiomzm, qub tmotls prlnjb`ms prbsbotm,
y sustituirjl plr bj cb mj`bocrms
m j`bocrms cujkbs, utijizmocl bj íkicl ljbikl kl`l b`uj-
ebotb. Bstm vmrimkiûo cm `ís bstmnijicmc mj prbpmrmcl
prb pmrmcl klo bxkbjbotbs rbsujtmcls
bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl.

Meum cb kmj 39%

Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 39%
Íkicl ljbikl >%

[b bjmnlrm `bcimotb jm iotbrplsikiûo cb jls trbs mktivls nmgl meitmkiûo fubrtb.

Jm ioklrplrmkiûo cb jls mktivls sb rbmjizmràm cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7
[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7
QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr® tmrmcl cb =31`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbs-
plocibotb cb `iklomzlj oitrmtl, ûxicl cb kiok, ebotm`ikiom sujfmtl b
hicrlklrtislom.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb ejikbriom l cb vmsbjiom
jàquicm obkbsmrim pmrm flr`mr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr bj jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjk
ûjbl-kmjkírbl
írbl prbbjm-
nlrmcl obkbsmril pmrm klosbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb
=11e. M klotioumkiûo meitmr klo bj uoeumtlr ® cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m
vbjlkicmc.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrbotb`botb bo uo frmskl klo tmpûo prbkiotmcl l nl`nm
clsi﬍kmclrm.
[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7
QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb ûxicl cb kiok, `iklomzlj
oitrmtl, ebotm`ikiom sujfmtl b hicrlklrtislom.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb vmsbjiom jàquicm l eji-
kbriom y klo uo pistijl `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio
oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr bj jioi`botl ûjbl-km
ûjbl-kmjkírbl
jkírbl prbbjmnl
prbbjmnl--
rmcl obkbsmril
obkbsmr il pmrm klosbeuir bj pbsl
pb sl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb =11e
 bo cls l trbs pmsls y `bzkjmrjl vielrlsm`botb
vielrlsm`b otb klo jm myucm cbj pistijl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrbotb`botb bo frmskl klo tmpûo prbkiotmcl l nl`nm
clsi﬍kmclrm.

=91

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms

[i ol sb tibob bj jioi`botl prbbjmnlrmcl sb pubcb prlkbcbr cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7

sieuibotb7
b`pmstmr bj ûxicl cb kiok y bj `iklomzlj oitrmtl, ûxicl cb kiok, ebotm`ikiom
sujfmtl b hicrlklrtislom klo jm kmoticmc obkbsmrim
obkb smrim cb vmsbjiom jàquicm bo bj flocl
cb uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls. Ioklrplrmr boki`m jm pmrtb cb mkbitb cb mj`bocrms,
meum cb kmj y bj íkicl
í kicl ljbikl. Meitmr vielrlsm`botb prbfbrinjb`botb klo jm myucm
cb uo meitmclr tipl turrmx®.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
B`ujsiûo ﬎uicm cb klosistbokim jbkhlsm cb kljlr njmoqubkiol. Bs uom b`ujsiûo
cb fmsb bxtbrom ermsm plkl bstmnjb. [i sb rl`pb sb pubcb flr`mr cb oubvl
fíkij`botb meitmocl vielrlsm`botb bj bovmsb.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

; `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 =9=

SIOSR^M CB KM[SBJJMOI

Kl`plsikiûo
Fuksiom nísikm 1,3%
1,3%
Íkicl nûrikl 1,8%
Fbolj 3%
^bslrkiolj 8%
Mkbtlom 3`j
Mjklhlj 96± 8,2`j
Meum cbstijmcm ksp =11`j

[ioûoi`ls
^bslrkiolj7 rbslrk
rbslrkiom.
iom.
Fbolj7 íkicl féoikl.
Mjklhlj 96±7 mjklhlj btàjikl.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Mslkimki
Mslk imkiûo
ûo cb
c b motisé
m otiséptikl
ptiklss klo
k lo mkkiû
m kkiûoo nmktbr
nm ktbrikic
ikicmm y fuoe
fuoeikic
ikicm.
m. Sm`ni
m`niéo
éo prb
prb--
sbotm mkkilobs mstrioebotbs, motikloebtivms y motiio﬎m`mtlrims. Bj prbpmrmcl
tibob mkkilobs motif÷oeikms y motinmktbrimoms, rbcukb jls bxucmcls sbkmocl jms
jbsilobs4 bji`iom bj cljlr, bj britb`m, bj pruritl y jm io﬎m`mkiûo
io﬎m `mkiûo qub mkl`pmým m
jms jbsilobs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo cb ljlr kmrmktbràstikl, trmospmrbotb y cb kljlr `mebotm.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms, bxucmtivms, `mkbrmcms y klo plsi-
njb slnrbiofbkkiûo nmktbrimom. Srmtm`ibotl cb tiobm pbcàs iotbrtrieiolsm meucm.
Jbsilobs bkzb`mtlsms iotbrtrieiolsms slnrbiofbktmcms.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr jm sljukiûo = m > vbkbs mj càm plr jm `mýmom y olkhb `bcimotb mpjikmkiûo
cirbktm slnrb jms jbsilobs,
jb silobs, uo `àoi`l cb >= càms. Bo bj trmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb
cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms slnrbiofbktmcms, jm curmkiûo sbrí sb rí cb 2 -5 càms,
 klotioumocl
plr jm olkhb ybjpljvl
`is`lplrklo fír`mklscurmotb
jm `mýmom) moti`ikûtikls cb m`pjil bspbktrl (krb`m
>-; sb`moms.

=9>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cb jm flr`ujmkiûo. Hmstm bj
`l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jms rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo slo plkl frbkubotbs b i`plrtmotbs.
Jms `ís i`plrtmotbs slo7 irritmkiûo y sbqubcmc kutíobm. @ukhl `ís rmrm`botb
pubcbo mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs kl`l cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl. Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo
zloms kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms
(urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs
rbm kkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y
klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel. Siýb jm pibj cb kljlr rlsm-`mebotm cb flr`m tb`plrmj.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs motiséptikls prbfbrbotb`botb íkicls.
• [bkmcl klrrbktl cb jls `is`ls.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl
prbpmr mcl slnrb jms jbsilobs.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Siýb jm pibj cb kljlr rlsm-`mebotm cb flr`m tb`plrmj.
• Ioflr`mr mj pmkibotb qub jm cbsmpmrikiûo cb jm siotl`mtljleàm (pruritl,
britb`m, sbkmcl cb jm jbsiûo, btk.) bo jms jbsilobs f÷oeikms ol i`pjikm jm
kurmkiûo cb jm `is`m y hm cb
c b klotioumr bj trmtm`ibotl hmstm su
s u bji`iomkiûo
(;-3 sb`moms).

Vmjlrmkiûo
Jm sljukiûo cb Kmstbjjmoi prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y, klo b﬍kmkim cb`ls-
trmcm, bs `uy utijizm bo bj í`nitl
í `nitl moejlsmgûo bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb jms cbr`mtl`i-
klsis meucms4 jm kljlrmkiûo qub cbgm bo jms jbsilobs pubcb ji`itmr su usl.
 =9;

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

@mtbrim
pri`m Kmoticmc
% Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs

Qljvl kristmjiol vbrcb ^bmktivl cb

Fuksiom 1,3% 1,3e lskurl. [ljunjb bo meum jmnlrmtlril. Sm`niéo
2e/j m >2±K. [ljunjb bo sb jjm`m
btmolj ;1e/j. rlsmoijiom kjlrurl.

Qljvl kristmjiol, njmokl l Bs uo motiséptikl

Íkicl kmsi njmokl. [ljunjb cb m`pjil bspbktrl
nûrikl 1,8% 1,8e bo meum y btmolj klo mkkilobs
mj 96%. nmktbrilstítikms
y fuoeistítikms.

Kristmjbs l `msms Bj fbolj bs uo motiséptikl

kristmjioms, rlsms l
jiebrm`botb m`mrijjbotls
Fb o l j 3% 3e cbjikubskbotbs. [ljunjb
bo meum, `uy sljunjb bo
btmolj mj 96%.
y cbsiofbktmotb bfbktivl
klotrm nmktbrims erm`+
y erm`-, kibrtls virus y
mjeuols hloels, muoqub
plkl mktivl klotrm
bsplrms.

Qljvl kristmjiol l kristmjbs [b b`pjbm plr vàm

iokljlrls l jiebrm`botb tûpikm plr sus
eris-rlsíkbls qub sb prlpibcmcbs
motiséptikms,
^ b s l rk i o m 8% 8e vubjvbo rlgls
bxplobo mj mirbkumocl sb
y m jm juz. motif÷oeikms,
motipruràtikms,
@uy sljunjb bo meum y bo bxfljimtivms
btmolj mj 96% y qubrmtljàtikms.
Mkbtlomm
Mkbtlo 3`j 3`j Klmcyuvm
Klmc yuvmotb.
otb.
Mjk lhlj
Mjklhlj 8 ,2 ` j 8 ,2 ` j Motisépti
Moti séptikl
kl cb m`pji
m `pjill
btàjikl bspbktrl.
Meum ksp ksp
purifikmcm =11`j =11`j
SLSMJ
SLS MJ =11e =11e
=93

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb fuksiom, íkicl
nûrikl, rbslrkiolj y fbolj, y cisljvbrjls bo 61 `j cbj meum.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l vmsl cb prbkipitmc
prbkipitmcls
ls y uom vbz cisubjtls jls sûjicls ioklr-
plrmr jm mkbtlom y bj mjklhlj.
QM[L ; Bo uom prlnbtm ermcumcm vbrtbr jm
jm sljukiûo motbrilr y kl`pjbtmr hmstm
=11`j klo meum.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb sio prbkipitmcls y cb kljlr `mebotm. Bovmsmr bo frmskl
lpmkl l tlpmkil.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

; `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

 =92

JLKIÛO CB KJL^HIC^ÛXICL CB MJR@IOIL Y @IKLOMWLJ

Kl`plsikiûo
Kjlrhicrûxicl cb mju`ioil =2%
=2%
@iklomzlj oitrmtl >%
Mjmotlàom 1,2%
Jlkiûo nmsb Jmobttb ksp =11e

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj kjlrhicrûxicl cb mju`ioil tibob prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs,
ms trioebotbs, motiséptikms y mohi-
crûtikms, mkt÷m cis`iouybocl bj tm`mýl cbj plrl suclrmj plr prbkipitmkiûo cb
jms prltbàoms slnrb jm supbr﬍kib
supbr ﬍kib kbjujmr y bs `bols irritmotb qub su hl`ûoi`l bj
kjlrurl
plr cb mju`ioil. Bs cb ermo b﬍kmkim bo cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms y `mkbrmcms
hipbrhicrlsis.
Bj `iklomzlj bs uo cbrivmcl i`icmzûjikl klo mkkiûo motif÷oeikm. Qrbsbotm uo
m`pjil bspbktrl, sibocl mktivl tmotl frbotb m cbr`mtl﬍tls (@ikrlsplru`, Bpicbr-
`lphytlo, Sriklphytlo) kl`l m jbvmcurms (Kmocicms spp). Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo tibob kibrtm
k ibrtm
mktivicmc frbotb m klkls plsitivls iokjuicls [tmphyjlklkkus murbus y [trbptl-
klkkus pylebobs.
Jm mjmotlàom bs uo mebotb hicrmtmotb y kikmtrizmotb.
Jm jlkiûo nmsb Jmobttb bs uom b`ujsiûo ﬎uicm L/U klo prlpibcmcbs hicrmtmotbs,
sumvizmotbs y cbr`lprltbktlrms4 su nmgl klotboicl bo ermsms bvitm jm `mkbrmkiûo
cb jms jbsilobs.
Bj prbpmrmcl tibob mkkilobs motif÷oeikms y mstrioebotbs, rbcukb jls bxucmcls
sbkmocl jms jbsilobs4 bji`iom bj britb`m, bj pruritl y jm io﬎m`mkiûo qub mkl`-
pmým m jms jbsilobs. Bs cb ermo iotbrés bo cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms iotbrcieitmjbs
sbkuocmrims m hipbrhicrlsis.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
B`ujsiûo njmokm cb klosistbokim jbkhlsm `uy mermcmnjb y rbfrbskmotb mj tmktl.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb l cb flocl cb jms jbsilobs io﬎m`mtlrims, bxucmtivms,
kloebstivms cb btiljleàm f÷oeikm (cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms, kmocicimsis bxucmtivms,
tiobm pbcis iotbrtrieiols
iotbrtrieiolsmm meucm, btk..). Srmtm`ibotl
Srmtm`ibotl cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis
cb r`mtl`iklsis meucms
iotbrcieitmjbs sbkuocmrims m hipbrhicrlsis.
=96

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Meitmr bj prbpmrmc
prbpmrmcll motbs cb su mpjikmkiûo. Mpjikmr jm b`ujsiûo = m > vbkbs mj càm
plr jm `mýmom y olkhb `bcimotb mpjikmkiûo cirbktm slnrb jms jbsilobs. Bo kmsl
cb trmtm`ibotl
klotrmtm`ib otlmotif÷oeikls
fír`mkls klmcyuvmotb,cbjmm`pjil
curmk iûo
curmkiûo sbrí cb(krb`m
bspbktrl 5-=1 càms,
5-=1 plr jmklotioumocl bj `is`l
olkhb y pljvl plr jm
`mýmom) curmotb >-; sb`moms. Bo kmsl cb trmtm`ibotl cb nmsb ÷oikl, jm curmkiûo
sbrí cb ;-3 sb`moms.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m jls cbrivmcls i`icmzûjikls, msà kl`l m kumjquibrm cb jls
kl`plobotbs cb jm flr`ujmkiûo.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm. Qubcb prbsbo-
tmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls. Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms
kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms. Qubcb sbkmr jm pibj bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls.
Bo kmsl cb
`ítikms, mpmrbkbr
btk.) rbmkkilobs
suspbocbr mjéreikms
bj trmtm`ibotl (ur tikmrim,klo
(urtikmrim,
y klosujtmr britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs motiséptikls prbfbrbotb`botb íkicls.
• [bkmcl klrrbktl cb jls `is`ls.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl
prbpmr mcl slnrb jms jbsilobs.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

• Meitmr bj prbpmrmcl motbs cb su mpjikmkiûo.

• Ioflr`mr mj pmkibotb cb qub jm cbsmpmrikiûo
cbsm pmrikiûo cb jm siotl`mtljleàm (pruritl,
britb`m, rbcukkiûo cbj bcb`m, sbkmcl cb jm jbsiûo, btk.) ol i`pjikm jm
kurmkiûo cb jm pmtljleàm y hm cb klotioumr bj trmtm`ibotl hmstm su bji`i-
omkiûo (;-3 sb`moms).

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klo-
sicbríocljl
sicbrío cljl cb ermo utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms
meucm s bxu-
cmtivms, fuocm`botmj`botb jm iotbrcieitmjbs sbkuocmrims m hipbrhicrlsis4 rbcukb
jm siotl`mtljleàm qub jms mkl`pmým rípicm`botb, bji`iomocl bj mebotb kmusmj
si sb prljloem bj trmtm`ibotl hmstm jms ;-3 sb`moms. Bo kmsl cb trmtm`ibotls
 `ís fír`mkls
klo klr tls, 5-
klrtls, 5-=1
motif÷oeikls
càms (trmtm`ibotl
cb m`pjil
÷oikm`botb
bspbktrlklmcyuvmotb)
klmcy
(krb`m
uvmotb),
plr jm, hm
olkhb
cb kl`pjbtmrsb
y pljvl plr
jm `mýmom) curmotb > sb`moms `ís.

=95

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

@mtbrim
pri`m Kmoticmc
% Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Qljvl njmokl.
[b cisubjvb bo
Bj kjlrhicrûxicl cb mju`ioil
meum flr`mocl
prbsbotm mkkilobs mohicrûtikms,
cisljukilobs
motiséptikms y mstrioebotbs.
Kjlrhicrûxicl =2% =2e kljlicmjbs uo plkl
Bs cb ermo iotbrés
cb mju`ioil lpmjbskbotbs,
bo hipbrhicrlsis y bo
plkl sljunjb bo
cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms
btmolj, iosljunjb
kloebstivms.
bo prlpijboejiklj y
ejikbriom.
Qljvl njmokl l kmsi Bj `iklomzlj bs uo moti`ikûtikl
njmokl. @uy plkl cbj erupl cb jls i`icmzljbs klo kl o
@iklomzlj sljunjb bo meum, mkkiûo fuoeistítikm. Bs cb m`pjil
oitrmtl >% >e nmstmotb sljunjb bspbktrl, sibocl mktivl slnrb
bo `btmolj y plkl hloels cbr`mtlfitls y jbvmcurms.
sljunjb bo btmolj mj Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo tibob
ti bob kibrtm
kib rtm mktivicmc
mk tivicmc
96%. slnrb klkls erm`+.
Jm mjmotlàom tibob prlpibcmcbs
Qljvl kristmjiol, rbbpitbjizmotbs, kikmtrizmotbs,
njmokl l kmsi hicrmtmotbs y bs jiebrm`botb
jiebrm`b otb
Mjmotlào
Mjm otlàomm 1,2% 1,2e njmokl. Qlkl qubrmtljàtikm. Mkt÷m slnrb jm
sljunjb bo meum, prljifbrmkiûo kbjujmr bo bj
`uy plkl sljunjb bstrmktl kûrobl, mkbjbrmocl
bo btmolj mj 96%. jm kikmtrizmkiûo y bji`iomocl
tbgicls obkrûtikls.

Jlkiûo L/ U ksp =11e ksp

=11e
Sltmj =11e =11e

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl cb jm utijizmkiûo bo `mylr l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
prbpmr mcls
iotbr`bcils (tbobr prbbjmnlrmcm jm jlkiûo L/U).
L/U ). Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub mklo-
 sbgm`ls utijizmr
sikm jlkiûo nmsbpmrm
Jmobtjmtbbjmnlrmkiûo
Jmobttb cb jm jlkiûo cb
plr su mjtm bxpbribokim L/U bsbo
usl bstm vmrimkiûo
b j í`nitl
bj cb jm kjí-
plcljûeikl.

=98

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis meucms

FM[B E^M[M
Kbrm Jmobttb [X 6%

Kl`plsikiûo7 `bzkjm
91 pmrtbs cb kbrm bo flr`m
Jmobttb cb pmrtbs
L y =1 cispbrsiûo kljlicmj
cb uom `bzkjmcb
cb sujfmtls sûcikls cb mjklhljbs ermsls.
Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 2%
Qmrm﬍om jàquicm ;%
Qhboloip 1,62%
,
FM[B MKRL[M
Ejikbriom =1%
Bctm cisûcikl 1,;2%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

Jm ioklrplrmkiûo cb jls mktivls sb rbmjizmràm cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7 jm mjmotlàom y

bj kjlrhicrûxicl cb mju`ioil bo jm fmsb mkulsm4 bj `iklomzlj oitrmtl cispbrsmcl bo
l uom pbqubým pmrtb
pmr tb cb mjklhlj btàjikl, y ejikbrlj uom vbz b`ujsilomcms y bofrimcms
jms cls fmsbs.
s.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl klosistbotb
klosistbotb cb kljlr njmokl cb rípicm mnslrsiûo kutíobm y fíkij`bot
fíkij`botbb
jmvmnjb klo meum. Bovmsmr bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl l uol cb pjístikl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
=99
 Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs pmrm
cbr`mtl`iklsis
Ltljleàm
krûoikms y/l
xbrûsikms
Jms `iklsis qub `ís kl`÷o`botb mfbktmo m jls pibs slo jms sieuibotbs7

Cbr`mtl`iklsis tiýms7 kmusmcms

Bpicbr`lphytlo, lSriklphytlo plr hloels
y @ikrlsplru` pbrtbobkibotbs
, qub pmrmsitmo ym`btmnljizmo
jls eéobrls
bstrukturms qubrmtioizmcms (pibj l uýms), prlcukibocl jbsilobs kmrmktbrizmcms
plr7 britb`m, pruritl, cbskm`mkiûo, `mkbrmkiûo, hipbrqubrmtlsis, `mj ljlr, cis-
trl﬍ms uoeubmjbs, btk.

Kmocicimsis7 kmusmcms ebobrmj`botb plr jm jbvmcurm Kmocicm mjnikmos u ltrms

bspbkibs cb kíocicms, cb jlkmjizmkiûo smprû﬍tm bo jms `uklsms (lrlfmràoebm l
vmeiomj), pubcbo cbrivmr m uo bstmcl pmtûebol klo jbsilobs cér`ikms l uoeubmjbs
(pmrloiquim, iotbrtriel, floikl`iklsis) mj `lci﬍kmrsb su hínitmt plr suclrmkiûo,
`mkbrmkiûo kutíobm, lnbsicmc l sbr fmvlrbkicms plr bstmcls
bst mcls cb io`uolsuprbsiûo
l bofbr`bcmcbs kl`l jm cimnbtbs l vmskujlpmtàms pbriférikms.

^mrm`botb bo plcljleàm plcb`ls boklotrmr iofbkkilobs f÷oeikms supbr﬍kimjbs

kutíobms y cb jms uýms cb jls pibs prlcukicms plr hloels cbr`mtl﬍tls ol `ikbjim-
rbs, kl`l plr bgb`pjl cb jls eéobrls Mspbrei jjus, Fusmriu` l [klpujmrilpsis.
Mspbreijjus

Bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl, `ís cbj 98% cb iofbkkilobs f÷oeikms cér`ikms slo

prlcukicms plr hloels cbr`mtl﬍tls (Siobm pbcàs) y rmrm`botb plr jbvmcurms.

Jms cbr`mtl`iklsis krûoikms xbrûsikms, tm`niéo cbol`iomcms Siobm pbcàs bskm-

`lsm, sb kmrmktbrizmo plr prbsbotmr
prb sbotmr britb`m, ﬍surms y cbskm`mkiûo klo jlkmjizm-
kiûo bo bj kumrtl bspmkil iotbrcieitmj, pucibocl bxtbocbrsb m jls nlrcbs jmtbrmjbs
y clrsl cbj pib klo uo fubr
fubrtb
tb kl`plobotb pruràtikl. Jm iovmsiûo mklstu`nrm m
sbr nijmtbrmj y msi`étrikm. Jms írbms jbsilomcms `ubstrmo uo kljlr rlgl-rlsíkbl
cbnicl m uom jiebrm io﬎m`mkiûo. Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo prbsbotmo pbqubýms zloms bskm`lsms
cisb`iomcms. Kumocl bstm mfbktmkiûo lkupm tlcm jm pjmotm, bj tmjûo y jms zloms
iotbrcieitmjbs cb m`nls
m `nls pibs sb jb cbol`iomo "bo `lkmsào".
`lkmsào".

Botrb jls fmktlrbs cb ribsel cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis plcljûeikms cbstmkmrb`ls7

• @mkbrmkiûo. Hipbrhicrlsis.
• Lkjusiûo (kmjzmcl ol mcbkumcl).
• Hbricms bo jm pibj.
• Cbplrtistms.
• Vmrlobs.
 • Cbr`mtitis jlkmjbs (pslrimsis, bkzb`ms).

>1>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis krûoikms
y/l xbrûsikms
• Cbsoutrikiûo.
• Gmnlobs ol mcbkumcls (mjkmjiols).

• Io`uolcbfikibokims.
• Loikl`iklsis.
• Rsl iociskri`iomcl cb klrtiklicbs
klr tiklicbs y/l motiniûtikls tûpikls l sisté`ikls.
 >1;

K^B@M KLO DBSLKLOMWLJ, R^BM Y [MJIKÀJIKL

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl smjikàjikl 2-=1%
2-=1%
Rrbm =2->1%
Íkicl jíktikl 6%
Dbtlklomzlj >%
Cbxpmotbolj ;%
Krb`m ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls
Rrbm7 kmrnm`icm.
Cbxpmotbolj7 pmotbolj, mjklhlj pmotboàjikl, prlvitm`iom N2.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl mj 2-
2 -=1
=1%
% bs nmktbrilstítikl
nmktbr ilstítikl y fuoeistítikl, mcb`ís plsbb
p lsbb prl-
pibcmcbs qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl
kb `botl iotbrkbjujmr cbj qubrm-
tiolkitl, jm cbsmchbrbokim y cbskm`mkiûo cb jm kmpm kûrobm. Sm`niéo prbsbotm
uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm prlcukibocl su cbsiotbermkiûo
(qubrmtioljisis).
Jm urbm mj =2->1% bs uo pltbotb hicrmtmotb y jiebrl bxfljimotb, y pltbokim jms
mkkilobs qubrmtljàtikms cbj íkicl smjikàjikl.
Bj íkicl jíktikl tibob bfbktls motiséptikls y qubrmtljàtikls, y tm`nibo mkt÷m kl`l
rbstmurmclr cbj `motl íkicl ermsl cb jm pibj.
Bj
uodbtlklomzlj bs uosibocl
m`pjil bspbktrl, cbrivmcl i`icmzûjikl
mktivl klom cbr`mtl﬍tls
tmotl frbotb mkkilobs motif÷oeikms. Qrbsbotm
(@ikrlsplru` , Bpi-
cbr`lphytlo, Sriklphytlo) kl`l m jbvmcurms
jbvmcurms (Kmocicm spp).
Bj cbxpmotbolj bs uo mebotb hu`bktmotb, hicrmtmotbs y kikmtrizmotb, kmpmz kmpm z cb
rbebobrmr bj tbgicl bpicér`ikl ﬍surmcl plr jm xbrlcbr`im.
Bj bxkipibotb bs uom b`ujsiûo krb`lsm klo mktivicmc hicrmtmotb, kmpmz cb rbtb-
obr meum cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl prlplrkilomocl
pr lplrkilomocl bjmstikicmc, sumvicmc y ﬎bxinijicmc
m jm pibj. Kls`étikm`botb bs mermcmnjb cb mpjikmr. Bj prbpmrmcl tibob mkkiûo
motif÷oeikm pltbotb, mcb`ís cb bji`iomr jm siotl`mtljleàm xbrûsikm cb jms cbr`m-
tl`iklsis krûoikms sbkms, trmosflr`m tibobm pbcis xbrûsikm, iktiûsikm, bo pibjbs
smoms, jinrb cb hloels, hicrmtmcms, bjístikms, ﬎bxinjbs y sumvbs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
 [b`isûjicl njmokl cb mspbktl krb`lsl mermcmnjb mj tmktl. Kls`étikm`botb
su tmktl krb`lsl jb klo﬍brb uoms kmrmktbràstikms mermcmnjbs bo su mpjikmkiûo.

>13

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis krûoikms
y/l xbrûsikms
Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl Siobm pbcis krûoikm, sbkm,
sbkm , xbrûsikm l iktiûsikm. Cbr`mtl`iklsis krû-
oikms plr Kmocicms. Siobm pbcis bo `lkmsào.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr jm krb`m > vbkbs
vbkb s mj càm plr jm `mýmom y olkhb klo uo jiebrl `msmgb. Bo
fuokiûo cb jms kmrmktbràstikms
kmrmktbràstikm s cb jm jbsiûo sb utijizmrmo
utijizmrmo clsis `ís l `bols mjtms cb
jls mebotbs qubrmtljàtikls (urbm, íkicl jíktikl l íkicl smjikàjikl). Qubcb mpjikmrsb
bo kurms lkjusivms. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj
prlkbsl, pbrl bo ebobrmj ol `bols cb >= càms. [i sb lnsbrvm uom nubom bvlju-
kiûo, pubcb rbcukirsb jm clsis m uom mpjikmkiûo cimrim olkturom.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl
sm jikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®. Hipbr-
sbosinijicmc m jls cbrivmcls i`icmzûjikls, msà kl`l m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobo-
tbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj
b j `l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
k lotrmiocikmkilobs.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms
mcvbr sms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm. Bo lkmsilobs
pubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm, klo `mylr frbkubokim si sb mpjikm bo zloms
bxtbosms y curmotb tib`pl prljloemcl. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms
(urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs
rbm kkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y
klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki

mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs íkicls.
• [bkmcl cb zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl bxtbociéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms rbm-
jizmocl uo jiebrl `msmgb.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim y uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
bs cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb cbr`mtl`iklsis
cb r`mtl`iklsis sbkms, xbrûsikms bo mcujtls y
 oiýls, y sus kmrmktbràstikms
qubrmtljàtikls kls`étikms
pubcbo `lci﬍kmrsb slo mermcmnjbs.
bo fuokiûo Jms klokbotrmkilobs
cb jms obkbsicmcbs cb
cb jls `is`ls.

>12

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo
jls rmoels cbj `lcus
tbrmpéutikls lpbrmoci
iocikmcls, utijizmrb`ls
sibocl jmsmklokbotrmkilobs
bxtrmpljmnjb klokbotrm
kumjquibr kilobs `ís mjtms cb
ltrm klokbotrmkiûo.
klok botrmkiûo.

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl bs
nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl,
Qljvl kristmjiol
mcb`ís plsbb prlpibcmcbs
Íki cl
Íkicl njmokl fíkij`botb
qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo
smjikàjikl =1% =1e sljunjb bo mjklhlj
cbj kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr cbj
y ol sljunjb bo
qubrmtiolkitl, pbr`itibocl jm
meum.
cbsmchbrbokim y cbskm`mkiûo
cb jm kmpm kûrobm.
Qljvl kristmjiol
Jm urbm mj >1% prbsbotm bfbktls
cb tm`mýl
qubrmtljàtikls kmpmkbs cb rbolvmr
cb pmrtàkujms
R rb m >1% >1 e ermocbs jm qubrmtiom bpicér`ikm, cíocljb
fjbxinijicmc y bjmstikicmc m jm pibj y
fíkij`botb sljunjb
mu`botmocl su klotboicl hàcrikl.
bo meum.
Jàquicl
Bj íkicl jíktikl tibob jiebrms
trmospmrbotb cb
mkkilobs qubrmtljàtikms y, guotl m
Íkicl
Íki cl 6% 6e tmktl uotulsl.
jmktmtl sûcikl, mkt÷mo kl`l
jíktikl Fíkij`botb
hicrmtmotbs y rbstmurmclrbs cbj
sljunjb bo meum y
`motl íkicl ermsl cb jm pibj.
mjklhlj.
Bj dbtlklomzlj bs uo cbrivmcl
i`icmzûjikl klo mkkilobs fuoeistítikms.
Qljvl njmokl
Qrbsbotm uo m`pjil bspbktrl, sibocl
Db t l k l o m z l j >% >e hmriolsl
mktivl tmotl frbotb m cbr`mtlfitls
fíkij`botb sljunjb
(@ikrlsplru`
@ikrlsplru`,, Bpicbr`lphytlo
Bpicbr`lphytlo,,
bo mjklhlj. Sriklphytlo) kl`l m jbvmcurms
(Kmocicm spp).

Jàquicl `uy Bs jm prlvitm`iom N2 klo

visklsl. mkkilobs hicrmtmotbs, hu`bktmotbs
C b x p m otb o l j ;% ;e Fíkij`botb y kikmtrizmotbs.Sm`niéo sb jb hm
sljunjb bo meum y msieomcl prlpibcmcbs butrûfikms
bo btmolj. slnrb bj fljàkujl pijlsl.
 Bxkipibotb
krb`m L/U ksp =11
11ee ks
ksp
p =11
11ee
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11e =11e

>16

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis krûoikms
y/l xbrûsikms
@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms
`mobrm s
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl cb jm utijizmkiûo bo `mylr l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
prbpmr mcls
iotbr`bcils.
mklosbgm`ls(Sbobr
utijizmrprbbjmnlrmcm jm b`ujsiûo
pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb jmL/U.) Jm flr`ujmkiûo
b`ujsiûo L/U bs bstm`mrkl qub
vmrimkiûo
cb jm kjísikm krb`m nmsb Jmobttb plr su mjtm bxpbribokim cb usl bo bj í`nitl
plcljûeikl.

FM[B E^M[M
Kbrm Jmobttb [X
Kl`plsikiûo7 `bzkjm bo flr`m cb cispbrsiûo kljlicmj cb =3%
91 pmrtbs cb kbrm
kb rm Jmobttb L y =1 pmrtbs cb uom `bzkjm cb
sujfmtls sûcikls cb mjklhljbs ermsls.
Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 5%
Qmrm﬍om jàquicm 5%
Qhboloip 1,62%

FM[B MKRL[M
Ejikbriom 2%
Bctm cisûcikl 1,;2%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

Jm ioklrplrmkiûo
ioklrplr mkiûo cb jls mktivls sb rbmjizmràm cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7
sieuib otb7 jm urbm, bj íkicl
jíktikl y bj cbxpmotbolj bo jm fmsb mkulsm4 bj íkicl smjikàjikl bo jm fmsb ermsm, y
bj dbtlklomzlj cispbrsmcl bo uom pbqubým pmrtb pm rtb cb mjklhlj btàjikl y ejikbrlj uom
vbz b`ujsilomcms y bofrimcms jms cls fmsbs.
Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl klosistbotb
klosistbotb cb kljlr njmokl cb rípicm mnslrsiûo kutíobm y fíkij`bot
fíkij`botbb
jmvmnjb klo meum. Bovmsmr bo uo
u o tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl l uol cb pjístikl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 >15

K^B@M B@LJIBOSB KLO DBSLKLOMWLJ, EBOSM@IKIOM, R^BM Y ÍKICL

[MJIKÀJIKL

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl smjikàjikl 2-=1%
2-=1%
Rrbm =2->1%
Ebotm`ikiom 1,>%
Dbtlklomzlj >%
Srim`k
rim`kioljlom
ioljlom mkbtûo
mkbtûoicl
icl 1,==%
1,
Bxkipibotb b`ljibotb ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls
Rrbm7 kmrnm`icm.
Ebotm`ikiom7 ebotm`ikiom sujfmtl
sujf mtl.
Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl mj 2-=
2-=1%
1% bs nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl, mcb`ís plsbb
prlpibcmcbs qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr cbj
qubrmtiolkitl pbr`itibocl jm cbsmchbrbokim y cbskm`mkiûo cb jm kmpm kûrobm.
Sm`niéo prbsbotm uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm prlcukibocl su
cbsiotbermkiûo (qubrmtioljisis).
Jm urbm mj =2->1% bs uo pltbotb hicrmtmotb y jiebrl bxfljimotb, pltbokim jms mkkil-
mkkil -
obs qubrmtljàtikms cbj íkicl smjikàjikl.
Bj dbtlklomzlj bs uo cbrivmcl i`icmzûjikl klo prlpibcmcbs moti`ikûtikms. Qrb-
sbotm uo m`pjil bspbktrl, sibocl mktivl tmotl frbotb m cbr`mtl﬍tls (@ikrlsplru`,
Bpicbr`lphytlo, Sriklphytlo) kl`l m jbvmcurms
jbvmcurms (Kmocicm spp).
Jm ebotm`ikiom bs uo motiniûtikl m`iolejukûsicl cb m`pjil bspbktrl, mktivl
frbotb m eér`bobs
Qsbucl`loms erm`+).(iokjuicl [tmphyjlklkkus murbus) y erm`
mbrueiolsm erm`‛‛ (iokju
( iokjuicm
icm
Jm trim`kioljlom mkbtûoicl
mkb tûoicl mj 1,=
1,=% bs uo cbr`mtlklrtiklicb
cb r`mtlklrtiklicb cb pltbokim `bcim-
mjtm, qub rbcukb jms rbmkkilobs
rb mkkilobs cljlrlsms, britb`mtlsms, motiprurieiolsms b io﬎m-
`mtlrims mslkimcms m jm `iklsis.
Bj bxkipibotb b`ljibotb bs uom b`ujsiûo krb`lsm klo mktivicmc hicrmtmotb, jiebrm-
`botb lkjusivm, kmpmz cb rbtbobr meum cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl prlplrkilomocl bjms-
tikicmc, sumvicmc y ﬎bxinijicmc m jm pibj. Kls`étikm`botb
Kls`ét ikm`botb bs mermcmnjb cb mpjikmr.
Bj prbpmrmcl tibob mkkiûo motif÷oeikm y motinmktbrimom pltbotb,
pltbotb, mcb`ís cb bji-
`iomr jm siotl`mtljleàm xbrûsikm, britb`mtlsm, cljlrlsm y motiprurieiolsm cb jms
jbsilobs, trmosflr`m Siobm pbcis xbrûsikm b iktiûsikm, bzkb`ms sbkls cirhicrûtikls
slnrbiofbktmcls, cbr`mtitis krûoikms slnrbiofbktmcms bo pibjbs smoms, hicrmtmcms,
bjístikms, ﬎bxinjbs y sumvbs.
 Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl jiebrm`botb
jiebrm`botb m`mrijjbotl cb mspbktl
mspb ktl krb`lsl mermcmnjb mj tmktl. Kls-
`étikm`botb su tmktl krb`lsl jb klo﬍brb
klo﬍brb uoms kmrmktbràstikms mermcmnjbs
mermcm njbs bo su
mpjikmkiûo.

>18

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis krûoikms
y/l xbrûsikms
Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb Siobm pbcis sbkm, xbrûsikm l iktiûsikm, britb`mtlsms klo slnrbio-
fbkkiûo nmktbrimom. Bkzb`ms krûoikls sbkls, britb`mtlsls klo iofbkkiûo `ixtm.
Kmocicimsis kutíobms krûoikms slnrbiofbktmcms. Siobm pbcàs bo `lkmsào.
Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm
Mpjikmr jm krb`m > vbkbs
vbkb s mj càm plr jm `mýmom y olkhb klo uo jiebrl `msmgb. Bo
fuokiûo cb jms kmrmktbràstikms
kmrmktbràstikm s cb jm jbsiûo sb utijizmrío
utijizmrío clsis `ís l `bols mjtms cb
jls mebotbs qubrmtljàtikls (urbm y/l íkicl smjikàjikl). Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl
cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljuki
bvljukiûo
ûo cbj prlkbsl, pbrl bo ebobrmj ol `bols cb >= càms.
[i sb lnsbrvm
lnsbr vm uom nubom bvljukiûo, pubcb rbcukirsb jm clsis m uom mpjikmkiûo
cimrim olkturom.
Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®.
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m jls cbrivmcls i`icmzûjikls. Mjbreim m jls motiniûtikls m`i-
olejukûsicls (obl`ikiom, sisl`ikiom, tlnrm`ikiom, m`idmkiom, btk.), msà kl`l
mklolkbo
kumjquibrm
ltrmscbklotrmiocikmkilobs.
jls kl`plobotbs
k l`plobotbs Bvitmr
cbj prbpmrmcl.
su usl boHmstm bj `l`botl
b`nmrmzmcms ol sbbo
y `ugbrbs jb
pbrilcl cb jmktmokim.
^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jms rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo slo plkl frbkubotbs b i`plrtmotbs.
Jms priokipmjbs slo7 irritmkiûo y sbqubcmc kutíobm. @ukhl `ís rmrm`botb pubcbo
mpmrbkbr7 bstràms, hirsutis`l, mcbjemzm`ibotl cb jm pibj y p÷rpurm. Bj ribsel cb
mnslrkiûo sisté`ikm cbj cbr`lklrtiklicb bs príktikm`botb oujl, m pbsmr cb bjjl
hmy qub vmjlrmr su utijizmkiûo bo oiýls `bolrbs cb 6 mýls. Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo
zloms kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs
r bmkkilobs mjéreikms
(urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs
rbm kkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y
klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.
Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm
mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbermsls.
• [bkmcl cb zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl bxtbociéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms rbm-
jizmocl uo jiebrl `msmgb.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim y uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
bs cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb cbr`mtl`iklsis sbkms, xbrûsikms y bzkb`ms
krûoikls slnrbiofbktmcls plr ﬎lrm `ixtm, tmotl bo mcujtls kl`l bo oiýls, y
sus kmrmktbràstikms kls`étikms slo mermcmnjbs. Bo musbokim cb slnrbiofbkkiûo
nmktbrimom sb bji`iomrí cb jm fûr`ujm jm ebotm`ikiom. Jms klokbotrmkilobs cb
qubrmtljàtikls pubcbo `lci﬍kmrsb bo fuokiûo cb jms obkbsicmcbs cb jls `is`ls.

>19

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo cbj `lcus lpbrmoci utijizmrb`ls jms klokbotrmkilobs `ís
mjtms cb jls rmoels tbrmpéutikls iocikmcls.
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl bs
nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl,
Qljvl kristmjiol mcb`ís plsbb prlpibcmcbs
njmokl qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm jm
Íkic l
Íkicl =1% =1e fíkij`botb cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl
smjikàjikl sljunjb bo iotbrkbjujmr cbj qubrmtiolkitl
qub rmtiolkitl
mjklhlj y ol y pbr`itb jm cbsmchbrbokim
sljunjb bo meum. y cbskm`mkiûo cb jm kmpm
kûrobm.
Jm urbm mj >1% prbsbotm b
Qljvl kristmjiol bfbktls qubrmtljàtikls kmpmkbs
cb tm`mýl cb rbolvmr jm qubrmtiom
Rrb m >1% >1e cb pmrtàkujms bpicér`ikm, cíocljb
ermocbs fjbxinijicmc y bjmstikicmc m
fíkij`botb jm pibj y mu`botmocl su
sljunjb bo meum. klotboicl hàcrikl.
Bj dbtlklomzlj bs uo cbrivmcl
i`icmzûjikl klo mkkilobs
Qljvl njmokl fuoeistítikms. Qrbsbotm uo
hmriolsl m`pjil bspbktrl, sibocl mktivl
Dbtlklom zlj >% >e fíkij`botb tmotl frbotb m cbr`mtlfitls
sljunjb bo
mjklhlj. (@ikrlsplru`, Bpicbr`lphytlo,
Sriklphytlo ) kl`l m
jbvmcurms (Kmocicms spp).
Jm ebotm`ikiom bs uo motiniûtikl
Qljvl m`mrijjbotl m`iolejukûsicl cb m`pjil
hmriolsl bspbktrl, mktivl frbotb m
Ebotm`ikiom 1,>% 1,>e qub cbnb eér`bobs erm`+ (iokjuicl
sujfmtl eumrcmrsb bo [tmphyjlklkkus murbus) y
fràl. Fíkij`botb erm`‛ (iokjuicm Qsbucl`loms
sljunjb bo meum. mbrueiolsm
mbrue iolsm).
Jm trim`kioljlom mkbtûoicl mj
Qljvl njmokl 1,=% bs uo cbr`mtlklrtiklicb
hmriolsl cb pltbokim `bcim-mjtm qub
 SSrim
rim`kio
`kioljl
ljlom
om fíkij`botb
mkbtûoicl 1,=% 1,=e sljunjb bo rbcukb jms rbmkkilobs cljlrlsms,
britb`mtlsms, motiprurieiolsms
mjklhlj, iosljunjb b iofjm`mtlrims mslkimcms m
bo meum. jm jbsiûo.

>=1

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

cbr`mtl`iklsis krûoikms
y/l xbrûsikms

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls
Bxkipibotbs Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b
Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb

Jm jmoljiom bs cb omturmjbzm jipûfijm,

[b`isûjicl plsbb mkkilobs b`ljibotbs, sljm l
klosistbotb ioklrplrmcm m jm fmsb ermsm cb jms
`mrrûo klo b`ujsilobs flr`m uom pbjàkujm `ís
J m o lj i o m 5% 5e tmktl ermsibotl, l `bols lkjusivm slnrb jm supbrfikib
fíkij`botb kutíobm, mu`botmocl jm rbtbokiûo
sljunjb bo cb meum cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl
prlcuktls y prlplrkilomocl bjmstikicmc,
ermsls. hicrmtmkiûo, sumvicmc y fjbxinijicmc
f jbxinijicmc
m jm pibj.

E j i k brl j ks ks
Bxkipibotb ksp =11e ksp
b`ljibotb L/U =11e
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11e =11e

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl cb jm utijizmkiûo bo `mylr l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
iotbr`bcils (tbobr prbbjmnlrmcm jm b`ujsiûo L/U). Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub mklo-
sbgm`ls utijizmr pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb jm b`ujsiûo L/U bs bstm vmrimkiûo cbj kjísikl
bxkipibotbb b`ljibotb plr su mjtm bxpbribokim y b﬍kmkim bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl.
bxkipibot
FM[B E^M[M
,
Kbrm Jmobttb [X
Kl`plsikiûo7 `bzkjm
`bzkjm bo flr`m cb cispbrsiûo kljlicmj cb =2%
=2%
91 pmrtbs cb kbrm Jmobttb L y =1 pmrtbs cb uom `bzkjm
cb sujfmtls sûcikls cb mjklhljbs ermsls.
Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 5%
Qmrm﬍om jàquicm 5%
Qhboloip 1,62%
Jmoljiom mohicrm 5%

FM[B MKRL[M
, Ejikbriom 2%
Bctm cisûcikl 1,;2%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

>==

Jm ioklrplrmkiûo cb jls mktivls sb rbmjizmràm cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7

sieuibotb7 jm urbm cisubjtm
bo jm fmsb mkulsm y bj íkicl smjikàjikl
smjikàjikl pubcb cispbrsmrsb bo jm fmsb ermsm. Jm
trim`kioljlom mkbtûoicl, ebotm`ikiom sujfmtl y dbtlklomzlj sb tibob qub cispbrsmr
cispbrs mr
bo
vbzjmflr`mcm
`àoi`m kmoticmc
y bofrimcm.cb ejikbriom l prlpijboejiklj b ioklrplrmr m jm b`ujsiûo uom

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl klosistbotb cb kljlr m`mrijjbotl cb rípicm mnslrkiûo
mnslrk iûo kutíobm y fíkij-
`botb jmvmnjb klo meum.
Bovmsmr bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl
prb kiotmcl l uol cb pjístikl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicmc rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
>=>

Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs pmrm
Ltljleàm
cbr`mtl`iklsis
hipbrqubrmtûsikms
Jms cbr`mtl`iklsis krûoikms hipbrqubrmtûsikms bo ebobrmj kursmo klo mfbktmkiûo
cb m`nms pjmotms, nlrcbs jmtbrmjbs y tmjlobs klo hipbrqubrmtlsis `ís l `bols
prlouokimcm b iokjusl klo ﬍surms cljlrlsms4 tm`niéo slo frbkubotbs bj britb`m
y bj pruritl.
`ibotls [lo cb
tûpikls cifàkij `mobgl yprbkismocl
kl`brkimjizmcls, bo `ukhmsbjlkmsilobs
fûrrbsistbotbs
r`ujms
bsistbotbs
usl cb fûr`ujms m jls trmtm-
`meistrmjbs y/l
motif÷oeikls lrmjbs, sibocl cb bjbkkiûo jm tbrniom﬍om y bj itrmklomzlj.

Bs obkbsmril rbmjizmr uo cimeoûstikl cifbrbokimj

cifbrbokimj m ﬍o cb bvitmr ol klofuocirjm
klo jbsilobs si`ijmrbs kjàoikm`botb kl`l pslrimsis vujemr
vujemr,, bzkb`ms krûoikls (cb
klotmktl, mtûpikl, btk.),
btk.), bzkb`m krûoikl cishicrûtikl, qubrmtlcbr`ims, cbr`mtitis
pjmotmr guvboij.

Jm tbrmpim tûpikm hm cb nmsmrsb

nmsmr sb bo jm utijizmkiûo cb bxkipibotbs mohicrls jipû﬍jls
(tipl vmsbjiom) klo bj ﬍o cb lkjuir jm jbsiûo, mu`botmocl jm rbtbokiûo cb meum, bvi-
tmocl jm pércicm cb jm `is`m y fmkijitmocl jm pbobtrmkiûo cb jls priokipils mktivls.

Jls motif÷oeikls
qubrmtljàtikls qub sb utijikbo
b hicrmtmotbs (sib`prb
klo jm ﬍omjicmccbcbm`pjil bspbktrl)
cis`iouir hmo
bj tbgicl cb mslkimrsb
mslkimr sb m
hipbrqubrmtûsikl
qub sb mslkim m jm jbsiûo f÷oeikm, mu`botmocl mcb`ís jm hicrmtmkiûo cb jm `is`m.

M pbsmr
pbs mr cb
c b sbr klolki
klolkicms
cms plr
p lr tlcls,
tlcls , klosicbrm
klos icbrm`ls
`ls obkbsm
ob kbsmril
ril iocikmr
ioc ikmr mjeuom
mjeuomss
`bcicms cb hieiéoikl-smoitmr
hieiéoikl-smoitmrims
ims klo bj ﬍o
﬍o cb jlermr bj éxitl y bvitmr rbkicivms bo
bj trmtm`ibotl cb jms iofbkkilobs cér`ikms f÷oeikms cbj pib. [lo jms sieuibotbs7
• Rtijizmr gmnlobs íkicls (pH ;-2) pmrm `motbobr iotmktl bj `motl íkicl
ermsl prltbktlr kutíobl y bvitmr bj krbki`ibotl cb fjlrm f÷oeikm y/l nmk-
tbrimom ol smprûfitm.
• Rsmr kmjzmcl y kmjkbtào mcbkumcls klo bj fio cb bvitmr jm `mkbrmkiûo cb
jm pibj.
• Cbsiofbktmr klo rbeujmricmc tlmjjms, cukhms, jmvmnls, subjl cb vbstumrils, btk.
• Cbsiofbktmr bj kmjzmcl
km jzmcl mfbktmcl (mpjikmocl cirbktm`botb pljvl l mbrlslj
moti`ikûtikl l iotrlcukiéocljl bo uom nljsm cb pjístikl klo kl`pri`icls
l pljvl cb pmrmflr`mjcbhàcl
pmrmflr`mjcb hàcl curmotb 38-5> hlrms).
• Bj jmvmcl y bj sbkmcl cb pibs sb rbmjizmrí bo ÷jti`l juemr pmrm bvitmr
bxtbocbr jms `iklsis y sib`prb klo gmnlobs íkicls motiséptikls.
• Mirbmr bj `íxi`l plsinjb jls pibs. [lo cb utijicmc jls
jls nmýls cb slj.
• [bkmr jls pibs sio ljvicmr jms zloms iotbrcieitmjbs. [lo cb iotbrés jls sbkm-
clrbs cb pbjl.
• Bvitmr jm hipbrhicrlsis curmotb y cbspués cbj trmtm`ibotl motif÷oeikl.
 • M fio cb bvitmr rbkicivms y frmkmsls tbrmpéutikls, bj trmtm`ibotl cbnb rbm-
jizmrsb bj tib`pl iocikmcl, m÷o kumocl hmymo cbsmpmrbkicl
cb smpmrbkicl jls sàotl`ms
cbsmermcmnjbs qub jb prlcukàm jm jbsiûo.

>=3

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm cbr`mtl`iklsis
hipbrqubrmtûsikms
VM[BJIOM KLO KIKJLQI^LX Y ÍKICL [MJIKÀJIKL

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl smjikàjikl =1-=2%
=1-=2%
Kikjlpirlx >%
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb ksp 21e

[ioûoi`ls7
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb7 vmsbjiom, pmrm﬍om njmocm.
Kikjlpirlx7 kikjlpirlx ljm`iom.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl
prlpibcmcbs mj =1-=2%y fmkijitm
qubrmtljàtikms bs nmktbrilstítikl
jm cisljukiûoy fuoeistítikl,
cbj kb`botl mcb`ís plsbb
iotbrkbjujmr cbj
qubrmtiolkitl pbr`itibocl jm cbsmchbrbokim y cbskm`mkiûo cb jm kmpm kûrobm.
Sm`niéo prbsbotm uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm prlcukibocl su
cbsiotbermkiûo (qubrmtioljisis).
Bj kikjlpirlx bs uo cbrivmcl cb jms piricloms klo pltbotbs mkkilobs motif÷oeikms.
Qrbsbotm uo m`pjil bspbktrl, sibocl mktivl tmotl frbotb m cbr`mtl﬍tls (@ikrls-
plru`, Bpicbr`lphytlo, Sriklphytlo) kl`l m jbvmcurms
jbvmcurms (Kmocicm spp).
Jm vmsbjiom bs cb omturmjbzm jipû﬍jm y tibob mkkilobs lkjusivms slnrb jm supbr﬍kib
kutíobm, mu`botmocl jm rbtbokiûo cb meum cb jm pibj y bvitmocl jm pércicm cbj
klotboicl hàcrikl plr bj bfbktl cb `mkbrmkiûo cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl.
Bj prbpmrmcl trmosflr`m pibjbs klo cbr`mtl`iklsis pjmotmrbs hipbrqubrmtûsikms
bo pibjbs smoms, hicrmtmcms, bjístikms, ﬎bxinjbs y sumvbs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl njmokl cb mspbktl
m spbktl y tmktl uotlsl sio ljlr
ljlr.. Kls`étikm`botb, su tmktl
uotlsl y ermsl jb klo﬍brb uoms kmrmktbràstikms plkl mermcmnjbs bo su mpjikmkiûo
mpjikmkiûo,,
pbrl `uy b﬍kmkbs plr sus bfbktls lkjusivls.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb sàocrl`bs qub kursbo klo hipbrqubrmtlsis pjmotmrbs mslkimcms
m jbsilobs f÷oeikms. Cbr`mtl`iklsis hipbrqubrmtûsikm pjmotmr.
pjmotmr. @iklsis hipbrqub-
rmtûsikms cb kumjquibr jlkmjizmkiûo.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm.

Mpjikmr
Mpjik mr jm pl`mcm
p l`mcm =-> vbz mj
m j càm `mým
`mýmom
om y olkhb klo uo jiebrl
jie brl `msm
`msmgb.
gb. [i
[ i sb
mpjikmrm = vbz mj càm, sb hmrí plr jm olkhb cbspués cbj jmvmcl cbj pib.
Qubcb mpjikmrsb bo kurms lkjusivms.
Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl, pbrl ol
`bols cb >= càms.

>=2

Bo kmsl cb eribtms l ﬍surms pjmotmrbs pubcb plobrsb prbvim`botb jm sljukiûo

mkulsm cb oitrmtl cb pjmtm mj
m j =%
=% cbskritm
cbskr itm bo bj mpmr
mpmrtmcl
tmcl 9.5.
9.5.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl
sm jikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®. Hipbr-
sbosinijicmc mj kikjlpirlx y ltrms piricloms, msà kl`l m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`pl-
obotbs cbj prbpmrmcl.
Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
Jm utijizmkiûo cb qubrmtljàtikls bo bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo prlnjb`ms vmskujmrbs
pbriférikls l mokimols hm cb rbmjizmrsb nmgl supbrvisiûo cbj plcûjlel, sib`prb
rbmjizmocl klotrljbs bxhmustivls
bxhmustivls y vmjlrmocl bo kmcm `l`botl y pmrm kmcm k mcm
bofbr`l jm obkbsicmc cb su usl.
Ol utijizmr bo hbricms mnibrtms, `uklsms, qub`mcurms l slnrb pibj brlsilomcm.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm.
Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls, qub pubcbo
pltbokimrsb si sb rbmjizmo kurms lkjusivms.
Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(urtikm rim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.
Ol mslkimr m ltrls prlcuktls qubrmtljàtikls.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmkiûo

• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs íkicls.
• [bkmcl cb zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl bxtbociéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms rbm-
jizmocl uo jiebrl `msmgb.
Qubcb utijizmrsb,
• rmtljàtikm, si sb klosicbrm obkbsmril,
kurm lkjusivm. obkbsmr il, pmrm pltbokimr jm mkkiûo qub-
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• [i hmy eribtms l fisurms pjmotmrbs, pubcb mpjikmrsb prbvim`botb jm sljukiûo
mkulsm cb oitrmtl cb pjmtm mj =% (vbr mpmrtmcl 9.5) klo bj fio cb kmutbri-
zmrjms curmotb ;-2 càms.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbot
bxkbjbotbb tljbrmokim, uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
klosicbríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb jms cbr`mtl`iklsis hipbrqubrmtû-
 sikms tmotl
kumcrl, boobkbsmril
sbrí mcujtls kl`l bo oiýls.
rbmjizmr mcb`ísBouo
mcujtls, bo fuokiûo
f uokiûo
trmtm`ibotl
trmtm`ibot cb jm ermvbcmc
l klo motif÷oei
motif÷oeikls cb j
cbj
kls lrmjbs
(tbrniom﬍om l itrmklomzlj).

>=6

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm cbr`mtl`iklsis
hipbrqubrmtûsikms
IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^
Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

Qmrm cb
kiûo jm bxpjikmkiûo cbjprlpubstm,
jm flr`ujmkiûo `lcus lpbrmoci
siboclklebrb`ls
bxtrmpljmnjbbjmermcl mjtl klokbotrmkiûo
kumjquibr cb klokbotrm-
iofbrilr.
@mtbrim Kmoticmc
pri`m % Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Qljvl kristmjiol Bj íkicl smjikàjikl bs nmktbrilstítikl
njmokl y fuoeistítikl. Mj =2% tibob mcb`ís
Íkicl fíkij`botb prlpibcmcbs qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm
smjikàjikl =2% 5,2e sljunjb bo jm cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl
kb`b otl iotbrkbjujmr
mjklhlj y ol cbj qubrmtiolkitl, prlcukibocl jm
sljunjb
meum.bo cbsmchbrbokim y cbskm`mkiûo cb jm
kmpm kûrobm.

Qljvl njmokl Bj kikjlpirlx bs uo

kristmjiol cbrivmcl cb jms piricloms klo
fíkij`botb pltbotbs mkkilobs fuoeikicms.
Kikjlpirlx sljunjb bo Qrbsbotm uo m`pjil bspbktrl,
ljm`iom >% =e mjklhlj, sibocl mktivl tmotl frbotb m
plkl sljunjb cbr`mtlfitls (@ikrlsplru`,
bo meum y Bpicbr`lphytlo, Sriklphytlo)
cispbosmnjb bo kl`l m jbvmcurms
mkbitbs. (Kmocicm spp).

Qmrmfiom Jàquicl
jàquicm
(vmsbjiom =2% 5,2e trmospmrbotb
iokljlrl cb
jàquicm) tmktl uotulsl.

Jm vmsbjiom y bj mkbitb cb pmrmfiom

[b`isûjicl slo cb omturmjbzm jipûfijm qub
klosistbotb flr`mo uom pbjàkujm lkjusivm slnrb
klo jiebrm jm supbrfikib kutíobm, mu`botmocl
Vmsbjiom
Vmsbji om fijmotb
fi jmotb ksp 21e
21 e ksp 21e
21 e kljlrmkiûo jm rbtbokiûo cb meum cbj bxtrmktl
njmokm kûrobl y bvitmocl jm pércicm cbj
cb tmktl klotboicl hàcrikl plr su bfbktl
ermsibotl. cb lkjusiûo, cíocljb fjbxinijicmc y
sumvicmc m jm pibj.
SLSMJ
SLSMJ 21e 21e

>=5

@lcus lpbrmoci
[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr® tmrmcl cb 61`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplo-

klrrbsplo -
cibotb cb íkicl smjikàjikl y kikjlpirlx ljm`iom.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb vmsbjiom jàquicm y klo uom
vmrijjm `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb obkbsmr
obkbsmrim
im pmrm klo-
sbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb 21e. M klotioumkiûo meitmr
klo bj uoeumtlr® cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjlkicmc.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl smjikàjikl y kikjlpirlx
ljm`iom klrrbsplocibotb.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbr
`lrtbrll ioklrplr
ioklrplrmr
mr jm kmoticmc cb vmsbjiom jàquicm
jàquicm y klo bj
pistijl `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm
pms tm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jmjm vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb obkbsmrim pmrm klo-
sbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb 21e, bo cls l trbs pmsls, y
`bzkjmrjl vielrlsm`botb klo jm myucm
myu cm cbj pistijl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl njmokl uotlsl y klosistbotb.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
>=8

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm cbr`mtl`iklsis
hipbrqubrmtûsikms
VM[BJIOM KLO DBSLKLOM
DBSLKLOMWLJ,
WLJ, R^BM Y [MJIKÀJIKL

Kl`plsikiûo
Dbtlklomzlj >%
Íkicl smjikàjikl =1-=2
=1-=2%
%
Rrbm >1-;1%
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls7
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb7 vmsbjiom, pmrm﬍om njmocm.
Rrbm7 kmrnm`icm.
Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl mj =1-=2% bs nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl, mcb`ís plsbb
prlpibcmcbs
qubrmtiolkitl qubrmtljàtikms
pbr`itibocl jmycbsmchbrbokim
fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl
y cbskm`mkiûo cb jmiotbrkbjujmr cbj
kmpm kûrobm.
Sm`niéo prbsbotm uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm prlcukibocl su
cbsiotbermkiûo (qubrmtioljisis).
Jm urbm mj >1-;1% bs uo pltbotb hicrmtmotb y bxfljimotb, pltbokim jms mkkilobs
qubrmtljàtikms cbj íkicl smjikàjikl, cis`iouybocl jls bfbktls irritmotbs cbj `is`l
y klosieuibocl jm ciserbemkiûo cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl.
Bj dbtlklomzlj bs uo cbrivmcl i`icmzûjikl klo prlpibcmcbs moti`ikûtikms. Qrb-
sbotm uo m`pjil bspbktrl, sibocl mktivl
mk tivl tmotl frbotb m cbr`mtl﬍tls (@ikrlsplru`,
Bpicbr`lphytlo, Sriklphytlo) kl`l m jbvmcurms
jbvmcurms (Kmocicm spp).
Jm vmsbjiom bs cb omturmjbzm jipû﬍jm tibob mkkilobs lkjusivms slnrb jm supbr﬍kib
kutíobm, mu`botmocl jm rbtbokiûo cb meum cb jm pibj y bvitmocl jm pércicm cbj
klotboicl hàcrikl plr bj bfbktl cb `mkbrmkiûo cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl.

Bj
boprbpmrmcl trmosflr`m
pibjbs smoms, pibjbs
hicrmtmcms, klo cbr`mtl`iklssis
bjístikms, pjmotmrbs hipbrqubrmtûsikms
﬎bxinjbs y sumvbs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl njmokl cb mspbktl y tmktl uotlsl sio ljlr. Kls`étikm`botb, mj flr-
`mrsb uo jiplebj prbsbotm uo tmktl uotlsl y ermsl ol cbsmermcmnjb bo su mpji-
kmkiûo, klo bfbktls lkjusivls cb ermo iotbrés.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb sàocrl`bs qub kursbo klo hipbrqubrmtlsis pjmotmrbs mslkimcms
m jbsilobs f÷oeikms. Cbr`mtl`iklsis hipbrqubrmtûsikm pjmotmr.
pjmotmr. @iklsis hipbrqub-
rmtûsikms cb kumjquibr jlkmjizmkiûo.
Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm
Mpjikmrr jm pl`mcm
Mpjikm p l`mcm =-> vbkbs mj càm `mýmom y olkhb klo uo jiebrl `msmgb.
`m smgb. [i
[ i sb
mpjikm = vbz mj càm sb rbmjizmrí plr jm olkhb cbspués cbj jmvmcl y sbkmcl cbj pib.
Qubcb mpjikmrsb bo kurms lkjusivms.

>=9

Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiû bvljukiûoo cbj prlkbsl, pbrl

pb rl ol
`bols cb >= càms.
Bo kmsl cb eribtms l ﬍surms pjmotmrbs pubcb mpjikmrsb prbvim`botb jm sljukiûo
mkulsm cb oitrmtl cb pjmtm
pjmt m mj =%
=% cbskritm bo bj mpmrtmcl
mpmr tmcl 9.5,
9.5, curmotb ;-2 càms.
Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl
sm jikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®. Hipbr-
sbosinijicmc m jls cbrivmcls i`icmzûjikls, msà kl`l m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`pl-
obotbs cbj prbpmrmcl.
Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
Jm utijizmkiûo cb qubrmtljàtikls bo bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo prlnjb`ms vmskujmrbs
pbriférikls l mokimols hm cb rbmjizmrsb nmgl supbrvisiûo cbj plcûjlel, sib`prb
rbmjizmocl klotrljbs bxhmustivls
bxhmustivls y vmjlrmocl bo kmcm `l`botl y pmrm kmcm k mcm
bofbr`l jm obkbsicmc cb su usl.
Ol utijizmr bo hbricms mnibrtms, `uklsms, qub`mcurms l slnrb pibj brlsilomcm.

^bmkkilobs
Jm iokicbokimmcvbrsms
cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm.
Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls, qub pubcbo
pltbokimrsb si sb rbmjizmo kurms lkjusivms.
Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(urtikm rim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.
Ol utijizmr kloguotm`botb prlcuktls klo mkkilobs qubrmtljàtikms.
Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmkiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs íkicls.
• [bkmcl cb zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl bxtbociéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms rbm-
jizmocl uo jiebrl `msmgb.
• Qubcb utijizmrsb, si sb klosicbrm obkbsmril,
obkbsmr il, pmrm pltbokimr jm mkkiûo qub-
rmtljàtikm, kurm lkjusivm.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• [i hmy eribtms l fisurms pjmotmrbs, pubcb mpjikmrsb prbvim`botb curmotb
;-2 càms, jm sljukiûo mkulsm cb oitrmtl cb pjmtm mj =% (vbr mpmrtmcl 9.5)
klo bj fio cb kmutbrizmrjms.
Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbot
bxkbjbotbb tljbrmokim, uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
 bs cb ermotmotl
pjmotmrbs utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl
bo mcujtls cb jmsBo
kl`l bo oiýl. cbr`mtl`iklsis y `iklsis
mcujtls, bo fuokiûo cb jmbo ebobrmj
ermvbcmc
cbj kumcrl, sbrí obkbsmril rbmjizmr mcb`ís trmtm`ibotl klo motif÷oeikls lrmjbs
(tbrniom﬍om l itrmklomzlj).

>>1

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm cbr`mtl`iklsis
hipbrqubrmtûsikms
IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^
Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

Qmrm
cb jm jm bxpjikmkiûoprlpubstm,
flr`ujmkiûo cbj `lcussibocl
lpbrmoci utijiz mrb`ls
utijizmrb`ls
bxtrmpljmn
bxtrmpljmnjb bj ermclklokbotrmkiûo
jb m kumjquibr mjtl cb klokbotrmkiûo
iofbrilr.

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo
Vlju`b pbsmcm rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs

Qljvl kristmjiol yBjfuoeistítikl.

íkicl smjikàjikl bs
b s nmktbrilstítikl
Mj =2% tibob mcb`ís
njmokl prlpibcmcbs qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm
Íkicl =2% =2e fíkij`botb jm cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr
smjikàjikl sljunjb bo cbj qubrmtiolkitl, prlcukibocl jm
mjklhlj y ol
sljunjb bo meum. cbsmchbrbokim kmpmy kûrobm.
cbskm`mkiûo cb jm

Jm urbm mj ;1% bs uo pltbotb

Qljvl bo flr`m hicrmtmotb y bxfljimotb, pltbokim jms
Rrbm ;1% ;1e cb kristmjbs mkkilobs qubrmtljàtikms cbj íkicl
ermocbs `uy smjikàjikl, cis`iouybocl su plcbr
sljunjb bo meum. irritmotb.

Bj dbtlklomzlj bs uo cbrivmcl
Qljvl njmokl i`icmzûjikl klo mkkilobs
hmriolsl fuoeistítikms. Qrbsbotm uo m`pjil
Dbtlklom zlj >% >e fíkij`botb bspbktrl, sibocl mktivl tmotl frbotb
sljunjb bo m cbr`mtlfitls (@ikrlsplru`,
mjklhlj. Bpicbr`lphytlo, Sriklphytlo) kl`l
m jbvmcurms (Kmocicms spp).
Jàquicl
Qmrmfiom k. s k.s trmospmrbotb
jàquicm iokljlrl cb
tmktl uotulsl.
Jm vmsbjiom y bj mkbitb cb pmrmfiom
slo cb omturmjbzm jipûfijm qub
[b`isûjicl flr`mo uom pbjàkujm lkjusivm slnrb
Vmsbji om
Vmsbjiom klosistbotb klo jm supbrfikib kutíobm, mu`botmocl
fijmotb ksp =11e ksp =11e jiebrm kljlrmkiûo jm rbtbokiûo cb meum cbj bxtrmktl
njmokm cb tmktl kûrobl y bvitmocl jm pércicm cbj
ermsibotl. klotboicl hàcrikl plr su bfbktl
 cb lkjusiûo, cíocljb
y sumvicmc m jm fjbxinijicmc
pibj.
Sltmj =11e =11e

>>=

@lcus lpbrmoci
Kjísikm`botb sb hmo utijizmcl jmoljiom, kljbstbrlj, cbrivmcls
cbr ivmcls cb jm jmoljiom l tbo-
silmktivls tipl pljislrnmtls pmrm plcbr ioklrplrmr
ioklrplrm r jm urbm prbvim`botb cisubjtm bo
meum puri﬍kmcm bo jm nmsb ermsm (vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb), lntboibocl msà uo sb`isûjicl
plkl bstmnjb y klosistbotb.
Qlr oubstrm bxpbribokim prlfbsilomj y hmnibocl klosbosumcl klo bj Klosbgl
Ebobrmj cb Kljbeils cb Qlcûjlels cb Bspmým rbkl`bocm`ls jm rbmjizmkiûo cb
uo jiplebj, klosieuibocl msà uo sb`isûjicl `ís klosistbotb, `ís mermcmnjb pmrm
bj pmkibotb y cb ermo b﬍kmkim tbrmpéutikm (vbr mpmrtmcl 9.6).
[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L IOIKIMJ
Bjmnlrmkiûo cbj prbpmrmcl iotbr`bcil cb ebj cb urbm mj ;1% qub sbrvirí pmrm jm
ioklrplrmkiûo cbj rbstl cb prlcuktls
=) Cisljvbr bj ;1% cb urbm bo uo ;1% cb meum puri﬍kmcm klo jm myucm cb uo
meitmclr `meoétikl.
>) Ebji﬍kmr jm sljukiûo motbrilr klo
k lo uo 3% cb [bpiebj ;12®.

QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr cb =31`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplocibotb

cb íkicl smjikàjikl y dbtlklomzlj. Cispbrsmr bo jm `àoi`m kmoticmc cb
vmsbjiom jàquicm.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l
`is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr bj ebj cb urbm mj ;1% y klo uom vmrijjm
vmrijjm
`bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; M klotioumkiûo ioklrplrmr jm vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb obkbsmr
obkbsmrim
im pmrm klosbeuir
bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb =11e. Meitmr klo bj uoeumtlr® cls
`ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjlkicmc.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrbotb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl l bo uol
cb pjístikl.
[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplocibotb cb íkicl smjikàjikl

y dbtlklomzlj klo myucm cbj mkbitb cb pmrm﬍om (vmsbjiom jàquicm) y
b`pmstmr klo bj pistijl hmstm qub ol qubcbo eru`ls.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr bj ebj cb urbm mj ;1%.
QM[L ; M klotioumkiûo ioklrplrmr jm vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb obkbsmr
obkbsmrim im pmrm klosbeuir
bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb =11e bo cls l trbs
trb s pmsls y `bzkjmrjl
vielrlsm`botb klo jm myucm cbj c bj pistijl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
 [b`isûjicl njmokl uotlsl y klosistbotb.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

>>>

Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs pmrm
Ltljleàm
hbjl`ms
Jls hbjl`ms, tm`niéo klolkicls kl`l "lgls cb pljjl" l "kmjjls",
"kmjjls", sb plcràmo
cb﬍oir kl`l qubrmtlpmtàms klo o÷kjbl qub klrrbsplocb m uom prbsiûo iotbr`i-
tbotb cb jm pibj slnrb uo puotl ûsbl, qub klocikilom uom isqub`im
isqub `im bo jm kmpm
nmsmj cb jm bpicbr`is.

Btiljûeikm`botb, bj hbjl`m pubcb

Btiljûeikm`botb, pub cb prlcukirsb plr rbjibvbs ûsbls kl`l bxlstlsis
l klocrl`ms, plr cbflr`mkilobs ûsbms kl`l cbcls bo emrrm, plr jm mkkiûo
bxtbrom cbj kmjzmcl l plr prbsilobs klokrbtms slnrb zloms cbj pib kl`l jms
kmnbzms `btmtmrsmjbs. Jm isqub`im cb jm kmpm nmsmj cb jm bpicbr`is klojjbvm jm
qubrmtioizmkiûo cb jls qubrmtiolkitls bo cikhm kmpm y jm flr`mkiûo cb uo kjmvl
plr mku`ujmkiûo cb qubrmtiom cbscb bstm kmpm hmstm jm kûrobm.

Jm kjàoikm cbj hbjl`m prbsbotm uo boerlsm`ibotl cb tlcms jms kmpms cb jm bpi-

cbr`is klo uo kljlr nbie sunicl cb tlol y uo tmktl curl, sibocl cljlrlsls m jm
prbsiûo. Bstío nibo bokmpsujmcls y sb cistioeubo sus jà`itbs. Bj smnbr plpujmr
cikb qub sb msb`bgmo mj lgl cb uo mvb, cb mquà bj ol`nrb kl`l sb jbs klolkb.
Bj cimeoûstikl sb rbmjizm plr bj mspbktl qub tibob jm pibj cbnicl m su erlslr, m su
kljlr nbie sunicl cb tlol, plr bj mu`botl cb jm qubrmtiom bo jm zlom klo jm prb-
sbokim cb uo o÷kjbl kmsi sib`prb bo bj kbotrl cb jm qubrmtlpmtàm, bj kumj sb mprbkim
`bglr cbspués cbj klrtb jm`iomr cb jms kmpms supbr﬍kimjbs cb jm pibj y plr bj cljlr
qub sb prlcukb kumocl rbmjizm`ls uom prbsiûo cirbktm slnrb jm jbsiûo cér`ikm.

Bj trmtm`ibotl klosistb bo bj klrtb jm`iomr cb jms kmpms supbr﬍kimjbs cb jm qub-

rmtlpmtàm, jm boukjbmkiûo `bcimotb nisturà y jm prltbkkiûo cb jm zlom klo ﬍bjtrl
cb erlslr mcbkumcl.

Jm bji`iomkiûo cb jm kmusm qub jl prlvlkm bs fuocm`botmj pmrm qub ol sbm uom

jbsiûo rbpbtitivm bo uo klrtl bspmkil cb tib`pl4 bstl sb klosieub `bcimotb lrtbsis
cb sijiklom m `bcicm l slplrtbs pjmotmrbs cb cbskmrem.

Bo lkmsilobs hm cb rbkurrirsb
rbkur rirsb m jm kirueàm pmrm
pmr m bji`iomr jms bxlstlsis ûsbms l jls
smjibotbs qub jls prlvlkmo y klrrbeir jms cbflr`icmcbs, ym nibo sbmo cieitmjbs l
`btmtmrsmjbs.

Qlr bj ribel cb ÷jkbrmkilobs y qub`mcurms ol klotrljmcms (fuocm`botmj`botb

bo mokimols, pmkibotbs cimnétikls l klo iosu﬍kibokim kirkujmtlrim pbriférikm) ol
rbkl`bocm`ls flr`ujmkilobs qubrmtljàtikms bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb jls hbjl`ms.
 Jm fûr`ujm qub iokjui`ls tibob kl`l lngbtivl bj rbnjmocbki`ibotl cbj hbjl`m,
fmkijitmocl su cbsjm`iomkiûo y boukjbmkiûo.

>>3

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm hbjl`ms
JIKL^ CB QLSM[M

Kl`plsikiûo
Hicrûxicl
Hicrûxic l pltí
pltísikl
sikl =2%
=2%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp >1`j

[ioûoi`ls
[ljukiûo mkulsm
mkuls m cb hicrûxicl pltísikl
pltís ikl mj =2%.
=2%.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Jm sljukiûo mkulsm cb hicrûxicl pltísikl mj =2% tibobtibob prlpibcmcbs
prlpibcmcb s jiebrm`botb
kíustikms, sio mjkmozmr m cbstruir
cb struir bj tbgicl bpicér`ikl hipbrtrû﬍kl, jl qub rbnjmo-
cbkb y fmkijitm su bji`iomkiûo `bcimotb tékoikms quir÷reikms l quirlpûcikms.
Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb iokljlrm b iolclrm.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb prbvil m quirlplcim cb jls hbjl`ms l hipbrqubrmtlsis.
hipbr qubrmtlsis.
Jbsilobs vàrikms jiebrm`botb qubrmtûsikms qub prbkisbo
prb kisbo bji`iomkiûo quir÷reikm
plstbrilr kl`l bj `ljuskl klotmeilsl (@ljjusku` klotmeilsu`).

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr
Mpjikm
uols r jm sljukiûo
s ljukiûo
`ioutls c irbktm`botb
cirbkt
y rbmjizmr bjm`botb s lnrbquirlpûcikl
slnrb
trmtm`ibotl b j hbjl`m mklrrbsplocibotb.
bj trmtm r, cbgmr mktumr
trmtmr, mk tumr
Bo curmotb
cu
bj rmotb
kmsl
cb `ljuskls, bj trmtm`ibotl sb rbmjizmrí > vbkbs mj càm jls ;-3 càms motbs cb jm
bxtirpmkiûo cb jls `is`ls klo kukhmrijjm.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m mjeuol cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Ol utijizmr bo
hbricms mnibrtms, `uklsms, qub`mcurms l slnrb pibj brlsilomcm. Mktumj`botb
Mktumj`botb
ol sb jb klolkb ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm y cb plkm
p lkm
i`plrtmokim. Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo pibjbs sbosinjbs, qub pubcb
mu`botmr si sb mpjikm bo zloms bxtbosms y bo ermocbs kmoticmcbs. Bo kmsl cb
mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.)
suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

>>2

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmkiûo

• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl
prbpm rmcl slnrb jms jbsilobs.
• Cbgmr sbkmr y mktumr curmotb uols `ioutls.
• ^bmjizmr jms tékoikms quirlpûcikms l quir÷reikms cbsbmcms.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o kritbril cbj plcûjlel.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bovmsmr bo frmskl cb kristmj
k ristmj tlpmkil klo piokbj l vmrijjm pmrm su mpjikmkiûo.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj `mj cbol`iomcl "jiklr cb pltmsm" bs uo bxkbjbotb prbpmrmcl klo mktivicmc
mk tivicmc
cb`lstrmcm qub fmkijitm jm quirlplcim bo mqubjjls hbjl`ms l jbsilobs hipbr-
qubrmtûsikms curms y rbnbjcbs plr rbnjmocbki`ibotl cb jls `is`ls. Bj rmoel
cb klokbotrmkiûo
kmrmktbràstikms cbjbs cbj =1->1% bo fuokiûo cb jms obkbsicmcbs tbrmpéutikms y
pmkibotb.
>>6

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm hbjl`ms
IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^
Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

@mtbrim
pri`m Kmoticmc
% Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb

@msms njmokms l
kmsi njmokms, curms, Jm sljukiûo mkulsm cb
kristmjioms bo flr`m hicrûxicl pltísikl
pltísi kl mj =2%
cb vmrijjms, jbotbgms tibob prlpibcmcbs jiebrm`botb
Hicrûxicl l frme`botls kíustikms, sio mjkmozmr m
pltísikl =2% ;e irrbeujmrbs, cbstruir bj tbgicl bpicér`ikl
cbjikubskbotbs, hipbrtrûfikl, jl rbnjmocbkb y
hierlskûpikls. @uy fmkijitm su bji`iomkiûo `bcimotb
sljunjb bo meum, tékoikms quir÷reikms l
fíkij`botb sljunjb bo quirlpûcikms.
btmolj mj 96%.

Meum ksp >1`j ksp >1`

1`jj
purifikmcm
SLSMJ
SLSMJ >1`j >1`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Qbsmr bj hicrûxicl pltísikl bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls.
QM[L > Ioklrplrmr bo bj vmsl cb prbkipitmcls motbrilr
motbrilr bj 91% cb jm kmoti-
cmc tltmj cb meum puri﬍kmcm.
puri﬍kmcm . Klo jm myucm cb uo meitmclr `meoétikl,
`bzkjmr hmstm jm kl`pjbtm cisljukiûo cbj sljutl. Qubcb mkbjbrmrsb bj
prlkbsl mpjikmocl kmjlr.
QM[L ; Bo uom prlnbtm l bo bj bovmsb ﬍omj, si bstí ermcumcl,
ermcumcl, bormsmr hmstm bj
vlju`bo ﬍omj cbsbmcl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo frmskl cb kristmj tlpmkil klo piokbj, vmrijjm
mpjikmclrm l kubotmelmtms.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb iokljlrm b iolclrm.
Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl
6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

>>5
 Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs pmrm
Ltljleàm
vbrruems
Jms vbrruems slo tu`lrmkilobs nboieoms kirkuoskritms m jm pibj, prlcukicms plr
virus COM Qmplvmvirus, cb jls kumjbs bj ÷oikl pmtûebol pmrm bj hl`nrb y rbs-
plosmnjb cb jms vbrruems bs bj klolkicl kl`l virus cbj pmpijl`m hu`mol (VQH),
cbj kumjbjbxistbo
rbkinb ol`nrb`ís
cb cb >11 sbrltipls.
pmpijl`m. Kumocl jm
Smotl vbrruems mfbktmkiûo
kl`l bs bosbtbgicl
pmpijl`ms `uklsl
kjmsi﬍kmo bo
fuokiûo cbj tipl cb VQH y cb jm jlkmjizmkiûo cb jm iofbkkiûo.

Jms vbrruems cbj pib tm`niéo bstío kmusmcms

kmu smcms plr bj VQH. Jls pmplvmvirus
pmplvmvirus bstm-
njbkbo uom iofbkkiûo jàtikm, prlcukicm sljl bo jms kéjujms qubrmtioizmcms cbj bpi-
tbjil supbr﬍kimj, y kl`ibozmo jm rbpjikmkiûo bo jms kéjujms bspiolsms y bs `uy
iotbosm bo bj bstrmtl ermoujlsl.

Jms kmrmktbràstikms cb tlcm vbrruem vibobo cmcms bo pmrtb plr su `lrfljleàm4

bo tlcl pmpijl`m sb prlcukb uo boerlsm`ibotl cb jm kmpm pmpijmr bo bj qub
hmjjm`ls kmpijmrbs klo momstl`lsis mrtbrilvbolsms, tbr`iomkilobs obrvilsms
jinrbs y klrp÷skujls cbj tmktl cb @bissobr. Qlr bstl tlcms jms vbrruems vibobo
cb﬍oicms plr7
• Wlom hipbrqubrmtûsikm
hipbrqubrmtûsikm supbrfikimj
supbr fikimj prlcukicm kl`l cbfbosm cb jm pibj m
uom merbsiûo iotbrom cb jm kmpm pmpijmr.
• Sbgicl njmocl, mprbkiíoclsb pmpijms kl`l klju`oms cbnicl m jm hipbr-
trlfim cb jms `is`ms.
• Quotls oberls bo supbrfikib plr trl`nlsis cb jls kmpijmrbs cb jm kmpm
pmpijmr qub fíkij`botb smoermo mj sbr rmskmcls
rms kmcls klo nisturà y, bo lkmsilobs,
bsplotíobm`botb.
• Cljlr m jm prbsiûo vbrtikmj, pbrl fuocm`botmj`botb
fuocm`b otmj`botb m jm hlrizlotmj (pbjjiz-
km`ibotl), plr jm prbsbokim cb jms tbr`iomkilobs obrvilsms jinrbs y jm
hipbrtrlfim cb jls klrp÷skujls cb tmktl cb @bissobr.
• Bj pmkibotb bxpjikm qub tibob jm sbosmkiûo cb hmnbrsb
hmnbr sb kjmvmcl mjel y qub
mj iotbotmr `moipujmrjl pmrm bxtrmbrjl smoerm klo fmkijicmc.

Jms vbrruems vujemrbs l kl`uobs, pubcbo sbr ÷oikms ÷oik ms l `÷jtipjbs. [lo pípujms
﬍r`bs cb supbr﬍kib ruelsm y qubrmtûsikm. [u tm`mýl vmràm botrb =`` y =k`.
Krbkbo ermcumj`botb, mj priokipil slo cbj tm`mýl cb uom kmnbzm cb mj﬍jbr, klo
hipbrqubrmtlsis ciskrbtm, jism, nrijjmotb y trmosj÷kicms. Bo bj kursl cb sb`moms l
`bsbs mjkmozmo bj tm`mýl cb uom jbotbgm y sb hmkbo erubsms,
erub sms, pmpijmrbs, cb kljlr
oberl erisíkbl l pmrcl sukil, bstmocl pbrfbktm`botb cbji`itmcms.

Jms vbrruems pjmoms mfbktmo priokipmj`botb m oiýls y gûvbobs, klo `bolr prb-
vmjbokim m mcujtls. Mpmrbkbo pbqubýms pípujms `uy pjmoms cb botrb =-3``
rbclocms y lvmjmcms, y klo `bolr frbkubokim pljielomjbs cb kljlr m`mrijjl eri-
 síkbl l m`mrijjl m`mrrûomcl. [u supbr﬍kib bstí
b stí jiebrm`botb qubrmtioizmcm. M jm
pmjpmkiûo subjbo sbr
bj borlgbki`ibotl cb jm
iocikm k losistbokim
klosistbokim
rbmkkiûo cbsûjicm. [ucbj
rbkhm zl
rbkhmzl bvljukiûo hmkim
lremois`l jm io﬎m`mkiûo
frbotb mj pmpijl`my
virus, y bs rípicm`botb sbeuicm cb su rbsljukiûo sio cbgmr kikmtriz, muoqub tlcl
bjjl pubcb lkurrir bo bj trmoskursl cb vmrils `bsbs l mýls.

>;1

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems

Jms vbrruems pjmotmrbs tibobo kl`l

k l`l suntipls rbsplosmnjbs
rbsp losmnjbs bj
b j VQH =, >, 3 y 25.
25.
[b prbsbotm bo cls flr`ms kjàoikms,
kjàoikm s, jm `ís frbkubotb bs jm `i`brkim l boclfàtikm,
jlkmjizmcm bo puotls cb prbsiûo l zloms cb mplyl
m plyl `ís kl`÷o`botb bo bj motbpié.
S
jmm`niéo
prbsiûo.pubcbo bstmr rbpmrticms
[b prbsbotmo kl`l uomplr jm pjmotm
pjmkm cbj pibkirkuoskritm,
qubrmtûsikm iocbpbocibotb`botb cb
cisklicb klo
zlom kbotrmj puotbmcm bo oberl qub klrrbsplocbo m msms kmpijmrbs cijmtmcms
bo bj sbol cb jms pmpijms cér`ikms. Slcm jm jbsiûo sb bokubotrm rlcbmcm plr uo
bspbsl moijjl qubrmtûsikl, curl y njmoqubkiol si`ijmr m uo hbjl`m.

Jm ltrm flr`m kjàoikm slo jms vbrruems bxlfàtikms supbr﬍kimjbs, m `boucl `÷j-
tipjbs, slo plkl cljlrlsms y nmstmotb rbsistbotbs m jms tbrmpims hmnitumjbs klo
tbocbokim m rbkicivmr
rbk icivmr..

Kumocl jms vbrruems slo `uy ou`brlsms klmjbskbo bo pjmkms cb `mylr tm`mýl,
cmocl juemr m jms vbrruems bo `lsmikl.

Botrb uo 31
2 `bsbs, y uo
éstm 21%
bs jm cb vbrruems
bxpjikmkiûo cbsmpmrbkbo
cbj plsinjb éxitl cbbsplotíobm`botb motbs cb jls
mjeuoms tbrmpims (hl`blpmtàm,
(hl`blpm tàm,
kurmocbris`l, krbbokims psbuclrrbjieilsms).

Jms `lcmjicmcbs cb trmtm`ibotl slo vmrimcms, muoqub tlcms bjjms sb nmsmo

nms mo bo jm
cbstrukkiûo cbj mebotb kmusmj, cb jms kéjujms iofbktmcms y cb jm hipbrqubrmtlsis
qub jb mkl`pmým.

Jl icbmj y hmkim clocb km`iomo jms tbrmpims m÷o iokipibotbs bs m qub bj sistb`m
io`uoitmril jl rbmjikb klo jm `àoi`m mfbktmkiûo cb jls tbgicls smols mslkimcls.

Jm bjbkkiûo cbj `étlcl cb trmtm`ibotl bstmrí io﬎uicm plr jm jlkmjizmkiûo cb jms

vbrruems, su o÷`brl, tm`mýl, bxistbokim cb iofbkkiûo sbkuocmrim, iotbosicmc cbj
cljlr, bcmc, sbxl y jm histlrim cb trmtm`ibotls
trmtm `ibotls prbvils.
Botrb jms tékoikms ol fmr`mkljûeikms sb bokubotrm jm bxtirpmkiûo quir÷reikm, jm
bjbktrlklmeujmkiûo, jm tbrmpim jísbr, jm kriltbrmpim (kloebjmkiûo cb tbgicls), jm
tbrmpim fltlcioí`ikm utijizmocl íkicl 2-m`ioljbvujàoikl klo rbsujtmcls `ís nibo
plnrbs.

Jls trmtm`ibotls `ís plpujmrbs y qub rb﬎bgm`ls

rb ﬎bgm`ls m klotioumkiûo slo jls fmr`m-
kljûeikls, nmsmcls bo jm utijizmkiûo cb qubrmtljàtikls,
qubrmtljàtikls, kíustikls,
kíustikls, vbsikmotbs y
kitltûxikls
kitltûxikls sljls l bo mslkimkiûo.

Bo jms ÷jti`ms iovbstiemkilobs sb bstío b`pjbmocl priokipils mktivls io`uol-

`lcujmclrbs7
`lcujmclrb s7 cifbokipr
cifbokiprlom,
lom, i`iqui`lc tûpikls, ki`bticiom lrmj, iotbrfb
iotbrfbrûo
rûo mjfm
iotrmjbsilomj, mjeuol cbbobjjls
`uy bspbrmozmclrbs kl`lpjmotmrbs
vbrruems jm cifbokiprlom y bj i`iqui`lc klo rbsujtmcls
rbkmjkitrmotbs.

>;=

[LJRKIÛO CB EJRSM^MJCBHÀCL MJ >2%

Kl`plsikiûo
[ljukiûo mkulsm cb ejutmrmjcbhàcl mj >2
>2%
% >1 kk
^beujmr m pH 5,2.

[ioûoi`ls
Ejutmrjcbhàcl7 ejutmrmj.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj ejutmrmjcbhàcl bs uo cbsiofbktmotb klo mkkiûo ebr`ikicm cb m`pjil bspbktrl.
Jms sljukilobs slo mktivms bo `bcil obutrl (pH 5,2), jms sljukilobs kl`brkim-
jizmcms (mj >2-21%) prbsbotmo uo pH íkicl, sibocl `ukhl `ís bstmnjbs pbrl
plkl mktivms, plr bjjl bs obkbsmril tm`plomrjms m pH obutrl m ﬍o cb pltbokimr su
mkkiûo. Jm sljukiûo cb ejutmrmjcbhàcl mj >2% bs mktivm frbotb mj VQH iokjuicls jls
suntipls kmusmotbs cb jms vbrruems pjmotmrbs y pbriuoeubmjbs.
pbr iuoeubmjbs. Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo prbsbotm
bfbktls kíustikls sumvbs.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb iokljlrm cb ljlr kmrmktbràstikl pikmotb.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb vbrruems pbriuoeubmjbs.
p briuoeubmjbs. Srmtm`ibotl cb vbrruems pjmotmrbs bo
bo
`lsmikl. Srmtm`ibotl cb vbrruems pjmotmrbs l vujemrbs.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Qiokbjmr jls pmpijl`ms kmcm 38 hlrms, rbmjizmocl
rb mjizmocl uom kurm lkjusivm i`pbr`bmnjb
m ﬍o cb `mkbrmr jm jbsiûo pmrm mu`botmr bjb j bfbktl tbrmpéutikl cbj ejutmrmjcbhàcl.
Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí
cbpbocbr í cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl. Siýb tb`pl-
rmj`botb jms jbsilobs cb kljlr m`mrijjl-pmrcl.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m jls motiséptikls tipl mjcbhàcl iokjuicl bj flr`lj. Hmstm bj
`l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs. Hm cb rbmjizmrsb uo klotrlj
k lotrlj
 bspbkimj bo mokimols, oiýls, bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo vmskujlpmtàm pbriférikm l cb
kumjquibr ltrl tipl qub pubcm klojjbvmr ribsel bj trmtm`ibotl kíustikl bstmnjbkicl.

>;>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems
^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms
mcvbr sms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb mpjikm cb
flr`m klrrbktm. Qubcb prbsbotmr
prb sbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotl prljloemcl
l bo zloms kirkuocmotbs m jm jbsiûo si ol slo prltbeicms. Siýb tb`plrmj`botb
jm jbsiûo cb kljlr m`mrijjl-pmrcl. M cifbrbokim cb su hl`ûjlel bj flr`mjcbhàcl,
klo ejutmrmjcbhàcl rmrm`botb pubcb mpmrbkbr cbr`mtitis
cb r`mtitis cb klotmktl.
klotmktl. Bo kmsl
cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms,
btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Cbkmpmcl cb jm vbrruem, klo bji`iomkiûo cbj `íxi`l tbgicl hipbrqubrm-
tûsikl pmpijl`mtlsl plsinjb.
• Qrltbebr bj tbgicl kirkuocmotb m jls pmpijl`ms m fio cb bvitmr plsinjbs
qub`mcurms (uom nubom tékoikm bs usmr jmkm cb uýms obutrm, Vbrji` ; ®
l uo mpûsitl mcbkumcl).
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl
prbpmr mcl slnrb jms jbsilobs kmcm 38h.
• Jm pibj cb jm jbsiûo pubcb tl`mr uom kljlrmkiûo tb`plrmj m`mrijjl-pmrcm.
• ^bpbtir jm lpbrmkiûo bo fuokiûo cb jm bvljukiûo y bj kritbril cbj plcûjlel4
sib`prb sb rbmjizmrí uom ji`pibzm cbj tbgicl hipbrqubrmtûsikl pmpijl`m-
tlsl cbstruicl.
• Kunrir jm jbsiûo klo mpûsitl lkjusivl ol trmospirmnjb.
• Bvitmr bj klotmktl cbj prlcuktl klo `uklsms l pibj ol mfbktmcm.
• [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr bo frmskl tlpmkil cb kristmj prbfbrbotb`botb klo
piokbj l bspítujm mpjikmclrm.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bstmnijicmc `íxi`m cb >= càms.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim, uom nubom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
klosicbríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb vbrruems bo `lsmikl pjmotmrbs
l pbriuoeubmjbs plr su rbjmtivm`botb nmgm merbsivicmc.
 >;;

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

@mtbrim
pri`m Kmoticmc
% Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb

Bj ejutmrmjcbhàcl bs uo cbsiofbktmotb
klo mkkiûo ebr`ikicm cb m`pjil
bspbktrl. Jms sljukilobs slo mktivms
bo `bcil
`bci l obutrl (pH
( pH 5,2),
5,2), jms
sljukilobs kl`brkimjizmcms
(mj >2-21%) prbsbotmo uo pH íkicl,
sibocl `ukhl `ís bstmnjbs pbrl
[ljukiûo cb Jàquicl cb ljlr
plkl mktivms, plr bjjl bs obkbsmril
ejutmrmjcbhàcl >2% =1`j kmrmktbràstikl
tm`plomrjms m fio cb pltbokimr
y jiebrl kljlr
mj 21% `mrrûolsl. su mkkiûo. Sm`niéo prbsbotm
prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs y
mohicrûtikms plr jm cis`ioukiûo
cbj tm`mýl cbj plrl suclrmj cbnicl
m jm prbkipitmkiûo cb jms prltbàoms
slnrb jm supbrfikib kbjujmr. Qlr su
mkkiûo fuoeikicm y nmktbrikicm bs
`uy bfikmz bo nrl`hicrlsis.
nrl`hicrlsis.

Jàquicl
trmospmrbotb
Sribtmoljm
Sribtmo ljm`io
`iomm ks ks `ís cbosl qub ^beujmclr cbj pH.
bj meum.
Meum k s p >1 ` j k s p >1 ` j
purifikmcm
SLSMJ
SLSMJ >1`j >1`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls cbplsitmr jm kmoticmc cb ejutmrmjcbhàcl y
cb meum puri﬍kmcm `bcicl klo prlnbtm prbvim`botb y `bzkjmr klo
uom vmrijjm cb vicril.
QM[L > @bcimotb uom tirm cb pH l uo pH`btrl rbeujmr m pH 5,2 5,2 klo jm ioklr-
ioklr-
plrmkiûo eltm m eltm cb tribtmoljm`iom.
QM[L ; Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo frmskl cb kristmj tlpmkil klo vmrijjm mpjikmclrm.
 Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb klo jiebrm kljlrmkiûo m`mrijjbotm.
Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl
6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

>;3

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems
KLJLCIÛO CB ÍKICL [MJIKÀJIKL, JÍKSIKL Y MKÉSIKL

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl smjikàjikl >1->2%
>1->2%
Íkicl jíktikl >1->2%
>1->2%
Íkicl mkétikl =1->1%
=1->1%
Kljlciûo bjístikl ksp >2e

[ioûoi`ls
Kljlciûo bjístikl7 kljlciûo ﬎bxinjb.
Íkicl mkétikl7 íkicl mkétikl ejmkimj.
Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj
Bj íkicl
íkicl smjikàjikl mj >1->2
>1 ->2%,
mkétikl prbsbotm %, mj ieumj
mcb`ís qub bj jíktikl,
mkkilobs slo pltbotbs
jiebrm`botb kíustikmsqubrmtljàtikls.
qub rmtljàtikls.
y vbsikmotbs.
Bj kljlciûo bjístikl bs uo bxkipibotb qub prbsbotm klosistbokim
klo sistbokim cb jmkm cb uýms
qub, mj mpjikmrsb slnrb jm pibj y bvmplrmrsb bj étbr y mjklhlj cb su kl`plsikiûo,
cbgm uom kmpm supbr﬍kimj
supbr ﬍kimj trmospmrbotb ﬎bxinjb y lkjusivm qub pbr`itb ir kbcibocl
jls priokipils mktivls kíustikls y qubrmtljàtikls jbotm`botb cb flr`m klostmotb
y klotioumcm, fmkijitmocl jm mkkiûo tbrmpéutikm cb jls `is`ls.
Klo bj ﬍o cb `mrkmr jm zlom cb mpjikmkiûo cbj prbpmrmcl, pubcb mýmcàrsbjb m jm
flr`ujmkiûo blsiom mj 1,2% kl`l kljlrmotb. Bo bstb kmsl bj kljlciûo tbocrí uo
kljlr omrmogm ﬎ulrbskbotb.
Bj prbpmrmcl, plr sus bfbktls qubrmtljàtikls y kíustikls, ciserbem y cbstruyb bj
tbgicl hipbrqubrmtûsikl, y bj virus cbj pmpijl`m bji`iom jbotm`botb jms jbsilobs
vbrruelsms.
Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo visklsm (tipl jmkm uýms) klo ljlr m étbr, trmospmrbotb b iokljlrm. Jm
sljukiûo sbrí omrmogm ﬎ulrbskbotb si sb jb mýmcb uo 1,2% cb blsiom.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cl`ikijimril cb vbrruems cb kumjquibr jlkmjizmkiûo iokjuicms jms pjmotm-
rbs (ol bo pmpijl`m eboitmj). Qubcb utijizmrsb kl`l tbrmpim ÷oikm l kl`pjb`botm-
rim mj trmtm`ibotl
trmtm `ibotl kíustikl (klo íkicl oàtrikl, fbolj, trikjlrlmkétikl, btk.) rbmjizmcl
bo jm klosujtm plcljûeikm.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr kmcm >3 hlrms, rbmjizmocl uom kurm lkjusiv
lkjusivmm i`pbr`bmnjb m ﬍o cb `mkbrmr
`mkbrmr
jm jbsiûo pmrm mu`botmr bj bfbktl tbrmpéutikl cbj prbpmrmcl. Motbs cb hmkbr uom
oubvm mpjikmkiûo, bji`iomr `bcimotb rmspmcl bj tbgicl hipbrqubrmtûsikl pmpijl-
`mtlsl cbstruicl. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj
prlkbsl. Bo oiýls y mokimols utijizmr jls rmoels cb klokbotrmkiûo cb qubrmtljà-
tikls `bolrbs.

>;2

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl
sm jikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®. Hipbr-
sbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs
k l`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl.
prbpmrmc l. Hmstm bj `l`botl
ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs. Hm cb rbmjizmrsb uo klotrlj bspbkimj bo
mokimols, oiýls, bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo prlnjb`ms vmskujmrbs pbriférikls l cb
kumjquibr ltrl tipl qub pubcm klojjbvmr ribsel bj trmtm`ibotl kíustikl bstmnjbkicl.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms Q
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms
mcvbr sms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb utijizm cb B
flr`m klrrbktm. Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo
irritmk iûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls
y jiebrms qub`mcurms bo zloms kirkuocmotbs m jm cb su mpjikmkiûo si ol slo
prltbeicms. ^mrm`botb pubcb `moifbstmrsb cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl. Bo kmsl cb
mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.)
suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmkiûo

• Cbkmpmcl cb jm vbrruem klo bji`iomkiûo cbj `íxi`l tbgicl hipbrqubrm-
tûsikl vbrruelsl plsinjb.
• Qrltbebr bj tbgicl kirkuocmotb mj pmpijl`m m fio cb bvitmr plsinjbs qub-
`mcurms (uom nubom tékoikm bs usmr jmkm cb uýms obutrm, Vbrji` ;® l uo
mpûsitl mcbkumcl).
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm kmcm >3 h cbj prbpmrmcl slnrb jm jbsiûo.
• Kunrir jm jbsiûo klo mpûsitl lkjusivl ol trmospirmnjb.
• ^bpbtir jm lpbrmkiûo prbvil rmspmcl cbj tbgicl pmpijl`mtlsl cbstruicl.
• Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl
trm tm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo y cbj
cb j
kritbril cbj plcûjlel.
• [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr bo frmskl tlpmkil cb kristmj prbfbrbotb`botb klo
piokbj l bspítujm mpjikmclrm.
• Bvitmr bj klotmktl cbj prlcuktl klo `uklsms l pibj ol mfbktmcm.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bstmnijicmc `íxi`m > `bsbs.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y sbeuricmc, klo b﬍kmkim cb`ls-
 Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y sbeuricmc, klo b﬍kmkim cb`ls
trmcm, sibocl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb vbrruems, iokjuicms jms pjmotmrbs.
Qlr su rbjmtivm`botb nmgm merbsivicmc pubcb sbr ÷tij bo pmkibotbs cb ribsel. [i sb
bstmnjbkb uo trmtm`ibotl kíustikl prbvil bo jm klosujtm, bspbrmr
bspbr mr uols càms motbs
cb ioikimr bj trmtm`ibotl cl`ikijimril klo bj prbpmrmcl.

>;6

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems
IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^
Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo cbj `lcus lpbrmoci
lpbrm oci utijizmrb`ls bj rmoel `mylr cb jm klokbo-
trmkiûo cb jm flr`ujmkiûo prlpubstm, sibocl bxtrmpljmnjb m kumjquibr
kum jquibr ltrm iofbrilr.

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl m bstm klokbotrmkiûo
bs uo pltbotb qubrmtljàtikl, klo
jiebrms mkkilobs kíustikms. Fmkijitm jm
Qljvl kristmjiol cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr
Íkicl njmokl fíkij`botb cbj qubrmtiolkitl pbr`itibocl jm
smjikàjikl >2% 6,>2e sljunjb bo mjklhlj cbsmchbrbokim y cbskm`mkiûo cb
y ol meum.
sljunjb bo jm kmpm kûrobm. Sm`niéo prbsbotm
uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom
kûrobm prlcukibocl su cbsiotberm
cbsiotbermkiûo
kiûo
(qubrmtioljisis).
Bj íkicl jíktikl bs uo mjfm-hicrlxiíkicl.
Qrbsbotm prlpibcmcbs hicrmtmotbs
Jàquicl siruplsl, y rbstmurmclrms cbj `motl íkicl
Íkicl >2% 6,>2`j iokljlrl l kutíobl, sibocl ÷tij bo iktilsis, xbrlsis
jíktikl jiebrm`botb
m`mrijjbotl. b hipbrqubrmtlsis. Mj >2% mkt÷m kl`l
qubrmtljàtikl, pltbokimocl jm mkkiûo
cbj íkicl smjikàjikl.

Jàquicl jà`picl, Bj íkicl mkétikl m bstm klokbotrmkiûo

vljítij, iokljlrl l bs uo mebotb
vbsikmotb bskmrûtikl,
usmcl kíustikl y
pmrm jm bji`iomkiûo
Íkicl `msms kristmjioms. cb vbrruems y kmjjlsicmcbs. M
mkétikl >1% 2` j @iskinjb klo meum, klokbotrmkilobs `bolrbs bs uo
ejmkimj btmolj mj 96%, pltbotb motiséptikl, sibocl mktivl
ejikbrlj y kjlrurl cb frbotb m nmktbrims, hloels y
`btijbol. prltlzlls.

Jàquicl cbosl, Bxkipibotb klo mkkilobs prltbktlrms.

kjmrl, trmospmrbotb, Cb mpjikmkiûo bo zloms rbcukicms
Kljlciûo klo ljlr btérbl. jlkmjizmcms. Qbr`itb uom mkkiûo
bjístikl ksp >2e ksp >2e Iosljunjb bo meum, prljloemcm plr jm flr`mkiûo cb
uom pbjàkujm slnrb jm jbsiûo, jl qub
 `iskinjb klo plsinijitm jm kbsiûo klotioum cb jls
mjklhlj y étbr.
étbr.
priokipils mktivls.
SLSMJ
SLSMJ >2e >2e

>;5

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl smjikàjikl klrrbsplo
klrrbsplo--
cibotb.
sb pbsmràm
[i jmguotl
flr`ujmkiûo
mj íkicl smjikàjikl.
klotuvibrm blsiom kl`l kljlrmotb, tm`niéo
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl jíktikl y íkicl
mkétikl. Klo uo pistijl `bzkjmrjl tlcl
tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio
oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr bj kljlciûo obkbsmr
obkbsmrilil pmrm klosbeuir
bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb >2e bo cls l trbs pmsls y `bzkjmrjl
vielrlsm`botb klo jm myucm cbjc bj pistijl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo uo frmskl cb kristmj tlpmkil klo tmpûo bspítujm.

Oltm
Qmrm plcbr jmvmr bj `lrtbrl cb uom flr`m rípicm y b﬍kmz sb rbkl`ibocm qub uom
vbz mkmnmcm jm flr`ujmkiûo sb rbjjbob klo meum. Qmsmcms uoms hlrms sb flr`m
uom pbjàkujm njmokm qub sb rbtirm klo fmkijicmc.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Jàquicl visklsl (mspbktl cb jmkm cb uýms) trmospmrbotb cb ljlr `uy kmrmktbràstikl.
kmr mktbràstikl.
Bo bj kmsl cb klotbobr blsiom, bj kljlr sbrí omrmogm ﬎ulrbskbotb.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
>;8

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems
KLJLCIÛO CB ÍKICL [MJIKÀJIKL, JÍKSIKL Y BL[IOM

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl smjikàjikl >2%
>2%
Íkicl jíktikl >2%
>2%
Blsiom 1,2%
Kljlciûo bjístikl ksp >2e

[ioûoi`ls
Kljlciûo bjístikl7 kljlciûo ﬎bxinjb.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl mj >2%, mj ieumj qub bj jíktikl, slo pltbotbs qubrmtljàtikls klo
jiebrls bfbktls km÷stikls.
Jm blsiom bs uo motiséptikl cénij klo bfbktls kikmtrizmotbs. Bo bj prbpmrmcl y
m bstm klokbotrmkiûo mkt÷m kl`l kljlrmotb, pbr`itibocl utijizmr cb flr`m `ís
sbeurm bj prbpmrmcl mj kljlrbmr cb omrmogm jm zlom clocb sb mpjikm.
Bj kljlciûo bjístikl bs uo bxkipibotb qub prbsbotm klosistbokim
klo sistbokim cb jmkm cb uýms
qub, mj mpjikmrsb slnrb jm pibj y bvmplrmrsb bj étbr y mjklhlj cb su kl`plsikiûo,
cbgm uom kmpm supbr﬍kimj
supbr ﬍kimj trmospmrbotb ﬎bxinjb y lkjusivm qub pbr`itb ir kbcibocl
jls priokipils mktivls kíustikls y qubrmtljàtikls jbotm`botb cb flr`m klostmotb
y klotioumcm, fmkijitmocl jm mkkiûo tbrmpéutikm cb jls `is`ls.
Bj prbpmrmcl plr sus bfbktls qubrmtljàtikls y kíustikls ciserbem, cbstruyb bj
tbgicl hipbrqubrmtûsikl vbrruelsl, mj virus cbj pmpijl`m, bji`iomocl jbotm`botb
jms jbsilobs pmpijl`mtlsms.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo visklsm (tipl jmkm uýms)
uým s) klo ljlr m étbr,
étbr, trmospmrbotb
trmospmrbo tb y cb kljlr rlgl-mom-
rmogmcl ﬎ulrbskbotb.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cl`ikijimril cb vbrruems cb kumjquibr
k umjquibr jlkmjizmkiûo, iokjuicm jms pjmo-
pjmo -
tmrbs (ol bo pmpijl`m eboitmj). Qubcb utijizmrsb kl`l tbrmpim ÷oikm l plstbrilr mj
trmtm`ibotl kíustikl (klo íkicl oàtrikl, fbolj, trikjlrlmkétikl, btk.) rbmjizmcl bo
jm klosujtm plcljûeikm.
Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr
jm jbsiûokmcm
pmrm>3 hlrms, rbmjizmocl
mu`botmr bj bfbktl uom kurm lkjusiv
lkjusivm
tbrmpéutikl m i`pbr`bmnjb
cbj prbpmrmcl. m ﬍o
Motbs cbcbhmkbr
`mkbrmr
`mkbrmr
uom
oubvm mpjikmkiûo, bji`iomr `bcimotb rmspmcl bj tbgicl vbrruelsl cbstruicl. Jm
curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl.

>;9

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl
sm jikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®. Hipbr-
sbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs
k l`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl.
prbpmrmc l. Hmstm bj `l`botl
ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs. Hm cb rbmjizmrsb uo klotrlj bspbkimj
bo mokimols, oiýls, bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo pmtljleàm vmskujmr pbriférikm l cb
kumjquibr ltrl tipl qub pubcm klojjbvmr ribsel bj trmtm`ibotl kíustikl bstmnjbkicl.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb utijizm
cb flr`m klrrbktm. Qubcb prbsbotmr
prb sbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljlo-
emcls y jiebrms qub`mcurms bo zloms kirkuocmotbs m jm cb su mpjikmkiûo si ol
slo prltbeicms. ^mrm`botb pubcb prbsbotmr
prbsb otmr cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl. Bo kmsl cb
mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.)
suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmkiûo

• Cbkmpmcl cb jm vbrruem klo bji`iomkiûo cbj `íxi`l tbgicl hipbrqubrm-
tûsikl vbrruelsl plsinjb.
• Qrltbebr bj tbgicl kirkuocmotb mj pmpijl`m m fio cb bvitmr plsinjbs qub-
`mcurms (uom nubom tékoikm bs usmr jmkm cb uýms obutrm, Vbrji` ;® l uo
mpûsitl mcbkumcl).
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm kmcm >3h cbj prbpmrmcl slnrb jm jbsiûo.
• Kunrir jm jbsiûo klo mpûsitl lkjusivl ol trmospirmnjb.
• ^bpbtir jm lpbrmkiûo prbvim bji`iomkiûo cbj tbgicl hipbrqubrmtûsikl pmpi-
jl`mtlsl cbstruicl.
• Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl
trm tm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo y cbj
cb j
kritbril cbj plcûjlel.
• [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr bo frmskl tlpmkil cb kristmj prbfbrbotb`botb klo
piokbj l bspítujm mpjikmclrm.
• Bvitmr bj klotmktl cbj prlcuktl klo `uklsms l pibj ol mfbktmcm.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bstmnijicmc `íxi`m > `bsbs.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y sbeuricmc klo b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
 sibocl cb utijicmc bo bj
b j trmtm`ibotl cb vbrruems, iokjuicms jms pjmotmrbs. Qlr
su rbjmtivm`botb
bstmnjbkb nmgm merbsivicmc
uo trmtm`ibotl slo cbboiotbrés
kíustikl prbvil bo plnjmkiûo
jm klosujtm, bspbr mr cb
bspbrmr ribsel.
uols [i sb
càms motbs
cb ioikimr bj trmtm`ibotl cl`ikijimril klo bj prbpmrmcl.

>31

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems
IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^
Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

@mtbrim
pri`m Kmoticmc
% Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
mktivls Vlju`boo
Vlju`b pbsmcm Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb
Qljvl kristmjiol
njmokl
Íkicl fíkij`botb Qltbotb qubrmtljàtikl
smjikàjikl >2% 6,>2e sljunjb bo klo jiebrms mkkilobs
mjklhlj y ol kíustikms.
sljunjb bo
meum.
Bj íkicl jíktikl bs uo
mjfm-hicrlxiíkicl.
Qrbsbotm prlpibcmcbs
Jàquicl hicrmtmotbs y rbstmurmclrms
Íkicl siruplsl, cbj `motl íkicl kutíobl,
jíktikl >2% 6,>2`j iokljlrl l sibocl ÷tij bo iktilsis, xbrlsis
jiebrm`botb b hipbrqubrmtlsis
m`mrijjbotl. Mj >2% mkt÷m kl`l
qubrmtljàtikl, pltbokimocl
jm mkkiûo cbj íkicl smjikàjikl.
Jm blsiom bs uo kljlrmotb
motiséptikl. M klokbotrmkilobs
`mylrbs (>%) sb utijizm kl`l
Qljvl kristmjiol motiséptikl y kikmtrizmotb cb
cb kljlr
Blsiom 1,2% 1,=>2e `mrrûo-rlgizl. ÷jkbrms kutíobms
trmu`ítikl, cb lriebo
vmskujmr l plr
[ljunjb bo cbk÷nitl. Sm`niéo bo britb`m
meum y bo cb pmýmj. Bo bstm flr`ujmkiûo
btmolj. sb usm kl`l kljlrmotb m fio
cb cbfioir jm zlom cb mpjikmkiûo
mp jikmkiûo
cbj kljlciûo.

Jàquicl Bxkipibotb klo mkkilobs

cbosl, kjmrl, prltbktlrms. Cb mpjikmkiûo bo
trmospmrbotb, zloms rbcukicms jlkmjizmcms.
Kljlciûo ksp >2e ksp >2e klo ljlr btérbl. Qbr`itb uom mkkiûo prljloemcm
bjístikl Iosljunjb bo plr jm flr`mkiûo cb uom
 meum, `iskinjb pbjàkujm slnrb jm jbsiûo, jl qub
klo mjklhlj y plsinijitm jm kbsiûo klotioum cb
étbr. jls priokipils mktivls.

SLSMJ
SLSMJ >2e >2e

>3=

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl smjikàjikl y blsiom
klrrbsplocibotb.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl jíktikl. Klo uo
pistijl `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm
pms tm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr bj kljlciûo obkbsmr
obkbsmrilil pmrm klosbeuir
bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb >2e bo cls l trbs pmsls y `bzkjmrjl
vielrlsm`botb klo jm myucm cbjc bj pistijl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo frmskl cb kristmj tlpmkil klo tmpûo bspítujm,

Oltm
Qmrm plcbr jmvmr bj `lrtbrl cb uom flr`m rípicm y b﬍kmz sb rbkl`ibocm qub uom
vbz mkmnmcm jm flr`ujmkiûo sb rbjjbob klo meum. Qmsmcms uoms hlrms sb flr`m
uom pbjàkujm njmokm qub sb rbtirm klo fmkijicmc.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Jàquicl visklsl (mspbktl cb jmkm cb uýms) trmospmrbotb
trmospmrb otb cb ljlr `uy kmrmktbr
kmrmktbràstikl
àstikl
y cb kljlr omrmogm ﬎ulrbskbotb.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
>3>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems
KLJLCIÛO CB ÍKICL [MJIKÀJIKL, JÍKSIKL Y QLCLFIJIOL

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl smjikàjikl >1->2%
>1->2%
Íkicl jíktikl >1->2%
>1->2%
Qlcl﬍jiol 2-=1%
Kljlciûo bjístikl ksp >2e

[ioûoi`ls
Kljlciûo bjístikl7 kljlciûo ﬎bxinjb.
Qlcl﬍jiol7 rbsiom cb plcl﬍jiol
plcl﬍jio l.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl mj >1->2%, mj ieumj qub bj jíktikl, slo pltbotbs qubrmtljàtikls.
Jm plcl﬍jltlxiom, priokipil mktivl cb jm rbsiom cb plclfàjiol, tibob mktivicmc moti`i-
tûtikm y motivàrikm, plr jl qub mkt÷m cirbktm`botb slnrb bj virus cbj pmpijl`m iohi-
nibocl su rbpjikmkiûo. Sm`niéo prbsbotm mkkilobs irritmotbs jiebrm`botb kíustikms.
Bj kljlciûo bjístikl bs uo bxkipibotb qub prbsbotm klosistbokim
klo sistbokim cb jmkm cb uýms
qub, mj mpjikmrsb slnrb jm pibj y bvmplrmrsb bj étbr y mjklhlj cb su kl`plsikiûo,
cbgm uom kmpm supbr﬍kimj
supbr ﬍kimj trmospmrbotb ﬎bxinjb y lkjusivm qub pbr`itb ir kbcibocl
jls priokipils mktivls kíustikls y qubrmtljàtikls jbotm`botb cb flr`m klostmotb
y klotioumcm, fmkijitmocl jm mkkiûo tbrmpéutikm cb jls `is`ls.
Bj prbpmrmcl plr sus bfbktls qubrmtljàtikls y kíustikls ciserbem y cbstruyb bj
tbgicl hipbrqubrmtûsikl, bji`iomocl jbotm`botb jms jbsilobs pmpijl`mtlsms. Bstls
bfbktls sb kl`pjb`botmo
kl`pjb`botm o klo jm mkkiûo moti`itûtikm cbj plcl﬍jiol.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo visklsm (tipl jmkm uýms) klo ljlr m étbr y rbemjiz trmospmrbotb cb kljlr
m`nmr-`mrrûo.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb vbrruems vujemrbs. Srmtm`ibotl cb vbrruems pjmotmrbs. Qubcb uti-
jizmrsb kl`l tbrmpim ÷oikm l plstbrilr mj trmtm`ibotl kíustikl (klo íkicl oàtrikl,
fbolj, trikjlrlmkétikl, btk.) rbmjizmcl bo jm klosujtm plcljûeikm.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr kmcm >3 hlrms rbmjizmocl
rbmjizmocl uom kurm
kurm lkjusivm
lkjusivm i`pbr`bmnjb m ﬍o cb `mkbrmr
`mkbrmr
jm jbsiûo
oubvm pmrm mu`botmr
mpjikmkiûo, bj `bcimotb
bji`iomr bfbktl tbrmpéutikl
rmspmcl bjcbj prbpmrmcl.
tbgicl Motbs
pmpijl`mt
pmpijl`mtlsl cb hmkbr uom
lsl cbstruicl. Jm
curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl.

>3;

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®. Mjbr-
eim m kumjquibrm cbj rbstl cb kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hm cb rbmjizmrsb uo
klotrlj bspbkimj plr pmrtb cbj plcûjlel bo mokimols, bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo
pmtljleàm vmskujmr pbriférikm l cb kumjquibr ltrl tipl qub pubcm klojjbvmr ribsel bj
trmtm`ibotl kíustikl bstmnjbkicl. Ol utijizmr bo b`nmrmzmcms, `ugbrbs bo pbrilcl
cb jmktmokim y bo oiýls.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb utijizm
cb flr`m klrrbktm. Qubcb prbsbotmr
prb sbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljlo-
emcls y jiebrms qub`mcurms bo zloms kirkuocmotbs m jm cb su mpjikmkiûo si ol
slo prltbeicms. ^mrm`botb pubcb prbsbotmr
prbsb otmr cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl. Bo kmsl cb
mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.)
suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki

mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
Cbkmpmcl cb jm vbrruem, klo bji`iomkiûo cbj `íxi`l tbgicl hipbrqubrmtûsikl
pmpijl`mtlsl plsinjb.
Qrltbebr bj tbgicl kirkuocmotb
kirkuocmotb mj pmpijl`m m ﬍o cb bvitmr plsinjbs qub`mcurms
(uom nubom tékoikm bs usmr jmkm
jmk m cb uýms obutrm, Vbrji` ;® l uo mpûsitl mcbkumcl).
mcbkum cl).
Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm kmcm >3h cbj prbpmrmcl slnrb jm jbsiûo.
Kunrir jm jbsiûo klo mpûsitl lkjusivl ol trmospirmnjb.
^bpbtir jm lpbrmkiûo prbvim bji`iomkiûo cbj tbgicl hipbrqubrmtûsikl
hipbrqubrm tûsikl pmpijl`mtlsl
cbstruicl.
Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo y cbj kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
[b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr bo frmskl tlpmkil cb kristmj prbfbrbotb`botb klo piokbj
l bspítujm mpjikmclrm.
Bvitmr bj klotmktl cbj prlcuktl klo `uklsms l pibj ol mfbktmcm.
Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
Bstmnijicmc `íxi`m > `bsbs.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klosicbrío-
cljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb vbrruems misjmcms pjmotmrbs plr su rbjmti-
vm`botb nmgm merbsivicmc. [i sb uo bstmnjbkb uo trmtm`ibotl kíustikl prbvil bo
jm klosujtm, bspbrmr uols càms motbs cb ioikimr bj trmtm`ibotl cl`ikijimril klo bj
 prbpmrmcl.

>33

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo
jm flr`ujmkiûo cbj `lcus
prlpubstm, lpbrmoci
sibocl utijizmrb`ls
bxtrmpljmnjb jm `mylr
m kumjquibr ltrm.klokbotrmkiûo cb

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl m bstm
klokbotrmkiûo bs uo pltbotb
qubrmtljàtikl, klo jiebrms mkkilobs
Qljvl kristmjiol kíustikms. Fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo cbj
Íkicl
Íki cl njmokl fíkij`botb kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr cbj qubrmtiolkitl
qub rmtiolkitl
>2% 6,>2e pbr`itibocl jm cbsmchbrbokim y
smjikàjikl sljunjb bo mjklhlj y
ol sljunjb bo meum. cbskm`mkiûo
SSm`nié cbotm
jm kmpm
m`niéoo prbsbotm
prbsb kûrobm.
uom mkkiûo
mkki ûo
cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm
prlcukibocl su cbsiotbermkiûo
(qubrmtioljisis).
Bj íkicl jíktikl bs uo mjfm-
hicrlxiíkicl. Qrbsbotm prlpibcmcbs
Jàquicl siruplsl, hicrmtmotbs y rbstmurmclrms cbj
Íki cl
Íkicl iokljlrl l `motl íkicl kutíobl, sibocl ÷tij bo
jíktikl >2% 6,>2`j jiebrm`botb iktilsis, xbrlsis b hipbrqubrmtlsis.
m`mrijjbotl. Mj >2% mkt÷m kl`l qubrmtljà
qubrmtljàtikl,
tikl,
pltbokimocl jm mkkiûo cbj
íkicl smjikàjikl.
@bzkjms cb rbsioms
bxtrmàcms cb jm rmàz y Bj priokipil
plclfijiol mktivl cbj
bs jm plclfijltlxiom.
rizl`m cbj plcûfijl. Qrbsbotm uom mkkiûo moti`itûtikm
[b lntibobo y motivàrikm bji`iomocl bj tbgicl
Ql c lf i j i o l =1% >,2e priokipmj`botb cls hipbrqubrmtûsikl pmpijl`mtlsl
pmpijl`mtlsl..
bspbkibs7 rbsiom cbj Bj plclfijiol b`lci plr su
plclfijiol b`lci y
rbsiom cbj plclfijiol mkkiûo irritmotb cbnbràm utijizmrsb
pbjtmtu`. ÷oikm`botb bo vbtbriomrim.
Mjk lhljj
Mjklhl
btàjikl ks ks
Bxkipibotb klo mkkilobs
mkki lobs prltbktlrms.
Jàquicl cbosl, kjmrl, Cb mpjikmkiûo bo zloms rbcukicms
trmospmrbotb klo jlkmjizmcms. Qbr`itb uom mkkiûo
Kljlciûo
bjístikl k sp >2e ksp >2e ljlr btérbl. Iosljunjb prljloemcm plr jm flr`mkiûo cb
bo meum,
klo `iskinjb
mjklhlj y étbr. uom pbjàkujm
plsinijitm slnrb jm
jm kbsiûo jbsiûo, jl
klotioum cbqub
jls
priokipils mktivls.
SLSMJ
SLSMJ >2e >2e

>32

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl smjikàjikl y plcl﬍jiol
klrrbsplocibotb.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl jíktikl. Klo uo
pistijl `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm
pms tm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
[i bs obkbsmril sb pubcb
pub cb ir ioklrplrmocl uoms eltms cb mjklhlj btàjikl
pmrm ﬎uici﬍kmr
﬎uici﬍km r.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr bj kljlciûo obkbsmr
obkbsmrilil pmrm klosbeuir
bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb >2e bo cls l trbs pmsls y `bzkjmrjl
vielrlsm`botb klo jm myucm cbjc bj pistijl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo uo frmskl cb kristmj tlpmkil klo tmpûo bspítujm.

Oltm
Qmrm plcbr jmvmr bj `lrtbrl cb uom flr`m rípicm y b﬍kmz sb rbkl`ibocm qub uom
vbz mkmnmcm jm flr`ujmkiûo sb rbjjbob klo meum. Qmsmcms uoms hlrms sb flr`m
uom pbjàkujm njmokm qub sb rbtirm klo fmkijicmc.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Jàquicl visklsl (mspbktl jmkm cb uýms) trmospmrbotb cb kljlr `mrrûo iotbosl y
cb ljlr m étbr `uy kmrmktbràstikl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
>36

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems
KLJLCIÛO CB ÍKICL [MJIKÀJIKL, JÍKSIKL Y 2-FJRL^LR^MKIJL
2-FJRL^LR^ MKIJL

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl smjikàjikl >1->2%
Íkicl jíktikl >1->2%
2-Fjulrlurmkijl 2%
Kljlciûo bjístikl ksp >2e

[ioûoi`ls
Kljlciûo bjístikl7 kljlciûo ﬎bxinjb.
2-Fjulrlurmkijl7 ﬎ulrlurmkijl.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl mj >1->2%, mj ieumj qub bj jíktikl, slo pltbotbs qubrmtljàtikls
klo jiebrms mkkilobs kíustikms.
Bj 2-﬎ulrlurmkijl bs uo kitlstítikl y motivàrikl kmpmz cb iohinir jm cupjikmkiûo kbju-
jmr cbj VQH. Mkt÷m njlqubmocl jm sàotbsis cbj íkicl
ík icl ti`icàoikl y plr klosieuibotb
jm cbj COM.
COM . Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo prlcukb irritmkiûo
irr itmkiûo kutíobm, bxfljimkiûo, jiebrm ÷jkbrmkiûo,
obkrlsis y rbbpitbjizmkiûo. Bj 2-﬎ulrlurmkijl bs uo fír`mkl
fír`mk l `uy bvmjumcl y sbeurl
plr vàm tûpikm, ol sb hmo olti﬍kmcl bfbktls mcvbrsls
mcvbr sls plr mnslrkiûo sisté`ikm bo
jls trmtm`ibotls cér`ikls bstmnjbkicls.
Bj kljlciûo bjístikl bs uo bxkipibotb qub prbsbotm klosistbokim
klo sistbokim cb jmkm cb uýms
qub, mj mpjikmrsb slnrb jm pibj y bvmplrmrsb bj étbr y mjklhlj cb su kl`plsikiûo,
cbgm uom kmpm supbr﬍kimj
supbr ﬍kimj trmospmrbotb ﬎bxinjb y lkjusivm qub pbr`itb ir kbcibocl
jls priokipils mktivls kíustikls y qubrmtljàtikls jbotm`botb cb flr`m klostmotb
y klotioumcm, fmkijitmocl jm mkkiûo tbrmpéutikm cb jls `is`ls.
Bj prbpmrmcl
tbgicl plr sus bfbktls
hipbrqubrmtûsikl, qubrmtljàtikls
bji`iomocl jbotm`botby jms
kíustikls
jbsilobsciserbem y cbstruyb
pmpijl`mtlsms. Bstlsbj
bfbktls sb kl`pjb`botmo klo jm mkkiûo
mk kiûo virikicm y kitlstítikm cbj 2-﬎ulrlurmkijl.
2-﬎ulrlurm kijl.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo visklsm (tipl jmkm uýms) klo ljlr m étbr y cb kljlr njmoqubkiol.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cl`ikijimril cb vbrruems pjmotmrbs.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr kmcm >3 hlrms, rbmjizmocl uom kurm lkjusiv
lkjusivmm i`pbr`bmnjb m ﬍o cb `mkbrmr
jm jbsiûo pmrm mu`botmr bj bfbktl tbrmpéutikl cbj prbpmrmcl. Motbs cb hmkbr uom
oubvm mpjikmkiûo, bji`iomr `bcimotb rmspmcl bj tbgicl vbrruelsl cbstruicl. Jm
curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl jm bstmnjbkbrí
bstmnjbkb rí bj plcûjlel y cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo
cbj prlkbsl.

>35

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®. Mjbreim
m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs
k l`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb
klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs. Hm cb rbmjizmrsb uo klotrlj bspbkimj plr pmrtb pmr tb
cbj plcûjlel bo mokimols, bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo pmtljleàm vmskujmr pbrifé-
rikm l cb kumjquibr ltrl tipl qub pubcm klojjbvmr ribsel bj trmtm`ibotl kíustikl
bstmnjbkicl. Ol utijizmr
utijizmr bo b`nmrmzmcms,
b`nmrm zmcms, `ugbrbs bo pbrilcl cb jmktmokim y bo
oiýls `bolrbs cb =6 mýls. Ol utijizmr bo vbrruems pbriuoeubmjbs plr ribsel cb
loikûjisis.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb utijizm
cb flr`m klrrbktm. Qubcb prbsbotmr
prb sbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljlo-
emcls y jiebrms qub`mcurms bo zloms kirkuocmotbs m jm cb su mpjikmkiûo si ol
slo prltbeicms. ^mrm`botb pubcb prlcukir cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl. Bo kmsl cb
mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.)
suspbocbr
si sb utijizm bj
botrmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel. Hmy ribsel cb loikûjisis
vbrruems pbriuoeubmjbs.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmkiûo

• Cbkmpmcl cb jm vbrruem, klo bji`iomkiûo cbj `íxi`l tbgicl hipbrqubrm-
tûsikl vbrruelsl plsinjb.
• Qrltbebr bj tbgicl kirkuocmotb mj pmpijl`m m fio cb bvitmr plsinjbs qub-
`mcurms (uom nubom tékoikm bs usmr jmkm cb uýms obutrm, Vbrji` ;® l uo
mpûsitl mcbkumcl).
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm kmcm >3h cbj prbpmrmcl slnrb jm jbsiûo.
• Bji`iomkiûo `bcimotb rmspmcl cbj tbgicl pmpijl`mtlsl cbstruicl.
cbs truicl.

•• ^bpbtir
Kunrir jmjmjbsiûo
lpbrmkiûo bo fuokiûo
klo mpûsitl cb jm ol
lkjusivl bvljukiûo y kritbril cbj plcûjlel.
trmospirmnjb.
2
• [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr bo frmskl tlpmkil cb kristmj prbfbrbotb`botb klo
piokbj l bspítujm mpjikmclrm.
• Bvitmr bj klotmktl cbj prlcuktl klo `uklsms l pibj ol mfbktmcm.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bstmnijicmc `íxi`m > `bsbs.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y uom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klo-
 sicbríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb vbrruems misjmcms pjmotmrbs plr su
rbjmtivm`bot
rbjmtivm`botb
b nmgmcb
bo oiýls `bolrbs merbsivicmc.
=6 mýls. Ol utijizmr curmotb bj b`nmrmzl, jm jmktmokim oi

>38

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems
IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^
Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo cbj `lcus lpbrmoci utijizmrb`ls jm `mylr klokbotrmkiûo cb
jm flr`ujmkiûo prlpubstm, sibocl bxtrmpljmnjb m kumjquibr ltrm `bolr.
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl m bstm klokbotrmkiûo
klokb otrmkiûo
bs uo pltbotb qubrmtljàtikl, klo
Qljvl kristmjiol jiebrms mkkilobs kíustikms. Fmkijitm jm
njmokl fíkij`botb cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl
kb`b otl iotbrkbjujmr
iotbrkbjujmr
Íki cl
Íkicl >2% 6,>2e sljunjb bo mjklhlj cbj qubrmtiolkitl pbr`itibocl jm
smjikàjikl cbsmchbrbokim y cbskm`mkiûo cb
y ol sljunjb bo
jm kmpm kûrobm.
kû robm. Sm`niéo prbsbotm
meum. uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom
kûrobm prlcukibocl su cbsiotbermkiûo
(qubrmtioljisis).
Bj íkicl jíktikl bs uo
mjfm-hicrlxiíkicl.. Qrbsbotm
mjfm-hicrlxiíkicl
Jàquicl siruplsl, prlpibcmcbs hicrmtmotbs y
Íkicl
Íki cl >2% 6,>2`j iokljlrl l rbstmurmclrms cbj `motl íkicl
jíktikl jiebrm`botb kutíobl, sibocl ÷tij bo iktilsis,
m`mrijjbotl. xbrlsis b hipbrqubrmtlsis. Mj >2%
mkt÷m kl`l qubrmtljàtikl, pltbokimocl
jm mkkiûo cbj íkicl smjikàjikl.
smjikàjik l.
Motioblp jísikl b
Motioblpjísikl
Qljvl kristmjiol io`uolsuprbslr moíjlel cb jm
njmokl l kmsi
njmokl. Nmstmotb piri`iciom,
cbj urmkijl mkt÷m kl`l moti`btmnljitl
njlqubmocl jm sàotbsis cbj
2 - F j u l rl u r mk i j l 2% =,>2e sljunjb bo meum, ^OM y COM. Sûpikm`botb bs ÷tij bo
plkl sljunjb qubrmtlsis mktàoikms y kmrkiol`ms
bo btmolj mj supbrfikimjbs. Sm`niéo mslkimcl m
96%, sljunjb bo qubrmtljàtikls
qubrmtljàtikls bs cb ermo
ci`btijsujfûxicl. iotbrés bo vbrruems pjmotmrbs.

Mjklhl
Mjk lhljj btàjik
btà jikll ks ks
Jàquicl Bxkipibotb klo mkkilobs prltbktlrms.
cbosl, kjmrl, Cb mpjikmkiûo bo zloms rbcukicms
Kljlciûo trmospmrbotb, jlkmjizmcms. Qbr`itb uom mkkiûo
ksp >2e ksp >2e klo ljlr btérbl. prljloemcm plr jm flr`mkiûo cb uom
bjístikl
Iosljunjb bo meum, pbjàkujm slnrb jm jbsiûo, jl qub plsinijitm
`iskinjb klo jm kbsiûo klotioum cb jls priokipils
mjklhlj y étbr. mktivls.

SLSMJ
SLSMJ >2e >2e

>39

@lcus lpbrmoci
Mjeuoms ninjilermfàms rbkl`ibocmo cisljvbr bj 2-﬎ulrlurmkijl bo ci`btijsujfûxicl
(C@[L). Bo bj í`nitl cb jm plcljleàm, oubstrm bxpbribokim rbkl`ibocm ol hmkbrjl.
Klo jm cispbrsiûo qub vm`ls m prlplobr rbcuki`ls jls plsinjbs bfbktls mcvbrsls
cb jm flr`ujmkiûo, `bglrmocl su mpjikmkiûo y lntboibocl bxkbjbotbs rbsujtmcls
tbrmpéutikls.

QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb 2-﬎ulrlurmkijl klrrbsplo

klrrbsplo--
cibotb. Klo bj pistijl jl pujvbrizmrb`ls.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrm
ioklrplrmrr pmujmtiom`botb mjklhlj btàjikl hmstm
flr`mr uom `msm njmokm. [b pubcbo plobr uoms eltms cb mkbitb cb
slgm pmrm fmkijitmr jm cispbrsiûo cb 2-﬎ulrlurmkijl.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl jíktikl y íkicl
smjikàjikl. Klo uo pistijl `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio
oioe÷o eru`l. [i bs obkbsmril sb pubcb ir ioklrplrmocl `ís mjklhlj
btàjikl pmrm ﬎uici﬍kmr.
QM[L 3 Ioklrplrmrr bj kljlciûo obkbsm
Ioklrplrm obkbsmril
ril pmrm klosbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm
flr`ujmkiûo cb >2e bo cls l trbs pmsls y `bzkjmrjl vielrlsm`botb
klo jm myucm cbj pistijl.
pis tijl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo uo frmskl cb kristmj tlpmkil klo tmpûo bspítujm.

Oltm
Qmrm plcbr jmvmr bj `lrtbrl cb uom flr`m rípicm y b﬍kmz sb rbkl`ibocm qub uom
vbz mkmnmcm jm flr`ujmkiûo sb rbjjbob klo meum. Qmsmcms uoms hlrms sb flr`m
uom pbjàkujm njmokm qub sb rbtirm klo fmkijicmc.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Jàquicl visklsl (cb mspbktl cb jmkm cb uýms) trmosj÷kicl cb kljlr njmokl y cb
ljlr m étbr `uy kmrmktbràstikl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
>21

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems

KLJLCIÛO CB KMOSM^ICIOM

Kl`plsikiûo
Kmotmriciom =%
Vbrcb nrijjmotb 1,12%
Mkbtlom =`j
Kljlciûo bjístikl ksp ;`j

[ioûoi`ls
Kljlciûo bjístikl7 kljlciûo ﬎bxinjb.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm

Jm kmotmriciom
kmotmricm b s uo
bs
y m clsis pljvl
nmgm
nmgmss bscbsbkmcl
uo pltbotblntboicl cbj kljbûptbrl
runbfmkibotb Jyttm
b irritmotb. Mj =% vbsikmtlrim l
tibob prlpib-
tibob
cmcbs vbsikmotbs. Mpjikmcm slnrb uom vbrruem prlcukb uom vbsàkujm qub boejlnm
mj pmpijl`m y tbgicl vbrruelsl mslkimcl, ebobrmj`botb klo = m ; mpjikmkilobs sb
cbsprbocb bsplotíobm`botb klo jm kurm l klo myucm cb nisturà, qubcmocl uom
pbqubým jbsiûo ÷jkbrmtivm.
Bj vbrcb nrijjmotb bs uo kljlrmotb qub fmkijitm jm utijizmkiûo cbj prbpmrmcl, `mr-
kmocl plr su kljlrmkiûo vbrcb mzujmcm bj juemr clocb sb mpjikm.
Jm mkbtlom pbr`itb jm klrrbktm cisljukiûo cb jm kmotmriciom.
Bj kljlciûo bjístikl bs uo bxkipibotb qub prbsbotm klosistbokim
klo sistbokim cb jmkm cb uýms
qub, mj mpjikmrsb slnrb jm pibj y bvmplrmrsb bj étbr y mjklhlj cb su kl`plsikiûo,
cbgm uom kmpm supbr﬍kimj
supbr ﬍kimj trmospmrbotb ﬎bxinjb y lkjusivm qub pbr`itb ir kbcibocl
jls priokipils mktivls kíustikls y qubrmtljàtikls jbotm`botb cb flr`m klostmotb
y klotioumcm, fmkijitmocl jm mkkiûo tbrmpéutikm cb jls `is`ls.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo visklsm (tipl jmkm uýms) trmospmrbotb cb kljlr vbrcb mzujmcl
mzujmc l y klo ljlr
m étbr.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl bo klosujtm cb vbrruems vujemrbs rbkmjkitrmotbs. Srmtm`ibotl bo
klosujtm cb vbrruems pjmotmrbs
pjmotmrb s y pbriuoeubmjbs rbkmjkitrmotbs.
rb kmjkitrmotbs. Srmtm`ibotl
Srmtm`ibotl cb
`ljuskl klotmeilsl (@ljjusku` klotmeilsu`).

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmkiûo ÷oikm bo klosujtm, rbmjizmocl uom kurm lkjusivm i`pbr`bmnjb m ﬍o cb
`mkbrmr jm jbsiûo pmrm mu`botmr bj bfbktl tbrmpéutikl cbj prbpmrmcl. @motbobr jm
kurm curmotb 5>h. Jm mpjikmkiûo pubcb rbpbtirsb = l > vbkbs `ís pmrm lntbobr jls
rbsujtmcls cbsbmcls. Motbs cb hmkbr uom oubvm mpjikmkiûo, rbmjizmr uom ji`pibzm
cbj tbgicl mfbktmcl.

>2=

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj
`l`botl ol sb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs. Hm cb rbmjizmrsb uo klotrlj
bspbkimj bo mokimols
m okimols
cb ÷jkbrmkilobs plr ribsel
y plsinjbs mj trmtm`ibotl
iofbkkilobs kíustikl
cb cifàkij bstmnjbkicl.
klotrlj rbkQlr bj ribsel
ol bs rbkl`bocmnjb
l`bocmnjb
su utijizmkiûo bo cimnétikls y pmkibotbs klo pmtljleàms vmskujmrbs pbriférikms b
io`uolcbpri`icls. Ol utijizmr
utijizmr bo b`nmrmzmcms,
b`nmrm zmcms, `ugbrbs bo pbrilcl cb jmktmokim
y bo oiýls `bolrbs cb 2 mýls, mj ol tbobr cmtls cb su sbeuricmc.
^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs mkbptmnjb si sb
utijizm cb flr`m klrrbktm. Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm, jiebrms qub`mcurms
y ÷jkbrmkilobs bo zlom cb mpjikmkiûo y zloms kirkuocmotbs m jm cb su mpjikmkiûo
si ol slo prltbeicms. Bs frbkubotb qub mpmrbzkmo kumcrls cb cljlr cb iotbosicmc
vmrimnjb curmotb bj trmtm`ibotl. ^mrm`botb pubcb prlcukir cbr`mtitis
cbr `mtitis cb klotmktl.
Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms
mjéreikm s (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.
Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmk
mc`ioistrmkiûo iûo
• Cbkmpmcl cb jm vbrruem klo bji`iomkiûo cbj `íxi`l tbgicl hipbrqubrm-
tûsikl vbrruelsl plsinjb.
• Qrltbebr bj tbgicl kirkuocmotb mj pmpijl`m m fio cb bvitmr plsinjbs qub-
`mcurms (uom nubom tékoikm bs usmr jmkm cb uýms obutrm l Vbrji` ;®).
• Mpjikmkiûo cbj prbpmrmcl
prbpmrmc l slnrb jm jbsiûo.
• Kurm lkjusivm pjístikm mcbkumcm curmotb 5>h.
• [i fubsb obkbsmril,
obkbs mril, rbpbtir jm lpbrmkiûo prbvim bji`iomkiûo cbj tbgicl hipbr-
qubrmtûsikl pmpijl`mtlsl cbstruicl.
• Bji`iomkiûo bsplotíobm l klo nisturà cb jm vbgiem qub boejlnmràm
boejlnm ràm bj pmpi-
jl`m y bj tbgicl vbrruelsl mslkimcl.
• Kurm cb jm qub`mcurm-÷jkbrmkiûo prlcukicm klo motiniûtikls + bozi`ms
prltbljàtikms.
• [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr bo frmskl tlpmkil cb kristmj prbfbrbotb`botb klo
piokbj l bspítujm mpjikmclrm.
• Bvitmr bj klotmktl cbj prlcuktl klo `uklsms l pibj ol mfbktmcm.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bstmnijicmc `íxi`m > `bsbs.
Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klosicbríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj
 trmtm`ibotl cb vbrruems misjmcms pjmotmrbs rbkmjkitrmotbs. Jms `ljbstims cbj trm-
tm`ibotl (fuocm`botmj`botb cljlr b io﬎m`mkiûo) slo cifbrbotbs cb uo pmkibotb m
ltrl, klotrljíoclsb klo momjeésikls y/l MIOB kjísikls (pmrmkbtm`lj, `btm`izlj,
inuprlfbol, cbxdbtlprlfbol,
cbxdbtlprlfbol, btk.).
btk.). Bo ebobrmj jm tljbrmokim bs nubom. Bs obkbsmril
o bkbsmril
qub jls trmtm`ibotls klo kmotmriciom sb rbmjikbo y klotrljbo bo jm klosujtm plr bj
plcûjlel.

>2>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Kristmjbs Qriokipil mktivl lntboicl
trmosj÷kicls, cbj iosbktl Jyttm vbsikmtlrim.
iokljlrls, Qrbsbotm mkkiûo irritmotb y
nrijjmotbs. vbsikmotb `uy iotbosm. Cb
Km ot m r i c i o m =% 1,13e Qríktikm`botb ermo iotbrés bo vbrruems
iosljunjb bo rbkmjkitrmotbs, iokjuicms jms
meum, sljunjb bo pjmotmrbs y pbriuoeumjbs.
btmolj kmjibotb,
mkbtlom y SSm`niéo
m`niéo sbcbutijizm
trmtm`ibotl utij@ljjusku`
izm bo bj
kjlrlflr`l. klotmeilsu`.

Qljvl kristmjiol
cb kljlr vbrcb Kljlrmotb cbrivmcl cbj
Vbrcb 1,12% 1,11>e klo rbfjbgls trifboij`btmol. [b utijizm kl`l
nrijjmotb `btíjikls. kljlrmotb bo `ikrlsklpàm y pmrm
[ljunjb bo meum `bcils cb kujtivl.
y bo btmolj.

Jàquicl cb
Mkbtlomm
Mkbtlo =`j =`j mspbktl Cisljvbotb.
mkulsl y ljlr
kmrmktbràstikl.
Jm blsiom bs uo kljlrmotb
motiséptikl. M klokbotrmkilobs
Qljvl `mylrbs (>%(>%)) sb utijizm kl`l
kristmjiol cb motiséptikl y kikmtrizmotb cb
kljlr `mrrûo ÷jkbrms kutíobms cb lriebo
K l j l c i ûo b j í s ti k l ; `j ; `j rlgizl. trmu`ítikl, vmskujmr l plr
[ljunjb bo meum cbk÷nitl. Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo bo
b o britb`m
y bo btmolj. cb pmýmj. Bo bstm flr`ujmkiûo
sb usm kl`l kljlrmotb m fio cb
cbfioir jm zlom cb mpjikmkiûo cbj
 kljlciûo.

SLSMJ
SLSMJ 3`j 3`j

>2;

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo bj frmskl cb kristmj clocb sb vmym m cispbosmr jm fûr`ujm pbsmr jm
kmotmriciom.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l frmskl ioklrplrmr =`j cb mkbtlom y meitmr vielrlsm`botb.
[b pubcb meijizmr jm cisljukiûo kmjbotmocl bj vmsl klo meum kmjibotb l
hmkibocl uo nmýl @mràm. Ol rbkl`bocm`ls utijizmr bj meitmclr `me-
oétikl plrqub jm mkbtlom sb bvmplrm `uy rípicl.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l frmskl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb vbrcb
vbrcb nrijjmotb
nrijjmotb y `bzkjmr
`bzkjmr..
QM[L 3 Ioklrplrmr bj kljlciûo obkbsmril pmrm klosbeuir bj vlju`bo tltmj cb jm
flr`ujmkiûo cb 3`j y `bzkjmr.
QM[L 2 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo frmskl jl jl `ís pbqubýl plsinjb. [b
pubcbo utijizmr bj frmskl cb kristmj cb 2 `j pmrm nilpsims.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Jàquicl visklsl trmospmrbotb cb kljlr vbrcb iotbosl y cb ljlr `uy kmrmktbràstikl
m étbr.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
>23

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems

QLC LFIJIOL
KLJLCIÛO CB KMOSM^ICIOM, ÍKICL [MJIKÀJIKL Y QLCLFIJIOL

Kl`plsikiûo
Kmotmriciom =%
Íkicl smjikàjikl ;1%
Qlcl﬍jiol 2%
Kljlciûo bjístikl ksp ;`j

[ioûoi`ls
Kljlciûo bjístikl7 kljlciûo ﬎bxinjb.
Qlcl﬍jiol7 rbsiom cb plcl﬍jiol.
plcl﬍jio l.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Jm kmotmriciom bs uo pljvl cbsbkmcl lntboicl cbj kljbûptbrl Jyttm vbsikmtlrim
l `lskm kmotíricm y m clsis nmgms bs uo pltbotb runbfmkibotb b irritmotb. Mj =%
tibob prlpibcmcbs vbsikmotbs. Mpjikmcm slnrb uom vbrruem prlcukb uom vbsàkujm
qub boejlnm mj pmpijl`m y tbgicl vbrruelsl mslkimcl, ebobrmj`botb klo = m ;
mpjikmkilobs sb cbsprbocb bsplotíobm`botb
bsplotíobm `botb klo jm kurm l klo myucm cb nisturà,
qubcmocl uom pbqubým jbsiûo ÷jkbrmtivm.
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl mj ;1% bs uo pltbotb qubrmtljàtikl klo jiebrms mkkilobs kíustikms.
Jm plcl﬍jltlxiom, priokipil mktivl cb jm rbsiom cb plcl﬍jiol,
p lcl﬍jiol, tibob
tibob mktivicmc moti-
`itûtikm y motivàrikm, plr jl qub mkt÷m slnrb bj virus cbj pmpijl`m iohinibocl su
rbpjikmkiûo. Sm`niéo prbsbotm mkkilobs irritmotbs jiebrm`botb kíustikms.
Bj kljlciûo bjístikl bs uo bxkipibotb qub prbsbotm klosistbokim
klo sistbokim cb jmkm cb uýms
qub, mj mpjikmrsb slnrb jm pibj y bvmplrmrsb bj étbr y mjklhlj cb su kl`plsikiûo,
cbgm uom kmpm supbr﬍kimj
supbr ﬍kimj trmospmrbotb ﬎bxinjb y lkjusivm qub pbr`itb ir kbcibocl
jls priokipils mktivls kíustikls y qubrmtljàtikls jbotm`botb cb flr`m klostmotb
y klotioumcm, fmkijitmocl jm mkkiûo tbrmpéutikm cb jls `is`ls.
Bj prbpmrmcl plr sus bfbktls vbsikmotbs, qubrmtljàtikls
qubrmtljàtikls y kíustikls ciserbem y
cbstruyb bj tbgicl hipbrqubrmtûsikl, bji`iomocl rmpicm`botb jms vbrruems y tbgicls
mslkimcls.
Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo visklsm (tipl jmkm uýms) trmospmrbotb cb kljlr `mrrûo y ljlr m étbr.
Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl bo klosujtm cb vbrruems
vbrr uems vujemrbs rbkicivmotbs.
rb kicivmotbs. Srmtm`ibotl
Srmtm`ibotl bo klo-
sujtm cb vbrruems rbkicivmotbs pjmotmrbs y plcmjbs bo ebobrmj.
Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm
Rtijizmkiûo sib`prb bo jm klosujtm plcljûeikm. Mpjikmkiûo ÷oikm bo klosujtm, rbm-
rb m-
jizmocl uom kurm lkjusivm i`pbr`bmnjb m ﬍o cb `mkbrmr jm jbsiûo pmrm mu`botmr
bj bfbktl tbrmpéutikl cbj prbpmrmcl.
prb pmrmcl. @motbobr jm kurm curmotb
curm otb 5>h. Jm mpjikmkiûo
pubcb rbpbtirsb = l > vbkbs `ís pmrm lntbobr jls rbsujtmcls cbsbmcls. Motbs
M otbs cb
hmkbr uom oubvm mpjikmkiûo rbmjizmr uom ji`pibzm cbj tbgicl mfbktmcl.

>22

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®. Mjbreim
m kumjquibrm cb jls ltrls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb
klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
ols plr ribsel Hm bstmnjbkicl.
mj trmtm`ibotl kíustikl cb rbmjizmrsb
bstmnjb uo klotrlj
kicl. Qlr bspbkimj
bj ribsel bo mokim-
cb ÷jkbrmkilobs
y plsinjbs iofbkkilobs cb cifàkij klotrlj ol bs rbkl`bocmnjb su utijizmkiûo bo
cimnétikls y pmkibotbs klo pmtljleàms vmskujmrbs pbriférikms
pbrifér ikms b io`uolcbpri`icls.
Ol utijizmr bo b`nmrmzmcms, `ugbrbs bo pbrilcl cb jmktmokim y bo oiýls `bolrbs
cb 2 mýls, mj ol tbobr cmtls cb su sbeuricmc.
^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs mkbptmnjb si sb
utijizm
utijizm cb flr`m klrrbktm. Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm, jiebrms qub`m-
curms y ÷jkbrmkilobs bob o jm zlom cb mpjikmkiûo y zloms kirkuocmotbs m jm cb su
mpjikmkiûo si ol slo prltbeicms. Bs frbkubotb jm mpmrikiûo cb kumcrls cb cljlr
(iokjusl iotbosl) curmotb bj trmtm`ibotl. ^mrm`botb pubcb prlcukir cbr`mtitis
cbr `mtitis cb
klotmktl. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs
rbmkk ilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs
bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.
Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmkiûo
• Cbkmpmcl cb jm vbrruem klo bji`iomkiûo cbj `íxi`l tbgicl hipbrqubrm-
tûsikl vbrruelsl plsinjb.
• Qrltbebr bj tbgicl kirkuocmotb mj pmpijl`m m fio cb bvitmr plsinjbs qub-
`mcurms (uom nubom tékoikm bs usmr jmkm cb uýms obutrm l Vbrji` ;®).
• Mpjikmkiûo sib`prb bo klosujtm cbj prbpmrmcl
prbpmr mcl slnrb jm jbsiûo.
• Kurm lkjusivm pjístikm mcbkumcm curmotb 5>h.
• [i fubsb obkbsmril,
obkb smril, rbpbtir jm lpbrmkiûo prbvim bji`iomkiûo
bji`iomkiû o cbj tbgicl hipbr-
qubrmtûsikl pmpijl`mtlsl cbstruicl.
• Bji`iomkiûo bsplotíobm l klo nisturà cb jm vbsàkujm qub boejlnmràm bj
pmpijl`m y bj tbgicl vbrruelsl mslkimcl.
• Kurm cb jm qub`mcurm-÷jkbrmkiûo prlcukicm klo motiniûtikls + bozi`ms
prltbljàtikms.
• [b rbkl`ibocm bovmsmr bo frmskl tlpmkil cb kristmj prbfbrbotb`botb klo
piokbj l bspítujm mpjikmclrm.
• Bvitmr bj klotmktl cbj prlcuktl klo `uklsms l pibj ol mfbktmcm.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bstmnijicmc `íxi`m > `bsbs.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klosicbríocljl cb utijicmc bo
 bj trmtm`ibotl cb vbrruems rbkicivmotbs iokjuicms jms pjmotmrbs. Jms
J ms `ljbstims cbj
trmtm`ibotl (fuocm`botmj`botb cljlr b io﬎m`mkiûo) bs cifbrbotb cb uo pmkibotb
m ltrl, klotrljíoclsb klo momjeésikls kjísikls y/l MIOB (pmrmkbtm`lj, `btm-
`izlj, inuprlfbol, cbxdbtlprlfbol, btk.). Bo ebobrmj jm tljbrmokim bs mkbptmnjb.
Jls trmtm`ibotls
trmtm`ibotls klo kmotmriciom sib`prb hmo cb rbmjizmrsb y klotrljmrsb bo jm
klosujtm plr bj plcûjlel.

>26

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Kristmjbs Qriokipil mktivl lntboicl
trmosj÷kicls, cbj iosbktl Jyttm vbsikmtlrim.
Qrbsbotm mkkiûo irritmotb y
iokljlrls, nrijjmotbs. vbsikmotb
Qríktikm`botb `uy iotbosm. Cb ermo
Km ot m r i c i o m =% 1,1;e iosljunjb bo meum, iotbrés bo vbrruems rbkmjkitrmotbs,
sljunjb bo btmolj iokjuicms jms pjmotmrbs y
kmjibotb, mkbtlom y pbriuoeumjbs. Sm`niéo sb utijizm
kjlrlflr`l. bo bj trmtm`iobtl cb @ljjusku`
klotmeilsu`.
Bj íkicl jíktikl bs uo mjfm-
hicrlxiíkicl. Qrbsbotm prlpibcmcbs
Qljvl kristmjiol hicrmtmotbs y rbstmurmclrms cbj
Íkicl ;1% 1,9e njmokl fíkij`botb `motl íkicl kutíobl, sibocl ÷tij bo
smjikàjikl sljunjb bo mjklhlj y iktilsis, xbrlsis b hipbrqubrmtlsis
ol sljunjb bo meum. Mj >2%
>2% mkt÷m kl`l qubrmtljàtikl,
pltbokimocl jm mkkiûo cbj íkicl
smjikàjikl.
@bzkjms cb rbsioms Bj priokipil mktivl cbj plclfijiol
bxtrmàcms cb jm rmàz y bs jm plclfijltlxiom. Qrbsbotm
rizl`m cbj plcûfijl. uom mkkiûo moti`itûtikm y
[b lntibobo motivàrikm, bji`iomocl bj tbgicl
Qlclfijiol 2% 1,=2e priokipmj`botb cls
bspbkibs7 rbsiom cbj Bjhipbrqubrmtûsikl
plclfijiol b`lcipmpijl`mtlsl.
plr su mkkiûo
plclfijiol b`lci y
rbsiom cbj plclfijiol irritmotb cbnbràm utijizmrsb
pbjtmtu`. ÷oikm`botb bo vbtbriomrim.
Jàquicl cb mspbktl
Mkbtlomm
Mkbtlo ks ks mkulsl y ljlr Cisljvbotb.
kmrmktbràstikl.
Bxkipibotb klo mkkilobs
Jàquicl cbosl, prltbktlrms. Cb mpjikmkiûo bo
kjmrl, trmospmrbotb, zloms rbcukicms jlkmjizmcms.
Kljlciûo k sp ; `j k s p ; `j klo ljlr btérbl. Qbr`itb uom mkkiûo prljloemcm
bjístikl Iosljunjb bo meum, plr jm flr`mkiûo cb uom pbjàkujm
`iskinjb klo mjklhlj slnrb jm jbsiûo, jl qub plsinijitm
y étbr
étb r. jm kbsiûo klotioum cb jls
priokipils mktivls.
SLSMJ
SLSMJ 3`j 3`j

>25

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls jl `ís pbqubýl plsinjb pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb
kmotmriciom klrrbsplocibotb.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l ioklrplrm
ioklrplrmrr >`j cb mkbtlom y meitmr vielrlsm`botb. [b
pubcb meijizmr jm cisljukiûo kmjbotmocl bj vmsl klo meum kmjibotb l
hmkibocl uo nmýl @mràm. Ol rbkl`bocm`ls utijizmr bj meitmclr `me-
oétikl plrqub jm mkbtlom sb bvmplrm `uy rípicl.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l vmsl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl smjikàjikl y plcl﬍jiol,
y `bzkjmr.
QM[L 3 Bo bj `is`l vmsl cb prbkipitmcls ioklrplrmr bj kljlciûo obkbsm
obkbsmril
ril
pmrm klosbeuir
klosb euir bj vlju`bo tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb ;`j y `bzkjmr.
[i bj bovmsb ﬍omj bstí ermcumcl, sb pubcb hmkbr bstb ÷jti`l pmsl
cirbktm`botb bo cikhl bovmsb.
QM[L 2 Bovmsmr bo uo frmsk
frmskl
l cb kristmj jl `ís pbqubýl plsinjb. [b pubcb
utijizmr bj frmskl cb kristmj cb 2`j pmrm nilpsims.

Oltm
Qmrm plcbr jmvmr bj vmsl cb prbkipitmcls cb uom flr`m rípicm y b﬍kmz sb rbkl-
`ibocm qub uom vbz mkmnmcm jm flr`ujmkiûo sb rbjjbob klo meum. Qmsmcms uoms
hlrms sb flr`m uom pbjàkujm m`mrrûomcm qub sb rbtirm klo fmkijicmc.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
Jàquicl visklsl trmospmrbotb
trmospmr botb cb kljlr `mrrûo iotbosl y cb ljlr `uy kmrmktbr
kmrmktbràstikl
àstikl
m étbr.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
>28

Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs pmrm
Ltljleàm
pslrimsis cbj pib
Jm pslrimsis bs uom bofbr`bcmc kutíobm io﬎m`mtlrim qub sb kmrmktbrizm plr
uo mu`botl cb jm prljifbrmkiûo bpicér`ikm qub prlcukb britb`m, cbskm`mkiûo y
mu`botl cbj erlslr cb jm pibj. [ib`prb sieub uom bvljukiûo krûoikm m `lcl cb nrl-
tbs y prlvlkm uo i`plrtmotb i`pmktl psiklslkimj bo jms
jm s pbrsloms qub jm pmcbkbo.
pmcb kbo.

Jm mol`mjàm `ís bvicbotb bo jm pslrimsis bs uo rbkm`nil mkbjbrmcl cb jm bpicbr-

b picbr-
`is. [i nibo jls qubrmtiolkitls slo jls rbsplosmnjbs cbj
cb j kl`plobotb cbskm`mtivl
y qubrmtûsikl cb jms jbsilobs, bj britb`m sb cbnb m jm io﬎m`mkiûo sunymkbotb
`bcimcm plr jioflkitls S y obutrû﬍jls plji`lrfloukjbmrbs.

Jm vmrimotb kjàoikm qub mfbktm `ís bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl bs jm pslrimsis pmj-

`lpjmotmr. Bstm sb prbsbotm kl`l uom bvljukiûo cb jm pslrimsis bo pjmkms y
mfbktm cbj `is`l `lcl m pmj`ms cb jms `mols y jms pjmotms cb jls pibs. Jms
jjm`mcms pjmkms pslriísikms sb kmrmktbrizmo plr prbsbotmr britb`m, io﬍jtrmkiûo y
cbskm`mkiûo klo uo mspbktl jiquboiflr`b, subjbo kursmr klo pruritl y plsinjb
slnrbiofbkkiûo nmktbrimom y/l f÷oeikm plr bj rmskmcl cb jms `is`ms. Curmotb bj
trmoskursl cb bstm bs frbkubotb jm mfbktmkiûo cb jm uýms.
Bs obkbsmril, m ﬍o cb bvitmr frmkmsls tbrmpéutikls, rbmjizmr uo cimeoûstikl cifb-
rbokimj `bcimotb bxm`bo cirbktl klo DLH DLH l kujtivls
kujtivls `ikljûeikls klo bj ﬍o cb
bxkjuir uom tiým hipbrqubrmtûsikm l uom loikl`iklsis. Jm nilpsim pubcb sbr ÷tij
pmrm klo﬍r`mr bj cimeoûstikl y cbskmrtmr prlkbsls kjàoikm`botb pmrbkicls kl`l
jiqubo pjmol, sà﬍jis, oburlcbr`itis, cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl l `iklsis fuoelicb.

M oivbj plcljû
plcljûeikl
eikl jm
j m bstrmtb
b strmtbeim
eim tbrmp
tb rmpéutik
éutikmm ebobr
eb obrmj
mj pmrm
pm rm bj
b j trmtm`ib
trm tm`ibotl
otl cb jm
pslrimsis pmj`lpjmotmr sb nmsm bo jm tbrmpim
tbrmp im tûpikm `bcimotb flr`ujmkilobs
flr`ujmkilobs cb
cifbrbotbs erupls cb priokipils mktivls botrb jls qub cbstmkmrb`ls7
• Hicrmtmotbs7 urbm, mjlb vbrm, íkicl himjurûoikl, jmktmtl m`ûoikl.
• B`ljibotbs7 mkbitbs `iobrmjbs, jmoljiom.
• ]ubrmtljàtikls7 íkicl smjikàjikl, rbslrkiom, mjfm-hicrlxiíkicls, urbm.
• Cbrivmcls cb jm nrbm7 klmjtmr smploiomcl.
• Klrtiklicbs7 kjlnbtmslj, trim`kioljlom, hicrlklrtislom.
• Citrmolj7 motrmjiom.
• Cbrivmcls cb jm vitm`iom C7 kmjkipltrilj, tmkmjkitlj.

Ltrls trmtm`ibotls kl`l jm fltltbrmpim (RVM cb nmocm bstrbkhm), jm fltlqui`il-

tbrmpim (QRVM) l jls sisté`ikls (mkitrbàom, `btltrbxmtl
`btltrbxmtl,, kikjlsplriom, bfmjizu`mn
b fmjizu`mn
l moti-SOF
moti-SOF mjfm) hmo cb sbr
sb r iostmurmcls plr cbr`mtûjlels.
 ]ué cucm kmnb qub bj plcûjlel cbnb klolkbr sus ji`itmkilobs
ji`itmkilobs y motb uom
pslrimsis pmj`lpjmotmr cbnb vmjlrmr su trmtm`ibotl l jm cbrivmkiûo cbj pmkibotb
mj cbr`mtûjlel.

>61

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

K^B@M B@LJIBOSB KLO KJLNBSM[LJ, R^BM Y ÍKICL [MJIKÀJIKL

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl smjikàjikl 2-=1%
2-=1%
Rrbm =2->1%
Jmktmtl m`ûoikl =>%
=>%
Kjlnbtmslj 1,12%
Jmoljiom 5%
Bxkipibotb b`ljibotb ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls
Kjlnbtmslj7 ciprlpilomtl cb kjlnbtmslj.
Jmoljiom7 Mcbps jmomb.
Rrbm7 kmrnm`icm.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl bs nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl, mcb`ís plsbb prlpibcmcbs
qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr cbj qubrmtiolkitl
qubr mtiolkitl
pbr`itibocl jm cbsmchbrbokim y cbskm`mkiûo cb jm kmpm kûrobm. Sm`niéo prb-
sbotm uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm
kûrob m prlcukibocl su cbsiotbermkiûo
(qubrmtioljisis).
Jm urbm bs uo pltbotb hicrmtmotb, mj >1% tibob mkkilobs qubrmtljàtikms klo jm
klosieuibotb ciserbemkiûo cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl, pltbokim jms mkkilobs cbj íkicl
smjikàjikl, cis`iouybocl su bfbktl irritmotb. Sm`niéo olr`mjizm b hicrmtm jm kmpm
kûrobm oubvm.
Bj
uomkjlnbtmslj prlpilomtl bs plr
mkkiûo motiio﬎m`mtlrim uo cbr`lklrtiklicb cb `uy cb
iohinikiûo cb jm sàotbsis mjtmjms
pltbokim. Qrbsbotm
prlstmejmocioms.
Sm`niéo tibob mkkilobs
mkkilob s moti`itûtikms, njlqubmocl jm prljifbrmkiûo cb c b jms kéjujms
bpicér`ikms cistrû﬍kms cb jms jbsilobs pslriísikms.
Bj jmktmtl m`ûoikl bs uo mebotb hicrmtmotb y rbstmurmclr cbj `motl íkicl ermsl
cb jm pibj. Qmrm mjeuols mutlrbs mu`botm jm tljbrmokim y cis`iouyb jls bfbktls
mcvbrsls cbj kjlnbtmslj mj mslkimrsb m éstb.
Jm jmoljiom bs cb omturmjbzm jipû﬍jm, plsbb mkkilobs
mk kilobs b`ljibotbs, sljm l ioklrpl-
rmcm m jm fmsb ermsm
erms m cb jms b`ujsilobs flr`m uom pbjàkujm
pb jàkujm `ís l `bols lkjusivm
slnrb jm supbr﬍kib kutíobm,
kutí obm, mu`botmocl jm rbtbokiûo cb meum cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl
y prlplrkilomocl bjmstikicmc, hicrmtmkiûo, sumvicmc y ﬎bxinijicmc m jm pibj.
Bj bxkipibotb b`ljibotb L/U
L/U bs uom b`ujsiûo
b `ujsiûo krb`lsm klo mktivicmc hicrmtmotb,
jiebrm`botb lkjusivm y kls`étikm`botb mermcmnjb.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl m`mrijjbotl cb mspbktl krb`lsl cb tmktl mermcmnjb y cb fíkij mpjikmkiûo.

>6=

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb pslrimsis pmj`lpjmotmr jiebrm. Bzkb`m ou`ujmr. Britrlcbr`im psl-
riísikm. Cbr`mtitis pjmotmrbs krûoikms hipbrqubrmtûsikms.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr jm krb`m > vbkbs
vbkb s mj càm plr jm `mýmom y olkhb
ol khb klo uo jiebrl
jieb rl `msmgb. [i
sb mpjikmrm = vbz mj càm, sb hmrí plr jm olkhb cbspués
cbspué s cbj jmvmcl cbj pib. Bo fuo-
kiûo cb jms kmrmktbràstikms cb jm jbsiûo sb utijizmrío clsis `ís l `bols mjtms cb
jls mebotbs qubrmtljàtikls (urbm y/l íkicl smjikàjikl). Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl
cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl, supri`iéocljl cb flr`m ermcumj. [i sb
slspbkhm cb plsinjb slnrbiofbkkiûo nmktbrimom y/l f÷oeikm (pslrimsis pustujlsm
pjmotmr, bkzb`m pjmotmr krûoikl slnrbiofbktmcl) m jm flr`ujmkiûo sb pubcb kl`-
pjb`botmr klo
k lo ebotm`ikiom 1,>% y/l dbtlklomzlj >%.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
®
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj ltrls
m kumjquibrm cb jls íkicl kl`plobotbs
smjikàjikl l m jls
cbjsmjikijmtls,
prbpmrmcl. iokjuicm jm mspiriom
Ol utijizmr . Mjbreim
bo b`nmrmzm-
cms, `ugbrbs bo pbrilcl
pbr ilcl cb jmktmokim l oiýls `bolrbs cb => mýls. Jm utijizmkiûo
cb qubrmtljàtikls bo bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo prlnjb`ms vmskujmrbs pbriférikls
l mokimols hm cb rbmjizmrsb nmgl uo klotrlj bstriktl cbj plcûjlel, vmjlrmocl bo
kmcm `l`botl y pmrm kmcm bofbr`l jm obkbsicmc cb su usl.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb utijizm
klrrbktm`botb. Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm
kutíob m bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls.
Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms kbrkmoms
kbrkm oms m jls lgls l `uklsms. Bxkbpkilomj`botb
B xkbpkilomj`botb,,
bj kjlnbtmslj pubcb prlcukir rbmkkilobs jlkmjbs (cbr`mtl`iklsis, qub`mzûo
kutíobm, pruritl, sbqubcmc kutíobm,
kutíobm , rbtrmsl bo jm kikmtrizmkiûo cb hbricms, bstràms,
hirsutis`l).). @uy rmrm`botb pubcbo pmrbkbr rbmkkilobs sisté`ikms plr mnslrkiûo
hirsutis`l
pbrkutíobm oltmnjb,
oltmn jb, klo suprbsiûo mcrbomj, sàocrl`b cb Kushioe y rbtrmsl bo bj
krbki`ibotl.. Bxkbpkilomj`botb pubcb prbsbotmr
krbki`ibotl prb sbotmr cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl. Bo kmsl
cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms,
btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki

mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbermsls.
• [bkmcl cbj pib iokjuicms zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl bxtbociéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms rbm-
jizmocl uo jiebrl `msmgb.
 • Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o
sb e÷o pmutms iocikmcms l kritbril cbj
plcûjlel.
• [upri`ir ermcumj`botb bj trmtm`ibotl.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

>6>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y uom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klo-
sicbríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb pmtljleàms
pmtljleàms pslriísikms l bkzb`ms
krûoikls hipbrqubrmtûsikls pjmotmrbs bo mcujtls, y sus kmrmktbràstikms kls`éti-
kms slo mermcmnjbs. Bs obkbsmril cis`iouir pmujmtiom`botb jms mpjikmkilobs cbj
prbpmrmcl bo fuokiûo cb jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.
 >6;

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm vbrruems
IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^
Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo cbj `lcus lpbrmoci utijizmrb`ls jms klokbotrmkilobs `ís
mjtms cb jls rmoels tbrmpéutikls iocikmcls.

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Jm urbm mj >1% prbsbotm
mkkilobs qubrmtljàtikms b
Qljvl kristmjiol cb hicrmtmotbs, sibocl kmpmz
Rrb m >1% >1 e tm`mýl cb pmrtàkujms cb bji`iomr jm qubrmtiom
ermocbs fíkij`botb bpicér`ikm mu`botmocl jm
sljunjb bo meum. fjbxinijicmc cb jm kmpm kûrobm,
msà kl`l mu`botmocl bj
klotboicl hàcrikl cb jm `is`m.

Qljvl kristmjiol Bj íkicl smjikàjikl

smjikàji kl mj =1%
Íkicll
Íkic =1% =1e njmokl fíkij`botb bs motiséptiklcbj
jm cisljukiûo y qubrmtljàtikl y fmkijitm
kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr
smjikàjikl sljunjb bo mjklhlj y
ol sljunjb bo meum. cbj qubrmtiolkitl pbr`itibocl jm
cbskm`mkiûo cb jm kmpm kûrobm.
Jàquicl
trmospmrbotb iokljlrl Mebo tb hicrmtmo
Mebotb hic rmtmotb
tb y rbolvmcl
rbo lvmclrr
Jmktmtl l jiebrm`botb bpicér`ikl. [b mpjikm slnrb
m`ûoikl =>% =>e m`mrijjbotl. [ljunjb pibjbs iktiûsikms l pslriísikms.
51% bo meum, ejikbriom y [b jb hm mtrinuicl rbcukkiûo
mjklhlj, plkl sljunjb cb jls bfbktls mcvbrsls cb
bo `btmolj, iosljunjb jls cbr`lklrtiklicbs.
bo étbr y mkbtlom.
Bj kjlnbtmslj prlpilomtl bs
Qljvl hmriolsl ol uo cbr`lklrtiklicb cb `uy mjtm
pltbokim. Qrbsbotm uom mkkiûo
Kjlnbtmslj 1,12% 1,12e sljunjb bosljunjb
fíkij`botb meum ybo motiiofjm`mtlrim. Sm`niéo tibob
prlpilomtl btmolj y cisljvbotbs mkkilobs moti`itûtikms, njlqubmocl
jm prljifbrmkiûo cb jms kéjujms
lreíoikls. bpicér`ikms cistrûfikms cb jms
jbsilobs pslriísikms.
Jm jmoljiom bs cb omturmjbzm jipûfijm,
plsbb mkkilobs b`ljibotbs, sljm l
ioklrplrmcm m jm fmsb ermsm cb jms
[b`isûjicl b`ujsilobs flr`m uom pbjàkujm `ís
klosistbotb `mrrûo l `bols lkjusivm slnrb jm supbrfikib
J m o lji o m 5% 5e klo tmktl ermsibotl, kutíobm, mu`botmocl jm rbtbokiûo
fíkij`botb sljunjb bo
prlcuktls ermsls. cb meum cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl y
prlplrkilomocl bjmstikicmc,
 hicrmtmkiûo, sumvicmc y
fjbxinijicmc m jm pibj.
Bxkipibotb
b`ljibotb ksp =11e ksp =1 1e
L/U
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11e =11e

>63

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms
`mobrm s
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl
iotbr`bcils (tbobr prbbjmnlrmcm
cb jm utijizmkiûo
jm b`ujsiûo
bo `mylr
L/U).l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
prbpmr mcls
Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub mklosbgm`ls utijizmr pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo
bjmn lrmkiûo cb jm b`ujsiûo
L/U bs bstm vmrimkiûo cbj kjísikl bxkipibotb b`ljibotb plr su mjtm bxpbribokim cb
usl bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl.

FM[B E^M[M
Kbrm Jmobttb [X
Kl`plsikiûo7 `bzkjm bo flr`m cb cispbrsiûo kljlicmj cb =2%
=2%
91 pmrtbs cb kbrm
kb rm Jmobttb L y =1 pmrtbs cb uom `bzkjm cb
sujfmtls sûcikls cb mjklhljbs ermsls.
Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 5%
Qmrm﬍om jàquicm 5%
Qhboloip 1,62%
Jmoljiom mohicrm 5%

FM[B MKRL[M
Ejikbriom 2%
Bctm cisûcikl 1,;2%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

Jm ioklrplrmkiûo cb jls mktivls sb rbmjizmràm cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7 jm urbm y bj

jmktmtl m`ûoikl bo jm fmsb mkulsm y bj íkicl sijikàjikl jm bo jm fmsb ermsm.
erm sm. Rom vbz
bofrimcm jm krb`m sb ioklrplrm bj kjlnbtmslj cisubjtl bo uoms eltms cb mjklhlj
y cb ejikbriom.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl klosistbotb cb kljlr m`mrijjl fíkij`botb jmvmnjb klo meum.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 >62

K^B@M KLO KJLNBSM[LJ, R^BM,

R^B M, ÍKICL [MJIKÀJIKL Y KLMJ
KLMJS
SM^
[MQLOIOMCL

Kl`plsikiûo
Íkicl smjikàjikl 2-=1%
2-=1%
Rrbm =2->1%
Jmktmtl m`ûoikl =>%
=>%
Kjlnbtmslj 1,12%
Klmjtmr smploiomcl 8%
Jmoljiom 8%
Bxkipibotb krb`m ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls
Kjlnbtmslj7 ciprlpilomtl cb kjlnbtmslj.
Jmoljiom7 Mcbps jmomb.
Rrbm7 kmrnm`icm.
Klmjtmr smploiomcl7 nrbm cb hujjm smploiomcm,
smpl oiomcm, klmjtmr cbslclri﬍kmcl.
cb slclri﬍kmcl.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl bs nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl, mcb`ís plsbb prlpibcmcbs
qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr cbj qubrmtiolkitl
qubr mtiolkitl
pbr`itibocl jm cbsmchbrbokim y cbskm`mkiûo cb jm kmpm kûrobm. Sm`niéo prb-
sbotm uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm prlcukibocl
(qubrmtioljisis). p rlcukibocl su cbsiotbermkiûo
Jm urbm bs uo pltbotb hicrmtmotb,
hicrmtm otb, mj =2->1%
=2->1% tibob mkkilobs qubrmtljàtikms klo jm
klosieuibotb ciserbemkiûo cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl y pltbokim jms mkkilobs cbj íkicl
smjikàjikl, olr`mjizmocl b hicrmtmocl jm kmpm kûrobm oubvm.
Bj kjlnbtmslj prlpilomtl bs uo cbr`lklrtiklicb cb `uy mjtm pltbokim. Qrbsbotm
uom mkkiûo motiio﬎m`mtlrim plr iohinikiûo cb jm sàotbsis cb jms prlstmejmocioms.
Sm`niéo tibob mkkilobs
mkkilob s moti`itûtikms, njlqubmocl jm prljifbrmkiûo cb jms kéjujms
bpicér`ikms cistrû﬍kms cb jms jbsilobs pslriísikms.
Bj jmktmtl m`ûoikl bs uo mebotb hicrmtmotb y rbstmurmclr cbj `motl íkicl ermsl
cb jm pibj. Qmrm mjeuols mutlrbs mu`botm jm tljbrmokim y cis`iouyb jls bfbktls
mcvbrsls cbj kjlnbtmslj mj mslkimrsb m éstb.
 Bj klmjtmr smploiomcl bs uo cbrivmcl cb jms nrbms (nrbm cb hujjm smploiomcm) prb-
sbotm uoms kmrmktbràstikms
`motboibocl sus nbob﬍kilslremoljéptikms
cbr`mtljûeikls7
cbr`mtljûei kls7
mjel
mkkiûo
`bolsmotiséptikm,
cbsmermcmnjbs
motiio﬎m`mt
motiio﬎m`mtlrim,
qub éstms,
éstm
lrim,
s,
motiprurieiolsm y rbcuktlrm (fmvlrbkb jm rbebobrmkiûo
rb ebobrmkiûo cbj bxtrmktl
bxtrmk tl kûrobl). Sm`-
Sm`-
niéo sb jb mtrinuybo mkkilobs moti`itûtikms.

>66

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

mk kilobs b`ljibotbs, sljm l ioklrpl-

Jm jmoljiom bs cb omturmjbzm jipû﬍jm, plsbb mkkilobs
rmcm m jm fmsb ermsm
erms m cb jms b`ujsilobs flr`m uom pbjàkujm
pb jàkujm `ís l `bols lkjusivm
slnrb jm supbr﬍kib kutíobm,
kutí obm, mu`botmocl jm rbtbokiûo cb meum cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl
y prlplrkilomocl bjmstikicmc, hicrmtmkiûo, sumvicmc y ﬎bxinijicmc m jm pibj.
Bj bxkipibotb
bxkipibotb bs uom b`ujsiûo klo mktivicmc hicrmtmotb, jiebrm`botb lkjusivm y
kls`étikm`botb mermcmnjb.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl krb`lsl cb kljlr m`mrijjbotl y ljlr kmrmktbràstikl.
kmrmk tbràstikl. Mermcmnjb mj tmktl
y cb fíkij mpjikmkiûo.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb pslrimsis bo pjmkm. Bkzb`m ou`ujmr. Britrlcbr`im pslriísikm.
Qslrimsis pjmotmr jiebrm. Jiqubo pjmol hipbrtrû﬍kl.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr jm krb`m = m > vbkbs mj càm plr jm `mýmom y olkhb klo uo jiebrl `msmgb.
[i sb mpjikmrm = vbz mj càm, sb hmrí plr jm olkhb cbspués cbj jmvmcl cbj pib. Bo
fuokiûo cb jms kmrmktbràstikms
kmrmktbràstikm s cb jm jbsiûo sb utijizmrío
utijizmrío clsis `ís l `bols mjtms cb
jls mebotbs qubrmtljàtikls (urbm y/l íkicl smjikàjikl). Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl
cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl, supri`iéocljl cb flr`m ermcumj. [i sb
slspbkhm cb plsinjb slnrbiofbkkiûo nmktbrimom y/l f÷oeikm (pslrimsis pustujlsm
pjmotmr, bkzb`m krûoikl slnrbiofbktmcl) mj prbpmrmcl sb jb mýmciràm
m ýmciràm ebotm`ikiom
1,>% y/l dbtlklomzlj >%.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®, msà
kl`l m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl.
prbp mrmcl. Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb
jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs. Ol utijizmr bo b`nmrmzmcms, `ugbrbs bo
pbrilcl cb jmktmokim l oiýls `bolrbs cb => mýls. Jm utijizmkiûo cb qubrmtljàtikls
qubr mtljàtikls
bo bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo prlnjb`ms vmskujmrbs pbriférikls
pb riférikls l mokimols hm cb
rbmjizmrsb nmgl uo klotrlj bstriktl cbj plcûjlel, vmjlrmocl bo kmcm `l`botl y
pmrm kmcm bofbr`l jm obkbsicmc cb su usl. Ol utijizmr bo jbsilobs ÷jkbrmcms oi
slnrb pibj qub`mcm.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb utijizm
klrrbktm`botb. Qubcb prlcukir irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls.
Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms. Jm prbsbokim cbj
kjlnbtmslj pubcb prlcukir rbmkkilobs jlkmjbs plklplk l frbkubotbs (cbr`mtl`iklsis,
qub`mzûo kutíobm, pruritl,
prur itl, sbqubcmc kutíobm,
kutío bm, rbtrmsl bo jm kikmtrizmkiûo cb hbri-
cms, bstràms, hirsutis`l). @uy rmrm`botb pubcbo mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs
rbmk kilobs sisté`ikms

>65

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

plr mnslrkiûo pbrkutíobm oltmnjb, klo suprbsiûo mcrbomj,

mcrb omj, sàocrl`b cb Kushioe,
rbtrmsl bo bj krbki`ibotl. Bxkbpkilomj`botb pubcb prbsbotmr cbr`mtitis cb klo-
tmktl
tmktl.
. Bo kmsl cb
bxmotb`ítikms, mpmrbkbr
btk.) rbmkkilobs
suspbocbr mjéreikms
bj trmtm`ibotl (urtikmrim,klo
y klosujtmr britb`m, rbmkkilobs
su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmkiûo

• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbermsls.
• [bkmcl cbj pib bo bspbkimj jms zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl bxtbociéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms rbm-
jizmocl uo jiebrl `msmgb.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o
sb e÷o pmutms iocikmcms l kritbril cbj
plcûjlel.

• [upri`ir ermcumj`botb bj trmtm`ibotl.

• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim klo b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klosi-
cbríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb pmtljleàms cb btiljleàm pslriísikm
jbvb l bkzb`mtlsms xbrûsikms bo mcujtls y sus kmrmktbràstikms kls`étikms slo
mermcmnjbs. Ir cis`iouybocl pmujmtiom`botb jms mpjikmkilobs cbj prbpmrmcl bo
fuokiûo cb jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.
>68

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo cbj `lcus lpbrmoci utijizmrb`ls jms klokbotrmkilobs `ís
mjtms cb jls rmoels tbrmpéutikls iocikmcls.

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs

Qljvl kristmjiol Jm urbm mj >1% prbsbotm mkkilobs

cb tm`mýl qubrmtljàtikms
qubrmtljàti kms b hicrmtmotbs, sibocl
cb pmrtàkujms kmpmz cb bji`iomr jmj m qubrmtiom
Rrb m >1% >1e ermocbs bpicér`ikm mu`botmocl jm
fjbxinijicmc cb jm kmpm kûrobm, msà
sljunjb
fíkij`botb
bo meum. kl`l iokrb`botmocl
bj klotboicl hàcrikl cb jm `is`m.
Qljvl kristmjiol Bj íkicl smjikàjikl mj =1% bs
njmokl motiséptikl y qubrmtljàtikl y
Íkicl =1% =1e fíkij`botb fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl
smjikàjikl sljunjb bo iotbrkbjujmr cbj qubrmtiolkitl
mjklhlj y ol pbr`itibocl jm cbskm`mkiûo
sljunjb bo meum. cb jm kmpm kûrobm.
Jàquicl Mebotb hicrmtmotb
hicrmt motb y rbolvmclr
rbolvmcl r
trmospmrbotb cb bpicér`ikl. [b mpjikm slnrb pibjbs
Jmktmtl =>% =>e tmktl mkulsl. iktiûsikms l pslriísikms.
m`ûoikl Fíkij`botb [b jb hm mtrinuicl rbcukkiûo
sljunjb bo meum cb jls bfbktls mcvbrsls cb jls
y mjklhlj. cbr`lklrtiklicbs.
Qljvl hmriolsl
ol sljunjb Bj kjlnbtmslj prlpilomtl bs uo
Kjlnbtmslj bo meum y cbr`lklrtiklicb cb `uy mjtm
prlpilomtl 1,12% 1,12e fíkij`botb pltbokim. Sm`niéo tibob mkkilobs
sljunjb bo btmolj moti`itûtikms.
y cisljvbotbs
lreíoikls.
Jm jmoljiom bs cb omturmjbzm jipûfijm,
plsbb mkkilobs b`ljibotbs, sljm
l ioklrplrmcm m jm fmsb ermsm cb
cb
[b`isûjicl jms b`ujsilobs flr`m uom pbjàkujm
J m oljiom 8% 8e m`mrijjl `ís l `bols lkjusivm slnrb jm
m`mrrûomcl cb supbrfikib kutíobm, mu`botmocl

tmktl uotlsl. jm rbtbokiûo

kûrobl ycb meum cbj bxtrmktl
prlplrkilomocl
bjmstikicmc, hicrmtmkiûo, sumvicmc
y fjbxinijicmc m jm pibj.

>69

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils
mktivls Qbsl o
Vlju`b
Vlju`bo rbmj
pbsmcm Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb

Bj klmjtmr Mkt÷m kl`l

smploiomcl qubrmtlpjístikl rbcuktlr
klotibob m klokbotrmkilobs `bolrbs mj
uo >1% cb 3%, y m klokbotrmkilobs `ís
Klmjtmr klmjtmr (nrbm bjbvmcms prlcukb uo jbvb
smploiomcl 8% 8e cb hujjm) bfbktl bxfljimtivl. [b iocikm bo
bj trmtm`ibotl cb jm pslrimsis y
cijuicl bo bo trmstlrols sbnlrrbikls plr
tioturm cb sbrmotipruràtikl y rbcuktlr.
quijmym l nibo [b krbb mcb`ís qub pubcb
bo mjklhlj. tbobr uo bfbktl moti`itûtikl.
Bxkipibotb
krb`m L/U ksp =11
ksp 11ee ks
ksp
p =11
11ee
SLSMJ
SLS MJ =11e =11e

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms
`mobrm s
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl
cbpbociboc l cb jm utijizmkiûo bo `mylr l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
prbpm rmcls
iotbr`bcils (tbobr prbbjmnlrmcm jm b`ujsiûo L/U). Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub
mklosbgm`ls utijizmr pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb jm b`ujsiûo L/U bs bstm vmrimkiûo
cb jm kjísikm krb`m nmsb Jmobttb plr su mjtm bxpbribokim y b﬍kmkim bo bj í`nitl
plcljûeikl.

FM[B E^M[M
Kbrm Jmobttb [X
Kl`plsikiûo7 `bzkjm bo flr`m cb cispbrsiûo kljlicmj cb =2%
=2%
91 pmrtbs
pmr tbs cb kbrm Jmobttb
Jmobt tb L y =1
=1 pmrtbs cb uom `bzkjm cb
sujfmtls sûcikls cb mjklhljbs ermsls.
Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 5%
Qmrm﬍om jàquicm 5%
Qhboloip 1,62%
 FM[B MKRL[M
Ejikbriom 2%
Bctm cisûcikl 1,;2%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

>51

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

Jm ioklrplrmkiûo cb jls mktivls sb rbmjizmràm cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7 jm urbm y bj

jmktmtl m`ûoikl bo jm fmsb mkulsm4 bj íkicl smjikàjikl y jm jmoljiom bo jm fmsb ermsm4
bj klmjtmr smploiomcl y bj kjlnbtmslj uom vbz b`ujsilomcms y bofrimcms jms cls
fmsbs.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl klosistbotb cb kljlr `mrrûo kjmrl fíkij`botb jmvmnjb klo meum.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 >5=

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

EBJ KLO Q^LQIJBOEJIKLJ, ÍKICL [MJIKÀJIKL

[M JIKÀJIKL Y KJLNBSM[LJ

Kl`plsikiûo
Qrlpijboejiklj 61%
Íkicl smjikàjikl 6%
Kjlnbtmslj 1,12%
Bxkipibotb ebj ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls
Kjlnbtmslj7 ciprlpilomtl cb kjlnbtmslj.

Mkkiûo
Bj íkiclfmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe
smjikàjikl bsikm
nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl, mcb`ís plsbb prlpibcmcbs
qubrmtljàtikms y fmkijitm jm cisljukiûo cbj kb`botl iotbrkbjujmr cbj qubrmtiolkitl
qubr mtiolkitl
pbr`itibocl jm cbsmchbrbokim y cbskm`mkiûo cb jm kmpm kûrobm. Sm`niéo prb-
sbotm uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm prlcukibocl
p rlcukibocl su cbsiotbermkiûo
(qubrmtioljisis).
Bj kjlnbtmslj prlpilomtl bs uo cbr`lklrtiklicb cb `uy mjtm pltbokim. Qrbsbotm
uom mkkiûo motiio﬎m`mtlrim plr iohinikiûo cb jm sàotbsis cb jms prlstmejmocioms.
Sm`niéo tibob mkkilobs
mkkilob s moti`itûtikms, njlqubmocl jm prljifbrmkiûo cb jms kéjujms
bpicér`ikms cistrû﬍kms cb jms jbsilobs pslriísikms.
Bj prlpijboejiklj bs uo hicrmtmotb klo mkkilobs hu`bktmotbs.
hu`bkt motbs. Mj 61% `mkbrm jms
jbsilobs hipbrqubrmtûsikms
hipbrqubrm tûsikms pltbokimocl jm mkkiûo cbj íkicl smjikàjikl, fmkijitmocl
bj cbsprboci`ibotl cb jm kmpm kûrobm.

Bj ebj bs uo bxkipibotb ol ermsl klo mktivicmc hicrmtmotb,

hicr mtmotb, `uy mermcmnjb mj mpjikmr.
mpjikm r.
Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl cb klosistbokim ebj trmospmrbotb, cb ljlr kmrmktbràstikl klo tmktl
mermcmnjb y cb fíkij mpjikmkiûo.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb jm pslrimsis
pslr imsis pjmotmr. Srmtm`ibotl
Srmtm`ibotl cb jbsilobs bkzb`mtlsms krûoi-
kms. Hipbrqubrmtlsis pjmotmrbs klo fubrtb kl`plobotb pruràtikl.
 Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr
Mpjik
plr jmmrolkhb.
b j ebj Bo
bj = lfuokiûo
> vbkbs
vbk bscbmj
m jjms
càmkmrmktbràstikms
càm.. [i jm mpjikmk
mp jikmkiûo
iûo b s uom
bs uo m vbz mj càm
hipbrqubrmtûsikms càcb
m sb rbmjizmr
rbmj
jm jbsiûoizmrí
sbí
utijizmrío clsis `ís l `bols mjtms cb íkicl smjikàjikl m ﬍o cb prlvlkmr jm `íxi`m
b﬍kmkim klo jm `bolr irritmkiûo plsinjb cb jm pibj pbrijbsilomj.

>5>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®. Mjbreim
mj prlpijboejiklj,
prbpmrmcl. mj kjlnbtmslj,
Ol utijizmr msà kl`l
bo b`nmrmzmcms, m kumjquibrm
`ugbrbs cb jls
bo pbrilcl cbkl`plobotbs cbjy
jmktmok im, oiýls
jmktmokim,
gûvbobs
gûvbobs `bolrbs cb =6 =6 mýls.
mýls. Jm utijizmki
utijizmkiûo
ûo cbj íkicl smjikàji
smjikàjikl
kl bo bofbr`ls
bofbr`ls cimné-
tikls, klo prlnjb`ms vmskujmrbs pbriférikls l mokimols hm cb rbmjizmrsb nmgl uo
klotrlj bstriktl cbj plcûjlel, vmjlrmocl bo kmcm `l`botl y pmrm kmcm bofbr`l
jm obkbsicmc cb su usl. Ol utijizmr bo jbsilobs ÷jkbrmcms oi slnrb pibj brlsilomcm.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb utijizm
klrrbktm`botb. [u priokipmj ioklovboibotb bs su pltbokimj irritmotb bo jm pibj
pbrijbsilomj. Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls. Bj
kjlnbtmslj klrtiklicb cbj erupl IV rmrm`botb bo plcljleàm prbsbotmo rbmkkilobs
mcvbrsms m jms klokbotrmkilobs y clsi﬍kmkilobs klrrbktms, pbrl bstío cbskritms
rbmkkilobs jlkmjbs kl`l7 cbr`mtl`iklsis, qub`mzûo kutíobm,
kutíobm , pruritl y sbqub-
cmc bo jm zlom trmtmcm. Bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls pubcb cmr
cm r juemr m hirsutis`l,
mtrl﬍m kutíobm klo mcbjemzm`ibotl kutíobl, bstràms cér`ikms qub pubcbo sbr
pbr`mobotbs, cbspie`botmkiûo kutíobm, pbtbquims, kupbrlsis y rbtrmsl bo jm
kikmtrizmkiûo cb hbricms. @uy rmrm`botb pubcbo mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs sisté`ikms
plr mnslrkiûo pbrkutíobm oltmnjb, klo suprbsiûo mcrbomj,
mcrb omj, sàocrl`b cb Kushioe,
rbtrmsl bo bj krbki`ibotl
krbk i`ibotl.. Bxkbpkilomj`botb pubcb prbsbotmr
prbsbotm r cbr`mtitis cb klo-
tmktl.. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs
tmktl
bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmk

mc`ioistrmkiûo
iûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbermsls.
• [bkmcl cbj pib iokjuicms zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl bxtbociéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms rbm-
jizmocl uo jiebrl `msmgb.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o
sb e÷o pmutms iocikmcms l kritbril cbj
plcûjlel.
• [upri`ir ermcumj`botb bj trmtm`ibotl.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y uom b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klo-
sicbríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb pmtljleàms pslriísikms l bkzb`ms
krûoikls hipbrqubrmtûsi
hipbrqubrmtûsikls
slo mermcmnjbs. klsmril
Bs obkbsmril
obkbs pjmotmrbs bo pmujmtiom`botb
cis`iouir mcujtls y sus kmrmktbràstikms
kmrjms
mktbràstikms kls`étikms
mpjikmkilobs cbj prb-
pmrmcl bo fuokiûo cb jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.

>5;

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo cbj `lcus lpbrmoci utijizmrb`ls jm klokbotrmkiûo `mylr cb
jm flr`ujmkiûo prlpubstm, sibocl bxtrmpljmnjb m kumjquibr ltrm.
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Qljvl kristmjiol njmokl M klokbotrmkilobs
klokbotrmk ilobs
nmgms (=-;%) bs nmktbrilstítikl,
Íkicl 6% 6e fíkij`botb sljunjb bo fuoeistítikl y qubrmtlpjístikl
qubrmtlpjístikl..
smjikàjikl mjklhlj y ol sljunjb bo M klokbotrmkilobs
klokbotr mkilobs supbrilrbs
sup brilrbs
meum. mj 2% bs qubrmtljàtikl.
Bj prlpijboejiklj bs uo
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb cb hicrmtmotb klo mkkilobs
Qrlp ij bo e jik lj 6 1% 61 e cbosicmc pmrbkicm mj meum. hu`bktmotbs. Mj 61% tibob bfbktls
bxfljimtivls y `mkbrm
jms jbsilobs hipbrqubrmtûsikms
hipbrqubrmtûsikms..
Jàquicl trmospmrbotb
Mjkl hlj
Mjklhlj 6% 6`j cb ljlr kmrmktbràstikl
btàjikl y cbosicmc `bolr
mj meum.
Bj kjlnbtmslj prlpilomtl bs
Qljvl hmriolsl ol sljunjb uo cbr`lklrtiklicb cb
Kjlnbtmslj 1,12% 1,12e bo meum y fíkij`botb `uy mjtm pltbokim. Qrbsbotm
prlpilomtl sljunjb bo btmolj y uom mkkiûo motiiofjm`mtlrim.
cisljvbotbs lreíoikls. Sm`niéo tibob
ti bob mkkil
m kkilobs
obs
moti`itûtikms.
Bs uom `bzkjm cb pljà`brl
mkràjikl, islpmrmfiom y uo
b`ujebotb. Bj [bpiebj
;12 ® tibob prlpibcmcbs
ebjifikmotbs. Jm islpmrmfiom
hmkb qub jls ebjbs ol
[bpiebj ;12® sbmo trmospmrbotbs, pbrl
ks ks klo kibrtm mfioicmc m jls
kl`plobotbs ermsls.
Bj b`ujebotb pbr`itb ebjbs
klo nmgm klokbotrmkiûo cb
 prlcuktl y sio obkbsicmc
cb obutrmjizmrjls oi
cispbrsmrjls.

Meum ksp
purifikmcm =11e ksp =11e

SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11e =11e

>53

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

@lcus lpbrmoci
Kjísikm`botb sb hmo utijizmcl ebji﬍kmotbs cb lriebo kbjujûsikl pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo
cb bstms
sumcl flr`ujmkilobs.
klo Qlr oubstrm
bj Klosbgl Ebobrmj bxpbribokim
cb Kljbeils prlfbsilomj
L﬍kimjbs y hmnibocl
cb Qlcûjlels cbklosbo-
Bspmým
prlplob`ls jm utijizmkiûo cb ebji﬍kmotbs mkràjikls, cmcl qub bj prlcuktl ﬍omj
klosbeuicl bs uo sb`isûjicl `ís klosistbotb, mermcmnjb y tbrmpéutikm`botb
`ís b﬍kmz pmrm bj pmkibotb plcljûeikl.

[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr ® cb 61`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplocibotb

cb íkicl smjikàjikl y kjlnbtmslj prlpilomtl.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb mjklhlj y `bzkjmr.
QM[L ; Ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb prlpijboejiklj y klo uom vmrijjm `bzkjmrjl tlcl
hmstm lntbobr uom suspbosiûo ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L 3 Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr bj meum puri﬍kmcm obkbsmrim pmrm klo-
ls sbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb =11e, klotmocl qub obkb-
sitmrb`ls botrb uo > l 3% cb [bpiebj ;12 cbpbocibocl cbj jltb. M
klotioumkiûo meitmr klo bj uoeumtlr ® cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjlki-
cmc pmrm lntbobr bj ebj.
QM[L 2 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb pjístikl prbkiotmcl.

[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl smjikàjikl y kjlnbtmslj

prlpilomtl klrrbsplocibotb.

QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb mjklhlj y `bzkjmr.

QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr
ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb prlpijboejiklj y jm kmo-
ticmc cb meum puri﬍kmcm4 klo uo pistijl `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr
uom suspbosiûo ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr botrb uo > l 3% cb [bpiebj ;12 cbpbo-
cibocl cbj jltb y `bzkjmrjl vielrlsm`botb klo jm myucm cbj pistijl
hmstm jm flr`mkiûo cbj ebj.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb pjístikl prbkiotmcl.
Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl trmospmrbotb klosistbotb.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

>52

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

[LJRKIÛO CB KLMJSM^ KLO Q^LQIJBOEJIKLJ

Kl`plsikiûo
Klmjtmr smploiomcl ;1%
Mjklhlj >1%
Qrlpijboejiklj >1%
Swbbo 81 2%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp 211`j

[ioûoi`ls
Klmjtmr smploiomcl7 klmjtmr cbslclri﬍kmcl, nrbm cb hujjm smploiomcm.

Swbbo 817 pljislrnmtl 81.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj klmjtmr smploiomcl bs uo cbrivmcl cb jm nrbm (nrbm cb hujjm smploiomcm),
ol prbsbotm jms kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms cbsmermcmnjbs cb jms nrbms y
`motibob sus nbob﬍kils cbr`mtljûeikls7 mkkiûo motiséptikm, motiio﬎m`mtlrim,
motiprurieiolsm y rbcuktlrm (fmvlrbkb jm rbebobrmkiûo cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl). [b
krbb qub pubcb tbobr mkkilobs moti`itûtikms.
Bj prlpijboejiklj bs uo hu`bktmotb qub i`picb jm cbsbkmkiûo
cbsb kmkiûo bxkbsivm cb jm kmpm
kûrobm kutíobm. Mcb`ís tibob prlpibcmcbs nmktbrikicms y fuoeuikicms.
Bj twbbo 81 bs uo tbsilmktivl klo mkkilobs b`ujebotbs y cbtbrebotbs.
Bj prbpmrmcl fmvlrbkb jm bji`iomkiûo cb bskm`ms y jm rbebobrmkiûo cbj bxtrmktl
kûrobl.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Jàquicl ol trmospmrbotb cb kljlr lkrb m`mrrûomcl y ljlr kmrmktbràstikl.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb jm pslrimsis. Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb jm pslrimsis
pslrim sis
pjmotmr bskm`lsm.
 Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm bo flr`m cb nmýls
Cisljvbr 21kk (mprlxi`mcm`botb
(mprlxi`mcm`botb 3 kukhmrmcms)
kukhmrmcm s) bo > jitrls cb meum y su`breir
jm tltmjicmc
vbkbs mj càm cbj pib `motboiéocljl
`motboiéoc
y plstbrilr`botb ljl curmotb
mpjikmr =1 `ioutls.
bj trmtm`ibotl ^bmjizmr jmcb
motipslriísikl lpbrmkiûo =->
nmsb (bspb-
kimjicmc fmr`mkéutikm l fûr`ujm `meistrmj). Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí
cbpbocb rí
cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl, supri`iéocljl cb flr`m ermcumj.

>56

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m jms nrbms, msà kl`l m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj
prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms
mcvbr sms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs `àoi`m si sb utijizm
utijizm
klrrbktm`botb. Qubcb prbsbotmr sbqubcmc kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloem-
cls. Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms. Bo kmsl cb
mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.)
btk.)
suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbboermsmotbs.

• [u`breir bj pib bo jm sljukiûo.

• [bkmr sumvb`botb bj pib.
• Mpjikmr bj trmtm`ibotl nmsb motipslriísikl qub sb bsté utijizmocl.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klosicb-
ríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb pmtljleàms pslriísikms bo
mcujtls l oiýls, mj fmkijitmr jm bji`iomkiûo cb bskm`ms y fmvlrbkbr jm rbebobrmkiûo
cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl.
 >55

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc
pri`m % Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs

Mkt÷m kl`l
qubrmtlpjístikl rbcuktlr
m klokbotrmkilobs
Bj klmjtmr `bolrbs mj 3%
3%,, y m
smploiomcl klokbotrmkilobs `ís
klotibob bjbvmcms prlcukb uo
uo >1% cb jbvb bfbktl bxfljimtivl.
bxfljimti vl.
Klmjtmr ;1% =21`j klmjtmr (nrbm [b iocikm bo bj
smploiomcl cb hujjm)
cijuicl bo trmtm`ibotl
pslrimsis cb jm
y trmstlrols
tioturm cb sbnlrrbikls plr sbr
quijmym l nibo motipruràtikl y
bo mjklhlj. rbcuktlr.. [b krbb
rbcuktlr
mcb`ís qub pubcb
tbobr uo bfbktl
moti`itûtikl.

Mjklhlj
Mjkl hlj btàj
b tàjikl
ikl >1% =11`j

Jàquicl
ljblsl Sibob
Sib ob mkkiûo
mk kiûo prltbk
prltbktlrm
tlrm
jiebrm`botb y b`ljibotb.
Qljislrnmtl 81 2% >2`j Cispbrsmnjb
m`mrijjbotl. Mebotb
nubom hu`bktmotb
tljbrmokim klo
kutíobm.
bo meum y
btmolj.

Jàquicl Bj prlpijboejiklj bs uo
trmospmrbotb hicrmtmotb klo mkkilobs
Q rl p i j b o e j i k l j >1% =11`j cb cbosicmc hu`bktmotbs. Sm`niéo
pmrbkicm mj prbsbotm mkkilobs
meum. jiebrm`botb bxfljimtivms
y motiséptikms.
 Meum ksp ksp
purifikmcm 211`j 211`j
SLSMJ
SLSMJ 211`j
211 `j 211`j
211 `j

>58

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls ioklrplrmr bj vlju`bo cb klmjtmr smploi-
omcl, mjklhlj
l klo jm myucmbtàjikl
cb uoymeitmclr
prlpijboejiklj. @bzkjmr klo uom vmrijjm cb vicril
`meoétikl.
QM[L > Ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb Swbbo 81 (pljislrnmtl 81) y `bzkjmr m nmgm
vbjlkicmc pmrm qub ol sb flr`b bspu`m.
QM[L ; Ioklrplrmr bj 91% cb meum puri﬍kmcm nmgl meitmkiûo m nmgm vbjlkicmc.
QM[L 3 Bo uom prlnbtm l bo uo bovmsb ﬍omj ermcumcl bormsmr klo bj rbstl cb
meum puri﬍kmcm.
QM[L 2 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`b
prbfbrinjb`botb
otb bo frmskl lpmkl l QBS tlpmkil klo tmpûo
clsi﬍kmclr.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo lpmkm cb kljlr `mrrûo sio prbkipitmcls.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 >59

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

VM[BJIOM KLO CIS^MOLJ "[HL^S KLOSMKS"

Kl`plsikiûo
Citrmolj =%
Íkicl smjikàjikl >%
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb ksp 21e

[ioûoi`ls
Citrmolj7 motrmjiom, kieoljiom.
kieoljio m.
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb7 pmrm﬍om ﬍jmotb.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Citrmolj bs uo cbrivmcl cbs`btijmcl cb jm krismrrlniom
kr ismrrlniom (priokipil
(pr iokipil mktivl lntboicl
cbj Vlumkmplum mrmrlnm). Muoqub su `bkmois`l cb mkkiûo mkkiûo bs kl`pjbgl,
kl`pjbgl, sb smnb
qub frbom jm prljifbrmkiûo bpicér`ikm m trmvés cbj `btmnljis`l `itlklocrimj.
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl mj >% bs nmktbrilstítikl
nmktbrilstí tikl y fuoeistítikl. Bo bstm fûr`ujm sb utijizm
kl`l motilxicmotb cbj citrmolj, bvitmocl jm pércicm cb su b﬍kmkim.
Jm vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb bs cb omturmjbzm
omturm jbzm jipû﬍jm, flr`mocl uom pbjàkujm lkjusivm slnrb
jm supbr﬍kib kutíobm, mu`botmocl jm rbtbokiûo cb meum cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl y
bvitmocl jm pércicm cbj klotboicl hàcrikl plr su bfbktl cb lkjusiûo, cíocljb
﬎bxinijicmc y sumvicmc m jm pibj.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl cb klosistbokim njmocm cb kljlr m`mrijjbotl iotbosl y ljlr kmrmktbràs-
tikl klo tmktl uotulsl. Kls`étikm`botb bs plkl mermcmnjb.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb pslrimsis pjmotmr
pjmot mr bo pjmkm `bcimotb jm mpjikmkiûo klo jm tékoikm cb
klrtl klotmktl ("shlrt-klotmkt"). Njmoqubl cb jms pjmkms pslriísikms cb kumjquibr
jlkmjizmkiûo.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr jm pl`mcm `bcimotb jm tékoikm "shlrt-klotmkt" hmstm jm rb`isiûo ("njmo-
 qubl") tltmj cb jms jbsilobs pslriísikms. Jm mpjikmkiûo sb rbmjizmrí `bcimotb bspí-
tujm slnrb jms pjmkms pslriísikms
ps lriísikms curmotb =2-;1 `ioutls, bji`ioíocljms
bji`ioíocljms klo meum
tinim y gmnûo
cbnbràm íkicl bo
rbmjizmrsb l klo mkbitb cbplcljûeikm.
jm klosujtm pmrm﬍om , m ﬍o cb bvitmr plsinjbs qub`mcurms4
pmrm﬍om, qub`mcur ms4

>81

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®. Mjbreim
mj citrmolj,olmsàsbkl`l
`l`botl m kumjquibrm
jb klolkbo cb jls kl`plobotbs
ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs. Ol cbj prbpmrmcl.
utijizmr Hmstm bj
bo b`nmrmzmcms,
`ugbrbs bo pbrilcl cb jmktmokim,
jmktm okim, oiýls y gûvbobs `bolrbs cb =8=8 mýls. Jm utijizm-
kiûo cb citrmolj bo bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo prlnjb`ms vmskujmrbs pbriférikls
l mokimols hm cb rbmjizmrsb nmgl uo klotrlj bstriktl cbj plcûjlel, vmjlrmocl bo
kmcm `l`botl y pmrm kmcm bofbr`l jm obkbsicmc cb su usl.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb utijizm
klrrbktm`botb.
klrrbktm `botb. [u priokipmj ioklovboibotb bs su mjtl pltbokimj irritmotb bo jm pibj
pbrijbsilomj y qub uom vbz njmoqubmcms jms jbsilobs pubcb prlvlkmr uom pie`bo-
tmkiûo iobstétikm bo lkmsilobs. Bxkbpkilomj`botb pubcb mpmrbkbr
mpmrbkb r cbr`mtitis cb
klotmktl. Bo kmsl cb `moifbstmrsb rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmk-
rbmk -
kilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.
p lcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs íkicls.
• [bkmcl cb jm zlom m trmtmr.
• Qrltbkkiûo cb jm zlom pbrijbsilomj `bcimotb jm utijizmkiûo cb mpûsitls
mcbkumcls l prltbktlrbs kutíobls, tipl pmstm Jmssmr.
• Mpjikmr bj prbpmrmcl
prbpmrm cl bo jm jbsiûo klo uom bspítujm y cbgmrjl bo klotmktl
curmotb =2-;1 `ioutls. [i sb `mokhmo jms `mols curmotb jm mpjikmkiûo,
jmvmrjms rípicm`botb.

^btirmrSm`niéo
• íkicl. Sbj prbpmrm
prbpmrmcl
m`niéo cl cb
pubcb
pubcbo jm jbsiûo yprlcuktls
o utijizmrsb jmvmr jm zlom klo mkbitb
erm sls,
ermsls, meum tinim
ljivmyluo gmnûo
vmsbjiom
jàquicm.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• ^bpbtir jm lpbrmkiûo kmcm >3 hlrms. Bo kmsls cb irritmkilobs iotbosms
bspmkimr jls trmtm`ibotls.
• Bvmjumr jm bfikmkim cbj trmtm`ibotl mj kmnl cb 5-=1
5-=1 càms cbj ioikil cbj
cb j `is`l.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim y uom mjtm b﬍kmkim bo bj njmoqubl cb
jms pjmkms, klosicbríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb pmtljleàms pslriísikms
pjmotmrbs bo mcujtls, pbrl
Mpjikmcl klrrbktm`botb ol sus
subjbkmrmktbràstikms kls`étikms
prbsbotmr rbmkkilobs slo plkl
mcvbrsms mermcmnjbs.
(irritmkiûo fuocm-
`botmj`botb). [be÷o jms kmrmktbràstikms cbj pmkibotb, bs mklosbgmnjb
mklos bgmnjb rbmjizmr uom
mpjikmkiûo bo jm klosujtm pmrm iostruir
io struir mj pmkibotb bo jm flr`m klrrbktm cb
c b mpjikmkiûo.

>8=

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc
pri`m % Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Qljvl
kristmjiol
njmokl Klrtiklicb cb nmgm pltbokim
Íkicl >% =e fíkij`botb klo mkkilobs motiiofjm`mtlrim
motiiofjm`mtlrim,,
smjikàjikl sljunjb bo vmslklostriktlrm y
mjklhlj y ol motiprurieiolsm.
sljunjb bo
meum.
Qljvl
kristmjiol
m`mrijjl l Cbrivmcl cbj motrmkbol.
m`mrijjl Klo mkkiûo qubrmtlpjístikm.
Citrmolj pmrcuskl. M klokbot
klo kbotrmki
rmkilobs
lobs `mylrb
`mylrbss
(motrmjiom) =% 1,2e Iosljunjb bo mkt÷m kl`l qubrmtljàtikl.
meum, plkl SSm`ni
m`niéoéo prbsbo
pr bsbotm
tm uom
uo m
sljunjb bo mktivicmc moti`itûtikm.
mjklhlj y
nmstmotb bo
mkbtlom.

Jàquicl
Qmrmfiom
jàquicm =1% 2` j trmospmrbotb
iokljlrl cb
tmktl uotulsl.

Jm vmsbjiom y bj mkbitb cb
[b`isûjicl pmrmfiom slo cb omturmjbzm
klosistbotb jipûfijm qub flr`mo uom pbjàkujm
Vmsbji om
Vmsbjiom k s p 21 e k s p 21 e njmokl lkjusivm slnrb jm supbrfikib
fijmotb cb tmktl kutíobm, mu`botmocl jm
ermsibotl. rbtbokiûo cb meum y bvitmocl
jm pércicm cbj klotboicl hàcrikl
 plr su bfbktl cb lkjusiûo.

SLSMJ
SLSMJ 21e 21e

>8>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

@lcus lpbrmoci

®
[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr 7
QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr® tmrmcl cb 61`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplo-
klrrbsplo -
cibotb cb íkicl smjikàjikl y citrmolj.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrpl
ioklrplrmr
rmr jm kmoticmc cb vmsbjiom jàquicm y klo
uom vmrijjm `bzkjmrjl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb obkbsm
obkbsmrim
rim pmrm klo-
sbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb 21e. M klotioumkiûo meitmr
klo bj uoeumtlr® cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjlkicmc.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc

kmoticmc cb íkicl
íkicl smjikàjikl y citrmolj
citrmolj
klrrbsplocibotb.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb vmsbjiom jàquicm y klo
uom vmrijjm `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o
eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm
jm vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb obkbsmrim pmrm klo-
sbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb 21e bo cls l trbs pmsls y
`bzkjmrjl vielrlsm`botb klo jm myucm cbj pistijl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl njmokl klosistbotb.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 >8;

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

K^B@M KLO CIS^MOLJ B HIC^LKL^SI[LOM

Kl`plsikiûo
Citrmolj 1,>%
Íkicl smjikàjikl =%
Hicrlklrtislom =%
Bxkipibotb krb`m ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls
Citrmolj7 motrmjiom, kieoljiom.
kieoljio m.
Hicrlklrtislom7 hicrlklr
hicrlklrtislom
tislom nmsb.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Citrmolj bs uo cbrivmcl cbs`btijmcl cb jm krismrrlniom
kr ismrrlniom (priokipil
(pr iokipil mktivl lntboicl
cbj Vlumkmplum mrmrlnm). Muoqub su `bkmois`l
`bk mois`l cb mkkiûo
m kkiûo bs kl`pjbgl,
k l`pjbgl, frbom
jm prljifbrmkiûo bpicér`ikm m trmvés cbj `btmnljis`l `itlklocrimj.
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl mj =% bs nmktbrilstítikl y fuoeistítikl.
fuoeistí tikl. Bo bstm fûr`ujm sb utijizm
kl`l motilxicmotb cbj citrmolj, bvitmocl jm pércicm cb su b﬍kmkim.
Jm hicrlklrtislom bs uo klrtiklicb tûpikl cb nmgm pltbokim klo mkkiûo motiio﬎m-
`mtlrim jlkmj plr iohinikiûo cb jls `bcimclrbs cb jm io﬎m`mkiûo, prlcukibocl
vmslklostrikkiûo, cis`iouybocl bj britb`m, bcb`m y bj pruritl.
Bj bxkipibotb krb`m L/U bs uom b`ujsiûo krb`lsm cb fmsb bxtbrom mkulsm klo
mktivicmc hicrmtmotb y jiebrm`botb lkjusivm. Kls`étikm`botb bs mermcmnjb.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl cb klosistbokim krb`lsm cb kljlr jiebrm`botb m`mrijjbotl y ljlr
kmrmktbràstikl klo tmktl mermcmnjb y cb fíkij mpjikmkiûo.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb jm pjmkm pslriísikm bo
b o pslrimsis pjmotmr.
pjmotm r. Srmtm`ibotl
Srmtm`ibotl cb jm pslrimsis
pslrim sis
bo pjmkm.
 Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm
Mpjikmr jm krb`m = vbz
vbz mj càm bo tbrmpim
tbrmpim olkturom.
olkturom. Bo fuokiûo cb jms
jms kmrmktbràstikms
kmrmktbràstikms
cb jm jbsiûo sb utijizmrío clsis `ís l `bols mjtms m ﬍o cb prlvlkmr
p rlvlkmr jm `íxi`m
b﬍kmkim klo jm `bolr irritmkiûo plsinjb cb jm pibj pbrijbsilomj.

>83

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®. Mjbreim
mj citrmolj,
pmrmcl. m jm hicrlklrtislom,
Hmstm bj `l`botl ol msà kl`l
sb jb m kumjquibrm
klolkbo cb jls kl`plobotbs
ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs. Olcbj prb -
prb-
utijizmr
bo b`nmrmzmcms,
b`nmrmz mcms, `ugbrbs bo pbrilcl
pbr ilcl cb jmktmokim, oiýls y gûvbobs `bolrbs cb =8
mýls. Jm utijizmkiûo cbj citrmolj bo bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo prlnjb`ms vmskujm-
rbs pbriférikls l mokimols hm cb rbmjizmrsb
rbmjizm rsb nmgl uo klotrlj bstriktl cbj plcûjlel,
vmjlrmocl bo kmcm `l`botl y pmrm kmcm bofbr`l jm obkbsicmc cb su usl.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb utijizm
klrrbktm`botb. [u priokipmj ioklovboibotb bs su mjtl pltbokimj irritmotb bo jm pibj
pbrijbsilomj y qub uom vbz njmoqubmcms jms jbsilobs pubcb prlvlkmr, bo lkmsilobs,
uom pie`botmkiûo iobstétikm. Bxkbpkilomj`botb pubcb mpmrbkbr cbr`mtitis cb klo-
tmktl. Bo kmsl cb `moifbstmrsb rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(ur tikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs
bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel. Jls
klrtiklicbs cbj erupl
erup l I (nmgm pltbokim) ol subjbo prbsbotmr rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms m
jms klokbotrmkilobs y clsi﬍kmkilobs klrrbktms, pbrl bstío cbskritms rbmkkilobs
jlkmjbs7 cbr`mtl`iklsis. ]ub`mzûo kutíobm. Qruritl y sbqubcmc bo jm zlom trm-
tmcm. Bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls pubcb cmr juemr m hirsutis`l, mtrl﬍m kutíobm
klo mcbjemzm`ibotl kutíobl, bstràms cér`ikms, qub pubcbo sbr pbr`mobotbs, cbs-
pie`botmkiûo kutíobm, pbtbquims, kupbrlsis y rbtrmsl bo jm kikmtrizmkiûo cb hbricms.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Motbs cb ir m clr`ir jmvmr
jmvmr jls pibs klo gmnlobs íkicls.
• [bkmcl cb jm zlom m trmtmr.
• Mpjikmr bj prbpmrmcl
prbp mrmcl bob o jm jbsiûo
jbs iûo klo uom bspítujm. Qubcb `mokhmr
`mo khmr jms
jm s
sínmoms y bj pigm`m. [i sb `mokhmo jms `mols curmotb jm mpjikmkiûo
jmvmrjms rípicm`botb.
• M jm `mýmom sieuibotb rbtirmr bj prbpmrmcl cb jm jbsiûo y jmvmr jm jm zlom klo
uo gmnûo íkicl slnrbermsl.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bo fuokiûo cb jm plsinjb irritmkiûo cbj prbpmrmcl pubcb bspmkimrsb bj
trmtm`ibotl.
• Bvmjumr jm bfikmkim cbj trmtm`ibotl mj kmnl cb 5-=1
5-=1 càms cbj ioikil cbj
cb j `is`l.
 Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim, uom mjtm b﬍kmkim bo bj njmoqubl cb
jms pjmkms, klosicbríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb pmtljleàms pslriísikms
bo mcujtls, pbrl sus kmrmktbràstikms kls`étikms slo plkl mermcmnjbs. Mpjikmcl
klrrbktm`botb ol subjb prbsbotmr rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms (irritmkiûo fuocm`botmj-
`botb). IrIr cis`iouybocl pmujmtiom`botb jms mpjikmkilobs cbj prbpmrmcl bo
b o fuokiûo
cb jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.

>82

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs

Qljvl kristmjiol Nmktbrilstítikl, fuoeistítikl,

njmokl fíkij`botb klosbrvmotb y qubrmtlpjístikl
Íkicl =% =e sljunjb bo mjklhlj m klokbotrmkilobs nmgms
smjikàjikl y ol sljunjb bo (=-;%
(=-;%).). M klokbotrmki
klokbotrmkilobs
lobs
meum. supbrilrbss mj 2% bs
supbrilrb
qubrmtljàtikl.

Qljvl kristmjiol
m`mrijjl l m`mrijjl Cbrivmcl cbj motrmkbol.
pmrcuskl. Klo mkkiûo qubrmtlpjístikm.
Citrmolj 1,>% 1,>e Iosljunjb bo meum M klokbotr
klo kbotrmkil
mkilobs
obs `mylrbs
` mylrbs
(motrmjiom) plkl sljunjb mkt÷m kl`l qubrmtljàtikl.
bo mjklhlj y SSm`ni
m`niéoéo prbsbot
prb sbotmm uom
nmstmotb bo mktivicmc moti`itûtikm.
mkbtlom.

Qljvl njmokl Klrtiklicb cb nmgm pltbokim

Hicrl- =% =e iosljunjb bo klo mkkilobs motiiofjm`mtlrim,
klrtislom meum, sljunjb bo vmslklostriktlrm y
mjklhlj. motiprurieiolsm.

Jàquicl
Qmrmfiom =1% 2` j trmospmrbotb
jàquicm iokljlrl cb tmktl
uotulsl.

Jm vmsbjiom y bj mkbitb cb
pmrmfiom slo cb omturmjbzm
[b`isûjicl jipûfijm qub flr`mo uom pbjàkujm
Bxkipibotb ksp =11e ksp klosistbotb lkjusivm slnrb jm supbrfikib
krb`m L/U =11e njmokl cb tmktl kutíobm, mu`botmocl jm
 ermsibotl. rbtbokiûo cb meum y bvitmocl
jm pércicm cbj klotboicl hàcrikl
plr su bfbktl cb lkjusiûo.
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11e =11e

>86

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms

`mobrm s
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl cb jm utijizmkiûo bo `mylr l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
prbpmr mcls
iotbr`bcils (tbobr prbbjmnlrmcm jm b`ujsiûo L/U). Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub
mklosbgm`ls utijizmr pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb jm b`ujsiûo L/U bs bstm vmrimkiûo
cb jm kjísikm krb`m nmsb Jmobttb plr su mjtm bxpbribokim cb usl bo bj í`nitl
plcljûeikl.

FM[B E^M[M
Kbrm Jmobttb [X
Kl`plsikiûo7 `bzkjm bo flr`m cb cispbrsiûo kljlicmj cb =3%
91 pmrtbs
pmr tbs cb kbrm Jmobttb
Jmobt tb L y =1
=1 pmrtbs cb uom `bzkjm cb
sujfmtls sûcikls cb mjklhljbs ermsls.
Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 5%
Qmrm﬍om jàquicm 5%
Qhboloip 1,62%

FM[B MKRL[M
Ejikbriom 2%
Bctm cisûcikl 1,;2%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

@lcus lpbrmoci
®
[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr 7
QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr® tmrmcl cb 61`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplo-
klrrbsplo -
cibotb cb íkicl smjikàjikl, citrmolj y hicrlklrtislom.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb vmsbjiom jàquicm y klo uom
vmrijjm `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm b`ujsiûo L/U obkbsm
obkbsmrim
rim pmrm klo-
sbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb 21e. M klotioumkiûo meitmr
klo bj uoeumtlr® cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjlkicmc.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl l cb pjístikl.
[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb íkicl smjikàjikl, citrmolj y

hicrlklrtislom klrrbsplocibotb.

>85

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

QM[L > Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb vmsbjiom jàquicm y klo

uom vmrijjm `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o
eru`l.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm krb`m L/U obkbsmobkbsmrim
rim pmrm klo-
sbeuir bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb 21e bo cls l trbs pmsls y
`bzkjmrjl vielrlsm`botb klo jm myucm
myu cm cbj pistijl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl l bo uol cb pjístikl.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl njmokl klosistbotb.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
>88

Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs pmrm
Ltljleàm
bkzb`ms krûoikls
Jm cbr`mtitis bkzb`mtlsm iokjuyb uo erupl cb bofbr`bcmcbs io﬎m`mtlrims cb jm
pibj qub prbsbotmo kmrmktbràstikms
kmrmk tbràstikms kjàoikms b histljûeikms kl`uobs. Jm rbspubstm
kutíobm vibob kmrmktbrizmcm plr7 io﬎m`mkiûo, pruritl, britb`m, bcb`m, jbsilobs
pmpujlvbsikujlsms, klstrms, cbskm`mkiûo y jiquboi﬍kmkiûo.

M pbsm
p bsmrr cb
c b qub
q ub bj tér`
tér`iol
iol "bkzb
"bkzb`m"
`m" vibob
vi bob cbj erib
eribel
el bdzbi` y sieoi﬍km "qub
hibrvb",, plr jl qub bxprbsm `uy nibo bj sboticl cb jm io﬎m`mkiûo meucm,
hibrvb" meucm , vbsiku-
jlsm y bxucmtivm, ol sib`prb bj bkzb`m bs uom rbmkkiûo bxucmtivm, siol qub m
vbkbs tibob bj mspbktl cb uom io﬎m`mkiûo sbkm y cbskm`mtivm. Bs plr bjjl qub
pmrm rb﬎bgmr bstb plji`lr﬍s`l kjàoikl sb iotrlcugl bj b j tér`iol cb "cbr`mtitis".
"cbr`mtitis".

Kjísikm`botb bo jms cbr`mtitis bkzb`mtlsms sb cistioeubo trbs fmsbs l bstmcils7

=. Fmsb meucm7 kmrmktbrizmcm plr britb`m, bcb`m
b cb`m y vbsikujmkiûo.

>. Fmsb sunmeucm7 kmrmktbrizmcm plr

pl r cbskm`mkiûo, bxklrimkiûo y klstrms.
;. Fmsb krûoikm7 kmrmktbrizmcm
kmrmk tbrizmcm plr boerlsm`ibotl
boerls m`ibotl kutíobl, xbrlsis y jiqub-
oifikmkiûo.

Jm kjmsi﬍kmkiûo cb jls bkzb`ms hm sicl sib`prb cifàkij y klotrlvbrticm, sb rbm-

jizm fuocm`botmj`botb bo nmsb m fmktlrbs btiljûeikls qub pmrtikipmo l jm kjàoikm
qub jls cb﬍ob. Olsltrls hb`ls sbeuicl jm cb K. Fbrrmociz Flrmstbr, qub jls
kjmsi﬍km bo bkzb`ms cb lriebo bxûebol y cb lriebo bocûebol l klostitukilomj,
iokjuybocl7
• Bkzb`ms bxûebols
• Cbr`mtitis irritmtivm cb klotmktl.
• Cbr`mtitis mjéreikm cb klotmktl.
• Cbr`mtitis fltlmjéreikm cb klotmktl.
• Cbr`mtitis mbrltrmosplrtmcm.
• Bkzb`m cb mutlsbosinijizmkiûo (cbr`mtitis ÷jkbrms vbolsms).
• ^bmkkiûo ICB[ bo jms cbr`mtlfitlsis.
• Bkzb`ms bocûebols
• Cbr`mtitis mtûpikm.
 • Cbr`mtitis sbnlrrbikm.
• Cbr`mtitis ou`ujmr.
• Bkzb`m krmqubjé l mstbmtûtikl.

>91

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm bkzb`ms krûoikls

• Cbr`mtitis pjmotmr guvboij.

• Bkzb`m cishicrûtikl.
• Oburlcbr`mtitis.
• Qitirimsis mjnm.

Bj trmtm`ibotl fmr`mkljûeikl cb jms jbsilobs bkzb`mtlsms bo plcljleàm bstmrí

sib`prb `ís bo fuokiûo cb jm flr`m kjàoikm bo qub sb bokubotrb bj bkzb`m qub
cb su btiljleàm. Msà, jms flr`ms meucms,
meucm s, qub slo jbsilobs h÷`bcms, bxucmtivms bj
trmtm`ibotl cbnb nmsmrsb bo jm utijizmkiûo cb sljukilobs mstrioebotbs (vbr mpmr-
tmcl klrrbsplocibotb) bo flr`m cb mpûsitls, sbeuicl cbj usl cb cbr`lklrtiklicbs
bo bxkipibotbs plkl ermsls.

Bo jms flr`ms sunmeucms klo klstrms y cbskm`mtivms sb utijizmrío cirbktm`botb

cirbktm `botb
krb`m cb cbr`lklrtiklicbs cb pltbokim iotbr`bcim
iotbr`bcim l mjtm. @ibotrms qub bo jms
fmsbs krûoikms cb jls bkzb`ms kmrmktbrizmcls plr sbqubcmc, boerlsm`ibotl,
cbskm`mkiûo y jiquboi﬍kmkiûo sb b`pjbmrmo msà `is`l klrtiklicbs tûpikls bo
vbhàkujls `ís ermsls mslkimcls m qubrmtljàtikls sumvbs b hicrmtmotbs.

Bo lkmsilobs, klo jm ﬍omjicmc cb mjivimr bj iotbosl pruritl, rbsujtm cb iotbrés jm

mc`ioistrmkiûo cb motihistm`àoikls H=.
H=. ^bkl`bocm`ls bo bj kmsl cb oiýls y
mokimols (bkzb`m mtûpikl, cbr`mtitis pjmotmr guvboij, bkzb`m krmqubjé, bzkb`m
sbkuocmril m ÷jkbrms vbolsms, oburlcbr`mtitis, btk.) bj usl cb motihistm`àoikls
sbcmotbs (cbskjlrfboirm`iom, hicrlxikiom).

Cbj `is`l `lcl, motb plsinjbs sieols cb iofbkkiûo slnrbmýmcicm bs obkbsmril

iokjuir bo klotrlj
jicmc cbj jms flr`ujmkilobs motiniûtikls y/l motif÷oeikls bspbkà﬍kls klo jm ﬍om-
cb jm `is`m. ﬍om -
 >9=

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

K^B@M CB S^IM@KIOLJLOM Y R^BM

Kl`plsikiûo
Rrbm =1%
Jmktmtl m`ûoikl =>%
=> %
Mjmotlàom =%
Srim`k
rim`kioljlom
ioljlom mkbtûo
mkbtûoicl
icl 1,==%
1,
Ci`btiklom ;21 >%
Krb`m L/U ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls
Rrbm7 kmrnm`icm.
Ci`btiklom ;217 mkbitb cb sijiklom.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Jm urbm m klokbotrmkilobs cbj 6-=6-=1%
1% bs uo mebotb hicrmtmotb, mkt÷m ﬍gmocl
`ljékujms cb meum y bvitmocl jm pércicm
pé rcicm cb meum iotrmkbjujmr. M klokbotrmkilobs
supbrilrbs mj =1% bs jiebrm`botb qubrmtljàtikm, kmpmz cb bji`iomr jm qubrmtiom
bpicér`ikm, mu`botmocl jm ﬎bxinijicmc cb jm kmpm kûrobm, msà kl`l bj klotboicl
hàcrikl cb jm `is`m.
Jm trim`kioljlom mkbtûoicl bs uo cbr`lklrtiklicb cb pltbokim iotbr`bcim. Qrb-
sbotm uom mkkiûo motiio﬎m`mtlrim plr iohinikiûo cb jm sàotbsis cb jms prlstmejmo-
cioms. Sm`niéo tibob mkkilobs motimjéreikms, njlqubmocl jm sàotbsis cb histm`iom.
Jm mjmotlàom bs uom mebotb hicrmtmotb y kikmtrizmotb.
Jm ci`btiklom bs uo mebotb slnrbboermsmotb qub mu`botm jm hicrmtmkiûo y jb
klo﬍brb m jm krb`m sumvicmc, fmkijitmocl su mpjikmkiûo.
Bj jmktmtl m`ûoikl bs uo priokipil mktivl hicrmtmotb y rbolvmclr bpicér`ikl4
tm`niéo sb jb msieom kibrtl
kibr tl plcbr cb iohinikiûo cb jls bfbktls mcvbrsls cb jls
klrtiklicbs tûpikls.
Jm krb`m L/U bs uom b`ujsiûo cb fmsb bxtbrom mkulsm, hicrmtmotb y ol lkjusivm.
Bj prbpmrmcl trmosflr`m pibjbs bkzb`mtlsms xbrûsikms klo pruritl y britb`m bo
pibjbs smoms, hicrmtmcms, bjístikms, ﬎bxinjbs y sumvbs.
Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl krb`lsl sio ljlr, cb kljlr njmokl, klo mspbktl y tmktl mermcmnjbs.

Iocikmkilobs
 Srmtm`ibotl cb jbsilobs bzkb`mtlsms sunmeucms l krûoikms (bzkb`m ou`ujmr,
cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl, bzkb`m pjmotmr,
pjm otmr, oburlcbr`itis). Iktilsis.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr jm krb`m > vbkbs
vbkbs mj càm plr jm `mýmom y olkhb bo kmpm
kmpm ﬍om.
﬍om. [i jm bvlj
bvljukiûo
ukiûo
bs nubom sb mpjikmrí plstbrilr`botb = vbz mj càm plr jm olkhb cbspués cbj jmvmcl
cb jm jbsiûo. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí
cbpbocbr í cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl.

>9>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm bkzb`ms krûoikls

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj
`l`botl ol sb jbiotbr`bcim
kls cb pltbokim klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
bo b`nmrmzmcms, `ugbrbsBjbousl cb klrtiklicbs
klrtiklicb
pbrilcl s tûpi-y
cb jmktmokim
oiýls `bolrbs cb => mýls sb rbsbrvmrí
rbsbr vmrí ÷oikm`botb pmrm jls kmsls bo jls qub bj
nbob﬍kil pltbokimj gusti﬍qub plsinjbs ribsels.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb utijizm
klrrbktm`botb. Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo
irr itmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls.
Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms. Jm trim`kioljlom
mkbtûoicl klrtiklicb cbj erupl II rmrm`botb bo plcljleàm prbsbotmo rbmkkilobs
mcvbrsms m jms klokbotrmkilobs y clsi﬍kmkilobs klrrbktms, pbrl bstío cbskritms
rbmkkilobs jlkmjbs kl`l7 cbr`mtl`iklsis, qub`mzûo kutíobm, pruritl y sbqub-
cmc bo jm zlom trmtmcm. Bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls pubcb cmr cm r juemr m hirsutis`l,
mtrl﬍m kutíobmcbspie`botmkiûo
pbr`mobotbs, klo mcbjemzm`ibotl kutíobl,
kutíobm, bstràms cér`ikms,
pbtbquims, kupbrlsisqub pubcbo
y rbtrmsl bosbr
jm
kikmtrizmkiûo cb hbricms. @uy rmrm`botb pubcbo pmrbkbr rbmkkilobs sisté`ikms
plr mnslrkiûo pbrkutíobm
pbrkut íobm oltmnjb, klo suprbsiûo mcrbomj, sàocrl`b cb Kushioe
y rbtrmsl bo bj krbki`ibotl. Bxkbpkilomj`botb
Bxkbpkilomj`botb pubcb mpmrbkbr cbr`mtitis cb
klotmktl. Bo kmsl cb `moifbstmrsb rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmk-
rbmk -
kilobs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.
p lcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs slnrbboermsmotbs jiebrm`botb íkicls.
• [bkmcl cb zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.

Mpjikmkiûo
• plr cirbktm
tlcms jms zlomscbjmfbktmcms.
prbpmrmcl slnrb jm pibj bo kmpm fiom bxtbociéocljl
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• [upri`ir ermcumj`botb bj trmtm`ibotl.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim,
tljbrmokim, uom mjtm b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
klosicbríocljl cb ermo utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb jbsilobs bzkb`mtlsms sunm-
eucms, xbrûsikms l iktiûsikms. Bo kmsl cb jbsilobs kjàoikms meucms
meucm s klo bxucmkiûo,
slo rbkl`bocmnjbs
mpjikmkilobs jmsrmcl.
sljukilobs
cbj prbpmrmcl.
prbpm mstrioebotbs
Ir cis`iouybocl (vbr mpmrtmcljms
pmujmtiom`botb 9.>) prbvims m jms
mpjikmkilobs bo
fuokiûo cb jm bvljukiûo cb jm jbsiûo.

>9;

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs

Jm urbm m klokbotrmkilobs
Qljvl kristmjiol cbj 6-=1% bs uo mebotb
cb tm`mýl cb hicrmtmotb, mkt÷m figmocl
R rb m =1% =1e pmrtàkujms ermocbs `ljékujms cb meum y bvitmocl
fíkij`botb sljunjb jm pércicm cb meum iotrmkbjujmr.
bo meum. M klokbot
klo kbotrmki
rmkilob
lobss supbril
supb rilrbs
rbs
mj =1% bs jiebrm`botb
qubrmtljàtikm.
Jàquicl Mebotb hicr
hicrmtmotb
mtmotb y
trmospmrbotb rbolvmclr bpicér`ikl.
iokljlrl l ×tij bo pibjbs bskm`lsms,
jiebrm`botb meribtmcms y sbkms,
Jmktmtl =>% =>e m`mrijjbotl, iokjuybocl pslrimsis
m`ûoikl klo jiebrl ljlr b iktilsis.
kmrmktbràstikl. [b jb hm msieomcl jm
[ljunjb bo meum, prlpibcmc cb rbcukir jls
ejikbriom, bfbktls sbkuocmrils cb jls
y mjklhlj. klrtiklicbs tûpikls.
Cbrivmcl cbj íkicl ÷rikl.
Qrbsbotm prlpibcmcbs
mstrioebotbs, qubrmtljàtikms
Qljvl hmriolsl b hicrmtmotbs.
Mjmotlào
Mjm otlàomm =% =e fíkij`botb sljunjb Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo bs kmpmz cb
bo meum. bsti`ujmr jm rbpmrmkiûo
kbjujmr bo hbricms tûrpicms
y ÷jkbrms fmvlrbkibocl jm
kikmtrizmkiûo.

Jm trim`kioljlom mkbtûoicl
Qljvl hmriolsl bs uo cbr`lklrtiklicb
 njmokl iosljunjb bo cb pltbokim iotbr`bcim.
SSrim
rim`kio
`kioljlo
ljlomm 1,=% 1,=e meum. Fíkij`botb Qrbsbotm uom mkkiûo
mkbtûoicl sljunjb bo mjklhlj motiiofjm`mtlrim.
y cisljvbotbs Sm`niéo
S m`niéo tibob mkkilobs
lreíoikls. motimjéreikms, njlqubmocl
jm sàotbsis cb histm`iom.

>93

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm bkzb`ms krûoikls

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils
mktivls Qbsl o
Vlju`b
Vlju`bo rbmj
pbsmcm Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs rbjbvmotb
Mkbi tb cb sijikl
Mkbitb sij iklom
om
klostituicl plr Jm ci`btiklom bs uo
uom `bzkjm cb mebotb slnrbboermsmotb
Ci`btiklom pljà`brls cb qub mu`botm jm hicrmtmkiûo
;21 2% 2e sijlxmol jiobmjbs y jb klofibrb m jm krb`m
`btijmcls klo sumvicmc, fmkijitmocl su
jls bxtrb`ls mpjikmkiûo.
l njlqubmcls plr
r. erupls `btijl.
s
Bxkipibotb ksp =11e ksp
krb`m
SLS L/U
SLSMJ
MJ =11e =11e
=11e

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl cb jm utijizmkiûo bo `mylr l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
iotbr`bcils (tbobr prbbjmnlrmcm jm b`ujsiûo L/U). Qrlplob`ls bjmnlrmr cls prb-
pmrmcls iotbr`bcils cb krb`m L/U, uol klo urbm mj 31% y ltrl sio4 msà plcb`ls
bjmnlrmr flr`ujmkilobs cb b`ujsilobs qub klotboemo cifbrbotbs klokbotrmkilobs
cb uom `mobrm `ís rípicm.
Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub mklosbgm`ls utijizmr pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb jm b`ujsiûo
L/U bs bstm vmrimkiûo cb jm kjísikm krb`m nmsb Jmobttb plr su mjtm bxpbribokim
y b﬍kmkim bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl.
FM[B E^M[M
Kbrm Jmobttb [X
Kl`plsikiûo7 `bzkjm bo flr`m cb cispbrsiûo kljlicmj cb =3%
91 pmrtbs cb kbrm Jmobttb L y =1 pmrtbs cb uom `bzkjm
cb sujfmtls sûcikls cb mjklhljbs ermsls.
Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 5%
Qmrm﬍om jàquicm 5%
Qhboloip 1,62%
FM[B MKRL[M
Ejikbriom 2%
Bctm cisûcikl 1,;2%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

>92

Bo kmsl cb ol utijizmr bj prbpmrmcl iotbr`bcil klo urbm mj 31%. Jm kmoticmc cb

urbm cb jm prbskripkiûo sb ioklrplrmrí bo jm fmsb mkulsm cb jm krb`m Jmobttb
qub prlplob`ls.
Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub mklosbgm`ls utijizmr pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb jm b`uj-
siûo L/U klo urbm mj 31% bs bstm vmrimkiûo cb jm kjísikm krb`m nmsb Jmobttb,
pucibocl msà cijuirjm jl obkbsmril klo jm b`ujsiûo motbrilr pmrm lntbobr jm klo-
kbotrmkiûo cb urbm cbsbmcm.
FM[B E^M[M
Kbrm Jmobttb [X
Kl`plsikiûo7 `bzkjm
`bzkjm bo flr`m cb cispbrsiûo
cispb rsiûo kljlicmj cb =3%
91 pmrtbs cb kbrm Jmobttb L y =1 pmrtbs cb uom `bzkjm
cb sujfmtls sûcikls cb mjklhljbs ermsls.
Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 5%
Qmrm﬍om jàquicm 5%
Qhboloip 1,62%

FM[B MKRL[M
Ejikbriom 2%
Bctm cisûcikl 1,;2%
Rrbm 31%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

@lcus lpbrmoci
[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb
cibotb uoeumtlr ® tmrmcl
cb trim`kioljlom cb =y31`j
mkbtûoicl pbsmr jm kmoticmc
mjmotlàom. k moticmc klrrbsplo-
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jmjm kmoticmc cb jmktmtl m`ûoikl y ci`b-
tiklom4 klo uom vmrijjm `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio
oioe÷o eru`l.
QM[L ;m (klo Q.I.
Q.I. cb urbm mj 31%)7
31%)7 bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm b`uj-
siûo L/U klo urbm mj 31% obkbsm
obkbsmrim
rim pmrm klosbeuir jm klokbotrmkiûo
cbsbmcm,, bo oubstrl kmsl pmrm bj =1%
cbsbmcm =1% pbsmr >2e. Klotioumr ioklrpl-
rmocl bj rbstl cb krb`m L/U sio urbm hmstm lntbobr bj pbsl tltmj cb
jm flr`ujmkiûo cb =11e. M klotioumkiûo meitmr klo bj uoeumtlr ® cls
 `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjlkicmc.
QM[L ;n (sio Q.I.
Q.I. cb urbm mj 31%)7
31%)7 bo bj `is`l bovmsb, jm krb`m L/U klo jm
klokbotrmkiûo cb urbm prbskritm hmstm lntbobr bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr-
`ujmkiûo cb =11e. M klotioumkiûo meitmr klo bj uoeumtlr® cls `ioutls
m jm `íxi`m vbjlkicmc.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl l bo uol cb pjístikl.

>96

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm bkzb`ms krûoikls

uoeu mtlr®7
[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr

QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb trim`kioljlom mkbtûoicl y mjmo-

tlàom klrrbsplocibotb.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb jmktmtl m`ûoikl y ci`bti-
klom4 klo bj pistijl `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm
p mstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o
eru`l, si bs obkbsmril mýmcir ejikbriom l prlpijboejiklj.
QM[L ;m (klo Q.I.
Q.I. cb urbm mj 31%)7
31%)7 bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr
ioklrplrm r jm b`ujsiûo L/U
klo urbm mj 31% obkbsmrim pmrm klosbeuir jm klokbotrmkiûo cbsbmcm, bo
oubstrl kmsl pmrm bj =1% pbsmr >2e. Klotioumr ioklrplrmocl bj rbstl cb
krb`m L/U sio urbm hmstm
hm stm lntbobr bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb =11e.
Hl`lebobizmr tlcl klo jm myucm cbj pistijl.
QM[L ;n (sio Q.I.
Q.I. cb urbm mj 31%)7
31%)7 bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl, jm krb`m L/U klo jm klo-
kbotrmkiûo cb urbm prbskritm hmstm lntbobr bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo
cb =11e. Hl`lebobizmr tlcl klo jm myucm cbjc bj pistijl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil
mju`ioil prbkiotmcl l bo uol cb pjístikl.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl klosistbotb cb kljlr njmokl fíkij`botb jmvmnjb klo meum.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
 >95

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm pslrimsis cbj pib

K^B@M CB S^IM@KIOLJLOM, R^BM, EBOSM@IKIOM Y DBSLKLOMWLJ

Kl`plsikiûo
Rrbm =1%
Dbtlklomzlj >%
Ebotm`ikiom 1,>%
Srim`k
rim`kioljlom
ioljlom mkbtûo
mkbtûoicl
icl 1,==%
1,
Cbxpmotbolj ;%
Krb`m L/U ksp =11e

[ioûoi`ls

Rrbm7 kmrnm`icm
Cbxpmotbolj7 .
pmotbolj, mjklhlj pmotboijikl, prlvitm`iom N2.
Ebotm`ikiom7 ebotm`ikiom sujfmtl,
sujf mtl, sujfmtl cb ebotm`ikiom.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Jm urbm m klokbotrmkilobs cbj 6-= 6-=1%
1% bs uo mebotb hicrmtmotb, mkt÷m ﬍gmocl
`ljékujms cb meum y bvitmocl jm pércicm
pé rcicm cb meum iotrmkbjujmr. M klokbotrmkilobs
supbrilrbs mj =1% bs jiebrm`botb qubrmtljàtikm, kmpmz cb bji`iomr jm qubrmtiom
bpicér`ikm mu`botmocl jm ﬎bxinijicmc cb jm kmpm kûrobm, msà kl`l mu`botmocl
bj klotboicl hàcrikl cb jm `is`m.
Bj dbtlklomzlj bs uo cbrivmcl i`icmzûjikl klo prlpibcmcbs moti`ikûtikms. Qrb-
sbotm uo m`pjil bspbktrl, sibocl mktivl tmotl frbotb m cbr`mtl﬍tls (@ikrlsplru`,
Bpicbr`lphytlo, Sriklphytlo) kl`l m jbvmcurms
jbvmcurms (Kmocicm spp).
Jm ebotm`ikiom bs uo motiniûtikl m`iolejukûsicl cb m`pjil bspbktrl, mktivl
frbotb m eér`bobs erm`+ (iokjuicl [tmphyjlklkkus murbus) y erm` erm`‛‛ (iokju
( iokjuicm
icm
Qsbucl`lom mbrueiolsm).
Jm trim`kioljlom mkbtûoicl
mk btûoicl mj 1,=
1,=% bs uo cbr`mtlklrtiklicb
cb r`mtlklrtiklicb cb pltbokim `bcim
qub rbcukb jms rbmkkilobs cljlrlslsms, britb`mtlsms
br itb`mtlsms b io﬎m`mtlrims qub mkl`-
pmýmomo m jm jbsiûo4 mkt÷m njlqubmocl jm sàotbsis cb prlstmejmocioms y ltrls
`bcimclrbs kl`l jm histm`iom.
Bj cbxpmotbolj bs uo mebotb hu`bktmotb, hicrmtmotb y kikmtrizmotb, kmpmz cb
rbebobrmr bj tbgicl bpicér`ikl ﬍surmcl plr jm xbrlcbr`im.
 Jm krb`m L/U bs uom b`ujsiûo cb fmsb bxtbrom mkulsm
mkuls m hicrmtmotb y ol lkjusivm.
Bj prbpmrmcl tibob mkkiûo motiio﬎m`mtlrim, motibcb`mtlsm, motif÷oeikm y moti-
nmktbrimom. Bji`iom jm siotl`mtljleàm xbrûsikm, britb`mtlsm y cljlrlsm cb jms
jbsilobs
bo pibjbs,bkzb`mtlsms. Srmosflr`m
hicrmtmcms, bjístikms, bkzb`ms
﬎bxinjbs xbrûsikls
y jinrbs iktiûsikls slnrbiofbktmcls
cb iofbkkiûo.

>98

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm bkzb`ms krûoikls

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl krb`lsl njmokl y sio ljlr. Kls`étikm`botb bs mermcmnjb mj tmktl y
bo su mpjikmkiûo.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb jbsilobs bkzb`mtlsms sunmeucms l krûoikms (bkzb`m ou`ujmr,
cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl, bkzb`m pjmotmr, oburlcbr`itis, btk.) sbkuocmrims, klo
iofbkkiûo nmktbrimom y/l f÷oeikm sunymkbotb. Srmtm`ibotl ioikimj cb Siobm pbcis
sunmeucm klo slnrbiofbkkiûo nmktbrimom. Srmtm`ibotl cb bkzb`m cishicrûtikl
sunmeucl slnrbiofbktmcl. Srmtm`ibotl
Srmtm`ibotl cb pslrimsis pustujlsm pjmotmr jbvb. Bo
fuokiûo cbj mebotb btiljûeikl (hloels y/l nmktbrims) pubcb bji`iomrsb cb jm flr-
`ujmkiûo mjeuol cb jls motiiofbkkilsls prbsbotbs (ebotm`ikiom y/l dbtlklomzlj).

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr jm krb`m > vbkbs mj càm plr jm `mýmom y olkhb bo kmpm ﬍om. Jm curmkiûo
cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí
cbpbocbr í cb jm bvljukiûo
bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl, pbrl bo ebobrmj ol `bols
cb =2 càms. [i sb lnsbrvm uom nubom bvljukiûo, pubcb rbcukirsb jm clsis m uom
mpjikmkiûo cimrim olkturom. Bo kmsl cb Siobm pbcàs bj trmtm`ibotl ol supbrmrí jls
5 càms, klotiouíoclsb bj `is`l klo motif÷oeikls tûpikls bspbkà﬍kls.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Mjbreim m jls cbrivmcls i`icmzûjikls y motiniûtikls
motiniûtikls m`iolejukûsicls, msà kl`l m
kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Bj usl cb klrtiklicbs tûpikls cb
pltbokim iotbr`bcim
iotbr`bcim bo b`nmrmzmcms, `ugbrbs bo pbrilcl cb jmktmokim y oiýls
`bolrbs cb => mýls sb rbsbrvmrí
rbsbrvmr í ÷oikm`botb pmrm jls kmsls bo jls qub bj nbob-
﬍kil pltbokimj gusti﬍qub plsinjbs ribsels.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jms rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo slo plkl frbkubotbs b i`plrtmo-
tbs. Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotl
trmtm`ibotlss prljloemcls. Bvitmr su
mpjikmkiûo bo zloms kbrkmoms
kbrkm oms m jls lgls l `uklsms. Jm trim`kioljlom mkbtûoicl
klrtiklicb cbj erupl II/III rmrm`botb bo plcljleàm prbsbotm rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms m
jms klokbotrmkilobs y clsi﬍kmkilobs klrrbktms, pbrl bstío cbskritms rbmkkilobs
jlkmjbs kl`l7 cbr`mtl`iklsis, qub`mzûo kutíobm, pruritl
pr uritl y sbqubcmc bo jm zlom
trmtmcm. Bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls pubcb cmr c mr juemr m hirsutis`l, mtrl﬍m kutí-
obm klo mcbjemzm`ibotl kutíobl, bstràms cér`ikms qub pubcbo sbr pbr`mobotbs,
cbspie`botmkiûo kutíobm, pbtbquims, kupbrlsis y rbtrmsl bo jm kikmtrizmkiûo cb
hbricms. @uy rmrm`botb pubcbo mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs sisté`ikms plr mnslrkiûo
pbrkutíobm oltmnjb, klo suprbsiûo mcrbomj, sàocrl`b cb Kushioe, rbtrmsl bo bj
krbki`ibotl. Bxkbpkilomj`botb pubcb mpmrbkbr cbr`mtitis
cbr `mtitis cb klotmktl. Bo kmsl
cb `moifbstmrsb rbmkkilobs mjéreikms
mjéreikm s (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`íti-
kms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

>99

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki

mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Jmvmcl cb jls pibs klo gmnlobs íkicls.
• [bkmcl cbj pib ol ljvicmocl jms zloms iotbrcieitmjbs.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl
prbp mrmcl bxtbociéocljl
bxtbo ciéocljl plr tlcms jms zloms
zlom s bo
kmpm fiom.
• Jm lpbrmkiûo motbrilr sb rbpbtirí sbe÷o pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o kritbril
cbj plcûjlel.
• [upri`ir ermcumj`botb bj trmtm`ibotl.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl
cbríocljl cbprbsbotm uom
utijicmc bo bj bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim
trmtm`ibotl y klosunmeucls
cb bzkb`ms b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klosi-
slnrbiofbktmcls,
msà kl`l bo cbr`mtl`iklsis sunmeucms l krûoikms. Bo kmsl cb jbsilobs kjàoikms
meucms klo bxucmkiûo, slo rbkl`bocmnjbs jms sljukilobs mstrioebotbs (vbr mpmr-
tmcl 9.>) prbvims m jms mpjikmkilobs cbj prbpmrmcl. Bo musbokim cb slnrbiofbkkiûo
nmktbrimom sb bji`iomrí cb jm fûr`ujm jm ebotm`ikiom.

SSrr
 p

;11

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm bkzb`ms krûoikls

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Qljvl kristmjiol Jm urbm m klokbotrmkilobs
cb tm`mýl cb
Rrb m =1% =1e pmrtàkujms ermocbs cbj 6-=1% bs uo mebotb hicrmtmotb.
6-=1%
M klo
klokbot
kbotrmki
rmkilobs
hicrmt motb.
lobs supb
supbril
rilrbs
rbs mj
fíkij`botb sljunjb =1% bs jiebrm`botb qubrmtljàtikm.
bo meum.
Qljvl njmokl Bj dbtlklomzlj bs uo motif÷oeikl
l kmsi njmokl. i`icmzûjikl siotétikl klo mkkiûo
Dbtlklom zlj >% >e Qríktikm`botb
iosljunjb bo meum, fuoeistítikm, cb m`pjil bspbktrl
nmstmotb sljunjb (cbr`mtlfitls, jbvmcurms,
bo btmolj mj 96%. y Srikhl`loms).
Qljvl njmokl
l kmsi njmokl, Jm ebotm`ikiom bs uo motiniûtikl
hierlskûpikl. m`iolejukûsicl cb m`pjil
Ebotm`ikiom 1,>% 1,>e Fíkij`botb bspbktrl, mktivl frbotb m eér`bobs
sujfmtl sljunjb bo meum, erm`+ (iokjuicl [tmphyjlklkkus
príktikm`botb murbus
murbu s) y erm`‛ (iokjuicm
iosljunjb bo Qsbucl`lom mbrueiolsm).
btmolj.
Qljvl hmriolsl Jm trim`kioljlom mkbtûoicl bs
njmokl iosljunjb
bo meum. uo cbr`lklrtiklicb cb pltbokim
iotbr`bcim. Qrbsbotm uom
Srim`kio ljlom
Srim`kioljl om 1,=% 1,=e Fíkij`botb mkkiûo motiiofjm`mtlrim. Sm`niéo
mkbtûoicl sljunjb bo mjklhlj tibob mkkilobs motimjéreikms,
y cisljvbotbs njlqubmocl jm sàotbsis cb
lreíoikls. histm`iom.
Jàquicl `uy Mjklhlj
Mjk lhlj cbj íkicl
í kicl pmotlté
pmotltéoikl.
oikl. Bs
Bs
visklsl, iokljlrl, jm prlvitm`iom N2.
Cbxpmotbolj príktikm`botb Qrbsbotm mkkilobs hicrmtmotbs,
(mjklhlj ;% ;e iolclrl. hu`bktmotbs y kikmtrizmotbs.
pmotltboàjikl) Fíkij`botb sljunjb Iotbrés plcljûeikl bo cbr`mtlsis
bo meum y bo civbrsms, qub`mcurms y jbsilobs
btmolj. ÷jkbrmcms.
Bxkipibotb ksp
ksp =11
11ee ks
ksp
p =11
11ee
krb`m L/U
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11e =11e

;1=

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl
iotbr`bcils cb jm utijizmkiûo
(tbobr prbbjmnlrmcm bo `mylr
jm b`ujsiûo L/U).l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
prbpmr mcls
Qrlplob`ls bjmnlrmr cls prbpmrmcls
prbpm rmcls iotbr`bcils cb krb`m L/U, uol klo urbm
mj 31% y ltrl sio4 msà plcb`ls bjmnlrmr flr`ujmkilobs cb b`ujsilobs qub klo-
tboemo cifbrbotbs klokbotrmkilobs cb uom `mobrm `ís rípicm.
Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub mklosbgm`ls utijizmr pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo
bjmn lrmkiûo cb jm b`ujsiûo
L/U bs bstm vmrimkiûo cb jm kjísikm krb`m nmsb Jmobttb plr su mjtm bxpbribokim
y b﬍kmkim bo bj b j í`nitl plcljûeikl.

FM[B E^M[M
Kbrm Jmobttb [X
Kl`plsikiûo7 `bzkjm bo flr`m cb cispbrsiûo kljlicmj cb =3%
91
cb pmrtbs
sujfmtlscbsûcikls
kbrm Jmobttb L y =1 ermsls.
cb mjklhljbs pmrtbs cb uom `bzkjm
Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 5%
Qmrm﬍om jàquicm 5%
Qhboloip 1,62%

FM[B MKRL[M
Ejikbriom 2%
Bctm cisûcikl 1,;2%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub mklosbgm`ls utijizmr pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb jm b`uj-

siûo L/U klo urbm mj 31% bs bstm vmrimkiûo cb jm kjísikm krb`m
krb `m nmsb Jmobttb,
pucibocl msà cijuirjm jl obkbsmril klo jm b`ujsiûo motbrilr pmrm lntbobr jm klo-
kbotrmkiûo cb urbm cbsbmcm.

FM[B E^M[M
Kbrm Jmobttb [X
Kl`plsikiûo7 `bzkjm
`bzkjm bo flr`m cb cispbrsiûo
cispb rsiûo kljlicmj cb =3%
 91 pmrtbs cb kbrm Jmobttb L y =1 pmrtbs cb uom `bzkjm
cb sujfmtls sûcikls cb mjklhljbs ermsls.
Mkbitb cb mj`bocrms cujkbs 5%
Qmrm﬍om jàquicm 5%
Qhboloip 1,62%

;1>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm bkzb`ms krûoikls

FM[B MKRL[M
Ejikbriom 2%
Bctm cisûcikl 1,;2%
Rrbm 31%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

@lcus lpbrmoci
[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr® tmrmcl cb =31`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplocibotb

cb trim`kioljlom mkbtûoicl, ebotm`ikiom sujfmtl y dbtlklomzlj.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm `àoi`m kmoticmc cb ejikbriom y b`pmstmrjl
tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l. Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo sb pubcb
utijizmr prlpijboejiklj.
QM[L ; Mýmcir m klotioumkiûo bj cbxpmotbolj y sbeuir b`pmstíocljl.
QM[L 3 Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrm
ioklrplrmrr jm b`ujsiûo L/U klo urbm mj 31% obkbs
obkbsmrim
mrim
pmrm klosbeuir jm klokbotrmkiûo cbsbmcm, bo oubstrl kmsl pmrm bj =1%
pbsmr >2e. Klotioumr ioklrplrmocl bj rbstl cb krb`m L/U sio urbm hmstm
lntbobr bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb =11e. M klotioumkiûo meitmr klo
bj uoeumtlr® cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjlkicmc.
QM[L 2 Bovmsmr bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl l uol cb pjístikl.

uoeu mtlr®7
[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr
QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplocib
klrrbsplocibotb
otb cb trim`kioljlom
mkbtûoicl, ebotm`ikiom sujfmtl y dbtlklomzlj.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm `àoi`m kmoticmc cb ejikbriom y b`pmstmrjl
tlcl
utijizmrhmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l. Sm`niéo
prlpijboejiklj. Sm`niéo sb pubcb
QM[L ; Mýmcir m klotioumkiûo bj cbxpmotbolj y sbeuir b`pmstíocljl.
QM[L 3 Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr
ioklrplrmr jm b`ujsiûo L/U klo urbm mj 31% obkbsmrim
pmrm klosbeuir jm klokbotrmkiûo cbsbmcm, bo oubstrl kmsl pmrm bj =1%
pbsmr >2e. Klotioumr ioklrplrmocl bj rbstl cb krb`m L/U sio urbm hmstm
lntbobr bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb =11e. Hl`lebobizmr tlcl klo
jm myucm cbj pistijl.
QM[L 2 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.
Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl klosistbotb cb kljlr njmokl fíkij`botb jmvmnjb klo meum.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

;1;
 Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs pmrm
Ltljleàm
loiklpmtàms
Jm loiklpmtàm pslriísikm bs jm mfbkkiûo uoeubmj lnsbrvmcm m oivbj plcljûeikl
klo `mylr frbkubokim, sibocl ÷oikm`botb supbrmcm bo su iokicbokim plr jms
iofbkkilobs f÷oeikms (loikl`iklsis).

[be÷o civbrsms bstmcàstikms,

bst mcàstikms, botrb uo 21-52%
21-52% cb jls pmkibotbs klo pslrimsis pub-
cbo prbsbotmr mje÷o tipl cb mjtbrmkiûo uoeubmj, fuocm`botmj`botb bo bofbr`ls
klo pslrimsis bo pjmkm, pustujlsm l mrtrlpítikm.

[io b`nmrel, mpboms uo 2% cb jls pmkibotbs klo pslrimsis ji`itm sus `moifbs-
tmkilobs m jms uýms. Qlr bjjl, pmrm hmkbr uo klrrbktl cimeoûstikl, bs obkbsmril
lnsbrvmr si hmy jbsilobs suebstivms bo ltrms jlkmjizmkiûobs (pjibeubs, klcls,
rlcijjms, kubrl kmnbjjucl).
kmnb jjucl).

Jm mjtbrmkiûo uoeubmj `ís frbkubotb bo pslrimsis slo jms cbprbsilobs puotiflr`b

cb jm jí`iom ( pittioe uoeubmj). Kumocl éstms slo `uy mnuocmotbs sb hmnjm cb
"uým bo cbcmj".
cbcmj". Jms mjtbrmkilobs
mjtbrmk ilobs cbj kljlr cbj jbkhl
jbkh l uoeubmj (`mokhms cb mkbitb)
l írbms msmj`lomcms, jm hipbrqubrmtlsis uoeubmj, jms loiklcistrl﬍ms klo
cbsprboci`ibotl cb jm pmrtb cistmj b iokjusl tltmj (loikûjisis), jm hb`lrrmeim bobo
mstijjm, jls surkls trmosvbrsmjbs slnrb jm jí`iom cb jm uým ( jàobms cb Nbmu), guotl
m jm loiklrrbxis (bstrimkiûo jloeituciomj y frme`botmkiûo cb jm jí`iom), j÷oujms
rlgms y jbukloiquim (uýms njmokms), cb﬍obo jm kjàoikm cb jm uým pslriísikm.

Qlr tmotl, bj mspbktl kjàoikl cb jm uým y jms plsinjbs jbsilobs pslriísikms bo jm

pibj pbr`itbo hmkbr bj cimeoûstikl klo fmkijicmc cb bstm bofbr`bcmc.

Kumocl sljl bstío mfbktmcms jms uýms, bs i`plrtmotb cifbrbokimrjl cb jm loikl-

`iklsis `bcimotb bxí`bobs cirbktls,
cirbk tls, kujtivls l bstucils histlpmtljûeikls. Ltrl
cimeoûstikl cifbrbokimj slo jms loiklcistrl﬍ms cb lriebo vmskujmr l trmu`ítikl.

Jls pit tioe pubcbo lnsbrvmrsb bo iociviculs smols l klo bzkb`ms krûoikls,
pittioe
mjlpbkim mrbmtm l jiqubo pjmol.

Jm pslrimsis uoeubmj subjb sbr

sb r pbrsistbotb, klo `bglràms trmositlrims b iotbr`itbo-
tbs y rbfrmktmrims m jm `mylràm cb trmtm`ibotls. Jls fír`mkls tûpikls utijizmcls
 (kmjkipltrilj, kmjkitrilj, tmkmjkitlj, tmrmzbol, 2 ﬎ulrlurmkijl, kikjlsplriom, btk.) hmo
cmcl rbsujtmcls `uy bskmsls. Ltrm lpkiûo klotrlvbrticm slo jls klrtiklicbs
iotrmjbsilobs bo jm `mtriz uoeubmj, pbrl slo `uy cljlrlsls.

;16

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm uýms pslriísikms

io`uolsuprbslrbs, iohiniclrbs cbj fmktlr cb obkrl-

Jls trmtm`ibotls sisté`ikls7 io`uolsuprbslrbs,
sis tu`lrmj mjfm (moti-
(moti-SOF
SOF mjfm, io﬎ixi`mn, mcmji`u`mn,
mcm ji`u`mn, btbtriomtl, btk.)
btk.) prbsbotmo
prbsb otmo
ermvbs bfbktls mcvbrsls y ol subjb bstmr gusti﬍kmcl su usl pmrm bstm pmtljleàm.

Olsltrls prlplob`ls jm utijizmkiûo cb uom jmkm cb uýms klo uo klrtiklicb cb `uy

mjtm pltbokim m klokbotrmkiûo `uy bjbvmcm, jls rbsujtmcls lntboicls y punjikmcls
bo civbrsls bstucils slo bspbrmozmclrbs.
 ;15

JMKM CB RÝM[ KLO KJLNBSM[LJ Y KJLS^I@MWLJ

Kl`plsikiûo
Kjlnbtmslj 8%
Kjltri`mzlj =%
Jmkm cb uýms ksp =1 `j

[ioûoi`ls
Kjlnbtmslj7 ciprlpilomtl cb kjlnbtmslj.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj kjlnbtmslj prlpilomtl bs uo cbr`lklrtiklicb cb `uy mjtm pltbokim. Qrbsbotm
uom mkkiûo motiio﬎m`mtlrim plr njlqubl cb jms prlstmejmocioms. Sm`niéo tibob
mkkilobs moti`itûtikms,
moti`itûtikms, njlqubmocl jm prljifbrmkiûo cb jms kéjujms bpicér`ikms
cistrû﬍kms cb jms jbsilobs pslriísikms.
Bj kjlnbtmslj bstí flr`ujmcl mj 8% (jm clsis olr`mj bs cbj 1,12-1,=% bo tbgicl
cér`ikl) pmrm qub pubcmo mkkbcbr mj jbkhl uoeubmj klokbotrmkilobs tbrmpéu-
tikm`botb su﬍kibotbs, cmcl bj fmktlr ji`itmtivl, bo kumotl m pbobtrmkiûo, qub
rbprbsbotm jm jí`iom uoeubmj.
Bj kjltri`mzlj bs uo fuoeistítikl i`icmzûjikl cb m`pjil bspbktrl, su utijicmc bo bj
prbpmrmcl bs bj klotrlj cb uom plsinjb iofbkkiûo sbkuocmrim
sbkuocm rim f÷oeikm qub pucibrm
mpmrbkbr m jl jmrel cbj trmtm`ibotl plr jm utijizmkiûo cb uo klrtiklicb m mjtms clsis.
Jm jmkm cb uýms, mj mpjikmrsb slnrb jm uým, cbgm uom kmpm supbr﬍kimj
supbr ﬍kimj trmospmrbotb
﬎bxinjb y lkjusivm, qub pbr`itb ir kbcibocl bj cbr`mtlklrtiklicb jbotm`botb cb
flr`m klostmotb y klotioumcm, fmkijitmocl jm mkkiûo tbrmpéutikm cbj `is`l.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Jmkm cb uýms trmospmrbotb, iokljlrm y cb ljlr kmrmktbràstikl.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb cistrl﬍ms uoeubmjbs
uoeubmjb s pslriísikms. Srmtm`ibotl cb jm uým pslriísikm.
pslriísikm .
Jls bstucils rbmjizmcls cb`ubstrmo `bglràm cbj cljlr, piqubtbmcl, `mokhms y
jàobms cb Nbmu cb jms uýms mfbktmcms.
 Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm
Jms pri`brms trbs sb`moms
sb `moms cb trmtm`ibotl cbnb mpjikmrsb uom ﬍om kmpm slnrb jm
jí`iom uoeubmj kmcm >3 h. Bji`ioíoclsb jls rbstls cb jmkm kumocl
kum ocl sb klosicbrb
lplrtuol.
M pmrtir
pmr tir cb jm kumrtm
kum rtm sb`mom sb mpjikmrí
mpji kmrí > vbkbs
vbkb s m jm sb`mom
sb`mom.. Jm curmkiû
curmkiûoo cbj
trmtm`ibotl bstí bo fuokiûo cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl (sb rbkl`ibocm uo `àoi`l
cb 3 `bsbs).

;18

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm uýms pslriísikms

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl.
Bxistbokim cb jbsilobs iofbkkilsms nmktbrimoms l f÷oeikms.
Ol utijizmr bo b`nmrmzmcms, `ugbrbs bo pbrilcl cb jmktmokim y bo oiýls `bolrbs
cb => mýls mj ol tbobr cmtls cb su sbeuricmc.
sbeur icmc.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb utijizm
cb flr`m klrrbktm.
Bo ebobrmj slo sib`prb rbmkkilobs jlkmjbs plkl frbkubotbs (cbr`mtl`iklsis,
qub`mzûo kutíobm, pruritl, sbqubcmc kutíobm, rbtrmsl bo jm kikmtrizmkiûo cb
hbricms).
Bs `uy bxkbpkilomj qub pubcbo mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs sisté`ikms plr mnslrkiûo
pbrkutíobm oltmnjb, klo suprbsiûo mcrbomj, sàocrl`b cb Kushioe y rbtrmsl bo
bj krbki`ibotl.
Bxkbpkilomj`botb pubcb mpmrbkbr cbr`mtitis cb klotmktl b iofbkkilobs f÷oeikms.
Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(ur tikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Frbsmcl cb jm uýms. Bji`iomkiûo cb jms hipbrqubrmtlsis klo jm fiomjicmc
cb jm pbobtrmkiûo cb jls priokipils mktivls.
• Mpjikmr bj prbpmrmcl
prbpmrmc l slnrb jm l jms
jms uýms mfbktmcms.
• Bovmsmr bj prbpmrmcl bo frmskl klo piokbj pmrm mpjikmrjl klrrbktm`botb.
• Bvitmr bj klotmktl cbj prlcuktl klo `uklsms u ltrms zloms ol mfbktmcms.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl, frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bstmnijicmc `íxi`m ; `bsbs.
• Bo kmsl cb loikl`iklsis mýmcicm hm cb vmjlrmsb jm utijizmkiûo cb jls
motif÷oeikls lrmjbs (tbrniomfiom, itrmklomzlj).

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim klo b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm bo civbrsls
bstucils, sibocl cb iotbrés bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb uýms pslriísikms.
Cmcm jm mjtm klokbotrmkiûo cb kjlnbtmslj bs obkbsmril, m ﬍o cb bvitmr cucms m
jm hlrm cb`b
uoeubmj, surmti﬍kl
bjmnlrmkiûo, iocikmrkiûo",
bo jm
bo jm clsi﬍kmkiûo"
clsi﬍km rbkbtm7 "Qmrm
, ﬍r`mocl trmtm`ibotl
oubvm`botb cb pslrimsis
jm `is`m.

;19

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj kjlnbtmslj
prlpilomtl bs uo
Qljvl njmokl cbr`lklrtiklicb cb
hmriolsl sljunjb bo `uy mjtm pltbokim.
Kjlnbtmslj mjklhlj, mkbtlom y Sm`niéo tibob
ti bob mkkil
m kkilobs
obs
prlpilomtl 8% 1,8e ltrls cisljvbotbs moti`itûtikms,
lreíoikls. Iosljunjb njlqubmocl jm
bo meum. prljifbrmkiûo cb jms
kéjujms bpicér`ikms
cistrûfikms cb jms
jbsilobs pslriísikms
pslriísikms..

Qljvl njmokl
hmriolsl sljunjb bo Bj kjltri`mzlj bs
Kjltri`mzlj =% 1,=e mjklhlj, mkbtlom y uo fuoeistítikl
ltrls cisljvbotbs i`icmzûjikl cb
lreíoikls. Iosljunjb m`pjil bspbktrl.
bo meum.

[b usm
Jàquicl vljítij, frbkubotb`botb
jà`picl, iokljlrl. kl`l bxkipibotb y
Mkbtlomm
Mkbtlo sljunijizmotb bo
ks ks @iskinjb klo meum
y klo btmolj mj mjeuoms fûr`ujms
96%. `meistrmjbs cb
mpjikmkiûo tûpikm
(kljlcilobs,
(kljlcilob s, btk.).
btk.).

Bo flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj,
kl`l nmsb iokljlrm pmrm bj
trmtm`ibotl cb pmtljleàms
Jmkm =1`jj Bxkipibotb
ksp =1`j ksp =1` Mklfmr pmrm uoeubmjbs (pslrimsis, btk.).
cb uýms jmkm cb uýms. Jls cisljvbotbs prlpils cb jm
 jmkm ym cisubjvbo jm `mylràm
cb mktivls sio obkbsicmc cb
mýmcir oioe÷o ltrl prlcuktl.

SLSMJ
SLSMJ =1`j =1`j

;=1

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm uýms pslriísikms

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Qbsmr tlcls jls kl`plobotbs.
QM[L > Bo uo `lrtbr
`lrtbrl l cbplsitm
cbplsitmrr bj kjltri`mzlj y bj kjlnbtm
kjlnbtmslj.
slj. Klo jm myucm
cb uo pistijl pujvbrizmr flr`mocl uom `msm kl`pmktm. Ioklrplrmr jm
mkbtlom obkbsmrim pmrm cisljvbr jls pljvls, olr`mj`botb bs su﬍kibotb
klo >`j.
QM[L ; Ioklrplrmr jm
jm kmoticmc cb jmkm cb uýms obkbsmrim pmrm lntbobr bj vlju-
`bo ﬍omj cb jm fûr`ujm cb =1`j. [i bj bovmsb ﬍omj bstí ermcumcl sb
pubcb hmkbr cirbktm`botb bo éj.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo frmskl cb kristmj tlpmkil klo mpjikmclr
l klo uo frmskl cb kristmj klo piokbj (tipl jmkm cb uýms) qub utijizm jm
iocustrim kls`étikm.

Klotrlj
[ljukiûocb kmjicmc
visklsm trmospmrbotb qub pubcb tbobr uo jiebrl kljlr m`mrijjbotl.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

j
.
jm
àm
b
l.

;==
 Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs pmrm
loikl`iklsis
Ltljleàm
cistrû﬍kms
Bj tér`iol loikl`iklsis hmkb rbfbrbokim m jm bofbr`bcmc iofbkkilsm cb jms uýms
kmusmcm plr hloels.
Jls mebotbs
hloels kmusmjbs Jms
cbr`mtl﬍tls. rbsplosmnjbs
jbvmcurms cb jm `lhls
y jls iofbkkiûo
olslo fuocm`botmj`botb
cbr`mtl﬍tls jls
slo ebobrmj-
`botb iovmslrbs kljloizmclrbs sbkuocmrils m bofbr`bcmcbs prbvims cb jms uýms
l trmu`mtis`ls, m cifbrbokim cb jls motbrilrbs qub slo kmpmkbs cb pbobtrmr bo
bj bxtrmktl kûrobl cb jm pibj y uýms prlcukibocl prltbmsms qubrmtljàtikms
qub rmtljàtikms qub jbs
pbr`itbo iovmcir b iofbktmr bstls
b stls tbgicls.
Jms loikl`iklsis prbsbotmo uom cistrinukiûo uoivbrsmj, sio b`nmrel jls cmtls
slnrb prbvmjbokim slo klotrmciktlrils.
Qlr bgb`pjl bo Bspmým, bo uo bstucil slnrb =1.111 hmnitmotbs, sb bstmnjbkb
uom prbvmjbokim cbj >,6%, bo bj ^biol Roicl cbj >,5%>,5% slnrb 9.111 hmnitmotbs, bo
Bstmcls Roicls cbj
cb j ;%, bo Eumtb`mjm cbj
cb j >,6%,
>,6%, mjkmozmocl bj
b j 8,3%
8,3% bo Fiojmocim
si sb iokjuybo cmtls cb jmnlrmtlrils.
Bstm vmrimnijicmc bs klosbkubokim
klosbkub okim cb mspbktls `btlcljûeikls7 tipls cb plnjmkiûo
bstucimcm,
kiûo o÷`brl
l ol cbj cb iociviculs
pmtûebol momjizmcls,
rbsplosmnjb, btk. tipl cb bvljukiûo kjàoikm, icboti﬍km-
Bo ebobrmj, bs mkbptmcl qub jm prbvmjbokim mu`botm klo jm bcmc, sibocl rmrm
pmrm oiýls `bolrbs cb =; mýls, iokrb`botmocl sieoi﬍kmtivm`botb bo mcujtls
`mylrbs cb 22 mýls y mjkmozmocl uom `bcim supbrilr mj 32% bo plnjmkiûo
`mylr cb 51 mýls.
@ís cb uo ;1% cb pmtljleàms uoeubmjbs slo loikl`iklsis, klostituybocl `ís
cb uo tbrkil cbj tltmj cb iofbkkilobs f÷oeikms cb jm pibj.
Jms loikl`iklsis slo `ukhl `ís frbkubotbs bo jls pibs qub bo b o jms `mols, y bo
jm cb jls pibs prbcl`iom jm mfbktmkiûo cb jm uým cbj pri`br cbcl klo rbjmkiûo m
jls ltrls. Bo bj kmsl cb jms `mols, ol hmy prbcl`ioil slnrb mjeuol cb jls cbcls.
Jms pbrsloms
pbr sloms klo cbr`mtl`iklsis bo bspmkils iotbrcieitmjbs klostituyboklostituybo uo
erupl cb ribsel pmrm jms jm s loikl`iklsis plcmjbs, lnsbrvíoclsb qub bo jm `mylràm
cb kmsls bxistb bj motbkbcbotb cb bstm iofbkkiûo cb flr`m rbkurrbotb.
Jms tmsms cb iofbkkiûo
iofbk kiûo bo jms loikl`iklsis cb jls pibs bstío io﬎uicms plr civbrsls
fmktlrbs7 usl cb kmjzmcl iomcbkumcl, trmu`mtis`ls, utijizmkiûo cb vbstumrils y
cukhms kl`uobs, klosu`l cb io`uolcbprbslrbs y/ y/l
l kitlstítikls, msà kl`l plr
civbrsms pmtljleàms (cimnbtbs, vmskujlpmtàm pbriférikm, cbr`mtl`iklsis, hipbrhi-
crlsis, btk.)
btk.)..
Jms bspbkibs qub klo `mylr frbkubokim slo misjmcms bo loikl`iklsis cb jls pibs
slo Srikhlphytlo runru`
runr u`, Srikhlphytlo `botmerlphitbs
`botmer lphitbs vmribcmc iotbrcieitmjis yy,,
klo `bolr frbkubokim, Bpicbr`lphytlo ﬎lklssu`, sibocl rbsplosmnjbs cb `ís
cbj 82% cb jms loikl`iklsis plcmjbs (Siobm uoeuiu`).
 Jms iofbkkilobs f÷oeikms cb jms uýms plr jbvmcurms slo `ís frbkubotbs bo `mols,
cb mcujtls y cb sbxl fb`boiol, sibocl Kmocicm mjnikmos jm bspbkib kmusmj cb jm
`mylràm cb pbriloixis `ikûtikms.

;=3

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

loikl`iklsis cistrû﬍kms

Bj mspbktl kjàoikl cb jms loikl`iklsis cbpbocb fuocm`botmj`botb cb jm pubrtm

cb botrmcm y bo `bolr ermcl cbj mebotb kmusmj. Bo plcljleàm, jm ermo `mylràm
mfbktm m jm jí`iom uoeubmj y vibobo kmrmktbrizmcms plr7
• Km`nil cb kljlr cb jm jí`iom uoeubmj.
uoeub mj.
• Qrbsbokim cb hipbrqubrmtlsis.
• Frmeijicmc.
• Boerlsm`ibotl b irrbeujmricmc cb jm jí`iom uoeubmj.
• Loikûjisis.
• @mj ljlr.
• Qbriloixis.

Jlstipl
cbj trmtm`ibotls
cb kjàoikm7fmr`mkljûeikls cb jms loikl`iklsis
loikl`iklsis sunuoeubmj sb bstmnjbkbrío
cistmj y jmtbrmj bo fuokiûos
(L[CJ), loikl`iklsis
loikl`iklsi
supbr﬍kimj njmokm (L[N), loikl`iklsis sunuoeubmj prlxi`mj (L[Q), loikl`iklsis
plr kíocicms (L@K) y plr bj o÷`brl y ermcl cb mfbktmkiûo cb jms uýms.
Bj kikjlpirlx y jm m`lrlj﬍om bo nmroiz cb uýms,
uým s, kl`l tbrmpim tûpikm, y jm tbrniom﬍om
b itrmklomzlj kl`l lrmj slo jls trmtm`ibotls cb bjbkkiûo pmrm jm príktikm tltmjicmc
cb jms loikl`iklsis plcmjbs.
Bo ebobrmj plcb`ls m﬍r`mr qub bj trmtm`ibotl klo fír`mkls tûpikls bs cb
utijicmc bo loikl`iklsis cb jls pjibeubs uoeubmjbs y kumocl jm jí`iom uoeubmj
sljl bstí mfbktmcm pmrkimj`botb
pm rkimj`botb (sb mkbptm qub `bols cb uo 21% 21%)) bo su plrkiûo
cistmj.
Bj trmtm`ibotl klo motif÷oeikls lrmjbs, sib`prb bo mslkimkiûo klo fír`mkls fír `mkls
tûpikls bspbkà﬍kls, slo cb bjbkkiûo kumocl jls trmtm`ibotls jlkmjbs hmo sicl
iob﬍kmkbs, bo pmkibotbs io`uolsupri`icls y kumocl jm loikl`iklsis mfbktm m
`ís cbj 21% cb jm jí`iom uoeubmj l m jm pmrtbpmr tb prlxi`mj, y bo bspbkimj si bxistbo
`÷jtipjbs uýms mfbktmcms.
Bo bj kmsl cb jm loikl`iklsis cistrû﬍km tltmj (LCS), qub Wmims cb﬍ob kl`l
bj ﬍omj cbj prlkbsl bvljutivl cb tlcms jms iofbkkilobs f÷oeikms uoeubmjbs. Jm
tltmjicmc cb jm uým mpmrbkb mfbktmcm,
mfbktmcm , prlcukiéoclsb uom iotbosm hipbrqubrmtlsis
y jm jí`iom pibrcb su `lrfljleàm hmnitumj, sb cbs`bouzm, frme`botm y boerubsm.
Bs frbkubotb bo bofbr`ls cb [ICM, bo pbrsloms klo kmocicimsis `uklkutíobms
krûoikms l bo pmkibotbs klo loikl`iklsis cb `uy jmrem curmkiûo cur mkiûo ol klotrljmcm.
Bj trmtm`ibotl cb bstms loikl`iklsis bo plcljleàm sb nmsmo bo jm bji`iomkiûo
pmrkimj l tltmj cb jm uým mfbktmcm `bcimotb kirueàm.
Ltrm mjtbromtivm bs jm loikûjisis quà`ikm (mvujsiûo quà`ikm), `bcimotb flr`ujm-
kilobs bspbkà﬍kms, sibocl bstb `étlcl `ukhl `bols trmu`ítikl y bo `ukhls
kmsls ieumj cb b﬍kmz qub bj quir÷reikl.

;=2

ROEÚBOSL KLO R^BM,

R^BM , ÍKICL [MJIKÀJIKL Y KIKJLQI^LX

Kl`plsikiûo
Rrbm 31%
Íkicl smjikàjikl =1%
=1%
Kikjlpirlx >%
Roeúbotl hicrû﬍jl ksp ;1e

[ioûoi`ls
Rrbm7 kmrnm`icm.
Kikjlpirlx7 kikjlpirlx ljm`iom, kikjlpirlxljm`iom.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl prlcukb uom jiebrm rbmkkiûo
rbmk kiûo io﬎m`mtlrim klo bcb`m jlkmj iotbr-
kbjujmr,, kmusmocl jm sbpmrmkiûo cb jms kéjujms bpicér`ikms. Sm`niéo
kbjujmr Sm`niéo prbsbotm
uom mkkiûo cirbktm slnrb jm qubrmtiom kûrobm prlcukibocl su cbsiotbermkiûo
(qubrmtioljisis).
Jm urbm mj 31% tibob mkkilobs prltbioljàtikms klo jm klosieuibotb ciserbemkiûo
cbj bxtrmktl kûrobl, pltbokim jms mkkilobs qubrmtljàtikms cbj íkicl smjikàjikl, fmvl-
rbkibocl jm loikûjisis quà`ikm.
Bj kikjlpirlx bs uo motif÷oeikl cb m`pjil bspbktrl cbj erupl cb jms piricloms qub
prbsbotm uom ermo m﬍oicmc plr bj tbgicl uoeubmj.
Bj uoeúbotl hicrû﬍jl bs uom b`ujsiûo ermsm klo mktivicmc hicrmtmotb, ermo plcbr
lkjusivl y kls`étikm`botb mermcmnjb.
Bj
cbprbpmrmcl, plrji`pibzm
prlcukir uom sus mkkilobs prltbioljàtikms,
quà`ikm qubrmtljàtikms
cb jm loikl`iklsis cistrû﬍kmy motif÷oeikms,
uoeubmj y jmsbsmpjikm-
kmpmz
kilobs klotioumcms pubcbo jjbemr m prlcukir uom loikûjisis tltmj cb jm uým cistrû﬍km.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl `uy jiebrm`botb m`mrijjbotl cb mspbktl krb`lsl mermcmnjb mj
m j tmktl.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb jm loikl`iklsis cistrû﬍km tltmj. Loiklcistrl﬍ms uoeubmjbs. Loi-
 kûjisis quà`ikm.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr bj uoeúbotl ROM vbz kmcm 5>
5> hlrms bo kurm lkjusivm.
Cbspués cb kmcm kurm sb ji`pimrí jm jbsiûo klo subrl ﬍siljûeikl bji`iomocl jls
rbstls cb tbgicl mfbktmcl.
Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl y cbj ermcl
cb loikûjisis cbsbmcl.

;=6

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

loikl`iklsis cistrû﬍kms

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj íkicl smjikàjikl l m jls smjikijmtls, iokjuicm jm mspiriom®. Mjbreim
m kumjquibrm cb jls ltrls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl.
Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
Jm utijizmkiûo cb qubrmtljàtikls bo bofbr`ls cimnétikls, klo prlnjb`ms vmskujmrbs
pbriférikls l mokimols, hm cb rbmjizmrsb nmgl uo klotrlj bstriktl cbj plcûjlel,
vmjlrmocl bo kmcm `l`botl y pmrm kmcm bofbr`l jm obkbsicmc cb su usl.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jm iokicbokim cb rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo bs nmgm si sb utijizm
klrrbktm`botb.
Bo lkmsilobs pubcb prlcukir irritmkiûo kutíobm bo trmtm`ibotls prljloemcls,
fuocm`botmj`botb bo bj tbgicl pbriuoeubmj.
Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms.
Mjtmsqub`mcurms
rms klok botrmkilobs
klokbotrmkilobs cb íkicl
si sb mpjikmo s mjikàjikl
smjikàjikl
slnrb zlomspubcb
clocbprlcukir
jm kmpmvbsikujmkilobs
vbsikujm
kûrobm kilobs y jieb-
jieb -
sb bokubotrm
cis`iouicm.
Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(ur tikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Ji`pibzm cb jm uým, bji`iomocl jm `íxi`m kmoticmc cb tbgicl cistrûfikl
plsinjb.
• Mpjikmkiûo cirbktm cbj prbpmrmcl
prbpmr mcl slnrb jm jbsiûo.
• Kunrir jm jbsiûo klo kurm lkjusivm.

Jm lpbrmkiûo
• tbril motbrilr
cbj plcûjlel., sb rbpbtirí
sib`prb sbe÷o prbvim`botb
bji`iomocl pmutms iocikmcms l sbe÷o
bj tbgicl kri-
cistrûfikl
mfbktmcl.
• Rom vbz jlermcm jm loikûjisis (tltmj l pmrkimj), rbmjizmr kurms klo bozi`ms
prltbljàtikms + motiniûtikl tûpikl l klo motiniûtikl tûpikl
tûpikl + hicrlklrtislom.
hicrlklrtislom .
• Bvitmr bj klotmktl cbj prlcuktl klo `uklsms u ltrms zloms ol mfbktmcms.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bstmnijicmc `íxi`m ; `bsbs.
 Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim, klo b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klosicb-
ríocljl
cistrl﬍mscbqub
utijicmc bo bjloikûjisis
prbkisbo trmtm`ibotl cb loikl`iklsis cistrû﬍kms u ltrms loikl-
quà`ikm.

;=5

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Jm urbm m
klokbotrmkilobs
supbrilrbs mj =1% bs
jiebrm`botb qubrmtljàtikm,
kmpmz cb bji`iomr jm
Qljvl kristmjiol qubrmtiom bpicér`ikm,
cb tm`mýl mu`botmocl jm
Rrb m 31% =>e cb pmrtàkujms fjbxinijicmc cb jm kmpm
ermocbs
fíkij`botb kûrobm, msà kl`l
iokrb`botmocl bj
sljunjb bo meum. klotboicl hàcrikl cb
jm `is`m. Mj 31%
tibob bfbktls
prltbioljàtikls
fmvlrbkibocl jm
loikûjisis.
Bj íkicl smjikàjikl bs
Qljvl kristmjiol nmktbrilstítikl y
njmokl fíkij`botb fuoeistítikl.
Íkicl smji
smjikàj
kàjikl
ikl =1% ;e sljunjb bo Bo klokbotrmkilobs
mjklhlj y ol supbrilrbs mj ;%
sljunjb bo meum. prbsbotm bfbktls
qubrmtljàtikls.

Bj kikjlpirlx bs uo
Qljvl kristmjiol motif÷oeikl cb m`pjil
Kikjlpirl- njmokl fíkij`botb bspbktrl cbj erupl cb
xljm`iom >% 1,6e sljunjb bo jms piricloms,
mjklhlj y ol prbsbotmocl uom ermo
sljunjb bo meum. mfioicmc plr bj tbgicl
uoeubmj.
 Roeúbotl k sp ;1e k sp ;1e
hicrûfijl

SLSMJ
SLSMJ ;1e ;1e

;=8

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

loikl`iklsis cistrû﬍kms

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls sbeuir cifbrbotbs `mobrms
cb trmnmgmr, cbpbocibocl cb jm utijizmkiûo bo `mylr l `bolr ermcl cb prbpmrmcls
prbpmr mcls
iotbr`bcils. (Sbobr prbbjmnlrmcm
prbbjmnlr mcm jm b`ujsiûo L/U.)
Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub mklosbgm`ls utijizmr pmrm
pmr m jm bjmnlrmkiûo cbj uoeúbotl
hicrû﬍jl bs bstm vmrimkiûo cb jm cbskritm bo bj Flr`ujmril Omkilomj plr jm bxpb-
ribokim y b﬍kmkim bo bj í`nitl plcljûeikl.

FM[B E^M[M
Mjklhlj kbtàjikl >2%
>2%
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb >2%
Qhboloip 1,62%

FM[B MKRL[M
Qrlpijboejiklj =>%
Jmurij sujfmtl sûcikl =%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

Jm ioklrplrmkiûo cb jls mktivls sb rbmjizmràm cb jm flr`m sieuibotb7 jm urbm bo jm

fmsb mkulsm4 bj íkicl smjikàjikl bo jm fmsb ermsm. Jm kikjlpirlx ljm`iom sb cis-
pbrsm klo jm `àoi`m kmoticmc cb btmolj y prlpijboejiklj bo `lrtbrl l uoeumtlr,
mýmciéoclsb plstbrilr`botb bj uoeúbotl fràl y `bzkjíoclsb hl`leéobm`botb.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl klosistbotb cb kljlr njmokl fíkij`botb jmvmnjb klo meum.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
;=9
 Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs
Ltljleàm
pmrm ÷jkbrms
Qlcràm`ls cb﬍oir jm ÷jkbrm kl`l jm sljukiûo cb klotiouicmc cb jm pibj klo pércicm
cb sustmokim cbnicl m uo prlkbsl obkrûtikl qub `ubstrm plkm l oujm tbocbokim
mkujmrbs
jm kurmkiûo. Bo ebobrmj
y jms ÷jkbrms plrsbprbsiûo
cistioeubo
. cls kjàoikms cifbrbotbs7 jms ÷jkbrms vms-

Jms ÷jkbrms vmskujmrbs klostituybo sljukilobs cb klotiouicmc klo pércicm

cb sustmokims bpitbjilkloguotivms cbnicms m uo prlkbsl tisujmr pmtljûeikl cb
lriebo vmskujmr y cb bvljukiûo krûoikm, qub sb kmrmktbrizm plr su bskmsm l oujm
tbocbokim m jm kikmtrizmkiûo bsplotíobm.
bsplotíob m. [b cistioeubo jms ÷jkbrms vbolsms y jms
mrtbrimjbs.

Jms ÷jkbrms plr prbsiûo sb pubcbo cb﬍oir kl`l zloms jlkmjizmcms cb obkrlsis
qub tibocbo m mpmrbkbr kumocl bj tbgicl njmocl bstí kl`pri`icl botrb cls pjm-
ols, uol jms prl`iobokims ûsbms cbj prlpil pmkibotb y ltrl uom supbr﬍kib bxtbrom.
bxtbr om.
[lojuemrbs
jls bj rbsujtmcl cbj cbsprboci`ibotl
prbsilomcls plr boki`m cbcb
uo uom prlfuocm
jà`itb bskmrm qub mpmrbkb bo
tljbrmnjb.

Cbscb bj puotl cb vistm btiljûeikl, jms ÷jkbrms subjbo kjmsi﬍kmrsb bo7

• Isqué`ikms
• Qlr lnstrukkiûo mrtbrimj krûoikm (mrtbrilskjbrlsis).
• Qlr trl`nlmoebàtis lnjitmotb (bofbr`bcmc cb Nubrebr).
• Qlr bofbr`bcmcbs vmslbspístikms (bofbr`bcmc cb ^myomuc).
• Bstítikms
• Qlr hipbrtbosiûo cbj sistb`m vbolsl prlfuocl7 pri`mrim l sbkuo-
cmrim (sbkubjm plsfjbnàtikm).
• Qlr hipbrtbosiûo cbj sistb`m vbolsl supbrfikimj7 vmrikbs.
• Qlr moeilcispjmsims.
• Cimnétikms l `ixtms
• Qlr oburlpmtàm pbriférikm.
• Qlr vmskujlpmtàm pbriférikm.
 Jms ÷jkbrms vbolsms klostituybo bj ÷jti`l ermcl cb uom iosu﬍kibokim vbolsm
kumjquibrm qub sbm jm kjmsi﬍kmkiûo
kjmsi﬍kmk iûo qub sb hmem cb bstm. Olr`mj`botb mpmrbkbo
bo jm rbeiûo
bxtbrom suprm`mjbljmr
l situmrsb iotbrom,
jiebrm`botb hmkimmuoqub
mrrinm m tm`niéo pubcb
jm mjturm cb mpmrbkbr [u
jm pmotlrrijjm. bo tm`mýl
jm zlom
bs vmrimnjb y sb kmrmktbrizm plr jm fmjtm cb cljlr. Ol smoerm y bj flocl tibob cis-
tiotms kmrmktbràstikms cbscb ítlol hmstm frmokm`botb rbebobrmtivl. Jm pibj qub

;>>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

prb sbotm sieols cb jm cbr`mtlsis cb jm iosu﬍kibokim vbolsm, klo

rlcbm jm ÷jkbrm prbsbotm
pie`botmkiûo lkrb, jiplbskjbrlsis, kimolsis, iocurmkiûo y bo lkmsilobs hmstm lsi-
﬍kmkiûo. Frbkubotb`botb
klo `mrkmcl rb﬎ugl. sb jlkmjizm mjrbcbclr cb jm ÷jkbrm uom vbom iosu﬍kibotb

Jms ÷jkbrms mrtbrimjbs ebobrmj`botb slo prlcukicms plr isqub`im krûoikm mrtb-
mr tb-
rimj. Bstío cb﬍oicms plr
p lr uom sbrib cb sieols tmotl sungbtivls kl`l lngbtivls7
• Cljlr7 prlcukicl plr jm isqub`im y jm ÷jkbrm, bs iotbosl, jmkbrmotb, jlkm-
jizmcl y bxmkbrnmcl plr jls vbocmgbs. [b mjivim klo jm plsikiûo péocujm
cb jm pibrom.
• Frimjcmc7 klosbkubokim cb jm cis`ioukiûo cbj mplrtb smoeuàobl.
• Qmjicbz7 mj priokipil cb mspbktl kmcmvérikl plr cis`ioukiûo cbj ribel
smoeuàobl qub bvljukilom klo bj tib`pl m kimolsis.
• Kjmucikmkiûo iotbr`itbotb7 klo cljlr `uskujmr bo bj `ib`nrl mfbktmcl
klo sbosmkiûo cb lprbsiûo qub sb mermvm
m ermvm klo bj bgbrkikil4 sb mjivim klo bj
rbplsl y lnjiem mj pmkibotb m cbtbobrsb. Jm cistmokim
cistmok im qub pubcm km`iomr
motbs cb qub mpmrbzkm bj cljlr ols cmrí bj ermcl cb lkjusiûo mrtbrimj.
• I`pltbokim fuokilomj7 cb flr`m kl`pjbtm mpmrbkb bo lkjusiûo mrtbrimj
meucm plr lnstrukkiûo nruskm.
nruskm . Jls pujsls bstío mnljicls plr cbnmgl cb
jm lnstrukkiûo.
• Jlkmjizmkiûo cb jm ÷jkbrm7 botrb jls cbcls cb jls pibs l bo jm puotm
cb jls `is`ls, slnrb jms kmnbzms mrtikujmrbs
mr tikujmrbs cb jms fmjmoebs, bo tmjûo,
`mjéljl bxtbrol l zlom prbtinimj.
• Kmrmktbràstikms cb jm ÷jkbrm7 bs cb pbqubýl tm`mýl klo nlrcbs nibo
cbfioicls. Sibocb m prlfuocizmr y pubcb vbrsb bj hubsl y bj tbocûo. Qrb-
sbotm tbgicl oberuzkl l obkrûtikl kmrbotb cb hb`lrrmeim. [ubjbo sbr
ou`brlsms y sbkms m `bols qub sb iofbktbo.
• Km`nils mslkimcls bo jm pibrom l pib7 pibj cbjemcm, nrijjmotb y sbkm.
Rýms boerlsmcms. Musbokim
Musbok im cb krbki`ibotl cbj vbjjl. Vmrimkilobs cb
tb`pbrmturm m jl jmrel cb jm bxtrb`icmc. Qmjicbz m jm bjbvmkiûo, Britrl-
`bjim bo cbkjivb. Bxtrb`icmc mtrlfimcm l sio km`nils cb tm`mýl. Bcb`m
pbriujkbrlsl.
Qlcb`ls cb﬍oir bj pib cimnétikl kl`l uom mjtbrmkiûo kjàoikm cb nmsb btilpmtl-
eéoikm oburlpítikm b iocukicm plr jm hipbrejukb`im `motboicm, bo jm qub, klo l
sio klbxistbokim cb isqub`im y prbvil cbsbokmcbomotb trmu`ítikl, sb prlcukb
jbsiûo y/l ÷jkbrmkiûo cbj pib.

;>;

Bo kmsls cb `mjm bvljukiûo, jms jbsilobs pubcbo

pub cbo bvljukilomr obemtivm`botb hmkim
jm iofbkkiûo, jm emoerbom y jm obkbsicmc cb m`putmkiûo. Bo bj pib cimnétikl sb
pubcb prbsbotmr jm ÷jkbrm oburlpítikm y jm ÷jkbrm oburlisqué`ikm.

Jms ÷jkbrms oburlpítikms mpmrbkbo bo kmsls cb oburlpmtàm pbriférikm, bspb-

kimj`botb bo oburlpmtàm cimnétikm ebobrmj`botb
ebobrm j`botb mslkimcm m pmtljleàm mrtbrimj
mrtbrim j y/l
y/l
vbolsm. Cbnicl m jm fmjtm cb sbosinijicmc mpmrbkbo slnrb jls puotls cb prbsiûo l
cbflr`mkilobs cbj pib. Klo trbs jlkmjizmkiûobs prbvmjbotbs7 pri`br y quiotl `btm-
tmrsimol bo sus zloms mkrms, y kmjkírbl
kmjkí rbl bo su bxtrb`l plstbrilr. [lo ÷jkbrmkilobs
cb flr`m rbclocbmcm klo kmjjlsicmc pbriujkbrlsm b iocljlrm. Jm pbrfusiûo mrtbrimj
bs klrrbktm klo pujsls tinimjbs.

Jms ÷jkbrms oburlisqué`ikms prbsbotmo obkrlsis ioikimj sbkm y hmnitumj`botb

cb jlkmjizmkiûo jmtbrlcieitmj, qub subjbo cbrivmr cb flr`m rípicm m h÷`bcm y
ysupurmtivm
bxistb uomsioburlpmtàm
bxistb iofbkkiûo slnrbmýmcicm. Bo ebobrmj jls pujsls
mslkimcm. p ujsls bstío mnljicls

Bj `mobgl cb jms ÷jkbrms vmskujmrbs

vmskujmrb s l cbj pib cimnétikl bs kl`pjbgl4 prljloemcl
bo `ukhls kmsls rbsujtm cifàkij mprbkimr su bvljukiûo. Bs fuocm`botmj bstmnjbkbr
bstmnjbkb r
uo cimeoûstikl cifbrbokimj, ym qub bj trmtm`ibotl ci﬍brb si su btiljleàm bs vbolsm
l mrtbrimj. Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo bs bsbokimj
bsb okimj jm klrrbkkiûo l klotrlj
k lotrlj cb jm kmusm prlcuktlrm,
bs cbkir, cb jm pmtljleàm cb nmsb (cimnbtbs, hipbrtbosiûo mrtbrimj, lnbsicmc, cis-
jipb`im, iosu﬍kibokim vbolsm, btk.) y cb jls fmktlrbs cb ribsel trmtmnjbs qub bj
pmkibotb prbsbotb, bspbkimj`botb bj klotrlj `btmnûjikl y jm `mjoutrikiûo.

Jm kljloizmkiûo nmktbrimom sio sieols cb iofbkkiûo cb jm ÷jkbrm ol lnjiem m jm

mc`ioistrmkiûo cb motiniûtikls sisté`ikls4 bstls sà sb utijizmrío bo kmsl cb
mu`botl cbj cljlr bo jm zlom klo britb`m pbrijbsilomj,
pb rijbsilomj, jiofmoeitis, krbki`ibotl cb
jm ÷jkbrm l mpmrikiûo cb ﬍bnrb ol mtrinuinjb m ltrm pmtljleàm.

Bj trmtm`ibotl jlkmj sb bjbeirí bo fuokiûo cbj mspbktl cb jm ÷jkbrm y tibob kl`l

lngbtivls7
lngbtivls7 ji`pimr y cbsnricmr jm hbricm, prltbkkiûo cb mebotbs klotm`iomotbs y jm
bsti`ujmkiûo cb jm kikmtrizmkiûo. Cb flr`m klokl`itmotb bs obkbsmril `motbobr
ji`pim b hicrmtmcm jm pibj pbrijbsilomj y bo ebobrmj jls pibs y jms pibroms.
;>3

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms
QM[SM CB MW×KM^

Kl`plsikiûo
Mz÷kmr ejms =11e
@mkrlelj 311 21e
Meum lxiebomcm mj ;1%
;1% 1,3e

[ioûoi`ls
Mz÷kmr ejms7 smkmr
smkmrlsm
lsm pujvbrizmcm,
pujvbrizmc m, mz÷kmr ejmsé,
ejms é, mz÷kmr pujvbrizmcm.
pujvbriz mcm.
@mkrlelj 3117 pljibtijboejiklj 311.
Meum lxiebomcm7 pbrûxicl cb hicrûebol.
hicrûeb ol.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj `mkrlelj bs uo jàquicl cb kmrmktbràstikms hicrlfàjikms b iolkums pmrm jm pibj,
ol pbobtrm bo jm pibj y sb bji`iom klo fmkijicmc. Qrbsbotm bfbktls hicrmtmotbs y
flr`m klo jm smkmrlsm uo ebj klosistbotb kmpmz cb mchbrirsb mj tbgicl kutíobl,
sio `mkbrmrjl oi lkjuirjl, fmvlrbkibocl jm hu`bcmc cb jm jbsiûo, fmkijitmocl jm
kikmtrizmkiûo y pbr`itibocl jm bvmkumkiûo cb bxucmcls.
Bj mz÷kmr ejms (smkmrlsm) tibob prlpibcmcbs mnslrnbotbs, jiebrm`botb moti`i-
krlnimoms (plsbb uo bfbktl motiniûtikl
motiniûtikl mj kl`pbtir plr bj meum prbsbotb bo jms
nmktbrims) y trû﬍kms slnrb bj tbgicl cér`ikl. Mcb`ís, bgbrkb bfbktls cbsnricmotbs
ls`ûtikls.
Bj meum lxiebomcm tibob mkkilobs cbslclrmotbs, motiséptikms y motilxicmotbs.
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm mkkilobs cbsnricmotbs, cb rbjjbol y mnslrnbotbs bo ÷jkb-
rms (plr cbk÷nitl,
ermoujmkiûo. Kl`lvmriklsms l cimnétikms),
jm smkmrlsm ÷oikm`botbfmkijitmocl jm flr`mkiûo
sb `btmnljizm cbjiotbstiomj,
bo bj trmktl tbgicl cb
pubcb utijizmrsb bo pmkibotbs cimnétikls.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Ebj sb`isûjicl njmokl sio ljlr cb mspbktl omkmrmcl y mermcmnjb y sumvb mj tmktl.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb hbricms tûrpicms ol iofbktmcms. Srmtm`ibotl cb ÷jkbrms plr prb-
siûo, cb pibroms, vmskujmrbs ol iofbktmcms. ×jkbrms cbj pib cimnétikl ol iofbktm-
cms. Srmtm`ibotl
Srmtm`ibotl guotl m ltrms `bcicms mcbkumcms
mcbkumcm s pmrm bsti`ujmr jm ermoujmkiûo
ermoujmk iûo
y kikmtrizmkiûo cb ÷jkbrms cimnétikms oburlpítikms krûoikms.

;>2

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr bj ebj = vbz mj càm bo kmpm
kmpm erubsm
erubsm y kunrir
kunrir klo mpûsitl bstérij b`pmpmcl bo
subrl ﬍siljûeikl pmrm `motbobr bj botlrol h÷`bcl. Motbs cb rbmjizmr uom oubvm
kurm hm cb ji`pimrsb jm jbsiûo bji`iomocl rbstls cbj prbpmrmcl,
prbp mrmcl, cbtritus l cb tbgicl
mfbktmcl. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Iofbkkiûo cér-
`ikm ol klotrljmcm. Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jms rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo slo plkl frbkubotbs y `uy jbvbs.
Jms `ís i`plrtmotbs slo7 plsinjb irritmkiûo y sbqubcmc kutíobm, fuocm`botmj-
`botb bo jm zlom pbrijbsilomj. Bxkbpkilomj`botb
Bxkbpkilomj`botb pubcb mpmrbkbr slnrbiofbkkiûo
slnrbiofbkkiûo,,
jiebrl smoermcl cb jm jbsiûo l pruritl jlkmj pmsmgbrl. Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms
kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikm-
rim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb`
bxmotb`ítikms,
ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr
klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki

mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Ol utijizmrjm bo ÷jkbrms iofbktmcms. Motbs cb ioikimr bj trmtm`ibotl hm cb
trmtmrsb jm iofbkkiûo. [i jm ÷jkbrm sb iofbktm curmotb bj trmtm`ibotl, cbnb
suspbocbrsb bj trmtm`ibotl klo jm pmstm cb mz÷kmr y trmtmr jm iofbkkiûo
motbs cb rbiostmurmr bj `is`l.
• Jm hbricm cbnb bstmr bo nuboms klocikilobs. [i bs obkbsmril sb prlkb-
cbrí mj cbsnricm`ibotl bji`iomocl
bji`iomocl tbgicls obkrlsmcls l iofbktmcls motbs
l curmotb bj trmtm`ibotl.
• Ol sb cbnb tmpmr ouokm
ouok m jm hbricm klo uo vbocmgb lkjusivl. Rtijizmr sib`-
prb mpûsitls bstérijbs.
• Bj plcûjlel hm cb hmkbr uo klotrlj y sbeui`ibotl bxhmustivl cbj trmtm`ibotl.
• Bj trmtm`ibotl bs kl`pmtinjb klo bj jmvmcl l jm utijizmkiûo cb kl`prbsms
h÷`bcms cb prlcuktls
prlcuk tls motiséptikls mstrioebotbs
mstrioebo tbs (vbr mpmrtmclr
mpmrtmc lr 9.=
9.= y 9.>).
9.>).
 • Eumrcmr bo obvbrm y prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim klo b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klosi-
cbríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl cb jbsilobs ujkbrmtivms ym sbm plr prbsiûo,
vmskujmrbs l cimnétikms, sib`prb y kumocl ol prbsbotbo kumcrls iofbkkilsls.

;>6

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Cismkíricl Jm smkmrlsm bs uo
kl`pubstl bcujklrmotb y cb`ujkbotb.
plr ejuklsm y [b usm kl`l bxkipibotb y
Ízu kmr ejms
Ízukmr e jms fruktlsm. Qljvl mebotb viskltizmotb.
(mz÷kmr ejmsé, njmokl hmriolsl Mj ;1% sb hm b`pjbmcl bo
smkmrlsm =11e =11e `uy fiol. @uy bcb`m klrobmj bo kljirils.
pujvbrizmcm) sljunjb bo meum, Jm flr`m "ejmsé" bs jm qub
plkl sljunjb bo prbsbotm uo tm`mýl cb
btmolj mj 96%, pmrtàkujm `ís pbqubýl
príktikm`botb y bs icbmj pmrm jm
iosljunjb bo bjmnlrmkiûo cb jm pmstm
btmolj mohicrl. cb mz÷kmr
mz÷k mr..

Jls `mkrleljbs slo

sustmokims hicrûfijms,
iolkuls pmrm jm pibj.
Jàquicl jà`picl, [b bji`iomo fíkij`botb
trmospmrbotb, plr si`pjb jmvmcl.
@mkrlelj 21 e 21 e visklsl, Jls sûjicls kl`l bj
311 príktikm`botb QBE 3111 y bj QBE 6111
iokljlrl b sb usmo bo prbpmrmkilobs
iolclrl. tûpikms, mgustmocl jm
klosistbokim klo jls
jàquicls kl`l
bj QBE 311.

Bj pbrûxicl cb hicrûebol
Meum Jàquicl bs uo motiséptikl ebobrmj.
lxiebomcm mjtm`botb pljmr.
p ljmr. Qrbsbotm bfbktls lxicmotbs
;1% 1,3e 1,3e Bs klolkicl plr qub cifikujtmo jm ebr`iomkiûo
(==1 vlj÷`bobs) sbr uo plcbrlsl cb bsplrms mombrlnims.
(pbrûxicl
cb hicrûebol) lxicmotb. Qrbsbotm mcb`ís uo bfbktl
cbsnricmotb y cbslclrmotb.

SLSMJ
SLSMJ =21,3e =21,3e

;>5

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm uýms pslriísikms

@lcus lpbrmoci

[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr ® tmrmcl cb =31`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc

k moticmc klrrbsplo-
cibotb cb mz÷kmr ejmsé. Bo kmsl cb utijizmr smkmrlsm, tbocrb`ls qub
`ikrloizmrjm bo uo `ljioijjl l uo `lrtbrl klo bj ﬍o cb hmkbr cbsmpm-
rbkbr jls kristmjbs cb jm `is`m y lntbobr uo pljvl ﬍ol.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb pljibtijboejiklj 311 y
meum lxiebomcm.
QM[L ; M klotioumkiûo meitmr klo bj uoeumtlr® cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjl-
kicmc, lntboibocl msà uom pmstm `uy ﬍om.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplocib

klrrbsplocibotb
otb cb mz÷kmr
ejmsé. Bo kmsl cb utijizmr smkmrlsm, tbocrb`ls qub `ikrloizmrjm bo uo
`ljioijjl l uo `lrtbrl klo bj ﬍o cb hmkbr cbsmpmrbkb
cbs mpmrbkbrr jls kristmjbs cb
jm `is`m y lntbobr uo pljvl ﬍ol.
QM[L > Bo bj `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm
jm kmoticmc cb `mkrlelj 311 pmujmtiom`botb
hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio eru`ls.
QM[L ; Fiomj`botb, ioklrplrmr jm pmr
pmrtb
tb cb meum lxiebomcm y `bzkjmr vielrl-
sm`botb hmstm Hl`lebobizmr jm pmstm.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl njmokl klosistbotb. Mj mpjikmrsb ol cbnb mprbkimsb
mprb kimsb oioe÷o tipl cb
kristmj.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
;>8

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

QM[SM CB MW×KM^ KLO EBOSM@IKIOM

Kl`plsikiûo
Mz÷kmr ejms =11e
@mkrlelj 311 21e
Meum lxiebomcm mj ;1%
;1% 1,3e
Ebotm`ikiom 1,>%

[ioûoi`ls
Mz÷kmr ejms7 smkmr
smkmrlsm
lsm pujvbrizmcm,
pujvbrizmc m, mz÷kmr ejmsé,
ejms é, mz÷kmr pujvbrizmcm.
pujvbriz mcm.
@mkrlelj 3117 pljibtijboejiklj 311.
Meum lxiebomcm7 pbrûxicl cb hicrûebol.
hicrûeb ol.
Ebotm`ikiom7 ebotm`ikiom sujfmtl,
sujf mtl, sujfmtl cb ebotm`ikiom.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj `mkrlelj bs uo jàquicl cb kmrmktbràstikms hicrlfàjikms b iolkums pmrm jm pibj,
p ibj, ol
pbobtrm bo jm pibj y sb bji`iom klo fmkijicmc. Qrbsbotm bfbktls hicrmtmotbs y flr`m
klo jm smkmrlsm uo prlcuktl pmrbkicl m uo ebj klosistbotb kmpmz cb mchbrirsb mj
tbgicl kutíobl, sio `mkbrmrjl oi lkjuirjl, fmvlrbkibocl jm hu`bcmc cb jm jbsiûo,
fmkijitmocl jm kikmtrizmkiûo y pbr`itibocl jm bvmkumkiûo cb bxucmcls.
Bj mz÷kmr ejms (smkmrlsm `ikrloizmcm) tibob prlpibcmcbs mnslrnbotbs, jiebrm-
`botb moti`ikrlnimoms (plsbb uo bfbktl motiniûtikl mj kl`pbtir plr bj meum prb-
sbotb bo jms nmktbrims) y trû﬍kms slnrb bj tbgicl cér`ikl. Mcb`ís bgbrkb
bgbrk b bfbktls
cbsnricmotbs ls`ûtikls.
Bj meum lxiebomcm tibob mkkilobs cbslclrmotbs, motiséptikms y lxicmotbs.
Jm ebotm`ikiom bs uo motiniûtikl m`iolejukûsicl cb m`pjil bspbktrl mktivl frbotb
m eér`bobs erm`+ (iokjuicl [tmphyjlklkkus murbus) y erm`‛ (iokjuicm Qsbucl-
mbrueiols m).
`lom mbrueiolsm
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm mkkilobs cbsnricmotbs, cb rbjjbol y mnslrnbotbs, mcb`ís cb
motiiofbkkilsms bo ÷jkbrms (plr cbk÷nitl, vmriklsms l cimnétikms) y hbricms tûrpicms,
fmkijitmocl jm flr`mkiûo cbj tbgicl cb ermoujmkiûo. Kl`l jm smkmrlsm ÷oikm`botb sb
`btmnljizm bo bj trmktl iotbstiomj, pubcb utijizmrsb bo pmkibotbs cimnétikls.
Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[b`isûjicl njmokl cb mspbktl
ms pbktl omkmrmcl
omkmrm cl sio ljlr. Mermcmnjb
Mermcmnjb y sumvb mj tmktl.
tm ktl.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl cb hbricms tûrpicms. Srmtm`ibotl cb ÷jkbrms plr prbsiûo, cb pibr-
oms, vmskujmrbs. ×jkbrms cbj pib cimnétikl. Srmtm`ibotl guotl m ltrms `bcicms
mcbkumcms pmrm bsti`ujmr jm ermoujmkiûo y kikmtrizmkiûo cb ÷jkbrms cimnétikms
oburlpítikms krûoikms.

;>9

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr bj prlcuktl = vbz mj càm
càm bo kmpm erubsm y kunrir klo mpûsitl
mpûsitl bstérij
bstérij b`pm-
pmcl bo subrl ﬍siljûeikl pmrm `motbobr bj botlrol h÷`bcl. Motbs cb rbmjizmr
uom oubvm kurm hm cb ji`pimrsb jm jbsiûo bji`iomocl jls rbstls cbj prbpmrmcl y
cbtritus. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl. Jm
tbrmpim tûpikm bs kl`pmtinjb klo kumjquibr trmtm`ibotl
trm tm`ibotl motiiofbkkilsl sisté`ikl.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m jls motiniûtikls m`iolejukûsicls (obl`ikiom, m`idmkiom,
tlnrm`ikiom, frm`ikbtiom, btk.) l m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl.
Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
(
^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jms rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo slo plkl frbkubotbs b i`plrtmotbs.
Jms `ís kl`uobs slo7 irritmkiûo y sbqubcmc kutíobm fuocm`botmj`botb bo jm
zlom pbrijbsilomj. @ukhl `ís rmrm`botb pubcb mpmrbkbr jiebrl smoermcl cb jm
jbsiûo y pruritl jlkmj pmsmgbrl. Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms kbrkmoms m jls lgls l
`uklsms. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkil-
obs bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmk

mc`ioistrmkiûo
iûo
• Ol utijizmrjm bo ÷jkbrms klo iofbkkiûo
iofbkkiû o meucm, qub sb slspbkhb qub ol pubcm
klotrljmrsb klo motiniûtikls tûpikls, si ol hmy uom klnbrturm motiniûtikm
lrmj sbeurm.
• Jm hbricm cbnb bstmr bo nuboms klocikilobs. [i bs obkbsmril sb prlkb-
cbrí mj cbsnricm`ibotl
l curmotb bj trmtm`ibotl.bji`iomocl
bji`iomocl tbgicls obkrlsmcls l iofbktmcls motbs

• Ol sb cbnb tmpmr ouokm jm hbricm

hb ricm klo uo vbocmgb lkjusivl. Rtijizmr sib`-
prb mpûsitls bstérijbs.
(=
• Bj plcûjlel hm cb hmkbr uo klotrlj y sbeui`ibotl bxhmustivl
bxhmustivl cbj trmtm`ibotl.
• Bj trmtm`ibotl bs kl`pmtinjb klo bj jmvmcl l jm utijizmkiûo cb kl`prbsms
h÷`bcms cb prlcuktls
prlcu ktls motiséptikls mstrioebotbs (vbr mpmrtmcls
mpmr tmcls 9.=
9.= y 9.>).
 • Eumrcmr bo obvbrm y prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl
cbríocljl cb prbsbotm
utijicmc bouom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim
bj trmtm`ibotl klo
cb jbsilobs b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm,
ujkbrmtivms klosi-
ym sbm plr prbsiûo,
vmskujmrbs l cimnétikms, sib`prb y kumocl bj plsinjb kumcrl iofbkkilsl pubcm
sbr klotrljmcl klo motiniûtikls tûpikls.

;;1

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Cismkíricl Jm smkmrlsm bs uo
kl`pubstl bcujklrmotb y cb`ujkbotb.
plr ejuklsm y [b usm kl`l bxkipibotb y
fruktlsm. Qljvl mebotb viskltizmotb.
Ízu kmr ejms
Ízukmr e jms njmokl hmriolsl Mj ;1% sb hm b`pjbmcl bo bcb`m
(mz÷kmr ejmsé, =11e =11e `uy fiol. @uy klrobmj bo kljirils.
mz÷kmr cb sljunjb bo meum, Jm flr`m "ejmsé" bs jm qub
pmstbjbràm) plkl sljunjb bo prbsbotm uo tm`mýl cb

btmolj mj 96%,
príktikm`botb pmrtàkujm `íspmrm
y bs icbmj pbqubýl
jm
iosljunjb bo bjmnlrmkiûo cb jm pmstm
btmolj mohicrl. cb mz÷kmr
mz÷k mr..
Jls `mkrleljbs slo
sustmokims hicrûfijms,
iolkuls pmrm jm pibj.
Jàquicl jà`picl, [b bji`iomo fíkij`botb
trmospmrbotb, plr si`pjb jmvmcl.
@mkrlelj 21 e 21 e visklsl, Jls sûjicls kl`l bj
311 príktikm`botb QBE 3111 y bj QBE 6111
iokljlrl b sb usmo bo prbpmrmkilobs
iolclrl. tûpikms, mgustmocl jm
klosistbokim klo jls
jàquicls kl`l
bj QBE 311.
Meum Bj pbrûxicl cb hicrûebol bs uo
lxiebomcm
Jàquicl motiséptikl ebobrmj. Qrbsbotm
;1%
mjtm`botb pljmr. bfbktls lxicmotbs qub cifikujtmo jm
(==1
(==1 vlj÷`bobs)
vlj ÷`bobs)
1,3e 1,3e Bs klolkicl plr ebr`iomkiûo cb bsplrms mombrlnims.
(pbrûxicl cb
sbr uo plcbrlsl Qrbsbotm mcb`ís bfbktl
hicrûebol)
lxicmotb. cbsnricmotb y cbslclrmotb.

Jm ebotm`ikiom bs uo motiniûtikl
 Qljvl njmokl m`iolejukûsicl cb m`pjil
l kmsi njmokl, bspbktrl mktivl frbotb m eér`bobs
hierlskûpikl. erm`+ (iokjuicl [tmphyjlklkkus
Ebotm`ikiom 1,>% 1,;=e Fíkij`botb murbus ) y erm`‛ (iokjuicm
(iokju icm
sujfmtl sljunjb bo meum, Qsbucl`lom mbrueiolsm.
príktikm`botb Mcb`ís sb jb hmo mtrinuicl
mtrinu icl
iosljunjb bo mkkilobs motiiofjm`mtlrims
btmolj mj 96%. Jm clsis tûpikm bo plcljleàm
vmràm cbj 1,>% hmstm
hmst m bj 3%.
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =21,3e =21,3e

;;=

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

loikl`iklsis cistrû﬍kms

@lcus lpbrmoci

[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr® tmrmcl cb =31`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbs-
plocibotb cb mz÷kmr ejmsé y ebotm`ikiom sujfmtl. Bo kmsl cb utijizmr
smkmrlsm, tbocrb`ls qub `ikrloizmrjm bo uo `ljioijjl l uo `lrtbrl
klo bj ﬍o cb hmkbr cbsmpmrbkbr
cbsm pmrbkbr jls kristmjbs
kr istmjbs cb jm `is`m y lntbobr uo
pljvl ﬍ol.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb pljibtijboejiklj 311 y
meum lxiebomcm.
QM[L ; M klotioumkiûo meitmr klo bj uoeumtlr® cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjl-
kicmc, lntboibocl msà uom pmstm `uy ﬍om.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplocib

klrrbsplocibotb
otb cb mz÷kmr
ejmsé y ebotm`ikiom sujfmtl. Bo kmsl cb utijizmr smkmrlsm, tbocrb`ls
qub `ikrloizmrjm bo uo `ljioijjl l uo `lrtbrl klo bj ﬍o cb hmkbr cbs-
cbs -
mpmrbkbr jls kristmjbs cb jm `is`m y lntbobr uo pljvl ﬍ol.
QM[L > Bo bj `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr jm
jm kmoticmc cb `mkrlelj 311 pmujmtiom`botb
hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio eru`ls.
QM[L ; Fiomj`botb, ioklrplrmr jm pmr
pmrtb
tb cb meum lxiebomcm y `bzkjmr vielrl-
sm`botb hmstm hl`lebobizmr jm pmstm.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl njmokl klosistbotb. Mj mpjikmrsb slnrb jm pibj ol cbnb
cbn b oltmrsb oioe÷o
kristmj.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.
;;>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

E BOSM@IKIOM
[LJRKIÛO MKRL[M CB EBOS M@IKIOM

Kl`plsikiûo
Ebotm`ikiom sujfmtl 3%
Meum nicbstijmcm ksp 21`j

[ioûoi`ls
Meum nicbstijmcm7 meum cbstijmcm éstbrij,
éstbr ij, meum bstbrijizmcm.
Ebotm`ikiom7 ebotm`ikiom sujfmtl,
sujf mtl, sujfmtl cb ebotm`ikiom.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Jm ebotm`ikiom bs uo motiniûtikl m`iolejukûsicl cb m`pjil bspbktrl mktivl frbotb
m eér`bobs erm`+ (iokjuicl [tmphyjlklkkus murbus) y erm`‛ (iokjuicm Qsbucl-
mbrueiols m).
`lom mbrueiolsm
Jm sljukiûo mkulsm fmkijitm, `bcimotb irriemkilobs, jm mpjikmkiûo cbj prbpmrmcl.
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm mkkilobs motiiofbkkilsms
motiiofbkkils ms cb ji`pibzm bo ÷jkbrms y hbricms
tûrpicms. Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo sb jb hm mtrinuicl
m trinuicl mkkilobs motiio﬎m`mtlrims.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb iokljlrm b iolclrm.

Iocikmkilobs

Srmtm`ibotl
cb klmcyuvmotb
pibroms, vmskujmrbs. cb hbricmscb
Irriemkilobs tûrpicms.
÷jkbrms Ji`pibzm cb ÷jkbrms
cbj pib cimnétikl plr prbsiûo,
y oburlpítikms
krûoikms. Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb guotl m ltrms `bcicms mcbkumcms pmrm klo-
trljmr jm iofbkkiûo y bsti`ujmr jm ermoujmkiûo, y kikmtrizmkiûo cb ÷jkbrms cimnétikms
oburlpítikms krûoikms.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr bj prlcuktl
prlcu ktl `bcimotb
`bcimo tb irriemkiûo
irriemk iûo cirbktm
cirbk tm cb jm
j m ÷jkbrm,
÷jkbr m, sib`prb
sib`p rb plstbrilr-
plstbr ilr-
`botb m uo klrrbktl cbsnricmcl cb jm jbsiûo. Jm clsis usumj cb >-2`j plr kurm,
cbpbocibocl cbj tm`mýl cb jm jbsiûo. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb
jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl. Jm tbrmpim tûpikm bs kl`pmtinjb klo kumjquibr trmtm-
`ibotl motiiofbkkilsl sisté`ikl.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m jls motiniûtikls m`iolejukûsicls (obl`ikiom, m`idmkiom,
tlnrm`ikiom, frm`ikbtiom, btk.). Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms
klotrmiocikmkilobs.

;;;

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

loikl`iklsis cistrû﬍kms

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jms rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms
mcvbr sms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo slo bo ebobrmj jbvbs, trmositlrims y
plkl frbkubotbs. Jms `ís kl`uobs
k l`uobs slo mjtbrmkilobs cbr`mtljûeikms7 cbr`mtitis
cb klotmktl, pruritl, cljlr, irritmkiûo y sbqubcmc kutíobm fuocm`botmj`botb bo
jm zlom pbrijbsilomj. Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms.
Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(urtikm rim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmki

mc`ioistrmkiûo
ûo
• Ol utijizmrjm bo ÷jkbrms klo iofbkkiûo meucm, qub sb slspbkhb qub ol
pubcm klotrljmrsb klo
k lo motiniûtikls tûpikls, si ol hmy uom klnbrturm moti-
niûtikm lrmj sbeurm.
• Jm hbricm cbnb bstmr bo nuboms klocikilobs. Bo ebobrmj bs obkbsmril
prlkbcbr mj cbsnricm`ibotl
motbs l curmotb bji`iomocl tbgicls obkrlsmcls l iofbktmcls
bj trmtm`ibotl.
trmt m`ibotl.
• Jmvmr jm jbsiûo klo subrl fisiljûeikl bstérij motbs cb mpjikmr bj prbpmrmcl.
• Rtijizmr sib`prb mpûsitls bstérijbs.
• Bj plcûjlel hm cb hmkbr uo klotrlj y sbeui`ibotl bxhmustivl cbj trmtm`ibotl.
• Bovmsmr prbfbrbotb`botb bo frmskl cb kristmj tipl vimj. Eumrcmr bo obvbrm.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom nubom tljbrmokim klo b﬍kmkim cb`lstrmcm, klosicb-
ríocljl cb utijicmc bo bj trmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb `bcimotb irriemkiûo cb jbsilobs
ujkbrmtivms ym sbm plr prbsiûo, vmskujmrbs, cimnétikms l oburlpítikms.
;;3

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc
pri`m % Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo
Vlju`b pbsmcm rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Jm ebotm`ikiom bs uo
Qljvl njmokl motiniûtikl m`iolejukûsicl
l kmsi njmokl, cb m`pjil bspbktrl mktivl
hierlskûpikl. frbotb m eér`bobs erm`+
Fíkij`botb (iokjuicl [tmphyjlklkkus
Ebotm`ikiom 3% >e sljunjb murbus) y erm`‛ (iokjuicm
sujfmtl bo meum, Qsbucl`lom mbrueiolsm.
príktikm`botb Mcb`ís sb jb hm mtrinuicl
iosljunjb bo mkkilobs motiiofjm`mtlrims.
motiiofjm`mtl
Jm clsis tûpikm borims.
btmolj mj 96%. plcljleàm vmràm cbj 1,>%
hmstm bj 3%
3%..
Meum ksp 21`j ksp
nicistijmcm 21`j
SLSMJ
SLS MJ 21`j 21`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Qbsmr jm ebotm`ikiom sujfmtl bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls.
QM[L > Ioklrplrmr jm jm ermo `mylràm cbj meum nicbstijmcm y `bzkjmr
`bzkjmr klo uom
vmrijjm l jm myucm cb uo meitmclr `meoétikl.
QM[L ; Bo uom prlnbtm l bo bj bovmsb ﬍omj ermcumcl, bormsmr hmstm bj vlju`bo
﬍omj cbsbmcl.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo frmskl cb kristmj tipl vimj.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb qub pubcb tbobr uo jiebrl kljlr m`mrijjbotl. Ol pubcb
klotbobr oioe÷o tipl cb prbkipitmcls.
Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl
= `bs bo obvbrm.

;;2

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs pmrm

loikl`iklsis cistrû﬍kms

EBJ CB @BS^LOICMWLJ

Kl`plsikiûo
@btrloicmzlj =%
Qrlpijboejiklj =1%
Bxkipibotb ebj ksp 21e

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj prlpijboejiklj bs uo hu`bktmotb qub i`picb jm cbsbkmkiûo
cbsb kmkiûo bxkbsivm cb jm kmpm
kûrobm kutíobm. Qrbsbotm prlpibcmcbs nmktbrikicms y fuoeikicms jiebrms.
Bj `btrloicmzlj bs uo motiiofbkkilsl cbj erupl cb jls oitrli`icmzljbs klo mkkiûo
nmktbrikicm, trikl`loikicm y m`bnikicm. Mkt÷m mjtbrmocl bj COM nmktbrimol i`pi-
cibocl su sàotbsis. Bs mktivl frbotb m jm `mylràm cb nmktbrims mombrlnims y nmktbrli-
nmktbrli -
cbs. Bj `btrloicmzlj tibob tm`niéo prlpibcmcbs motiio﬎m`mtlrims y cbslclrmotbs
klo `bkmois`l cbsklolkicl slnrb tbgicl ujkbrmcl.
Bj ebj obutrl bs uo bxkipibotb qub pbr`itb `motbobr uo hínitmt h÷`bcl slnrb jms
jbsilobs ÷jkbrmcms,
÷jkbrmcm s, plsinijitmocl jm bji`iomkiûo cb bxucmcls, ol `mkbríocljm y
fmkijitmocl su kikmtrizmkiûo.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Ebj sb`isûjicl jiebrm`botb m`mrijjbotl cb mspbktl trmospmrbotb mermcmnjb mj
tmktl y sio ljlr.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb ÷jkbrms plr prbsiûo, cb pibroms, vmskujmrbs l cim-
nétikms iofbktmcms y `mjljibotbs. ×jkbrms cbj pib cimnétikl. Srmtm`ibotl guotl m
ltrms `bcicms l tbrmpims mcbkumcms pmrm bsti`ujmr jm ermoujmkiûo y kikmtrizmkiûo
cb ÷jkbrms cimnétikms oburlpítikms krûoikms.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr bj ebj = vbz mj càm bo kmpm
kmpm erubsm
erubsm y kunrir
kunrir klo mpûsitl bstérij b`pmpmcl bo
 subrl ﬍siljûeikl pmrm `motbobr bj botlrol h÷`bcl. Motbs cb rbmjizmr uom oubvm
kurm hm cb ji`pimrsb jm jbsiûo bji`iomocl rbstls cbj prbpmrmcl,
prbp mrmcl, cbtritus l cb tbgicl
mfbktmcl. Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc
Hipbrsbos inijicmc m jls cbrivmcls i`icmzûjikls l m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs
cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.

;;6

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jms rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo slo plkl i`plrtmotbs y klo uom
frbkubokim `uy nmgm. Jms `ís frbkubotbs slo7 plsinjb irritmkiûo y cbskm`mkiûo
kutíobm. @ukhl `ís rmrm`botb pubcb mpmrbkbr jiebrl smoermcl cb jm jbsiûo y
pruritl jlkmj pmsmgbrl. Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms kbrkmoms
kbrkmom s m jls lgls l `ukl-
sms. Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs
bxmotb`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Ol utijizmrjm bo ÷jkbrms klo iofbkkiûo meucm, qub sb slspbkhb qub pubcm
klotrljmrsb klo motiniûtikls tûpikls, si ol hmy uom klnbrturm motiniûtikm
lrmj sbeurm.
• Jm hbricm cbnb bstmr bo nuboms klocikilobs. [i bs obkbsmril sb prlkb-
cbrí mj cbsnricm`ibotl
l curmotb bj trmtm`ibotl.bji`iomocl
bji`iomocl tbgicls obkrlsmcls l iofbktmcls motbs
• Ol sb cbnb tmpmr ouokm jm hbricm klo uo vbocmgb lkjusivl. [ib`prb sb
utijizmrío mpûsitls bstérijbs.
• Bj plcûjlel hm cb hmkbr uo klotrlj y sbeui`ibotl bxhmustivl
bxhmustivl cbj trmtm`ibotl.
• Bj trmtm`ibotl bs kl`pmtinjb klo bj jmvmcl l jm utijizmkiûo cb kl`prbsms
h÷`bcms cb prlcuktls motiséptikls y/l mstrioebotbs (vbr mpmrtmcl
mpmr tmcl 9.=
9.=
y 9.>).
• Eumrcmr bo obvbrm y prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim, klosicbríocljl
klosicbr íocljl cb utijicmc bo bj
trmtm`ibotl cb jbsilobs ujkbrmtivms `mjljibotbs ym sbm plr prbsiûo, vmskujmrbs l
cimnétikms, plr sus bfbktls moti`ikrlnimols, kikmtrizmotbs y cbslclrmotbs. [i hmy
kumcrl iofbkkilsl meucl, hm cb vmjlrmrsb jm obkbsicmc
obkb sicmc cb trmtm`ibotl motiniûtikl
lrmj.
 ;;5

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo
Vlju`b pbsmcm rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Qljvl kristmjiol Bj `btrloicmzlj bs
njmokl l uo motiniûtikl
m`mrijjbotl. Qlkl oitrli`icmzûjikl
@btrloicm zlj =% 1,2e sljunjb bo meum, mktivl klotrm
bo mkbtlom, bo prltlzlls, hbj`iotls,
btmolj mj 96% y nmktbrims mombrlnims
y bo kjlrurl cb (nmktbrlicbs y
`btijbol. kjlstriciu`).
Bs uo bxkipibotb
cisljvbotb, klsljvbotb
y hu`bktmotb klo
prlpibcmcbs
Jàquicl visklsl, nmktbrikicms
jà`picl, iokljlrl, y fuoeikicms. Sibob
Q rl p i j b o e j i k l j =1% 2` j hierlskûpikl. uom mkkiûo b`ljibotb
@iskinjb klo meum (i`picibocl jm
y klo btmolj mj cbsbkmkiûo cb jm
96%. bpicbr`is bo su kmpm
kûrobm) y prltbktlrm
cb jm pibj (i`picibocl
jm mkkiûo
cb irritmotbs).
irrit motbs).
Bxkipibotb ebj k s p 21 e k s p 21 e
kbjujûsikl
SLSMJ
SLS MJ 21e 21e

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls utijizmr cifbrbotbs ebji﬍kmo-
tbs. Jls `ís lplrtuols pmrm bj trmtm`ibotl cb ÷jkbrms slo jls cbrivmcls kbjujûsi-
 kls. Qlr oubstrm bxpbribokim prlfbsilomj y hmniéocljl klosbosumcl klo bj Klosbgl
Ebobrmj cb Kljbeils cb Qlcûjlels cb Bspmým mklosbgm`ls bj Kmrnlplj 931.
Jm flr`ujmkiûo `mrkl qub prlplob`ls utijizmr pmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cbj ebj kbju-
jûsikl bs bstm, plr su fmkijicmc cb prbpmrmkiûo.

Kmrnlplj 931 >%

Qhboloip 1,62%
Meum puri﬍kmcm ksp

;;8

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

@lcus lpbrmoci

[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr® tmrmcl cb 61`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplo-
klrrbsplo -
cibotb cb `btrloicmzlj.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb prlpijboejiklj4 klo uom
vmrijjm `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l,
si bs obkbsmril mýmcir `ís prlpijboejiklj.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr bj ebj cb kmrnlplj mj >% prbbjmnlrmcl
su﬍kibotb pmrm bj pbsl
p bsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo. Meitmr klo bj uoeumtlr®
cls `ioutls m jm `íxi`m vbjlkicmc.
QM[L 3 [i fubrm obkbsmr
obkbsmrilil mjkmjioizmr jm flr`ujmkiûo klo tribtmoljm`iom hmstm
lntbobr uo ebj klosistbotb, pbrl cb plr sà jm flr`ujmkiûo tibob uo pH
nísikl y ol bs obkbsmril.
QM[L 2 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplocibotb cb `btrloicmzlj.

`btrloicmzlj.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb prlpijboejiklj4 klo bj
pistijl `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm
pm stm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l,
si bs obkbsmril mýmcir `ís prlpijboejiklj.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr bj ebjebj cb kmrnlplj mj >% prbbjmnlrmcl
su﬍kibotb pmrm bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo cb 21e. Hl`lebobizmr
tlcl klo jm myucm cbj pistijl.
QM[L 3 [i fubrm obkbsmr
obkbsmril
il mjkmjioizmr jm flr`ujmkiûo klo tribtmoljm`iom hmstm
lntbobr uo ebj klosistbotb, pbrl cb plr sà jm flr`ujmkiûo tibob uo pH
nísikl y ol bs obkbsmril.
QM[L 2 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo tunl cb mju`ioil prbkiotmcl.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl klosistbotb trmosj÷kicl fíkij`botb jmvmnjb klo meum.
Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl
; `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

;;9

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

EBJ CB @BS^LOICMWLJ
@BS^L OICMWLJ KLO QB^ÛXICL CB NBOWLÀJL

Kl`plsikiûo
@btrloicmzlj =%
Qbrûxicl cb nbozlàjl 2%
Bxkipibotb ebj ksp 21e

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj prlpijboejiklj bs uo hu`bktmotb qub i`picb jm cbsbkmkiûo
cbsb kmkiûo bxkbsivm cb jm kmpm
kûrobm kutíobm. Qrbsbotm prlpibcmcbs nmktbrikicms y fuoeikicms jiebrms.
Bj pbrûxicl cb nbozlàjl bs uo pltbotb motiséptikl klo mkkilobs lxicmotbs, irritmo-
tbs y qubrmtljàtikms. Qrbsbotm mkkilobs rbebobrmtivms bo jbsilobs ujkbrmtivms mj
bsti`ujmr jm flr`mkiûo cbj tbgicl cb ermoujmkiûo. [u mktivicmc nmktbrimom
nmk tbrimom bs m`pjim
klo ermo sbjbktivicmc slnrb ﬎lrm obemtivm (iokjuicm Qsbucl`lom mbrueiolsm) y
nmktbrlicbs.
Bj `btrloicmzlj bs uo motiiofbkkilsl cbj erupl cb jls oitrli`icmzljbs klo mkkiûo
nmktbrikicm, trikl`loikicm y m`bnikicm. Mkt÷m mjtbrmocl bj COM nmktbrimol
i`picibocl su sàotbsis. Bs mktivl frbotb m jm `mylràm cb nmktbrims mombrlnims y
nmktbrlicbs.
Bj `btrloicmzlj tm`niéo tibob prlpibcmcbs motiio﬎m`mtlrims y cbslclrmotbs klo
`bkmois`l cbsklolkicl slnrb tbgicl ujkbrmcl.
Bj ebj obutrl bs uo bxkipibotb qub pbr`itb `motbobr uo hínitmt h÷`bcl slnrb jms
jbsilobs ujkbrmcms, pbr`itibocl jm bji`iomkiûo cb bxucmcls, ol `mkbríocljm y
fmkijitmocl su kikmtrizmkiûo.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
Ebj sb`isûjicl jiebrm`botb m`mrijjbotl cb mspbktl trmospmrbotb mermcmnjb mj
tmktl y sio ljlr.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotl klmcyuvmotb cb ÷jkbrms plr prbsiûo, cb pibroms, vmskujmrbs l cim-
nétikms iofbktmcms y `mjljibotbs. ×jkbrms cbj pib cimnétikl. Srmtm`ibotl guotl m
ltrms `bcicms l tbrmpims mcbkumcms pmrm bsti`ujmr jm ermoujmkiûo y kikmtrizmkiûo
 cb ÷jkbrms cimnétikms oburlpítikms krûoikms.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr bj ebj
ebj uom vbz
vbz mj càm bo kmpm erubsm y kunrir klo mpûsitl bstérij b`pmpmcl
bo subrl ﬍siljûeikl pmrm `motbobr bj botlrol h÷`bcl.
Motbs cb rbmjizmr uom oubvm kurm hm cb ji`pimrsb
ji`pimrs b jm jbsiûo bji`iomocl rbstls cbj
prbpmrmcl, cbtritus l cb tbgicl mfbktmcl.
Jm curmkiûo cbj trmtm`ibotl cbpbocbrí cb jm bvljukiûo cbj prlkbsl.

;31

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc m jls cbrivmcls i`icmzûjikls l mj erupl pbrûxicl, msà kl`l
m kumjquibrm cb jls kl`plobotbs
k l`plobotbs cbj prbpmrmcl. Hmstm bj `l`botl ol sb jb
klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Jms rbmkkilobs mcvbrsms cb bstm flr`ujmkiûo slo plkl i`plrtmotbs y klo uom
frbkubokim `uy nmgm.
Jms `ís frbkubotbs slo7 plsinjb irritmkiûo y cbskm`mkiûo kutíobm.
@ukhl `ís rmrm`botb pubcb mpmrbkbr jiebrl smoermcl cb jm jbsiûo y pruritl
jlkmj pmsmgbrl.
Bvitmr su mpjikmkiûo bo zloms kbrkmoms m jls lgls l `uklsms.
Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(ur tikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Ol utijizmrjm bo ÷jkbrms klo iofbkkiûo meucm, qub sb slspbkhb qub ol
pubcm klotrljmrsb klo motiniûtikls
m otiniûtikls tûpikls, si ol hmy uom klnbrturm moti-
niûtikm lrmj sbeurm.
• Jm hbricm cbnb bstmr bo nuboms klocikilobs. [i bs obkbsmril sb prlkb-
cbrí mj cbsnricm`ibotl bji`iomocl
bji`iomocl tbgicls obkrlsmcls l iofbktmcls motbs
l curmotb bj trmtm`ibotl.
• Ol sb cbnb tmpmr ouokm jm hbricm klo uo vbocmgb lkjusivl. [ib`prb sb
utijizmrmo mpûsitls bstérijbs.
• Bj plcûjlel hm cb hmkbr uo klotrlj y sbeui`ibotl bxhmustivl
bxhmustivl cbj trmtm`ibotl.
• Bj trmtm`ibotl bs kl`pmtinjb klo bj jmvmcl l jm utijizmkiûo cb kl`prbsms
h÷`bcms cb prlcuktls motiséptikls mstrioebotbs (vbr mpmrtmcl X1= y X1>).
• Eumrcmr bo obvbrm y prltbeicl cb jm juz.

Vmjlrmkiûo
 Bj prbpmrmcl prbsbotm uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim, klosicbríocljl
klosicbr íocljl cb utijicmc bo bj
trmtm`ibotl cb jbsilobs ujkbrmtivms `mjljibotbs ym sbm plr prbsiûo, vmskujmrbs l
cimnétikms, plr sus bfbktls moti`ikrlnimols, kikmtrizmotbs y cbslclrmotbs. [i hmy
kumcrl iofbkkilsl meucl, hm cb vmjlrmsb jm obkbsicmc cb trmtm`ibotl motiniûtikl
lrmj.

;3=

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Qljvl kristmjiol Bj `btrloicmzlj bs
njmokl l uo motiniûtikl
m`mrijjbotl. Qlkl oitrli`icmzûjikl
@btrloicm zlj =% 1,2e sljunjb bo meum, mktivl klotrm
bo mkbtlom, bo prltlzlls, hbj`iotls,
btmolj mj 96% y nmktbrims mombrlnims
y bo kjlrurl cb (nmktbrlicbs y
`btijbol. kjlstriciu`).
Bj pbrûxicl cb nbozlàjl
bs uo pltbotb motiséptikl
klo mkkilobs lxicmotbs,
Qljvl m`lrfl irritmotbs y qubrmtljàtikms.
Qrbsbotm mkkilobs rbebobrmtivms
Qbrûxicl cb l ermoujlsl, bo jbsilobs ujkbrmtivms mj bsti`ujmr
nbozlàjl 22%
% >,2e cb kljlr jm flr`mkiûo cbj tbgicl cb
njmokl y ljlr ermoujmkiûo. [u mktivicmc
kmrmktbràstikl. nmktbrimom bs m`pjim klo ermo
sbjbktivicmc slnrb fjlrm obemtivm
(iokjuicm Qsbucl`lom
mbrueio
mbr ueiolsm
lsm) y nmktbrlicb
nmktb rlicbs.
s.
Bs uo bxkipibotb cisljvbotb,
klsljvbotb y hu`bktmotb klo
Jàquicl visklsl, prlpibcmcbs nmktbrikicms y
jà`picl, iokljlrl, fuoeikicms. Sibob uom mkkiûo
Q rl p i j b o e j i k l j =1% 2` j hierlskûpikl. b`ljibotb (i`picibocl jm
@iskinjb klo meum cbsbkmkiûo cb jm bpicbr`is bo
y btmolj mj 96%.
9 6%. su kmpm kûrobm) y prltbktlrm
cb jm pibj (i`picibocl jm mkkiûo
cb irritmotbs).
Kjlrlflr`l ks Cisljvbotb
Qljislrnmtl 81 ks Cisljvbotb
 Bxkipibotb ebj k s p 21 e k s p 21 e
kbjujûsikl
SLSMJ
SLS MJ 21e 21e

@lcus lpbrmoci
Qmrm jm bjmnlrmkiûo cb bstm fûr`ujm `meistrmj plcb`ls utijizmr cifbrbotbs ebji﬍kmo-
tbs. Jls `ís lplrtuols pmrm bj trmtm`ibotl cb ÷jkbrms slo jls cbrivmcls kbjujûsikls
l mkràjikls. Qlr oubstrm bxpbribokim prlfbsilomj y hmniéocljl klosbosumcl klo bj

;3>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

Klosbgl Ebobrmj cb Kljbeils cb Qlcûjlels cb Bspmým mklosbgm`ls bj Kmrnlplj

931, kl`l hb`ls hbkhl bo ltrms flr`ujmkilobs kbjujûsikms. Qbrl cbnicl m jm
kl`pjbgicmc
mklosbgm`lsemjéoikm qub prbsbotmo
jm utijizmkiûo jms flr`ujmkilobs
cb uo ebji﬍kmotb klo pbrûxicl
cb lriebo sijikûoikl kl`lcbbjnbozlàjl
[bpiebj
;12 .
®

[i sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr ®7

QM[L = Bo uo bovmsb uoeumtlr® tmrmcl cb 61`j pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplo-

klrrbsp lo-
cibotb cb `btrloicmzlj.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc cb prlpijboejiklj4 klo uom
vmrijjm `bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l,
si bs obkbsmril mýmcir `ís prlpijboejiklj.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l
`is`l bovmsb ioklrplrmr
ioklrplrmr uo 81% cb meum puri﬍kmcm y uo >-;%
cb [bpiebj ;12 . ^ípicm`botb, `bzkjmrjl klo jm myucm cbj uoeumtlr®.
®

QM[L 3 Bo uo jm
plrmr `lrtbrl
`àoi`mtmrmcl prbvim`botb
kmoticmc pbsmrobkbsmrim
cb kjlrlflr`l bj pbrûxicl cb jm
pmrm nbozlàjl. Ioklr-
flr`mkiûo cb
uom pmstm ﬍om. ^ípicm`botb,
^ípicm `botb, pmrm bvitmr jm bvmplrmkiûo cbj kjlrlflr`l,
ioklrplrmr uom jiebrm pmrtb cb pljislrnmtl 81.
QM[L 2 Ioklrplrmr m jm `bzkjm motbrilr bj ebj prbvim`botb flr`mcl. Ioklrplrmr
r meum plkl m plkl hmstm lntbobr bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo.

uoeu mtlr®7
[i ol sb cisplob cb meitmclr tipl uoeumtlr

QM[L = Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl prbvim`botb pbsmr jm kmoticmc klrrbsplocib

klrrbsplocibotb
otb
cb `btrloicmzlj.
QM[L > Bo bj `is`l ioklrplrm
ioklrplrmrr jm kmoticmc cb prlpijboejiklj y klo uo pistijl
`bzkjmrjl tlcl hmstm lntbobr uom pmstm ﬍om sio oioe÷o eru`l, si bs
obkbsmril mýmcir `ís prlpijboejiklj.
QM[L ; Bo bj `is`l
`is`l `lrtbrl ioklrplrmr
ioklrplrmr uo 81% cb meum
meum puri﬍kmcm y uo >-;%
>-;%
cb [bpiebj ;12®. ^ípicm`botb `bzkjmrjl klo jm myucm cbj pistijl hmstm
jm flr`mkiûo cb uo ebj klosistbotb.
k losistbotb.
QM[L 3 Bo uo `lrtbrl tmrmcl prbvim`botb pbsmr bj pbrûxicl cb nbozlàjl. Ioklr-
plrmr jm `àoi`m kmoticmc cb kjlrlflr`l obkbsmrim pmrm jm flr`mkiûo cb
uom pmstm ﬍om. ^ípicm`botb,
^ípicm `botb, pmrm bvitmr jm bvmplrmkiûo cbj kjlrlflr`l,
ioklrplrmr uom jiebrm pmrtb cb pljislrnmtl 81.
QM[L 2 Ioklrplrmr m jm `bzkjm motbrilr bj ebj prbvim`botb flr`mcl. Ioklrplrmr
 meum plkl m plkl hmstm lntbobr bj pbsl tltmj cb jm flr`ujmkiûo.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[b`isûjicl klosistbotb trmosj÷kicl fíkij`botb jmvmnjb klo meum.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

; `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

;3;
 Fûr`ujms
`meistrmjbs
Ltljleàm
hb`lstítikms
Jm klmeujmkiûo bs uo `bkmois`l klo cls fuokilobs qub sb hmo cb `motbobr bo
bquijinril. Bo kmsl qub hmym uom jbsiûo bo bj sistb`m vmskujmr sb plob bo fuokil-
om`ibotl jls `bkmois`ls cb jm hb`lstmsim, tm`niéo klolkicm
klolkic m kl`l kmskmcm cb
jm klmeujmkiûo qub klojjbvm jm mpmrikiûo cb uo klmeujl
k lmeujl bo bj iotbrilr cbj sistb`m
vmskujmr bvitmocl uom hb`lrrmeim.

Qbrl bs obkbsmril qub jls klíeujls flr`mcls sio ﬍omjicmc rbpmrmclrm pubcmo
pubcm o sbr
cbstruicls (prlkbsl cb ﬍nrioûjisis) y ol krbbo lnstrukkiûo (b`nljim) qub i`picm
jm kirkujmkiûo cb jm klrribotb smoeuàobm bo uo `l`botl cbtbr`iomcl.

Jm klmeujmkiûo bs uo prlkbsl rbeujmcl plr `bcil cb uom kmskmcm bozi`ítikm

klo cifbrbotbs fmktlrbs, clocb jm flr`m mktivmcm cb uo fmktlr kmtmjizm jm mktivmkiûo
cbj sieuibotb. Kl`l puotl ﬍omj cb jm kmskmcm jm mktivmkiûo cb trl`niom (IIm),
prlcukb jm trmosflr`mkiûo cbj ﬍nrioûebol (I) kirkujmotb bo bj tlrrbotb smoeuàobl
bo ﬍nriom (Im) y flr`m bj
b j klmeujl.

Kumocl sb prlcukb jm jbsiûo bo uo vmsl smoeuàobl,

s moeuàobl, sb mktivm jm hb`lstmsim
﬍siljûeikm `bcimotb trbs fmsbs cifbrbotbs7
=. Fmsb vmskujmr7 bs uom rbmkkiûo io`bcimtm cb klostrikkiûo cb jls vmsls
smoeuàobls m oivbj jlkmj. Bstm rbspubstm vmslklostriktlrm ku`pjb cls
fiomjicmcbs7 cis`iouir jm pércicm cb smoerb plr kibrrb cbj vmsl cmýmcl b
ioikimr jm sbeuocm fmsb.
>. Fmsb pjmqubtmrim7 jms pjmqubtms slo mktivmcms y sb mchibrbo rípicm`botb
m jm pmrbc vmskujmr, `lcifikmocl bj tlol vmskujmr y flr`mocl merbemcls
pjmqubtmrils. Rom vbz mktivmcms jms pjmqubtms prlcukbo trl`nlxmols

y Km iûoikl,
`lcl fmktlr bsbokimj
jms pjmqubtms bo tm`niéo
mktivmcms jm kmskmcm cb klmeujmkiûo.
sufrbo Cbj `is`l
trmosflr`mkilobs bo su
`b`nrmom cb `mobrm qub prbsbotm uom supbrfikib `ís ruelsm qub prl-
`ubvb jm klmeujmkiûo.
;. Fmsb cb klmeujmkiûo7 vibob cbtbr`iomcm plr jm trmosflr`mkiûo cbj finri-
oûebol sljunjb bo finriom iosljunjb kmpmz cb plji`brizmrsb y botrbkru-
zmrsb flr`mocl bj klmeujl sbkuocmril bstmnjb b iosljunjb.
 Bo kirueàm ebobrmj, ciebstivm l trmu`mtljûeikm sb hmo vboicl usmocl klo cifbrbo-
tbs ermcls cb éxitl jls mebotbs hb`lstítikls tûpikls7 kbjujlsm lxicmcm, bsplogms
bs plogms
cb ebjmtiom mnslrninjb, kljíebol `ikrl﬍nrijmr, sbjjmotbs cb ﬍nriom.

Bo bj í`nitl cb jm plcljleàm bstls hb`lstítikls tûpikls tibobo plkm rbjbvmo-

kim, sibocl cb `mylr iotbrés jms sljukilobs klo smjbs cb hibrrl y cb mju`ioil
pmrm bj klotrlj cb pbqubýls smoermcls kl`l klosbkubokim cb trmtm`ibotls

;36

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
hb`lstítikms

quirlplcljûeikls (cbsjm`iomkiûo cb hipbrqubrmtlsis, boukjbmkiûo cb hbjl`ms,

kirueàm cb uýms, btk.), msà kl`l bo smoermcl plr nilpsims.

Jms sljukilobs klo smjbs cb hibrrl,

hibr rl, usmcms plr pri`brm vbr kl`l sljukiûo @losbj
bo =825, tibobo plcbr obkrlsmotb prbsbotmocl uo pH `uy nmgl. Mkt÷mo prlcu-
kibocl vmslklostrikkiûo jlkmj y uom rbmkkiûo
rbmk kiûo cb cbsomturmjizmkiûo y mejutiomkiûo
cb jms prltbàoms smoeuàobms. Bj klmeujl qub sb flr`m sb klobktm m jms mnbrturms
mnbrturm s
kmpijmrbs pmrm prlcukir bj bfbktl hb`lstítikl rbsujtmotb. Mpjikmcms slnrb jm hbricm
smoermotb su bfbktl bs rípicl y sbeurl4 sio b`nmrel pubcb prlcukir bsklzlr y
rbtrmsl bo jm kikmtrizmkiûo mj sbr kitltûxikms. Mcb`ís hm cb klotrljmrsb su mpji-
kmkiûo m ﬍o cb bvitmr plsinjbs iofbkkilobs.

Jms sljukilobs cb kjlrurl cb mju`ioil prbsbotmo jls `is`ls `bkmois`ls cb

mkkiûo qub jms smjbs cb hibrrl pbrl klo uo plcbr hb`lstítikl `bolr4 tm`niéo
sus bfbktls irritmotbs slo `bolrbs.

Ol mklosbgm`ls bj usl kl`l hb`lstítikls tûpikls cb bstms sljukilobs bo kiru-

eàm plcljûeikm lstblmrtikujmr.
 ;35

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

[LJRKIÛO CB QB^KJL^R^L CB HIB^^L

Kl`plsikiûo
[ljukiûo cb kjlrurl férrikl =1->2%
=1->2%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp 21 `j

[ioûoi`ls
[ljukiûo kjlrurl férrikl7 sljukiûo cb pbrkjlrurl
pbrk jlrurl cb hibrrl.
hibrr l.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Bj pbrkjlrurl cb hibrrl prbsbotm mkkilobs
mk kilobs mstrioebotbs pltbotbs, klmeujmocl jms
prltbàoms
sb trmcukbslnrb jm mkkiûo
bo uom supbr﬍kib kbjujmr, prlvlkmocl
hb`lstítikm iotbosm, msàuo bfbktl
kl`l vmslklostriktlr qub
kmutbrizmotb.
Klokbotrmkilobs cbj ;1% l `mylrbs slo `uy irritmotbs pmrm jls tbgicls kutíobls
b iokjusl jiebrm`botb kíustikms.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb klo ljlr `btíjikl kmrmktbràstikl y cb kljlrmkiûo m`mrijjbotm-lkrb.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotls hb`lstítikls tûpikls y kmutbrizmkiûo cb pbqubýms
pbqu býms hbricms quir÷r-
eikms. Srmtm`ibotls hb`lstítikls bo quirlplcim.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr cirbktm`botb
cirbktm`b otb slnrb bj tbgicl mfbktmcl klo uo nmstlokitl klo mjelcûo.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj hibrrl l cbrivmcls.
Hmstm jm fbkhm ol sb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
Hmo cb bxtrb`mrsb jms prbkmukilobs bo jls bofbr`ls cimnétikls l klo pmtljleàms
vmskujmrbs pbriférikms utijizmocl sib`prb jms klokbotrmkilobs b﬍kmkbs `bolrbs.
 ^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo jlkmj qub bo ebobrmj bs pmsmgbrm y sib`prb
s ib`prb clsis-cbpbocibotb.
clsis-cbpbocibotb.
Siýb jm pibj cb pmrcl cb flr`m pmsmgbrm.
Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(urtikm rim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

;38

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
hb`lstítikms

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo

Jm uo
• cb sljukiûo sb mpjikmrí
nmstlokijjl slnrb bj írbm mfbktmcm cirbktm`botb klo myucm
klo mjelcûo.
• [i ol hmy rbspubstm sufikibotb jm lpbrmkiûo pubcb rbpbtirsb.
• Ol supbrmr jm klokbotrmkiûo
k lokbotrmkiûo cbj >2%.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.
• Bvitmr bj klotmktl klo lgls y `uklsms.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Jm sljukiûo mkulsm cb pbrkjlrurl
pbrk jlrurl cb hibrrl bs uo bxkbjbotb hb`lstítikl, m klo-
kbotrmkilobs cbj =1->2% bs plkl irritmotb klo uom bxkbjbotb tljbrmokim.
 ;39

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
Qmrm jm bxpjikmkiûo cbj `lcus lpbrmoci utijizmrb`ls bj ermcl mjtl cb klokbotrm-
kiûo cb jm flr`ujmkiûo prlpubstm, sibocl bxtrmpljmnjb m kumjquibr klokbotrmkiûo
iofbrilr.
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo
Vlju`b pbsmcm rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Bj pbrkjlrurl cb hibrrl
prbsbotm mkkilobs
mstrioebotbs pltbotbs,
[ljukiûo mj klmeujmocl jms prltbàoms
;1% cb(III).
kjlrurl hibrrl
Cb slnrb jm supbrfikib
prlvlkmocl kbjujmr,
uo bfbktl
[ljukiûo cb kljlr `mrrûo vmslklostriktlr qub sb
pbrkjlrurl >2% 3=,65`j `uy iotbosl trmcukb bo uom mkkiûo
cb hibrrl mj fíkij`botb hb`lstítikm iotbosm, msà
;1% cijuinjb bo kl`l kmutbrizmotb.
sljukilobs Klokbotrmkilobs cbj ;1%
mkulsms. l `mylrbs slo `uy irritmotbs
pmrm jls tbgicls kutíobls
b iokjusl jiebrm`botb
kíustikms.
Meum k s p 21 ` j k sp 2 1 `j
purifikmcm
SLSMJ
SLS MJ 21`j 21`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uom prlnbtm `bcir jls 3=,
=,65
65 `j cb jm sljukiûo cb pbrkjlrurl cb hibrrl
mj ;1%.
QM[L > Ioklrplrmr jm kmoticmc obkbsmrim cb meum puri﬍kmcm pmrm bormsmr hmstm
21`j.
QM[L ; Ol bs obkbsm
obkbsmril
ril `bzkjmrjl bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls plrqub slo `uy
 `iskinjbs. [b pubcb meitmr bo bj bovmsb ﬍omj.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrbotb`b
prbfbrbotb`botb
otb bo frmskl cb kristmj tlpmkil klo kubotmeltms.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb cb kljlr `mrrûo `uy iotbosl sio prbkipitmcls.

Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl

6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

;21

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
hb`lstítikms

[LJRKIÛO MKRL[M CB KJL^R^L CB MJR@IOIL

Kl`plsikiûo
Kjlrurl cb mju`ioil ;1%
Meum cbstijmcm ksp 21 `j

[ioûoi`ls
Kjlrurl cb mju`ioil7 kjlrurl cb mju`ioil hbxmhicrmtmcl.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljû eikm
Bj kjlrurl cb mju`ioil tibob prlpibcmcbs mstrioebotbs pltbotbs. Klmeujm jms prl-
tbàoms slnrb jm supbr﬍kib
supbr ﬍kib kbjujmr, plsbb mcb`ís bfbktls vmslklostriktlrbs. Slcl
bjjl sb trmcukb bo uo bfbktl hb`lstítikl iotbosl.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb iolclrm b iokljlrm.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotls hb`lstítikls tûpikls y kmutbrizmkiûo cb pbqubýms
pbqu býms hbricms quir÷r-
quir÷ r-
eikms. Srmtm`ibotls hb`lstítikls bo quirlplcim.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr cirbktm`botb
cirbktm`b otb slnrb bj tbgicl mfbktmcl klo uo nmstlokitl cb mjelcûo.

Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj mju`ioil l cbrivmcls.
Hmstm jm fbkhm ol sb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
Hmo cb bxtrb`mrsb jms prbkmukilobs bo jls bofbr`ls cimnétikls l klo pmtljle
pmtljleàms
àms
vmskujmrbs pbriférikms.

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo jlkmj qub bo ebobrmj bs pmsmgbrm y sib`prb clsis-cbpbocibotb.
Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(ur tikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

;2=

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrmkiûo

Jm uo
• cb sljukiûo sb mpjikmrí
nmstlokijjl slnrb bj írbm mfbktmcm cirbktm`botb klo myucm
klo mjelcûo.
• [i ol hmy rbspubstm sufikibotb jm lpbrmkiûo pubcb rbpbtirsb.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl.
• Bvitmr bj klotmktl klo lgls y `uklsms.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Jm sljukiûo mkulsm cb kjlrurl cb mju`ioil mj ;1% bs uo nubo hb`lstítikl y
plkl irritmotb.
;2>

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
hb`lstítikms

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls
@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms
pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo pbsmcm
Vlju`b rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs

Qljvl kristmjiol njmokl l Qrbsbotm mkkiûo

jiebrm`botb m`mrijjbotl, mstrioebotb
Kjlrurl cb l kristmjbs iokljlrls, pltbotb. Sm`niéo
Sm`niéo bs
mju`ioil ;1% =2e cbjikubskbotbs. @uy uo nubo motiséptikl
hbxmhicrmtmcl sljunjb bo meum, y mohicrûtikl.
fíkij`botb sljunjb bo Bs ÷tij bo `iklsis cbj
btmolj mj 96% y sljunjb pib h÷`bcms.
bo ejikbrlj.
Meum ksp 21`j ksp
purifikmcm 21`j
SLSMJ
SLSMJ 21`j 21`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmcls pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb kjlrurl cb mju`ioil
hbxmhicrmtmcl obkbsmrim.
QM[L > Ioklrpl rmr jm `mylràm cb meum puri﬍km
Ioklrplrmr puri﬍kmcm
cm y `bzkjmr klo uom vmrijjm l
`bcimotb jm myucm cb uo meitmclr `meoétikl.
QM[L ; Rom vbz cisubjtl tlcl bj kjlrurl cb mju`ioil bormsmr klo uom prlnbtm
hmstm jls 21`j cb sljukiûo ﬍omj cbsbmcm.
QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrinjb`botb bo uo frmskl cb kristmj tlpmkil klo kubotmeltms.

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb iokljlrm sio prbpitmcls.
Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl
6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

;2;

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

[LJRKIÛO CB @LO[BJ

Kl`plsikiûo
Mju`ioil hicrlxikjlrurl ;2e
Kjlrurl férrikl hbxmhicrmtmcl 6=,6e
6=,6e
Meum cbstijmcm 21 `j
Mjklhlj btàjikl 21 `j

[ioûoi`ls
Mju`ioil hicrlxikjlrurl7 kjlrhicrûxicl cb mju`ioil.
Mjklhlj btàjikl7 mjklhlj 96·.

Kjlrurl férrikl hbxmhicrmtmcl7 kjlrurl férrikl.

Mkkiûo fmr`mkljûeikm
fmr`mkljûe ikm
Smotl bj kjlrurl férrikl kl`l bj kjlrurl cb mju`ioil prbsbotmo mkkilobs mstrio-
ebotbs pltbotbs. Klmeujmo jms prltbàoms slnrb jm supbr﬍kib
supbr ﬍kib kbjujmr, prlvlkmocl
prlvlkmocl
uo bfbktl vmslklostriktlr qub sb trmcukb bo uom mkkiûo hb`lstítikm iotbosm, msà
kl`l kmutbrizmotb.

Kmrmktbràstikms lremoljéptikms
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb klo ljlr `btíjikl kmrmktbràstikl y cb kljlrmkiûo m`mrijjbo-
tm-lkrb.

Iocikmkilobs
Srmtm`ibotls hb`lstítikls tûpikls y kmutbrizmkiûo cb pbqubýms
pbqu býms hbricms quir÷r-
eikms. Srmtm`ibotls hb`lstítikls bo quirlplcim.

Qlsljleàm7 vàm tûpikm

Mpjikmr cirbktm`botb
cirbktm`b otb slnrb bj tbgicl mfbktmcl klo uo nmstlokitl klo mjelcûo
 Klotrmiocikmkilobs
Hipbrsbosinijicmc mj hibrrl l cbrivmcls.
Hmstm jm fbkhm ol sb klolkbo ltrms klotrmiocikmkilobs.
Hmo cb bxtrb`mrsb jms prbkmukilobs bo jls bofbr`ls cimnétikls l klo pmtljleàms
vmskujmrbs pbriférikms, utijizmocl sib`prb jms klokbotrmkilobs b﬍kmkbs `bolrbs.

;23

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
hb`lstítikms

^bmkkilobs mcvbrsms
Qubcb prbsbotmr irritmkiûo jlkmj qub bo ebobrmj bs pmsmgbrm y sib`prb clsis-cbpbocibotb.
clsis-cbpbocibotb.
Siýb jm pibj cb pmrcl cb flr`m pmsmgbrm.
Bo kmsl cb mpmrbkbr rbmkkilobs mjéreikms (urtikmrim,
(ur tikmrim, britb`m, rbmkkilobs bxmotb-
`ítikms, btk.) suspbocbr bj trmtm`ibotl y klosujtmr klo su plcûjlel.

Olr`ms pmrm jm klrrbktm mc`ioistrm

mc`ioistrmkiûo
kiûo
• Jm sljukiûo sb mpjikmrí slnrb bj írbm mfbktmcm cirbktm`botb klo myucm
cb uo nmstlokijjl klo mjelcûo.
• [i ol hmy rbspubstm sufikibotb jm lpbrmkiûo pubcb rbpbtirsb.
• Eumrcmr bo juemr sbkl y frbskl, prltbeicl cb jm juz.

• Bvitmr bj klotmktl klo lgls y `uklsms.

Vmjlrmkiûo
Jm sljukiûo @losbj bs uo hb`lstítikl tûpikl kjísikl cb b﬍kmkim kl`prlnmcm.
Klo uom pltbokim y bfbktls irritmotbs si`ijmrbs m jm sljukiûo cb pbrkjlrurl cb
hibrrl.
 ;22

Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs
pmrm ÷jkbrms

IOFL^@MKIÛO QM^M BJ FM^@MKÉRSIKL BJMNL^MCL^

Smnjm cb kíjkujls
k íjkujls

@mtbrim Kmoticmc Kmrmktbràstikms

pri`m % Kmoticmc fisiklquà`ikms Qrlpibcmcbs
Qriokipils Qbsl rbmj Ioflr`mkiûo fmr`mkljûeikms
mktivls Vlju`boo
Vlju`b pbsmcm rbjbvmotb
Bxkipibotbs Roicmcbs
Qljvl njmokl. [b cisubjvb Qltbotb mstrioebotb y
bo meum flr`mocl mohicrûtikl.
Kjlrhicrûxicl cisljukilobs kljlicmjbs Klo mkkilobs si`ijmrbs
cb mju`ioil ; 2e ;2 e uo plkl lpmjbskbotbs, mj mju`oil kjlrurl
plkl sljunjb bo btmolj, hbxmhicrmtmcl pbrl `bols
iosljunjb bo prlpijboejiklj irritmotb. ×tij tm`niéo bo
y ejikbriom. `iklsis cbj pib h÷`bcms.

Kjlrurl cb hibrrl
(III). @msm kristmjiom Qltbotb mstrioebotb.
l kristmjbs m`mrijjl- Qubcb prlcukir
Kjlrurl férrikl 6=,6e 6=,6e momrmogmcl l cbkljlrmkiûo
hbxmhicrmtmcl m`mrijjl-pmrcuskl, pbr`mobotb cb
`uy hierlskûpikls. jm pibj.
@uy sljunjb bo meum
y bo btmolj.
Mjklhlj
Mjk lhlj btàj
btàjikl
ikl 21`j 21`j
Meum puri
p urifik
fikmcm
mcm 21`j 21`j
SLSMJ
SLSMJ =11`j =11`j

@lcus lpbrmoci
QM[L = Bo uo vmsl cb prbkipitmc
prbkipitmcls
ls pbsmr jm kmoticmc cb kjlrurl férrik
férrikll hbxmhi-
crmtmcl y plobrjl m cisljvbr klo bj meum puri﬍kmcm.
QM[L > Bo ltrl vmsl cb prbkipitmcls plobr m cisljvbr bj kjlrhicrûxicl cb mju-
`ioil klo bj mjklhlj btàjikl.
QM[L ; Rom vbz cisubjtms jms cls smjbs motbrilrbs
motbrilrbs uoi﬍kmr
uoi﬍kmr bo uo ÷oikl vmsl cb
prbkipitmcls y `bzkjmr.
 QM[L 3 Bovmsmr prbfbrbotb`botb bo frmskl cb kristmj tlpmkil klo kubotmeltms

Klotrlj cb kmjicmc
[ljukiûo trmospmrbotb, sio prbkipitmcls cb kljlr `mrrûo kjmrl y ljlr `btíjikl
kmrmktbràstikl.
Qjmzl cb vmjicbz rbkl`bocmcl
6 `bsbs m tb`pbrmturm m`nibotb.

;26

s
.

Àocikb mjfmnétikl
¼]ué bs jm pibj
cbsbosinjb<
fûr`ujms
Ltljleàm
`meistrmjbs
Meum nlrikmcm 63, 62
Meum cb Nurlw klo prbkipitmcl 86
`lci﬍kmcm 93, 92
Meum cb Nurlw `lci﬍kmcm
Meum cb Nurlw pmrm loiklkriptlsis =12
Meum cb Nurlw (R[Qh XIV) 89
Meum cb Elujmrc 8;
Meum cb jls trbs sujfmtls 98, 99
Mjklhlj 51± ylcmcl 28, 29
Kljlciûo cb kmotmriciom >2 >2==
Kljlciûo cb kmotmriciom, smjikàjikl y plcl﬍jiol >22
Kljlciûo cb smjikàjikl, jíktikl y 2-﬎ulrlurmkijl >3
>35
5
Kljlciûo cb smjikàjikl, jíktikl y mkétikl >;2
Kljlciûo cb smjikàjikl, jíktikl y blsiom >;9
Kljlciûo cb smjikàjikl, jíktikl y plcl﬍jiol >3;
Krb`m klo kjlnbtmslj, smjikàjikl y klmjtmr >66
Krb`m klo citrmolj b hicrlklrtislom >83
Krb`m klo dbtlklomzlj, ebotm`ikiom, urbm y smjikàjikl >18
Krb`m klo dbtlklomzlj, smjikàjikl y urbm >13
Krb`m klo trim`kioljlom, urbm, ebotm`ikiom y dbtlklomzlj >98
Krb`m klo trim`kioljlom y urbm >9>
Krb`m klo urbm, jíktikl y mjmotlàom =3>
Krb`m b`ljibotb klo kjlnbtmslj, urbm y smjikàjikl >6=
Krb`m b`ljibotb klo urbm y smjikàjikl =2 =25
5
Ebj cb ejiklpirrljmtl sûcikl =;3
Ebj cb `btrloicmzlj ;;6
Ebj cb `btrloicmzlj y pbrûxicl cb nbozlàjl ;31
Ebj cb prlpijboejiklj =53
Ebj cb prlpijboejiklj klo smjikàjikl =62
Jmkm cb uýms klo kjlnbtmslj y kjltri`mzlj ;18
Jiklr cb pltmsm >>2, >>6
Jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl klo `iklomzlj =8>
 Jioi`botl ûjbl kmjkírbl klo `iklomzlj =8>
Jioi`botl ûjbl-kmjkírbl klo `iklomzlj y ebotm`ikiom =86
Jlkiûo cb kjlrhicrûxicl cb mju`ioil y `iklomzlj =96
Qmstm cb mz÷kmr ;>2, ;>6
Qmstm cb mz÷kmr klo ebotm`ikiom ;>9
Qljvl cb íkicl nûrikl, mju`nrb I ==6
Qljvl cb íkicl nûrikl, mju`nrb II =>1
Qljvl cb mju`nrb pltísikl ==1, ===

;28

Àocikb mjfmnétikl cb
fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs

[lnrb cb pbr`moemomtl pltísikl 55, 58

[lnrbs cb kjlrm`iom S 65
[ljukiûo mkulsm cb kjlrurl cb mju`ioil ;2 =, ;2>
;2=
[ljukiûo mkulsm cb ebotm`ikiom ;;;
[ljukiûo mkulsm cb oitrmtl cb pjmtm =5=, >= 6, >>1
>=6
[ljukiûo mkulsm cb pbr`moemomtl pltísikl 53, 58
[ljukiûo mjklhûjikm cb kjlrurl cb mju`ioil hbxmhicrmtmcl =>8
[ljukiûo cb kjlrm`iom 51, 5=
[ljukiûo cb klmjtmr klo prlpijboejiklj >56
[ljukiûo cb ejutmrmjcbhàcl
ejutmrmjcb hàcl mj =1%
=1% =; =;=
=
[ljukiûo cb ejutmrmjcbhàcl
ejutmrmjcb hàcl mj >2% >;>
[ljukiûo cb juelj `lci﬍kmcm 6=
[ljukiûo cb @losbj ;23
[ljukiûo cb pbrkjlrurl cb hibrrl ;38, ;22
[ljukiûo hicrlmjklhûjikm cb kjlrhicrûxicl
kjlr hicrûxicl mju`ioil y `botlj =>3
Roeúbotl klo urbm, smjikàjikl
smjikàjik l y kikjlpirlx ;=
;=66
Vmsbjiom klo kikjlpirlx y smjikàjikl >= >=22
Vmsbjiom klo citrmolj >81
Vmsbjiom klo dbtlklomzlj, urbm y smjikàjikl >= >=99
Vmsbjiom klo urbm y smjikàjikl =2;
Vmsbjiom smjikàjikm =39
;29
Àocikb mjfmnétikl
¼]ué bs jm pibj
cb priokipils
sbosinjb<
mktivls
2-﬎ulrlurmkijl >3 5, >39, >21. Vémsb tm`niéo Fjulrlurmkijl
>35
Mkbitb cb pmrm﬍om ;2, 33==, 3;, =39, =2 =2=
=, =22, >=
>=55, >>=, >>>, >81. Vémsb tm`niéo Qmrm﬍om jàquicm y
Vmsbjiom jàquicm
Mkbitb cb sijiklom (ci`btiklom
(ci`btiklom ;21) ;6, =3>, =36, >9>
Mkbtlom ;6, ;8, ;9, =9 =9>>, =9
=93
3, >2
>2=
=, >2;, >2
>25
5, ;=
;=11
Mkbtûoicl cb trim`kioljlom
trim`kioljlom ;6. Vémsb tm`niéo Srim`kioljlom mkbtûoicl
Íkicl mkétikl 8;, 86, 89, 9;, 93, 96, 95, =1
=122, =1
=18
8, >;2, >;
>;55, >;8. Vémsb tm`niéo Íkicl mkétikl ejmkimj
Íkicl mkétikl
mkétikl ejmkimj ;5, =1 8. Vémsb tm`niéo Íkicl mkétikl
=18
Íkicl nûrikl 63, 66, 5=, 5;, 93, 96, 95, ==2, ==6, ==5, ==8, ==9, =>1, =>>, =>;, =9
=922
Íkicl féoikl 31, =9=9>>. Vémsb tm`niéo Fbolj
Íkicl jíktikl
jíktik l =31, =3>, =3;, =33, =36, =2 =25
5, =2
=299, =61, >13, >12, >16, >15, >;5, >;8, >3
>3=
=, >3>, >32,
>36, >39, >21, >2
>25
5
Íkicl rbtiolikl
rbtiolikl ;5, =6
=6==. Vémsb tm`niéo Srbtiolàom
Íkicl smjikàjikl ==2, =>1, =>>, =39, =2
=21
1, =2=, =2
=2>
>, =2;, =2
=23
3, =2
=22
2, =2
=26
6, =2
=25
5, =2
=28
8, =2
=29
9, =61, =6
=62
2, =6
=65
5,
=68
=68, =56, >13, >12, >16, >1
>15
5, >18, >19, >=
>=1
1, >=
>=>
>, >=
>=2
2, >=
>=6
6, >=
>=5
5, >=
>=8
8, >=
>=9
9, >>1, >>
>>=
=, >>>, >;2, >;6, >;
>;5
5,
>;8, , >31
1,, >3==,, >3 >>,,>3; , , , >36
6=,,>35, ,>38, >39 , >21, >22, >2 6,5,>25,8>28 , , >6=
=, >6>, >63,
>66, >;9
>65, >3
>69 >3=
>5=
>5 >3>
>5>
>5 >5;
>5 ;,>33
>52
>5 2,>32
>81,>3
>8=
>8 >35
>8; >38
>83 , >82, >8
>855, ;=6>26
;=6, ;=
;=5 >25
;=8
;= , ;=9>61
;=9 , ;51>6
;51
Mcbps jmomb ;5, =2 =25 5, =6
=6==, >6
>6==, >66. Vémsb tm`niéo Jmoljiom
Mbrlsij ;6, ==6, =>
=>11. Vémsb tm`niéo [àjikb kljlicmj
Meum lxiebomcm
lxiebomcm ;6, 33==, 65, 5=, ;>2, ;>8, ;>9, ;;>. Vémsb tm`niéo Qbrûxicl cb hicrûebol
Mjmotlàom =31, =3>, =33, =36, =9 =96
6, =9
=988, =99, >9>, >96, >9>95
5
Mjklhlj btàjikl
btàji kl ;6, ;5, ;8, ;9, 31, 33==, 3>, 3;, 82, =>
=>5
5, =;1, =;6, =9
=9>
>, =99, >15, >36, >21, >59, ;26.
Vémsb tm`niéo Btmolj
Mjlb vbrm =31, =3>, =32, =36, >61
Mju`nrb kmjkiomcl
kmjkiomcl ;5, 3>, 86, 98, ==1, ==6, =>1. Vémsb tm`niéo Mju`nrb pltísikl y Mju`nrb pljvl pljvl
Mju`nrb pljvl ;5, 3>, 86, ==1. Vémsb tm`niéo Mju`nrb kmjkiomcl y Mju`nrb pltísikl
Mju`nrb pltísikl ;5, 86, ==1, ==>, ==6, =>1. Vémsb tm`niéo Mju`nrb pljvl y Mju`nrb kmjkiomcl
Mju`àoikl
Mju`àoi kl pltísikl
pltís ikl sujfmtl
suj fmtl 3>, 86, 88, 98, ==1, ==>, ==6, ==8, => =>11, =>>. Vémsb tm`niéo Mju`nrb
pltísikl
M`loil jmktmtl
jmktmtl ;8. Vémsb tm`niéo Jmktmtl m`ûoikl
Motrmjiom ;9, >61, >81, >8>, >83, >86. Vémsb tm`niéo Citrmolj
Mz÷kmr ejms ;8, ;>2, ;>9. Vémsb tm`niéo Mz÷kmr ejmsé y [mkmrlsm pujvbrizmcm
Mz÷kmr ejmsé ;8, 3>, ;>2, ;> ;>5
5, ;>8, ;>9, ;;
;;==, ;;>. Vémsb tm`niéo Mz÷kmr ejms y [mkmrlsm pujvbrizmcm
Nbozlàjl pbrûxicl. Vémsb tm`niéo Qbrûxicl cb nbozlàjl
Nikmrnlomtl sûcikl ;8, 51, 5>. Vémsb tm`niéo [lcil nikmrnlomtl
Nis`utl sunoitrmtl ;8, 3>. Vémsb tm`niéo [unoitrmtl cb nis`utl
 Nrbm cb hujjm smploiomcm ;9, >66, >5 6. Vémsb tm`niéo Klmjtmr smploiomcl
>56
Kmjm`iom pljvl ;8, ==6, =>1, => >. Vémsb tm`niéo Kmrnlomtl cb kiok
=>>
Kmotmriciom >2
>2=
=, >2>, >23, >22, >26, >28
Kmrnm`icm 3;, =3>, =2=2;;, =2
=25
5, =6
=6=
=, >13, >18, >=
>=9
9, >6
>6=
=, >66, >9>, >98, ;=6. Vémsb tm`niéo Rrbm
;=6
Kmrnlomtl cb kiok ;8, ==6, =>1. Vémsb tm`niéo Kmjm`iom pljvl
Kikjlpirlx ;8, >=2, >=
>=2 5, ;=
>=5 6. Vémsb tm`niéo Kikjlpirlx ljm`iom
;=6
Kikjlpirlx ljm`iom ;8, >=2
>=2 , >=
>=8
8, ;=
;=6
6, ;=9. Vémsb tm`niéo Kikjlpirlx
;=9
Kiok ûxicl ;9. Vémsb tm`niéo Ûxicl cb kiok
Kiok sujfmtl ;9, 3;. Vémsb tm`niéo [ujfmtl cb kiok

;6>

Àocikb mjfmnétikl cb
priokipils mktivls
Kjlnbtmslj ;9, >6=, >63, >66, >69, >5 >5>>, >5
>533, ;18, ;=;=11. Vémsb tm`niéo Ciprlpilomtl cb kjlnbtmslj
Kjlrm`iom S ;9, 65, 51. Vémsb tm`niéo Slsijkjlrm`iom sûcikm
Kjlrhicrûxicl cb mju`ioil => =>33, =>6, =9
=96 6, =9
=988, =99, ;23, ;26
Kjlrurl cb mju`ioil ;9, =>3, =>2, =>6, =>5, =>8, =;1, =9 =966, ;3
;355, ;2=, ;2>, ;2;, ;23. Vémsb tm`niéo Kjlrurl
;2=
cb mju`ioil hbxmhicrmtmcl
Kjlrurl cb mju`ioil hbxmhicrmtmcl ;9, => =>8
8, =;1, ;2;2==, ;2;, ;29. Vémsb tm`niéo Kjlrurl cb mju`ioil
Kjltri`mzlj ;18, ;=
;=11, ;=
;===
Klmjtmr smploiomcl ;8, >61, >66, >5 >5==, >5
>566, >5
>58 8, >59. Vémsb tm`niéo Nrbm cb hujjm smploiomcm
Klnrb sujfmtl ;9. Vémsb tm`niéo [ujfmtl cb klnrb
Kljlciûo bjístikl ;3, ;9, >;2, >;9, >3;, >32, >3 >355, >2
>2=
=, >2;, >22, >2 5. Vémsb tm`niéo Kljlciûo ﬎bxinjb
>25
Kljlciûo ﬎bxinjb ;9, >;2, >;9, >3;, >3 >355, >2
>2==, >22. Vémsb tm`niéo Kljlciûo bjístikl
Cbxpmotbolj 31, =2=255, =29, >13, >16, >98, ;1=. Vémsb tm`niéo Qmotbolj y Qrlvitm`iom N=2
Ciprlpilomtl cb kjlnbtmslj ;9, >6=, >66, >5 >5> >, ;18. Vémsb tm`niéo Kjlnbtmslj
Citrmolj ;9, >61, >81, >8>, >83, >86. Vémsb tm`niéo Motrmjiom
Blsiom >;2, >;8, >;9, >3 >3==, >3>, >2;
Btmolj >;, >6, >5, =9
=93
3, =9
=988, >16, >>
>>5 5, >;
>;55, >3
>3==, >39, >2;, >2>255, >63, >69, >5
>53
3, >5
>58
8, ;1=, ;=
;=1
1, ;=
;=9
9, ;>
;>5
5, ;;
;;=
=,
;;2, ;;8, ;3>, ;2;, ;26. Vémsb tm`niéo Mjklhlj btàjikl
Fbolj ;5, 51, 5=, 5>, =9
=933, =9
=922, >;2, >;9, >3;. Vémsb tm`niéo Íkicl féoikl
Fjulrlurmkijl ;6, 31, >3
>355, >21, ;16, ;28
Fuksiom nísikm 31, =9=9>>
Ebotm`ikiom 31, 3;, =8=86 6, =89, =9
=91 1, =9
=9==, >18, >19, >= >=11, >=
>=>>, >6>, >6
>655, >98, >99, ;11, ;1=, ;1;, ;>9, ;;=,
;;>, ;;;, ;;2. Vémsb tm`niéo [ujfmtl cb ebotm`ikiom
Ejutmrmjcbhàcl 31, =;=, >;>
Hicrlklrtislom 31, =86, =8 =899, >83
Hicrûxicl pltísikl 33==, >>2, >> >>55. Vémsb tm`niéo Qltmsil hicrûxicl
Ilcl 3;, 6=. Vémsb tm`niéo Ylcl
Ilcurl pltísikl 31. Vémsb tm`niéo Ylcurl pltísikl
Dbtlklomzlj >13, >16, >1 >155, >18, >=>=11, >=
>=>>, >=
>=9 9, >>
>>==, >>>, >6>, >65, >98, >99, ;1=, ;1;
Jmktmtl m`ûoikl ;8, >61, >6=, >62, >66, >5 >5==, >9>, >96, >9 >955. Vémsb tm`niéo M`loil jmktmtl
Jmktmtl sûcikl =31, =3>, =36, =29, >16. Vémsb tm`niéo [lcil jmktmtl
Jmoljiom ;>, ;5, =26, =2=255, =2
=299, =6
=6==, =6
=6;;, >=
>===, >>>, >61, >6=, >63, >65, >69, >5 >5==. Vémsb tm`niéo Mcbps
jmomb
@mkrlelj 311 31, 33==, ;>2, ;>9. Vémsb tm`niéo Qljibtijboejiklj 311
@botlj ==2, ==6, ==8, ==9, => =>11, =>>, =>;, =>3, =>2, =>6, =>5
@btrloicmzlj ;;6, ;;8, ;;9, ;31, ;3>, ;3;
@iklomzlj =8>, =8=83
3, =82, =86, =89, =91, =9
=9=
=, =9
=96
6, =9
=98
8, =9
=99
9
Oitrmtl cb pjmtm =5=, =5;, >=
>=66, >>1
Ûxicl cb kiok ;1, ;2, ;9, ==2, =>1, =>=>>
>, =8
=8>
>, =83, =8
=82
2, =8
=86
6, =89, =91, =9=. Vémsb tm`niéo Kiok ûxicl
=9=
Qmotbolj 31, 3>, =2 5, >13, >98. Vémsb tm`niéo Cbxpmotbolj y Qrlvitm`iom N=2
=25
Qmrm﬍om njmocm =39, =2;, =2 =25
5, =6
=6=
=, >=
>=2
2, >=9. Vémsb tm`niéo Vmsbjiom y Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb
>=9

Qmrm﬍om jàquicm
pmrm﬍om 3=, jàquicm
3=
y Vmsbjiom =36, =61, =63, =9
=63 9, >1
=99 5, >=
>15 >===, >62, >51, >8
>51 5, >92, >96, ;1>. Vémsb tm`niéo Mkbitb cb
>85
Qbr`moemomtl pltísikl >2, 33==, 25, 53, 56, 55, 58, 59. Vémsb tm`niéo Qltmsil pbr`moemomtl
Qbrûxicl cb nbozlàjl ;31, ;3>, ;3;. Vémsb tm`niéo Nbozlàjl pbrûxicl
Qbrûxicl cb hicrûebol ;5, ;>2, ;> ;>5
5, ;>9, ;;
;;==. Vémsb tm`niéo Meum lxiebomcm

;6;

Qlcl﬍jiol 33==, 3>, >3;, >32, >36, >22, >2 5, >28. Vémsb tm`niéo ^bsiom cb plcl﬍jiol
>25
Qljibtijboejiklj
Qljibtijboejiklj 311 ;6, 33==. Vémsb tm`niéo @mkrlelj 311
Qljislrnmtl 81 3;, >5 6, >59, ;3;. Vémsb tm`niéo Swbbo 81
>56
Qltmsil hicrûxicl 31, 33==. Vémsb tm`niéo Hicrûxicl pltísikl
Qltmsil pbr`moemomtl
pbr `moemomtl 3=. Vémsb tm`niéo Qbr`moemomtl pltísikl
Qrlpijboejiklj =>3, =>
=>6
6, =>5, =;
=;3
3, =;6, =6
=62
2, =6
=65
5, =6
=68
8, =53, =56, =55, =9
=98
8, >=
>=>
>, >5
>5>
>, >5
>5;
;, >5
>53
3, >5
>52
2, >5
>56
6,
>58
>58, >5
>59
9, >9
>95
5, ;1;, ;=
;=9
9, ;;6, ;;9, ;31, ;3;, ;26
Qrlvitm`iom N=2 31. Vémsb tm`niéo Cbxpmotbolj4 Vémsb tm`niéo Qmotbolj
^bsiom cb plcl﬍jiol 33==, >3;, >22. Vémsb tm`niéo Qlcl﬍jiol
^bslrkiom 3>, =9 >, >61. Vémsb tm`niéo ^bslrkiolj
=9>
^bslrkiolj 3>, =9
=922. Vémsb tm`niéo ^bslrkiom
[mkmrlsm pujvbrizmcm ;8, ;>2, ;>9. Vémsb tm`niéo Mz÷kmr ejms y Mz÷kmr ejmsé
[àjikb kljlicmj ;6, ==6, =>1, =>>. Vémsb tm`niéo Mbrlsij
[lcil nikmrnlomtl ;8. Vémsb tm`niéo Nikmrnlomtl sûcikl
[lcil jmktmtl 31. Vémsb tm`niéo Jmktmtl sûcikl
[ljukiûo mkbtmtl cb pjl`l 3>
[ljukiûo kjlrurl férrikl 3>, ;38. Vémsb tm`niéo [ljukiûo cb pbrkjlrurl cb hibrrl
[ljukiûo cb mkbtltmrmtl cb mju`ioil 3>
[ljukiûo cb pbrkjlrurl cb hibrrl 3>, ;38, ;21, ;22. Vémsb tm`niéo [ljukiûo kjlrurl férrikl
[unoitrmtl cb nis`utl ;8, ==2, ==6, ==8, ==9, =>=>11, =>>, =>;. Vémsb tm`niéo Nis`utl sunoitrmtl
[ujfmtl mju`àoikl pltísikl 86, 88, ==1, ==>, ==6, =>1, =>>. Vémsb tm`niéo Mju`nrb pltísikl, Mju`nr
Mju`nrbb
pljvl y Mju`nrb kmjkiomcl
[ujfmtl cb kiok ;9, =1 1. Vémsb tm`niéo Kiok sujfmtl
=11
[ujfmtl cb klnrb ;9, =11. Vémsb tm`niéo Klnrb sujfmtl
[ujfmtl cb ebotm`ikiom 31, =8 6, >98, ;>9, ;;;. Vémsb tm`niéo Ebotm`ikiom
=86
Smjkl ;1, ;2, ==2, ==6, ==8, ==9, =>1, =>
=>>
>, =>
=>;
;
Si`lj 3;, 51, 5>

Slsijkjlrm`iom ;9, 69, 51, 5;. Vémsb tm`niéo Kjlrm`iom S

Srbtiolàom ;5, =sûcikm
6=, =63. Vémsb tm`niéo Íkicl rbtiolikl
=63
Srim`kioljlom mkbtûoicl =31, >18, >= >=1
1, >=
>=>
>, >9>, >9;, >93, >96, >95, >98, >99, ;1=, ;1;. Vémsb
tm`niéo Mkbtûoicl cb trim`kioljlom
tr im`kioljlom
Swbbo 81 33==, >56. Vémsb tm`niéo Qljislrnmtl 81
>56
Rrbm ;8, 2=, =31, =3>, =3;, =33, =36, =2;, =23, =2
=22
2, =2
=26
6, =2
=25
5, =2
=28
8, =2
=29
9, =61, =6
=6=
=, =6>, =6
=6;
;, =63, >13,
>12, >16, >1
>15
5, >18, >19, >=
>=1
1, >=
>=>
>, >=
>=9
9, >>
>>=
=, >>>, >61, >6
>6=
=, >6>, >63, >62, >66, >6
>65
5, >69, >5
>5=
=, >9>, >93,
>92, >96, >9
>955, >98, ;1=, ;1>, ;1;, ;=
;=6
6, ;=
;=8
8, ;=9. Vémsb tm`niéo Kmrnm`icm
;=9
Vmsbjiom >>, >;, ;;, ;2, ;6, 33==, 3;, =36, =39, =2
=2=
=, =2
=2>
>, =2
=2;
;, =22, =2
=26
6, =2
=25
5, =6
=6=
=, =8
=82
2, =91, =9
=9=
=, >=
>=3
3,
 >=2
>=2, >=
>=5
5, >=
>=8
8, >=9, >>=, >>>, >81, >8=, >8>, >8;, >86, >85, >88. Vémsb tm`niéo Qmrm﬍om njmocm y
>=9
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb
Vmsbjiom ﬍jmotb ;;, 3;, 21, =39, =2;, =25, =6=6=
=, >=
>=2
2, >=
>=5
5, >=
>=9
9, >81, ;=9. Vémsb tm`niéo Qmrm﬍om njmocm
;=9
y Vmsbjiom
Vmsbjiom jàquicm >>, ;;, ;6, 33==, =36, =39, =2
=2>
>, =26, =82, =91, =9
=9=
=, >=
>=8
8, >>>, >8
>8=
=, >8;, >8
>85
5, >88. Vémsb
tm`niéo Qmrm﬍om jàquicm y Mkbitb cb pmrm﬍om
Vbrcb nrijjmotb >2
>2=
=, >23
Ylcl 31, 28, 61, 6=, 6>, 6;, 5=. Vémsb tm`niéo Ilcl
Ylcurl pltísikl 31, 61, 6=, 6;. Vémsb tm`niéo Ilcurl pltísikl

;63

¼]ué bs jm pibj
Ninjilermfàm
sbosinjb<
Dboobt M. Mroct. @moumj cb tbrmpéutikm cbr`mtljûeikm. (;.ª bc.). Nmrkbjlom7 Bci-
tlrimj @écikm Qmom`brikmom4 =982.

Uljf D, Eljcs`ith JM, Dmtz [J, Eijkhrbst

Eijkhrb st NM, Qmjjbr M[U,
M[U, Jbffbjj CG. Fijtzpmtrikd7
Cbr`mtljleàm bo @bcikiom Ebobrmj (5.ª bc.). Nmrkbjlom7 Bcitlrimj @écikm Qmom-
`brikmom4 >119.

Fbrrmociz K. bt mj. Cbr`mtljleim Kjàoikm. @mcric7 Nmrkbjlom7 Bcitlrimj @lsny/

Cly`m Jinrls [M4 =995.

Vijjm Juis, bt mj. @bci`bku` euàm cb tbrmpim fmr`mkljûeikm >1=;. @mcric7 Mcis
@bcijleik [J.4 >1=;.

R`nbr t Q,
R`nbrt Q, Jjm`ni
Jjm`n i F.
F. Jm flr`ujmkiûo bo
b o jm cbr`mtljleàm cbj >1=1. Nmrkbjlom7 Mkl-
fmr`m Cistrinukiûo [M4 >118.

Eû`bz Lrtiz [. Clku`botmkiûo cbj Kursl

Kurs l cb Flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj bo plcljleàm.
Kljbeil L﬍kimj cb Fmr`mkéutikls
Fmr`mkéu tikls cb Omvmrrm. Qm`pjlom4 >1=>.
>1=>.

Kmjjmnbc G. Fûr`ujms `meistrmjbs bo Qbcimtràm. Nmrkbjlom7 Mklfmr Cistrinukilobs4

>11;.

Nritish @bcikmj Msslkimtilo moc Shb Qhmr`mkbutikmj [lkibty lf Erbmt Nritmio.

Nritish Omtilomj Flr`ujmry. Shb Qhmr`mkbutikmj Qrbss. Jloclo4 =985.
=985.

JJlpis G@ª, Nmixmuji V. Jm flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj bo jm L﬍kiom cb Fmr`mkim ((S

Sl`ls
I, II,III y IV). Vmjbokim7 Bcitlrimj Kic4 =98=, =982,=991 y =993.

Kljbeil cb Fmr`mkéutikls cb Vizkmym.

V izkmym. Flr`ujmkiûo cb `bcikm`botls. Nijnml4
=993.
 VII Kursl cb Flr`ujmkiûo bo cbr`mtljleàm7 stmocmrs, olvbcmcbs, kmsls príktikls.
[brvikil Cbr`mtljleà
Cb r`mtljleàmm Hlspitmj Roivbrsitmril [mermt Klr. Roicmc Clkbotb Roivbr-
sicmc cb Nmrkbjlom.
Nmrkbjlom . Kljµjbei Fmr`mkèutiks
Fmr`mkèutiks cb
c b Nmrkbjlom4 >1=;.

[motls B, bt mj. Flr`ujmril Bspmýlj cb Fmr`mkim @ijitmr (Sl`ls I y II). Qmrqub

Kbotrmj cb
c b Fmr`mkim @ijitmr. @mcric4 =952.
=952.

;66

Ninjilermfàm

Klosu `l. Flr`ujmril Omkilomj (=.ª bc.). @mcric4 >11;.

@ioistbril cb [moicmc y Klosu`l.

Flr`ujmirb Shbrmpbutiqub @meistrmj. =.ª bc. [brvikb Qunjik Fécérmj [moté Qunji-
qub, [bkurité cb jm Khmiob Mji`botmirb bt Bovirloob`bot, Cirbktiûo Eéoérmjb cb
jm Qrltbktilo cb jm [moté Qunjiqub7 @écikm`bots. Néjeiqub4
Né jeiqub4 >11;.

@uy Ijustrb Kljbeil cb Fmr`mkéutikls cb Vmjbokim. Flr`ujmril cbr`mtljûeikl.

Vmjbokim4 >118.

Mklfmr`m Cistrinukilobs [M7 www.mklfmr`m.kl`. Ioflr`mkiûo slnrb `lolerm-

fàms cb priokipils mktivls7 http7//www.mklfmr`m.kl`/bs/flr`ujmkilo-`meistrmj/
﬍khms-tbkoikms

Mslkimkiûo Qrlfbsilomj Iocbpbocibotb

Iocb pbocibotb cb Fmr`mkéutikls
Fmr`mké utikls Flr`ujmclrbs (MQ^L-
FM^@).. MQ^LFL^@RJM7www.mprlfmr`.lre
FM^@) MQ^LFL^@RJM7www.mprlfmr`.lre77 www.mprlfmr`.
www.mprlfmr`.lre/flr`ujmkilo/
lre/flr`ujmkilo/
jmocioe/iocbx.ht`j

^lsmjbs Wmnmj G@, @uýlz Nbjtrío GK. Flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj bo mtbokiûo fmr`m-
kéutikm. @bcikiom cb Fm`ijim >11=4 >72;-8.
>72;-8.

Kljbeil Fmr`mkéutikls cb Nizdmim. Flr`ujmkiûo `meistrmj bo mtbokiûo pri`mrim.

Nijnml4 =995.

Jjlpis Kjmvigl
Vmjbokim7 G@, Kic4
Bcitlrimj Nmixmuji
>11=.V. Flr`ujmril nísikl cb `bcikm`botls `meistrmjbs.

[íokhbz ^bemým @, @mrtào E, E , Jjm`nà F,

F, R`nbrt Q. Srbmt`bot lf omij pslrimsis
with 8% kjlnbtmslj omij jmqubr7 plsitivb bxpbribokb io =1 pmtibos. GBMCV >1124
=9725;-5.
Qrios @, [wiosdbjs L], Vmo cbr Dbrdhlf QK. Shb i`pmkt lf thb frbquboky lf shlrt
klotmkt cithrmolj trbmt`bot. Bur G Cbr`mtlj >11=4==7>=3->=8.

Hirlsb ^, Hlri @, [huduwmt bt mj. Slpikmj trbmt`bot lf rbsistmot wmrts with eju-
tmrjcbhycb. G Cbr`mtlj7 =993(3)7 >38-2;

Einns [, Hmrvby I, [tbrjioe GK, [tmr ^. Srmtm`ibotls jlkmjbs pmrm vbrruems kutí-
obms. ^bvisiûo Klkhrmob. JmJ m Ninjiltbkm Klkhrmob
Klkhrm ob Qjus (Lxflrc), >116(=
>116 (=)7)7=-22.
=-22.

;65

@lbc J, [hwmycbr SM, Khmoe @U. Kmothmricio rbvisitbc. Mrkh Cbr`mt >11=4
=;57=;25-61.

Nbkbrrl cb Nboelm ^, Jlsm Iejbsims @B bt mj. Mpp Mppjikjikmtilo

mtilo lf kmoth
k mothmri
mricio
cio moc
plclphyjjltlxio flr thb trbmtm`b ot lf pjmotmr wmrts. G M` Qbc @bc Msslk >1184
trbmtm`bot
98(6)7332-21.

Eri`mjt ^, Kmjjbgms @M bt mj. Hipbrhicrlsis. Cimeoûstikl mktumj y trmtm`ibotl. =.ª

bc. @mcric7 Bcitlrimj @écikl Qmom`brikmom4 >113.

Jûpbz Jûpbz C, Mermsmr Kruz K bt mj. Mpj Mpjikmk

ikmkiûo
iûo cb kmo
kmotmr
tmricio
iciom-p
m-plcl﬍
lcl﬍jltlxi-
jltlxi-
om-íkicl smjikàjikl bo jms vbrruems pjmotmrbs rbkmjkitrmotbs. Ro bstucil prbji`iomr.
prbji`iomr.
Emk @bc @bx >1124=
>1 124=2=
2=7=
7=3-9.
3-9.

Eû`bz Lrtiz [. Kursl cb fmr`mkljleàm mpjikmcm bo plcljleàm. Kljbeil L﬍kimj cb

Qlcljûels cb Bxtrb`mcurm.
Bxtrb`mcur m. Kíkbrbs >1=3.