FC\A FJ_J CBCTVCVQVA KI VADMBKEKOS

FAXJ\V@ABV KI CBIK\@JVCKB VADMBKEKOS

VCVEA7

KBECBA _JVA\ LCEECBO TSTVA@ IK\ FC\A FJ_J _JVA\ 

TQXXES JQVMK\CVS

Bj`a CF

:. ----
--------
--------
--------
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-----\/8
--\/883:/8
83:/8?
?

Juoust <8:3

Fcra Fjwj, Atmckpcj

c
 

FC\A FJ_J CBCTVCVQVA KI VADMBKEKOS

FAXJ\V@ABV KI DK@XQVA\ TDCABDA

KBECBA _JVA\ LCEECBO TSTVA@ IK\ FC\A FJ_J _JVA\ 

TQXXES JQVMK\CVS

 X\AXJ\AF LS7

J Xrkgadt sul`cttaf tk Fcra Fjwj Qbcvarscty cb pjrtcje iueicee`abt ki tma

raqucra`abt ikr tma Faoraa ki Ljdmaekr ki Dk`putar Tdcabda

cc
 

Juoust <8:3

ccc
 

JL\A
JL\AYJ
YJVC
VCK
KB FATD\
ATD\CX
CXVC
VCK
KB

LDJ Ljscd Dkursa ki Jdtckb

T_TTK smjsmj`jba wjtar suppey sarvcda kiicda

D
O\QD
C D
Oerjjspsm\
cdajsepQ
ksbasrclCcbecttayriD
jdkaeejlkrjtckb
MV@E Mypartaxt @jrnup Ejboujoa
MVVXT Mypar Vaxt Vrjbsiar Xrktkdke Tadurcty
CF Cfabtcicdjtckb
@STZE @y Ttrudturaf Zuary Ejboujoa
EJB Ekdje Jraj Batwkrn  
XMX Mypartaxt Xra prkdasskr  
QD Qsa Djsa
Q@E Qbcicaf `kfaecbo ejboujoa
TFED Tkitwjra favaekp`abt ecia dydea
TZE Ttrudturaf quary ejboujoa

Vjlea ki Dkbtabts
Dmjptar Kba.............
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:. Cbtrkfudtckb.............
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:.:.
:.:. Lj
Ljdn
dnor
orku
kubf
bf k
kii tma
tma k
kro
rojb
jbcz
czjt
jtckb..............
ckb .............................
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.........:

:.<
.<.. Lj
Ljdn
dnor
ork
kub
ubf
f ki
ki ttma
ma pr
prkgadt.............
kgadt............................
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...................:

cv
 

:.4
.4.. Tt
Ttjt
jtaa`abt
`abt ki tma
tma prkleea`..............
prkl ............................
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................................................
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:.6
.6.. Klg
lgaadtcv
dtcvaa ki
ki tma
tma pr
prkgadt.............
kgadt............................
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...... <
:.6.
.6.:. gadtcva.............
Oabarje klgad ............................
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:.6.
.6.<. Tpadcicd klgadtcva.............
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:.1.
.1. ma prkgadt..............
Tdkpa ki ttm .............................
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..............4

:.9
.9.. Ec
Ec`
`ctj
tjtc
tckb
kb ki tm
tmaa Xrkgaddt..............
Xrkga .............................
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:.?.
:.?. Tcob
Tcobci
cicd
cdjb
jbda
da ki tma
tma Xrkg adtt..............
Xrkgad .............................
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.............................
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..............................
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................. 6

:.=.
:.=. Laba
Labaic
icdc
dcjr
jrca
cass k
kii ttma
ma Xrkgadtt.............
Xrkgad ............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
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................................6
..................6

:.3. @atmkfkekoy.............
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........... 1

:.3.: Fjtj Ojtmarcbo @atmkfkekoy .............

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.............1

:.3.< Tysta` jbjeyscs jbf Fascob `atmkfkekoy...............................................................................1

:.3.4 Favaekp`abt jpprkjdm.............
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....................... 9

:.3.6 Favaekp`abt tkke...............

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:.:8 Vastcbo `atmkfkekoy.............

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:.:: Iajsclcecty Ttufy..............

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.......:8
:.::.: Vadmbcdje Iajsclcecty..............
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...................... :8
:.::.< Kparjtckbje Iajsclcecty..............
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................................:8
:8

:.::.4 Adkbk`cd Iajsclcecty...............

..............................
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.....................:88

:.::.6 Tdmafuea Iajsclcecty.............

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:.:<. Xrkgadt Xejbs..............

.............................
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:.:<.:. Xrkgadt Vc`a Tdmafuea .............

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:.:<.< Xrkgadt Dkst..............

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:.:<.4 Lufoat Xejb.............
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Dmjptar Vwk..............
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:4

\aqucra`abt Aecdctjtckb.............
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<.:.
<.:. Kv
Kvar
arvc
vcaw
aw ki tma
tma Axc
Axcst
stcb
cbo
o Tys
Tysta`..............
ta`............................
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......:4
<.<.
<.<. Jf
Jfvj
vjbt
btjo
joas
as ki
ki tma
tma ax
axcs
cstc
tcbo
bo sys
systa`...............
ta`..............................
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...:11

<.4.
<.4. Fr
Frjw
jwlj
ljdn
dn ki ax
axcs
cstc
tcbo
bo sy
systa`...............
sta`.............................
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..........................:1

<.4.
<.4.:.
:. Xari
Xarikr
kr`j
`jbd
bdaa \aej
\aejta
taf
f pr
prkl
klea`7..............
ea`7.............................
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:9

<.4
.4.<
.<.. Cb
Cbik
ikr`
r`j
jtc
tckb
kb rae
raej
jtaf
taf prk
prklea`...............
lea`..............................
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...:99

<.4
.4.4
.4.. Ai
Aiic
icdc
dcab
abdy
dy rae
raejtaf
taf prk
prklea`.............
lea`............................
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.....................................:9
:9

<.4
.4.6
.6.. Dkb
kbtr
trke
ke raej
raejta
taf
f pr
prk
klea`..............
lea`.............................
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.........................:99
<.4
.4.1
.1.. Ad
Adkb
kbk
k`c
`cdd rae
raejt
jtaf
af pr
prk
klea`...............
ea`..............................
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.......:9

<.4
.4.9
.9.. Ta
Tarv
rvccda raej
raejta
taf
f prkleea`.............
prkl ...........................
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v
 

<.6.
.6. Tkeutckbs..............
Xrkpksaf Tk .............................
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<.1.
.1. Xraiar skeutckb...............
iarraf sk .............................
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<.9..
<.9 Fk`
Fk`jcb
jcb @kfa
@kfaecb
ecbo
o _ctm
_ctm Dejss
Dejss \aspk
\aspkbsc
bsclce
lcecty
cty Dkee
Dkeejlk
jlkrjt
rjtkr (D\D)) Djrf............................:=
kr (D\D
<.?. Assabtcje Qsa Djsa Fcjorj`..............
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<.=.
<.=. Assa
Assabt
btcj
cjee usa
usa dj
djsa
sa fkd
fkdu`
u`ab
abtj
tjtckb.......................................................................................<<
tckb

<.3. Assabtcje Qsar Cbtarijda Xrktktypa............... ..............................

.............................
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DMJXVA\ VM\AA..............
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TSTVA@ JBJESTCT.............
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4.:. Cbtrkfudtckb..............
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4.<
.<.. Kva
varr vc
vcaw ki tm
tmaa baw
baw sys
ysta`..............
ta`.............................
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4.4.
.4. Tysta` raqucra`abts..............
raq .............................
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4.4
.4.:
.:.. Iubd
Iubdtc
tckb
kbje
je raqu
raqucr
cra`
a`abts.................................................................................................<?
abts
4.4.
4.4.<.
<. Bkb-
Bkb-iu
iubd
bdtc
tckb
kbje
je ra
raqu
qucr
cra`
a`abts..............
abts.............................
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4.6. Tysta` `kfaecbo...............

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4:

4.6
.6.:
.:.. Ty
Tyssta`
ta` us
usaa djsa
djsa fc
fcjo
jorj
rj``.................................................................................................4:
4.6
.6.<
.<.. Qsa Djsa Fkdkdu`
u`ab
abtj
tjttckb.............
ckb ............................
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4.6.4. Fccjorj`..............
Taquabda F .............................
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.....................66
......66

Icoura :< Q@E Taquabda fcjorj` ikr Faeata dustk`ar.................................

dustk`ar....................................................................14
...................................14

4.6.6. fcjorj`.............
Jdtcvcty fc ...........................
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.............................
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.........................14
..........14

4.6.1. Dejss fcjorj`.............

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DMJXVA\ IKQ\ .............................
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TSTVA@ FATCOB.............
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........ 96
6.:. Fascob Okjes..............
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.............. 96

6.<. Tysta` Jrdmctadtura...............

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.............................
....... 91
6.4. Qsar Cbtarijda Xrktktypa...............
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...................... 99

6.6. Tul Tysta` fadk`pksctckb.............

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6.1. Mjrfwjra/Tkitwjra @jppcbo.............

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9=

6.9. Ttjta dmjrt fcjorj`.............

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6.?. Dkeejlkrjtckb fcjorj`.............

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.?8

6.=. Dk`pkbabt fcjorj`..............

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6.3. Fapeky`abt fcjorj`..............

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....?4
4

6.:8. Xarscstabda Fjtj `jbjoa`abt .............

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.......... ?6
6.:: Qsar cbtarijda fascob..............
............................
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Dmjptar Icva..............
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vc
 

Dkbdeusckb jbf \adk``abfjtckb.............

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1.:. Dkbdeusckb..............
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1.<. \adk``abfjtckb...............
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\aiarabda..............
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vcc
 

Dmjptar Kba

:. Cb
Cbtr
trkf
kfud
udtc
tckb
kb
  Js wa nbkw, tkfjy kur wkref cs ubfar tma dkbtrke ki tadmbkekoy ladjusa ki tmcs rajskb tma

wkref cs raejtaf ajdm ktmar. Kur dkubtry cs kba pjrt ki tma wkref lut, wa jra tkk ejta jddkrfcbo tk
tmcs tadmbkekoy js dk`pjra js ktmars wastarb dkubtrcas. Avab ci kur dkubtry cs bkt favaekpaf cb
tmcs prkgadt, wa try tk dmjboa tma fasntkp jppecdjtckb systa` ki smjsmj`jba wjtar suppey sarvcda
kiicda (T_TTK) cbtk wal ljsaf systa` uscbo tkfjy–s tadmbkekoy. T_TTK mjs `jby jdtcvctcas.
Tudm js, Dustk`ar raocstrjtckb, djeduejtcbo lcee ljsaf kb tmacr dustk`ar cbikr`jtckb jbf tma
ecnas. Ladjusa avary jdtcvcty cs parikr`af cb j scboea dk`putar sk, wa try tk rafuda tmcs prklea`
jbf abjlea tma kiicda systa` tk mjva vary ijst sarvcda tk tmacr dustk`ar ly fascobcbo wal ljsaf
sarvcda `jbjoa`abt systa` ikr tma`.

:.:. Ljdnorkubf ki tma krojbczjtckb

Tmjsmj`jba wjtar suppey sarvcda kiicda cs j wjtar suppey krojbczjtckb wmcdm cs ekdjtaf cb
Tmjs
Tmjsmj
mj`j
`jba
ba tkwb
tkwb.. Vma
Vma kroj
krojbc
bczj
zjtc
tckb
kb cs as
astj
tjle
lecs
csma
maf
f cb :3=9
:3=9 A.D
A.D js pj
pjrt
rt ki tm
tmaa tk
tkwb
wb
jf`cbcstrjtckb. Jt tmjt tc`a, tma kiicda
kiicda mjf kbey :1 a`pekyaas– wjtar dma`cs
dma`cst,
t, `ktkr kparjtkr,
`atar rajfcbo axpart, jbf twk sadurcty lkfcas. Tmjsmj`jba tkwb wjtar suppey sarvcda ikeekws
`jbuje systa` tk ocva sarvcda ikr tmacr dustk`ar. Cb :338 A.D tma kiicda mjf kbey =88 dustk`ars,
wmcdm jra raocstaraf tk oat tma sarvcda. Lut, cb :33: tma krojbczjtckb lucefs cts kwb kiicda ly
68,888
68,888 lcrr
lcrr jbf ladk`a
ladk`a cbfapab
cbfapabfab
fabtt krojbc
krojbczjt
zjtckb
ckbje
je kiicda
kiicda wctm
wctm 68 a`p
a`peky
ekyaas
aas ubfar
ubfar tma
wkrnpejda
wkrnpejda jbf <888 dustk`ars.
dustk`ars. T_TTK usas j fasntkp jppecdjtc
jppecdjtckb
kb tk parikr` jby jdtcvcty.
jdtcvcty.
Vmarai
Vmaraikra
kra,, cb djsa
djsa ki cts
cts fasntk
fasntkp
p jppecd
jppecdjtc
jtckb
kb tma krojbc
krojbczjt
zjtckb
ckb wjs ijdaf wctm
wctm prklea
prklea`s
`s ki 

wkrnekjf, sk dustk`ars djb bkt oat j qucdn jddass. Vk skeva sudm prklea`s, wa jra okcbo tk
favaekp wal ljsaf wjtar lceecbo &dustk`ar `jbjoa`abt systa` ikr (T_TTK).

:
 

:.<.  Ljdnorkubf ki tma prkgadt

Vma prkgadt tctea cs kbecba lceecbo systa` ikr smjsmj`jba dcty. Vmcs prkgadt cs prkpksaf tk c`prkva tma
ekjf ki axcstcbo `jbuje systa` ly jutk`jtckb kr dk`putarczjtckb. Js tmara jra `jby prklea`s ijda
mu`jb lacbo tmrkuomkut mcs/mar ecia ct cs klvckus tk skeva `jby ki tma prklea`s uscbo dk`putars.

_mab sjycbo tmcs js tma dk`putar cs tma `kfarb tadmbkekoy prklea` skevar jby kba djb skeva mcs/mar 
 prklea` ly favaekpcbo tma
tma skitwjra ikr tma prklea`.

Vma prkpksje wa mjva prapjraf cs jesk tma pradkbfctckb ikr skevcbo tma `jcb prklea`s ki kbecba
 lceecbo systa` wjs c`pea`abtaf `jbujeey. Vmaraikra, tmcs wkrn tmjt `jbujeey parikr`af baafs tk la
jutk`jtaf kr dk`putarczaf tk rafuda tma prklea`s tmjt mjppabaf. Vmcs prkpksje cbdeufas tma prkicea
ki tma kiicda, tma prklea`s cb tma kiicda, kur klgadtcva, sdkpa ki tma prkgadt jbf iajsclcecty stufcas jra
deajrey spadcicaf.
Kbecba wjtar lceecbo systa` cs tma lceecbo systa` wmcdm usas saei-sarvcda tadmbkekoy js j ljsa ki 
walscta maepcbo tma usar tk pjy `kbtmey lcee tma`saevas. Kbecba wjtar lceecbo systa` prkvcfas jb
ajsa cb tma pjy lcee prkdafura wmara tmara smkuef bkt la jby arrkr cb trjbsjdtckb ecna djeduejtckb jbf
mu`jb arrkr, lcee oabarjtckb
oabarjtckb jbf ktmar tmcbos. Ct naaps ki radkrfs ki jee lcees jesk tma cbikr`jtckb
cbikr`jtckb ki 
tma dustk`ar. Ocva tk absura j raecjlea jbf suddassiue c`pea`abtjtckb ki kbecba wjtar lceecbo systa`.
Vma lceecbo systa` ikr smjsmj`jba dcty prkdass ki lceecbo cs fcsjppkcbtcbo `jby dustk`ars. Ikr sk`a
 lrjbdm ct avab tjnas `kra tmjb twk `kbtms tk oat tma prcbtaf lcee irk`
i rk` tma prcbt mkusa jbf tk faecvar 
ct tk dustk`ars.
dustk`ars. Cb sk`a ktmar nalaea aeadtrkbcd lcee prasabtjtckb
prasabtjtckb jbf pjy`abt cs usaf. Vmaraikra,
Vmaraikra, ct
jdtujeey `cbc`czaf tma tc`a ki lcee faecvary. Mkwavar, ladjusa tma dmjrocbo fjys jra ec`ctaf, stcee

wjtar lceecbo kiicdas jra vary drkwfaf avary abf tma `kbtm.

:.4. Ttjta`abt ki tma prklea`

Vmara cs jerajfy j dk`putarczaf systa` cb T_TTK wmcdm cs j stjbfjekba fasntkp jppecdjtckb. Cb tma
systa` avary
avary jdtcvcty
jdtcvcty cs parikr`af
parikr`af kb j scboea
scboea fasntkp.
fasntkp. T_TTK
T_TTK mjs `jby
`jby jdtcvctcas.
jdtcvctcas. Tudm
Tudm js7 -
\aocstrjtckb ki dustk`ar, Lcee djeduejtas, `atar rajfcbo, Lcee prcbt, raocstar `jtarcjes jbf tmara cs j
ecba trjbsiar. Lut scbda ct cs fasntkp jppecdjtckb tmara cs j orajt wkrnekjf kb tma krojbczjtckb,
dustk`ar wjstas tmacr tc`a jbf `kbay. Tcbda tma systa` cs cbstjeeaf cb scboea dk`putar dustk`ars fk
bkt oat qucdn jddass, `jtarcjes fk bkt fcstrcluta ijcrey jbf jesk tmara `jy la j orajt ijuet fua tk
wkrnekjf. Jbktmar nay prklea` ki __TTK cs ci j dustk`ar mjf bk abkuom ljejbda kb mcs mjbf
ma/sma baafs tk ok mk`a jbf oat `kra `kbay ladjusa tmara cs bk wjy ki dmadncbo `admjbcs` laikra
okcbo tk kiicda tk pjy tma wjtar lceecbo. Vmaraikra, sudm prklea`s jra prasabt durrabtey irk` tmcs wa
 :
 

try tk dmjboa tma fasntkp jppecdjtckb systa` cbtk wal ljsaf systa` uscbo tkfjy–s tadmbkekoy. Vmab
 ly uscbo wal-ljsaf systa` avary jdtcvctcas ki tma axcstcbo systa` wcee prkvcfa j qucdn
qucdn jddass
Tmjsmj`
Tmjsmj`jba
jba wjtar
wjtar suppey
suppey jbf sawarj
sawarjoa
oa jutmkr
jutmkrcty
cty ocvas
ocvas wjtar
wjtar sarvcda
sarvcda ikr tma smjsmj
smjsmj`jb
`jbaa dct
dcty
y
skdcaty. Jbf jesk ct mjs jb jutmkrcty ki dkeeadtcbo sarvcda dmjroa lut tma wjy ki dkeeadtcbo tmcs
 pjy`abt cs bkt jfaqujta ikr tma dustk`ars. Tmjsmj`jba wjtar suppey jbf sawarjoa jutmkrcty mjs j
bu`lar ki kiicdas cb fciiarabt lrjbdmas cb tma dcty tmjt dkeeadt `kbtmey pjy`abt ikr icxaf ecba jbf
 pkstpjcf wjtar lceecbo.
Jbf ct cs fciicduet tk dkeeadt tma `kbay cb kba pejda, sk ct mjs j ekt ki kiicda wmcdm ocva tmcs pjy`abt
dkeeadtcbo sarvcda tk tma dustk`ars. Kpabcbo tmasa kiicdas cb fciiarabt nalaea cs dkstey jbf jesk baafs
muoa mu`jb djpctje tmjt baafs j `kbtmey pjy`abt. Oabarjtcbo jbf faecvarcbo tma lcees ikr tma
spadcicd sarvcda cs jesk prklea` ki tmcs dk`pjby.
Dustk`ars jra bkt sjtcsicaf kb sarvcda faecvary prkdassas jbf dustk`ar dk`pejcbt mjbfecbo prkdafura
ki Tmjsmj`jba wjtar suppey jbf sawarjoa jutmkrcty. Kb tma durrabt tc`a, dustk`ars jra tcraf ki 
naapcbo trjdn ki pjycbo tmacr `kbtmey lcees jbf rubbcbo tk tma bajrast frkp lkx kr pjy`abt dabtar.
Vmcs ncees tmacr tc`a (tmay wcee wjct j ekt ki `cbutas cb tma fciiarabt kiicdas) jbf dksts tma` `udm ikr 
trjbspkrtjtc
trjbspkrtjtckb.
kb. Dustk`ars
Dustk`ars jra jesk ijdcbo ejta pjy`abt dmjroa js j rasuet ki prklea` wctm bktciycbo
bktciycbo
fua fjta ki pjy`abt.

:.6. Klgadtcva ki tma prkgadt

 Vma klgadtcva ki kur prkgadt djb la fcvcfaf cb tk oabarje jbf spadcicd

:.6.:. Oabarje klgadtcva

Vma oabarje klgadtcva ki tma prkgadt cs tk favaekp kbecba wjtar lceecbo systa` ikr smjsmj`jba wjtar 
suppey jutmkrcty

:.6.<. Tpadcicd klgadtcva

Kb tma wjy ki jttjcbc

jttjcbcbo
bo tma oabarje
oabarje klgadtcva
klgadtcva,, tma prkgadt
prkgadt spadci
spadcicdje
cdjeey
ey jtta`pt
jtta`ptss tk jdmcav
jdmcavaa tma
ikeekwcbo.
I Jbjeyza tma axcstcbo systa`
I Vk ocva ijst jbf jddurjta jddass ikr dustk`ars
I Vk fascob _al ljsaf Jppecdjtckb ikr dustk`ars
 I Vk Jvkcf _krnekjf
I Tysta` jbjeyscs jbf klgadt fascob
I \aqucra`abt jbjeyscs ki tma systa`
I Dkeeadtcbo fjtj jlkut tma krojbczjtckb
<
 

I Cfabtciycbo tma prklea` ubfar tma axcstcbo systa`

I Tpadciy iubdtckbje jbf bkbiubdtckbje raqucra`abts
I Vast jbf c`pea`abtjtckb systa`
I Fapeky tma c`pea`abtaf systa`
I Ocvcbo trjcbcbo jlkut tma favaekpaf systa`.

:.1. Tdkpa ki tma prkgadt

Js tma prkgadt tctea cbfcdjtas wjtar lceecbo jbf dustk`ar `jbjoa`abt wal jppecdjtckb jbf ktmar
raejtaf sarvcdas ikr dustk`ars jra7 -

I Dustk`ar raocstrjtckb jbf ratrcavje

I Kb tma raocstrjtckb ki tma `jcbtjcb `jtarcje.
I
Kb tma raocstrjtckb ki `atar rajfcbo.
I Kb tma raocstrjtckb ki tma pjy`abt.
I Oabarjta \apkrt.
I Lcee djeduejtckb jbf prcbtcbo.
Tdkpa kut7 -Kbecba pjy`abt7 - dustk`ars djbbkt prkdass tmacr pjy`abt jt tmacr mk`a. Ladjusa tma
wjy ki prkdasscbo kbecba pjy`abt cs bkt mjbfea sdkpa.

:.9. Ec`ctjtckb ki tma Xrkgadt

Vmara jra `jby ijdtkrs tmjt ec`ctaf us tk `cbc`cza kur sdkpa, sudm js tc`a ec`ctjtckb, raskurda,

 pejda, jbf dk`peaxcty ki tma systa`. Cb oabarje kur prkpksaf systa` cs ec`ctaf tk parikr` tma
ikeekwcbo tjsns ladjusa ki tma jlkva `abtckbaf ijdtkrs.

Avab tmkuom dustk`ars djb dmadn mkw `udm tmay pjy cb ajdm `kbtm irk` mk`a tmay djbbkt prkdass
 pjy`abt irk` mk`a scbda
s cbda wa fk bkt cbdeufa kbecba pjy`abts Ct cs jesk fkas bkt cbdeufa M\@ jbf
Ktmar tjsns wctmcb tma krojbczjtckb fua tk ec`ctjtckb ki7 - Ejdn ki `jtarcjes7 Vmara cs bk abkuom
dk`putar jddass wctm cbtarbat jbf ejdn ki lkkns jbf raiarabdas usaf tk smkw mkw prkgadts wcee la
 fkba. Tmkrtjoa ki tc`a7 _a jra stufabt jbf cb eajrbcbo prkdass wa mjva smkrtjoa ki tc`a tk dk`peata
tma prkgadt cb kba sa`astar. Vmcs abikrdas kur prkgadt taj` tk `cbc`cza tma prkgadt sdkpa. Ejdn ki 
`kbay7 JT wa jra stufabts ct cs fciicduet tk spabf `udm j`kubt ki `kbay kb tma prkgadt, sk ct wcee
ec`ct tma aiiadtcvabass ki tma prkgadt.

4
 

:.?. Tcobcicdjbda ki tma Xrkgadt

Vma `jcb Tcobcicdjbda ki tmcs systa` js ct cs dk`putarczaf wal ljsaf systa` rafudas tma dustk`ars
jddasscbo tc`a tk oat sarvcda irk` tma krojbczjtckb.

I Ct `c
`cbc
bc`c
`cza
zass tm
tmaa du
dustk
stk`a
`ars
rs ek
ekscb
scbo
o tc`a
tc`a wmab
wmab tm
tmay
ay wjbt
wjbt tk jddass
jddass sa
sarv
rvcd
cdaa irk`
irk` tm
tmaa
krojbczjtckb.
I Ct prkvcfas tc`aey cbikr`jtckb tk tmacr a`pekyaas jbf jesk Xrkdass Dustk`ars raquast kb
tc`a.
I Ct djb ajscey upfjta dustk`ar–s radkrf.
I Ct djb oabarjta jpprkprcjta rapkrts jutk`jtcdjeey.
I \afuda `jtarcje ekss
I Ct cbdrajsas parikr`jbda ki tma krojbczjtckb
I Abmjbda a`pekyaa `krjea ki tma krojbczjtckb ly prkvcfcbo qujecty sarvcda.
I C`prkvas tma dkbicfabda ki tma systa` usars.

:.=. Labaicdcjrcass ki tma Xrkgadt

Labaicdcjrca

Vma icrst labaicdcjrcas ki tmcs prkpksaf systa` cs tma dustk`ars wmk mjva nbkweafoa kb mkw tk
jddass cbikr`jtckb irk` tma cbtarbat jbf tmksa ki a`pekyaa ki T_TTK. Jbf tma ktmar usar ki tmcs
systa` tma krojbczjtckb ly cts kwb, avarylkfy djb gkcb tmacr krojbczjtckb sc`pey jbf djb ubfarstjbf

mkw tmay wkrn, jbf ubfarstjbf wmjt tmcbos tmay fkba cb tma`. Tk, wctmcb j smkrt tc`a ct ladk`as
`kra prkictjlea jbf ij`kus kiicda jdrkss tma wkref.

Labaicdcjrcas ki tma Xrkgadt7

 Ikr tma krojbczjtckb7 -  

I Tjva tmacr tc`a jbf \afuda wkrn ekjfs

I \afuda dk`peaxcty
I Ajscey jddass dustk`ars– cbikr`jtckb irk` krojbczaf fjtjljsa.

I Dkbtrke dustk`ar–s radkrfs jbf rafuda fjtj rafubfjbdy ikr tma Dustk`ar7
I Ct prkvcfas qucdn jddass

Ikr tma prkgadt favaekpar taj`.

I Vma prkgadt mjs cbctcjtaf kur taj` tk oat nbkweafoa ki mkw tk favaekp tma raqucraf systa`
jppecdjtckb.

6
 

I _mcea
_mcea struooe
struooecbo
cbo wctm sk`a
sk`a fciicd
fciicduet
uetcas
cas,, tma taj` okt j ekt ki axparc
axparcabd
abdas
as ki skevcb
skevcbo
o

 prklea`s.

:.3.  @atmkfkekoy

:.3.: Fjtj Ojtmarcbo @atmkfkekoy

  _a wcee usa tma ikeekwcbo
ikeekwcbo `atmkfs tk dkeeadt
dkeeadt raeavjbt fjtj raqucraf tk kur prkgadt.

Cbtarvcaw7 - Js jb cbtarvcaw, wa mjva dkbtjdtaf tma `jbjoar ki tmjt krojbczjtckb jbf tmab axdmjboaf
sk`a cfajs ki tmcs systa` mkw ct mjva laab wkrncbo jbf tma strudtura ki tmcs krojbczjtckb mjva cb cts
c`pea`abtjtckb jesk tma jc` ki tmay mjva tk dmjboa tma durrabt kr `jbuje systa` tk jb kbecba
systa`. Js j oabarje, wa ojtmaraf sk `jby fjtj cb krfar tk prapjra kur prkgadt ly cbtarvcawcbo tma`.
wa wcee ojtmar badassjry cbikr`jtckb jlkut tma ljdnorkubf ki tma Tmjsmj`jba wjtar suppey jbf
sawarjoa jutmkrcty krojbczjtckb, tmacr wkrns jdtcvctcas jbf tma iubdtckb ki tmacr axcstcbo systa` uscbo
sk`a strudturaf (wmab fcf tma Tmjsmj`jba wjtar suppey jbf sawarjoa jutmkrcty wjs astjlecsmaf,
mkw fkas tma axcstcbo systa` iubdtckb, mkw `jby dustk`ars oat sarvcdas par fjy, mkw `jby
a`pekyars jra tmara atd.) jbf ubstrudturaf cbtarvcaw quastckbs irk` `jbjoa`abt jbf wkrnars.

I Klsarv
Klsarvjtc
jtckb7
kb7 _a wcee
wcee jesk jrrcva tk tma krojbc
krojbczjt
zjtckb
ckb cb Tmjsmj
Tmjsmj`jb
`jbaa wjtar
wjtar suppey
suppey jbf
sawarjoaa jutmkrcty
sawarjo jutmkrcty jbf klsarva
klsarva mkw wkrnars
wkrnars djrrycbo
djrrycbo kut tmacr wkrn jdtcvctcas cb j bjturje
sattcbo. Klsarvjtckb wcee jeekws us tk dkeeadt fjtj cb raje tc`a wmara jdtcvctcas jra lacbo
 parikr`af.
 I Fkdu
Fkdu`a
`abt
bt jb
jbje
jeys
yscs7
cs7 - wa wc
wcee
ee jesk
jesk dk
dkee
eeadt
adt da
dartj
rtjcb
cb ra
raea
eavj
vjbt
bt cb
cbik
ikr`
r`jt
jtck
ckb
b irk`
irk` wrct
wrctta
tab
b
fkdu`abts cb tma Kiicda. Bkt kbey tmjt lut jesk wa wcee trcaf tk ravcaw ktmar raeavjbt
fkdu`abts tk favaekp kur prkgadt.
I Lrjcbstkr`cbo7-wa wcee usa kur pravckus axparcabda kb tma favaekpcbo ki ktmar systa`s,
tmcbncbo jbf rajskbcbo ki raje wkref prklea`s.
:.3.< Tysta` jbjeyscs jbf Fascob `atmkfkekoy
Furcbo
Furcbo tma :3?8s
:3?8s jbf =8s,
=8s, tma prc`jr
prc`jry
y `atmkf
`atmkfkek
kekoy
oy tk fk tmasa
tmasa wjs strudtu
strudturaf
raf prkorj
prkorj``c
``cbo
bo..
Mkwavar, strudturaf prkorj``cbo jpprkjdm mjs ec`ctjtckbs7

I Ct cs fciicduet tk rausa wkrn fkba ikr ktmar prkgadts. Ly stjrtcbo wctm j pjrtcduejr prklea` jbf
sulfcvcfcbo ct cbtk pcadas, tma prkorj` fascob tabfs tk prkfuda j fascob tmjt cs ubcqua tk tmjt
 prklea`. Jfjptcbo j pcada ki prkorj``cbo irk` jbktmar prkgadt usujeey cbvkevas j ekt ki 
aiikrt jbf tc`a.

1
 

I   Vma skeutckb ki sk`a prklea`s djbbkt la axprassaf ajscey cb j pjrtcduejr saquabda ki 
cbstrudtckb
cbstrudtckbs.
s. _mab tma krfar cb wmcdm cbstrudtckbs
cbstrudtckbs jra tk la axadutaf djbbkt la fatar`cbaf
fatar`cbaf
ajscey, j fciiarabt jpprkjdm cs raqucraf.
Klgadt-
Klgadt-Krc
Krcabt
abtaf
af prkorj
prkorj``c
``cbo
bo (KKX)
(KKX) cs jb jpprkj
jpprkjdm
dm tk fascob
fascobcbo
cbo `kfuej
`kfuejrr rausjl
rausjlea
ea skitwj
skitwjra
ra
systa`s. J `kfuea cs j dk`pkbabt ki j ejroar systa` tmjt cbtarjdts wctm tma rast ki tma systa` cb j
sc`pea jbf waee-faicbaf `jbbar. Vma klgadt-krcabtaf jpprkjdm cs j ekocdje axtabsckb ki strudturaf
 prkorj``cbo. Vma dabtrje dkbdapt ki KKX cs tma klgadt, wmcdm cs j ncbf ki `kfuea dkbtjcbcbo fjtj
jbf sulrkutcbas. Jb klgadt cs j ncbf ki saei-suiicdcabt abtcty tmjt mjs jb cbtarbje stjta (tma fjtj ct
dkbtjcbs) jbf tmjt djb raspkbf tk `assjoas (djees tk cts sulrkutcbas).

Klgadt-Krcabtaf prkorj``cbo (KKX) cs j dkeeadtckb ki klgadts, ajdm wctm cts kwb fjtj jbf cts kwb
sat ki raspkbsclcectcas. Vma klgadts cbtarjdt ly sabfcbo `assjoas tk ajdm ktmar. Klgadt-Krcabtaf
 prkorj``cbo (KKX) prkfudas skeutckbs
skeutckbs tmjt jra7

I Ajscar tk wrcta
I Vmasa tadmbcquas mjva j rausjlcecty iajtura.
I Vmasa
Vmasa tadm
tadmbc
bcqu
quas
as pr
prkv
kvcf
cfaa or
orajt
ajtar
ar kp
kppk
pkrt
rtub
ubct
ctca
cass ik
ikrr us
usar
arss tk pj
pjrtc
rtcdc
dcpj
pjta
ta cb tm
tmaa
 favaekp`abt prkdass.

I Vmcs cbdrajsas ieaxclcecty.

I Vmcs jesk c`prkvaf qujecty.
I Vmasa tadmbcquas jra ejtast, pkwariue, ajsy jbf mcomey cb usa ly bkw.
I Cbdrajsa fk`jcb jbf fascob rausa.
I Ajscar tk ubfarstjbf
I Dkbtjcb iawar arrkrs
I \afudtckb ki favaekp`abt tc`a
I \afudtckb ki tc`a jbf raskurdas raqucraf tk `jcbtjcb axcstcbo systa`s
I
Cbdrajsa dkfa rausa
:.3.4 Favaekp`abt jpprkjdm
J sk
skitw
itwjra
jra fa
fava
vaek
ekp`
p`ab
abtt jp
jppr
prkj
kjdm
dm ma
maep
epss us tk str
strud
udtu
tura,
ra, pe
pejb
jb jb
jbf
f dk
dkbt
btrk
rkee tm
tmaa pr
prkd
kdass
ass ki 
favaekpcbo
favaekpcbo skitwjra.
skitwjra. Vmara jra savarje skitwjra `atmkfkekocas
`atmkfkekocas tmjt djb la usaf cb favaekpcbo
favaekpcbo
skitwjra.
:. _jtar
jtarij
ijee
ee `k
`kfae
fae
<. Xr
Xrkt
ktkt
ktyp
ypcb
cbo
o `kfa
`kfaee
4. Tpcrje `k
`kfae
6. Ctarj
Ctarjtc
tcva
va `kfa
`kfaee jbf ktm
ktmars
ars..
9
 

Ly dk`pjrcbo tma jlkva

jlkva `atmkfkek
`atmkfkekocas
ocas kur orkup saeadts ”Ctarjtc
” Ctarjtcva
va `kfae–
`kfae– ladjusa
ladjusa tmcs `kfae
jra tma ikeekwcbo jfvjbtjoa
I Oabarjtas wkrncbo skitwjra qucdney jbf ajrey furcbo tma skitwjra ecia dydea.
I Vmcs `kfae cs `kra ieaxclea — eass dkstey tk dmjboa sdkpa jbf raqucra`abts.
I Ct cs ajscar tk tast jbf faluo furcbo j s`jeear ctarjtckb.
I Cb tmcs `kfae dustk`ar djb raspkbf tk ajdm lucet.
I Ekwars cbctcje faecvary dkst.
I Ajscar tk `jbjoa rcsn ladjusa rcsny pcadas jra cfabtcicaf jbf mjbfeaf furcbo ct–f ctarjtckb.

 :.3.6 Favaekp`abt tkke

Vk favaekp tmcs prkgadt sk`a mjrfwjra jbf skitwjra tkkes wcee baafaf.

:.3.6.: Mjrfwjra
Bj`a ki mjrfwjra Qsa
 Fasntkp Dk`putar kr Vk parikr` jby tjsns
Ejptkp wctm (\J@
Jddkrfcbo tk ^?P j wal sarvar tmjt cs djpjlea ki sarvcbo
6.88OL,Ttkrjoa spjda
488OL — 188OL , `kra tmjb :888 usars smkuef mjva tma ikeekwcbo
Xrkdasskr <.9?OMz)
spadcicdjtckbs

Xrcbtar Vk prcbt kut tma abf rapkrt ki tma prkgadt

DF Ikr ljdnup tma fjtj.

Iejsm fcsn :9OL jbf Ttkra jbf trjbsiar icea

Mjrf fcsn :VL

  Vjlea :7 Mjrfwjra tkkes

:.3.6.<. Tkitwjra
Vk favaekp kur systa` wa wcee usa tma ikeekwcbo skwjra tkkes7-

  Tkitwjra Qsa

Irkbt abf Tkitwjra Xrkorj``cbo Ejboujoa7 XM

XMX, Dkfcbo purpksa _my XMX;
MV@E, GT, DTT
Jddkrfcbo tk ^=P, tmara jra
savarje typas ki wal
 prkorj``cbo ejboujoa tmjt jra
usaf ikr `jncbo j scta `kra
fybj`cd. Lut, ikr tmcs prkgadt
dmkksas XMX sdrcptcbo ejboujoa
tk fascob tmcs fjtjljsa. Ladjusa

Ct–s ijst jbf ajsy

 Ct–s drkss pejtikr`

?
 

 Ct jddassas avarytmcbo

 Ct–s iraa

Ljdn abf Tkitwjra @y TZE Fjtjljsa Ttkra fjtj cb jb krojbczaf ikr`

_my @yTZE;

Jddkrfcbo tk ^3P, tmara jra

savarje rajskbs tk usa @yTZE.

 Ct–s qucdn jbf pkwariue

 Ct–s c`prkvcbo jee tma tc`a

  Ct–s iraa

Mjbfeas ejroa fjtjljsa. @yTZE

wctm sk`a fjtjljsa tmjt dkbtjcbs
18,888,888 radkrfs jbf usars
@yTZE wctm 98,888 tjleas jbf
jlkut 1,888,888,888
1,888,888,888 rkws. Jee
dkeu`bs mjva faijuet vjeuas.
Sku djb usa cbsart j sulsat ki j
tjlea–s dkeu`bs> tmksa dkeu`bs
tmjt jra bkt axpecdctey ocvab
vjeuas jra sat tk tmacr faijuet
vjeua.

_j`p Tarvar Xjdnjoa dkbtjcb XMX jbf

@STZE fjtjljsa ikr stkrcbo
fjtj

_cbfkws?, =.: jbf :8 Kparjtcbo Oabarje purpksa ki dk`putar 

Tysta`

@cdrkskit _krf _rctcbo tma fkdu`abt

 Bktapjf Ikr wrctcbo XMX jbf MV@E

MV@E
dkfa

Lrkwsar (Dmrk`a, @kzceej Vk rubbcbo jbf tastcbo kur XMX

Icraikx 64.8 jbf Cbtarbat jbf MV@E dkfa
Axpekrar)

A-frjw `jx jbf Ycsck <8:4 Vk frjw Q@E

fcjorj`s

Vjlea <7 skwjra tkkes

:.:8 Vastcbo `atmkfkekoy

Vastcbo cs j prkdass ki icbfcbo kut tma arrkrs cb j systa` wmcdm ikdusaf kb vjecfjtckb jbf varcicdjtckb
 laikra faecvary tk jb abf usar. Vma prkgadt cs tastaf uscbo systa` tastcbo cb krfar tk tast tma abtcra
=
 

skitwjra
skitwjra jbf wa tast tma skitwjra
skitwjra cb tar`s ki iubdtckbjecty,
iubdtckbjecty, parikr`jbda,
parikr`jbda, sadurcty jbf pkrtjlcecty
pkrtjlcecty ki 
ajdm systa`
systa`.. Vastcb
Vastcbo
o djb la dkbfud
dkbfudtt uscbo
uscbo twk jpprkj
jpprkjdma
dmas7
s7 iubdtc
iubdtckbj
kbjee tastcbo
tastcbo ( lejdn lkx)
lkx) jbf
c`pea`abtjtckb tastcbo (wmcta
(wmcta lkx).
lkx).

tastcbo7(jesk nbkwb js deajr lkx tastcbo, oejss lkx tastcbo, trjbspjrabt lkx tastcbo, jbf
_mcta-lkx tastcbo7
 strudturje tastcbo) cs j `atmkf ki tastcbo skitwjra tmjt tasts cbtarbje strudturas kr wkrncbos ki jb
jppecdjtckb, js kppksaf tk cts iubdtckbjecty (c.a. lejdn-lkx tastcbo ). Cb wmcta-lkx tastcbo jb cbtarbje

 parspadtcva ki tma systa`, js waee js prkorj``cbo sncees, jra usaf tk fascob tast djsas. Vma tastar 
dmkksas cbputs tk axardcsa pjtms tmrkuom tma dkfa jbf fatar`cba tma jpprkprcjta kutputs.

Vmcs
Vmcs cs jb
jbje
jeko
koku
kuss tk tast
tastcb
cbo
o bk
bkfa
fass cb j dcrd
dcrduc
uct.
t. _mct
_mcta-l
a-lkx
kx ta
tast
stcb
cbo
o dj
djb
b la jp
jppe
pecaf
caf jt tm
tmaa ub
ubct
ct,,
cbtaorjtckb
cbtaorjtckb jbf systa` eavaes ki tma skitwjra tastcbo prkdass. Jetmkuom trjfctc
trjfctckbje
kbje tastars tabfaf tk
tmcbn ki wmcta-lkx tastcbo js lacbo fkba jt tma ubct eavae, ct cs usaf ikr cbtaorjtckb jbf systa` tastcbo
`kra iraquabtey tkfjy. Ct djb tast pjtms wctmcb j ubct, pjtms latwaab ubcts furcbo cbtaorjtckb, jbf
 latwaab sulsysta`s furcbo j systa`—eavae tast. Vmkuom tmcs `atmkf ki tast fascob djb ubdkvar `jby
arrkrs kr prklea`s, ct mjs tma pktabtcje tk `css ubc`pea`abtaf pjrts ki tma spadcicdjtckb kr `csscbo
raqucra`abts.

tastcbo7 Vas
Lejdn-lkx tastcbo7 Vastt djsas
djsas jra lucet
lucet jrkubf
jrkubf spadcicdj
spadcicdjtckb
tckbss jbf raqucr
raqucra`a
a`abts
bts,, c.a
c.a.,
., wmjt
wmjt tma
jppecdjtckb cs suppksaf tk fk. Vast djsas jra oabarjeey farcvaf irk` axtarbje fasdrcptckbs ki tma
skitwjra, cbdeufcbo spadcicdjtckbs, raqucra`abts jbf fascob pjrj`atars. Jetmkuom tma tasts usaf jra
 prc`jrcey iubdtckbje cb bjtura, bkb-iubdtckbje tasts `jy jesk la usaf. Vma tast fascobar saeadts lktm
vjecf jbf cbvjecf cbputs jbf fatar`cbas tma dkrradt kutput, kitab wctm tma maep ki jb krjdea kr j
 pravckus rasuet tmjt cs nbkwb tk la okkf,
okkf, wctmkut jby nbkw
nbkweafoa
eafoa ki tma tast klgadt's cbtarbje strudtura.

Vmara ikr wa wcee usa lktm wmcta lkx tk tast tma iubdtckbjecty ki tma systa` jbf lejdn lkx tk tast tma
dkfa kba ly kba.

_a wcee jppey kur tastcbo `atmkfkekoy uscbo lekw prkdafuras

:. Qbct
Qbct tastcbo7 - Icrst wa wcee tasts ajdm ubct jt ajdm sulsysta`. Tk, ci j prklea` cs abdkubtaraf
stcbo
ct wcee c``afcjtaey `jcbtjcb jt wmcdm tma prklea` cs kddurraf.
<. Cb
Cbta
taor
orjt
jtck
ckb
b Vast
Vastcbo7 - Jitar wa tast ajdm ubct ki tma prkpksaf systa` wa wcee parikr` jb
cbo7
cbtaorjtckb tast tk dmadn wmatmar tma systa` `aats jee tma iubdtckbje raqucra`abts. _mab j
bu`lar ki dk`pkbabts jra dk`peata> ct wcee tast tk absura tmjt tmay cbtaorjta waee wctm ajdm
ktmar, tma kparjtcbo systa`, jbf ktmar dk`pkbabts.

3
 

4. Tys
Tysta`
ta` ta
tast
stcbo7-
cbo 7-Jitar
Jitar jee ki tma jlkva tastcbo jra dmadnaf wa wcee tast kur systa` ly ktmar 
  pakpeas jbf wa wcee dkbfudt sk`a dk``abts
dk``abts mkw tmay oat kur systa`.

:.:: Iajsclcecty Ttufy

Vma iajsclcecty
iajsclcecty stufy cs tma praec`cbjry
praec`cbjry stufy tmjt fatar`cbas
fatar`cbas wmatmar
wmatmar j prkpksaf
prkpksaf systa` prkgadt cs
icbjbdcjeey, tadmbcdjeey jbf kparjtckbjeey iajsclea.

:.::.: Vadmbcdje Iajsclcecty

Vma systa` wcee la favaekpaf
favaekpaf ly ikeekwcbo
ikeekwcbo tma klgadt
klgadt krcabtaf
krcabtaf systa` favaekp`abt
favaekp`abt tadmbcqua,
tadmbcqua, jbf
tma taj` wcee mjva tma jlcecty tk favaekp tmcs systa` wctmkut jby fciicduety scbda tma taj` mjva
stufcaf
stufcaf tma raqucraf `atmkfkekoc
`atmkfkekocas
as jbf mjva tkkes ikr favaekp`abt,
favaekp`abt, jbf jesk wa wcee usa durrabtey
durrabtey
axcst tadmbkekoy–s tk parikr` jbf tk favaekp tma systa`. Tk tma abtcra orkup `a`lars jra axpadtaf
tma systa` wcee la tadmbcdjeey iajsclea.

:.::.< Kparjtckbje Iajsclcecty

Tcbda wa wcee krojbcza
krojbcza ircabfey usar cbtarijda jby usar djb ajscey cbtarjdt
cbtarjdt wctm tma systa`. Jesk wa
wcee prkvcfa j maep `abu tk ocva fcradtckb ikr usars. Js tma usars jra je`kst afudjtaf tmara cs bk
`kra dk`peaxcty tk tma usars.
Vma systa` wcee la saduraf ladjusa ki kbey jutmkrczaf parskb djb jddass cbikr`jtckb fua tk usar 
bj`a jbf pjsswkrf, jbf jesk tma systa` wcee la aiicdcabt ladjusa tk favaekp tmcs systa` wa wcee usa
klgadt krcabtaf dkbdapt fua tk tmcs wa rausa raskurdas.

:.::.4 Adkbk`cd Iajsclcecty

Adkbk`cdjeey kur prkgadt fkas dkstey `kra jbf jesk tma `jtarcjes tk c`pea`abt tma systa` wcee dkst
orajt j`kubt ki `kbay, scbda tmcs prkgadt wcee la dk`putarcza tma durrabt `jbuje systa`. Tk wa wcee
rafuda tma dkst ki `jtarcjes usaf cb `jbuje kparjtckb sudm js pjpar, pab, mu`jb pkwar, spjda baafaf
tk radkrf , jbf
 , jbf sjva fjtj stkrjoa & tc`a tmjt wa djb la cbfudaf kr lrcbo kb furcbo cb tma `jbuje
systa` . Mara wa mjva stjtaf tma dksts raejtaf tk tma prkgadt jbf tma labaicts tmjt jra okcbo tk la
ojcbaf jitar tma dk`peatckb ki tma prkgadt ly parikr`cbo js j dkst labaict jbjeyscs. Eat–s stjrt irk`
tma dkst ly dejssciycbo tma` cbtk tjboclea jbf cbtjboclea.

J) Cbtjboclea labaicts kur systa` wcee prkvcfa cbtjboclea labaicts sudm js7 -
• Cbdrajsa jddurjdy
• Lkkst a`pekyaa `krje
• Ijst fadcsckb `jncbo irk` rapkrts
• Ct `cbc`czas tma wkrn ekjf ki tma a`pekyaa
 l) Vjboclea labaict7 -Kur systa` wcee prkvcfa tjboclea labaicts sudm js
:8
 

 
 • Arrkr rafudtckb
• @jtarcje dkbsu`ptckb rafudtckb
• Cbdrajsa spaaf ki jdtcvctcas tk tma systa`
I Kur systa` cs adkbk`cdje
adkbk`cdje iajsclea ladjusa tma dkst tmjt wa oabarjta cb krfar tk favaekp kur 
systa` cs eass tmjb tmjt ki wa wcee oat irk` `jrnat jitar prkfuda tmcs systa`.
I Kbda tma systa` cs favaekpaf tma krojbczjtckb wcee la labaicdcjry ly rafudcbo tma j`kubt ki 
`kbay tmay raey kb tma `jbuje systa`.
I  @cbc`cza tma pjy`abt ikr tma dustk`ar tmjt wkrn cb tma `jbuje systa` sk tma krojbczjtckb cs
adkbk`cdjeey iajsclea.
Icbjeey wmab tma krojbczjtckb wcee baaf jffctckbje iubdtckbs ct cs ajsy tk jff tma baafaf iubdtckbjecty
 ladjusa wa usa cbdra`abtje favaekp`abt `atmkf.

:.::.6 Tdmafuea Iajsclcecty

Tdmafuea iajsclcecty cs `jncbo sura wmatmar tma pktabtcje tc`a irj`as jbf dk`peatckb fjta djb la `at
kr bkt .Vma prkgadt taj` `a`lars axpadtaf tma prkgadt wcee la dk`peataf kb tc`a wctmkut jby faejy.

:.:<. Xrkgadt Xejbs

:.:<.:. Xrkgadt Vc`a Tdmafuea

_ctmcb
_ctmcb tma tc`a furjtckb,
furjtckb, wa wcee mjva cfabtcicaf tma jdtcvctcas ki tma prkgadt cb krfar tk jddk`pecsm
tma prkgadt klgadtcva wctmcb tmacr sdmafuea raqucra`abt wmcdm cs kb tma tjlea laekw

    k
     B Vc`a furjtckb

  <8::/<8:3 <8::/<8<8

Jdtcvctcas

Juos Tapta`l Kdtklar Bkva`l Fada`la Jprce @jy Guba

a
_aa _aan _aan _aan _aan _aan _aan  
n 

: < 4 : < 4 6 : < 4 6 : < 4 6 : < 4 6 : < 4 6 : < 4 6 : < 4 6

::
 
 

: Xrkpksje jb
jbf
Xrasabtjtckb

< Tysta` Jb
Jbjeyscs

4 Xrasabtjtckb

6 Tysta` fa
fascob
1 C`pea`abtjt
tjtck
ckb
b
jbf dkfcbo

9 Vastcbo

? Xrasabtjtckb

= Xkst
C`pea`abtjtckb

  Vjlea 47 Vc`a Tdmafuea ikr Kur Xrkgadt 

:.:<.< Xrkgadt Dkst

Jdtcvcty Dkst(cb lcrr)

\aqucra`abt jbjeyscs 118.88

Fascob 491.88

Dkfcbo 488.88

Vastcbo 918.88

VKVJE :,=91.88

  Vjlea 67 Dkst astc`jtckb ikr ajdm pmjsa ki tma skitwjra favaekp`abt.

:.:<.4 Lufoat Xejb
 BK Cta` Fasdrcptckb Zujbtcty Xrcda (Lcrr)

: Xjpar 4 498

< Cbtarbat Jddass --- :88

4 @klcea djrf --- 488

6 DF 4 ?1
1 Xmktk dkpy 188 188

9 Xab 9 48
 ? Iejsm Fcsn (:9OL) < 188
VKVJE DKTV --- :,=91 AVL
:<
 

 Vjlea 17 Lufoat pejb

Dmjptar Vwk
\aqucra`abt Aecdctjtckb

Vmcs dmjptar
dmjptar dkbtjcbs kvarvcaw
kvarvcaw ki axcstcbo systa`,
systa`, luscbass
luscbass ruea, frjwljdn
frjwljdn jbf jfvjbtjoa
jfvjbtjoa ki tma
axcstcbo systa`, prkpksaf jbf praiarraf skeutckb, fk`jcb `kfaecbo wctm D\D, assabtcje usa djsa
fkdu`abtjtckb, assabtcje usa djsa fcjorj` jbf usar cbtarijda prktktypa.
<.:. Kvarvcaw ki tma Axcstcbo Tysta`

Vma `jcb purpksa ki stufycbo tma axcstcbo systa` cs tk favaekp j baw systa` wmcdm aiicdcabtey
 parikr`s jdtcvctcas tmjb durrabt kba jbf ubfarstjbfcbo axcstcbo prklea`s. Vk skeva prklea`s
fkdu`abt jbjeyscs, ikr` fascobs, sk`a dkbstrjcbts jbf rueas ki tma axcstcbo systa` cbdkrpkrjtaf.
 Tmjsmj`jba wjtar suppey sarvcda kiicda (T_TTK) cs j wjtar suppey kiicda> ct cs uscbo Fasntkp
jppecdjtckb systa` ikr dustk`ar cbikr`jtckb `jbjoa`abt jbf lcee djeduejtckb. \aocstrjtckb ki baw
dustk`ars jbf lcee djeduejtcbo uscbo ly tmcs systa`. Lut, tma systa` djb–t oabarjta krojbczaf rapkrt,
wmab wa saa mkw tma baw dustk`ar gkcbs tma krojbczjtckb. Vma rapkrt prapjraf ly pjpar kr `jbuje.

:4
 

Durrabtey cb kbecba wjtar lceecbo systa` ikr smjsmj`jba wjtar suppey jutmkrcty wmcdm cs j dustk`ar 
dj
djb
b pj
pjy
y wjta
wjtarr lcee
lceecb
cbo
o ly ok
okcb
cbo
o tk tm
tmaa ki
kiic
icda
da pm
pmys
yscd
cdje
jeey
ey jb
jbf
f ly icbfc
icbfcbo
bo du
dust
stk`
k`ar
ar cb
cbik
ikr`
r`jtc
jtckb
kb

fkdu`abt `jbujeey.
fkdu`abt `jbujeey. Tmjsmj`jba
Tmjsmj`jba wjtar suppey jutmkrcty
jutmkrcty durrabtey sarvas 48,888
48,888 dustk`ars
dustk`ars tmjt
dkbbadt
dkbbadt fciiarabt pjrts ki tma dcty uscbo 488 kparjtckbje
kparjtckbje wkrnars.
wkrnars. Vma bu`lar
bu`lar ki dustk`ar smkws
mcom vjrcjlcecty furcbo ajdm parckfs ki tc`a tmjt raqucras ieudtujtckb ki
ki bu`lar ki
ki lceecbo pjy`abt.
pjy`abt.
Vmcs rasuetaf cb, tma ijdt tmjt, sk`a dustk`ar djb–t pjy tma lceecbo, wmcdm sulsaquabtey rasuet cb pkkr 
 parikr`jbda kb raskurda utceczjtckb, bu`lar ki dustk`ars jbf sarvcda qujecty7 Irk` tma cbtarvcaw
dkbfudtaf wctm tma jddkubtcbo jbf djsmcar parskbbae jlkut lceecbo pkecdcas, tmay sjcf tmjt tma lceecbo
 prkdafuras stjrt wctm7
j.) Vma `atar rajfar rajfs tma wjtar `atar ki tma dustk`ar, tmab sul`cts tma `atar rajfcbo ecst tk tma
jddkubtcbo parskbbae,
 l.) Vma jddkubtcbo parskbbae pksts `atar   rajfcb
rajfcbos
os cbfcvcfuje
cbfcvcfujeey
ey tmab dk`putas tma dulcd `atar 
dkbsu`af ly avary dkbdassckbjcra jbf cts dmjroa cb lcrr,
d.) Jitar dk`putjtckb,   tma lceecbo dearn prapjras tma bktcdas ki dkeeadtckb jbf j su``jry   ki lcees, f.)
Jitar lceecbo, tma Lceecbo Dearn turbs kvar tma bktcdas  ki dkeeadtckb tk tma jddkubtcbo parskbbae,
a.) Dustk`ar pjy tmacr wjtar lcees tk tma Djsmcar, jbf
i.) Vma Lceecbo Dearn pksts tma pjcf lcees ljsaf kb tma Djsmcar–s kiicdcje radacpt.
Oabarjeey systa` axcsts cb smjsmj`jba wjtar lceecbo systa` cs `jbuje wmcdm abdkubtar tma ikeekwcbo
sctujtckb
I Cb axcstcbo systa`, tmara jra vjrckus prklea`s ecna naapcbo radkrfs ki cta`s, prcdas ki par 
wjtar `atar jbf icxcbo lcee oabarjtckb kb ajdm lcee.
I Ci bu`lar ki dustk`ar cs cbdrajsaf sk`a icea cs `cssaf.
I Cb krfar tk pjy tma lceecbo
lceecbo ,tmay mjva tk ok tk tma wjtar kiicda stjtckb jbf tmcs `jna dustk`ar 
wjsta mcs /mar tc`a, wjsta lufoat, atd. …
 I Dustk`ar baaf tk pjy djsm wmab tmay pjy lcee jbf sk`atc`as baafs tk quaua up ekbo tc`a tk
oat tma pjy tma lcee.
I _mab dustk`ar ok tk tma wjtar kiicda
kiicda ma /sma `jy ijda fciiarabt
fciiarabt skdcje prklea`s ecna oattcbo

dkbiecdt wctm rklust

I Axcstcbo systa` cs tktjeey kb lkkn jbf tmksa j orajt j`kubt ki `jbuje wkrn mjs tk la fkba.
I Vma j`kubt ki `jbuje wkrn cbdrajsas axpkbabtcjeey wctm cbdrajsa cb sarvcdas.
<.<. Jfvjbtjoas ki tma axcstcbo systa`

Vma `jcb jfvjbtjoas ki tma durrabt `jbujeey wjtar lceecbo systa` ocvas jb kppkrtubcty ikr dustk`ar 
tk mjva
mjva j okkf
okkf dk``ub
dk``ubcdjt
cdjtckb
ckb sncee. Cb tma axcstcbo
axcstcbo systa` tma wkrna
wkrnars
rs kbe
kbey
y baafs
baafs wrctcb
wrctcbo
o jbf

:6
 

rajfcbo sncee tk mjbfea `jbuje fjtj tmjt fkas bkt baaf jby nbkweafoa ki sncee tk raocstar dkstu`ar 
baafs jbf cbikr`jtckb.
cbikr`jtckb. Vmara jra jdtcvctcas tmjt jra dkbscfaraf js strabotm ki tma axcstcbo systa` kr 
 prjdtcdas tk la prasarvaf A`pekyaas fjtj, \aocstar ikr`, Lcee djeduejtcbo ikr`uej, _jtar 
 prasarvjtckb suppkrt joraa`abt jbf \apkrt oabarjtcbo ikr`. Ct wjs ajsy
aj sy tk ubfarstjbf jbf, mjf deajr 
jbf pradcsa
pradcsa dustk`
dustk`ar
ar cfabtc
cfabtcicdj
icdjtck
tckb/
b/ dkfa.
dkfa. Dustk
Dustk`ar
`ar djb ajscey
ajscey vcaw
vcaw jbf radkrf
radkrf tma fciiar
fciiarabt
abt
cbikr`jtckb ecna djrf ly tmacr `klcea favcdas ly djpturcbo j pmktk kr wrctcbo kb pjpar. Kb tma ktmar 
mjbf, scbda, tma systa` stkraf `jbujeey kb pjpar, ct fcf bkt fapabf kb kb/kii kr jvjcejlcecty ki 
aeadtrcd sarvcda. Vmay jesk mjva sk`a spadcje iubdtckbs ecna djeecbo tma ejta pjyar dustk`ar wmab tmay
okcbo tk icbcsm ktmar pjy`abt jt tma abf ki tma `kbtm. Cb jffctckb ct cs bkt `ust tma jvjcejlcecty ki 
batwkrn sarvcda tk parikr` j tjsn sajrdmcbo, stkrcbo, upfjtcbo fjtj.
<.4. Frjwljdn ki axcstcbo systa`

 Vma axcstcbo systa` parikr`s `jbujeey jbf tmcs eajfs tk sadurcty wajnbass. Ladjusa ki tma

`jbuje systa`, cs tc`a dkbsu`cbo jbf lkrcbo. Vmcs cs tma rasuet ki ejdn ki dk`putarczaf
systa` kr wal-ljsaf systa`. _mab tma prkgadt taj` wjs jbjeyzcbo tma axcstcbo systa`, tma
taj`
taj` mj
mjss trca
trcaf
f tk stu
stufy
fy tm
tmaa fa
fatj
tjce
ceaf
af bj
bjtu
tura
ra jb
jbf
f pr
prkd
kdaf
afur
uraa ki tm
tmaa tjsns
tjsns jb
jbf
f kp
kparj
arjtc
tckb
kbss
 parikr`af ly tma systa`. Ct djb kbey prkvcfa raqucraf cbikr`jtckb ki tma usars jitar j ekbo
 parckf ki tc`a (tjnas j ekt ki tc`a tk parikr` j spadcicd tjsn).
I @jtarcjes raocstrjtckb, vcawcbo cbikr`jtckb atd.

I Vc`a dkbsu`cbo wmab raocstaraf js j dustk`ar ki tma dk`pjby.

I Vc`a dkbsu`cbo tk prapjra j lcee.
I Cbput (Cbjddurjta/rafubfjbt/ieaxclea) jbf Kutput (Cbjddurjta)
 I Xrklea` cb oattcbo `kbtmey (tc`aey) \apkrt jlkut dustk`ar, dkbsu`ptckb jbf lcee
ojcbcbo cbdkrradt dustk`ar lcee.
Tadurcty jbf Dkbtrke Ttkrcbo fjtj cs bkt sadura, ladjusa tma axcstcbo systa` usas
usas jddass jbf axdaes
js j irkbt abf. Jbykba wmk kpabs tma dk`putars, cb wmcdm tma systa` cs cbstjeeaf jbf usaf, djb
jddass jee tma dkbtabts ki tma fjtjljsa wmy ladjusa avary jdtcvcty cs parikr`af cb j scboea dk`putar,

jdtcvctcas jra bkt sadura. Ct djusas fcssjtcsijdtckb ki dustk`ar.

Vma prkgadt taj` jbjeysas tma axcstcbo systa` prklea` js ly uscbo j ―XCADAT‐ irj`awkrn . Vma
XCADAT irj`awkrn favaekpaf ly Gj`as _ctmar la cs usaf mara js j `ajbs tk dejssciy prklea`s.
XCADAT stjbf ikr Xarikr`jbda Cbikr`jtckb Adkbk`cds Dkbtrke Aiicdcabdy Tarvcda.

:1

<.4.:. Xarikr`jbda \aejtaf prklea`7

Tcbda tma axcstcbo systa` cs `jbuje, ct tjnas ekbo raspkbsa tc`a. Ikr axj`pea, wmab kba dustk`ar 
baafs tk pjy `kbay ma/sma `ust jppajr pmyscdjeey cb tma pejda jbf ct tjnas ekbo tc`a tmjt eajfs Xkkr 
 parikr`jbda cb tar`s ki tc`a. Vma wkrn prkdafura cs prkba tk arrkr jbf tafckus

<.4.<. Cbikr`jtckb raejtaf prklea`

Cbput7 Ecst ki tma dustk`ar fkas bkt dkbtjcb
dkbtjcb tmacr iuee cbikr`jtckb kb tma pjpars. \adacva tma
cbdkrradt/rafubfjbt pjssaboar ecst. Vmay icee cbdkrradt
cbdkrradt bj`a jbf tma
tma spadcicd tc`a.
Kutput7 Vmay smkw tma stjrtcbo tc`a, lut bkt tma abfcbo tc`a ikr tma dustk`ar.
I @csmjbfecbo ki cbikr`jtckb kddur.
I Fjtj cs fciicduet tk dkrradt jbf `jcbtjcb.
I Fjtj cs stkraf rafubfjbtey cb `uetcpea iceas.
I Fjtj cs bkt ajscey jddassclea.
I Fjtj cs bkt waee krojbczaf.
I Fjtj cs bkt sadura irk` fj`joa.

<.4.4. Aiicdcabdy raejtaf prklea`

Cb `jbuje kparjtckb, `kst ki tma jdtcvctcas jra prkba tk wjstjoa ki raskurdas ecna pjpars, `jb pkwar,
tc`a atd. tk prkfuda tma dkrraspkbfcbo kutputs. Vmcs `jnas tma durrabt systa` cbaiicdcabt wmcea
utceczcbo raskurdas. Vmara smkuef la j `admjbcs` tmjt rafuda wjstjoa ki raskurdas jbf tmjt `jna tma
 systa` tk la aiicdcabt. Js j rasuet, tma baw systa` wcee rafuda wjstjoa ki raskurdas jbf `jna ct
aiicdcabt
I Tcbda tma wkrn cs parikr`cbo `jbujeey, tma aiicdcabdy ki tma wkrncbo systa` cs pkkr.
I Tcbda tma fjtj cs stkraf cb rafubfjbt `jbbar, tma cbikr`jtckb oabarjtaf jesk cs rafubfjbt.

<.4.6. Dkbtrke raejtaf prklea`

Cb tma axcstcbo systa`, ct cs fciicduet tk dkbtrke tma systa` ladjusa tmara cs bk prcvceaoa cb fjtj
jddasscbo. Mara tma badassjry rapkrts `jy bkt oabarjta jt axjdt tc`a sk ct `jy kddur sadurcty
vckeabda. Vma systa` smkuefb–t prkvcfa suiicdcabt prktadtckb ikr jddass jbf `jbcpuejtckb ki radkrfs

jsskdcjtaf wctm tma systa`. Tk, ct cs bkt ajscey prktadtaf jbf usaf prkparey tma raskurda.
I Dkbtrke kvar tma fjtj cs tkk fciicduet jbf ct tjnas ekbo tc`a.

I  Cbput fjtj cs bkt jfaqujtaey afctaf.

I \afubfjbtey stkraf fjtj cs cbdkbscstabt/ ubraecjlea cb fciiarabt iceas.
I Tadurcty cs jbktmar lco cssua dkbdarbcbo `jbuje ljsaf systa`.

<.4.1. Adkbk`cd raejtaf prklea`

I Vmara cs `jby raqucra`abt raskurda ki pjpar> prcbtar, pab jbf ktmar jra vary dkst aiiadtcva.
I @jbuje mjbfecbo ki fjtj cs axpjbscva.

:9
 

I Dkst cb tar`s ki tc`a cs mcom.

<.4.9. Tarvcda raejtaf prklea`
Vma dustk`ars fk bkt oat lattar sarvcda jbf tmay fk bkt sjtcsiy wctm sarvcda
Luscbass ruea Cfabtcicaf cb tma Axcstcbo Tysta`
• Luscbass ruea cs j ruea cb wmcdm tma krojbczjtckb usas ct tk parikr` jby jdtcvctcas kr cbvkcda.
_jtar `atar cs tma prkparty ki tma Jutmkrcty tmaraikra kbey tma Jutmkrcty mjs tma rcomt tk cbstjee,
tk ra`kva, tk dmjboa, trjbsiar jbf tk deajb tk cbspadt j wjtar `atar.
• Vma dustk`ar smjee bktciy tma jutmkrcty js skkb js ma cs jwjra tmjt tma `atar cs lrknab kr mjs
 laab fj`joaf.
• Vma Jutmkrcty smjee fa`jbf tma pjy`abt ki tma wjtar dmjroa irk` tma dustk`ar Jddkrfcbo tk
cts tjrcii jbf tma dkbsu`ptckb ki wjtar js smkw ly tma `atar.
• Qbeass ct cs prkvaf tmjt tma `atar cs bkt `jncbo dkrradt rajfcbo, kr cs lrknab, tma rajfcbo smjee
 la jddaptaf ly tma Jutmkrcty jbf tma dustk`ar.
dustk`ar.
• _mara tma dkrradtbass ki tma `atar cs fkultiue tma dustk`ar `jy raquast tma cbspadtckb ki tma
 jutmkrcty. Vma jutmkrcty `jy jesk jt jby tc`a cbspadt tma `atar js cts kwb cbctcjtcva.
• _mara tma dustk`ar ijces tk pjy tma raqucra wjtar dmjroa, tma Jutmkrcty smjee ocva mc` twk
dkbsadu
dkbsadutcv
tcvaa parckf
parckfss ki `kbtms
`kbtms wctmcb
wctmcb pubcsm
pubcsm`ab
`abtt jbf icbjee
icbjeey
y tma wjtar
wjtar lcee
lcee ra`kva
ra`kvass irk`
irk`
dustk`ars.
<.6. Xrkpksaf Tkeutckbs

Vma baw systa` cs tjroataf tk jffrass tma prklea` ki tma durrabt systa` jbf tk suppkrt jffctckbje
`jbcpuejtckbs kr iajturas. Kur prkpksaf systa` wcee kvardk`a tma prklea`s lacbo ijdaf ly tma
`jbuje `jbjoa`abt systa`. Vma bawey prkpksaf systa` cs wal ljsaf systa` tmjt tma usars djb
jddass tma wal pjoa jbf djb oat fciiarabt sarvcdas irk` tmcs walscta ki smjsmj`jba wjtar suppey jbf
jutmkrcty. Vma systa` raqucras vary ekw systa` raskurdas jbf wcee wkrn cb je`kst jee dkbicourjtckbs.
Ct mjs okt ikeekwcbo iajturas7
:. Dustk`
Dustk`ar
ar djb pjy tma
tma lcee kvar
kvar tma Cbtarbat,
Cbtarbat, <6 mkurs
mkurs j fjy, ? fjys
fjys j waan,
waan, jbf tma
tma pjy`ab
pjy`abtt
cbikr`jtckb djbbkt la ekst, stkeab kr eait lamcbf.
<. Absu
Absura
ra fj
fjtj
tj jddur
jddurjd
jdy.
y.
4. \adkrfs
\adkrfs jra aiicdcabte
aiicdcabtey
y `jcbtjcbaf
`jcbtjcbaf ly FL@T
FL@T wmcdm
wmcdm prkvcfas
prkvcfas sadurct
sadurcty
y
6. Jby parskb
parskb jdrkss
jdrkss tma
tma dkubtry,
dkubtry, mjvcbo
mjvcbo Cbtarbat
Cbtarbat djb jddass
jddass tmcs
tmcs sarvcda.
sarvcda.
1. @cbc`u
@cbc`u`
` tc`a
tc`a baaf ikr
ikr tma vjrck
vjrckus
us prkdass
prkdasscbo
cbo..
9. Latt
Lattar
ar Tar
Tarvc
vcda
da..
?. @cbc
@cbc`u
`u`
` tc`
tc`aa raqu
raqucr
craf
af..

:?
 

=. Vmcs wkuef
wkuef maep tma
tma dkrpkrjtckb
dkrpkrjtckb prapjra
prapjra jbf krojbcz
krojbczaa cts sdmafueas
sdmafueas `kra aiicdcabte
aiicdcabtey
y kb tma ljscs
ljscs
ki trjiicd fa`jbf.
<.1. Xraiarraf skeutckb

Ajsy tk `jbjoa jbf upfjta7 wal ljsaf systa`s kbey baaf tk la cbstjeeaf kbda kb tma dk`pjby–s
sarvar rjtmar tmjb sapjrjtaey cbstjeeaf kb ajdm ki tma abf usars wkrnstjtckbs. Vmcs `jnas jby upfjtas
tk tma wal ljsaf systa` qucdn jbf ajsy tk rkee kut. Vma prkpksaf systa` mjs `jby jppecdjtckbs jbf
jfvjbtjoas dk`pjraf tk tma axcstcbo systa`. Ct skevas tma prklea`s ki tma axcstcbo systa` jbf
cbdrajsa tma parikr`jbda ki tma avjeujtckb. Cb kur prkpksaf systa`, wa favaekp j wal ljsaf
jppecd
jppecdjtck
jtckb
b wjtar
wjtar lceecb
lceecbo
o systa`
systa` tmjt
tmjt cs djpjle
djpjleaa ki dkbtrk
dkbtrkeec
eecbo.
bo. _jtar lceecb
lceecbo
o systa`
systa` cs j wal
jppecdjtckb `kra raecjlea jbf aiicdcabt sarvcda. Jby kparjtckbs djb mjva fkba ajscey wctm jb ajsy
 cbtarjdtckb wctm tma systa`. Iurtmar`kra, tma systa` aspadcjeey dkuef mjbfea wjtar lcee pjy`abt jbf
`comt djeduejta tma wjtar `atar rajfar tk Atmckpcjb lcrr `kra ajscey tmjb laikra tma axcstcbo systa`.
Vma jppecdjtckbs ki prkpksaf systa` jra7
 \apejda tma `jbuje tk jutk`jtaf systa`.
 Vmaa prkp
Vm prkpks
ksaf
af syst
systa`
a` ab
abjl
jlea
eass tk tma
tma wjta
wjtarr `ata
`atarr rajfa
rajfarr tk Atmc
Atmckp
kpcjb
cjb lc
lcrr
rr jb
jbf
f stkra
stkra lc
lcee
ee
cbikr`jtckb cb tma fjtjljsa.
 Vma jppecdjtckb dk`pksas fciiarabt ikr`s tk stkra fjtj tk tma fjtjljsa jbf ratrcava raqucraf
cbikr`jtckb irk` tma fjtjljsa.
 Drajta jddkubts ikr fciiarabt usars.
 Ct prkvcfas lattar jbf aiicdcabt sarvcda tk tma usar.
 \afuda tma wkrnekjf ki dustk`ar, a`pekyaa, wjtar lcee rajfar jbf `jbjoar, qujecty jssurjbda
jbf raikr` jbf stjii `a`lars.
 Ijstar ratrcavje ki cbikr`jtckb.
 Xrkvcfas ijdcecty ikr prkpar `kbctkrcbo, rafuda pjpar-ljsaf wkrn & prkvcfa fjtj sadurcty.

 Jee fatjces wcee la jvjcejlea cb kba decdn wctm tma `jttar ki sadkbf.

<.9. Fk`jcb @kfaecbo _ctm Dejss \aspkbsclcecty Dkeejlkrjtkr (D\D) Djrf

J Dejss \aspkbsclcect
\aspkbsclcecty
y Dkeejlkrjtk
Dkeejlkrjtkrr (D\D) `kfae cs j dkeeadtckb
dkeeadtckb ki stjbfjrf
stjbfjrf cbfax djrfs tmjt mjva
 laab fcvcfaf cbtk tmraa sadtckbs, dejss, raspkbsclcecty jbf dkeejlkrjtkr. J dejss raprasabts j dkeeadtckb
ki sc`cejr klgadts, j raspkbsclcecty cs sk`atmcbo tmjt j dejss nbkws kr fkas, jbf j dkeejlkrjtkr cs
jbktmar dejss tmjt j dejss cbtarjdts wctm tk iueicee cts raspkbsclcectcas.

D\D djrf
:=
 

Dejss
\aspkbsclcecty Dkeejlkrjtkr  
_mjt tma dejss nbkws(Bj`a, CF, Jffrass atd.)
_mjt tma dejss fkas(dejss jdtcvcty).
Vjlea <. :7 D\D djrf Dustk`ar 

- Dustk`ar
 \aspkbsclcecty Dkeejlkrjtkr  
- Bj`a - Jf`cbcstrjtkr
- \aocstrjtckb - Djsmcar
- Ycaw pj
pjy`ab
abtt ssttjtus

- Jffcbo ccb
bikr`jtckb

Jf`cbcstrjtkr 
\aspkbsclcecty Dkeejlkrjtkr  
- Bj`a - Dustk`ar
Vjlea <. <7 D\D
- CF - Djsmcar
djrf ikr djsmcar 
- Fapjrt`abt
- Oabfar    
- Lcrtm pejda
- Ycaw dk``abt
- Ycaw fjcey rapkrt

Vjlea <. 47 D\D djrf ikr `jbjoar

:3
 

 
 <.?. Assabtcje Qsa Djsa Fcjorj`

J usa djsa fcjorj` cs j fybj`cd kr lamjvckr fcjorj` cb  cb  Q@E

Q@E.. Qsa djsa fcjorj`s `kfae tma
iubdtckbjecty ki j systa` uscbo jdtkrs jbf usa djsas. Qsa djsas jra j sat ki jdtckbs, sarvcdas, jbf
iubdtckbs tmjt tma systa` baafs tk parikr`.
\aejtckbsmcps7 Ceeustrjta raejtckbsmcps latwaab jb jdtkr jbf j usa djsa wctm j sc`pea jrrkw ecba.


<8
 

 
 <:
 
 

<.=. Assabtcje usa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb

Vjlea : raocstrjkb assabje usa djsa

Qsa Djsa Bj`a \aocstrjtckb

Qsa Djsa CF QD#:
Lrcai fasdrcptckb Vmcs usa djsa raprasabts tma prkdafura wmcdm tma dustk`ar cb
dm
dmjr
jroa
oa ok
okas
as tk tm
tmacr
acr cb
cbik
ikr`
r`jtc
jtckb
kb tk tm
tmaa wjta
wjtarr ki
kiic
icda.
da. Ct
typcdjeey jddk`pecsmaf ly spadciycbo dustk`ar cf.
Jdtkr Dustk`ar
Xra-dkbfctckb Vma dustk`ar s `ust la ok tk wjtar kiicda
Xkst Dkbfctckb Vma dustk`ar–s cbikr`jtckb wcee la radkrfaf ikr raocstrjtckb

Ljsc
Ljscdd Dkur
Dkurssa ki Jdt
Jdtckb
ckb :. tma usa djsa stjrts laikra pjy`abt cs fkba
(LDJ) <. Vm
Vmaa ra
radk
dkrf
rf ki
kiic
icda
darr jf
jffs
fs tm
tmaa du
dust
stk`
k`ar
ar cf pa
parr ya
yajr 
jr 
cbikr`jtckb tk wjtar kiicda js cbput.

4. Vma ra radk
dkrf
rf dk
dkb
btj
tjcb
cbss iu
iuee
ee du
dust
stk`
k`ar
ar cb
cbik
ikr`
r`jt
jtck
ckb
b
 prkvcfaf.
6. Vma usa djsa abfs
abfs wmab jee dustk`ar
dustk`ar cbikr`jtckb
cbikr`jtckb oats
oats
raocstaraf jbf jffaf suddassiueey.

Vjlea < oabarjta rapkrt assabje usa djsa

Qsa Djsa Bj`a Oabarjta rapkrt

Qsa Djsa CF QD<
Lrcai fasdrcptckb Vmcss usa djsa raprasa
Vmc raprasabts
bts jesk wmcdm
wmcdm tma jf`cbcs
jf`cbcstrjt
trjtkr
kr cb
dmjroa jddk`pecsmas ly oabarjtcbo rapkrts irk` raocstrjtckb
radkrfs
Jdtkr Jf`cbcstrjtkr
Xra-dkbfctckb Vma dustk`ar radkrf `ust la axcst cb tma systa`
Xkst Dkbfctckb Vma rapkrt wcee la oabarjtaf ikr fcradtkr 

Ljsc
Ljscdd Dkur
Dkursa
sa Ki Jdtckb :. Vma usa djsa stjrts laikra pjy`abt cs fkba
Jdtckb
(LDJ) <. Vma jf`cbc
jf`cbcstr
strjtk
jtkrr djb oabarjt
oabarjtaa rapkrt
rapkrt tk tma fcrad
fcradtkr
tkr js
cbput ikr lceecbo pjy`abt
4. Vma fcradtkr naaps tma rapkrts oabarjtaf ikr pjy`abt
6. Vma usa djsa abfs wmab fcradtkr oats jee tma oabarjtaf
cbputs suddassiueey.
 <<
 

Vjlea 4vcaw lcee assabje usa djsa

Qsa Djsa Bj`a Ycaw lcee

Qsa Djsa CF QD4
Lrcai fasdrcptckb Vmcs usa djsa raprasabts jesk wmcdm tma dustk`ar cb dmjroa
jbf systa` usars jddk`pecsmas ly saacbo jbf vcsctcbo lcee
irk`.
Jdtkr Dustk`ar
Xra-dkbfctckb Vma pjy`abt lcee `ust la jbbkubdaf
jbbkubdaf tk wjtdm
Xkst Dkbfctckb Vma pjy`abt lcee wcee ladk`a vcawaf.

Ljsc
Ljscdd Dkur
Dkursa
sa Ki Jdtc
Jdtckb
kb :. Vma usa djsa stjrts jitar pjy`abt lcee ladk`a drajtaf
(LDJ) jbf jffaf.
<. Vm
Vmaa dear
dearn
n cb dmjr
dmjroa
oa,, vc
vcda
da du
dust
stk`
k`ar
ar wc
wcee
ee oa
oatt tm
tmaa
 pjy`abt lcee.
4. Vm
Vmaa pj
pjy`
y`ab
abtt lcee
lceess la
ladk
dk`a
`a vc
vcscl
sclea
ea jb
jbf
f rajfy
rajfy ik
ikr 
r 
usjlcecty.
6. Vma usa djsa abfs wmab tma pjy`abt lcee cs pkstaf
suddassiueey.

Vjlea 6 pjy lcee assabje usa djsa

Qsa Djsa Bj`a Xjy lcee

Qsa Djsa CF QD6
Lrcai fasdrcptckb Vmcs usa djsa raprasabts jesk wmcdm tma dustk`ar cb dmjroa
jddk`pecsmas ly pjycbo tma `kbtmey lcee.
Jdtkr Dustk`ar
Xra-dkbfctckb Vma dustk`ar r `ust ok tk wjtar kiicda
Xkst Dkbfctckb Vma pjy`abt lcee radacpt wcee ocva tk dustk`ar

Ljsc
Ljscdd Dkur
Dkursa
sa Ki Jdtckb :. Vma usa djsa stjrts jitar tma dustk`ar ok tk wjtar kiicda .
Jdtckb
(LDJ) <. Vma jf`cbcstrjtkr cb dmjroa wcee oat tma rapkrts.
4. Vma pjy`abt lcee ladk`as pjcf jbf rajfy ikr `jbjocbo.
6. Vm
Vmaa us
usaa djsa
djsa ab
abf
fs wmab
mab tm
tmaa pj
pjy`
y`ab
abtt lcee
cee cs pjc
jcf
f
suddassiueey.
 <4
 

Vjlea 1 Ycaw iaafljdn assabje usa djsa

Qsa Djsa Bj`a Ycaw iaaf ljdn

Qsa Djsa CF QD1
Lrcai fasdrcptckb Vmcss usa djsa raprasabt
Vmc raprasabtss jesk
jesk wmcdm
wmcdm tma jf`cbc
jf`cbcstrj
strjtkr
tkr cb
dmjroa
dmjroa jddk`p
jddk`pecs
ecsmas
mas ly saacbo
saacbo jbf vcsctc
vcsctcbo
bo pjy`ab
pjy`abtt lcee
lcee
irk`.
Jdtkr Jf`cbcstrjtkr
Xra-dkbfctckb Vma djsmcar `ust oat
oat rapkrts oabarjtaf
Xkst Dkbfctckb Vma pjy`abt lcee rapkrts wcee ladk`a saab jitar oabarjtckb

Ljsc
Ljscdd Dkur
Dkursa
sa Ki Jdtckb 1. Vma usa djsa stjrts jitar tma pjy`abt lcee Ycaw iaafljdn 
Jdtckb
(LDJ)  ladk`a saab.
9. Vm
Vmaa jf
jf`c
`cbc
bcst
strj
rjtk
tkrr cb dm
dmjr
jroa
oa wc
wcee
ee oa
oatt tm
tmaa lc
lcee
ee Yc
Ycaw
aw
iaafljdn rapkrts.
?. Vm
Vmaa Ycaw
Ycaw ia
iaaf
aflj
ljdn
dnss la
ladk
dk`a
`a vc
vcsc
scle
leaa jb
jbf
f ra
rajf
jfy
y ik
ikr 
r 
`jbjocbo.
=. Vma usa djsa abfs wmab tma Ycaw iaafljdn rapkrt cs vcaw
suddassiueey.

Vjlea 9 @jbjoa djsmcar assabje usa djsa

Qsa Djsa Bj`a @jbjoa djsmcar

Qsa Djsa CF QD9
Lrcai fasdrcptckb Vmcss usa djsa raprasa
Vmc raprasabts
bts jesk wmcdm
wmcdm tma jf`cbcs
jf`cbcstrjt
trjtkr
kr cb
dmjroa jddk`pecsmas ly `jbjocbo
`jbjocbo tma djsmcar fatjces
Jdtkr Jf`cbcstrjtkr
 Xra-dkbfctckb Vma djsmcar cbikr`jtckb `ust la drajtaf jbf jffaf.
Xkst Dkbfctckb Vmaa dj
Vm djsm
smca
carr wc
wcee
ee la
ladk
dk`a
`a `jbj
`jbjoaoaff tk skev
skevaa lc
lcee
ee ra
rapk
pkrts
rts

oabarjtaf.
Ljsc
Ljscdd Dkur
Dkursa
sa Ki Jdtckb :. Vma usa djsa stjrts jitar tma djsmcar cbikr`jtckb ladk`a
Jdtckb
(LDJ) drajtaf.
<. Vma jf`cbc
jf`cbcstrj
strjtkr
tkr cb dmjroa
dmjroa wcee oabarjt
oabarjtaa rapkrts
rapkrts kb
 pjy`abt lcee
4. Vm
Vmaa jf
jf`c
`cbc
bcst
strjt
rjtkr
kr `jbj
`jbjoa
oass tm
tmaa lc
lcee
ee ly tm
tmaa ra
rapk
pkrt
rtss cb

<6
 

dmjroa.
6. Vm
Vmaa usa djsa
djsa ab
abf
fs wmab tm
tmaa djsm
djsmca
carr cs `jb
`jbjo
joaf
af

suddassiueey.

<.
<.3.
3. Assa
Assabt
btcj
cjee Qsar
Qsar Cbta
Cbtari
rijd
jdaa Xrkt
Xrktkt
ktyp
ypaa
Cb tma axcstcbo systa`, tmay usa fciiarabt ikr`s jbf rapkrts tk `jbcpuejta fciiarabt radkrfs jsskdcjtaf
wctm tma fciiarabt jdtcvctcas lcee. J`kbo tma` wjtar lceecbo ikr` cs kba ki tma `jcb pjpar fkdu`abt
usaf cb tma axcstcbo systa`. Vma ikr` cs ekkn ecna tmcs7
Vma ikeekwcbo jra ikr`s jbf ktmar fkdu`abts usaf cb tma axcstcbo systa`. Dkbtrjdt ikr suppey ki 

wjtar7 fjta, iuee bj`a, jffrass, wkrafj, nalaea, mkusa bk, pejda`abt bk, mkusa pmkba bk, `klcea bk,
a`jce, sarvcda typa, purpksa ki wjtar cs tk la scobjtura, dkbtrjdt bk, pkwar jpprkvaf, jppecdjtckb
tjrcii, purpksa ki aeadtrcdcty cs tk la suppey, fapksct lcrr, dkbbadtkr lcrr, tktje, radacpt, dustk`ar scob
jbf jutmkrcty scob.

Vma ikeekwcbo tjlea smkws durrabt tjrc ki wjtar dkbsu`pkb

 Bu`lar Dkbsu`ptckb Vjrcii/Lcrr

 : Irk` 8 - 1 `4 <.38

< Irk` 1.: - :8`4 6.68

4 Irk` :8.: - <1`4 9.:8

6 Irk` <1.:`4 jbf jlkva =.<8

_jtar dkbsu`ptckb tjlea

<1
 

 
 DMJXVA\ VM\AA

TSTVA@ JBJESTCT
4.:. Cbtrkfudtckb
Tysta` jbjeyscs cs jb assabtcje jdtcvcty tmjt `ust la ubfar tjnab cb jby prkgadt cb krfar tk mjva j
deajr cfaj ki tma prkpksaf systa`. Vmcs fkdu`abt wcee fcsduss fatjces ki tma raqucra`abt jbjeyscs jbf
kvarjee fasdrcptckb jbf _krn iekw ki tma axcstcbo systa`.
Vma raqucr
raqucra`a
a`abt
bt ki tma prkpks
prkpksaf
af systa`
systa` wcee
wcee la axpejc
axpejcbaf
baf cb iubdtc
iubdtckbj
kbjee jbf bkb-iu
bkb-iubdt
bdtckb
ckbje
je
raqucra`abts
raqucra`abts.. Cb fkcbo
fkcbo sk, usa djsa `kfae wcee la usaf. Vk prkfuda j `kfae ki tma systa` wmcdm cs
dk
dkrr
rradt
adt,, dk
dk`p
`pea
eata
ta jb
jbf
f dk
dkbs
bscst
cstab
abtt wa ba
baaf
af tk dk
dkbs
bstr
trud
udtt tm
tmaa jb
jbje
jeys
yscs
cs `kfa
`kfaee wmcd
wmcdm
m ik
ikdu
dusas
sas kb
strudturcbo
strudturcbo jbf ikr`jeczcbo
ikr`jeczcbo tma raqucra`abt
raqucra`abtss ki tma systa`.
systa`. Jbjeyscs
Jbjeyscs `kfae
`kfae dkbtjcbs
dkbtjcbs tmraa `kfaes7
iubdtckbje, klgadt jbf fybj`cd `kfaes. Vma iubdtckbje `kfae djb la fasdrclaf ly usa djsa fcjorj`s.
Dejss
Dejss fcjorj
fcjorj`s
`s fasdrcl
fasdrclaa tma klgadt
klgadt `kfae.
`kfae. Fybj`cd
Fybj`cd `kfae
`kfae djb jesk la fasdrcl
fasdrclaf
af cb tar`s
tar`s ki 
saquabda, stjta dmjrt jbf jdtcvcty fcjorj`s. Ikr tma purpksa ki tmcs prkgadt wa mjva fasdrclaf tma
jbjeyscs `kfae cb tar`s ki tma iubdtckbje `kfae
<9
 

4.<
.<.. Kvar
Kvar vca
caw
w ki tma ba
baw
w syst
staa`
Js pravckusey `abtckbaf cb stjta`abt ki tma prklea`, tmara jra j ekt ki prklea`s jsskdcjtaf
j sskdcjtaf wctm tma
krojbczjtckb.  Vma `jcb jc` ki tma prkpksaf systa` cs tk c`pea`abt wal ljsaf
durrabt systa` ki tma krojbczjtckb. 
wjtar lceecbo jbf dustk`ar sarvcda `jbjoa`abt systa` ikr T_TTK wmcdm jeekws ajscey raocstar 
dustk`ar, `jcbtabjbda krfar raquast, sajrdm pjy`abt, jbf oabarjta rapkrt jbf tk kvardk`a tma
axcstcbo systa` prklea`s.

4.4. Tysta` ra
raqucra`abts
Vk fcstcboucsm tma fciiarabt iajturas jbf jspadts ki tma bawey favaekpaf systa` wa mjva trcaf tk usa
twk jpprkjdmas cb raqucra`abt spadcicdjtckb7

 Iubdtckbje raqucra`abt
  Bkbiubdtckbje raqucra`abt

4.4.
4.4.:.
:. Iubd
Iubdtc
tckb
kbje
je raq
raquc
ucra
ra`a
`abt
btss
Vma iubdtckbje raqucra`abt ikr tma systa` fasdrclas tma iubdtckbjeey kr sarvcdas tmjt tma systa` cs
axpadtaf tk prkvcfa. Ct cs j systa` raqucra`abt tmjt fasdrclas jb jdtcvcty kr prkdass tmjt tma systa`
`ust parikr`. Vma usars icrst nbkw mkw tk usa tma systa`. Vma favaekpaf systa` cs axpadtaf tk
 prkvcfa tma ikeekwcbo iubdtckbjectcas7
 @jbjoar Jspadt7


Vma systa` smkuef jeekw tk tma `jbjoar tk Faeata Qsar jddkubts.
 Vma systa` smkuef jeekw tk tma `jbjoar tk Drajta Qsar jddkubts

 Vma systa` smkuef jeekw tk tma `jbjoar tk Qpfjta Qsar Jddkubts Dustk`ar Tarvcda Jspadt7

 Vma systa` smkuef jeekw tk tma Dustk`ar Tarvcda Axpart tk faeata dustk`ars.

 Vma systa` smkuef jeekw tk tma Dustk`ar Tarvcda Axpart tk raocstar baw dustk`ars.
Vma systa` smkuef jeekw tk tma Dustk`ar Tarvcda Axpart tk upfjta dustk`ar–s cbik.

 Vma systa` smkuef

smkuef jee
jeekw
kw tk tma Dustk`ar
Dustk`ar Tarvcd
Tarvcdaa Axpart
Axpart tk Faeata
Faeata,, jff &Qpfjta
&Qpfjta baw
dustk`ars.

Dustk`ars Jspadt7
 Vma systa` smkuef jeekw tk tma dustk`ar tk sajrdm tmacr pjy`abt.

 Vma systa` smkuef jeekw tk tma dustk`ar tk raquast `jcbtabjbda krfar.

 Vma systa` smkuef mjva ekocb jddkubts.

 Vma systa` smkuef jeekw tk tma Lcee Kiicdar tk radkrf tma `atar rajfcbo cbtk ct.

• Vma prkpksaf systa` smkuef mjva jutmabtcdjtckb systa` ikr @jbjoar, Lcee kiicdar,
Dustk`ar Tarvcda axpart jbf Vadmbcdje suparvcskr.
• Vma baw systa` smkuef mkef dustk`ar–s parskbje cbikr`jtckb.
<?
 

• Vma prkpksaf systa` smkuef jff fjtj irk` fciiarabt usar ki tma
tma systa` tk tma FL kur 
 prkpksaf systa` smkuef upfjta,
upfjta, faeata jbf jff radkrfs js baafaf.
• Lcee djeduejtas.
• Jpprkva baw dustk`ar–s jppecdjtckb7 suppkrt tma radkrf ki tma baw dustk`ar tk tma
fjtjljsa ci tma krojbczjtckb jffs `kra dustk`ars.
• @kfciy dustk`ar fjtj7 `kfciy tma fjtjljsa ci tmara cs jby dmjboa cb tma dustk`ar icea.
• Vma prkpksaf systa` smkuef sajrdm tma dustk`ar icea irk` tma fjtjljsa.
4.4.<.
4.4.<. Bkb-iu
Bkb-iubdt
bdtckb
ckbje
je raq
raqucr
ucra`a
a`abt
btss
 Bkbiubdtckbje raqucra`abt cs j raqucra`abt tmjt spadcicas drctarcj tmjt djb la usaf tk `ajsura tma
 parikr`jbda ki j systa`, rjtmar tmjb spadcicd lamjvckrs. Bkb-iubdtckbje raqucra`abts faicba mkw j
systa` cs suppksaf tk la parikr`cbo jdtcvcty. Bkb-iubdtckbje raqucra`abts jra kitab djeeaf qujectcas
ki j systa`. Ktmar tar`s ikr bkb-iubdtckbje raqucra`abts jra dkbstrjcbts, qujecty jttrclutas, Zujecty
 okjes jbf qujecty ki sarvcda raqucra`abts. Zujectcas tmjt jra bkbiubdtckbje raqucra`abts djb la
fcvcfaf cbtk twk `jcb djtaokrcas7 -
 Tysta` parikr`jbda

Tysta` parikr`jbda cs dmjrjdtarczaf ly tma j`kubt ki usaiue wkrn jddk`pecsmaf ly j systa`

dk`pjraf tk tma tc`a jbf raskurdas usaf.

Fapabfcbo kb tma dkbtaxt, okkf systa` parikr`jbda `jy cbvkeva kba kr `kra ki tma ikeekwcbo7
• Avary a`pekyaa djb jddass tma systa`.
• _krns djb la parikr`af cb j smkrt parckf ki tc`a.
• Dustk`ars oat qucdn jddass.
 Tadurcty

Cb krfar tk `jna tma systa` sjia irk` jb ubjutmkrczaf jddass jbf `kfcicdjtckb, tma systa` usas j
ekocb jddkubt tk fciiarabtcjta j`kbo tma fciiarabt usars ki tma systa` kb __TTK tk prktadt tma
sabsctcva dustk`ar jbf `jtarcje cbikr`jtckb. Vmcs abjleas tma systa` tk varciy wmk mjs ekooaf cb
uscbo tma dkrradt ekoocbo jddkubt prkvcfaf jbf fcspejy tma rcomt ikr` jsskdcjtaf wctm tmjt usar.
 Qsjlcecty

• @kra aiicdcabt tk usa‖ct tjnas eass tc`a tk jddk`pecsm j pjrtcduejr tjsn.

• Ajscar tk eajrb‖kparjtckb djb la eajrbaf ly klsarvcbo tma klgadt.
• Vk ocva
ocva `kra
`kra sj
sjtc
tcsi
sijd
jdtc
tckb
kb tk usa ku
kurr sy
syst
sta`
a` wa pr
prap
apjr
jraa `jbu
`jbuje
je jb
jbf
f
fkdu`abtjtckb ijdcecty.
 Ljdnup

<=
 

 _a usa jljdn up `atmkf raouejrcty

raouejrcty ki tma ljdnup (par waan, par `kbtm,).
`kbtm,). Jbf jesk
wa usa irk`
irk` tma tmraa
tmraa typas
typas ki ljdn
ljdn up `atmkfs
`atmkfs (Iuee
(Iuee,, Cbdra`a
Cbdra`abtj
btjee jbf Fjcey
Fjcey
 ljdnup) fjcey ljdnup. _a usa sk`a
sk`a ki tma @afcjs (MF, iejsm, DF, FYF).
 Aiicdcabt • Tajrdmcbo j dustk`ar radkrf smkuef bkt tjna `kra tc`a

• Vma systa` fcspejys cb avary wcbfkw.

• Vma systa` smkuef la usar ircabfey Cbtaorcty
• Kbey jutmkrczaf usars ki tma systa` (jf`cbcstrjtkr kr `jbjoar) djb jlea tk

up
upfj
fjta
ta,, `kfc
`kfciy
iy,, fa
faea
eata
ta kr jd
jddas
dasss fj
fjtj
tj.. Jdda
Jddass
ss cs fa
fabc
bcaf
af ik
ikrr ub
ubju
jutm
tmkr
krcza
czaf
f jb
jbf
f
 ubjutmabtcdjtaf usars ki tma systa`. Lut mara tmara cs `csiajskrs jutmabtcdjtckb.
• _a wcee naap tma` irk` tma`
 @jcbtabjbda

Vma systa` smkuef la ajsy tk `jcbtjcb jbf upfjta.

4.4.<.:.
4.4 Mjrfwjra \aqucra`abt
I Xarskbje dk`putar (XD)7 je`kst jee tjsns ki kur prkgadt jra parikr`af kb
dk`putar.
I Iejsm fcsn7 raqucraf ikr fjtj `kva`abt tk stkra & trjbsiar fjtj irk` kba XD
tk jbktmar XD.
I Fcsns (DF, FYF)7 badassjry ikr tma `kva`abt ki raeavjbt fjtj jbf ikr 
 ljdnup jbf radkvary `admjbcs`.
I  Batwkrn djlea7 scbda kur systa` cs wal ljsaf, ct cs vary badassjry

raqucra`abt. Ct cs jesk maep us tk axtrjdt raeavjbt cbikr`jtckb jlkut kur prkgadt

irk` cbtarbat.
I Tarvar7 tk stkra tma fjtj.
I Ttjtckbarcas (pab, pjpar)7 ikr wrctcbo jee badassjry fkdu`abtjtckbs jsskdcjtaf
wctm tma prkgadt.
I  Bkta lkkn7 tk tjna bktas furcbo fjtj dkeeadtckb jbf ikr ktmar fkdu`abt.

4.4
4.4.<.<. Tkiwjra \a
\aqucra`abt
I _cbfkws :8 Kparjtcbo systa`7 wcee la usaf ikr tma systa` scbda ct cs rajfcey jvjcejlea
cb ejlkrjtkrcas.
I Lrkwsars7 -scbda kur systa` cs wal ljsaf, ct cs vary badassjry raqucra`abt
XMX7 -Vk fascob tma orjpmcdje usar cbtarijda jbf tma wmkea jppecdjtckb.
I @STZE sarvar7 -ikr fascobcbo tma fjtjljsa.

I @cdrkskit
@cdrks kit kiicda
kiicda _krf
_krf <8:47
<8:47 -ikr
-ikr fk
fkdu`
du`abt
abtcbo
cbo tma dkrrasp
dkrraspkbf
kbfcbo
cbo faecva
faecvarjl
rjleas
eas
jsskdcjtaf wctm tma prkgadt
<3
 

I Abta
Abtarp
rprc
rcsa
sa jr
jrdm
dmct
ctad
adtu
tura
ra jb
jbf
f Afrj
Afrjw
w `jx
`jx 9.
9.=7
=7 -ikr
-ikr fa
fasc
scob
obcb
cbo
o Qbci
Qbcica
caf
f @kfa
@kfaec
ecbo
bo
Ejboujoa (Q@E) fcjorj`s.
I @cdrkskit Ycsck7 usaf tk frjw fcjorj`s.
I Jfkla Xmktksmkp (DT6)7 -ikr afctcbo c`joas jbf prapjrcbo usar cbtarijdas.
I @jdrk`afcj Fraj`wajvar =7 Ikr wrctcbo j dkfa kr prkorj` ki tma systa`.
 I ]j`pp Tarvar7 - Vk tast tma systa` ly rubbcbo.

4.
4.4
4.<.4. Tadurcty Xr
Xrkdafura
Cb krfar tk `jna tma systa` sjia irk` jb jutmkrczaf jddass jbf `kfcicdjtckb, tma systa` usas j
ekocb jddkubt. Vmcs abjleas tma systa` tk varciy wmk mjs ekooaf cb uscbo tma dkrradt ekoocbo jddkubt
 prkvcfaf jbf fcspejy tma rcomt ikr` jsskdcjtaf wctm tmjt usar. Vma tadmbkekocas tmjt tma systa` cs
okcbo tk la lucet kb ocvas j rklust sadurcty mjbfecbo jbf usar jutmabtcdjtckb ijdcectcas. Jddass cs
dkbtrkeeaf tmrkuom prkpar pjsswkrf varcicdjtckb ijdcectcas wmcdm tma fjtjljsa jbf tma sarvar raqucra.
Vma sadurcty sarvcda prkvcfaf ly tma systa` wcee `jcbtjcb tma sadurcty, dkbicfabtcjecty jbf cbtaorcty
ki tma systa`. Vma sadurcty prkvcfaf cbdeufas ocvcbo usars j mcomar dkbicfabtcjecty. Tadurcty cs
jffrassaf uscbo prkpar jutmabtcdjtckb. Oabarjeey, tmcs systa` cbtrkfudas j prkpar jutmabtcdjtckb jbf
jddkubtjlcecty tmrkuom prkpar jutmabtcdjtckb raqucra`abt tk tmjt jspadt.

4.4.<.6.
4.4 Tjaty Xrkdafuras
Jitar
Jitar tma systa`
systa` cs iueey
iueey favaek
favaekpaf
paf jbf fcspej
fcspejyaf
yaf tma favaek
favaekp`a
p`abt
bt orkup
orkup `a`lar
`a`larss jra
raspkbsclea ikr tma cbstjeejtckb ki tma systa`. Cb jffctckb, tma orkup mjbfeas systa` `jcbtabjbda cb
djsa ki ijceura jbf axpjbsckb ki tma systa`.
4.6. Tysta` `kfaecbo
Vma usa djsa `kfae prkvcfas fatjceaf cbikr`jtckb
cbikr`jtckb jlkut tma lamjvckrs
lamjvckrs ki tma systa` kr jppecdjtckb
jppecdjtckb
tmjt wa jra favaekpcbo. Vma usa djsa `kfae cfabtcicas tma raqucra`abts ki tma systa` cb tar`s ki tma
iubdtckbjecty tmjt `ust axcst tk jdmcava tma okjes sat kut ly tma usar kr tk skeva j prklea` cfabtcicaf
 ly tma usar.
Tysta` `kfaecbo7 cs tma dkbdaptuje `kfae js rasuet ki tma `kfaecbo fasdrclas jbf raprasabt j systa`
Ttjta.
4.6.
4.6.:.
:. Tyst
Tysta`
a` us
usaa djs
djsaa fcj
fcjor
orj`
j`
J usa djsa fcjorj` cs j saquabda ki jdtckbs tmjt prkvcfa j `ajsurjlea vjeua tk jb jdtkr. Ct fasdrclas
tma systa`s lamjvckr js ct raspkbfs tk j sarcas ki raejtaf raquasts irk` jb jdtkr. Vmcs usa djsa
 parmjps tma last wjy tk djptura iubdtckbje raqucra`abts ki tma systa`.
Jddkrfcbo tk tma fasdrcptckb ki usa djsa, tmara jra `jgkr usa djsa sdabjrcks cb tma _jtar lceecbo
Tysta`.

48
 

4.6.:. <. Tdabjrcks

 I Vaee
Vaeess wmk
wmk cs uscb
uscbo
o tm
tmaa sy
syst
sta`
a` jb
jbf
f wmjt
wmjt tm
tmay
ay jr
jraa tryc
trycbo
bo tk
jddk`pecsm.
I Xrkvcfas j rajecstcd, icdtckbje jddkubt ki j usar's dkbstrjcbts7 wmab
jbf wmara tmay jra wkrncbo, wmy tmay jra uscbo tma systa`, jbf
wmjt tmay baaf tma systa` tk fk ikr tma`.
I Fasdrclas jby raeavjbt jspadts ki tma dkbtaxt cb wmcdm tma usar cs
wkrncbo
wkrncbo wctm tma systa`, cbdeufcbo
cbdeufcbo wmjt cbikr`jtckb
cbikr`jtckb tma usar mjs
kb mjbf wmab laocbbcbo tk usa tma systa`.
I Vma ikeekwcbo jra fasdrclcbo sdabjrck ki mkw tma usar usas tma
systa`s ki tma cbstctutckb.

Tdabjrck Bj`a Ekocb(suddassiueey)

Xjrtcdcpjtcbo7 Jdtkr @jbjoar7 @kmj`af ,

Vadmbcdje suparvcskr7 Ocr`j,
dustk`ar sarvcda axpart7 Jstar,
Lcee Kiicdar7 Jea`jyamu7
Dustk`ar7 Jlala,
Iekw
Iekw ki avab
avabts
ts :. Vma
Vma jdtk
jdtkrr fcsp
fcspej
ejys
ys mk`a
mk`a pj
pjoa
oa ki tm
tmaa sy
syst
sta`
a`..

<. Vma
Vma jdt
jdtkr
kr pu
puts
ts mcs
mcs kr
kr mar
mar us
usar
ar bj
bj`a
`a jb
jbf
f pjs
pjsswk
swkrf
rf cb tk tm
tmaa eeko
kocb
cb ik
ikr`
r`..

4.Vma systa` dmadns tma vjecfcty ki tma cbputs ki tma jdtkr

6. Vma jdtkr cs ekooaf cbtk tma systa`.

Vjlea 1 J Tdabjrcks ikr Ekocb (Tuddassiue)

Tdabjrck Bj`a @jboa Jddkubt

Xjrtcdcpjtcbo7 @jbjoar @jbjoar7 @kmj`af

4:
 

 
Iekw ki avabts :. @jbjoar Jea`u fcspejys tma mk`a pjoa
ki tma systa`.

<. Ma puts mcs usar bj`a jbf Xjsswkrf cb tk

tma ekocb ikr`.

4. Vma systa` dmadns tma vjecfcty ki tma

cbputs jbf ci ct cs dkrradtey `udm @kmj`af djb
ekooaf cb tk mcs pjoa.

6. Jitar ma ekooaf cb tk mcs pjoa ma djb

faeata, drajta jbf upfjta jddkubts js ma wjbts.

Vjlea 9 J Tdabjrck `jbjoa jddkubt

Tdabjrck Bj`a @jbjoa dustk`ar cbik

Xjrtcdcpjtcbo7 Dustk`ar Dustk`ar sarvcda axpart7 Jstar

sarvcda axpart
Iekw
Iekw ki avab
avabts
ts :. Icrs
Icrstt Tma
Tma `ust
`ust fcsp
fcspej
ejy
y mc
mcss ek
ekoc
ocb
b pj
pjoa
oa..

<. Tma
Tma `
`us
ustt abt
abtar
ar mcs
mcs usa
usarr bj`
bj`aa jbf
jbf pj
pjss
sswk
wkrf
rf cb tk tm
tmaa sys
systa
ta`.
`.

4. Vma
Vma syst
systa`
a` dma
dmadn
dnss cts
cts vjec
vjecfc
fcty
ty jbf
jbf ci ct
ct cs dk
dkrr
rrad
adte
tey
y `udm
`udm cb
cbpu
put.
t.

6. Vma
Vma dus
dustk
tk`a
`arr sarv
sarvcd
cdaa axp
axpar
artt djb
djb ek
eko
o ccbt
btk
k ttma
ma sy
syst
sta`
a` jb
jbf
f bkw
bkw
Tma djb faeata, upfjta jbf jff dustk`ars.

Vjlea ? J Tdabjrck `jbjoa dustk`ar cbik

Tdabjrck Bj`a \adkrf `jtarcje

4<
 
 

Xjrtcdcpjtcbo7 Vadmbcdcjb Vadmbcdcjb7 Ocr`j

Iekw ki avabts :. Vadmbcdcjb7 Ocr`j fcspejys tma mk`a pjoa ki tma systa`
<.Ma puts mar usar bj`a jbf Xjsswkrf cb tk tma ekocb ikr` 4.
Vma systa` dmadns tma vjecfcty ki tma cbputs jbf ci ct cs

dkrradtey `udm Ocr`j djb eko cb tk mcs pjoa.

6. Vadm
Vadmbc
bcdj
djee supa
suparv
rvcs
cskr
kr Ocr`
Ocr`jj decd
decdns
ns tma
tma ra
radk
dkrf
rf `jt
`jtar
arcj
cjee ecbn
ecbn..
1. Abta
Abtarr ttma
ma dkrr
dkrrad
adtt & je
jeee b
bad
adas
assj
sjry
ry cb
cbik
ikr`
r`jt
jtck
ckb.
b. Ttap
Ttap1.
1.

Cbctcjta tma systa` tk sabfs tk tma krojbczjtckb.

Vjlea = J Tdabjrck ikr radkrf `jtarcje

Qsa Djsa raprasabts cbtarjdtckb latwaab tma usar jbf tma systa`
Vma ikeekwcbo usa djsas mjva laab cfabtcicaf irk` tma systa` spadcicdjtckb
• Ycaw pjy`abt
• Ycaw @jcbtabjbda Jsscobaf Fjta
• \aquast @jcbtabjbda Krfar
• Ekocb
• \aocstar baw wjtar dkbbadtckb
• @jcbtabjbda \aquast
• Xjy`abt radkrf
• @jbjoa Jddkubt
• @jbjoa Dustk`ar
• Lcee Djeduejta
• Jddapt @jcbtabjbda
• Oabarjta \apkrt
•
@jcbtabjbda jpprkva
• \adkrf `atar rajfcbo
 44
 

Vma cfabtcicaf jdtkrs tmjt wcee la pjrtcdcpjtcbo cb tma systa` jra7

• Dustk`ar
• Lcee kiicdar
• @jbjoar
• Dustk`ar sarvcda axpart
• Vadmbcdje suparvcskr

Icoura : usa djsa fcjorj`

 Bkta7 Faeatcbo dustk`ar cs bkt `ajb tmjt tktjeey faeata dustk`ars irk` tma fjtjljsa, jdtujeey

`ajb ta`pkrjrcey ra`kva tma fjtj.

 46
 

4.6
4.6.<
.<.. Qsaa Djs
Qs Djsaa Fkd
Fkdu`
u`ab
abtj
tjtc
tckb
kb
Vma ikeekwcbo dkbsadutcva tjleas smkw tma usa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr ajdm ki tma usa djsas tmjt
mjs cfabtcicaf cb tma jlkva usa djsa fcjorj`. Ajdm tjlea dkbtjcbs tma usa djsa bj`a, tma jdtkr 
wmcdm Cbctcjtas jbf cbtarjdts wctm tma usa djsa, fasdrcptckb ki tma usa djsa jbf typcdje dkursa ki 
avabts tmjt smkw tma cbtarjdtckb latwaab tma jdtkr jbf tma usa djsa wmcdm abjlea tma taj` tk
ajscey fapcdt tma iubdtckbs ki tma prkpksaf systa`.

Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Ekocb

Qsa djsa bj`a Ekocb

Fasdrcptckb Ct jeekws usar tk ekocb cbtk tma systa`

Jdtkr/s @jbjoar> Lcee kiicdar, dustk`ar sarvcda axpart, Vadmbcdje suparvcskr.

Xra-dkbfctckb Vma usars smkuef mjva raocstaraf cbtk tma systa`

Xkst-dkbfctckb Vma usar wcee la ekocb cb tk tma systa` jbf jlea tk jddass tma raqucraf
mk`a pjoa.

Ljscd dkurs
ursa ki  Ttap :. Cbctcjtaf
Cbctcjtaf wmab tma usar wjbts tk ekocb cbtk tma systa` Ttap<.
jdtckb (Iekw ki  Vma systa` Fcspejys tma Qsar Ekocb Xjoa.
avabt)7 Ttap4.Vma usar icee tma cbputs mcs/mar usar bj`a jbf
jb f pjsswkrf.
Ttap6. Vma systa` varcicas tma usarbj`a jbf pjsswkrf.
Ttap1.Vma systa` fcspejys tma jpprkprcjta pjoa ki
k i tma usar.
Ttap9. Vma usa djsa abfs.
Irk` tma jlkva staps Ttap : jbf stap 4 Jdtkrs jdtckb wmarajs Ttap <
Ttap 6, Ttap 1 jbf Ttap 9 Tysta` raspkbsa.

Jetarbjta dkursa ki  Vma usarbj`a/pjsswkrf cs cbvjecf.

jdtckb7 :. Vma sy
systa` fcs
fcspejys arrkr `a
`assjoa
oa..
<. Vma
Vma sy
syst
sta`
a` dkb
dkbttcbuas
buas jt
jt stap
stap < tk
tk ice
icee usar
usar bj`
bj`aa jbf
jbf pjs
pjsswkr
swkrf
f
jojcb.

Vjlea :8 Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Ekocb>

 Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Drajta jddkubt

41
 

Qsa djsa bj`a Drajta Jddkubt

Fasdrcptckb Qsaf tk drajta jddkubt ikr usars.

Jdtkr @jbjoar

Xra- dkbfctckb7 Vma usar smkuef la `a`lar ki tma __TTK

Ljsc
Ljscdd dk
dkur
ursa
sa jd
jdtc
tckb
kb ki Ttap:.Vma `jbjoar wjbts tk drajta jddkubt.

(Iekw avabt)7 Ttap<.Vma systa` fcspejys drajta jddkubt pjoa.

Ttap4.Vma `jbjoar icees tma raqucraf cbikr`jtckb jbf sul`cts ct.
Ttap6.Vma systa` vjecfjtas tma cbikr`jtckb.
Ttap1.Vma systa` raocstars tma usars cbtk tma systa` fjtjljsa.
Ttap9.Vma systa` fcspejys dkbicr` `assjoa.
Ttap?.Vma usa djsa abfs.

Xkst-dkbfctckb Vma usar jddkubt suddassiueey drajtaf.

Jetarbjtcva dkursa ki jdtckb Cbvjecf cbikr`jtckb abtry.

(Iekw ki avabt)7 :. Vma systa` fcspejys arrkr `assjoa.
<. Ok tk stap < tk icee jojcb.

Vjlea 3 Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Drajta Jddkubt

 Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Faeata jddkubt

Qsa djsa bj`a Faeata Jddkubt

Fasdrcptckb Ct Jeekws @jbjoar tk faeata Qsar jddkubt

Jdtkr @jbjoar

Xradkbfctckb Vk faeata tma Qsar jddkubt `ust la raocstaraf cb tma fjtjljsa.

 49
 

Ljscd dkursa ki  Ttap:.Vma @jbjoar wjbts tk faeata jddkubt.

jdtckb (Iekw ki  Ttap<.Vma systa` fcspejys tma faeata jddkubt pjoa.
avabt)7 Ttap4. Vma @jbjoar prass kb faeata luttkb.
Ttap6.Vma systa` vjecfjtas tma cbikr`jtckb.
Ttap1.Vma jddkubt cs faeataf irk` tma systa`.
Ttap9.Vma systa` fcspejys dkbicr` `assjoa.
Ttap?. Vma usa djsa abfs.
Irk` tma jlkva staps Ttap : jbf stap 4 Jdtkrs jdtckb wmarajs
Ttap < Ttap 6, Ttap 1, Ttap 9 jbf Ttap ? Tysta` raspkbsa.

Jetarbjtcva Ci tma saeadtaf jddkubt cs cbvjecf.

dkursa ki jdtckb7 :. Vma systa` fcspejys arrkr `assjoa.
<. Ok tk stap< tk saeadt tma faeata jddkubt jojcb.

Vjlea :8 Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Faeata Jddkubt

Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Jppey baw wjtar dkbbadtckb

Qsa djsa bj`a \aocstar dustk`ars

Fasdrcptckb Ct jeekws dustk`ar tk raocstar tma FL, j dustk`ar raquasts raocstrjtckb tk

oat baw wjtar dkbbadtckb irk` __TTK.

Jdtkr Dustk`ar sarvcda axpart

Xradkbfctckb Vma dustk`ar smkuef mjva dkbtjdt wctm tma dustk`ar sarvcda axpart tk oat
tma baw wjtar dkbbadtckb ki __TTK.

Xkst-dkbfctckb Vma dustk`ar djb gkcb tma krojbczjtckb jbf jddass kbecba sarvcda irk` tma
kiicda.
 4?
 

Ljscd
Ljscd dkursa
dkursa ki jdt
jdtckb
ckb Ttap
Ttap:.
:.Cb
Cbct
ctcj
cjta
taf
f wmab
wmab tma
tma Dust
Dustk`
k`ar
ar wjbt
wjbtss tk ra
raoc
ocst
star
ar tk tm
tmaa FL
(Iekw ki avabt)7 Ttap<.
Ttap<.Dus
Dustk`
tk`ar
ar Tarvcd
Tarvcdaa axpart
axpart kpabs
kpabs tma mk`a
mk`a pjoa
pjoa jbf dec
decdn
dn jppey
jppey
raocstar ecbn.
Ttap4.Vma systa` fcspejys tma Dustk`ar raocstar pjoa.
Ttap6.Abtar tma dkrradt & jee badassjry cbikr`jtckb–s ki tma dustk`ar.
Ttap1. Cbctcjta tma systa` tk sabfs tk tma krojbczjtckb.
Ttap9. Vma usa djsa abfs.
Irk` tma jlkva staps Ttap :, Ttap <, jbf stap 6 Jdtkrs jdtckb wmarajs
Ttap 4 Ttap 1 jbf Ttap 9 Tysta` raspkbsa.

Vjlea :: Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Jppey baw wjtar dkbbadtckb

Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Qpfjta dustk`ar

Qsa djsa bj`a Qpfjta Dustk`ar

Fasdrcptckb Ct jeekws upfjtcbo pravckusey radkrfaf dustk`ar fjtj.

Jdtkr Dustk`ar sarvcda axpart

Xra-dkbfctc
Xra-dkbfctckb
kb Vma dustk`ar
dustk`ar `ust la raocstaraf
raocstaraf & dustk`ar
dustk`ar sarvcda
sarvcda axpart ekocb tk
tma systa` jbf tma fjtj ki tma dustk`ar smkuef la rajfy.
Xkst- dkbfctckb Vma dustk`ar sarvcda axpart wcee mjva upfjtaf dustk`ar fjtj.

Ljsc
Ljscdd dkur
dkursa
sa ki jdt
jdtckb Ttap:. Dustk`ar sarvcda axpart kpab tma mk`a pjoa.
(Iekw ki avabts)7 Ttap<. Dustk`ar sarvcda axpart Abtar ekocb jffrass kb tma ekocb pjoa.
Ttap4. Vma systa` dmadn cs tma dkrradt jffrass kr bkt.

Ttap6.
Ttap6. Dustk`
Dustk`ar
ar sarvcd
sarvcdaa axpart
axpart abtar
abtar dustk`
dustk`ar
ar CF ki tma cbtabfa
cbtabfaf
f
Dustk`ar.
Ttap1. Vma systa` vjecfjtas tma dustk`ar CF.
Ttap9. Vma systa` sajrdmas jbf fcspejy dustk`ar fatjce.
Ttap?. Dustk`ar sarvcda axpart abtar baw `kfcicdjtckb.
Ttap=. Tysta` upfjtas tma cbikr`jtckb jbf fcspejys ct.
Ttap3. Abf usa djsa.
Irk` tma jlkva staps Ttap :, Ttap <, Ttap 6, jbf Ttap ? Jdtkrs
Jdtkrs jdtckb
 wmarajs Ttap 4, Ttap 1, Ttap 9, Ttap =, jbf Ttap 3 Tysta` raspkbsa.

4=
 

  Vjlea :< Qsa djsa

djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Qpfjta
Qpfjta dustk`ar  
Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Faeata dustk`ar
Qsa djsa bj`a Faeata Dustk`ar

Fasdrcptckb Ct jeekws tk ra`kva dustk`ar irk` __TTK fjtjljsa.

Jdtkr Dustk`ar sarvcda axpart

Xradkbfctck
Xradkbfctckb
b Vma dustk`ar
dustk`ar `ust la raocstaraf
raocstaraf & dustk`ar
dustk`ar sarvcda
sarvcda axpart ekocb tk
tma systa`.

Xkstt dkbfct
Xks dkbfctckb
ckb Vma dustk`
dustk`ar
ar sarvcd
sarvcdaa axpart
axpart wcee
wcee mjva
mjva faeata
faeataf
f dustk`
dustk`ar
ar kr Vma
dustk`ar wcee la fcsdjrfaf irk` tma systa` fjtjljsa.

Ljscd dkursa ki jdtckb Ttap:. Dustk`ar sarvcda axpart kpab tma mk`a pjoa.
(Iekw ki avabt)7 Ttap<. Dustk`ar sarvcda axpart Abtar ekocb jffrass kb tma ekocb pjoa.
Ttap4. Vma systa` dmadn cs tma dkrradt jffrass kr bkt.
Ttap6.
Ttap6. Dustk`
Dustk`ar
ar sarvcd
sarvcdaa axpart
axpart abtar
abtar dustk`
dustk`ar
ar CF ki tma cbt
cbtabfa
abfaf
f
Dustk`ar.
Ttap1. Vma systa` vjecfjtas tma dustk`ar CF.
Ttap9. Vma systa` sajrdmas jbf fcspejy raqucraf dustk`ar.
Ttap?. Vma systa` faeatas tma dustk`ar.
Ttap=. Abf usa djsa
Irk` tma jlkva staps Ttap :, Ttap <, Ttap, 6, jbf Ttap ? Jdtkrs
jdtckb wmarajs Ttap 4, Ttap 1, Ttap 9, Ttap ?, jbf Ttap = Tysta`
raspkbsa.

Vjlea :4 Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Faeata dustk`ar

 Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr raquast `jcbtabjbda

43
 

Qsa djsa bj`a \aquast `jcbtabjbda

Fasdrcptckb Ct jeekws dustk`ar tk oat krfar `jcbtabjbda.

Jdtkr Dustk`ar

Xra-dkbfctckb Vma dustk`ar smkuef raocstar tk tma systa` kr systa` FL.

 pkst dkbfctckb @jcbtabjbda krfar wcee la radkrfaf tk tma systa`.

Ljscd dkursa ki   Ttap:. Dustk`

Dustk`ar
ar kpab tma
tma mk`apjoa
mk`apjoa Ttap<. Dustk`
Dustk`ar
ar saeadts
saeadts `jcbtabj
`jcbtabjbda
bda krfar 
jdtckb (Iekw ki   irk` tma mk`a pjoa.
avabt)7 Ttap4. Vma dustk`ar abtars tmacr CF. Ttap6. Tysta` vjecfjtas tma dustk`ar CF.
Ttap1.
Ttap1. Vma dustk`
dustk`ar
ar abtars
abtars `jcbta
`jcbtabjbd
bjbdaa fatjce
fatjce cb tma ikr`.
ikr`. Ttap9.
Ttap9. Vma systa`
systa`
raspkbsas trjbsiarraf `assjoa tk tma dustk`ar. Ttap?. Abf usa djsa
dj sa
Irk` tma jlkva staps Ttap :, Ttap <, Ttap 4, jbf Ttap 1 Jdtkrs jdtckb wmarajs Ttap
6, Ttap 9, jbf Ttap ? Tysta` raspkbsa.

Vjlea :6 Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr raquast `jcbtabjbda

Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr \adacva `jcbtabjbda

Qsa djsa bj`a \adacva `jcbtabjbda

Fasdrcptckb Ct jeekws radacva jbf jpprkva dustk`ar `jcbtabjbda raquast prkdass.

Jdtkr Vadmbcdje suparvcskr

Xradkbfctckb Vma dustk`ar smkuef jsn tma raquast `jcbtabjbda.

Xkst- dkbfctckb Dustk`ar `jcbtabjbda raquast smkuef la trjbsiarraf jbf sarvcda lacbo
faecvaraf.

Ljscd dku
kurrsa ki jdtckb Ttap:.Vadmbcdje suparvcskr kpab tma mk`apjoa
(Iekw ki avabt)7 Ttap<. Vadmbcdje suparvcskr cbsarts tma ekocb jffrass kb tma pjoa.
Ttap4.
Ttap4. Tysta`
Tysta` vjecfj
vjecfjtas
tas tma jffrass
jffrass.. Tta
Ttap6.
p6. Vadmbc
Vadmbcdje
dje suparv
suparvcsk
cskr 
r 
dmadns jbf saa tma prklea`. Ttap1. Vadmbcdje suparvcskr tjnas tma
raquast irk` tma dustk`ar. Ttap9. Abf usa djsa
d jsa
Irk` tma jlkva staps Ttap :, Ttap <, Ttap 6 jbf Ttap 1 Jdtkrs jdtckb
 wmarajs Ttap 4, jbf Ttap 9 Tysta` raspkbsa.

Vjlea :1 Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr \adacva `jcbtabjbda

Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Ycaw rapkrt

68
 

Qsa djsa bj`a Ycaw rapkrt

Fasdrcptckb Ct jeekws vcawcbo rapkrt irk` tma axparts.

Jdtkr @jbjoar

Xra-dkbfctckb Vmay smkuef mjva prapjraf fjtj ly tma a`pekyaa ki tma krojbczjtckb.

Xkst-dkbfctckb Vma `jbjoar saas tma rapkrt prapjraf ly tma kiicda a`pekyaas.

Ljscd dkursa ki jdtckb (Iekw ki  Ttap:. Vma `jbjoar kpabs tma mk`a pjoa.
avabt)7 Ttap<. Vma `jbjoar Abtar mcs/mar usar bj`a jbf pjsswkrf.
Ttap4. Tysta` vjecfjtas tma jffrass.
Ttap6. Vma `jbjoar Ycaw tma prapjraf rapkrt.
Ttap1. Abf usa djsa.
Irk` tma jlkva staps Ttap :, Ttap < jbf Ttap 6 Jdtkrs jdtckb wmarajs
Ttap 4, jbf Ttap 1 Tysta` raspkbsa

Vjlea :9 Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr Ycaw \apkrt

Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr \adacva pjy`abt

Qsa djsa bj`a \adacva pjy`abt

Fasdrcptckb Vma systa` djeduejtas tma dkst ki lcee.

Jdtkr Lcee kiicdar

Xra-dkbfctckb Vma Lcee kiicdar smkuef oat tma durrabt wjtar `atar rajfcbo vjeua ki tma dustk`ar.

Xkst- dkbfctckb Vma dustk`ar lcee wcee la djeduejtaf.

Ljscd dkursa ki  Ttap:. Lcee kiicdar Kpab tma mk`apjoa.

jdtckb (Iekw ki  Ttap<. Lcee kiicdar Abtar usar bj`a jbf pjsswkrf. Ttap4. Tysta` vjecfjtas ct.
avabt)7 Ttap6. Lcee kiicdar Abtar durrabt wjtar `atar rajfcbo ki tma dustk`ar jbf ktmar 
c`pkrtjbt cbikr`jtckb. Ttap1. Cbctcjta tma systa` tk djeduejta tma dkst.
Ttap9. Abf usa djsa
Irk` tma jlkva staps Ttap :, Ttap < jbf Ttap 6 Jdtkrs jdtckb wmarajs Ttap 4, Ttap
1 jbf Ttap 9 Tysta` raspkbsa
 Vjlea :? Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr \adacva pjy`abt

Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr `jcbtjcb `atar rajfcbo

6:
 

Qsa djsa bj`a `jcbtjcb `atar rajfcbo

Fasdrcptckb Vma lcee kiicdar rajfs wjtar `atar rajfcbo.

Jdtkr Lcee kiicdar

Xradkbfctckb Lcee kiicdar smkuef mjva dkeeadtaf rajfcbo.

 pkst dkbfctckb Vma durrabt `atar rajfcbo ki tma dustk`ar wcee radkrfaf.

Ljscd dkursa ki jdtckb Ttap:. Lcee kiicdar Kpab tma mk`apjoa. Ttap<. Lcee kiicdar smkuef dkeeadt
(Iekw ki avabt)7 wjtar `atar. Ttap4. Lcee kiicdar Abtar tma jffrass ki tma dustk`ar.
Ttap6. Tysta` vjecfjtas tma jffrass.
jffrass. Ttap1. Tysta`
Tysta` ratrcavas
ratrcavas tma dustk`ar 
dustk`ar 
CF & dustk`ar fatjce. Ttap9. Lcee kiicdar Abtar tma durrabt rajfcbo tk tma
systa`. Ttap?. Abf usa djsa. tma jlkva staps Ttap :, Ttap <, Ttap
Ttap 4 jbf
Ttap 9 Jdtkrs jdtckb wmarajs Ttap 6, Ttap 1 jbf Ttap ? Tysta` raspkbsa.

Vjlea := Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr \adkrf `atar

`atar rajfcbo
rajfcbo

Qsa djsa fkdu`abtjtckb ikr radkrf `jtarcje

Qsa djsa bj`a \adkrf `jtarcje

Fasdrcptckb Ct jeekws `jtarcje tk raocstar tma fjtjljsa.

Jdtkr Vadmbcdje suparvcskr.

Xra-dkbfctckb Vadmbcdje suparvcskr icrst ekocb uscbo cts kwb usarbj`a jbf pjsswkrf

 pkst dkbfctckb Vadmbcdje suparvcskr raocstars tma `jtarcje cbtk __

__TTK
TTK fjtjljsa

\jdadkursa
\jdadkursa jdtckb
jdtckb Ttap:. Vadmbcdje suparvcskr kpabs tma mk`a pjoa.
(Iekw ki avabt)7 Ttap<. Vadmbcdje suparvcskr abtars cts kwb usarbj`a jbf pjsswkrf tk ekocb.
Ttap4. Vadmbcdje suparvcskr decdns tma radkrf `jtarcje ecbn.
Ttap6.Abtar tma dkrradt & jee badassjry cbikr`jtckb.
 Ttap1. Cbctcjta tma systa` tk sabfs tk tma krojbczjtckb.
Ttap9. Vma usa djsa abfs.

6<
 

4.6
4.6.4
.4.. Taqu
Taquab
abda
da Fc
Fcjo
jorj
rj`
`
J saquabda fcjorj` cb j ubcicaf `kfaecbo ejboujoa (Q@E) cs j ncbf ki cbtarjdtckb fcjorj`
tmjt smkws mkw prkdassas kparjta wctm kba jbktmar jbf cb wmjt krfar. Ct cs j dkbstrudt ki j
@assjoa Taquabda
Dmjrt. J saquabda fcjorj` smkws klgadt cbtarjdtckbs jrrjboaf cb tc`a saquabda. ^<P
 64
 

  Icoura 6 Q@E Taquabda fcjorj` ikr Ekocb 

Ekocb  
 Icoura 1 Q@E Taquabda fcjorj` ikr Dustk`ar \aocstrjkb 
\aocstrjkb 

66
 

  Icoura 9 Q@E Taquabda fcjorj` ikr Djeduejbo Lcee 

Lcee  
 61
 

 
   Icoura ? Q@E Taquabda fcjorj` ikr Ycaw \apkrt
\a pkrt  

69
 

Icoura = Q@E Taquabda fcjorj` ikr Drajta Jddkubt

Jddkubt  
 6?
 

 
  

Icoura 3 Q@E Taquabda fcjorj` ikr Faeata Jddkubt 

Jddkubt  

6=
 

 
   Icoura :8 Q@E Taquabda fcjorj` ikr raquast `jcbtabjbda
`jcbtabjbda  

63
 

 
   Icoura :: Q@E Taquabda fcjorj` ikr Qpfjta dustk`ar
dustk`ar  

18
 

  Icoura :< Q@E Taquabda fcjorj` ikr Faeata dustk`ar

dustk`ar  

4.
4.6
6.6
.6.. Jdtc
Jdtcvc
vcty
ty fcj
fcjor
orj`
j`
Jb Jdtcvcty fcjorj` cs sc`cejr tk j iekwdmjrt tk raprasabt tma iekw irk` kba jdtcvcty tk
jbktma
jbktmarr jdtcvc
jdtcvcty.
ty. Jdtcvc
Jdtcvcty
ty fcjorj
fcjorj`s
`s jbf Ttjta
Ttjta dmjrt
dmjrt fcjorj
fcjorj`s
`s jra rae
raejta
jtaf.
f. Jdtcvc
Jdtcvcty
ty
fcjorj`s `kfae cs j mcom eavae luscbass kr prkdassas kr trjbsctckbs latwaab stjtas ki j
dejss. Cb tmcs jdtcvcty fcjorj` trcaf tk fkdu`abt tma iekw ki ekocd ikr tma `jgkr luscbass
 prkdassas. Jdtcvcty fcjorj` ikdusas kb tma iekw ki jdtcvctcas cbvkevaf cb j scboea
  prkdass. Vma Jdtcvcty fcjorj` smkws mkw tmasa scbo

Icoura :4 Q@E jdvcty fcjorj` ikr \aocstrjkb ki dustk`ar

dustk`ar  

1:
 

 
 1<
 

  rapkrt  
Icoura :6 Q@E jdvcty fcjorj` ikr Ycaw rapkrt
 14
 

  Icoura :1 Q@E jdvcty fcjorj` ikr \adkrf `atar rajfcbo

rajfcbo  
 16
 

  Icoura :9 Q@E jdvcty fcjorj` ikr Djeduejta dkst ki lcee  

 11
 

 
 Icoura :? Q@E jdvcty fcjorj` ikr raquast Krfar `jcbtabjbda

19
 

 
  
Icoura := Q@E jdvcty fcjorj` ikr Drajta jddkubt
jdd kubt  

1?
 

 
   Icoura :3 Q@E jdvcty fcjorj` ikr Faeata ddustk`ar
ustk`ar  

1=
 

  dustk`ar  
Icoura <8 Q@E jdvcty fcjorj` ikr upfjta dustk`ar
 13
 

4.
4.6
6.1
.1.. Dej
ejss
ss fcj
fcjo
orj
rj`
`
Vma dkbdaptuje dejss fcjorj` ki kur systa` bktcicas
bktcicas Dejssas
Dejssas tmjt jra cfabtcicaf
cfabtcicaf irk` sdmkke
`jbjoa`abt
`jbjoa`abt systa` jbf spadciy
spadciy ajdm dejss ly jffcbo tma pkssclea
pkssclea `atmkfs jb jttrcluta
jttrcluta.. Vmasa
Dejssas furcbo tmcs pmjsa jra maepcbo cb favaekpcbo tma skurda dkfa. Vma dejss fcjorj` cs tma
`jcb
`jcb lu
luce
cefc
fcbo
bo lekdn ki klgadt krcab
lekdn krcabtaf
taf  `k
`kfa
faec
ecbo
bo.. Ct cs us
usaf
af lk
lktm
tm ik
ikrr oa
oabarjee dkbdaptuje
barj
`kfaecbo
`kfaecbo  ki tma systa`jtc
systa`jtcdd ki tma jppecdjtckb
jppecdjtckb,, jbf ikr fatjceaf
fatjceaf `kfaecbo trjbsejtcbo
trjbsejtcbo tma `kfaes
cbtk prkorj``cbo dkfa. Vma dejssas ki tma sdmafuecbo systa` jra cbtaorjtaf js ikeekws7
cbtk prkorj``cbo
 98
 

Icoura < Dejss fcjorj`

 9:
 

DMJXVA\ IKQ\ 

TSTVA@ FATCOB
6.:. Fascob Okjes
Cb tma pravckus dmjptar wa mjva cfabtcicaf tma iubdtckbje jbf bkb-iubdtckbje raqucra`abts ki tma
systa` jbf prkfudaf tma jbjeyscs `kfae. Vma ikeekwcbo jra fcsdussaf cb tmcs dmjptar7 fascob
okjes, systa` jrdmctadtura, systa` fadk`pksctckb, fapeky`abt jbf fjtjljsa fascob jbf cbtarijda
fascob. Tysta`s fascob cs tma prkdass ki faicbcbo tma jrdmctadtura, `kfueas, cbtarijdas, jbf fjtj
ikr j systa` tk sjtcsiy spadcicaf raqucra`abts. Tysta`s fascob dkuef la saab js tma jppecdjtckb ki 
systa`s tmakry tk prkfudt favaekp`abt. Vmara cs sk`a kvarejp wctm tma fcsdcpecbas ki systa`s
jbjeyscs, systa`s jrdmctadtura jbf systa`s.
Tysta` fascob cs tma prkdass jbf ikdusas kb fadk`pksaf tma systa` cbtk `jbjoajlea pjrts.
Furc
Furcbo
bo raqu
raqucr
cra`
a`abt
abtss ae
aecd
cdct
ctjt
jtck
ckb
b jbf jbjey
jbjeysc
scs,
s, wa dkbda
dkbdabt
btrj
rjta
taf
f kb tm
tmaa pu
purp
rpks
ksaa jb
jbf
f tm
tmaa
iubdtckbjecty ki tma systa`. Furcbo systa` fascob, wa ikdusaf kb tma prkdassas, fjtj strudturas,
jbf skitwjra jbf mjrfwjra dk`pkbabts badassjry tk c`pea`abt ct. Vma dmjeeaboa ki systa`

fascob cs tmjt `jby dkbiecdtcbo drctarcj jbf dkbstrjcbts baaf tk la `at wmab fadk`pksaf tma
systa`. Vma jbjeyscs `kfae fasdrclas tma systa` dk`peataey irk` tma jdtkrs– pkcbt ki vcaw jbf
sarvas js tma ljscs ki dk``ubcdjtckb latwaab tma decabt jbf tma favaekpars. Vma jbjeyscs `kfae,
mkwavar, fkas bkt dkbtjcb cbikr`jtckb jlkut tma cbtarbje strudtura ki tma systa`, cts mjrfwjra
dkbicourjtckb, kr, `kra oabarjeey, mkw tma systa` smkuef la rajeczaf.
Tysta` fascob rasuets cb tma ikeekwcbo prkfudts7
 Ecs
Ecstt ki fascob
fascob okjes,
okjes, fasdrc
fasdrclaf
laf tma quject
qujectcas
cas ki tma systa`
systa` tmjt
tmjt favaek
favaekpar
parss smkuef
smkuef
kptc`czaf.
Tk
Tkit
itwj
wjra
ra jrdmc
jrdmcta
tadt
dtur
ura,
a, fa
fasd
sdrc
rcla
laf
f tma
tma suls
sulsys
ysta
ta`
` fa
fadk`
dk`pks
pksct
ctck
ckb
b cb ta
tar`
r`ss ki su
suls
lsys
ysta
ta`
`
raspkbsclcectcas, fapabfabdcas j`kbo sulsysta`s, sulsysta` `jppcbo tk mjrfwjra, jbf `jgkr 
 pkecdy fadcsckbs sudm js dkbtrke iekw, jddass dkbtrke, jbf fjtj stkrjoa
Fascob okjes cfabtciy tma qujectcas tmjt kur systa` smkuef ikdus kb.Jbf prkvcfa j dkbscstabt sat
ki drctarcj tmjt `ust la dkbscfaraf wmab `jncbo fascob fadcsckbs. Vma fascob okjes jra farcvaf
irk` tma bkb-iubdtckbje raqucra`abts.
 B.L7 Vma okje ki systa` fascob cs tk `jbjoa kur systa` dk`peaxcty ly fcvcfcbo tma systa` cbtk
s`jeear, `jbjoajlea pcadas cb oabarje.

9<
 

6.<. Tysta` Jrdmctadtura

Dejss
Dejss typa
typa jrdmct
jrdmctadt
adtura
ura (ejyar
(ejyarcbo
cbo),
), skitwj
skitwjra
ra jrdmct
jrdmctadt
adtura
ura,, jbf fasdrc
fasdrclcb
lcbo
o tma sul systa`
systa`
fadk`p
fadk`pksc
ksctck
tckb
b cb tar`s
tar`s ki sul systa`
systa` raspkb
raspkbscl
sclcec
cecty
ty jbf fapabfa
fapabfabdc
bdcas
as j`kbo
j`kbo sulsys
sulsysta`
ta`,,
sulsys
sulsysta`
ta` `jppcb
`jppcbo
o tk mjrf
mjrf wjra,
wjra, jbf `jgkr
`jgkr pke
pkecdy
cdy fad
fadcsc
csckbs
kbs sudm
sudm js dkbtrke
dkbtrke iekw, jddass
jddass
dkbtrke.
Vma prkpksaf skitwjra mjs tmraa ejyars ki jrdmctadtura. Vma ejyars jra tma ikeekwcbo7 -

 Vma jppecdjtckb ejyar

 Ekocd/ dkbbadtkr ejyar

 Fjtjljsa ejyar

Jppecdjtckb ejyar7 Ejyar wmcdm prkvcfas orjpmcdje usar cbtarijda jbf jppecdjtckb spadcicd
abtry ikr`s tk tma usar ki tma systa`. Jppecdjtckb ejyar cbtarjdt wctm ekocdje ejyar tmrkuom
mttp prktkdke. Ekocd ejyar7 Ejyar tmjt usaf tk c`pea`abt luscbass rueas jbf fjtj rueas, wmcdm
naap tma fjtj strudtura dkbscstabt. Fjtjljsa ejyar7 Vmcs jdtuje FL@T ejyar. Qsaf tk jsscst
raskurda smjrcbo jbf jeekw tma decabt tk la dkbicouraf wctm tma maep ki KFLD frcvar.
 Icoura <6 Tysta` jrdmctadtura ikr T_TTK

94
 

  6.4. Qsar Cbtarijda Xrktktypa

Icoura <: Qsar Cbtarijda Xrktktypas 

Xrktktypas 
 96
 

6.6. Tul Tysta` fadk`pksctckb

Furcbo tma sulsysta` fadk`pksctckb ki Kbecba Atmckpcjb Xkstje Tarvcda, wa mjva gust fcvcfaf
tma oabarje systa` cbtk s`jeear sulsysta` wctm strkbo dkmarabda. Tk ikeekwcbo jra sulsysta`s ki 
kur systa`

  Icoura <1 Fadk`pksckb ki T_TTK 

T_TTK 
 91
 

6.1. Mjrfwjra/Tkitwjra @jppcbo

Cb tmcs sadtckb tma taj` put fkwb tma kvarjee mjrfwjra jbf skitwjra krojbczjtckb ki tma systa`.
Tk fapeky`abt fcjorj` cs raqucraf tk smkw tma systa` mjrfwjra/skitwjra `jppcbo.
Vma systa` cbtarijda
cbtarijda wmcdm wcee cbtarjdt
cbtarjdt wctm tma fjtjljsa
fjtjljsa wcee la prkorj``af
prkorj``af cb XMX jbf tma
fjtjljsas wcee la fkba cb @STZE jbf tma wal sarvar wcee la rub kb Jpjdma.

Ico 6.? Mjrfwjra jbf Tkitwjra `jppcbo fcjorj`

6.9. Ttjta dmjrt fcjorj`

Vma stjta dmjrt ki tma kbecba _jtar lceecbo systa` usaf tk `kfae jbf cfabtciy tma lamjvckr wctm cb
kur systa` jbf lamjvckrs spadcicaf tk tma cbstjbdas ki j scboea dejss. Vma ikeekwcbo fcjorj`
smkws tma iekw ki dkbtrke irk` stjta tk stjta.
 99
 

 Icoura :stjta fcjorj` ikr drajta jddkubt 

 Icoura <stjta fcjorj` ikr ekocb

 9?
 

 Icoura 4stjta fcjorj` ikr afct usar 

 Icoura 6stjta fcjorj` ikr faeata usa

 Icoura 1stjta fcjorj` ikr jff usar 

6.?. Dkeejlkrjtckb fcjorj`

Dkeejlkrjtckb fcjorj` ki kur systa` raprasabts j dk`lcbjtckb ki cbikr`jtckb tjnab irk` dejss,
 saquabda, jbf usa djsa fcjorj`s tmjt fasdrclas tma lamjvckr ki j systa`. Jbf ct jesk smkws fjtj
iekws latwaab klgadts
Dkeejlkrjtckb fcjorj` raprasabt j dk`lcbjtckb ki cbikr`jtckb tjnab irk` dejss, saquabda, jbf
usa djsa fcjorj`s fasdrclcbo lktm stjtcd strudtura jbf fybj`cd lamjvckr ki j systa`. Jbf ct
jesk smkws sk`a fjtj iekws latwaab klgadts jbf tma cbtarjdtckb djusaf latwaab tma`. Vma
ikeekwcbo icouras smkw tma Dkeejlkrjtckb @kfaecbo ki tma systa`.

9=
 

 Icoura 9dkeejlkrjtckb fcjorj` ikr ekocb

 Icoura ?dkeejlkrjtckb fcjorj` ikr `jbjoa jddkubt 

 93
 

6.=. Dk`pkbabt fcjorj`

Dk`pkbabt fcjorj`s smkw mkw tma pmyscdje dk`pkbabts ki j systa` jra krojbczaf.
Jbf jesk smkws wmcdm dk`pkbabt kr klgadts wcee la jddassaf ly wmk` jbf wmjt typa
ki sadurcty cbirjstrudturas ct cs uscbo. Vma fcjorj` cs sc`uejtaf laekw.
 Icoura << Dk`pkbabt Fcjorj`

?8
 

6.3. Fapeky`abt fcjorj`

Cb tma fapeky`abt fcjorj` ki kur systa`, ct cbtabfs tk smkw tma mjrfwjra ki tma systa`, tma
skitwjra tmjt wjs cbstjeeaf cb tma mjrfwjra jbf tma `cffea-wjra kr tma sarvar tmjt dkbbadts tma
fcspjrjta `jdmcbas tk kba jbf jbktmar

Icoura <4 Fapeky`abt Fcjorj` 

Fcjorj` 
 ?:
 

6.:8. Xarscstabda Fjtj `jbjoa`abt

Jesk djeeaf fjtj `kfaecbo> parscstabda `kfaes jra usaf tk dk``ubcdjta tma fascob ki fjtjljsa,
usujeey raejtckbje fjtjljsa, wctm tma usar jbf ktmar favaekpars. Vmcs cs ljscdjeey tma abtcty
raejtckb cb fjtjljsa jppecdjtckb. Xarscstabt `kfaecbo cs usaf tk fapcdt tma fascob ki tma fjtjljsa.
Vma taj` cs usaf tma raejtckbje fjtjljsa scbda ct cs tma `kst usaf fjtj ljsa systa` radabtey.
Avary tjlea cs raejtaf tk ajdm tmrkuom tmacr prc`jry jbf ikracob nay. Jesk ajdm tjlea mjs
Jttrcluta wctm dk`pjtclea Fjtj Vypa.
@jppcbo raejtckbje tjleas
Vma tar` `jppcbo raiars tk mkw klgadts jra tmacr raejtckbsmcps jra stkraf cb j raejtckbje fjtjljsa.
Cb krfar tk parikr` tmcs jpprkjdm wa mjva
mjv a `jcbtjcbaf tma ikeekwcbo rueas7-
\uea:7 Abtcty bj`as wcee jutk`jtcdjeey tjleas bj`a.
\uea<7 Jttrclutas wcee la dkeu`bs ki tma raspadtcva tjleas.
  7 Tcboea vjeuaf jttrclutas wcee la `jppaf js dkeu`bs ki tma tjlea.

  7 Dk`pkscta jttrclutas wcee la fadk`pksaf tk ladk`a dkeu`bs ki tma tjlea.

  7 @uetc vjeuaf jttrclutas wcee la `jppaf tk j baw tjlea wmara tma prc`jry nay ki tma `jcb
tjlea wcee la pkstaf ikr drkss raiarabdcbo.
\uea47 \aejtckbsmcp wcee la `jppaf ly uscbo ikracob nay jttrcluta.
Cb raejtckbje parscstabda `kfae wa mjva tk raejta tma dejss ly uscbo prc`jry nay jbf ikracob nay
js smkwb laekw. 
 ?<
 

 
  

Icoura 4 AA\ Fcjorj`

. Qsar tjlea

?4
 

Qsar[CF IBj`a EBj`a Nalaea daeepmkba Kda pmkba

Dustk`ar tjlea
QsarCF IBj`a Ebj`a Nalaea

Jddkubt tjlea
JddkubtCF QsarCF usarbj`a Xjsswkrf \kea

\apkrt tjlea
\CF \typa \fasdrcpkb

@atar tjlea
@[CF QsarCF @typa @scza

@atar rajfcbo tjlea

@\ CF @CF Xravckus rajfcbo Durrabt rjafcbo

Lcee tjlea

Lcee[CF @\CF J`kubt Xjy`abt Ttjtus

@jtarcje tjlea

@jta
tarc
rcje
jeCCF Vypa dk
dkst
st

@jcbtjcbjbda tjlea
@jcbtjcbjbdaBk @jcbtjcbjbda\aquastFjta

Vjlea <8 Bkr`jeczjkb ikr tma tjlea

 \aejkbje tjlea

?6
 

Lcee[CF @\CF J`kubt Xjy`abt Ttjtus

 6.:: Qsar cbtarijda fascob
Qsar cbtarijda fascob cs tma kvarjee prkdass ki fascobcbo mkw j usar wcee la jlea tk
cbtarjdt wctm j systa`. Vma okje ki usar cbtarijda fascob cs tk `jna tma usar's cbtarjdtckb
js sc`pea jbf aiicdcabt js pkssclea

?1
 

Icoura <9 usar cbtarijda ikr T_TT Ekocb pjoa