Actividad Eje 2 Gestión de Proyectos

Rrlvlhckóh y elstkóh mlj rklseo - lnl
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Elstkóh ml Rroylctos
A\HMGCKÓH \HKQLTSK]GTKG MLJ ÇTLG GHMKHG

AGC\J]GM ML CKLHCKGS GMIKHKS]TG]KQGS
RTOETGIG ML GMIKHKS]TGCKÓH ML LIRTLSGS
LSRLCKGJK^GCKÓH LH GJ]G ELTLHCKG
Iómujo>
ELS]KÓH ML RTO[LC]OS
Lnl 4> ¡Ls Forg ml Liprlhmlr!
Lstumkghtls>
Ilrjy Crkstkhg Kcopo Ghmrgml
Lmugrmo Ghmrës Dofórqulz Qljgsco
Rlmro Rgdjo Arghco Qgjmlrrgig
Rroalsor> Elrigh Tlyls Tongs
Doeotç M.C, 4< ml Lhlro ml 4247.
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COH]LHKMO
KH]TOM\CCKÓH..............
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7.7
7.7 ML
MLAK
AKHK
HKCK
CKÓH
ÓH ML JG HL
HLCL
CLSK
SKMG
MGM
M G G]
G]LH
LHML
MLT
T....................................................................3
7.4 Jjuvkg ml kmlgs.............
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4. DG]LTÉG ML RTLE\H]GS..............
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4.7 Crktlrkos ml mlckskóh lcohóikcos, ml ilrcgmo, gidklhtgjls y sockgjls.........................................5
4.4 crktlrkos lcohóikcos..............
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hleocko.............................
4.4.7 iomljo ml hleocko...........................................
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vlhmlr..............................
4.4.4 qul sl vg g vlhmlr.............................................
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khkckgj. .............................
4.4.3 ml cughto slrkg jg khvlrskóh khkckgj................ .............................
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4.3 crktlrko ml ilrcgmo (Mlighmg) ...............
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4.= crktlrko ml ilrcgmo (Oalrtg) ...............
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4.< crktlrko ml ilrcgmo (Rrlcko) .............

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72
4.1 crktlrko sockogidklhtgj ..............
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3. MLAKHKCKOH ML JG KMLG MLJ RTO[LC]O ...............................................................................77
7. COHCJ\SKOHLS.............
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Tlalrlhckgs...............
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KHMKCL ML ]GDJGS
]gdjg 7 Jjuvkg ml kmlgs..........................

kmlgs.........................................
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KH]TOM\CCKÓH
Jg prlslhtl gctkvkmgm, plriktl rlgjkzgr cçjcujos y proylcckohls hlclsgrkgs pgrg uh
proylcto ml liprlhmkiklhto, fgcklhmo ëhagsks lh jg lvgjugckóh akhghcklrg.

Jg lvgjugckóh akhghcklrg ml proylctos ml khvlrskóh, pohl lh lvkmlhckg lj coipohlhtl
akhghcklro qul plriktl ghgjkzgr su vkgdkjkmgm y toigr mlckskohls, qul iktkeulh jos rklseos, ls
mlckr, qul jg lvgjugckóh plriktl ho sójo cohoclr jos iohtos ml khvlrskóh mlj proylcto, skho
tgidkëh jos costos gsockgmos, y ml lstg ighlrg kmlhtkakcgr hkvljls ml prlckos

prlckos qul lstgdjlzcgh
iltgs ml kherlsos o vlhtgs, y jo içs kiportghtl, plriktl lstkigr jg cgpgckmgm ml ëstl ml elhlrgr
rkqulzg o vgjor g jos khvlrskohkstgs.
Ror otro jgmo, jg lvgjugckóh akhghcklrg, kmlhtkakcg jg lstructurg

lstructurg y cohmkckóh ml
akhghckgiklhto, y g su vlz jg galctgckóh mlj proylcto fgckg jgs akhghzgs ml jg lhtkmgm, yg qul lsto
mltlrikhgrç sk jg iksig ls sunlto ml crëmkto ghtl jg poskdjl hlclskmgm ml akhghckgiklhto.
Lh elhlrgj sl pulml mlckr qul jg lvgjugckóh

lvgjugckóh akhghcklrg ml uh proylcto, ls lj lstumko qul
sl fgcl ml jg khaorigckóh, qul proporckohg jg cohtgdkjkmgm y tomg jg mliçs khaorigckóh
mkspohkdjl pgrg trgtgr ml mltlrikhgr jg sktugckóh akhghcklrg o slctor lsplcéakco ml ëstg.
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7.7 MLAKHK
MLAKHKCKÓH
CKÓH ML JG HLCLSKM
HLCLSKMGM
GM G G]LHMLT
Lh lj prlslhtl lscrkto sl
sl prltlhml rlgjkzgr jg mlscrkpckóh
mlscrkpckóh cjgrg, cohcrltg y prlcksg, ml jg
oportuhkmgm ml ilrcgmo
ilrcgmo coh jg cugj sl supjkrçh jgs hlclskmgmls ml gjkilhtgckóh sgjumgdjl, ml
ergh pgrtl ml jos fgdktghtls mlj iuhkckpko ml Jg Rjgtg Fukjg.
Lh jg gctugjkmgm, jg hutrkckóh ls iuy kiportghtl pgrg jg cgjkmgm ml vkmg ml jgs plrsohgs, sklhmo
trls jos pkjgrls qul gyumgh g ightlhlr uhg dulhg sgjum> lj mlscghso, jg gjkilhtgckóh y lj
lnlrckcko. Jg culstkóh rgmkcg lh gprlhmlr g lqukjkdrgr lstgs trls auhckohls. \hg gjkilhtgckóh
sgjumgdjl kipjkcg cohsuikr mkalrlhtls erupos ml gjkilhtos lh cgmg coikmg pgrg joergr uh gportl
gpo rtl
lqukjkdrgmo ml hutrklhtls y protléhgs. PCK]G]KOH Flr71 Zj ;441 Y .
Coh lj prlslhtl proylcto, sl duscg crlgr cohcklhckg lh plrsohgs lh lj rgheo ml lmgm ml 7; y
=2 g÷os, quklhls duscgh gjtlrhgtkvgs mkalrlhtls ml gjkilhtgckóh y g prlckos cóiomos, elhlrghmo
uhg hulvg cohcklhckg qul mlspjleuë jg kmlg qul pgrg coilr sgjumgdjlilhtl ho sl hlclsktg egstgr
iucfo mkhlro.
Ror jo ghtlrkor, jg crlgckóh ml uhg tklhmg ml coikmg rçpkmg sgjumgdjl, cuyo prkhckpgj odnltkvo
ls jg promucckóh ml gjkilhtos dgno lj cuipjkiklhto lstrkcto ml jgs horigs y proilsg ml vgjor,
gcorml coh jgs hlclskmgmls ml cohsuio gctugjls, tlhklhmo lh culhtg lj ilmko gidklhtl y jg
socklmgm, coio uhg hulvg gjtlrhgtkvg ml gjkilhtgckóh, jg cugj cohtrkduyl g qul jos cohsuikmorls
ilnorlh sus fçdktos ml gjkilhtgckóh cughmo coilh aulrg ml su cgsg, elhlrghmo uhg cohcklhckg
mkalrlhtl mlsml jg pgrtkckpgckóh mlj cjklhtl coio pgrtl auhmgilhtgj mlj hleocko y jgs mkalrlhtls
gctkvkmgmls g rlgjkzgr lh pro ml cuipjkr coh tomgs jgs lxplctgtkvgs mlj h

hleocko
leocko pgrg lj cjklhtl.
PCK]G]KOH sgj7; Zj ;441 Y .
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Gmliçs ml ljjo, lj lstkjo ml slrvkcko lh dgrrg duscg
elhlrgr lh lj cjklhtl jg jkdlrtgm ml ljlcckóh lh su gjkilhtgckóh y jg gekjkmgm mlj slrvkcko gj slr
gjkilhtos prlpgrgmos jkstos pgrg slrvkr o lipgcgr y cohsuikr. Lj odnltkvo

od nltkvo prkhckpgj mlj hleocko ls
drkhmgr cgjkmgm, lxcljlhckg lh lj slrvkcko, y mlngr lh lj cjklhtl lsl mlslo ml qulrlr vojvlr g jg
ilnor tklhmg ml coikmg sgjumgdjl mlj slctor.
Ml gculrmo g gjeuhos lstumkos ghtlrkorls rlgjkzgmos lh jg podjgckóh sodrl cohsuio ml
gjkilhtos sgjumgdjls, khmkcgh qul sé lxkstl uhg oportuhkmgm

op ortuhkmgm ml ilrcgmo pgrg khcurskohgr lh lj
slctor, tlhklhmo lh culhtg sus cohmkckohls y lj akh ml jg kmlg ml hleocko qul ho sl trgtg sojgilhtl
ml crlgr uh lstgdjlckiklhto coilrckgj, sk ho cohtrkdukr

c ohtrkdukr g jg crlgckóh ml hulv
hulvos
os fçdktos
gjkilhtkckos lh iuhkckpko, mohml iucfos lstgdjlckiklhtos coilrckgjls ho gpulstgh g mlsgrrojjgr
lstl tkpo ml hleockos. PCK]G]KOH Ght7; Zj ;441 Y .
Ror lhml, jg crlgckóh ml uhg tklhmg ml coikmg rçpkmg sgjumgdjl elhlrgrç uhg hulvg tlhmlhckg
ml ilrcgmo gj qulrlr lstgdjlclr otros cohclptos

coh clptos ml coiprg y gtrkduylhmo skliprl jos dlhlakckos
qul trglrç pgrg jg sgjum y lstgmo aéskco ml jos cohsuikmorls.
7.4 Jju
Jjuvkg
vkg ml kkmlgs
mlgs
]gdjg 7 Jjuvkg ml kmlgs.
KMLGS ODNL]KQO A\HCKOHGJKMGM SLC]OT

SOCKOLCOHOIKCO
Gsgmlro ml pojjo Qlhmlr pojjo gsgmo g prlckos Sgtksagclr jg hlclskmgm ml Slctor tlrckgrko o ml
lcohóikcos gjkilhtgckóh ml ergh pgrtl slrvkckos.
podjgckóh.
Gmqukrkr Slr pkohlros lh jg vlhtg ml Oarlclr g jg podjgckóh Slctor tlrckgrko o ml
arghqukckg ml fgidureulsgs ml lstg igrcg mkalrlhtls opckohls ml slrvkckos.
fgidureulsgs lj lh lj iuhkckpko. cohsuio ml fgidureulsgs.
corrgj.
Gmqukrkr
arghqukckguhg
ml Aorigr pgrtl
arghqukckgs ml jg cgmlhg
hþilro uho mlml Suikhkstrgr gj cjklhtlml pojjo
vgrklmgm ml sgdorls Slctor tlrckgrko o ml
slrvkckos.
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arksdy pojjo gpghgmo lh lj pgés. arkto y
arksdy fgidureulsgs.
Qlhtg ml tgcos y Oarlclr gj cjklhtl uh promucto Cohtrkdukr gj ilnorgiklhto Slctor tlrckgrko o ml
wrgps sgjumgdjl. g dgsl protléhgs y vgrklmgm ml jg cgjkmgm ml vkmg ml jgs slrvkckos.
vlrmurgs cohtlhkmgs lh tgcos plrsohgs, g trgvës ml uhg
y wrgps, coio opckóh ml gjkilhtgckóh sgjumgdjl g
coikmg rçpkmg sgjumgdjl. prlckos cóiomos.
Qlhtg ml grlpgs Oarlclr ergh vgrklmgm ml Ightlhlr jg trgmkckóh ml Slctor tlrckgrko o ml
rljjlhgs. grlpgs pgrg lj cohsuio g cohsuio ml grlpgs lh jg slrvkckos.
prlckos cóiomos. rlekóh.
Tlstgurghtl ml Khhovgr lh lj slctor coh jg Rroporckohgr g Jgs plrsohgs Slctor tlrckgrko o ml
coikmg khcjuskóh ml uh ilhþ jg oportuhkmgm ml mleustgr slrvkckos.
Ilxkcghg. khtlrhgckohgj g prlckos jg egstrohoiég ilxkcghg.
gcclskdjls.
Qlhtg ml nueos Crlgr uh promucto coh jg Cohtrkdukr gj ilnorgiklhto Slctor tlrckgrko o ml
vlrmls, hlclskmgm ml cohsuikr arutgs ml jg cgjkmgm ml vkmg ml jgs slrvkckos.
lhlrekzghtls y y vlrmurgs hgturgjls lh uhg plrsohgs g trgvës ml jg vlhtg
mlskhtoxkcghtls. mkltg ml nueos hgturgjls skh
mkgrkg, mohml slgh cohslrvghtls coh tomgs jgs
gprovlcfgmos dlhlakckos, vktgikhgs y akdrgs qul
coio vktgikhgs y akdrg, pgrg cohtklhl cgmg uho ml sus
uhg vkmg sgjumgdjl kherlmklhtls, coh iþjtkpjls
dlhlakckos pgrg jg sgjum.
Dgr ml coctljls Crlgr uh lspgcko qul oarlzcg Fgclr ml cgmg lspgcko uhg Slctor tlrckgrko o ml
uhg lxquksktg cgrtg ml lxplrklhckg þhkcg pgrg slrvkckos.
ilzcjgs ltéjkcgs. mksarutgr ml coctljls cjçskcos
coh uh toqul ml gutor, qul
rlsgjtgh jos sgdorls ml
gjeuhgs arutgs tépkcgs coh
mkalrlhtls tkpos ml trgeo ml
tomo lj iuhmo coio lj
Cfgpktowh, uh cóctlj g dgsl
Qlhtg ml tgigjls Ljgdorgr tgigjls coh jg sgzóh ml ilzcgj.

Liprlsg Coiproiltkmg coh Slctor tlrckgrko o ml
Fukjlhsls plralctg, lj grroz lh su puhto lj ilmko gidklhtl qul fgrç slrvkckos.
y coh kherlmklhtls hgturgjls, ml jos pgjgmgrls jos içs
gcoipg÷gmos coh grlpg, pgh aljkcls gj rlmlscudrkr lstl
coh cfocojgtl o nueo ml pjgto tépkco, y pgrtkckpghmo
hgrghng. ml ighlrg gctkvg lh lj
rlckcjgnl ml sus igtlrkgs.
Tlstgurghtl ml Crlgr uh rlstgurghtl ml Rroporckohgr g jgs plrsohgs Slctor tlrckgrko o ml
Fgidureulsgs Fgidureulsgs sgjumgdjls uh lspgcko mohml pulmgh slrvkckos.
Sgjumgdjls tlhklhmo lh culhtg jgs cohsuikr gjkilhtos
hlclskmgmls y eustos ml jos sgjumgdjls, dgjghclgmos y
cohsuikmorls lh lj hgturgjls skh rlhuhckgr g
iuhkckpko. coilr gjkilhtos coio jg
coikmg rçpkmg.
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Aulhtl> Ljgdorgckóh propkg
4. DG]LTÉG ML RTLE\H]GS
¿Cuçj ml jos proylctos pjghtlgmos posll igyor mlighmg lh lj çidkto coilrckgj?
¿Wuë proylcto elhlrg igyor kipgcto posktkvo lh jg coiuhkmgm?
¿Wuë prodjlig o hlclskmgm mlj cjklhtl trgtgrç ml gtlhmlr jg liprlsg?
¿Cuçjls soh jgs cgrgctlréstkcgs kiportghtls ml hulstros cjklhtls?
¿Cóio ightlhmrlios tgj vlhtgng coipltktkvg coh lj tklipo?
Kmlg ml hleocko sljlcckohgmg .
Aulhtl> Ljgdorgckóh propkg.
4.7 Crktlrkos ml mlckskóh lcohóikcos, ml ilrcgmo, gidklhtgjls y sockgjls.

4.4 crktlrkos lcohóikcos
Slrg uh liprlsg prkvgmg qul plrtlhlcl gj slctor tlrckgrko, tomg vlz qul sl oarlclrç uh
slrvkcko g jg coiuhkmgm, mlhtro mlj çidkto eloerçakco jocgj, mlsgrrojjghmo su gctkvkmgm ml
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promucckóh y vlhtg ml promuctos gjkilhtkckos
sgjumgdjls, lh uhg sojg jocgjkmgm coio liprlsg plqul÷g. PCK]G]KOH Dur76 Zj ;441 Y .
Su udkcgckóh lstrgtëekcg, plriktl lj açckj gcclso g tomg jg podjgckóh, pulsto qul lstgrç
sktugmo lh uhg zohg ml trçhskto odjkegtorko gj slr uhg vég hgckohgj y lhtrgmg gj sur mlj pgés.
Aulhtl> Jg Rjgtg Eooejl Igps.
4.4.7 iomljo ml hleocko.
Qlhtg ml promuctos y/o slrvkckos
Lstl iomljo ml hleocko, plriktl mlscrkdkr jgs dgsls sodrl jgs qul jg liprlsg sl crlg,
proporckohg y cgptg vgjor, gmliçs ml ljjo, prlslhtg uhg mlakhkckóh içs ljgdorgmg gj khmkcgr qul
lj iomljo ml hleocko tklhl coio propóskto>
propóskto> grtkcujgr jg proposkck
proposkckóh
óh ml vgjor, kmlhtkakcgr uh
sleilhto ml ilrcgmo, mlakhkr jg lstructurg

lstructurg ml jg cgmlhg ml vgjor, lstkigr jjgg lstructurg ml costls
y lj potlhckgj ml dlhlakckos, mlscrkdkr

mlscrkdkr jg poskckóh ml jg li
liprlsg
prlsg lh jg rlm ml vgjor, y aoriujgr jg
lstrgtlekg coipltktkvg.
4.4.4 qul sl vg g vlhmlr.
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\h promucto g dgsl ml protléhgs y vgrklmgm ml
vlrmurgs, qul plriktg cohtrkdukr gj ilnorgiklhto ml jg cgjkmgm ml vkmg ml jgs plrsohgs, g trgvës
mlj cohsuio ml gjkilhtos sgjumgdjls skh cohslrvghtls coh tomgs jgs vktgikhgs y akdrgs qul
cohtklhl cgmg uho ml sus kherlmklhtls, coh iþjtkpjls dlhlakckos pgrg jg sgjum g prlckos cóiomos.
4.4.3 ml cughto slrkg jg khvlrskóh khkckgj.
Lj vgjor ml jg khvlrskóh khkckgj slrég ml $32.222.222 I/C]L
4.3 crktlrko ml ilrcgmo (Mlighmg)
Lj erupo odnltkvo sljlcckohgmo sl lhculhtrg coipulsto por foidrls y iunlrls qul rlskmlh y
vksktgh lj iuhkckpko ml Jg Rjgtg, jos cugjls sl prlocupgh por su lstkjo ml vkmg lh duscg ml coikmg
sgjumgdjl, jkdrl ml quéikcos y plrslvghtls, y qul posllh poco tklipo pgrg sgtksagclr sus
hlclskmgmls gjkilhtkckgs, gjeuhgs cgrgctlréstkcgs gmkckohgjls soh>
 Hkvlj sockolcohóikco> g pgrtkr mlj hkvlj ilmko-dgno y lh gmljghtl, coiprlhmklhmo gsé jos
lstrgtos 3 g 1.
 Ocupgckóh> Lstumkghtls ml cojleko y uhkvlrskmgm, trgdgngmorls y turkstgs.
4.= crktlrko ml ilrcgmo (Oalrtg)
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Lh jg gctugjkmgm, lxkstlh lh lj iuhkckpko
rlstgurghtls qul oarlclh lj slrvkcko

slrvkcko ml promucckóh y vlhtg ml coikmg rçpkmg, skh lidgreo, pocos
rlstgurghtls oarlclh lh su ilhþ, coikmg rçpkmg.
Ror jo ghtlrkor, jg propulstg ml jg vlhtg ml coikmg rçpkmg sgjumgdjl, sl mlscrkdl g pgrtkr ml

cugtro cohclptos> gjkilhtos sgjumgdjls, gjkilhtos arlscos, skh cohslrvghtls, pgrg cohsuio
rçpkmo y plhsgmos pgrg jgs plrsohgs mlj slctor qul ho tklhlh iucfo tklipo mkspohkdjl, mohml sl
lstgdjlcl gmgptgdkjkmgm mlj ilhþ sgtksagcklhmo jgs hlclskmgmls mlj ilrcgmo coh uhg gipjkg
oalrtg ml kherlmklhtls y totgjilhtl plrsohgjkzgmo plhsgmo lh jg trgspgrlhckg ml jg khaorigckóh
mlj promucto qul sl vg g cohsuikr.PCK]G]KOH Jgk47 Zj ;441 Y .
Aulhtl> Ljgdorgckóh propkg
4.< crktlrko ml ilrcgmo (Rrlcko)
Jos promuctos oarlckmos tlhmrçh uh vgjor ml>
 ]gcos $ 72.<22 uhkmgm

 Urgps $ ;.<22 uhkmgm
72
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4.1 crktlrko sockogidklhtgj
Coiprlhmklhmo jos fçdktos gmlcugmos l khgmlcugmos ml jg gjkilhtgckóh khmkvkmugj ml jg
podjgckóh, lh lstos ioilhtos ml crksks por jg pghmlikg, sl lvkmlhckg qul ho prgctkcgh hkheþh
tkpo ml mkltg, hk skeul khmkcgckohls ml uh hutrkckohkstg o iëmkco.
Gsé, jg kmlg ml hleocko prltlhml joergr qul lj cohsuikmor joerl uh dulh lstgmo ml sgjum,
auhmgilhtgmo lh uhg gjkilhtgckóh sgjumgdjl, qul khcjuyl protléhgs y vleltgjls.
Ror otrg pgrtl, jg rlspohsgdkjkmgm gidklhtgj mlj prlslhtl proylcto, duscg lj crlckiklhto
lcohóikco lh lj igrco mlj rlsplto y gpoyo por jg cohslrvgckóh mlj ilmko gidklhtl, lh uh
iuhmo mohml jg mlskeugjmgm ls lxtrlig y jg gctkvkmgm lcohóikcg pulml cgusgr mg÷o krrlvlrskdjl
gj pjghltg, por lhml, sl crlg cohcklhckg gj proplhmlr por uh mlsgrrojjo qul egrghtkcl lh lj aut
auturo
uro
pomlr cohtgr coh uhg aulhtl ml rlcursos provlhklhtls mlj ilmko gidklhtl.P CK]G]KOH Ton71 Zj
;441 Y.
Ror jo ghtlrkor y coh jg akhgjkmgm cohtrkdukr g jg cohslrvgckóh mlj ilmko gidklhtl, sl
tlhmrç lh culhtg jgs horigs ml fkeklhl, jg pjghkakcgckóh mlj ilhþ y lj lipgqul ml jos promuctos
oarlckmos.
Gsé, sl agckjktgrg
agckjktgrg lj gcclso g jos promuctos lh pro mlj ilnorgiklhto ml jg cgj
cgjkmgm
kmgm ml vkmg
ml jg podjgckóh, g trgvës mlj cohsuio ml gjkilhtos sgjumgdjls, vlhmkmos mkrlctgilhtl gj cjklhtl
lh lipgquls ml pgplj, lvktghmo gsé jg cohtgikhgckóh, gprovlcfghmo ml lstg ighlrg, jg udkcgckóh
lstrgtëekcg y lxcjuskvg mlj hleocko. Lh sleuhmo juegr, sl lstgdjlclrçh cghgjls ml mkstrkduckóh
gjtlrhos coio jg vlhtg ml jos promuctos

p romuctos por jg pçekhg wld propkg,
p ropkg, pgrg su lhtrleg g moikckjko0
lstg cohtgrç coh jg iksig mkhçikcg ml sljlcckóh ml jos gjkilhtos qul lj rlstgurghtl.
77
l nl 4>
Coh rlsplcto gj cghgj ml coiuhkcgckóh, sl
prltlhml tlhlr prlslhckg lh jgs rlmls sockgjls, Khstgergi y Agcldoo`, gsé coio, jg crlgckóh ml
uhg pçekhg wld propkg. Jo ghtlrkor, coh jg akhgjkmgm ml ightlhlr uhg coiuhkcgckóh cohstghtl y
mkrlctg coh jos potlhckgjls cjklhtls, g trgvës ml pudjkcgckóh ml gctkvkmgmls proiockohgjls y
suikhkstro ml khaorigckóh hutrkckohgj y ml dulhos fçdktos gjkilhtkckos.
3. MLAKHKCKOH ML JG KMLG MLJ RTO[LC]O
Ml gculrmo, g jg jjuvkg ml kmlgs, g jg dgtlrég ml prleuhtgs y crktlrkos ml sljlcckóh, vlios
qul jg ilnor opckóh mlj proylcto ml liprlhmkiklhto, ls jg crlgckóh ml rlstgurghtl ml coikmg
rçpkmg sgjumgdjl tgcos y wrgps, tomg vlz qul cohtrkduyl gj ilnorgiklhto ml jg cgjkmgm ml vkmg ml
jgs plrsohgs, g trgvës ml uhg gjkilhtgckóh sgjumgdjl g prlckos cóiomos.
Lh jg gctugjkmgm, jg pgrtkckpgckóh mlj slctor ml slrvkckos ml rlstgurghtls plriktl lvkmlhckgr
uhg lcohóikcg mkhçikcg kipujsgmg por agctorls ml cgidkos ml fçdktos ml cohsuio coio sl
lvkmlhckg lh lj g÷o 427; g plsgr mlj lstghcgiklhto ml jg lcohoiég l khclrtkmuidrl por jg
rlaorig trkdutgrkg sleþh ckargs mlj Mlpgrtgilhto Gmikhkstrgtkvo Hgckohgj ml Lstgméstkcg, lj
slctor prlslhto uh gportl mlj =% gj RKD Hgckohgj (MGHL, 427;), Lh Cojoidkg lj

l j slctor ml
coikmgs rçpkmgs lh jos þjtkios g÷os fg liplzgmo g tlhlr uh guel, por jgs mkalrlhtls tlhmlhckgs
qul jjlvgh gj cohsuikmor g coilr aulrg ml cgsg. G plsgr qul jg lcohoiég suarl uh
mlsgcljlrgckóh, lstl sudslctor ls lj qul cohclhtrg

co hclhtrg éhmkcls ml crlckiklhto mlj slctor coio jo
mliulstrgs jgs ckargs

ckargs mlj 427;, coh uh <,4% rlalrlhtl gj g÷o khilmkgtgilhtl ghtlrkor y jg ckargs
ml cohsuio lh uh guilhto ml 1.3%. P CK]G]KOH Hkl76 Zj ;441 Y .
Jg crlcklhtl oalrtg lh lj slctor ml slrvkckos ml rlstgurghtl ls elhlrgmg por jgs hulvgs
tlhmlhckgs mlj slctor egstrohóikco por lj cohsuio ml gjkilhtos sgjumgdjls, sleþh lstumkos
74
l nl 4>
rlgjkzgmos ghtlrkorilhtl, jos cojoidkghos cgmg vlz
içs sl khtlrlsgh por lj dklhlstgr ml jg sgjum y lj cukmgmo aéskco, duscghmo gjkilhtos arlscos,
jocgjls y oreçhkcos. PCK]G]KOH Mkh76 Zj ;441 Y .
Tgzohls por jg cugj sl ljkekó lstg kmlg>

 Lj proylcto ml liprlhmkiklhto elhlrg ergh kipgcto lh lj mlsgrrojjo ml jg rlekóh.
 Rrlslhtg vgrklmgm ml rlcltgs coipulstgs por vleltgjls y protléhgs sgjumgdjls.
 Cohtrkduyl gj ilnorgiklhto ml jg cgjkmgm ml vkmg ml jg podjgckóh.
 Agckjkmgm lh lj ighlno ml jg Kigelh corporgtkvg y rlspohsgdkjkmgm sockgj.
 Lalctkvkmgm ml jg promucckóh y proergigs ml lhtrleg.
 Elhlrg oportuhkmgm ml coipltktkvkmgm y plrighlhckg lh lj ilrcgmo.
 Cgpgckmgm ml khhovgckóh.
 Aortgjlzgs ml provllmorls y mkspohkdkjkmgm ml khsuios.
 Dgnos costos ml promucckóh y mkstrkduckóh ml jos promuctos.
 Tlhtgdkjkmgm y rltorho ml jg khvlrskóh.
Ror agvor rlvksgr lj grcfkvo gmnuhto, lj cugj coipjlilhtg jg gctkvkmgm ml gculrmo g jg euég
corrlspohmklhtl gj lnl 4.
73
l nl 4>
7. CO
COHC
HCJ
J\SKO
\SKOHL
HLS
S
Coh lj mlsgrrojjo y ghçjksks ml jg prlslhtl gctkvkmgm, flios cohcjukmo qul jg kmlg ml
hleocko ljlekmg lh lstl proylcto ml khvlrskóh

khvlrskóh rlsujtg slr iuy rlhtgdj
rlhtgdjl,
l, tlhklhmo lh culhtg jos
lstumkos rlgjkzgmos por lj MGHL lh jos þjtkios g÷os, jos cugjls

cu gjls mliulstrgh qul jg pgrtkckpgckóh
mlj slctor ml slrvkckos ml rlstgurghtls plriktl lvkmlhckgr uhg lcohóikcg mkhçikcg kipujsgmg por
agctorls ml cgidkos ml fçdktos ml cohsuio coio sl lvkmlhckg lh lj g÷o 427;, g plsgr mlj
lstghcgiklhto ml jg lcohoiég l khclrtkmuidrl por jg rlaorig trkdutgrkg, plro sleþh jgs
lstgméstkcgs gj slr jg gjkilhtgckóh cohskmlrgmg coio hlclskmgm dçskcg, sl ightklhl coio
tlhmlhckg lj cohsuio ml gjkilhtos sgjumgdjls.
Ror jo ghtlrkor sl lvkmlhckg qul guh lh jg crksks lh jg qul sl lhculhtrg lj iuhmo g cgusg
ml jg pghmlikg, lj slctor prlslhtg uh gportl mlj =% gj RKD HgckohgjP CK]G]KOH Hkl76 Zj ;441 Y ,
por lhml, lj slctor ml coikmgs rçpkmgs lh jos þjtkios g÷os fg liplzgmo g tlhlr uh guel, por jgs
mkalrlhtls tlhmlhckgs qul jjlvgh gj cohsuikmor g coilr aulrg ml cgsg, cohclhtrghmo éhmkcls ml
crlckiklhto mlj slctor lh uh <,4% rlalrlhtl gj g÷o khilmkgtgilhtl ghtlr

ghtlrkor
kor y jgs ckargs ml
cohsuio lh uh guilhto ml 1.3%.
Ml jos cojoidkghos qul tklhlh prlocupgckóh por dgngr ml plso, <5% quklrl joergrjo
cgidkghmo su mkltg, 56% khaoriçhmosl ilnor sodrl lj cohtlhkmo hutrkckohgj ml jgs ltkqultgs ml
jos promuctos qul cohsuil y 6=% duscghmo gjtlrhgtkvgs gjkilhtkckgs coh coipohlhtls jocgjls,
hgturgjls y oreçhkcos. Ml gfé qul, sleþh Hkljslh, skltl ml cgmg 72 cohsuikmorls quklrgh vlr içs
promuctos lh lj ilrcgmo coh kherlmklhtls coipjltgilhtl hgturgjls.
7=
l nl 4>
Ml gculrmo coh jgs lstgméstkcgs P CK]G]KOH Jkh76 Zj ;441 Y , lj sleilhto sgjumgdjl crlcl
1,6%, ls mlckr, 1% por lhckig o slks vlcls içs qul jg cghgstg elhlrgj, cuyo guilhto ls ml 2,6%.
Lso quklrl mlckr qul ëstg ls uhg tlhmlhckg lh crlckiklhto qul lh Cojoidkg tomgvég ho sl fg
mlsgrrojjgmo tghto, plro qul sé rlajlng qul lxkstl uhg

u hg prlocupgckóh ml jgs plrsohgs,
p lrsohgs, por prlvlhkr
lhalrilmgmls g trgvës ml promuctos içs gikegdjls coh lj culrpo.
Gsé jgs cosgs, mlspuës mlj rlgjkzgr uh ghçjksks y lvgjugckóh akhghcklrg y jg sleilhtgckóh
mlj ilrcgmo gmlcugmg, hulstro proylcto ml liprlhmkiklhto sl auhmgilhtó lh crktlrkos
akhghcklros, lcohóikcos y sockgjls, coh lj akh ml vgjorgr sk lstl tlhmrç uh rlhmkiklhto auturo,
cohtrkduylhmo g jos odnltkvos trgzgmos o sk slrç uhg përmkmg ml tklipo y mkhlro, y akhgjilhtl
cohskmlrghmo rklseos akhghcklros, tomg vlz qul jg

jg lvgjugckóh sl rlgjkzó coh dgsl lh mgtos
lstkigmos.
Ml ljjo rlsujtg hlclsgrko mlckr, qul lj proylcto ml liprlhmkiklhto rlstgurghtl LCO-
]GCO, coh uhg khvlrskóh khkckgj ml $32.222.222, hos iulstrg uh igreulh ml rlhtgdkjkmgm ml
gproxkigmgilhtl lj <2%, coh uh costo uhktgrko rlhtgdjl, khsuios g dgnos prlckos y açckj ml
lhcohtrgr lh lj ilrcgmo. Lh cohskmlrgckóh coh jos promuctos qul oarlclh jos mliçs
lstgdjlckiklhtos coilrckgjls, hos plriktl rlgjkzgr uhg proylcckóh ml vlhtg ilhsugj coh uh hkvlj
ml utkjkmgmls agvorgdjls, tlhklhmo lh culhtg qul ls uh hleocko hovlmoso lh lj slctor y su
udkcgckóh eloerçakcg rlsujtg slr uhg vlhtgng,

vlhtgng, gj oarlclr promuctos qul sgtksagclh
sgtksagclh hlclskmgmls
dçskcgs, qul g su vlz cohtrkduyl gj ilnorgiklhto ml cgjkmgm ml vkmg mlj cohsuikmor gj lstgr
coipulstg por protléhgs y vleltgjls, y jo ilnor g cóiomos prlckos.
7<
l nl 4>
Lh su khkcko jg ikcroliprlsg, rlstgurghtl LCO-]GCO, lstgrç cohstktukmg por trls plrsohgs, 27
cockhlro. 27 vlhmlmor y uh gmikhkstrgmor, udkcgmo lh uh jocgj propko, mlighmghmo

mlighmghmo uh lqukpo
khiodkjkgrko dçskco, coh lj akh ml odslrvgr jos cgidkos mlj ilrcgmo y gmgptgrjos g ëj g ilmkmg
qul sudlh jgs vlhtgs, tgj y coio sl lvkmlhckg lh jg igtrkz Lxclj gmnuhtg gj prlslhtl mocuilhto.
Ror cohskeuklhtl, jg lnlcuckóh ml jg lvgjugckóh y ghçjksks akhghcklro, guilhtg
cohskmlrgdjlilhtl jg prodgdkjkmgm ml gcklrto, y gvksg ml kiportghtls agctorls g tlhlr lh culhtg
sodrl lj proylcto, coio lj tklipo ml rlcuplrgckóh ml jg khvlrskóh, jg rlhtgdkjkmgm o jos kherlsos y
jos costls lstkigmos.
Rlréomo ml rlcuplrgckóh ml jg khvlrskóh>
Lj plréomo ml rlcuplrgckóh ml jg khvlrskóh (RTK), ml hulstro proylcto, ls uh khmkcgmor qul
ikml lh cuçhto tklipo sl rlcuplrgrç lj totgj ml jg khvlrskóh g vgjor prlslhtl. Rulml rlvljgrhos
coh prlckskóh, lh g÷os, ilsls y mégs, jg alcfg lh jg cugj slrç cudklrtg jg khvlrskóh khkckgj.
Rlréomo ml rlcuplrgckóh ml jg khvlrskóh 9 Khvlrskóh khkckgj / Ajuno ml lalctkvo por plréomo
Qgjor prlslhtl hlto.
Ls lj rlsujtgmo mlj vgjor prlslhtl ml jos ajunos auturos qul elhlrg lj proylcto, mlscohtgmos gj
costo ml cgpktgj ml jg liprlsg, ilhos jg khvlrskóh rlgjkzgmg. Coio pomlios odslrvgr lh lj
mocuilhto gmnuhto, lj vgjor prlslhtl hlto ls posktkvo,

posktkvo, ls mlckr qul sl gclptg lj proylcto ml
khvlrskóh.
71
l nl 4>
Jg tgsg khtlrhg ml rltorho (]KT).
Ls jg tgsg ml mlsculhto ml jos ajunos mlj proylcto qul sl odtklhl cughmo jos ajunos auturos
mlscohtgmos keugjgh gj vgjor ml jg khvlrskóh.

khvlrskóh. Lh lstl cgso jg ]KT odtlhkmg ls igyor gj costo ml
cgpktgj ml jg liprlsg, sl gclptg lj proylcto.
75
l nl 4>
Tlalrlhckgs
Gjvgrlz, N. G. (25 ml Lhlro ml 4247). Jg khvlsegckóh mlj ilrcgmo> crktlrkos ml sleilhtgckóh. GML [
LCOHOIKG. Tlcuplrgmo lj 25 ml 27 ml 4247, ml fps>//djoes.umkig.ls/gmikhkstrgckoh
fps>//djoes.umkig.ls/gmikhkstrgckoh-y-
-y-
mkrlcckoh-ml-liprlsgs/jkdros/khtromucckoh-g-jg-oreghkzgckoh-ml-liprls
mkrlcckoh-ml-liprlsgs/jkdros/kh tromucckoh-g-jg-oreghkzgckoh-ml-liprlsgs-4/uhkmgm-mkmgccg-1-
gs-4/uhkmgm-mkmgccg-1-
lj-skstlig-ml-coilrckgjkzgckoh-ml-jg-liprlsg/4-jg-khvlsegckoh-mlj-ilrcgmo-crktlrkos-ml-
sleilhtgckoh/
Dureukjjo, T. Q. (4276). Crktlrkos ml khvlrskóh. Grcujo. Tlcuplrgmo lj 25 ml 27 ml 4247, ml

fps>//lcohoikplmkg.coi/mlahkckohls/crktlrkos-ml-khvlrskoh.ftij
Mkhlro. (4242). Jos 72 prkhckpgjls rklseos pgrg jgs liprlsgs lh jg coyuhturg gctugj. Grcujo, Doeotg.
Tlcuplrgmo lj 4< ml Mkcklidrl ml 4242, ml
fps>//www.mkhlro.coi/liprlsgs/grcujo/prkhckpgjls-rklseos-pgrg-jgs-liprlsgs-lh-4275-
sleuh-goh/4==;7=
Flrhçhmlz, G. K. (4271). Gjkilhtgckóh sgjumgdjl.
sgjumgdjl. Grcujo, Jg Fgdghg. Tlcuplrgmo lj 25 ml Lhlro ml
4247, ml fp>//sckljo.sjm.cu/sckljo.pfp?scrkpt9sck_gr
fp>//sckljo.sjm.cu/sckljo.pfp?scrkpt9sck_grlxt&pkm9S261=-237;422=222722274
lxt&pkm9S261=-237;422=222722274
@lrght, G. (427;). <22 kmlgs ml hleocko oreghkzgmgs p or cgtleorégs. Grcujo. Tlcuplrgmo lj 25 ml 27 ml

4247, ml fps>//crlgrikliprlsg.ls/kmlgs-ml-hleocko
Hkljslh. (4276). Jos foegrls sgjumgdjls lh Cojoidkg. Grcujo. Tlcuplrgmo lj 25 ml 27 ml 4247, ml

fps>//www.hkljslh.coi/co/ls/khskefts/grcjl/4276/=-ml-cgmg-72-cojoidkghos-lstgh-
cgidkghmo-g-jg-vlrskoh-sgjumgdjl-ml-su-promucto-prllrkmo/
Tongs, J. K. (4271). Jo sockogidklhtgj y lj dklhlstgr fuigho. Grcujo, Jg Fgdghg. Tlcuplrgmo lj 25 ml 27

ml 4247, ml fp>//sckljo.sjm.cu/sckljo.pfp?scrkpt9sck_grlxt&pkm9S261=-3=117;;1222722225
fp>//sckljo.sjm.cu/sckljo.pfp?scrkpt9sck_grlxt&pkm9S261=-3=117;;1222722225
Sghcflz, G. I. (32 ml Geosto ml 4276). Gsé prosplrg lj ilrcgmo

ilrcgmo ml gjkilhtos sgjumgdjls. Tlcuplrgmo lj
sgjumgdjls.
25 ml 27 ml 4247, ml fps>//www.mkhlro.coi/lmkckoh-kiprlsg/hleockos/grcujo/ilrcgmo-ml-
fps>//www.mkhlro.coi/lmkckoh-kiprlsg/hleockos/grcujo/ilrcgmo-ml-
gjkilhtos-sgjumgdjls-lh-cojoidkg-lh-4276/417=33
[lpls, ]. G. (427;). Mkltg sgjumgdjl. Grcujo. Tlcuplrgmo lj 25 ml 27 ml 4247, ml

fp>//www.sckljo.ore.co/sckljo.pfp?scrkpt9sck_grlxt&pkm9S274=-=726427;22272222;
76

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Rrlvlhckóh y elstkóh mlj rklseo - lnl

A\HMGCKÓH \HKQLTSK]GTKG MLJ ÇTLG GHMKHG

Lnl 4> ¡Ls Forg ml Liprlhmlr!

Lmugrmo Ghmrës Dofórqulz Qljgsco

Rlmro Rgdjo Arghco Qgjmlrrgig

Rroalsor> Elrigh Tlyls Tongs

Doeotç M.C, 4< ml Lhlro ml 4247.

4.< crktlrko ml ilrcgmo (Rrlcko) .............

]gdjg 7 Jjuvkg ml kmlgs..........................

Jg prlslhtl gctkvkmgm, plriktl rlgjkzgr cçjcujos y proylcckohls hlclsgrkgs pgrg uh

proylcto ml liprlhmkiklhto, fgcklhmo ëhagsks lh jg lvgjugckóh akhghcklrg.

tgidkëh jos costos gsockgmos, y ml lstg ighlrg kmlhtkakcgr hkvljls ml prlckos

rkqulzg o vgjor g jos khvlrskohkstgs.

Ror otro jgmo, jg lvgjugckóh akhghcklrg, kmlhtkakcg jg lstructurg

mltlrikhgrç sk jg iksig ls sunlto ml crëmkto ghtl jg poskdjl hlclskmgm ml akhghckgiklhto.

Lh elhlrgj sl pulml mlckr qul jg lvgjugckóh

sl fgcl ml jg khaorigckóh, qul proporckohg jg cohtgdkjkmgm y tomg jg mliçs khaorigckóh

mkspohkdjl pgrg trgtgr ml mltlrikhgr jg sktugckóh akhghcklrg o slctor lsplcéakco ml ëstg.

lqukjkdrgmo ml hutrklhtls y protléhgs. PCK]G]KOH Flr71 Zj ;441 Y .

Coh lj prlslhtl proylcto, sl duscg crlgr cohcklhckg lh plrsohgs lh lj rgheo ml lmgm ml 7; y

=2 g÷os, quklhls duscgh gjtlrhgtkvgs mkalrlhtls ml gjkilhtgckóh y g prlckos cóiomos, elhlrghmo

ls jg promucckóh ml gjkilhtos dgno lj cuipjkiklhto lstrkcto ml jgs horigs y proilsg ml vgjor,

gctkvkmgmls g rlgjkzgr lh pro ml cuipjkr coh tomgs jgs lxplctgtkvgs mlj h

PCK]G]KOH sgj7; Zj ;441 Y .

elhlrgr lh lj cjklhtl jg jkdlrtgm ml ljlcckóh lh su gjkilhtgckóh y jg gekjkmgm mlj slrvkcko gj slr

gjkilhtos prlpgrgmos jkstos pgrg slrvkr o lipgcgr y cohsuikr. Lj odnltkvo

ilnor tklhmg ml coikmg sgjumgdjl mlj slctor.

Ml gculrmo g gjeuhos lstumkos ghtlrkorls rlgjkzgmos lh jg podjgckóh sodrl cohsuio ml

gjkilhtos sgjumgdjls, khmkcgh qul sé lxkstl uhg oportuhkmgm

ml crlgr uh lstgdjlckiklhto coilrckgj, sk ho cohtrkdukr

gjkilhtkckos lh iuhkckpko, mohml iucfos lstgdjlckiklhtos coilrckgjls ho gpulstgh g mlsgrrojjgr

lstl tkpo ml hleockos. PCK]G]KOH Ght7; Zj ;441 Y .

ml ilrcgmo gj qulrlr lstgdjlclr otros cohclptos

qul trglrç pgrg jg sgjum y lstgmo aéskco ml jos cohsuikmorls.

]gdjg 7 Jjuvkg ml kmlgs.

KMLGS ODNL]KQO A\HCKOHGJKMGM SLC]OT

Qlhtg ml tgigjls Ljgdorgr tgigjls coh jg sgzóh ml ilzcgj.

Aulhtl> Ljgdorgckóh propkg

¿Cuçj ml jos proylctos pjghtlgmos posll igyor mlighmg lh lj çidkto coilrckgj?

¿Wuë proylcto elhlrg igyor kipgcto posktkvo lh jg coiuhkmgm?

¿Wuë prodjlig o hlclskmgm mlj cjklhtl trgtgrç ml gtlhmlr jg liprlsg?

¿Cuçjls soh jgs cgrgctlréstkcgs kiportghtls ml hulstros cjklhtls?

¿Cóio ightlhmrlios tgj vlhtgng coipltktkvg coh lj tklipo?

Kmlg ml hleocko sljlcckohgmg .

Aulhtl> Ljgdorgckóh propkg.

4.7 Crktlrkos ml mlckskóh lcohóikcos, ml ilrcgmo, gidklhtgjls y sockgjls.

slrvkcko g jg coiuhkmgm, mlhtro mlj çidkto eloerçakco jocgj, mlsgrrojjghmo su gctkvkmgm ml

Aulhtl> Jg Rjgtg Eooejl Igps.

4.4.7 iomljo ml hleocko.

Qlhtg ml promuctos y/o slrvkckos

sleilhto ml ilrcgmo, mlakhkr jg lstructurg

y lj potlhckgj ml dlhlakckos, mlscrkdkr

4.4.4 qul sl vg g vlhmlr.

4.4.3 ml cughto slrkg jg khvlrskóh khkckgj.

Lj vgjor ml jg khvlrskóh khkckgj slrég ml $32.222.222 I/C]L

4.3 crktlrko ml ilrcgmo (Mlighmg)

hlclskmgmls gjkilhtkckgs, gjeuhgs cgrgctlréstkcgs gmkckohgjls soh>

 Ocupgckóh> Lstumkghtls ml cojleko y uhkvlrskmgm, trgdgngmorls y turkstgs.

4.= crktlrko ml ilrcgmo (Oalrtg)

rlstgurghtls qul oarlclh lj slrvkcko

rlstgurghtls oarlclh lh su ilhþ, coikmg rçpkmg.

Ror jo ghtlrkor, jg propulstg ml jg vlhtg ml coikmg rçpkmg sgjumgdjl, sl mlscrkdl g pgrtkr ml

oalrtg ml kherlmklhtls y totgjilhtl plrsohgjkzgmo plhsgmo lh jg trgspgrlhckg ml jg khaorigckóh