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Mbsusue nja`8
Oayjce [crb
Objjaebc [chnw
Jbsc Cegnw
Oajcebc Jnetn`
].C 6432
LC]C TAEGCE]CV
Tuhb syulur lcob pcehctlce la`cmbrct ]u`ce Rceg Oc`c Asc yceg ocec ctcs farlct, rc`oct, mce
lcruebc-Eyc lcob mcpct oaeyusue oclcjc` yceg farhumuj Haebs haebs wbrcusc`c mcjco fbmceg
lasa`ctce mce laparcwctce uetul oaeyajascblce tugcs octc lujbc` lawbrcusc`cce.
Mcjco paeyusuece oclcjc` beb, tbmcl japcs mcrb `cofctce yceg lcob `cmcpb, ecoue lcob
oaeycmcrb lajcekcrce mcjco paeyusuece oclcjc` beb tbmcl jcbe farlct mnrnegce, fcetuce, mce
fbofbegce saouc pb`cl, sa`beggc laemcjc-laemcjc yceg paeujbs `cmcpb mcpct tarctcsb
lcobb oaeycm
lco oaeycmcrb
crb mcjco
mcjco paeujb
paeujbsce
sce oclcjc
oclcjc`
` beb taetue
taetueyc
yc ocsb`
ocsb` fceycl
fceycl lalurce
lalurcegce
gce,,
oaegbegct clce latarfctcsce laocopuce yceg mbobjblb nja` lcob. Qetul btu lrbtbl mce scrce
scegct lcob `crcplce uetul lasaopurecce paeyusuece oclcjc` yceg clce mctceg.
MCI]CV B[B
LC]C TAEGCE]CV ...................................................................................
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MCI]CV B[B...................................................................................................
FCF B TAEMC@QJQCE
C. Jctcr Fajclceg....
Fajclceg...........
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F. Vuousce
Vuousce Ocscjc`....
Ocscjc`...........
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K. ]uhuce Taeujbsce...
Taeujbsce..........
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FCF BB TAOFC@C[CE
3. Lawbrc
Lawbrcusc
usc`cc
`cce
e mcjco lapar
laparcwc
cwctce
tce ……………
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6. Haebs
Haebs haebs
haebs lawbrcu
lawbrcusc`
sc`cce
cce ………………
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…
;. [ycrct-sycrc
[ycrct-sycrctt yceg
yceg `crus
`crus mbobjb
mbobjblb
lb nja`
nja` parcwct
parcwct uetul
uetul
oajclulce lagbctce lawbrcusc`cce …………………….
FCF B
TAEMC@QJQCE
C.Jctcr Fajclceg
Lawbrcusc`cce mcjco laparcwctce ctcu yceg fbcsc mbsafut eursapraeaur tarmbrb mcrb muc
lctc ycbtu eursa mce aetrapraeaur. Aetrapraeaur cmcjc` sanrceg bembvbmu yceg oaobjblb
laocopuce uetul oaekbptclce, oaekcrb, mce oaoceicctlce pajuceg mcjco oaeuhu cpc yceg
mbbegbelce sasucb maegce yceg mbbmacjlce. [anrceg aetrapraeaur cmcjc` sanrceg bembvbmu yceg
oaegcsuosblce tceggueg hcwcf tntcj mce rbsbln uetul oaeaoulce ctcu oaofuct pajuceg
oaeggueclce fclct prbfcmb, latrcopbjce mce aeargb, mce sasanrceg yceg oaopalarhclce prnsas
paraekcecce strctagbs uetul oaetrcesiar pajuceg tarsafut oaehcmb safuc` jcycece yceg farebjcb
ctcu prnmul (BKE, 644=).
F.Vuousce Ocscjc`
Fcgcbocec lawbrcusc`cce pcmc lasa`ctce mce laparctcce >
K.]uhuce Taeujbsce
Cgcr oc`csbswc mcpct oaegatc`ub fcgcbocec lawbrcusc`cce pcmc laparcwctce.
Cgcr oc`csbswc mcpct oaegatc`ub fcgcbocec kcrc oaekcrb palarhcce mbscct sumc` sajascb stumy.
FCF BB
TAOFC@C[CE
Mcjco iuemcoaetcj ni Eursbeg, ]cyjnr, Jbjbs mce jaOnea (3227833), oaofc`cs taetceg
axpcemam kcraar Vnjas cem iuektbne ni Eursas, oajbputb< kjbebkcj Eursa spakbcjbst, Eursa
prcktbtbnear, Eursa ceast`atbst,Eursa
ceast`atbst,Eursa obmwbia, Eursa amukctnr, Eursa cmobebstrctnr, Eursa
rasacrk`ar,Eursa aetrapraeaur. Eursa aetrapraeaur bs c eursa, usucjjy wbt` cecmvceka magraa,
w`n ocy ocecga c kjbebk nr `acjt` rajctam fusbeass,knemukt rasacrk`, prnvbma amukctbne nr sarva
cs ce cmvbsar nr knesujtcet tn bestbtutbnes, pnjbtbkcj cgaekbas nr fusbeass (Wbecrtn, 6441).
[akcrc lnesaptucj Eursapraeaur tarocsul mcjco paegaofcegce lcrbr mcrb parce mce
iuegsb parcwct. Taegaofcegce lcrbr tarsafut mcpct oaehcmb paegajnjc ljbebl ctcu scrcec
lasa`ctce jcbeeyc. Obscjeyc ocecgar spc, ocecgar ibsbntarcpb, ocecgar Eursbeg Kaetar,
ocecgar Fcjcb lasa`ctce swcstc, paobjbl ocsscga mce raijalsb, oaslbpue mcjco pajclscecce
talebseyc fceycl oajbfctlce prniasb jcbe safcgcb pajclscec, mcjco `cj beb parcwct mcpct
fartbemcl safcgcb paobjbl onmcj, paeggcgcs bma, paobjbl sc`co, ctcu nwear yceg clce oaeggchb
lcrycwceeyc (Wbecrtn, 6441).
Lawbrcusc`cce mcjco laparcwctce ctcu yceg fbcsc mbsafut eursapraeaur tarmbrb mcrb muc
lctc ycbtu eursa mce aetrapraeaur. Aetrapraeaur cmcjc` sanrceg bembvbmu yceg oaobjblb
laocopuce uetul oaekbptclce, oaekcrb, mce oaoceicctlce pajuceg mcjco oaeuhu cpc yceg
mbbegbelce sasucb maegce yceg mbbmacjlce. [anrceg aetrapraeaur cmcjc` sanrceg bembvbmu yceg
oaegcsuosblce tceggueg hcwcf tntcj mce rbsbln uetul oaeaoulce ctcu oaofuct pajuceg
oaeggueclce fclct prbfcmb, latrcopbjce mce aeargb, mce sasanrceg yceg oaopalarhclce prnsas
paraekcecce strctagbs uetul oaetrcesiar pajuceg tarsafut oaehcmb safuc` jcycece yceg farebjcb
ctcu prnmul (BKE, 644=).
lawbrcusc`cce. @cj beb mbupcyclce safcgcb safuc` upcyc jnopctce pnjc farpblbr oaeceggujcegb
paegceggurce oajcjub muebc paembmblce. Jafb` hcu` jcgb oaoceg mbtuhulce cgcr mcpct
oaofaetul hbwc-hbwc wbrcusc`c fcru yceg mcpct farlnetrbfusb fcgb lasahc`tarcce ocsycrclct,
mb scopbeg oaobjblb snit slbjj mce latarcopbjce yceg lnopatae mcjco fbmceg prniasb
laparcwctce sasucb maegce mbsbpjbe stumb yceg mbhcjceb (Wbecrtn, 6441).
[afcgbce lakbj parcwct oaraljcocsb `cl trcmbsbnecj oaralc uetul prcltal ljbebs sakcrc
bemapaemae mce oaehcmb wbrcusc`c parcwct yceg oaeyambclce parcwctce hcsc. Oaralc
oaoparjucs parce mce oaecwcrlce farfcgcb jcycece maegce inlus utcoc pcmc prnonsb
lasa`ctce, paekagc`ce paeyclbt mce lakajclcce, ra`cfbjbtcsb mce jcycece muluegce tatcpb
tarocsul prcltbl ljbebs l`usus mce lnesujtce ocechaoae. Wbrcusc`c parcwct
p arcwct oaofarblce mce
oaeyambclce paeajbtbce oaegaecb lucjbtcs mce aialtbvbtcs parcwctce mce oaofcegue gcofcrce
pufjbl yceg pnsbtbi safcgcb cmvnlct pcsbae, paehcgc, lnesajnr mce paembmbl mb scopbeg mnltar
yceg aibsbae (BKE, 644=).
Lawbrcusc`cce mcjco laparcwctce clce fcbl uetul parcwct prniassbnecj mce parusc`cce
pajcycece lasa`ctce, lcraec clce oaekbptclce laocembrbce mce m ce tarontbvcsb uetul farpblbr,
jafb` prnmultbi, lractbi, mce jafb` mcpct farscbeg mcjco paocscrceeyc. Oaralc clce sapartb
parusc`cce jcbeeyc oaopueycb labegbece yceg tbeggb uetul oaegnetrnj lcrbareyc saembrb (BKE,
644=).
6. HAEB[-HAEB[ LAWBVCQ[C@CCE
Mcjco fbmceg beb parcwct mcpct farparce safcgcb paeggcgcs bma, paegajnjc, paobjbl
onmcj, paobjbl sc`co ctcupue safcgcb nwear
3) @noa Kcra
c) Maibebsb
Oaeurut Mapcrtaoae Lasa`ctce (6446) oaeyafutlce fc`wc `noa kcra cmcjc` pajcycece
lasa`ctce yceg farlasbecofuegce mce lnopra`aesbi yceg mbfarblce lapcmc bembvbmu mce
lajucrgc mb taopct tbeggcj oaralc yceg fartuhuce uetul oaebeglctlce, oaopartc`celce ctcu
oaoujb`lce lasa`ctce ctcu oaoclsbocjlce tbeglct laocembrbce mce oaobebocjlce clbfct mcrb
paeyclbt. [ajcbe btu, `noa kcra oarupclce pajcycece yceg mblajnjc nja` suctu uebt ctcu scrcec
ctcupue bestbtusb fcbl cspal cmobebstrcsb ocupue cspal pajcycece maegce oaeglnnrmbebr
farfcgcb lctagnrb taecgc prniassbnecj mbfcetu taecgc ene prniassbnecj mbfbmceg lasa`ctce
ocupue ene lasa`ctce.
f) ]uhuce
]uhuce mcrb `noa kcra tarfcgb oaehcmb tuhuce uouo mce tuhuce l`usus. ]uhuce uouo
mcrb `noa kcra cmcjc` uetul oaebeglctlce, oaopartc`celce ctcu oaoclsbocjlce tbeglct
laocembrbce, mce oaobebocjlce clbfct mcrb paeyclbt uetul oaekcpcb laocopuce bembvbmu
sakcrc nptbocj sajcoc oueglbe yceg mbjclulce sakcrc lnopra`aesbi mce farlasbecofuegce.
[amceglce, tuhuce l`usus mcrb `noa kcra cmcjc` safcgcb farblut8
k) Trbesbp
Trbesbp mcrb `noa kcra cmcjc` safcgcb farblut8
m) Vuceg Jbeglup
3. [afcgcb ocechar lcsus mcjco oaegajnjc mce oaeglnjcfnrcsblce pajcycece, maegce iuegsb8
6. [afcgcb pajclscec mcjco oaofarblce pajcycece jcegsueg mce oaegavcjucsb pajcycece yceg
mbfarblce, maegce iuegsb8
n Oaeatcplce ocscjc`
6) Lnesujtce Laparcwctce
c) Maibebsb
Lnesujtce cmcjc` sanrceg taecgc prniasbnecj yceg oaeyambclce hcsc ecsb`ct c`jb mcjco
fbmceg lac`jbceeyc. Tarfamcce cetcrc sanrceg lnesujtce maegce c`jb fbcsc cmcjc` lnesujtce
fulce oarupclce lcrycwce mb parusc`cce, oajcbelce sasanrceg yceg oaehcjcelce usc`ceyc
usc`ce yc
saembrb sartc farurusce maegce farfcgcb ljbae mcjco sctu wcltu. ]bmcl `ceyc oaeyambclce hcsc,
lnesujtce hugc fbsc oaofarblce jcycece lnesujtcsb ctcu lnesajbeg sakcrc jcegsueg pcmc ljbae.
Lnesajbeg cmcjc` prnsas oaofcetu pcsbae uetul oaeycmcrb mce oaegctcsb talcece
psblnjngbs ctcu ocscjc` snsbcj, uetul oaofcegue `ufuegce betarparsnecj yceg fcbl, mce uetul
oaebeglctlce parlaofcegce sasanrceg mbocec mbmcjcoeyc mbfarblce muluegce aonsbnecj mce
betajaltucj. (Oufcrcl mce Eur K`cyctbe, 6442).
6442 ). Lnesajbeg mcpctoaofcetu mce oaontbvcsb ljbae
uetul jafb` fartceggueghcwcf tar`cmcp mbrbeyc saembrb mcjco oaegctcsb ocscjc`eyc. Lnesajbeg
mbsajaeggcrclce uetul oaekcpcb paoc`coce mce paearbocce mbrb, prnsas fajchcr mcrb
farparbjclu tbmcl cmcptbi oaehcmb cmcptbi, mce fajchcr oajclulce paoc`coce yceg jafb` jucs
taetceg mbrbeyc yceg tbmcl `ceyc ‚lenw cfnut‟ tatcpb hugc fajchcr ‚`nw tn‟ sasucb maegce
lucjbtcs mce lucetbtcs.
Fjck`ar (6441) oaegaoulclce 1 csuosb mcscr yceg sakcrc uouo mcpct oaofamclce
lnesajbeg maegce psblntarcpb ycbtu8
3. Mcjco lnesajbeg, ljbae tbmcl mbceggcp safcgcb nrceg yceg sclbt oaetcj, tatcpb mbpcemceg
safcgcb nrceg yceg oaobjblb laocopuce uetul oaobjb` tuhuce, oaofuct laputusce mce sakcrc
uouo oaearboc tceggueg hcwcf mcrb tbeglc` jclu mce parlaofcegceeyc mblaoumbce `crb
6. Lnesajbeg farinlus pcmc scct beb mce ocsc mapce, tbmcl farinlus paegcjcoce ocsc jcjueyc.
;. Ljbae cmcjc` ljbae, fulce pcsbae. Mce lnesajnr fulce ibgur yceg oaobjblb ntnrbtcs tatcpb
sakcrc asaesbcj safcgcb guru mce pcrtear ljbae safcgcbocec oaralc fargarcl sakcrc outucj
mcjco oaemaibebsblce tuhuce.
=. Lnesajnr sakcrc onrcj, tbmcl eatrcj. ]atcpb oaobjblb ebjcb, parcsce yceg
y ceg stcemcr uetul mbrbeyc.
Lnesajnr tbmcl sa`cruseyc oaehcu`lce ebjcb, parcscce mce stcemcr btu mcrb ljbae, mce mbc tbmcl
oaeknfc oaeyaofueyblceeyc pcmc ljbae
1. Lnesajnr oaoinluslce pcmc parufc`ce tbeglc` jclu mce fulce `ceyc oaofuct ljbae
oaehcmb scmcr
1. Oaobjblb `cl uetul oaecwcrlce jcycece lapcmc ocsycrclct sasucb maegce maslrbpsb
prniasbeyc.
3. ]b
]begl
eglc`
c` jclu
jclu yceg
yceg atb
atbss
[blcp mcscr sanrceg lnesajnr `crus oaegcemueg kbrb atbs, lcraec lnesajnr `crus
oaofarblce beinrocsb prbfcmb yceg farsbict scegct rc`csbc. Lnesajnr `crus mcpct
oarc`csbclce la`bmupce prbfcmb ljbae mce oaobjblb tceggueg hcwcf onrcj uetul
oaofcetu oaoakc`lce ocscjc` yceg mb`cmcpb ljbae.
6. Laocopuce betajaltucj
Lnesajnr yceg fcbl `crus oaobjblb laocopuce betajaltucj mce mcpct farpblbr sakcrc
jngbs, lrbtbs, mce oaegcrc` la tuhuce sa`beggc bc mcpct oaofcetu ljbae oaekcpcb tuhuce,
oaofarblce cjtarectbi-cjtarectbi yceg `crus mbpartbofceglce nja` ljbae mce oaofarblce scrce-
scrce yceg fbhclscec. [aouc lakclcpce yceg `crus mbobjblb sanrceg lnesajnr mb ctcs,
oaofutu`lce tbeglct parlaofcegce betajaltucj yceg kulup fcbl.
;. Lajuwasce (ijalsbfajbty)
@ufuegce mcjco lnesajbeg yceg farsbict prbfcmb oaopueycb kbrb yceg supaj mce tarfulc.
Lnesajnr mb`crcplce tbmcl farsbict lclu maegce jceglc`-jceglc` tartaetu mce sbstao tartaetu.
Lnesajnr yceg fcbl mcpct maegce oumc` oaeyasucblce mbrb tar`cmcp parufc`ce sbtucsb
lnesajbeg mce parufc`ce tbeglc` jclu ljbae. Lnesajnr pcmc scct-scct tartaetu mcpct farufc`
safcgcb taoce mce pcmc scct jcbe mcpct farufc` oaehcmbpaobopbe. Lnesajnr farscoc ljbae mcpct
maegce fafcs oaofbkcrclce ocscjc` ocsc jcopcu, ocsc lbeb, mce ocsc oaemctceg yceg
far`ufuegce maegce ocscjc` prbfcmb ljbaeb. Lnesajnr mcpct maegce juwas fargarcl mcrb sctu
parsncjce la parsncjce jcbeeyc mce mcpct oaeyasucblce mbrb maegce parufc`ce-parufc`ce yceg
yce g
oueglbe tarhcmb mcjco prnsas lnesajbeg.
Lnesajnr `crus mcpct oaegclub laprbfcmbce ljbae mce oaearboc ljbae safcgcb prbfcmb
yceg oaopueycb `cl uetul oaegcofbj laputusce saembrb. Lnesajnr `crus parkcyc fc`wc ljbae
oaopueycb laocopuce uetul oaofuct laputusce yceg fbhclscec mce fartceggueg hcwcf.
[blcp paearbocce oarupclce prbesbp mcscr yceg `crus mbjclulce pcmc satbcp lnesajbeg.
1. Taoc`coce (uemarstcembeg)
[anrceg lnesajnr `crus mcpct oaeceglcp crtb mcrb alsprasb ljbae. Taoc`coce cmcjc`
oaeceglcp maegce hajcs mce jaeglcp oclsum yceg safaecreyc yceg mbeyctclce nja` ljbae mce
mb pb`cl jcbe lnesajb mcpct oarcsclce fc`wc bc mboaegartb nja` lnesajnr. Ljbae mc
mcpct
pct
oaeceglcp fc`wc lnesajnr oaegartb mce oaoc`cob mbrbeyc, hblc lnesajnr mcpct
oaegueglcplce laofcjb cpc yceg mbueglcplce ljbae maegce fc`csc varfcj ocupue enevarfcj
mce mbsartcb maegce parcscceeyc saembrb. Oaoc`cob nrceg jcbe tbmcl kulup `ceyc oaegartb mctc-
mctc yceg tarluopuj, tatcpb yceg jafb` paetbeg lnesajnr mcpct oaegartb fcgcbocec ljbae
oaofarblce crtb tar`cmcp mctc-mctc tcmb. Oaoc`cob mcjco prnsas lnesajbeg hcegce mbscoclce
maegce oaoc`cob suctu bjou paegatc`uce. Mcjco bjou paegatc`uce nrceg begbe oaeceglcp
crtb yceg nfhaltbi, samceglce mcjco lnesajbeg
l nesajbeg hustru lcraec begbe oaeceglcp crtb yce
ycegg sufhaltbi,
ycbtu crtb yceg mbfarblcenja` ljbae. [anrceg lnesajnr tbmcl parju oaeajbtb lafaecrce lctc-lctc
ljbae, tatcpb yceg paetbeg fcgb lnesajnr cmcjc` oaeceglcp kcrc ljbae oaeyctclce lafaecrce
tarsafut mce cl`breyc lnesajnr mcpct oaeceglcp crtb lasajuru`ce pareyctcce laprbfcmbce ljbae.
[anrceg lnesajnr `crus oaegblutb parufc`ce laprbfcmbce ljbae maegce fcbl. Lnesajnr
`crus mcpct oaeyctulce mbrbeyc maegce muebc ljbae mce mcpct oaeyctulce laofcjb maegce kcrc
yceg wchcr mce maegce paeu` parcscce cgcr ljbae oumc` oaeceglcp mce oaegartbeyc.
Cl`breyc, ljbae mcpct oajb`ct cjtarectbicjtarectbi yceg racjbstbs maegce mbrb saembrb mce farceb
oaruouslce suctu laputusce yceg fbhclscec. Lnesajnr scegct farparce mcjco sbtucsb puekcl
prnsas lnesajbeg beb.
9. [blcp huhur
Mcjco sagcjc
mcpct mbparkcyc `cj lnesajnr
nja` ljbae `crus
mce ljbae mcpct
farceb oaeuehullce
oaofulc sblcp huhur
mbrb tar`cmcp mce wchcr sa`beggc bc
lnesajnr.
7. Lnoueblcsb
;) ]arcpb Lnopjaoaetar
]arcpb lnopjaoaetar cmcjc` kcrc paeceggujcegce paeyclbt yceg mbjclulce safcgcb paemulueg
paegnfctce oambs lnevaesbnecj ctcu safcgcb paegnfctce pbjb`ce jcbe mbjucr paegnfctce oambs
yceg lnevaesbnecj.
]arcpb lnopjaoaetar pcmc mcscreyc fartuhuce uetul oaoparfcblb iuegsb mcrb sbstao-
sbstao tufu`, tarutcoc ‚[bstao Lalafcjce mce Tartc`cece ]ufu`‟, cgcr tufu` mcpct
oaeyaofu`lce mbrbeyc saembrb yceg samceg sclbt, lcraec tufu` safaecreyc oaopueycb
laocopuce uetul oaeyaofu`lce mbrbeyc saembr maegce csupce eutrbsb yceg fcbl mce jaeglcp
sartc parcwctce yceg tapct.
paegnfctce trcmbsbnecj. Taegnfctce trcmbsbnecj yceg mboclsum cmcjc` paegnfctce yceg sumc`
mcrb zcoce mc`uju mbgueclce mce mbturuelce sakcrc turue ‛ taourue pcmc suctu eagcrc. ]cpb mb
T`bjbpbec obscjeyc, hcou Bemneasbc fbsc mblctagnrblce safcgcb paegnfctce
pae gnfctce lnopjaoaetar.
Mb Bemneasbc cmc ; haebs talebl paegnfctce lnopjaoaetar yceg tajc` mbtatcplce nja`
Mapcrtaoae Lasa`ctce uetul mcpct mbbetagrcsblce la mcjco pajcycece lnevaesbnecj, ycbtu
safcgcb farblut 8
Oatnma yceg farcscj mcrb Kbec beb mbparlbrclce scegct faroceicct mcjco oaegctcsb
farfcgcb lnembsb lasa`ctce tartaetu mce hugc safcgcb cecjgasb (paramc eyarb). Kcrc larhceyc
cmcjc` maegce oaegcltbvcsb farfcgcb onjaluj sbgecj yceg farparce safcgcb lnoueblcsb cetcr
saj. [cjc` sctupajapcsce onjaluj tarsafut cmcjc` pajapcsce aemnrp`be yceg fceycl farparce
pcmc sbstao tufu`.
6.]arcpb `bparfcrbl
]arcpb `bparfcrbl oarupclce suctu oatnma tarcpb mbocec pcsbae mbocsullce la mcjco
safuc` rucegce yceg oaobjblb talcece umcrc 6 ‛ ; lcjb jafb` fascr mcrbpcmc talcece umcrc
ctonsiar enrocj (3 ctonsiar), jcju mbfarb parecpcsce nlsbgae oureb (344%). [ajcoc tarcpb,
pcsbae fnja` oaofckc, obeuo, ctcu oclce uetul oaeg`bemcrb trcuoc pcmc tajbegc clbfct
tbeggbeyc talcece umcrc.
]arcpb `arfcj oambl ycbtu tarcpb maegce oaeggueclce nfct fc`ce cjco, fcbl farupc
`arfcj tarstcemcr mcjco lagbctce pajcycece paeajbtbce ocupue farupc ibtnicroclc. @arfcj
tarstcemcr ycbtu `arfcj yceg tajc` oajcjub uhb praljbebl pcmc kajj jbea ctcu `awce knfc, fcbl
tar`cmcp lacocece ocupue aialtbvbtcseyc. ]arcpb maegce oaeggueclce `arfcj beb clce mbctur
jafb` jcehut nja`
nja` Mapcrtaoae Lasa`ctce Vapufjbl Bemneasbc. Cmc fafarcpc parsycrctce yceg
`crus mbpaeu`b sanrceg prcltbsb lnopjaoaetar, ycbtu safcgcb farblut 8
n [uofar mcyc oceusbc `crus taecgc mnltar, parcwct mce ctcu mnltar gbgb yceg sumc` oaobjblb
lnopataesb.
n Fc`ce yceg mbgueclce `crus yceg sumc` tarstcemcr mce mcjco faetul sambcce icrocsb.
n Vuoc` sclbt yceg mcpct oajclulce pajcycece paeajbtbce `crus tajc` oaemcpct bzbe mcrb
Mapcrtaoae Lasa`ctce Vapufjbl Bemneasbc mce clce mbjclulce paocetcuce tarus ‛ oaearus.
Mcrb ; haebs talebl paegnfctce lnopjaoaetar yceg cmc, mcyc aialtbvbtcseyc uetul
oaegctcsb farfcgcb haebs gcegguce paeyclbt tbmcl fbsc mbfcembeglce sctu maegce jcbeeyc
lcraecocsbeg ‛ ocsbeg oaopueycb talebl sartc iuegsbeyc saembrb ‛saembrb. ]arcpb `bparfcrbl
obscjeyc, uouoeyc mbgueclce uetul pcsbae ‛ pcsbae maegce gcegrae supcyc tbmcl parju
mbjclulce paegcoputcsbce fcgbce tufu`. ]arcpb `arfcj, fariuegsb mcjco oaebeglctlce mcyc
tc`ce tufu`. [aoaetcrc, tarcpb clupueltur fariuegsb oaoparfcblb lacmcce uouo,
oaebeglctlce sbstao boue tufu`, oaegctcsb lnestbpcsb ctcu mbcra, oaebeglctlce ecisu oclce
sartc oaeg`bjceglce ctcu oaegurcegb aial scopbeg yceg tbofuj clbfct mcrb paegnfctce lcelar
btu saembrb, sapartb oucj mce ouetc`, ictbgua (lajajc`ce) mce eaurnpctb.
Tcmc fafarcpc ruoc` sclbt mb Bemneasbc, paegnfctce beb pue oujcb mbtarcplce safcgcb
tarcpb paeuehceg ctcu safcgcb tarcpb paeggcetb fcgb pcsbae yceg oaenjcl oatnma paegnfctce
lnevaesbnecj. ]arcpb lnopjaoaetar beb hugc mcpct
mcp ct mbjclulce ctcs parobetcce pcsbae saembrb
ctcupue ctcs ruhulce pcrc mnltar jcbeeyc. Mb`crcplce maegce paeggcfuegce paegnfctce
lnevaesbnecj mce paegnfctce lnopjaoaetar beb fbsc mbmcpctlce `csbj tarcpb yceg jafb` fcbl.
]arcpb lnopjaoaetar mcpct mbgueclce farscoc parcwctce oambs nrtnmnls ctcu maegce
mbrb oaralc saembrb. Taebeglctce huojc` gaearcj prcktbtbnear (GT) ljbebl mce mapcrtaoae ruoc`
sclbt mb sajuru` eagarb yceg oaecwcrlce tarcpb lnopjaoaetar, fafarcpc oaobjb` uetul
oaopalarhclce prcltbsb bemapaemae.
Fceycl parcwct oarcsc fc`wc jctcr fajclceg ljbebs oaralc, fbjc mblnofbecsblce maegce
pajctb`ce mce paembmblce yceg sasucb maegce tarcpb lnopjaoaetar, oaoueglbelce oaralc
uetul oaecwcrlce pajcycece farmcscrlce prbesbp-prbesbp mce paegcjcoce.
Tnsbsb ]`a Eursbeg cem Obmwbiary Knuekbj mb tarcpb lnopjaoaetar mburcblce mcjco
m cjco Knma
ni prniassbnecj knemukt (Tamnoce parbjclu prniasbnecj) mce Gubmajbeas inr t`a cmobebstrctbne ni
oambkbeas (Tamnoce uetul paofarbce nfct-nfctce). Tareyctcce mcjco pamnoce beb farcrtb
oaeyctclce fc`wc parcwct, fbmce mce patugcs lasa`ctce mcpct oaofarblce tarcpb sakcrc coce,
`cj beb farjclu scoc latblc falarhc sakcrc bemapaemae.Oaralc yceg tartcrbl mcjco oaegahcr
lcrbr ocembrb mcjco tarcpb lnopjaoaetar, fcbl paeu` ctcu pcru` wcltu, `crus fartceyc pcmc mbrb
saembrb taetceg partceycce partceycce farblut 8
Cpclc` scyc8
Cpclc` scyc oaobjblb pcemcegce yceg racjbstbs taetceg cpc yceg clce begbe falarhc uetul mbrb
saembrb>
Mcjco E@[ 8
Cpclc` tarcpb beb oaobjblb safuc` ‐‒laknknlce tarcpautbl (t`arcpautbk ibt) ‐‒ maegce ibjnsnib
mce jbegluegce ibsbl mcarc` ljbebs tartaetu >
Cpclc` ntnrbtcs lnobsb mbsbcplce uetul oaofajb tarcpb mcrb prcltbsb ocembrb >
Cpclc` Cemc tajc` oajclulce fafarcpc rbsat pcscr> Cpclc` cemc yclbe cmc parobetcce ljbae
mb mcarc` cemc>
Cpclc` cemc `crus oaecwcrlce tarcpb lnopjaoaetar safcgcb jcycece pcru` wcltu, pcjbeg
tbmcl pcmc cwcjeyc>
Cpclc` Cemc tarocsul la mcjco fcmce prniasbnecj yceg oawclbjb tarcpb yceg Cemc
tcwcrlce>
Cpc haebs sbstao yceg clce Cemc gueclce uetul oaeybopcekctctce, mce fcgcbocec Cemc
oaehcgc oaralc rc`csbc mce coce>
[afajuo mcpct oaembrblce prcltal ocembrb, sanrceg parcwct `crus oaobjblb paembmblce
yceg kulup mce pajctb`ce slbjj yceg clce oaocstblce cemc sanrceg prcltbsb yceg coce mce
aialtbi. Taetbeg uetul oajclulce paembmblce mce pajctb`ce yceg mbmulueg nja` nrgcebscsb
prniasbnecj, yceg oaegctur jbeglup mce tbeglct paegatc`uce mce latarcopbjce yceg mbparjulce
uetul mbmcitcrlce safcgcb prcltbsb lnopatae. Nrgcebscsb tarsafut hugc `crus oaobjblb prngrco
yceg hajcs mcrb paegaofcegce prniasbnecj farlajcehutce uetul oaopartc`celce stcemcr
parcwctce. Farfcgcb nrgcebscsb oaecwcrlce pajctb`ce, tarocsul 8
Cpclc` lursuseyc farhcjce sctu obeggu iujj ctcu cemc futu` wcltu kutb >
Cpclc` Cemc clce mctceg sakcrc parsnecj ctcu cemc clce oaegcofbj ‚mbstceka jacrebeg‟>
Cpclc` jaofcgc oaeyambclce Cemc maegce prnspaltus mce beinrocsb yceg kulup yceg
oaehcmb mcscr pbjb`ce Cemc>
Cpclc` paebjcbce yceg mbgueclce oaekclup paeguhbce paegatc`uce, latarcopbjce mce fclct>
Cpclc` lursus tarsafut oaeggueclce farfcgcb ockco oatnma paebjcbce mce cpclc` oaralc
sasucb maegce `csbj paofajchcrce>
Cpclc` jbegluegce paegchcrce sasucb mce cmc suofar mcyc yceg oaocmcb>
Cpclc` jaofcgc oaegctur satbcp sasb tcofc`ce ctcu clce Cemc `crus oajclulce beb saembrb>
Cpclc` Cemc oaoaeu`b sycrct uetul `bfc` hblc prngrco stumb paeu` wcltu>
1) Ibsbntarcpb
Fceycleyc parocscjc`ce mcjco fbmceg lasa`ctce tarutcoc yceg mb`cmcpb nja` jaofcgc
paeyajaeggcrc pajcycece lasa`ctce hugc oaofulc pajuceg usc`c tarsaembrb fcgb parcwct.
Maegce oaofaetul tbo rbsat prniasbnecj sapartb8
6) ]arcpb onmcjbtcs
c. tale
talebl
bl par
parcw
cwct
ctce
ce jul
julcc
f. tarcpb onmcjbtcs
c. Ja
Jaof
ofcgcgcc pajct
pajctb`
b`ce
ce fafy
fafy sbst
sbstar
ar
f. Tajctb`ce parcwctce jcesbc ctcu cecl.
Aetrapraeaur oaobjblb farfcgcb paegartbce mce sbict, scjc` sctueyc yceg mbscopcblce
nja` Hn`e G. Aetrapraeuar oaobjblb sbict 8
Oaekcpcb lucjbtcs
Nptbobs
Farnrgcebscsb
[asanrceg yceg farprniasb cpcpue, cscj ocopu oaearcplce 0 cspal sbict aetrapraeaur
mcjco la`bmupce sa`crb`crbeyc, oclc mcpct mblctagnrblce safcgcb aetrapraeaur, tarocsul
sanrceg parcwct. Maegce hbwc Aetrapraeaur ocscjc` sa`crb-`crb yceg mb`cmcpb parcwct mb
rucegce clce oaehcmb uceg.
uce g. Lcraec parcwct yceg farhbwc aetrapareaur oaobjlb kbrb farnrbaetcsb
pcmc lauetuegce. [afcgcb knetn` ocscjc` oaeuopuleyc fntnjf ntnj beius falcs, cfnkcta yceg tcl
tarpclcb, paeueggu pcsbae, tarpbsc`eyc nrceg tuc yceg sclbt maegce cecl.
3) Taegarc`ce Mbrb8 Taembsbpjbece mbrb mce sakcrc oaeyajuru` oarcsc eycoce falarhc uetul mbrb
saembrb.
6) Taegcsu`ce Mbrb8 Cetusbcsoa tcl tarfctcs uetul bma-bma Cemc scct tcl sanrceg pue
oaobjblbeyc.
Tarcwct farceb oaoujcb sasuctu yceg sarfc tbmcl pcstb mce paeu` rbsbln. ]aetu tbmcl saouc
rbsbln mbcofbj oajcbelce rbsbln yceg tajc` mbpar`btueglce maegce karoct (kcjkujctam rbsl).
6. Oaeyulcb tcetcegce. [agcjc sasuctu mbjb`ct safcgb tcetcegce, fulce ocscjc`. Tarufc`ce yceg
tarus tarhcmb mce hcoce yceg tarus farufc` oaehcmb ontbvcsb laochuce fulce oaekbutlce eycjb
sanrceg parcwct aetrapraeaur ueggujce. Maegce maoblbce, bc clce tarus oaocku mbrbeyc uetul
ochu, oaegctcsb sagcjc `cofctce.
[anrceg aetrapraeur `crus fceycl clcj, lratcbi mce tbmcl oumc` putus csc. Bc `crus sajcju
ocopu fceglbt mcrb lagcgcjce sartc talue.
[agcjc yceg mbjclulce parcwct pueyc tuhuce hceglc pcehceg oaslb mboujcb maegce jceglc` yceg
coct lakbj. Bc pueyc tcrgat uetul hceglc wcltu tartaetu. Fcgcbocec tc`ue farbluteyc, 1 tc`ue
jcgb, 34 tc`ue jcgb, mce sataruseyc.
Tarcwct aetrapraeaur clce oaegarc`lce saouc pntaesb yceg mbobjblbeyc. Hblc btu mbrcsc lurceg,
oclc bc clce oaralrut nrcegnrceg yceg jafb` farlnopatae cgcr mcpct oaofarblce yceg tarfcbl
lapcmc pajceggceeyc. Hcmb yceg tarpaetb
tarpaetbeg
eg mcrb sanrceg Eursapraeaur
Eursapraeaur cmcjc` benvcsb mce
lafarcebce uetul oaegcofbj rbsbln sartc sbcp falarhc larcs oaekcpcb tuhuce maegce nptbobs. @cj
bebjc` yceg oaofuct aetrapraeur sajcju tcopbj maegce gcgcsce‛gcgcsce fcru yceg sagcr,
oajcwce crus paoblbrce nrceg fceycl ctcu lractbi. Fc`lce tarlcmceg mbkcp gbjc pcmc cwcj
laouekujceeyc lcraec fartaetcegce maegce lafbcscce uouo (Wbecrtn, 6441)
FCF BBB
TAEQ]QT
C.Lasbopujce
Lawbrcusc`cce mcjco laparcwctce clce fcbl uetul parcwct prniassbnecj mce parusc`cce
pajcycece lasa`ctce, lcraec clce oaekbptclce laocembrbce mce m ce tarontbvcsb uetul farpblbr,
jafb` prnmultbi, lractbi, mce jafb` mcpct farscbeg mcjco paocscrceeyc. Oaralc clce sapartb
parusc`cce jcbeeyc oaopueycb labegbece yceg tbeggb uetul oaegnetrnj lcrbareyc saembrb (BKE,
644=).
]arcpb lnopjaoaetar cmcjc` kcrc paeceggujcegce paeyclbt yceg mbjclulce safcgcb paemulueg
paegnfctce oambs lnevaesbnecj ctcu safcgcb paegnfctce pbjb`ce jcbe mbjucr paegnfctce oambs
yceg lnevaesbnecj.
F. [crce
[afajuo mcpct oaembrblce prcltal ocembrb, sanrceg parcwct `crus oaobjblb paembmblce yceg
kulup mce pajctb`ce slbjj yceg clce oaocstblce cemc sanrceg prcltbsb yceg coce mce aialtbi.
Taetbeg uetul oajclulce paembmblce mce pajctb`ce yceg mbmulueg nja` nrgcebscsb prniasbnecj,
yceg oaegctur jbeglup mce tbeglct paegatc`uce mce latarcopbjce yceg mbparjulce uetul
mbmcitcrlce safcgcb prcltbsb lnopatae. Nrgcebscsb tarsafut hugc `crus oaobjblb prngrco yceg
hajcs mcrb paegaofcegce prniasbnecj farlajcehutce uetul oaopartc`celce stcemcr parcwctce.
Farfcgcb nrgcebscsb oaecwcrlce pajctb`ce
MCI]CV TQ[]CLC
BKE. 644=. Gubmajbeas ne t`a Eursa Aetra/Betrcpraeaur Trnvbmbeg Eursbeg [arvbka. Betarectbnecj
Knuekbj ni Eursas8 Gaeavc.
`ttp8//wafkck`a.gnngjausarknetaet.kno/sacrk`>
`ttp8//wafkck`a.gnngjausarknetaet.kno/sacrk`>
q?kck`a8qb1xOE6XFT0H8www.skrbfm.kno/mnk/72979926/EQV[ATVAEAQV
[+eursa+aetrapraeaurs`bp&km?34&`j?bm&kt?kjel&gj?bm&jr?jceg^bm.
[+eursa+aetrapraeaurs`bp&km?34&`j?bm&kt?kjel&gj?bm&jr?jceg^bm. Mbclsas tceggcj 67
iafrucrb 6433 hco 33.;4.
]rbtne TF., 6447, Aetrapraeaurs`bp 8 Lbct [ulsas Oaehcmb Taegusc`c, ]ugu Tufjbs`ar,
Rngyclcrtc.