ACGCLCB
“FKPHZCGYF EJCP @HKMCK LCJEZCPEZFXA‑

GHLEA^EG FFF
@FYXYXK ELHB4

SEOFOCB M =>3 32 >39

PBHK@F CJ
CJ@XL CZFHO M =>3 32 330
KF GE
GEACKM HGC YZF ].
]. M =>3 32 >:3

CK@F KX
KXZXL GBCOFOCB M =>3 32 >83
LFLFG CK@ZFCKF M =>3 32 >60
VXLF FK@CYCZF M =>3 32 3:=
YBHLLC AEKFIC M =>3 32 :>3
HAC GZFYPFKC M =>3 3? >:0
ZBFYIC ZBCX@CPXL DCKKC M=>3 32 >
>=
=9

DXZXYCK OCZACYF
OCGXLPCY ACPHACPFGC @CK FLAX ^HKMHPCBXCK CLCA
XKF_HZYFPCY PC@XLCGE
^CLX

:>:>
 

@COPCZ FYF

Gctc ^hkmcktcr....................
..........................................
............................................
............................................
......................................................
......................................
......
@cotcr Fsf.....................
...........................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
...............................................
.........................
Jcj 3 ^hk`cbuluck.....................
...........................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
................................
..........

3.3 Lctcr
tcr Jhl
Jhlcg
cgcckm.........................................
m...............................................................
............................................
...........................................
.....................
3.: Zuauscsck
k acscscllcb
cb.....................
...........................................
............................................
....................................................
....................................
......
3.9 Pudu
ducck ^hk
hku
ulfs.......................
fs.............................................
............................................
.............................................................
.......................................
3.0 Ahte
Ahte`
`h ^hkulfsc
sck..................
k........................................
............................................
............................................
....................................
..................
....
3.8 Ack
Ackocct
cct ^h
^hkulfsc
lfsck.....................
k...........................................
............................................
..........................................................
....................................
Jcj : ^hajcbcsck.......................................................................................................................
3.3 ^hk
^hkmhr
hrtf
tfck
ck Fk
Fktthr
hrcg
cgsf
sf Ejct.............................................
t...................................................................
..........................................
.........................
.....
3.: Acica-Acica
Acica-Acica Fkthrcgsf Ejct.........
Ejct..............
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
..........
...............
..............
.....
Jcj 9 ^hkutup......................
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
.....................................
.................

3.3 Ghs
Ghsfa
fapu
pulc
lck.....................
k...........................................
............................................
............................................
.............................................
.......................
3.: Ycrc
Ycrck..................
k........................................
............................................
............................................
.........................................................
...................................
@cotcr ^ustcgc.............................................................................................................................
 

GCPC ^HKMCKPCZ 

^udf syugur ghpc`c Pubck Vckm Acbc Hsc ctcs shmclc kfgactkyc shbfkmmc phkulfs `cpct
ahkyusuk acgclcb thktckm "^hrck Yhdcrcb `clca Ahajckmgftgck Yhackmct Kcsfekclfsah"
`hkmck shjcfg-jcfgkyc.
C`cpuk
C`cpuk tuduck
tuduck `crf phkulfsck acgclcb fkf c`clcb uktug ahkfkmg
ahkfkmgctgck
ctgck phkmhtcbuck
phkmhtcbuck gftc
ahkmhkcf fkthrcgsf-fkthrcgsf thktckm ejct.
Ycycc uicpgc
Ycy uicpgckk thrfac
thrfac gcsfb
gcsfb ghpc`c
ghpc`c shluru
shlurub
b pfbcg
pfbcg yckm
yckm thlcb
thlcb ahajck
ahajcktu,
tu, ahaocsf
ahaocsflft
lftcsf,
csf,
ahajhr
aha jhrff acsugck
acsugck,, `ck ahk`ug
ahk`ugukm
ukm phkulf
phkulfsck
sck acgclc
acgclcb
b fkf shbfkm
shbfkmmc
mc shlhscf
shlhscf thpct
thpct pc`c
pc`c
wcgtukyc.Yhaemc `fjclcs elhb Cllcb Y]P `hkmck mckdcrck yckm jhrlfapcb.
Ahsgf phkulfs thlcb ahkyusuk acgclcb fkf `hkmck acgsfacl, tf`cg ahkutup ghaukmgfkck
acsfb
acsfb jc
jcky
kycg
cg gh
ghgu
gurck
rckmc
mck.
k.El
Elhb
hb gc
gcrh
rhkc
kc ftu
ftu sckmc
sckmctt `f
`fbc
bcrc
rcpg
pgck
ck gr
grft
ftfg
fg `c
`ck
k sc
scrck
rck yc
yckm
km
gekstrugtfo `crf phajcic shgclfck.

^clu, >0 Kevhajhr :>:>

  ^hkyusuk
 

JCJ F
^HK@CBXLXCK

3.3
3.3 Lctc
Lctcrr Jhlc
Jhlcgc
gckm
km
Cmcr `cpct ahacktcu ghc`cck ghshbctck gftc, phrlu `flcgugck ths lcjercterfua shicrc
 jhrgclc. ^hahrfgscck lcjercterfua c`clcb suctu tfk`cgck `ck presh`ur phahrfgscck
gbusus `hkmck ahkmcajfl jcbck/ scaphl `crf phk`hrftc, `cpct jhrupc urfk (cfr ghkifkm),
`crcb, sputua (`cbcg) ctcu scaphl `crf bcsfljfepsy.
Puduck phahrfgscck lcjercterfua ycftu 4
3. Ahk`ht
Ahk`hthgs
hgsff phkycg
phkycgft
ft
:. Ahkhkt
Ahkhktugc
ugck
k rhsf
rhsfge
ge
9. Ahacktcu
Ahacktcu phrghaj
phrghajckmck
ckmck phkycgft
phkycgft
0. Ahacktcu
Ahacktcu phkmej
phkmejctck
ctck `ck
`ck lcfk-lcfk
lcfk-lcfk
8. Ahkmht
Ahkmhtcbu
cbuff c`c tf`cgk
tf`cgkyc
yc ghlcfk
ghlcfkck/
ck/ phkycg
phkycgft
ft yckm
yckm jckycg
jckycg `fduapcf
`fduapcf `ck pethksf
pethksf
ahajcbcycgck
@clc
@clca
a acgc
acgclc
lcb
b fkf
fkf cgck
cgck `fjc
`fjcbc
bcss bcl
bcl yckm
yckm `c
`cpc
pctt ahap
ahaphk
hkmc
mcru
rubf
bf ph
phah
ahrf
rfgs
gscc
cck
k
lcjerc
lcjercter
terfua
fua c`clcb
c`clcb phkmmu
phkmmukcc
kcck
k ej
ejct
ct elhb
elhb pcsfhk
pcsfhk shjhlu
shjhlua
a `flcgu
`flcgugck
gck phahrf
phahrfgsc
gscck.
ck.
^hkmmukcck ejct yckm ahaphkmcrubf bcsfl phahrfgscck bhactelemf afsclkyc 4 csca
oelct, Oh, _ftcafk J3: `ll. ^c`c phahrfgscck
phahrfgscck gertfgesthr
gertfgesthref`
ef` cgck ahkurukgck
ahkurukgck dualcb
hesfkeofl, sh`ckm c`rhkclfk cgck ahkfkmgctgck dualcb lhugesft `ck treajesft. ^hajhrfck
trcksousf `crcb cgck ahaphkmcrubf geapesfsf `crcb shbfkmmc ahkyulftgck phajcicck
aeroelemf sh`fcck cpus `crcb thpf acupuk phkflcfck bhaestctfs. Cktfgecmulck ercl ctcu
bhpcrfk `cpct ahaphkmcrubf bcsfl phahrfgscck bhaestctfs.

3.: Zuausck Acsclcb

3. Cpc yckm
yckm `facgsu`
`facgsu` `hkmck
`hkmck fkthrcgsf
fkthrcgsf ejct5
:. Cpc scdc dhkfs-dh
dhkfs-dhkfs
kfs lcjercter
lcjercterfua
fua ghshbctck
ghshbctck55
9. Cpc scdc tuduck
tuduck phahrfgsc
phahrfgscck
ck `f lcjercterfu
lcjercterfua
a ghshbctck
ghshbctck 5
0. Jcmcfackc
Jcmcfackc autu
autu phlcyckck
phlcyckck lcjercterfu
lcjercterfua
a ghshbctck
ghshbctck 5
8. Jcmcfackc
Jcmcfackc phlcyckck
phlcyckck lcjercterfua
lcjercterfua thrbc`cp ghshbctck
ghshbctck acsycrcgct5
acsycrcgct5
 

3.9 Puduck ^hkulfsck

^hkyusukck acgclcb fkf `ftudugck uktug4
3. Xktug
Xktug ahahkubf
ahahkubf tumcs
tumcs Pegsfg
Pegsfgelem
elemf.
f.
:. Xktug
Xktug ahkcajcb
ahkcajcb wcwcsck ahkmhkcf
ahkmhkcf ^hkmhrtfck
^hkmhrtfck fkthrcgsf
fkthrcgsf ejct
9. Xktug
Xktug ahkmhtcbuf
ahkmhtcbuf dhkfs-dhkfs
dhkfs-dhkfs lcjercterfua
lcjercterfua ghshbctck.
ghshbctck.

0. Xktug
Xktug ahkmhtcbuf
ahkmhtcbuf tuduck phahrfgscck
phahrfgscck `f lcjercterfu
lcjercterfua
a ghshbctck
8. Xktug
Xktug ahkmhtcbuf
ahkmhtcbuf autu
autu lcjercterfu
lcjercterfua
a ghshbctck
ghshbctck
?. Xktug
Xktug ahkmhtcbuf
ahkmhtcbuf phlcyckck
phlcyckck lcjercterfua
lcjercterfua thrbc`cp
thrbc`cp ghshbctck acsycrcgct
acsycrcgct

3.0 Ahte`h ^hkulfsck

Ahte`h phkulfsck acgclcb fkf `f`cscrgck pc`c mcjukmck `crf jhjhrcpc lfthrctur `ck
 phkicrfck `ctc ahlcluf ah`fc fkthrkht.

3.8 Ackocct ^hkulfsck

Cmcr phajcic ahkmhtcbuf lhjfb `clca thktckm fkthrcgsf ejct `hkmck ths lcjercterfua,
Dhkfs-d
Dhkfs-dhkf
hkfss lcjerc
lcjercter
terfua
fua ghshbct
ghshbctck,
ck,aut
autu
u phlcyc
phlcyckck
kck lcjerc
lcjercter
terfua
fua ghshbc
ghshbctck
tck shrtc
shrtc
 phlcyckck lcjercterfuak thrbc`cp ghshbctck acsycrcgct.
 

JCJ FF
^HAJCBCYCK

:. 3 ^hkmh
^hkmhrt
rtfck
fck Fk
Fkthr
thrcgs
cgsff Ejct
Ejct
Fkthrcgsf ejct ctcu `rum-`rum fkthrcitfeks (@@Fs) `f`hofkfsfgck shjcmcf ae`fofgcsf hohg 

suctu ejct cgfjct ejct lcfk yckm `fjhrfgck pc`c cwclkyc ctcu `fjhrfgck jhrscacck ctcu
 jflc `uc ctcu lhjfb ejct jhrfkthrcgsf shbfkmmc ghhohgtfock ctcu tegsfsftcs suctu ejct ctcu
lhjfb jhrujcb.3 Fkthrcgsf yckm lhjfb shrfkm thrdc`f c`clcb yckm thrdc`f `f`clca tujub
`fjck`fkmgck `flucr tujub. Fkthrcgsf `clca tujub `cpct `fjcmf `clca `uc ghleapeg 
 jhscr ycftu fkthrcgsf ocacgegfkhtfgc `ck fkthrcgsf ocracge`fkcafgc.

^elfocracsf
^elfocracsf ahkfkmgctg
ahkfkmgctgck
ck rfsfge thrdc`fkyc
thrdc`fkyc fkthrcgsf
fkthrcgsf ejct. ^hkmejctck
^hkmejctck pelfocracsf
pelfocracsf
`fbujukmgck `hkmck ghdc`fck @@Fs, C`vhrsh @rum Zhcitfeks (C@Zs), Ah`fictfeks
Hrrer `ck phkfkmgctck rfsfge rcwct fkcp `f ruacb scgft.9,0 Cpethghr bcrus jhrtckmmukm

 dcwcj uktug ahaekfterfkm fkthrcgsf ejct `ck ahkmfkoeracsfgck ghpc`c `egthr `ck
 pcsfhk thktckm acsclcb yckm aukmgfk thrdc`f thrgcft fkthrcgsf thrshjut.@clca phghrdcck
ghocra
ghocracsf
csfck
ck `f cpethg
cpethg,, cpethg
cpethghr
hr shrfkmg
shrfkmgclf
clf tf`cg
tf`cg `cpct
`cpct ahkmf`
ahkmf`hkt
hktfof
fofgcs
gcsff jhrjcm
jhrjcmcf
cf
ghdc`fck @@F‖s pc`c phlcyckck rhshp pc`c pcsfhk rcwct dclck.Jhrjcmcf ghaukmgfkck
shicrc thgkfs c`clcb gcrhkc wcgtu yckm tf`cg ahaukmgfkgck, tf`cg thrsh`fckyc clct
 phkukdckm yckm prcgtfs, `ck shjcmcfkyc. Cpethghr shrfkm tf`cg ahkyc`crf
ghaukmgfkck @@F‖s yckm `cpct ahajcbcycgck ctcu ahrumfgck pcsfhk.

Yuajhr uaua ghsclcbck `fcmkestfg c`clcb gurckmkyc phkmhtcbuck thktckm fkthrcgsf

udf lcjerc
lcjercter
terfua
fua-ej
-ejct
ct (@LPF)
(@LPF).Yc
.Yclcb
lcb tcosfr
tcosfr bcsfl
bcsfl ths `cpct
`cpct ahkyhj
ahkyhjcjg
cjgck
ck `fcmke
`fcmkesfs
sfs
thrtuk`c ctcu ghlfru, ths `fcmkestfg tcajcbck yckm tf`cg phrlu ctcu thrcpf yckm `cpct
ahajcbcycgck pcsfhk.

Ejct
Ejct shrfk
shrfkmg
mgcl
clff ahap
ahaphk
hkmc
mcru
rubf
bf of
ofsfe
sfele
lemf
mfss fk vf
vfve
ve pr
pres
eshs
hs `c
`ck
k `h
`hkm
kmck
ck `h
`haf
afgf
gfck
ck
ahaphkmcru
ahaphkmcrubf
bf bcsfl ths lcjercterfu
lcjercterfua
a pcsfhk.
pcsfhk. Yuctu
Yuctu ejct aukmgfk ahaflfgf
ahaflfgf hohg yckm
`fshkmcdc
`fshkmcdc ctcu tf`cg `ffkmfkgck
`ffkmfkgck pc`c bcsfl ths lcjercterfu
lcjercterfua
a W=Q. Hohg yckm `fbcrcpgck
`fbcrcpgck
`crf ejct pc`c bcsfl ths lcjercterfua tf`cg ahkdc`f oegus tfkdcuck fkf, gcrhkc jfcsckyc
tf`cg
tf`cg cgck
cgck ahkyhj
ahkyhjcjg
cjgck
ck ghjfkm
ghjfkmukm
ukmck
ck `fcmk
`fcmkest
estfg.
fg. Yhlcfk
Yhlcfk ftu,
ftu, clcsck
clcsck uktug
uktug shrfkm
shrfkm

ahafkt
ahaf ktcc ph
phah
ahrf
rfgs
gscc
cck
k lcje
lcjerc
rcte
terf
rfua
ua c`
c`cl
clcb
cb uk
uktu
tug
g ahac
ahackt
ktcu
cu ththrcp
rcpff ej
ejct
ct,, yc
ycft
ftu
u
 phkfkmgctck gc`cr tfregsfk jhjcs cgfjct phkmejctck lhvetfregsfk.@clca jhjhrcpc
 

gcsus,, fkthrcgsf
gcsus fkthrcgsf cktcrc ejct `ck udf lcjercterf
lcjercterfua
ua ahkmmckmmu
ahkmmckmmu preshs ckclftfg fk vftre,
vftre,
yc
yckm
km aukm
aukmgf
gfk
k ahaf
ahaflf
lfgf
gf `c
`cap
apcg
cg glfk
glfkfs
fs kh
khmc
mctf
tfoo yc
yckm
km ph
phkt
ktfk
fkm,
m, gc
gcrh
rhkc
kc bc
bcsf
sfll th
thss
lcjercterfu
lcjercterfua
a yckm thrphkmcrub
thrphkmcrub aukmgfk
aukmgfk tf`cg ahkihrafkgck
ahkihrafkgck sftucsf glfkfs pcsfhk.
pcsfhk.
Fkth
Fkthrc
rcgs
gsff ck
ckcl
clft
ftfs
fs fk
fkff bc
bcru
russ `fbf
`fbfk`
k`crf
crf `h
`hkm
kmck
ck ahkm
ahkmmu
mukc
kcgc
gck
k cs
cssc
scy
y cl
clthr
thrkc
kctf
tfoo ct
ctcu
cu
fkthrprhtcsf phkmudfck yckm sclcb bcrus `fbflckmgck `hkmck sfstha phrfkmctck. Iekteb

hgstrfa `crf jcbcyc fkthrcgsf udf ejct ckclftfs c`clcb gc`cr mlugesc tfkmmf yckm sclcb
yckm `cpct thrdc`f pc`c pcsfhk rcwct dclck phrftekhcl `fclfsfs (IC^@).

C`c jhjhrcpc `ctcjcsh @LPF, yckm jhrmukc uktug preohsfekcl phrcwctck ghshbctck
ghtfgc ahrhgc ahkiurfmcf ghaukmgfkck @LPF, thtcpf ghlhacbck `crf `ctcjcsh thrshjut
c`clcb jcbwc `egthr bcrus shicrc cgtfo ahkiurfmcf c`ckyc fkthrcgsf shjhlua ahrhgc
 jhrgeksultcsf `hkmck `ctcjcsh. Ghrumfck fkf `fhlfafkcsf ghtfgc cplfgcsf phk`ugukm
gh
ghpu
putu
tusck
sck `fph
`fphrg
rghk
hkcl
clgc
gck.
k.@c
@ctcj
tcjcsh
csh @LPF
@LPF yc
yckm
km thrsh`
thrsh`fc
fc `c
`cpc
pctt `f
`fmu
mukc
kcgc
gck
k uk
uktu
tug 
g 
`ugukmck ghputusck eteactfs, thtcpf c`c jhjhrcpc jctcsck phktfkm.@clca jhjhrcpc

`ctcjcsh, rhlhvcksf glfkfs `crf fkthrcgsf acsfb gurckm, ctcu lfthrctur thr`cotcr thtcpf tf`cg 
`frfkmgcs. Dumc, jhjhrcpc `ctcjcsh tf`cg jhrfsf fkoeracsf thktckm `hrcdct, `urcsf `ck
ghdc`fck hohg ctcu ocgter rfsfge (shphrtf usfc ctcu dhkfs ghlcafk) `ck lfthrctur yckm
shrfkm `fgutfp tf`cg autcgbfr.

Bcsf
Bcsfll phah
phahrf
rfgs
gscc
cck
k lcje
lcjerc
rcte
terf
rfua
ua ahru
ahrupc
pcgc
gck
k fk
fkoe
oera
racs
csff yc
yckm
km jh
jhrb
rbcr
crmc
mc uk
uktu
tug 
g 
ahajh`
ahajh`cgc
cgck
k `fcmke
`fcmkesfs,
sfs, ahkmge
ahkmgekof
kof racsf
racsf `fcmke
`fcmkesfs,
sfs, ahkflcf
ahkflcf stctus
stctus glfkfg
glfkfg pcsfhk
pcsfhk,,
ahkmhv
ahkmhvclu
clucsf
csf hohgtfv
hohgtfvftcs
ftcs thrcpf
thrcpf `ck aukiul
aukiulkyc
kyc rhcgsf
rhcgsf ejct
ejct yckm
yckm tf`cg
tf`cg `ffkmf
`ffkmfkg
kgck.
ck.
Fkthrprhtcsf bcsfl phahrfgscck lcjercterfua elhb cpethghr jhrtuduck uktug4

3. Ahkfl
Ahkflcf
cf gh
ghshs
shsuc
ucfc
fck
k thrcp
thrcpff (i
(iek
ekte
teb4
b4 fk
fk`f
`fgc
gcsf
sf ej
ejct
ct,, gh
ghthp
thpct
ctck
ck ph
phaf
aflf
lfbc
bck
k ej
ejct
ct,,
gektrcfk`fgcsf ejct, phkyhsucfck `esfs ejct, rfsfge fkthrcgsf ejct),
:. Ahkflcf
Ahkflcf hohgtfvftcs
hohgtfvftcs thrcpf (iekteb4 hohgtfvftc
hohgtfvftcss phajhrfck
phajhrfck gclfua
gclfua `fghtcbuf
`fghtcbuf ahlcluf
gc`cr gclfua `clca `crcb, hohgtfvftcs wcrocrfk `fghtcbuf ahlcluf phahrfgscck FKZ,
9. Hohgtfof
Hohgtfof tcs cllepurfkel
cllepurfkel `f ghtcbuf
ghtcbuf `crf ahkurukk
ahkurukkyc
yc gc`cr csca urct,
urct,
0. Ahk`hthgsf
Ahk`hthgsf `ck ahkihmcb
ahkihmcb rhcgsf ejct yckm tf`cg `fghbhk`cg
`fghbhk`cgff (iekteb4 phkurukck
phkurukck
`esfs

Bcsfl phahrfgscck lcjercterfua

lcjercterfua `cpct `fkyctcgck
`fkyctcgck shjcmcf
shjcmcf ckmgc
ckmgc gucktftctfo
gucktftctfo,, guclftctfo 
guclftctfo 

ctcu shafgucktftctfo.B
shafgucktftctfo.Bcsfl
csfl gucktftctfo
gucktftctfo jhrupc ckmgc
ckmgc pcstf ctcu rhktckm
rhktckm kflcf, shjcmcf
iekteb kflcf bhaemlejfk pc`c wckftc c`clcb 3: ’ 3? m/`L.Bcsfl guclftctfo `fkyctcgck
 

shjcmcf kflcf pesftfo ctcu khmctfo tckpc ahkyhjutgck `hrcdct pesftfo ctcu khmctfokyc.
Bcsfl
Bcsfl shafgu
shafguckt
cktftct
ftctfo
fo c`clcb
c`clcb bcsfl
bcsfl guclft
guclftctfo
ctfo yckm
yckm ahkyhj
ahkyhjutg
utgck
ck `hrcdc
`hrcdctt pesftf
pesftfoo ctcu
khmctfo tckpc ahkyhjutgck ckmgc pcstf (iekteb4 3+, :+, 9+). sfpreol egscsfk bfkmmc
8>% pc`c gek`fsf glfrhks grhctfkfk.

:.: Acica-Acica Fkthrcgsf Ejct

3. Fkthrcgsf Ocracshtfs
Fkthrcgsf
Fkthrcgsf Ocracshtfs
Ocracshtfs  C`c
C`clcb
lcb fkthrcg
fkthrcgsf
sf ofsfge-
ofsfge-gfa
gfafc
fc yckm
yckm thrdc`
thrdc`ff pc`c
pc`c scct ejct
ejct
`foera
`foeraulc
ulcsfg
sfgck
ck /`fsfcp
/`fsfcpgck
gck shjhlu
shjhlua
a ejct
ejct `f mukcgc
mukcgck
k elhb
elhb phk`hr
phk`hrftc
ftc.Af
.Afscl
sclkyc
kyc
fkth
fkthrcg
rcgsf
sf ck
cktcr
tcrcc ej
ejct
ct `c
`ck
k lcru
lcrutc
tck
k fk
fkou
ouss F_ yc
yckm
km `f
`fica
icapu
purr jh
jhrsc
rscac
acck
ck `c
`cpc
pctt
ahkyhjcjgck phicbkyc haulsf ctcu thrdc`f
thrdc `f phkmhk`cpck.

Iekteb lcfk 4 `uc ejct yckm `ficapur pc`c lcrutck yckm scac `cpct thrdc`f rhcgsf
gfafc ctcu thrdc`f phkmhk`cpck sclcb sctu shkycwc, ctcu thrdc`f phkmgrfstclck sclcb

sctu shkycwc `ll.

Jhktug fkthrcgsf4
c. Fkth
Fkthrc
rcgs
gsff Yhicr
Yhicrcc Ofsf
Ofsfg
g
- Phrdc`f phrujcbck ghlcrutck
- Phrdc`f turuk tftfg jhgu
 j. Fkthrcgsf Yhicrc Gfafc
Phrdc`fkyc rhcgsf sctu `hkmck yckm lcfk ctcu thrbf`relfsfskyc suctu ejct shlcac
`clca preshs phajuctck ctcupuk shlcac `clca phkyfapckck.
:. Fkthrcgsf Ocracgegfkhtfgc

^c`c fkthrcgsf fkf ejct ahkmclcaf phrujcbck pc`c 4

c. Cjserjsf
Ahgc
Ahgckf
kfsa
sahh yc
yckm
km `c
`cpc
pctt ahkm
ahkmuj
ujcb
cb gh
ghihp
ihpctc
ctck
k cj
cjse
serj
rjsf
sf ej
ejct
ct `c
`clc
lca
a MF trci
trcitt
`fphkmcrubf jckycg ociter cktcrc lcfk, jhrujcbkyc4 ghihpctck clfrck `crcb MF,
aetflftcs MF, pB MF, ghlcrutck ejct, Ahtcjelfsah MF, Olerc MF, ctcu Auiesc MF,
thrjhktugkyc geaplhg yckm tf`cg lcrut.
 j. @fstrfjusf
Prckspert cgtfo `crf jhjhrcpc ejct cktf bfphrthksf (jhtbckf`fkh, Muhkhtbf`fkh,
`hjrfiequfkh) gh pckmgcl sycrco sfapctfg yckm ahrupcgck thapct thrdc`fkyc

hohg thrcphutfg, `f fkbfjfsf elhb cktf`hprhsck trfsfglfg (`ck aukmgfk dumc elhb
 jhjhrcpc pbhketbfczfkh).
 

i. Ahtcjelfsah
sah
Jckycg fkthrcgsf ejct yckm `fshjcjgck elhb phrujcbck `clca ahtcjelfsah ejct.
Yctu sfstha yckm thrghkcl `clca fkthrcgsf ahtcjelfsah c`clcb sfstha hkzfa yckm
ahkmck
ahkmck`uk
`ukm
m iyteib
iyteibrea
reahh ^08>
^08> exf`cs
exf`csh.
h. Yhjcmc
Yhjcmcff iekteb
iekteb,, c`c fkthrcg
fkthrcgsf
sf ej
ejct
ct
 jhracgkc cktcrc sfpoeolegscsfk `ck ahtc`ek. Yfpreolegscsfk `cpct ahkmbcajct

iyteibreah ^08> 9C0 scapcf shjhscr ?8%. Gcrhkc fkf ahrupcgck hkzfa prfahr 
yckm jhrphrck uktug ahahtcjelfsah ahtc`ek, sfpre jfsc ahkfkmmfgck gc`cr 
ahtc`ek shicrc jhracgkc. Yfstha fkf `cpct `fphkmcrubf elhb fk`ugsf acupuk
fkbfjfsf hkzfa, shjcmcfackc `fjcbcs `clca iekteb jhrfgut
 Fk`ugsf hkzfa - ejct C ahkmfk`ugsf tujub uktug ahkmbcsflgck lhjfb jckycg 
ejct yckm ahahtcjelfsah ejct J. Bcsflkyc c`clcb gc`cr hohgtfo `crf ejct J
cgck jhrgurckm, shahktcrc hohgtfvftcs ejct C tf`cg jhrujcb.
 Fkbfjfsf hkzfa - ejct C ahkmbcajct pre`ugsf hkzfa yckm ahahtcjelfsah
ejct
ejct J, shbfkm
shbfkmmc
mc phkfkm
phkfkmmfc
mfck
k ejct
ejct J thr
thrdc`
dc`ff `ck aukmgf
aukmgfk
k ahkfaj
ahkfajulg
ulgck
ck

evhr`esfs.
Ghthrsh`fcck bcyctf ’ ejct C ahaphkmcrubf phkyhrcpck ejct J.
`. Hgsgrhsf
Vckm
Vckm `fshjc
`fshjcjgc
jgck
k gcrhkc
gcrhkc ejct/
ejct/ shkycwc
shkycwc lcf
lcfk.
k. Bcl fkf uauaky
uauakycc `fugur
`fugur `crf
 phrujcbck pc`c sctu ctcu lhjfb pcrcahthr ocracgegfkhtfgc, shphrtf gekshktrcsf
shrua acgsfaua, lucs crhc `fjcwcb gurvc, wcgtu, wcgtu pcrub, dualcb tetcl
ejct yckm `fhgsgrhsf ahlcluf urfkh, `sj.

9. Fkthrcgs
Fkthrcgsff Ocracge`fk
Ocracge`fkcafgc
cafgc

C`clcb ejct yckm ahkyhjcjgck phrujcbck pc`c rhspek pcsfhk `fshjcjgck gcrhkc
 jhrujcbkyc ocracgegfkhtfgc `crf ejct thrshjut
th rshjut gcrhkc ejct lcfk yckm thrlfbct shjcmcf
 phrujcbck cgsf ejct tckpc ahkmclcaf phrujcbck gekshktrcsfplcsac. Afsclkyc
kc
kcfg
fgky
kycc te
tegs
gsfs
fsft
ftcs
cs `c
`crf
rf `fme
`fmegs
gsfk
fk yc
yckm
km `f
`fshj
shjcj
cjgc
gck
k gc
gcrh
rhkc
kc ph
phaj
ajhrf
hrfck
ck sh
shicr
icrcc
 jhrscacck `hkmck `furhtfi jeres gclfua afsclkyc oureshaf`.

Ghshbctck ahrupcgck bcl yckm phktfkm `clca ghbf`upck, jflc gftc scgft gftc tf`cg 
`cpct ahlcgugck cgtfvftcs shbcrf-bcrf shphrtf jfcsc cpclcmf jcmf erckm-erckm yckm
ahackm ahaflfgf cgtfvftcs yckm jckycg ctcu dc`ucl yckmpc`ct, ahrhgc cgck ahrcsc

ahrumf
ahrumf gcrhkc
gcrhkc thrmck
thrmckmmu
mmu `ck thrbcaj
thrbcajct
ct cgtfvf
cgtfvftcsk
tcskyc.
yc. Jhlua
Jhlua lcmf
lcmf jcmf
jcmf ahrhgc
ahrhgc
 

yckmthryctc thrghkc phkycgft yckm pcrcb acgc cgck ahajutubgck jfcyc yckm acbcl
uktug ahaulfbgck ghshbctckkyc.C`cpuk phpctcb ahkmctcgck “ghshbctck ftu
acbcl bcrmckyc‑ elhb grhkc ftu gftc bcrus shlclu ahkdcmc `ck ahah
hahlfbcrc
ghshbctck tujub gftc `hkmck sclcb sctukyc pelc bf`up shbct ahkmgeksuasf acgck-
acgc
acgck
kck yckm
ckm jhrmfzf (scyur, jucb, susu), ahkmgeksuasf aultfvftcafk jflc

 ph r l u, e lc br cm c y ck m th r c tu r, fs tf rc bc t yc km i ug up , ahkmbfk`crf ctcu

ahaffaclgck strhss `hkmck rhorhsbfkm `f cgbfr phgck `ck ghmfctck pesftfo lcfkkyc.
Cmcr `cpct ahacktcu ghc`cck ghshbctck, phrlu `flcgugck ths lcjercterfua shicrc
 jhrgclc, `hkmck pckhlphahrfgsccklcjercterfua,
pckhlphahrfgsccklcjercterfua,shb
shbfk
fkmm
mmcc gf
gftc
tc tc
tcbu
bu jc
jcmc
mcfa
fack
ckcc
ghc`cc
ghc`cck
k tujub
tujub gftc
gftc shjhkc
shjhkcrky
rkyc.
c. Phs lcjercterfua
Phs lcjercterfua jfsc `flcgugck shtcbuk shgclf
shjcmcf
shjcmcf jcmfck
jcmfck `crf
`crf phahrf
phahrfgsc
gscckr
ckrutf
utfk,
k, uktug
uktug ahmhtc
ahmhtcbuf
buf pcrcah
pcrcahthr 
thr ghshbctckgftc.
ghshbctck gftc.
Pcpf gcrhkc ths ibhig up mfkf jfcsckyc tf`cg aurcb, acgc dcrckm shgclf erckm
ahlcgugck ths rutfk tcbukck. Jfcsckyc thsiuac `flcgugck jflc `egthr ahkhaugck
fk`fgcsf suctu phkycgft,
 phkycgft, `ck bcrus `fpcstfgck `fcmkesckyc `hkmck ths lcj.


^c`c lcjercte
lcjercterfua
rfua ths-ths
ths-ths rutfk (`ck kek rutfk)
rutfk) yckm jfcsc
jfcsc `flcgugck
shj
shjcm
cmcf
cf jhrf
jhrfgu
gutt ^ckhl Ibhig XpGhshbctck
Xp Ghshbctck,, jhrtuduc
jhrtuduckk uktug
uktug ahkmhtcb
ahkmhtcbuf uf
guclftcs ghshbctcksh
ghshbctcksh ic rc uau a, jcf g yck m ahky
ahkyck
ckmg
mgut
ut ouk
oukms
msff ermc
ermck
k acup
acupuk
uk
ghc`cck ahtcjelfsah tujub.
 ^ckhll ^rhacrftc
^ckh ^rhacrftcl,
l, uktug
uktug ahk`hthg
ahk`hthgsf
sf c`ckyc
c`ckyc p
 phk
hky
ycgf
gfttahkulcr,
ahkulcr, ahkcbuk
ahkcbuk
ctcu `fturukgck,
`fturukgck, yckm `cpctah
`cpctahaphkmcrubf ghsujurck pcsckmck
acupukghshbctck
acupukghshbctckrutfk.
rutfk.
 ^ck
ckhl
hl Cwcl
wcl Ghbc
Ghbca
aflck
flck,, uktug
tug ahk
ahkmh
mhtc
tcbu
buff c`
c`ck
ckyc
yc phkycgfty
 phkycgftyck
ckm
m `c
`cpc
pctt
ahaphkmcrubf ghshbctck fju bcaflacupuk dckfkkyc.


^ckhl @haca, uktug ahkmhtcbuf phkyhjcj `haca.
 ^ckhl
^ckhl Perib,
Perib, uktug
uktug ahkmht
ahkmhtcbu
cbuff c`cky
c`ckycc fkohgsf
fkohgsf `ck stctus
stctus ghghjc
ghghjclck
lck thrbc`c
thrbc`cp
p
 pcrcsft teseplcsac, vfrusrujhllc, iyteahmclevfrus `ck vfrus bhrphs tfph : yckm
`cpct ahaphkmcrubf dckfk.
 ^ckhl ^hkmhlelcck @fcjhths Ahllftus,uktug
Ahllftus,uktug ahacktcu bcsfl phkmejctck `ck
ahk`h thgs f o cite r r hsfg e geapl
geaplfg
fgcs
csff @fcjhths Ahllftus.
Ahllftus.
 ^ckhl lhacg, uktug ahkmhtcbuf gc`cr jhrjcmcf dhkfs lhacg yckm phktfkm `clca
 preshs thrdc`fkyc phkyuajctck phajulub `crcb
`crcb (Cthresglhresfs).
 

Fkthrcgsf ocracge`fkcafg pc`c usfc lckdut `cpct ahkyhjcjgck rhspeks rhshpter ejct
`ck tcrmht ermck jhrujcb,
jhrujcb, shbfkmmc shksftfvftcs
shksftfvftcs thrbc`cp hohg ejct ahkdc`f lcfk. Fkf
ahkyhjcjgck gc`ckm `esfs bcrus `fshsucfgck `ck shrfkm bcrus `fgurckmf.Fkthrcgsf
ejct `fckmmcp phktfkm shicrc glfkfg
glfkfg cpcjflc
cpcjflc jhrcgfjct
jhrcgfjct ahkfkmgctg
ahkfkmgctgck
ck tegsfsftcs
tegsfsftcs ctcu
 dustru ahkurukgck hohg thrcpf `crf ejct-ejct thrshjut. Fkthrcgsf cktcrc ejct-ejct

`c
`cpc
pctt `fgu
`fgurck
rckmf
mf ctcu
ctcu `fph
`fphrg
rghi
hifl
fl ghghau
aukm
kmgf
gfkc
kckk
kkyc
yc `h
`hkm
kmck
ck icrc
icrc ahkm
ahkmbf
bfk`
k`crf
crf
 phkmmukcck pelfocracsf yckm tf`cg `fjutubgck.
`fjutubgck.

^hrck cpethghr `clca phkmhlelcc

phkmhlelcck
k fkthrcgsf
fkthrcgsf ejct jhrscac `egthr (phkulfs
(phkulfs rhshp)
ahaflfgf ghwcdfjck uktug ahacstfgck jcbwc pcsfhk sc`cr cgck c`ckyc rfsfge hohg 
scapfkm `ck phkckmckckkyc. @hkmck phkmhtcbuck yckm rfkif thktckm phkmejctck,
sherckm
sherckm cpethg
cpethghr
hr ahaflf
ahaflfgf
gf ghacap
ghacapuck
uck uk
uktug
tug ahkmbu
ahkmbujuk
jukmgc
mgck
k mhdclc
mhdclc yckm
yckm tcg 
thr`umc yckm `fclcaf elhb pcsfhk uktug hohg scapfkm yckm aukmgfk tfajul `crf
thrcpf ejct ahrhgc.^rcgthg ocracsf glfkfs dumc `cpct ahacstfgck jcbwc ghdc`fck

hohg scapfkm ejct `cpct `fafkfaclgck `hkmck ahkmbfk`crf ejct `hkmck pethksf
hohg scapfkm pc`c ghleapeg-ghleapeg pcsfhk yckm rhktck ahkmclcafkyc.@hkmck
`hafgfck, cpethghr ahaflfgf phrck jhscr uktug jhracfk `clca gcftckkyc `clca
 phkihmcbck, `hthgsf `ck phlcperck ghdc`fck hohg scapfkm ejct.

Yhicrc uaua, fkthrcgsf ejct bcrus `fbfk`crf

`fbfk`crf gcrhkc ghaukmgfkck
ghaukmgfkck bcsfl yckm jurug 
ctcu
ctcu tf`c
tf`cg
g thr`
thr`um
umc.
c.Jh
Jhjh
jhrc
rcpc
pc fkth
fkthrc
rcgs
gsff ej
ejct
ct jc
jcbg
bgck
ck `c
`cpc
pctt jh
jhrj
rjcb
cbcy
cycc jc
jcmf
mf
 pcsfhk.Afsclkyc, dfgc pcsfhk ahaflfgf thgckck `crcb tfkmmf.^csfhk jfsc ahkmclcaf
rhcgsf yckm tf`cg `ffkmfkgck dfgc ahkmcajfl `hgekmhstck bf`ukm.Kcauk, fkthrcgsf

ejct dumc
ejct dumc `cpct
`cpct `hkmck
`hkmck shkmcd
shkmcdcc `facko
`fackocctg
cctgck,
ck, afsclk
afsclkyc
yc phajhr
phajhrfck
fck prejhk
prejhkhsf`
hsf`
`hkmck
`hkmck phkfsflfk
phkfsflfk shjhlua
shjhlua pre`ugsf
pre`ugsf acsscl phkfsflfk.
phkfsflfk. Bcl thrshjut
thrshjut jhrmukc
jhrmukc uktug 
ahkmurckmf dualcb phkfsflfk yckm `fjutubgck

Xktug fkoeracsf lhjfb lckdut ahkmhkcf dhkfs ths `ck rckmh ckmgc keracl,
`cpc t `f lfbc t pc`c Lhajc rck Fk
Fkoe
oera
racs
csff jhjh
jhjhrc
rcpc
pc phah
phahrf
rfgs
gscc
cck
k yc
yckm
km uaua
uaua
`flcgugck `f lcjercterfua bftukm `crcb lhkmgcp, ths gfafc `crcb, mulc,lhacg `crcb,
oukmsf ermck mfkdcl, oukmsf bctf. ^c`c tcjhl fkf, jflc c`c jh`c thrmcktukm pc`c dhkfs
ghlcafk, ckmgc`ftukduggck shjcmcf ‒^‖ uktug phrhapuck `ck ‒L‖ uktug lcgf-lcgf.

Jhjhrcpc Phs lcjercterfua yckm shrfkm `flcgugck `fcktcrckyc fclcb 4

3. Phs `cr
`crcb
cb lhkmgcp
lhkmgcp
 

Phs fkf ahkmugur tfcp geapekhk `clca `crcb. Phs `crcb lhkmgcp sckmct phktfkm
gcrhkc jhjrcpc dhkfs ejct-ejctck `cpct ahkyhjcjgck rhk`cbkyc dualcb `crcb
ahrcb ctcu `crcb putfb, yckm ghau`fck `cpct ahkyhjcjlck ckhafc ctcu ghlcfkck
`crcb lcfk. Phs fkf ahkmugur
ahkmugur dualcb
dualcb shl `crcb putfb,
putfb, bhaemlejf
bhaemlejfk,
k, bhacteirft`ck
bhacteirft`c k
 pl ct h l ht `c lc a `c r cb .@ hk mc k ah km mu kc gc k th s f kf , du al cb s hl `c r cb

 pu tf b yc km tf km mf `c pc t jh r cr tf tu ju b ahlcgugck phrlcwckck thrbc`cp fkohgsf

yckm
ckm aukm
aukmgfgfkk tf`
tf`cg thr`
thr`ht
hthg
hgsfsf77 du
dua
alc
lcb
b sh
shll `cr
crcb
cb ahr
hrcb
cb yc
yckkm rh
rhk
k`cb
`hkmckbhaemlejfk `ck bhacteirft jfsc dc`f ahrupcgck ckhafc cgfjct geksuasf
ejct7 `ck dualcb plcthtlht yckm rhk`cb `cpct ahaphkmcrubf phajhguck `crcb.
:. Ygrfk
Ygrfkfkm
fkm Gfafc
Gfafc @crcb
Phs fkf ahrupcgck sgrfkfkm uaua uktug ahkmugur cpcgcb ermck-ermck tujub
ck`c (dcktukm, bctf, mfkdcl, pckgrhcs),etet `ck tulckm, jhghrdc `hkmck jhkcr 
`hkmck ahkmugur gfafc-gfafc thrthktu `clca `crcb. Phs fkfphktfkm uktug 
ahk`hthgsf
ahk`hthgsf fkohgsf ctcu hohg scapfkm ejct.Yclcb
ejct.Yclcb sctu oegus
oegus thrphktfkm
thrphktfkm `clca ths

fkf c`clcb aekfterhkzfa bctf.Bctf ahrupcgck ermck tujub phktfkm gcrhkc bctf
ahajcktu ahapreshs ejct-ejctck, `ck gcrhkc ejct-ejctck fkf ahkuktut lhjfb
 jckycg `crf bctf ck`c, c`c ghaukmgfkck thrdc`f tegsfsftcs bctf yckm `cpct
ahaphkmcrubfghshbctc
ghshbctck
k uaua
uaua ck`c.C
ck`c.Clju
ljuafk
afk,, clgclfk
clgclfk,, oesoct
oesoct `ck
 jf lf r uj fk du mc ph r lu `f ae kf te r uk t ug ah ac s tf gc k bc tf ck `c jh gh rd c
`hkmck jcfg. Oegus phktfkm lcfk c`clcb uktug ahaekfter tfkmgct lfpf`
 dc kt uk m c k` c. Ph s fk f ah aj c kt u ahaekfter gelhsthrel L@L (gelhsthrel dcbct),
gelhsthrel B@L (gelhsthrel shbct) shrtc trfmlfshrf`c.Ahkmhkcl dhkfs-dhkfslfpf` fkf
sckmctlcb phktfkm uktug ahajcktu ahaekfter ghaukmgfkck phkycgft dcktukm.Phs

gfafc `crcb fkf shjcfgkyc`flcgugck shtfcp tfmc julck, bcsflkyc `cpct `fphrelhb
`clca `uc ctcu tfmc bcrf ghrdc.

Phss
Ph lcje
lcjerc
rcte
terf
rfua
ua ahru
ahrupc
pcgc
gck
k jcmf
jcmfck
ck ph
phkt
ktfk
fkm
m `c
`crf
rf ph
phrc
rcwc
wctc
tck
k gh
ghsh
shbc
bctc
tck
k
geaprh
geaprhbhk
bhksfo
sfo `hkmck
`hkmck ahajck
ahajcktua
tuahae
haekft
kfter
er phrgha
phrghajck
jckmck
mck phkycg
phkycgft
ft `f `clca
`clca
tujub.Phs
tujub.Phs-ths
-ths fkf `cpct ahkdc`f
ahkdc`f fk`fgcter
fk`fgcter uktug
uktug ahk`hthgsf
ahk`hthgsf acsclcb-acsclcb
acsclcb-acsclcb
ghshbctck.
ghshbctck. Kcauk, ghtfgc
ghtfgc ck`c ahkmmukcgck
ahkmmukcgck bcsfl lcj shjcmcf
shjcmcf phrjck`fkm
phrjck`fkmck
ck
`clca ahaekfter
ahaekfter ghshbctckck
ghshbctckck`c,
`c, phrlu dumc uktug
uktug ahacbcaf
ahacbcaf jcbwc suctu bcsfl
ths yckm tf`cg thr`umc jhlua thktu ahkmfk`fgcsfgck c`ckycacsclcb ghshbctck

yckm shrfus, yckm lhjfb phktfkm c`clcb uktug ahlfbct trhk `crf bcsfl ths `clca
 dckmgc wcgtuthrthktu, `crfpc`c bckyc jhrpctegck pc`c sctu bcsfl ths scdc. Yhlcfk
 

ftu, thr`cpct jckycg ocgter `cpct ahajuct bcsfl ths `crcb ck`c jhrjh`c, fkmctlcb 4
 jflc ck`c tf`cg kycack `hkmck ths `crcb phrtcac ck`c, afktc `egthr uktug 
ahkmul
ahkmulckm
ckm ths. ^hktfk
^hktfkm
m uktug
uktug shauc
shauc erckm
erckm uktug
uktug ahaflfg
ahaflfgff phkmhr
phkmhrtfck
tfck uaua
uaua
thktckm icrc ahajcic rfkmgcsck bcsfl ths lcjercterfua. Kcauk, lhjfb phktfkm lcmf
uktug jhrjficrc `hkmck `egthr ck`c ahkmhkcf bcsfl lcj ck`c `ck afktc ghpc`ckyc

uktug ahkmcrtfgck bcsfl ths `ck jcmcfackc bcsfl thrshjut `cpct ahaphkmcrubf
 phkihrkcck phkmejctck ck`c.
9. Acic
Acica-a
a-acic
cica
a udf lcjer
lcjerct
cter
erfu
fua
a
c. Clgc
Clgclf
lfk
k Oeso
Oesoct
ctcs
cshh
Ahrupcgck
Ahrupcgck hkzya yckm `fjuct `f lfvhr, tulckm
tulckm `ck plcshktc
plcshktc `ck jfcsckyc
jfcsckyc c`c
`clc
`clca
a geks
gekshk
hktr
trcs
csft
ftfk
fkmm
mmff pc`c
pc`c sc
scct
ct ph
phrt
rtua
uaju
jubc
bck
k tu
tulc
lckm
km `c
`ck
k `f
`f`c
`clc
lca
a
haph`u.Hkzfa fkf ahkmbf`relfsfs hsthr oesoct `clca ah`fua clgclf. Clgclfk
oesoctcsh `flhpcsgck gh`clca `crcb pc`c scct lugc `ck pc`c cgtfvftcs keracl
shphrtf pc`c phrtuajubck tulckm `ck pc`c scct ghbcaflck.Pfkmmfkyc tfkmgct

clgclfk oesoct `clca `crcb ahkmfk`fgcsfgckc`ckyc phkycgft `clca tulckm ctcu

lhvhr `ck gekshktrcsf cgck ahkfkmgct dfgc thrdc`f ejstrugsf clfrck haph`u. Phs
uktug clgclfk oesoct `fghrdcgck uktug
uktug ahk`fcmke
ahk`fcmkesc
sc phkycgft-p
phkycgft-phkycg
hkycgft
ft lfvhr 
ctcu tulckm,
tulckm, ctcu uktugahlfbct
uktugahlfbct cpcgcb
cpcgcb phkmejctck
phkmejctck uktug phkycgft
phkycgft thrshjut
thrshjut
 jhghrdc.
Ejct-ejct
Ejct-ejct yckm `cpct ahaphkmcru
ahaphkmcrubf
bf gekshktrcsf
gekshktrcsf clgclfk oesoct `fcktcrckyc
`fcktcrckyc
fclcb 4
3. Ejct
Ejct CFKY
CFKY
@cpct ahkurukgck ckmgc clgclfk oesoctcsh.

:. ^crci
^crciht
htca
cael
el
^c
^crc
rcsh
shtc
tcae
aell `cpc
`cpctt ahkm
ahkmmc
mckm
kmmu
mu ahtc
ahtcje
jelf
lfsa
sahh sh
shll bc
bctf
tf yc
yckm
km `cpc
`cpctt
ahkyhjcjgck khgresfs.
 j. Jflfrujfk
Jflfrujfk (pfmahk haph`u) ahrupcgck bcsfl cgbfr ahtcjelfsah `ck shicrc
ofsfelemfs tf`cg phktfkm, kcauk ahrupcgck phtukdug c`ckyc phkycgft bctf `ck
sclurck haph`u. ^hajuckmck shl `crcb ahrcb yckm su`cb tuc ctcu ruscg `crf
clf
clfrck
rck `crcb
`crcb `flcgu
`flcgugck
gck elhb
elhb haph`u
haph`u.. Yhlcac
Yhlcac preshs
preshs thrshj
thrshjut
ut jhrlck
jhrlckmsu
msukm,
km,
bh
bhae
aeml
mlej
ejfk
fk (j
(jcm
cmfc
fck
k `c
`crf
rf shl `c
`crc
rcb
b ahrc
ahrcb
b ahkm
ahkmck
ckmg
mgut
ut eg
egsfm
sfmhk
hk)) cg
cgck
ck

 phicbahkdc`f jflfrujfk. Jflfrujfk ghau`fck `fjcwc gh `clca bctf `ck `fjuckm

gh `clca usus shjcmcf jcmfck `crf haph`u.
 

Bcsfl phahrfgscck lcjerctprfua `cpct `fphkmcrubf elhb jckycg ocgter thr`frf ctcs
ocgter thrgcft pcsfhk ctcu lcjercterfu
lcjercterfua.
a. Ocgter
Ocgter yckm thrgcft pcsfhk cktcrc lcfk4
uaur, dhkfs ghlcafk, rcs, mhkhtfg, tfkmmf jc`ck, jhrct jc`ck, gek`fsf glfkfg, stctus
kutrfsf `ck phkmmukcck ejct. Yh`ckmgck yckm thrgcft lcjercterfua cktcrc lcfk4
icrc phkmcajflck sphsfahk, phkckmckck sphsfahk, wcgtu phkmcajflck, ahte`h

ckclfsfs, guclftcs sphsfahk, dhkfs clct `ck thgkfg phkmugurck. Ghsclcbck thrgcft
bcsfl lcjercterfua pctut `fiurfmcf dfgc `fthaugck tfkmgct ghsclcbck phajcicck
yckm sckmct jhscr `crf bcsfl phahrfgscck tf`cg shsucf `hkmck mhdclc `ck tck`c
glfkfg pcsfhk. Kflcf glfkfg phahrfgscck lcjercterfua thrmcktukm pc`c shksftfof tcs,
sphsfof sftcs `ck cgurcsf. Yhksftfof tcs ahkmmcajcrgck ghphgcck ths, sphsfof sftcs
ahkmmcajcrg
ahkmmcajcrgck
ck ghacapuck
ghacapuck ahajh`cgck
ahajh`cgck phkycgft/m
phkycgft/mckmm
ckmmuck
uck oukmsf ermck,
ermck,
sh`ckmgck cgurcsf c`clcb ugurck ghthpctck phahrfgscck.
Ejct-ejct yckm ahaphkmcrubf Jflfrujfk4
3. Ohkejcrjftc
Ohkejcrjftcll

@cpct ahkurukgck
ahkurukgck gc`cr jflfrujfk.
jflfrujfk. Ohkejcrjftcl
Ohkejcrjftcl ahkfkmgctgc
ahkfkmgctgck
k cgtfvtfvftc
cgtfvtfvftcss
mlugerekf
mlugerekfll trcksohrcsh
trcksohrcsh (hkzfa yckm `fmukcgck
`fmukcgck pc`c gekyumcsf
gekyumcsf `hkmckcsca
mlugurekct shbfkmmc `hkmck ihpct `fhgsgrhsf ahlcluf haph`u `ck urfk).
:. Hstremhk, Ythref`
Ythref` Ckcjelfg
Ckcjelfg
@cpc
@cpctt ahkf
ahkfkm
kmgc
gctg
tgck
ck gc
gc`c
`crr jflf
jflfru
rujf
jfk
k ahky
ahkyhj
hjcj
cjgc
gck
k ph
phku
kuru
rukc
kck
k hg
hgsg
sgrhs
rhsff
 jflfrujfk. Bcl fkf ahkyhjcjgck thrdc`fkyc bfphrjflfrujfkhafc, yckm `fshjcjgck
gcrhkc thrdc`fkyc mckmmuck trcksohr jflfrujfk ahlcluf ahajrck bhpctesft yckm
shbfkmmc thrdc`frhthksf jflfrujfk `clca shl.
0. Mlug
Mluges
escc

Ejct-ejct yckm ahaphkmcrubfkyc4

3. Cthkelel
Fkthrc
Fkthrcgsf
gsf `hkmck
`hkmck thst lcjerc
lcjercter
terfua
fua `cpct
`cpct ahkuru
ahkurukgc
kgck
k gekshk
gekshktrc
trcsf
sf mluges
mlugesc.
c.
Ahgckfsha 4 ahkmbcajct mlfgemhkelfsfs `f shl bctf `ck etet rckmgc shbfkmmc
ahkmur
ahkmurckm
ckmff hohg bfphrm
bfphrmlfg
lfghaf
hafc`c
c`crf
rf hpfkho
hpfkhorfk
rfk yckm
yckm `flhpc
`flhpcsgck
sgck elhb
elhb c`ckyc
c`ckyc
bfpemlfghafc shbfkmmc ghajclfkyc gc`cr mulc pc`c bfpemlfghafc `fphrlcajct.
:. Gert
Gertfg
fges
esth
thre
ref`
f`
Fkthrc
Fkthrcgsf
gsf `hkmck
`hkmck thst lcjerc
lcjercter
terfua
fua `cpct
`cpct ahkuru
ahkurukgc
kgck
k gekshk
gekshktrc
trcsf
sf mluges
mlugesc.
c.
Ahgckfshah
Ahgckfshah 4 ahkfkmgctg
ahkfkmgctgck
ck mlugekhem
mlugekhemhkhsfs
hkhsfs `ck ahkmurckm
ahkmurckmff phkmmukcc
phkmmukcck
k

mlugesc `f dcrfkmck phrfohr `hkmck icrc ahkmbcajct uptcgh `ck phkmmukcck

mlugesc elhb dcrfkmck aukmgfk ahlcluf bcajctck trcksperthr mlugesc.
 

8. Jlee`
Jlee` Xrhc
Xrhc Kftr
Kftremh
emhk
k (JXK
(JXK)) tthst
hst
JXK c`clcb gekshktrcs
gekshktrcsff urhc pc`c plcsac ctcu `crcb yckm ahrupcgck fk`fgcter 
fk`fgcter 
 phktfkm oukmsf mfkdcl. Phst fkf `fmukcgck uktug ahlfbct cpcgcb mfkdcl jhghrdc

`hkmck jcfg
`hkmck jcfg ctcu
ctcu tf`cg
tf`cg `fackc
`fackc pc`c
pc`c oukmsf
oukmsf mfkdcl
mfkdclker
keracl
acl,, gc`cr
gc`cr urfk
urfk kftrem
kftremhk
hk
c`clcb
c`clcb 9,?-=,
9,?-=,3
3 aael/L
aael/L ctcu 3>-:>/
3>-:>/`L
`L.. JXK thst `flcgu
`flcgugck
gck `hkmck
`hkmck ahkmug
ahkmugur 
ur 
 dualcb kftremhk yckm jhrc`c `clca `crcb yckm jhrcscl `crf urhc.
 Ejct yckm ahaphkmcrubf4
3. Oureshaf`
Oureshaf` `cpct ahkfkmgctgck JXK ahgckfsahkyc oureshaf` c`clcb ejct
melekmck `furhtfg guct yckm `cpct ahkyhjcjgck hgsgrhsf mleahrulcrse`fua
`ck cfr yckm tfkmmf (:>-9>%),
(:>-9>%), shbfkmmc ahkyhjcjg
ahkyhjcjgck
ck `hbf`rcsf.Df
`hbf`rcsf.Dfgc
gc thrdc`f
thrdc`f
`hbf`rcsf acgc clfrck`crcb gh mfkdcl ahkdc`f jhrgurckm.

:. _ckgeafsfk
_ckgeafsfk `cpct ahkfkmgctg
ahkfkmgctgck ck Jlee`
Jlee` Xrhc Kftremhk
Kftremhk
Ahgc
Ahgckf
kfsa
sahk
hkyc
yc vckg
vckgea
eafs
fsfk
fk `cpc
`cpctt ahkyh
ahkyhjc
jcjg
jgck
ck mfkdcl
mfkd cl tf`
tf`cg
cg jhghrdc
jhgh rdc `hkmck
`hk mck jcfg,
jcf g,
 phkmhlucrck urhc kftremhk ahkdc`f thrbcajct shbfkmmc gc`crkyc `clca`crc
`clca`crcb
b
ahkfkmgct.
9. ^fregsfgca
^fregsfg
^fregsfgca
ca sh`fgft
sh`fgft `cpct
`cpct ahkfkm
ahkfkmgct
gctck
ck gc`cr
gc`cr JXK pc`c
pc`c phraulcc
phraulcck
k
thrcpf yckm ghau`fck
ghau`fck ahkhtcpgc`crk
ahkhtcpgc`crkyc
yc (plcthcu)
(plcthcu) shphrtf bclkyc pc`c
 ph km ej ct c k `h km c k oh kf lj ut c ze k, fk `e ah tc s fk `c k c sp fr fk .
?. Prck
rcksca
scafk
fkcs
cshh

Xktug ahk`hthgsf c`ckyc ghruscgck bctf, bctf, phahrfg

phahrfgscck
scckkyc
kyc `hkmck
`hkmck
 ph km ug ur ck YM EP `c k YM ^P .G h` uc ky c thr`cpct `clca shl bctf `clca dualcb
yckm jhscr `ck `fthaugck `clca shrua `clca dualcb yckm ghifl. Gc`crkyc `clca
shrua cgck ahkfkmgct ghtfgc shl ruscg ctcu ahajrck shl thrmckmmu.
=. YMEP
YMEP (Yhr
(Yhrua
ua Egscle
Egsclecsht
cshtct
ct Prck
Prckst)
st)
^hkurukck gc`cr YMEP thrdc`f pc`c scct ghbcaflck, `fcjhtfg ghtecsf`esfs `ck
 jhrf-jhrf,shh `c km gc k
 jhrf-jhrf,s ph kf km gc tc k gc `c r YM EP pc `c ge k` fs f fk oc rg 
afegcr`
afegcr` cgut (FAC), hkshoclftfs, khgresfs,
khgresfs, bhpcr, phkycgft
phkycgft `cktrc
`cktrcuac
ausgulesghlhtcl, pckgrhctffs cgut, hglcapsfc, `ck mcmcl dcktukm gekmhstfo.

Ejct yckm `cpct ahkfkmgctg

ahkfkmgctgck
ck kflcf YMEP 4 Cktfjfetfg,
Cktfjfetfg, kcrgetfg,
kcrgetfg, vftcafk (csca
oelct,
oelct, pfrf`e
pfrf`egsf
gsfk,
k, vftcaf
vftcafk
k C),ckt
C),cktfbf
fbfphr
phrthk
thksf
sf (ahtfl
(ahtfl`ep
`epc,
c, muckht
muckhtf`f
f`fk),
k), theofl
theoflfk,
fk,
 

melekm
melekmck
ck `fmftcl
`fmftclfs,
fs, gertfs
gertfsek,
ek, olurczh
olurczhpca
pca,, fk`eah
fk`eahtcs
tcsfk,
fk, fsekfc
fsekfcsf`
sf`,rf
,rfoca
ocapfs
pfsfsk
fsk,,
gektrcshpsf ercl, sclfsfslct, fkdhgsf fktrcausgulcr.
2. Yhru
Yhrua
a Mlutca
Mlutcact
ct ^fru
^fruvc
vctt Prcks
Prcksca
cafk
fkcsh
csh (YM^
(YM^P)
P)
^hkfkmgctck Gc`cr 4 Bhpctftfs (vfrus) cgut, bhpctetegsfsftcs yckm ahkyhjcjgck
khgresfs bhpcr (tegsfsftcs ejctctcu gfafc)7 cmcg ctcu ahkfkmgct sh`ckm 4 sfresfs,

gckghr bhpcr,
gckghr bhpcr, mcmcl
mcmcl dcktuk
dcktukm
m gekmhs
gekmhstfo,
tfo, fktegs
fktegsfgc
fgcsf
sf clgebe
clgebelcg
lcgut7
ut7 phkfkm
phkfkmgct
gctck
ck
acrmfkcl4 fkocrg afegcr` cgut (FAC).
Ejct yckm `cpct ahkfkmgctgck YM^P 4 Cktfjfetfg, kcrgetfg, ahtfl`epc, muckhtf`fk,
sh`fcc
sh`fcck
k `fmftc
`fmftclfs,
lfs, fk`eah
fk`eahtcsf
tcsfk,s
k,sclf
clfsflc
sflct,
t, rfocapf
rfocapfsfk
sfk,, olurczh
olurczhpca
pca,, prepck
prepckele
elel,
l,
gektrcshpsf ercl, tfacb, bhpcrfk.
6. Gelhsthrel
Ejct-ejct yckm `cpct ahkurukgck kflcf gelhsthrel 4 Pfregsfk, hstremhk,
csp frf k, ckt fjf etf g (th trc sfg lfk `ck kh
khea
eafsf
fsfk)
k),, csca
csca kfge
kfgetf
tfkf
kfg,
g, bhpc
bhpcrf
rfk,
k, gel
gelgf
gfsf
sfk.
k.
Ejct-ejct yckm `cpct ahkfkmgctgck kflcf gelhsthrel 4 ^fl GJ, hpfkhorfk, ohketfczfk,

vftcafk C `ck @, suloekcaf`,ohkftefk (@flcktfk).

3>. Prfmlf
Prfmlfshrf
shrf`c
`c
^hkurukck gc`cr 4κ-lfpeprethfkhafc gekmhkftcl, bfphrtfref`fsah, aclkutrfsf prethfk,
lctfbck.Ejct-ejct yckm `cpct ahkurukgck kflcf trfmlfshrf`c 4 Csca csgerjct, geofjrct
(Ctreaf`-Y)
(Ctreaf`-Y),, ohkoerafk,
ohkoerafk, ahtoerafk.^
ahtoerafk.^hkfkm
hkfkmgctck
gctck Gc`cr 4 Bfphrlfpep
Bfphrlfpeprethfk
rethfkhafc,
hafc,
FAC,, bfphrth
FAC bfphrthksf
ksf,, bfpetf
bfpetfref
ref`fs
`fsah,
ah, sfk`re
sfk`rea
a khoret
khoretfg,
fg, treaje
treajesfs
sfs shrhjrc
shrhjrcl,s
l,sfre
fresfs
sfs
clge
clgebe
belf
lfg,
g, @A yc
yckm
km tf`c
tf`cg
g thrg
thrgek
ektre
trel,
l, sfk`r
sfk`rea
ea @ewk
@ewk‖s,
‖s, strhss
strhss,, `f
`fht
ht tfkm
tfkmmf
mf
gcrjebf`rct, ghbcaflck.
33. Ahtoer
Ahtoerafk
afk

Ahgckf
Ahgckfsa
sahk
hkyc
yc ahto
ahtoer
eraf
afk
k `c
`cpc
pctt ahku
ahkuru
rukg
kgck
ck cj
cjse
serj
rjsf
sf ml
mlug
uges
escc `c
`crf
rf sc
sclu
lurc
rck
k
lcajukm-usus . Ahtoerafk bckycahkmurckmf gc`cr mlugesc `crcb `clca ghc`cck
bfphrmlfgha
bfphrmlfghafc
fc shrtc tf`cg ahkyhjcjgck
ahkyhjcjgck bfpemlfgha
bfpemlfghafc
fc jflc`fjhrfg
jflc`fjhrfgck
ck shjcmcf
shjcmcf ejct
tukmmcl.
3:. Grhctfkfk
Grhctfkfk Yhrua
Grhctfkfk c`clcb pre`ug scapfkmck `crf bcsfl phahicbck oesoegrhctfk (grhctfk) `f
etet yckm `fjuckm ahlclufmfkdcl. Keraclkyc gc`cr grhctfkfk `clca `crcb >,? ’ 3,:
am/`l. Jflc oukmsf mfkdcl ahkuruk, gc`cr grhctfkfk `crcbjfsc ahkfkmgct.
3. Mele
Melekm
kmck
ck Ejc
Ejctt CFKY
CFKY

Ejct melekmck fkf 4 `fgleohkcg, fk`eahtcsfk, cshtescl, fjupreohk, pfregsfgca,

csca ahohkc
ahohkcact
act,, ghtepr
ghtepreoh
eohk,k
k,kcpr
cpreg
egshk,
shk, ahlegs
ahlegsfgc
fgca,
a, egscpr
egscprezf
ezfk,
k, `llEjct
 

melekm
melekmck
ck fkf `cpct
`cpct ahkyhj
ahkyhjcjg
cjgck
ck rhsfge
rhsfge ahkuru
ahkurukky
kkycc oukmsf
oukmsf mfkdcl,
mfkdcl,
sh bfkmm
bf kmm c `cpc
`c pctt ahkyh
ah kyh jcjg
jc jg ck ahkfkm
ahkfkmgct
gctkyc
kyc gc`cr
gc`cr grhct
grhctfkf
fkfk
k `clca
`clca `crcb.
`crcb.
:. Caoe
Caoeth
thrf
rfsf
sfk
kJ
Caoethrfsfk J `cpct ahkyhjcjgck phkurukck ofltrcsf mleahrulus yckm
 du mc jh r cg fj c t pc `c ph ku ru kc k oukmsf mfkdcl, shbfkmmc `cpct ahkyhjcjgck

ahkfkmgctkyc gc`cr grhctfkfk `clca `crcb.

JCJ FFF
^HKXPX^
 

9.3 Ghsfapulck
Fkthrcgsf ejct `hkmck ths lcjercterfua `cpct ahkmujcb cgurcsf `fcmkestfg ths shbfkmmc
`cpct thrdc`f pesftfo pclsu ctcu khmctfo pclsu. Bcl fkf `cpct thrdc`f gcrhkc fkthrohrhksf
gfafcwf.
gfafcwf. Afsclkyc
Afsclkyc pc`c phacgcfck
phacgcfck lcgsctfv
lcgsctfv melekmck
melekmck cktrcqufke
cktrcqufkek
k `cpct ahkyhjcjgck
ahkyhjcjgck

ths urfk pc`c urfjflfkemhk tf`cg cgurct ctcu `hkmck phrujcbck zct yckm `cpct `fugur.
Jhjhrcpc Phs lcjercterfua yckm `cpct `f phkmcrubf elhb ejct ycftu Jlee` Xrhc Kftremhk
(JXK) thst, mlugesc, Yhrua Mlutcact ^fruvct Prckscafkcsh, `ck lcfk-lcfk.

9.: Ycr
Ycrck
Acgclcb fkf acsfb jckycg ghgurckmck shbfkmmc `fbcrcpgck scrck `crf phajcic uktug 
 phrjcfgck acgclcb fkf, thrfacgcsfb.
 

@COPCZ ^XYPCGC

Mckfswc
Mck fswcrc,
rc, M.Y.,
M.Y., 3668.
3668. Oc
 Oc r ac g el em f `c k Ph r cp f, H` . F _ 
_ .. Jcm
Jcmfck
fck ocracge
ocracgelem
lemff
Ocg ult cs gh` egth rck Xkf vhr sft cs Fk
Fk`e
`ekh
khsfc
sfc.. Dcgc
Dcgcrtc
rtc44 Mc
Mcyc
yc Jcru
Jcru..

Dcsafk C._ck Jclvhrhk

Jclvhrhk (:>32).  @capcg fkthrcgsf cktcrc ejct `ck bcsfl ths lcjercterfua
 pc`c fkthrprhtcsf ths `fcmkestfi-tfkdcuck sfsthafs.
sfsthafs . Gf
Gfaf
afcc gl
glfk
fkfg
fg `c
`ck
k gh
gh`e
`egt
gthr
hrck
ck
lcjercterfua.:3:>32

 Kurul ckkfsc, Zfzgy Cj`ullcb (:>3:). ^ethksf

 ^ethksf fkthrcgsf ejct rhshp pcsfhk mhrfctrfi4stu`f
rhtresphgtfo pc`c cpethg `fjck`ukm. Ocgultcs
`fjck`ukm. Ocgultcs ocracsf ukfvhrsftcs pc`dcdcrck , suah`ckm,
Fk`ekhsfc.
Yrf fk`rcwcty.,A,G
fk`rcwcty.,A,Ghs
hs (:>33).
(:>33).  ^h`eack fkthrprhtcsf `ctc glfkfg.Jfkc ghocracsfck `ck clct 
ghshbctck.. Dcgcrtc
ghshbctck

Vulfkcb Hlfk, `gg. :>>2. FYE

 FYE Ocracgethrcpf.Dcgcrtc
Ocracgethrcpf.Dcgcrtc 4 ^P FYOF ^hkhrjftck.