Qr`mrcdcíî` XOC Q`rtcl

^OBDBG^ 3
^udãro`

Ogtr`huíî` ............................................................................................................. >

Ncrcntbrästoncs h` NLQ
NLQ ^ODCXON ^=-3211 .........................
................................................
..................................
........... 8
^ODCXON ^=-3211 - Dþhul`s ................................................................................. 2
I`gtb hb clodbgtcíî` .................................................................................. 2
Dþhul`s hb sogcl ...................
...........................................
...............................................
..............................................
....................... 9
N`giomurcíî` h` kcrhwcrb .......................................................................... 9
NQR ............................................................................................................ 9
Hosplcy hc NQR .....................
.............................................
................................................
.............................................
..................... ;
^ostbdc `pbrcno`gcl
`pbrcno`gcl b pr`mrcdc
pr`mrcdc hb usuãro` .....................
............................................
..................................
........... 33
^`itwcrb XOC Q`rtcl .......................
..............................................
...............................................
...............................................
....................... 36
Ogonocgh` (Q`rtcl Yobw) ............................................................................... 36
Qr`ebnt Yobw ............................................................................................... 32
Qr`ebnt gcvomcto`g ...................................................................................... 39
Ecgblc hb Ogspbíî` .............................................
................... .................................................
......................................
............... 3
3;
;
Xcsjs Ncrhs ..............................................
...................... .................................................
................................................
....................... 3?
Fcrrc hb ibrrcdbgtcs supbro`r ............................................................ 61
N`giomurcíî` h` NLQ ^ODCXON ^=-3211 ............................................................. 66
NLQ `glogb ......................
.............................................
.................................................
.................................................
........................... 66
Ubrcgh` ` NLQ „ N`giomurcíòbs hb iãfronc ......................................................... 81
Ybrsî` h` Iordwcrb ............................................................................................. 8>
N`giomurcíî` h` QLN^OD ..................................................................................... 88
QLN Xcms ............................................................................................................. 8?
Ml`fcl Xcms b L`ncl Xcms .......................................................................... 8?

Xop`s hb vcroãvbos (Hctc typb) ................................................................... 21

3
 QLN Xcms (Ãrbc hb trcfclk`) ..................................................................... 26
Nrocgh` udc vcroãvbl bd QLN
QLN Xcms ......................................................
............................... ...........................
.... 2>
Nrocgh` udc vcroãvbl g` Dcog (Ãrbc hb pr`mrcdcíî`)
pr`mrcdcíî`) .............................
.......................... ... 2?

Fl`n`s hb Qr`mrcdcíî` ....................................................................................... 99

N`giomurcíòbs hb ud fl`n` hb pr`mrcdcíî`
pr`mrcdcíî` ..................
.........................................
..........................
... =8

Nkcdcgh` ud fl`n` gc @F3 ....................

............................................
................................................
.......................... =8
Qr`mrcdcgh` n`d ` XOC Q
Q`rtcl
`rtcl ......................
.............................................
..........................................
................... =2
@pbrcíòbs fogãrocs .............................................................................................. =;
Ogstruíî` ^BX b VB^BX ............................................................................ =?
Ogstruíî` hb n`dpcrcíî` .......................................................................... ;1
@pbrcíòbs homotcos ................................................................................................ ;3
Xbdp`rozch`rbs .........................................................................................
;3
N`gtch`rbs ................................................................................................ ;6
Fl`n`s dctbdãton`s ...................................................................................
;8
Iugíòbs bxostbgtbs
bxostbgtbs g` XOC Q`rtcl .............................................................
...................................... ......................... ;2
Vbclozcgh` c n`giomurcíî` b pcrcdbtrozcíî` n`dplbtc hc rbhb oghustrocl ..........
...... .... ;9
Bxbdpl` hb lþmoncs .............................................................................................. ?=
Qcrtogh` ` ogvbrs`r ..................................................................................... ?=
Hbiogogh` b uscgh` vcroãvbos
vcroãvbos gc rbd`tc .............................................
...................... ............................
..... 3??
N`giomurcgh` c OKD ................................................................................. 313
N`gtr`lb tbxtucl b hb cnbss` p`r dbo` hb ^trogm .....................................
.................................... . 31>
Duhcgh` c tblc hc OKD p`r udc vcroãvbl h` QLN ...................................
................................ ... 318

6
Ogtr`huíî`

@ X`tclly Ogtbmrctbh Cut`dcto`g Q`rtcl (XOC p`rtcl) ogtbmrc vãro`s pr`hut`s ^ODCXON
bd ud õgon` s`itwcrb n`d ` qucl v`nå p`hb cudbgtcr suc pr`hutovohchb b
bionoågnoc. @s bquopcdbgt`s trcfclkcd eugt`s g` XOC p`rtcl, icnolotcgh` c nrocíî`
hb udc s`luíî` hb cut`dcíî`.
Rdc s`luíî` täponc hb cut`dcíî` bgml`fc5

◀ Rd NLQ qub n`gtr`lc ` pr`nbss`.

◀ Rdc OKD n`d ` qucl v`nå `pbrc b vosuclozc ` pr`nbss`.

>
Ncrcntbrästoncs h` NLQ ^ODCXON ^=-3211

@ ^ODCXON ^=-3211 ï ` sostbdc hb n`gtr`lb d`hulcr pcrc udc cdplc vcrobhchb

hb cploncíòbs hb cut`dcíî`. N`d hbsomg d`hulcr, n`d odplbdbgtcíòbs sodplbs
hb bstruturcs hostrofuähcs b udc `pbrcíî` cdomãvbl, t`rgcd ` ^ODCXON ^=-3211
c s`luíî` bn`gødonc b n`gvbgobgtb pcrc udc vcrobhchb hb tcrbics.
Yãrocs NQRs n`d vãro`s gävbos hb hbsbdpbgk` b udc cdplc mcdc hb dþhul`s,
n`d duot`s rbnurs`s n`gvbgobgtbs bstî` hosp`gävbos. Cs NQRs pr`tbmohcs n`gtrc
iclkcs pbrdotbd ` us` bd cplonctov`s hb sbmurcgíc. @ hbsomg d`hulcr pbrdotb qub
usb cpbgcs `s dþhul`s qub sî` gbnbssãro`s pcrc c cploncíî`. @ n`gtr`lch`r p`hb
sbr chcptch` p`stbro`rdbgtb n`d dþhul`s chono`gcos pcrc bxpcghor sbu clncgnb
hb tcrbics.
@ sostbdc `ibrbnb ` bxnblbgtb iugno`gcdbgt` h` usuãro` b ud dco`r hbsbdpbgk`.

@s g`v`s rbnurs`s hb hbsbdpbgk` sî`5

◀ Cudbgt` h` hbsbdpbgk` h` sostbdc.
◀ Iugno`gclohchb hb N`gtr`lb hb D`vodbgt` Ogtbmrch` (D`to`g).

◀ QV@IOGBX O@ OVX.

◀ Yos`r ogtbmrch` pcrc `pbrcíî` b hocmgþston` `robgtch`s c dãquogc.

◀ Og`vcíòbs hb logmucmbd ^XBQ = n`d rbtbgíî` hcs iugíòbs cgtomcs.

^ODCXON ^=-3211 - Dþhul`s

8
② I`gtb hb clodbgtcíî` (Q^/QD) „ `pno`gcl
④ NQR
⑦ Dþhul` O/@
⑮ Vcnj pcrc d`gtcmbd h` NLQ

I`gtb hb clodbgtcíî`5
Xbd c iugíî` hb clodbgtcr ` sostbdc hb cut`dcíî` h` ^=-3211, bxostbd h`os top`s
hb i`gtb hb clodbgtcíî` (QD/Q^). @ top` QD sco ` i`rgbnodbgt` prognopcl pcrc
bgbrmozcíî` h` NLQ, tbd sbu i`rgbnodbgt` hb n`rrbgtb i`rgbnohc ctrcvïs hb ud
n`gbnt`r ir`gtcl hc NQR. blc gî` `nupc ud sl`t gc n`giomurcíî` b gî` bstã ognluäh`
g` sostbdc. @ top` Q^ tbd iugíî` hb cuxolocr c i`gtb QD hbgtr` hb udc logkc mrcghb
hb sl`ts, suc n`giomurcíî` n`gsostb bd udc n`giomurcíî` hb udc õgonc logkc, bd
qub t`h`s `s dþhul`s bstî` ogstclch`s bd ud trolk` hb d`gtcmbd. @s dþhul`s
sî` n`gbntch`s p`r dbo` hb N`gbnt`rbs R b, p`rtcgt`, i`rdcd ud fcrrcdbgt` hb
fcnjplcgb.

Dþhul`s hb sogcl5
@s dþhul`s hb O/@ i`rdcd c ogtbricnb bgtrb ` n`gtr`lch`r b ` pr`nbss`. @
n`gtr`lch`r hbtbntc ` bstch` ctucl h` pr`nbss` ctrcvïs h`s sbgs`rbs b ctuch`rbs
n`gbntch`s, b hbsbgnchboc cs rbcíòbs. @s dþhul`s hb B/^ sî` nlcssoionch`s g`s
sbmuogtbs top`s hb dþhul`s5
◀ Bgtrchc homotcl (HO)
◀ ^cähc homotcl (HS)
◀ Bgtrchc cgclþmonc (CO)

2
◀ ^cähc cgclþmonc (CS)
◀ Dþhul` hb tbng`l`moc (XD)
◀ Dþhul` hb n`dugoncíî` (ND)
◀ Qr`nbssch`r hb n`dugoncíî` (NQ)

N`giomurcíî` h` kcrhwcrb5
Rd sostbdc hb cut`dcíî` h` ^=-3211 n`gsostb bd ud dãxod` hb >6 dþhul`s,
qub `nupcd sl`ts 1 c >3.

NQR5
• N`dugoncíî`5 (Ogtbricnb QV@IOGBX b QV@IOFR^).
• ^brvoh`r wbf ogtbmrch`5 (Hocmgþston`, Clcrdbs, Vbmostr`s hb Hch`s).
• Xbng`l`moc ogtbmrchc5 D`to`g b QOH.
• Vbprbsbgtcíî` Mrãionc.
• Hocmgþston` ogtbmrch` h` sostbdc.
• ^bmurcgíc ogtbmrchc.

② LBHs pcrc ` d`h` hb `pbrcí

`pbrcíî`
î` ctucl b stctus hb hocmgþston` hc

9
NQR
④ Hosplcy
⑦ F`tòbs hb n`gtr`lb
n`gtr`lb h` `pbrch`r

② LBHs pcrc ` d`h` hb `pbrcíî` ctucl b stctus hb hocmgþston` hc NQR

④ N`gbnt`r h` hosplcy
⑦ ^l`t h` ncrtî` hb dbdþroc
⑮ Nkcvb sblbt`rc hb d`h` (VRG/DVB^/^X@Q)
(VRG/DVB^/^X@Q)
⑨ LBHs pcrc cs p`rtcs hb n`dugoncíî`
n`dugoncíî`
③ Bghbrbí` DCN
⑩ Ogtbricnb hb n`dugoncíî`
n`dugoncíî` (QV@IOGBX)
⑭ N`gbnt`r hb clodbgtcíî`
⑫ Qcrcius` hb ioxcíî`

Hosplcy hc NQR5

C NQR ^=-3211 p`ssuo udc tblc ir`gtcl, n`dn`d tbnlcs hb `pbrc

`pbrcíî`,
íî`, blc tbd c iugíî
iugíî`
`
hb n`gtr`lcr hch`s, bxofor stctus hb vãro`s dbgus b n`giomurcr `píòbs.

=
② ^tctus h` NQR
④ G`db h` sufdbgu
⑦ Ncdp` hb bxofoíî` hb
hb hch`s
⑮ Cuxälo` hb gcvbmcíî`
gcvbmcíî` (@J / B^N)

② ^tctus h` NQR5

④ G`db h` sufdbgu

;
 

Xbnlcs hb `pbrcíî`5

• @J „ N`giordc ` cnbss`
• B^N „ Y`ltcr
• Qcrc nodc „ @robgtcíî` h` hosplcy
• Qcrc fcox` „ @robgtcíî` h` hosplcy
• Qcrc horbotc „ @robgtcíî` h` hosplcy
• Qcrc bsqubrhc „ @robgtcíî` h` hosplcy

?
^ostbdc `pbrcno`gcl b pr`mrcdc hb usuãro`
@s n`gtr`lch`rbs ^ODCXON sî` crquotbturcs hb kcrhwcrb `ghb r`hc ud sostbdc
`pbrcno`gcl. Bstb sostbdc `pbrcno`gcl ï rbsp`gsãvbl p`r udc sïrob hb iugíòbs
ogtbrgcs b pblc bxbnuíî` h` pr`mrcdc h` usuãro`. @ pr`mrcdc h` usuãro` p`hb
sbr hovohoh` bd fl`n`s hb hoibrbgtbs top`s (@F, IN, IF, HF). @ sostbdc `pbrcno`gcl
ï rbsp`gsãvbl pblc nkcdchc h`s @F‟s. X`h`s `s hbdcos top`s hb fl`n`s sî`
nkcdch`s pblc lþmonc h` usuãro` n`gtoh`s g`s @F‟s. @s @F‟s p`hbd tbr
ncrcntbrästoncs hb nkcdchc bspbnäioncs (p`r bxbdpl`, hb bxbnuíî` nänlonc `u hb
ogtbrrupíî` hb kcrhwcrb). @s n`gtr`lch`rbs ^=-3611 b ^=-3211 sup`rtcd dcos hb
ud @F h` dbsd` top`.

^`itwcrb XOC Q`rtcl

Bstb s`itwcrb tbd c iugíî` hb pr`mrcdcr NLQ sobdbgs, clïd hb ogtbmrcr suc
iugno`gclohchb n`d t`h`s `s bquopcdbgt`s ^obdbgs, hbshb qub t`h` ` kcrhwcrb
bstbec ogstclch`.

Ogonocgh` (Q`rtcl Yobw)

31
Cfror clmud pr`ebt` qub eã i`o ibot` b n`gtogucr trcfclkcgh`5
trcfclkcgh`5
3 „ ^blbno`gcgh` bstã `píî` v`nå kcfolotc c iugíî` hb cfror ud pr`ebt` qub i`o
ogonoch`.
6 „ Ãrbc `ghb d`strcrã `s `febt`s eã nroch`s rbnbgtbdbgtb, n`d hbsnroíî` hb
g`db, l`ncl `ghb bstã crdczbgch` b hctc hb d`hoioncíî`.
> „ F`tî` `ghb p`hb gcvbmcr ctrcvïs h` cdfobgtb h` n`dputch`r pcrc fusncr
clmud pr`ebt`. C pcstc pchrî` ch`tchc pbl` s`itwcrb bstã l`nclozchc bd Dbu
n`dputch`r -7 H`nudbgt`s -7 Cut`dcto`g.
2 „ F`tî` `ghb rbd`vb ` pr`ebt` hbsbech` hbp`os hb sblbno`gch` gc ãrbc h`s
pr`ebt`s.
8 „ F`tî` `ghb cfrorã ` pr`ebt` hbsbech` hbp`os hb sblbno`gch` gc ãrbc h`s
pr`ebt`s.
@fsbrvcíî`5
@ s`itwcrb XOC Y38 tbd c iugíî` hb cfror pr`ebt`s n`d vbrsòbs cgtbro`rbs.

33
Nrocr ud g`v` pr`ebt`5
3 „ ^blbno`gcgh` bstã `píî` ï kcfolotchc c iugíî` hb nrocr ud g`v` pr`ebt` 6
„ @ghb sbrã hch` ud g`db pcrc ` pr`ebt` qub orã sbr nroch`.
> „ L`ncl `ghb sbrã sclv` ` pr`ebt`, bstb l`ncl p`hb sbr cltbrch`, fcstc nloncrd`s
g` f`tî` ( ), b cssod p`hbrã gcvbmcr b bsn`lkbr ` l`ncl hbsbech`.
8 „ Sucl vbrsî` sbrã nrochc ` pr`ebt`, vbrsòbs cgtbro`rbs tbd lodotcíòbs hb clmugs
otbgs.

2 „ @ghb sbrã hch` ud g`db pcrc ` nroch`r h` pr`ebt`. (Gî` ï `fromctþro`).

9 „ @ghb sbrã ogsbroh` ud n`dbgtãro` pcrc ` pr`ebt`. (Gî` ï `fromctþro`).
= „ F`tî` `ghb v`nå nrocrã ` pr`ebt` hbsbech`, hbp`os hb rbclozchcs cs sucs
hbsnroíòbs.

Cpþs nloncr pcrc nrocr ud g`v` pr`ebt`5

pr`ebt`5 ( ), cfrb udc g`vc tblc h`
Q`rtcl Yobw.

36
Q`rtcl Yobw -7 Cdfobgtb `ghb ï ibot` cs n`giomurcíòbs fãsoncs, n`d` nrocíî` h`
pr`ebt` b bsn`lkc h`s bquopcdbgt`s c sbrbd trcfclkch`s. Xbd n`d` iugíî` hb
vosuclozcíî` rãpohc.
3 „ Bsn`lkc h` bquopcdbgt` b n`giomurcíî` hb Vbhb.
6 „ Bsn`lkc h`s fl`n`s hb pr`mrcdcíî`.
> „ Bsn`lkc hb iugíòbs bspbnocos, n`gi`rdb nchc bquopcdbgt` (Mrãion`s, QOH,
D`to`g).
8 „ Qcrcdbtrozcíî` h` ogvbrs`r.
2 „ N`giomurcíî` OKD.
9 „ Hocmg`ston` `glogb hc rbhb.
= „ ^blbno`gcgh` bstã `píî` v`nå bgtrcrã horbt` g` cdfobgtb h` Qr`ebnt Yobw.

Qr`ebnt Yobw

3>
Qr`ebnt Yobw -7 Cdfobgtb `ghb ï ibot` t`hcs
t `hcs cs n`giomurcíòbs fãsoncs b cvcgíchcs.
^brã ` cdfobgtb hb trcfclk` prognopcl.

Qr`ebnt gcvomcto`g „ Gcvbmcíî` ctrcvïs hb t`h` ` pr`ebt`.

Hbtcols Yobw „ Hbtclkbs hb vosuclozcíî` hb ud hbtbrdogch` otbd qub bstã
sblbno`gch` hbgtr` hc gcvbmcíî` h` pr`ebt`.
Ãrbc hb trcfclk` „ Vbclozcíî` hb t`hcs cs `pbrcíòbs h` s`itwcrb, n`d`
n`giomurcíî` b pr`mrcdcíî`.

Ecgblc gc ãrbc hb„ trcfclk`.

hb Ogspbíî`
sblbno`gch` Qr`probhchbs, ogi`rdcíòbs b hocmgþston`s h` qub bstã

Xcsj fcr „ Fcrrc hb tcrbics, `ghb d`strcrã ` qub bstã cfbrt` hbgtr` h` pr`ebt`.
Xcsj Ncrhs „ Fcrrc cuxolocr, qub d`hoioncrã n`gi`rdb ` qub bstã sblbno`gch` gc
ãrbc hb trcfclk`, n`d ` ogtuot` hb chono`gcr otbgs hbsbech`s g` pr`ebt`.

Qr`ebnt gcvomcto`g

38
3 „ N`giomurcíî` hc Xblc (bstã n`giomurcíî` sbrvorã pcrc t`hcs cs tblcs lctbrcos c`
cdfobgtb hb trcfclk`)

( ) Dogodozcr c tblc lctbrcldbgtb.

( ) Dcxodozcr c tblc.

( ) Dcgtbr c tblc ioxc sbdprb gc tblc.

( ) Dcgtbr c tblc rbtrãtol.

32
6 „ Chono`gcr ud g`v` bquopcdbgt`
bquopcdbgt`

> „ Yosuclozc c rbhb hb bquopcdbgt`s qub bstî` n`gbntch`s.

8 „ X`hcs cs iugíòbs hb n`giomurcíòbs h` bquopcdbgt` sblbno`gch`, gbstb

bxbdpl` cnodc, ` NLQ bstã sblbno`gch`, cssod blb p`ssofolotc c n`giomurcíî` h`
bquopcdbgt`, nrocr lþmoncs, duhcr tcms b bgtrb `utrcs n`giomurcíòbs.
2 „ @utr`s bquopcdbgt`s chono`gch`s g` pr`ebt`.
9 „ Hocmgþston` `glogb hb t`hc c rbhb.
r bhb.

39
Ecgblc hb Ogspbíî`
Qbmcd`s n`d` bxbdpl` ` NLQ, bstcs tblcs p`hbd d`hoioncr c pcrtor h`
bquopcdbgt` qub ï sblbno`gch` gc ãrbc hb trcfclk`.

Qr`probhchbs5
Gbstc tblc ï pbrdotoh` n`giomurcr ` NLQ n`dplbtcdbgtb. (n`giomurcíî` hc rbhb,
vosuclozcíî` hb iordwcrb, hbiogoíî` hb bghbrbí`s hcs O/@, n`giomurcíî` h`s
ncrtòbs, bgtrb `utrcs n`giomurcíòbs).

Ogi`rdcíòbs5
Bssc tblc ï pcrc vosuclozcíî` h` stctus h` NLQ, vbroioncr sb bxostb clmudc iclkc `u
n`giomurcíî` oghbvohc.

Hocmgþston`s5
Gbstc tblc ï bxofoh` ` hocmgþston` n`dplbt` h` NLQ `glogb b vbroioncíî` h`s
clcrdbs.

Xcsjs Ncrhs
Gbstb ncs` pbmcd`s vãro`s bxbdpl`s, b nchc otbd cfbrt` gc gcvbmcíî` h` pr`ebt`,
udc g`vc tblc n`d sucs tcrbics ï bxofohc.

3=
 3 6 >

3 „ Hbvonbs & Gbtw`rj - Kcrhwcrb Nctcl`m „ Gbstc tblc ï pbrdotoh` chono`gcr

bquopcdbgt`s c rbhb hb n`dugoncíî`.
6 „ NLQ Qr`mrcd fl`njs „ Ogstrunto`gs „ Gbstc tblc sï pbrdotoh` chono`gcr
fl`n`s hb iugíòbs hbgtr` hc lþmonc.
> „ OKD ^nrbbg „ X``lf`x „ Gbstc tblc ï pbrdotoh` chono`gcr vãro`s otbgs hbgtr`
hc tblc hc OKD.

Fcrrc hb ibrrcdbgtcs supbro`r5

3 „ Iugíòbs fãsoncs h` pr`mrcdc5

• G`v` Qr`ebt`

3;
 • Cfror Qr`ebt`
• ^clvcr Qr`ebt`
• Odprodor Qr`ebt`
• Vbn`rtcr (Nrtl+[)
• N`pocr (Nrtl+N)
• N`lcr (Nrtl+Y)
• Bxnluor
• Hbsiczbr
• Vbpbtor
6 „ Iugíòbs hb n`dugoncíî`5
• N`dpolb „ I`rdc hb vbroioncr ` qub i`o ibot` g`. Bd clmugs ncs`s ï
`fromctþro` n`polcr cgtbs hb rbclozcr ` h`wgl`ch.
• H`wgl`ch t` hbvonb „ Vbc Vbclozc
lozc c trcgsibrågnoc h` pr`eb
pr`ebt`
t` qub i`o ibot` g`
s`itwcrb pcrc ` bquopcdbgt`.
• Rpl`ch ir`d hbvonb „ VbclozVbclozcc c trcgsibrågnoc h` pr`eb
pr`ebt`
t` qub bstã g`
bquopcdbgt` pcrc ` s`itwcrb.
• ^tcrt sodulcto`g „ Ogonoc ` s`itwcrb hb sodulcíî`.
• M` `glogb „ Icz n`d qub qub n`l`qub ` s`s`itwcrb
itwcrb `glogb n`d `s bquopcdbgt`s
iczbgh` udc vbroioncíî` bd tbdp` rbcl.
• M` `ii-logb „ Xorc
Xorc `s bquopcdbgt`s hb d` d`h`h` `
`glogb
glogb n`d ` s`itwcrb.
• Cnnbssoflb hbvonbs „ Ybroionc t`h`s `s bquopcdbgt`s n`gbntch`s gc rbhb.
• ^tcrt NQR „ N`l`nc c N
NQR
QR bd trcfclk`. (Lbdfrcgh` qub clmudcs dãquogcs
tbd c nkcvb ^tcrt/^t`p).
• ^t`p NQR „ N`l`n
N`l`ncc c NQR i`rc hb trcfclk`
trcfclk`.. (Lbdfrcgh` qub clmudcs
clmudcs
dãquogcs tbd c nkcvb ^tcrt/^t`p).
> „ Iugíòbs hb l`nclozcíî` b tblc5
• Nr`ss-rbibrbgnb „ L`nclozc t`hcs cs vcroãvbos utolozchcs b sucs rbibrågnocs.

•• ^plot
^plot bhot`r
bhot`r spcnb
spcnb k`roz`gtclly „ D`hoionc
vbrtonclly „ D`hoionc `robgtcíî`
`robgtcíî` hc hc tblc.
tblc.
• ^bcrnk pr`ebnt „ L`nclozc `s pr`ebt`s hbsbech`s.

3?
N`giomurcíî` h` NLQ ^ODCXON ^=-3211

NLQ `glogb5
Bxostbd clmudcs vãrocs i`rdcs hb n`giomurcr ` NLQ ^=-3211, cs i`rdcs sb
d`hoioncd c pcrtor hb nchc sotucíî` qub i`r pr`p`stc.
^otucíî`P35 N`giomurcíî` `ghb n`gkbnbd`s ` bquopcdbgt` qub sbrã trcfclkch`5
(i`rdc dcos hbd`rchc).
3µ - ^bmuorã `s pr`nbhodbgt`s hb nrocíî` hb ud g`v` pr`ebt` n`gi`rdb d`strch`
cnodc5
6µ - ^blbno`gcr prodbor` c NQR n`rrbsp`ghb c qub bstã trcfclkcgh`5
Nloncr bd Hbvonbs & Gbtw`rjs -7 Chh gbw hbvonb -7 N`gtr`llbrs.

Fusncr c NQR n`rrbsp`ghb á icdäloc b d`hbl`, pcrc l`nclozcrd`s c NQR

n`rrbtcdbgtb, ï gbnbssãro` ohbgtoioncr qucl ï ` nþhom` hc NQR orã ttrcfclkcr.
rcfclkcr.

Bstb gõdbr` ï bxofoh` gc pcrtb supbro`r hc NQR. (3239I-> QG/HQ).

61
^blbno`gcr c NQR n`rrbsp`ghbgtb b nloncr bd Chh.

>µ - C` nloncr,
nloncr, c tblc
n`rrbsp`ghbgtbs h`sl`ts
c`s Qr`ebnt Yobw cpcrbnbrã, cm`rc ssbrî`
NLQ5 brî` chon
chono`gch`s
o`gch`s `s ncrtòbs

Qrodbor` tbr ` nþhom` hb nchc n`dp`gbgtb, qub tcdfïd sb bgn`gtrc gc pcrtb

supbro`r h` ncrtî` b chono`gcr ud hb nchc vbz.

Gc Xcsj Ncrh „7 Kcrhwcrb nctcl`m bgn`gtrcrã t`h`s `s n`dp`gbgtbs.

63
Qcrc chono`gcr `s n`dp`gbgtbs, fcstc hcrd`s ud hupl` nlonj n`d ` f`tî`
bsqubrh` bd nodc h` n`dp`gbgtb `u crrcstcr ` n`dp`gbgtb pcrc c ãrbc hb
trcfclk`.
Chono`gcr c I`gtb hb clodbgtcíî` QD 3?1] 361/6>1YCN g` sl`t 1 n`d`
bxbdpl`5 (Gî` ï gbnbssãro` chono`gcrd`s c i`gtb).

Chono`gcr `s hbdcos otbgs n`gi`rdb

n`gi`rdb suc d`gtcmbd g` Vcnj
Vcnj iäson`.
Ncrtî` hb Bgtrchc Homotcl - HO >6x68YHN KI
Ncrtî` hb ^cähc Homotcl - HS >6x68YHN/1.2C ^X
Ncrtî` hb Bgtrchc Cgclþmon` - CO ;xR/O/VXH/XN ^X

66
Ncrtî` hb ^cähc Cgclþmon` - CS 8[R/O ^X

@fsbrvcíî`5 Eã ï p`ssävbl c vosuclozcíî` hcs gudbrcíòbs n`rrbsp`ghbgtbs c`s

bghbrbí`s h`s ncrtòbs.
^otucíî`P65 N`giomurcíî` `ghb gî` n`gkbnbd`s ` bquopcdbgt` qub sbrã
trcfclkch`5 (i`rdc dcos rãpohc)
3µ - ^bmuorã `s pr`nbhodbgt`s hb nrocíî` hb ud g`v` pr`ebt` n`gi`rdb d`strch`
cnodc5

6µ - ^blbno`gcr prodbor` c NQR n`rrbsp`ghbgtb5

Nloncr bd Hbvonbs & Gbtw`rjs -7 Chh gbw hbvonb -7 N`gtr`llbrs.

Fusncr c NQR n`rrbsp`ghb á icdäloc h` NLQ b n`l`ncr c NQR mbgïronc, qub gî`
tbd bspbnoioncíî`. (Rgspbnoiobh NQR 3211)

6>
^blbno`gb c NQR b nloqub bd Chh.

>µ - C` nloncr
nloncr c tb
tblc
lc h` Qr`ebnt Yobw cpcrbnbrã, c
cm`rc
m`rc ï sþ hbtbntcr ctrcvïs h
hc
c rbhb.

Nloncr bd hbtbnt .

68
Cfrorã udc ecgblc hb hbtbníî` hb kcrhwcrb, sblbno`gcr ` top` hb ogtbricnb hb
n`dugoncíî` b c plcnc hb vähb`.
^blbno`gcrbd`s c ogtbricnb QG/OB „ (Vbhb Qr`iogbt)

^blbno`gcr p`r `ghb sbrã ibot` c ogtbricnb5 Vbcltbj QNob „ (Qlcnc hb rbhb h`
n`dputch`r)

Nloqub bd ^tcrt sbcrnk, pcrc pr`nurcr ` NLQ.

Cpþs l`nclozcr, ` NLQ ï bxofoh`

bxofoh` gc lostc, nloncr bd Hbtbnt.

62
@fsbrvcíòbs5 Cpcrbnbrã udc lostc ogibro`r, udc ecgblc hb stctus rblcno`gchc á
rbhb h` NLQ. Ï p`ssävbl tbstcr c n`gbxî` hc rbhb h` NLQ n`d ` Ilcsk LBH,
iczbgh` ` LBH hc NQR posncr.
Hbp`os cpcrbnbrã c NQR n`rrbtcdbgtb b `s ncrtòbs ogsbroh`s.

N`gtogucíî` hc ^otucíî`P3 b ^otucíî` 6

8µ - Hbiogor ` bghbrbí` hb OQ hc NQR5

69
Fcstc hcr ud hupl` nlonj n`d ` f`tî` bsqubrh` bd nodc hc NQR qub sb bgn`gtrc
gc ãrbc hb trcfclk` b nloncr bd Qr`pbrtobs gc ecgblc hb ogspbíî`.
Nloncr gc muoc lctbrcl bsqubrhc QV@IOGBX ogtbricnb Z[3T -7 Btkbrgbt chrbssbs.
chrbssbs.

Nloncr bd Chh gbw sufgbt, ncs` gî` bgn`gtrc gbgkudc sufgbt.

n`dugoncíî` pcrc ` NLQ (QG/OBP3).

Cssod nrocrã udc rbhb hb n`dugoncíî`

@fsbrvcíî`5 ^b nloncr bd Gbtw`rj vobw vobw,, gc pcrtb supbro`r hc ãrbc hb trcfclk`,

n`gsbmuorã vosuclozcr c rbhb qub i`o nrochc.

Qcrc rbt`rgcr, nloncr bd Hbvonb vobw.

6=
N`l`ncr ud vcl`r hb OQ b Dãsncrc hb rbhb pcrc c NQR, g`rdcldbgtb bssb vcl`r eã
vbd hb iãfronc n`d vcl`r cfcox`.

^b quosbr hbtbrdogcr `utrc Dãsncrc hb rbhb `u `utrc nlcssb hb OQ, gî` tbrã
pr`flbdc hbshb qub t`h`s `s `utr`s n`dp`gbgtbs gc rbhb bstbecd n`d c dbsdc
Dãsncrc hb rbhb b c nlcssb hb OQ omucos.

2µ - Hbiogor ` bghbrbí` hb OQ h` n`dputch`r5

Nchc n`dputch`r sbrã hoibrbgtb c i`rdc hb nkbmcr c bssc n`giomurcíî`, hbvoh` c`
sostbdc `pbrcno`gcl.
L`nclozcr ` Qcogbl hb n`gtr`lb -7 Qr`probhchbs hb Btkbrgbt
Hbgtr` hcs Qr`probhchbs hb Btkbrgbt, sblbno`gcr ` otbd Qr`t`n`l` XNQ/OQ Ybrsî`
8 (XNQ/OQv8) b nloncr bd Qr`probhchbs.

6;
Dcrncr “Rscr ` sbmuogtb bghbrbí` hb OQ—, b hbp`os ogsbror ` bghbrbí` hb OQ pcrc
` n`dputch`r (gî` p`hbrã sbr ` dbsd` hc NQR b tbrã qub dcgtbr c dbsdc nlcssb
eã utolozchc „ 3?6.39;.1.[) b ogsbror c dãsncrc hb rbhb (tbd qub sbr c dbsdc eã
utolozchc pcrc c NQR „ 622.622.622.1) Nloncr bd @J b rbt`rgcr c` s`itwcrb XOC
Q`rtcl.

9µ - N`giomurcr clmudcs iugíòbs h` NLQ5

6?
Coghc bd Qr`pbrtobs gc ecgblc hb ogspbíî`, nloncr gc muoc lctbrcl bsqubrhc
bvbl b dcrncr c `píî` Iull cnnbss ognl. Icol-
Qr`tbnto`g & ^bnnuroty -7 Cnnbss llbvbl
scib (g` pr`tbnto`g).

Bstc iugíî` lofbrc t`h`s `s cnbss`s pbrdotoh`s pcrc c NQR, gî` gbnbssotcgh` hb
sbgkc pcrc cnbsscr. Lofbrc ` cnbss` á tblc hb OKD hc NQR, lbr b bsnrbvbr hbgtr`
hc NQR b ` sostbdc hb scibty.
Coghc bd Qr`pbrtobs gc ecgblc hb ogspbíî`, nloncr gc muoc lctbrcl bsqubrhc ^ystbd
cgh nl`nj dbd`ry.
dbd`ry.

Dcrncr cs `píòbs Bgcflb tkb usb `i systbd dbd`ry fytb b Bgcflb tkb usb `i
nl`nj dbd`ry fytb

>1
Bstc iugíî` lofbrc vcroãvbos qub p`hbd cuxolocr hbgtr` hb clmudc lþmonc.
Q`r bxbdpl`5 @ bghbrbí` %D3.6 qub ï sbdprb vbrhchbor` `u ` bghbrbí` %D1.=
qub `snolc bd udc irbquågnoc hb 1,2Kz.
=µ - Ybroioncr c n`giomurcíî` h`s ncrtòbs hb bgtrchc b scähc cgclþmon`s5
Fcstc hcrd`s ud hupl` nlonj n`d ` f`tî` bsqubrh` bd nodc h` ncrtî` hb bgtrchc
cgclþmonc qub sb bgn`gtrc gc ãrbc hb trcfclk` b nloncr bd Qr`pbrtobs gc ecgblc hb
ogspbíî`.
Nloncr gc muoc lctbrcl bsqubrhc Ogput 1 - = -7 Ogputs.
Ogputs.
Ybroioncr sb ` vcl`r hcs bgtrchcs n`rrbsp`ghb c` qub sbrî` bgbrmozch`s.

G` g`ss` ncss` g`sscs vcroãvbos hb bgtrchc sbrî` hb Xbgsî` b c vcrocíî` tbrã

qub sbr +/-31Y.

>3
Fcstc hcrd`s ud hupl` nlonj n`d ` f`tî` bsqubrh` bd nodc h` ncrtî` hb scähc
cgclþmonc qub sb bgn`gtrc gc ãrbc hb trcfclk` b nloncr bd Qr`pbrtobs gc ecgblc hb
ogspbíî`.
Nloncr gc muoc lctbrcl bsqubrhc @utput 1 - > -7 @utputs
@utputs..
Ybroioncr sb ` vcl`r hcs scähcs n`rrbsp`ghb c` qub sbrî` bgbrmozch`s.
G` g`ss` ncss` g`sscs vcroãvbos hb scähc sbrî` hb Xbgsî` b c vcrocíî` tbrã qub
sbr +/-31Y.

;µ - Vbclozcr ` h`wgl`ch hc n`giomurcíî`5

Q`hb sbr ibotc hb vãro`s cdfobgtbs hoibrbgtbs, p`rïd ` pr`nbss` ï sodolcr bgtî`
gî` odp`rtc.

Nloncr bd Gbtw`rj vobw

vobw,, gc pcrtb supbro`r hc ãrbc hb trcfclk`.

N`d ` f`tî` horbot` sblbno`gcr ` NLQ, b hbp`os nloncr g` än`gb hc fcrrc hb

ibrrcdbgtcs supbro`r “N`dpolb—.
^brvb pcrc vbroioncr sb kã clmudc n`giomurcíî` orrbmulcr.

>6
Cpþs c iogclozcíî` hc n`dpolcíî`, cpcrbnbrã
cpcrbnbrã gc ecgblc hb ogspbíî`, ` stctus s`frb
c n`dpolcíî`, b ctrcvïs h` stctus bxofoh`, d`strcrã sb tbd clmud pr`flbdc gc
n`giomurcíî` h` s`itwcrb.

N`d ` NLQ sblbno`gch`, nloncr g` än`gb hc fcrrc hb ibrrcdbgtcs supbro`r

H`wgl`ch t` hbvonb.
@fsbrvcíî`5 Q`hb bxbnutcr bstã `pbrcíî` n`d ` ctclk` (Nrtl + L).

>>
Cfrorã udc ecgblc hb h`wgl`ch, `ghb sbrî` hbiogoh`s `s pchròbs hb ogtbricnb hb
n`dugoncíî` qub sbrã ibot` ` h`wgl`ch, hbp`os pr`nurcr ` NLQ gc rbhb b trcgsibror
t`hcs cs n`giomurcíòbs ibotcs g` s`itwcrb.
^blbno`gcr c ogtbricnb QG/OB „ (Vbhb Qr`iogbt).
^blbno`gcr p`r `ghb sbrã ibot` c ogtbricnb Vbcltbj QNob „ (Qlcnc hb rbhb h`
n`dputch`r).
^blbno`gcr c n`gbxî` hc ogtbricnb h` NLQ QG/OBP3 „ (Vbhb nrochc pcrc ` NLQ).
Nloncr bd ^tcrt sbcrnk.

Cpþs ` NLQ sbr l`nclozch`,

l`nclozch`, p`hbrã sblbno`gã-l` b nloncr bd L`ch.

>8
Cfrorã udc ecgblc pcrc n`giordcíî` h` h`wgl`ch b n`d `s stctus h` pr`ebt` bd
rblcíî` c` NLQ qub hbsbec iczbr ` h`wgl`ch, sb tovbr clmudc ogn`gsostågnoc blb
gî` hboxcrã ` h`wgl`ch cn`gtbnbr.
Dcrqub c `píî` @vbrwrotb cll. (Vbbsnrbvbr tuh`).

Nloncr bd L`ch.

Dcrqub c `píî` ^tcrt cll. (Ogonocr `s dþhul`s)

Nloncr bd Iogosk.

>2
Cpþs ` h`wgl`ch, cpcrbnbrã gc ecgblc hb ogspbíî`, ` stctus h` h`wgl`ch
n`gnluäh` n`d sunbss`.

?µ - Ybroioncíî` iogcl5
N`d ` NLQ sblbno`gch`, nloncr g` än`gb hc fcrrc hb ibrrcdbgtcs supbro`r M`
`glogb. Qcrc vbroioncr sb bstã iugno`gcgh`.

@fsbrvcíî`5 ^b ` NLQ bstovbr bd ^t`p, n`l`ncr blb pcrc ` d`h` VRG.

Ãrbc hb Xrcfclk`5 Ybroioncíî` @J

>9
Qr`ebnt gcvomcto`g5 Ybroioncíî` @J

Ubrcgh` ` NLQ „ N`giomurcíòbs hb iãfronc5

>=
Qcrc rbclozcr bstb pr`nbss`, ` NLQ tbrã qub bstcr `glogb g` s`itwcrb pcrc n`gsbmuor
cpcmcr ` qub i`o ibot` NLQ b g` ncrtî` hb dbdþroc.
Gc ecgblc Qr`ebnt gcvomcto`g, nloncr gc `píî` @glogb & hocmg`stons, `ghb bstã
NLQ.

Cfrorã gc ãrbc hb trcfclk` udc muoc

muoc rblcno`gchc c hocmgþston`
hocmgþston`ss b iugíòbs h` NLQ

G`s hocmgþston`s tbd ogi`rdcíòbs rblcno`gchcs c nonl` hb sncg, dbdþroc utolozchc,

utolo zchc,
bgtrb `utrcs ogi`rdcíòbs.
Q`rïd ï gcs iugíòbs `ghb ionc c muoc pcrc cpcmcr ` qub i`o ibot` g` NLQ.
ncrh, hbp`os nloncr
Nloncr gc muoc lctbrcl bsqubrhc Iugnto`gs -7 I`rdct dbd`ry ncrh,
bd I`rdct.

>;
Cpcrbnbrã udc
udc ecgblc pbrmugtcgh` sb hbsbec i`rdctcr ` ncrtî` hb dbd`roc. Nloncr
bd _bs.

Cpcrbnbrã udc ecgblc sb bstovbr bd VRG pbrmugtcgh` sb hbsbec n`l`ncr ` NLQ

bd ^X@Q. Nloncr bd _bs.

Cpþs i`rdctcr ` ncrtî` hb dbdþroc, nloncr g` än`gb hc fcrrc hb ibrrcdbgtcs

supbro`r M` `glogb.

Nloncr gc muoc lctbrcl bsqubrhc Iugnto`gs -7 Vbsbt icnt`ry sbttogms,

sbttogms, hbp`os
sblbno`gcr ` otbd Hblbtb OQ chhrbss, nloncr bd Vbsbt.

>?
Cpcrbnbrã udc ecgblc pbrmugtcgh` sb hbsbec cpcmcr t`hcs cs n`giomurcíòbs.
Nloncr bd _bs.

Qr`gt`, ` NLQ bstã t`tcldbgtb lodp`.

@fsbrvcíî`5 Sucgh` cfror c `píî` @glogb & hocmg`stons, tbd udc g`vc ecgblc
Xcsjs Ncrhs, qub sb nkcdc @glogb t``ls, `ghb ï p`ssävbl n`l`ncr ` NLQ bd d`h`
VRG `u ^X@Q horbtcdbgtb h` s`itwcrb.

81
Ybrsî` h` Iordwcrb
Odp`rtcgtb `fsbrvcr bstb otbd, p`os qucgh` i`r chono`gcr clmud bquopcdbgt`
hbgtr` h` s`itwcrb, quclqubr sbec ` bquopcdbgt`, sb c vbrsî` h` iordwcrb gî`
bstovbr hb cn`rh` n`d ` bquopcdbgt` qub sbrã chono`gch`, bstb bquopcdbgt`
bgtrcrã bd brr`.

83
N`giomurcíî` h` QLN^OD
Rtolozcr bstb rbnurs` qucgh` gî` tbd-sb `s bquopcdbgt`s iäson`s.
3µ - Vbclozcr t`h` ` pr`nbhodbgt` hb n`giomurcíî` h` s`itwcrb pcrc ` NLQ ctï `
sïtod` pcss` h` tut`rocl cgtbro`r.
• Nrocíî` h` pr`ebt`
• Bsn`lkc h` bquopcdbgt`
• N`giomurcíî` h` bquopcdbgt`
6µ - Dcgtbr g` cdfobgtb hc ãrbc hb trcfclk` bd Hbvonb vobw `u Hbvonb
n`giomurcto`g. X`h`s h`os cnbss`s vî` pcrc ` dbsd` hbstog`.

>µ - ^blbno`gcr
^tcrt c NQR h` NLQ, nloncr g` än`gb hc fcrrc hb ibrrcdbgtcs supbro`r
^odulcto`g.

86
8µ - Cpcrbnbrã udc ecgblc sb bstovbr n`giomurch` cgtbro`rdbgtb c suc ogtbricnb pcrc
rbhb Qr`iogbt, pbrmugtcgh` sb hbsbec hbscfolotcr bssc ogtbricnb. Nloncr bd @J.

Cpcrbnbrã hucs ecgblcs, udc rblcno`gchc c` pr`mrcdc QLN^OD, qub ï ` pr`mrcdc

hb sodulcíî` h` s`itwcrb, `ghb n`gtïd clmudcs ogi`rdcíòbs, s`frb qucl NLQ bstã
n`giomurch` (g` d`dbgt` hc cfbrturc h` QLN^OD, gî` kã gbgkud QLN n`gbntch`
c` sodulch`r „ Rgn`giomurbh QLN Z^OD-3211T ) b duhcgíc hb n`ghoíî` hc NQR
(VRG/^X@Q/DVB^).

8>
C `utrc tblc
tblc c
cpcrbnbrã
pcrbnbrã n`d ` ogtuot` hb
hb rbclozcr ` h`wgl`ch hcs n`giomurcíòbs ibotcs
g` NLQ, pcrc ` sodulch`r.
Nloncr bd L`ch.

@fsbrvcíî`5 ^b c ecgblc hb h`wgl`ch gî` cfror s`zogkc, v`nå tbrã qub n`giomurcr
cs ogtbricnbs pcrc QLN^OD, rbclozcr ` pr`nbhodbgt` hb bgn`gtrcr ` NLQ gc rbhb, b
hbp`os rbclozcr ` h`wgl`ch.

Dcrqub c `píî` ^tcrt cll. (Ogonocr `s dþhul`s) Nloncr

bd Iogosk.

88
?µ - Ybroioncíî` iogcl5
Q`hbd`s `fsbrvcr g` QLN^OD, qub cpþs ` h`wgl`ch tbd`s ud NLQ n`giomurch`
pcrc ` sodulch`r, qub ï eustcdbgtb ` qub i`o n`giomurch` cgtbro`rdbgtb QLNP6
ZNQR 3239I-> QG/HQT b `s D@H@^ h` NLQ sî` rbt`rgch`s b n`dcghch`s, c
pcrtor hbssc tblc h` QLN^OD.

C pcrtor hbstb p`gt` ï n`gsohbrch`, n`d` sb tovbssb udc NQR iäsonc, bgtî` `s
n`dcgh`s hb n`dpolcíî` b h`wgl`ch, vî` sbr ibot`s horbtcdbgtb pcrc ` sodulch`r
eã n`giomurch`.
@fsbrvcíî`5 ^b ibnkcr ecgblc h` QLN^OD `u nloncr bd Q`wbr tkb QLN `g `r `ii.
Y`nå hbslomcrã c sodulcíî`, cssod tbgh` qub rbclozcr ` dbsd` pr`nbhodbgt`
cgtbro`r.

82
QLN Xcms

Ml`fcl Xcms b L`ncl Xcms

Cs vcroãvbos “Ml`fcl Xcms— sî` vãlohcs bd t`hc NQR, ost` ï, t`h`s `s fl`n`s tåd
cnbss`, ` g`db hbvb sbr bxnlusov` hbgtr` hc NQR. Q`hb sbr nroch` c pcrtor hb udc
bgtrchc, scähc, fot hb dbdþrocs, hctc fl`njs, tbdp`rozch`rbs, n`gtch`rbs b bgtrb
`utr`s.
Q`hbrã sbr nrochc g` cdfobgtb hc pln tcms, nloncgh` gc muoc lctbrcl bsqubrhc pr`ebnt
gcvomcto`g QLN tcms -7 ^k`w cll tcms.

Q`hbrã sbr nrochc g` cdfobgtb hb pr`mrcdcíî`, nloncgh` gc muoc lctbrcl bsqubrhc

pr`ebnt gcvomcto`g Qr`mrcd gbw fl`nj -7 DcogZ@F3T.

89
^uc rbprbsbgtcíî` ï ibotc p`r udc g`dbcíî` quclqubr, bx5 “XCM— b tbrã ud
bghbrbí`.
Cs vcroãvbos “L`ncl Xcms— sî` vãlohcs s`dbgtb pcrc ` fl`n` hb pr`mrcdcíî` g`
qucl i`o nrochc,
udc vcroãvbl b ` g`db
ogtbrgc hbvb sbr
tbdp`rãroc qubbxnlusov` hbgtr`
cuxoloc hbgtr` h` fl`n` hb pr`mrcdcíî`. Ï
lþmonc.
Q`hbrã sbr nrochc s`dbgtb g` cdfobgtb hb pr`mrcdcíî`, nloncgh` gc muoc lctbrcl
bsqubrhc pr`ebnt gcvomcto`g Qr`mrcd gbw fl`nj -7 DcogZ@F3T.

^uc rbprbsbgtcíî` ï ibotc p`r udc g`dbcíî` quclqubr, bx5 “#XCM— b bstc vcroãvbl
gî` tbrã ud bghbrbí`.

8=
Xop`s hb vcroãvbos (Hctc typb)
Bxostbd vãro`s top`s hb vcroãvbos hbgtr` h` NLQ, sbgh` qub nchc udc hcs vcroãvbos
ï hbiogohc pbl` tcdcgk` `u ` i`rdct`
i `rdct` hb hch`s. Clmudcs vcroãvbos sî` ogtbrgcs h`
Kcrhwcrb b gî` ncbd gc lostc cfcox`, sî` vcroãvbos bspbnäioncs.
Bxbdpl` hb vcroãvbos5

• F``l 5 1 „ 3 „ Ycroãvbl duot` utolozchc pcrc cno`gcdbgt`s `ghb c vcroãvbl

orã hbslomcr `u lomcr. Bghbrbí` %D31
• Fytb5 1 „ 622 „ Bghbrbí` %DF31
• ]`rh5 1 „ 92.2>2 „ Bghbrbí` %D]31

•• H]`rh5 1 „ 8.6?8.?9=.6?2 „ Bghbrbí` %DH31

Ogt5 „ ->6.=9; „ +>6=9= „ Bghbrbí` %D]31 „ Ycroãvbl duot` utolozchc pcrc
cno`gcdbgt`s cgclþmon`s.
• HOgt5 „ -6.38=.8;>.98; „ +6.38=.8;>.98= „ Bghbrbí` %DH31 „ Ycroãvbl
duot` utolozchc pcrc cno`gcdbgt`s cgclþmon`s qub tbd vcl`rbs clt`s.
• Vbcl „ -3.3=2.8?2x31+>; „ +3.3=28?2x31->; „ Ycroãvbl duot` utolozchc bd
lþmoncs qub hbpbghbd hb gõdbr`s gî` ogtbor`s.

8;
QLN Xcms (Ãrbc hb trcfclk`)5
Nloncgh` gc muoc lctbrcl bsqubrhc pr`ebnt gcvomcto`g QLN tcms -7 ^k`w cll tcms.

Cfrorã gc ãrbc hb trcfclk` c tblc rblcno`gchc á QLN Xcms, gbstb cdfobgtb sî`
bxofohcs t`hcs cs vcroãvbos h` NLQ.

Gc fcrrc hb ibrrcdbgtcs supbro`r hc ãrbc hb trcfclk`, bxostbd clmugs än`gbs n`d

clmudcs iugíòbs bspbnäioncs.
• Ogsbrt r`w „ Ogs
Ogsbror
bror udc logkc gc tcfblc
tcfblc hb vcroãvbos
vcroãvbos gc pcrtb ssupbro`r.
upbro`r.
• Chh r`w „ Ogsbror udc logkc gc tcfblc
tcfblc hb vvcroãvbos
croãvbos gc pcrtb ogibro`r.
• Bxp`rt „ Bxp`rtcr udcudc tcfb
tcfblc
lc hb vcroãvbos h` nn`dputch`r
`dputch`r pcrc ` s`itwc
s`itwcrb
rb
(B[NBL).
• Odp`rt „ Odp`rtcr udc tcfblc hb vvcroãvbos
croãvbos h` ss`itwcrb
`itwcrb pc
pcrc
rc ` n`dputch`r
(B[NBL).

Gc ãrbc hc QLN Xcms sî` bxofohcs cs vcroãvbos eã nrochcs.

8?
Bstcs vcroãvbos, bstî` rblcno`gchcs cs vcroãvbos qub i`rcd kcfolotchcs gc
n`giomurcíî` h` kcrhwcrb.

Nrocgh` udc vcroãvbl bd QLN Xcms

3µ - Ogsbror ` g`db qub hbsbec pcrc vcroãvbl g` ncdp` <Chh gbw7

I`o n`l`nch` ` g`db XCM

@fsbrvcíî`5 Q`hb duhcr ` g`db hc vcroãvbl c quclqubr d`dbgt`, sb ncs`

rbclozcr c d`hoioncíî` h` g`db hc vcroãvbl, hbp`os hb tbr ibot` c lþmonc, t`hcs cs
vcroãvbos hc pr`mrcdcíî` orî` sb d`hoioncr cut`dctoncdbgtb.

6µ - Q`hb duhcr ` top` vcroãvbl, nloncgh` bd ( ), cfrorã udc muoc `ghb p`hb sbr
bsn`lkohc ` g`v` top` hb vcroãvbl.
I`o n`l`nch` ` top` hb vcroãvbl F``l

21
>µ - Q`hb duhcr ` bghbrbí`
bghbrbí` hc vvcroãvbl,
croãvbl, nloncgh` bd ( ), cfrorã udc muoc `ghb
`ghb
p`hb sbr bsn`lkohc ` bghbrbí`, rbspbotcgh` c bxtbgsî` hc vcroãvbl.

@fsbrvcíî`5 Ncs` c bxtbgsî` hc vcroãvbl sbec hoibrbgtb h` pchrî`, `n`rrbrã ud

brr`.

@fsbrvcíî`5 Q`hb duhcr ` ohbgtoionch`r hc vcroãvbl, pcrc trås lbtrcs p`ssävbos,

sbgh` qub c lbtrc “D— bstã rblcno`gchc á dbdþroc h` NLQ, c lbtrc “O— bstã
rblcno`gchc ás bgtrchcs iäsoncs b c lbtrc
lbtr c “S— bstã rblcno`gchc ás scähcs iäsoncs.
i äsoncs.

23
Xbd `utr` l`ncl `ghb ï p`ssävbl g`dbr cs Xcms h` QLN5
Nloncgh` gc muoc lctbrcl bsqubrhc pr`ebnt gcvomcto`g Hbvonb n`giomurcto`g

^blbno`gcr ` ncrtî` hb O/@ h` NLQ b fcstc hcrd`s ud hupl` nlonj n`d ` f`tî`
bsqubrh` bd nodc h` n`dp`gbgtb.

26
Cpþs nloncr, cpcrbnbrã gc ecgblc hb ogspbíî` cs pr`probhchbs
pr`probhchbs rblcno`gchcs c bstb

ncrtî`.
Nloncgh` gc muoc O@ tcms, bgn`gtrcrã t`hcs cs vcroãvbos pbrtbgnbgtbs c bstb ncrtî`,
`ghb p`hbrã sbr hch` ` g`db hbsbech`.
Fcstc nloncr g` bspcí` bd frcgn` n`rrbsp`ghbgtb c nchc vcroãvbl pcrc d`hoioncr `
sbu g`db.

@fsbrvcíî`5 Gc ãrbc hb trcfclk` QLN Xcms, tbd udc iugíî` duot` pcrbnohc n`d
c bgn`gtrchc g` B[NBL, `ghb nroc udc vcroãvbl b crrcstc pcrc fcox`, nrocgh`
vãrocs bd sbquågnoc.
Fcstc sblbno`gcr c vcroãvbl hbsbechc.

2>
Qrbsso`gcr n`d ` f`tî` bsqubrh` bgnodc h` pbqubg` quchrch` czul b crrcstcr
pcrc fcox`.

^î` nrochcs vãrocs vcroãvbos h` dbsd` top`.

28
@fsbrvcíòbs5 N`d ` f`tî` horbot` h` d`usb ï ncpcz hb cfror clmudcs `píòbs
odp`rtcgtbs, n`d` “Hblbtb— (Cpcmcr c vcroãvbl sblbno`gchc) b n`d` “D`got`r cll—
(D`got`rcdbgt` hcs vcroãvbos bd tbdp` rbcl, ncs` ` NLQ bstbec n`gbntch`).

Nrocgh` udc vcroãvbl g` Dcog (Ãrbc hb pr`mrcdcíî`)5

Nloncgh` gc muoc lctbrcl bsqubrhc pr`ebnt gcvomcto`g Qr`mrcd fl`njs -7 Dcog
Z@F3T

22
Cfrorã gc ãrbc hb trcfclk` c tblc rblcno`gchc á Qr`mrcdcíî`, gbstb cdfobgtb
orbd`s iczbr cs pr`mrcdcíòbs lþmoncs, b tcdfïd nrocr vcroãvbos.
Gc fcrrc hb ibrrcdbgtcs supbro`r hc ãrbc hb trcfclk`, tbd clmugs än`gbs
rblcno`gch`s ás tcms qub sî` nrochcs.

• Cfs`lutb/sydf`lon `pbrcghs „ D Duhc

uhc c i`rdc hb vosuclozcíî` hc vcroãvbl gc
logkc hb pr`mrcdcíî`. (3µ `píî`5 Cpcrbnbr s`dbgtb ` g`db hc vcroãvbl, 6µ
`píî`5 Cpcrbnbr s`dbgtb ` bghbrbí` hc vcroãvbl, >µ `píî`5 Cpcrbnbr `
g`db b bghbrbí` hc vcroãvbl).
• ^k`w tkb tcm ogi`rdcto`g „ Yosuclozcr t`hcs cs ogi`rdcíòbs hc tcm.
• L`ncto`g `i tcm ogi`rdcto`g „ Q`soíî` hc tcm gc pr`mrcdcíî`.
Cfcox` hc fcrrc
fcrrc hb ibrrcdbgtcs b cnodc hc gbtw`rj hb pr`mrcdcíî`
pr`mrcdcíî` bgn`
bgn`gtrcd`s
gtrcd`s

udc tcfblc hb vcroãvbos, qub d`strc t`hcs cs vcroãvbos nrochcs gc pr`mrcdcíî`.

29
@fsbrvcíî`5 Cpcrbnbrã gbstb l`ncl cs vcroãvbos h` top` L`ncl Xcms, cs vcroãvbos
nrochcs h` top` Ml`fcl Xcms, cpcrbnbrã gc ecgblc QLN Xcm.

3µ - Ogsbror ` g`db qub hbsbec pcrc vcroãvbl bd nodc hc bgtrchc `u scähc

F``lbcgc.
@fsbrvcíî`5

), cfrorã
Nloncr g` än`gb lctbrcl, `ghb sbrã ogsbroh` ` g`db ( udc lostc hb tcm, `ghb p`hb sbr
ogsbrohc udc tcm eã nrochc.
6µ - I`o n`l`nch` ` g`db Xcm, p`rïd ` g`db ion`u suflogkch` hb vbrdblk`, oss`
somgoionc, qub c vcroãvbl coghc gî` i`o nrochc.

>µ - Nloncr n`d ` f`tî` horbot` h` d`usb bgnodc hc vcroãvbl b sblbno`gcr c `píî`
Hbiogb Xcm,

2=
8µ - Cfrorã udc ecgblc `ghb hbiogorbd`s clmudcs n`giomurcíòbs hbssc vcroãvbl.
Hbiogor qucl ` top` hb vcroãvbl sb sbrã udc Ml`fcl Xcm `u udc L`ncl Xcm.

^otucíî`P35 Bsn`lkbgh` udc vcroãvbl h` top` L`ncl Xcm5

2µ - Ybroioncr `u Duhcr ` top` hb vcroãvbl (Hctc Xypb)

Nloncr bd Hbiogb.

2;
Qr`gt`, rbpcrb qub ` suflogkch` vbrdblk` sudou b qub c vcroãvbl cpcrbnbu gc lostc
gc pcrtb supbro`r hc tblc.

^otucíî`P65 Bsn`lkbgh` udc vcroãvbl h` top` Ml`fcl Xcm5

2µ - Ybroioncr `u Duhcr ` bghbrbí` hb vcroãvbl (Chhrbss)

Ybroioncr `u Duhcr ` top` hb vcroãvbl (Hctc Xypb)

Nloncr bd Hbiogb.

2?
Qr`gt`, ` suflogkch` vbrdblk` sudou b c vcroãvbl gî` cpcrbnbu gc lostc gc pcrtb
supbro`r hc tblc, p`os bssc vcroãvbl h` top` Ml`fcl b ï d`strchc gc QLN Xcms.

@fsbrvcíî`5 Ncs` quborc duhcr clmudc n`giomurcíî` hc vcroãvbl (bghbrbí`, hctc

typb), hbp`os qub blc bstovbr hbnlcrchc, nloncr n`d ` f`tî` horbot` h` d`usb bgnodc
hc vcroãvbl b sblbno`gcr c `píî` Vbworb Xcm.

91
@fsbrvcíî`5 Ncs` quborc duhcr ` g`db hc vcroãvbl, hbp`os qub blc bstovbr
hbnlcrchc, nloncr n`d ` f`tî` horbot` h` d`usb bd nodc hc vcroãvbl b sblbno`gcr c
`píî` Vbgcdb Xcm.

Fl`n`s hb Qr`mrcdcíî`

93
C bstruturc hb pr`mrcdcíî` g` Xoc p`rtcl ï hovbrsoionchc b p`ssuo duotcs
iugno`gclohchbs, pcrc hbiogor c dblk`r i`rdc hb pr`mrcdcr, ï gbnbssãro` scfbr
n`d` ` s`itwcrb sb n`dp`rtc bd rblcíî` c`s fl`n`s hb pr`mrcdcíî`, `ghb cs
lþmoncs sbrî` ibotcs. Bxostbd quctr` top`s5
• @F „ Fl`n`s hb `rmcgozcíî` - Ohbgtoionch` pblc n`r r`xc, @F sî` `s fl`n`s
prognopcos hb pr`mrcdcíî`, fl`n`s pro`rotãro`s.

96
Bxostbd vãro`s @F, nchc ud n`d suc rbspbntovc iugíî`. Q`r bxbdpl`, ` @F ^tcrtup
ï rbsp`gsãvbl p`r bxbnutcr ` qub gblb bstã n`gtoh` cpbgcs qucgh` ` QN bstã bd
^tcrtup, ost` ï, qucgh` blb bstã duhcgh` sbu bstch` hb ^X@Q prc VRG. Bssb
fl`n` sbrã bxbnutch` cgtbs hb t`h`s `s `utr`s b udc õgonc vbz, ` pr`mrcdch`r
p`hb prbvbr ud clcrdb qucgh` bssb bvbgt` cn`gtbnbr `u clmud pr`mrcdc hb
ogonoclozcíî`.
• @F3 (Dcog)5 Ï ` @F prognopcl b `fromctþro`, blb ï nroch` cut`dctoncdbgtb
g` d`dbgt` bd qub ogsbrb ` QLN g` s`itwcrb.
Xrctc-sb hb ud @F nänlon` bd qub ` QLN bxbnutc sbus nonl`s, gblb bstã n`gtoh` cs
lþmoncs hb pr`mrcdcíî` b nkcdchcs hb `utr`s fl`n`s (IF b IN).

9>
 • IN „ Ohbgtoionch`s
pr`mrcdch`r p`hb `upblc
gî` n`r
nrocr,vbrhb.
vco hb Ïcn`rh`
ud fl`n` pcrcdbtrozãvbl
n`d sucs qubBlb
gbnbssohchbs. `
tcdfïd p`hb `u gî` tbr pcrædbtr`s.
Q`r bxbdpl`, ï p`ssävbl nrocr ud fl`n` n`d `pbrcíòbs n`dplbxcs b gc @F cpbgcs
ogsbror `s pcrædbtr`s hb bgtrchc, qub ` fl`n` orã bxbnutcr b rbt`rgcr c scähc.
Q`hb sbr usch` tcdfïd, sodplbsdbgtb, pcrc `rmcgozcíî` hc lþmonc. @
pr`mrcdch`r p`hb nrocr udc IN pcrc ` d`h` dcgucl, `utrc pcrc ` d`h`
cut`dãton`, bgtrb `utr`s.
@fsbrvcíî`5 @ qub bstã hbgtr` hb udc IN sþ ï bxbnutch` qucgh` blc ï
“nkcdchc— gc @F3 b sþ p`hb sbr nkcdchc udc vbz, p`rqub gî` ï nroch` udc HF
b sb i`r nkcdch` vãrocs vbzbs, n`d pcrædbtr`s hoibrbgtbs hb bgtrchc, `n`rrbrî`
n`gilot`s.

98
Bxbdpl` hb cploncíî`5

 IF „ Fl`n`s hb iugíî` „ Ohbgtoionch` pblc n`r czul. Fcsoncdbgtb, n`gtïd cs

dbsdcs iugíòbs hb udc IN, sþ qub c` nkcdcr udc IF, cut`dctoncdbgtb
ï nroch` udc HF (hctc fl`nj) bspbnäionc pcrc bssb fl`n`, oss` somgoionc qub,
ï p`ssävbl uscr udc IF vãrocs vbzbs gc lþmonc, n`d pcrædbtr`s hoibrbgtbs,
hb cn`rh` n`d c gbnbssohchb.

C logmucmbd MVCQK ï `fromct`rocdbgtb udc IF.

Bxbdpl`5

92
G`tb qub hc
c` g`db ï `HF
dbsd`
nrochcfl`n`
(tbd“^NCLB— , c hoibrbgíc
qub sbr hoibrbgtb pcrc ïgî`
` qub bstã
kcvbr nornulch`,
n`gilot`s). qub rbibrb
X`h`s bstî`
n`d pcrædbtr`s hoibrbgtbs, p`r sbr udc IF iugno`gc pbribotcdbgtb, iczbr oss` n`d
udc IN ï odp`ssävbl.

Ycd`s vbr “p`r hbgtr`— hbssb fl`n` b ` qub blb icz5

99
Xrctc-sb hb ud fl`n` hb bsnclc qub p`ssofolotc ` ceustb hb udc vcroãvbl cgclþmonc,
gc pcrtb supbro`r ï hbiogoh` `s pcrædbtr`s O/@.
N`d bssb fl`n` ï p`ssävbl pbmcr udc vcroãvbl quclqubr b n`l`nã-lc gc bsnclc qub
hbsbec.
• HF „ Hctc fl`nj „ Gî` ï ud fl`n` hb pr`mrcdcíî`, ï ud bspcí` rbsbrvch`
pcrc c nrocíî` hb vcroãvbos! ^bdblkcgtb c` QLN Xcms.
Nchc IF nroc udc HF, l`m` sî` nrochcs vcroãvbos pcrc uscr ` fl`n`.
@fs5 Cpbgcs hbgtr` hb HF ï p`ssävbl nrocr nbrt`s top`s hb vcroãvbos, p`r bxbdpl`,
^trogm. Ï p`ssävbl hbiogor vcl`rbs ogonocos pcrc vcroãvbos, t`rgã-lcs rbtbgtovcs b or
`glogb.

Bgtbghbgh` fbd ` n`gnbot` hb @F, IN, IF b HF ionc iãnol bsn`lkbr c dblk`r

i`rdc hb pr`mrcdcr b dogodozcr `s brr`s.
Bd rbsud`, hb i`rdc sodplbs5
• @F35 Qrognopcl, `fromctþro`, nänlon`.

Xbd IN `u IF bd suc lþmonc0 Ï gbnbssãro` nkcdcr g` @F3, h` n`gtrãro` gî`

sbrã lohc.
 9=

Q`hb pr`mrcdcr tuh` g` @F30 ^od, dcs bgtbghc qub `s fl`n`s bxostbd pcrc
icnolotcr, p`ssubd dcos iugíòbs b dcos logmucmbgs hb pr`mrcdcíî`. Clïd hoss`,
qucgt` dco`r ` pr`mrcdc g` @F3, dco`r ` nonl` hb vcrrbhurc, oss` gî` ï f`d.
• IN5 Cuxolocr, gî` `fromctþro`.
Sucgh` p`ss` uscr0

@rmcgozcíî` hc lþmonc, icnolotc ` hocmgþston`.

Qbrdotb ` us` hb pcrædbtr`s hb bgtrchc b scähc
Ohbcl ncs` quborc nrocr ud fl`n` qub sbrã usch` udc õgonc vbz (sbus pcrædbtr`s
hb bgtrchc b scähc gî` duhcrî`).
• IF5 Ï udc IN qub mbrc udc HF, l`m` v`nå p`hb uscr vãrocs vbzbs.
Qrbnos` iczbr bsnclc hb > vcroãvbos cgclþmoncs, nchc udc gudc bsnclc, prbnos`
iczbr > lþmoncs0 Gî`, nroc udc IF b duhc cpbgcs `s pcrædbtr`s.
Q`gt`s hb ctbgíî`5 Xbdp`rozch`r hbgtr` hb udc IF, nuohch`, p`os `
tbdp`rozch`r eã mbrc udc HF, l`m` hbvb-sb bsn`lkbr ` tbdp`rozch`r n`rrbt` ncs`
quborc uscr ` fl`n` vãrocs vbzbs.
^b v`nå bstã uscgh` ` fl`n` vãrocs vbzbs b i`r `glogb, gî` vco sbr p`ssävbl
ohbgtoioncr gchc! Ncs` prbnosb hcr udc dcgutbgíî` `glogb hbgtr` h` fl`n`, ` nbrt`
ï qub blb bstbec sbgh` usch` bd ud õgon` lumcr, pcrc p`ssofolotcr c vosuclozcíî`.
MVCQK sþ ï p`ssävbl bd IF.

Bxbdpl` hb udc pr`mrcdcíî` n`dplbtc.

 9;

• Dcog5 Lumcr `ghb i`rcd hbiogohcs cs scähcs

scähcs h` pr`ebt`, cs bsnclcs b
nkcdchc h`s fl`n`s cuxolocrbs.
• DCGR5 IN bd qub i`o pr`mrcdch` ` d`h` dcgucl hb ud pr`nbss pr`nbss``
oghustrocl.
• MQ5 IF bd logmucmbd
logmucmbd MVCQK, `ghb i`o pr`m
pr`mrcdch`
rcdch` ` d`h
d`h`` cu
cut`dãton`
t`dãton` h`
pr`nbss`. G`tb qub MQPHF i`o nroch` cut`dctoncdbgtb.

• ^NCLB5 Fl`n` pcrc icz

HF. iczbr
br bsn
bsnclc,
clc, i`o usch` > vbz
vbzbs
bs nn`d
`d sucs
sucs rb
rbspbntovcs
spbntovcs
• ^OGCP^QBBH5 Fl`n` pr`gt` h` s`itwc
s`itwcrb
rb pcrc n`dcghcr ` ogvbrs`r hb
irbquågnoc.

N`giomurcíòbs hb ud fl`n` hb pr`mrcdcíî`

Qcrc cnbsscr cs pr`probhchbs hb ud fl`n`, ï sþ sblbno`gã-l`, nloncr n`d ` f`tî`
horbot` b or c pr`probhchbs.

Gcs pr`probhchbs tbd`s `píòbs hb kcfolotcr clmudcs iugíòbs, n`d` ` OBN nkbnj,
b hbiogor sb ` cnbss` c` fl`n` ï `todozch` `u gî`.

Nkcdcgh` ud fl`n` gc @F3

Kã vãrocs `píòbs hb iczbr oss`, c prodborc hblcs ï crrcstcgh` ` fl`n` pcrc hbgtr`
hc gbtw`rj.
 9?

@utrc i`rdc ï ogsbror ud fl`n` mbrcl b homotcr ` g`db h` fl`n` qub hbsbec, ` XOC
p`rtcl d`strc t`hcs cs `píòbs p`ssävbos.

Qr`mrcdcgh` n`d ` XOC Q`rtcl5

 =1

Bssc ï c ãrbc hb pr`mrcdcíî` h` s`itwcrb.

^btc prbtc5 Fcrrc hb iugíòbs, gblc qub bgn`gtrcd`s c `píî` hb nrocr `u bxnluor
gbtw`rjs, cfror t`hcs, ibnkcr t`hcs, n`giomurcr c bxofoíî` hb ogi`rdcíòbs gcs Xcms,
kcfolotcr n`dbgtãro`s, pulcr brr`s, ogonocr ` d`got`rcdbgt`, btn.
^btc vbrdblkc5 Fcrrc hb icv`rot`s, ï p`ssävbl ogsbror cs iugíòbs dcos usucos pcrc
tbr ud iãnol cnbss`.
^btc czul5 Ãrbc hb pr`mrcdcíî`, gbtw`rjs! Ï p`ssävbl g`dbã-lcs pcrc ceuhcr gc
ohbgtoioncíî`.
^btc r`xc5 L`ncl `ghb vcd`s bgn`gtrcr cs iugíòbs hosp`gofolozchcs pbl` s`itwcrb,
fl`n`s hb pr`mrcdcíî` b `pbrch`rbs.
Rdc hcs n`oscs dcos õtbos h` XOC p`rtcl ï ` KBLQ
KBLQ!!
Suclqubr n`osc qub kcec hõvohcs, “Gî` sbo ` qub oss` icz—, “Gî` sbo qucl c iugíî`
hbssb fl`n`—, “@ qub c bgtrchc hbssb fl`n` somgoionc0—.. KBLQ!
KBLQ!
Ycd`s cnbssã-l` hb quclqubr lumcr, sb qubr scfbr n`d` clm` iugno`gc, sblbno`gc
` qub qubr scfbr b cpbrtb I3. Qcrc ud X@G, vbec pcrtb h` qub tbd`s5
 =3

Ï odp`rtcgtb hbstcncr qub ` Dcog @F3 p`hb sbr pr`mrcdch` bd lchhbr `u IHF, ï
sþ bsn`lkbr c hb suc prbibrågnoc.
 =6

@pbrcíòbs fogãrocs

@ fãson` hc pr`mrcdcíî` hb ud NLQ sî` cs `pbrcíòbs fogãrocs, qub iczbd c

ogtbrcíî` h` kcrhwcrb n`d ` s`itwcrb.
Rd NLQ lå n`gstcgtbdbgtb ` sogcl hb bgtrchc bd sbus ncrtòbs, ï hch` ud
bghbrbí` á bssc bgtrchc b n`d blb p`hbd`s rbclozcr g`sscs `pbrcíòbs.
N`gtct` GC (g`rdcl cfbrt`) b GI (g`rdcl ibnkch`)5
 =>

C vcroãvbl “LOMC— bstã css`nochc c ud n`gtct` GC. L`m` qub blc ioncr vbrhchborc,
` n`gtct` ibnkc.

Hc dbsdc i`rdc, c vcroãvbl “HB^LOMC— bstã css`nochc c ud n`gtct` GI, sb blc

ioncr vbrhchborc, ` n`gtct` cfrb!

N`d c vcroãvbl “LOMC— bd bstch` lþmon` fcox`, ` n`gtct` ionc cfbrt`, b ` “D@X@V—
bstã hbslomch`.

N`d c vcroãvbl “LOMC— bd bstch` lþmon` clt` b c vcroãvbl “HB^LOMC— bd bstch`

lþmon` fcox`, ` “D@X@V— bstã lomch`.

N`d c vcroãvbl “LOMC— bd bstch` lþmon` clt` b c vcroãvbl “HB^LOMC— bd bstch`

lþmon` clt`, ` “D@X@V— bstã hbslomch`.

Ogstruíî` ^BX b VB^BX

C` uscr c ogstruíî` ^BX, ud õgon` puls` ï suionobgtb pcrc lomcr udc vcroãvbl
pbrdcgbgtbdbgtb. C ogstruíî` VB^BX hbslomc.
 =8

C iugíî` ^BX b VB^BX tcdfïd p`hb sbr bgn`gtrchc g`s ilop-il`ps V^ b ^V. C
prodborc lbtrc d`strc qucl tbd pro`rohchb ncs` cs bgtrchcs ^bt b Vbsbt sbecd
clodbgtchcs eugtcs.

Ogstruíî` hb n`dpcrcíî`5
@s n`dpcrch`rbs sî` duot` odp`rtcgtbs, ï p`ssävbl vosuclozcr `s vcl`rbs qub bstî`
sbgh` n`dpcrch`s b cltbrcr hb d`h` iãnol ` sogcl. Blb sbdprb n`dpcrc ` vcl`r hb
nodc bd rblcíî` c` hb fcox`.
 =2

@pbrcíòbs homotcos Xbdp`rozch`rbs5

X@G b X@I, clïd h` mbrch`r hb puls` XQ b h` tbdp`rozch`r rbtbgtov` X@GV.

OG5 Kcfolotc ` tbdp`rozch`r.

V5 Vbsbtc ` tbdp` ogtbrg`.
QX5 Xbdp` prbsbtch`.
S5 ^cähc.
BX5 Xbdp` hbn`rroh`.
N`d c ogtbrrupíî` hc bgtrchc OG h` X@GV, ` tbdp` ogtbrg` ï pcusch`, b n`gtoguc
hb `ghb pcr`u g` d`dbgt` bd qub OG ioncr vbrhchbor` g`vcdbgtb. Qcrc zbrcr `
 =9

tbdp` ogtbrg` ï sþ clodbgtcr c bgtrchc V hb Vbsbt. Cpþs `s 31s c scähc S ioncrã

vbrhchborc, lomcgh` c vcroãvbl “D@X@V—.

N`gtch`rbs5
NXR, NXH b NXRH
NR5 Ognrbdbgtc c n`gtcmbd
NH5 Hbnrbdbgtc c n`gtcmbd
V5 Vbsbtc ` n`gtch`r
LH5 Ncrrbmc ` vcl`r sbtch`
QY5 ^bt h` n`gtch`r
SR5 ^cähc hb ognrbdbgt`
SH5 ^cähc hb hbnrbdbgt`
NY5 Ycl`r ctucl

C vcroãvbl “RQ— tbvb h`os puls`s, l`m` ` n`gtch`r ohbgtoion`u b ` vcl`r ctucl d`strc
6. N`d` ` prbsbt sî` 2 puls`s, c` ohbgtoioncr ` quogt` puls` ` n`gtch`r vco clodbgtcr
c scähc SR.
 ==

Fl`n`s dctbdãton`s5

@s fl`n`s dctbdãton`s sî` rbsp`gsãvbos p`r quclqubr top` hb nãlnul` g` XOC p`rtcl.
@ dcos usch` ï ` NCLNRLCXB, pbl` ict` hb qub blb ï mbrcl, ï p`ssävbl iczbr vãrocs
`pbrcíòbs hbgtr` hblb.
 =;

@ NCLNRLCXB pbrdotb homotcr c iþrdulc b uscr quclqubr iugíî` hbsnrotc g` fl`n`,

sbgh` udc vcroãvbl rbcl, cs `píòbs sî` dco`rbs. Ï p`ssävbl c utolozcíî` hb
pcrågtbsbs pcrc bstcfblbnbr pro`rohchbs, ` fl`n` sbmub cs rbmrcs dctbdãtoncs hb

pcrågtbsbs, h` dcos ogtbrg` pcrc ` dcos bxtbrg`.

Iugíòbs bxostbgtbs g` XOC Q`rtcl

N`gvbrsî` odplänotc5 Ycd`s sup`r qub v`nå qubr trcgsi`rdcr
t rcgsi`rdcr udc vcroãvbl Ogtborc
gudc vcroãvbl Vbcl, gî` ï gbnbssãro` uscr ud fl`n` hb n`gvbrsî`! @ s`itwcrb icz
oss` cut`dctoncdbgtb!

C vcroãvbl “Q@X3— ï h` top` OGX, dcs c bgtrchc h h`

` fl`n` ï n`giomurchc pc
pcrc
rc VBCL,
l`m` ï ibotc c n`gvbrsî` odplänotc cut`dãtonc, sodf`lozchc pbl` rbtægmul` hc i`t`.
@fsbrvcíî`5 Ncs` c n`gvbrsî` gî` `n`rrc, cnbssb cs pr`probhchbs hc @F, IN
`u IF qub bstbec uscgh`, vã bd Cttrofutbs b hbsdcrqub c `píî` OBN
O BN nkbnj.
 =?

Vbclozcgh` c n`giomurcíî` b pcrcdbtrozcíî`

n`dplbtc hc rbhb oghustrocl.
Gc rbhb tbd`s ud NLQ, OKD, Vbd`tc Bt611^Q b ud Ogvbrs`r hb irbquågnoc M361.
Iczbr hc i`rdc mbrcl, qub sb cploncrã c prctoncdbgtb t`h`s `s hosp`sotov`s
sbdblkcgtbs c` qub tbd g` bxbdpl`.
@ prodbor` pcss` ï ` kcrhwcrb bstcr pr`gt`, n`d tuh` n`dugoncgh` bgtrb so, p`hb
vbroioncr oss` voc s`itwcrb pbl` “Cnnbssoflb hbvonbs—5

@ prodbor` pcss` ï g`tcr qub ` Ogvbrs`r bstã sbd OQ, ï gbnbssãro` ctrofuor sbu OQ
pcrc n`dbícr, or `glogb -7 iugnto`gs -7 Cssomg OQ b hbiogor 3?6.39;.1.>.
 ;1

Ybroioncr sb ` OQ i`o ctrofuäh`5

N`dbícr pbl` dbstrb hc rbhb, ` NLQ, or bd “Chh gbw hbvonb— b n`d` bstcgh` n`d
` n`dputch`r n`gbntch` á rbhb, iczbr hc i`rdc dcos sbmurc b rãpohc, bd qub `
s`itwcrb icz ` upl`ch hcs n`giomurcíòbs h` NLQ voc rbhb. Qcrc oss` sblbno`gb c
NQR 3211 b bd sbmuohc b bsn`lkb c `píî` hb “Rgspbnoioblh NQR—
 ;3

B bgtî` bsn`lkbr c `píî` “Hbtbnt—5

^blbno`gcr ` NLQ
NQR b kcfolotcr b blb eã
` nl`nj bstcrã g` s`itwcrb, ` prþxod` pcss` ï torcr c pr`tbíî` hc
dbd`ry.
 ;6

N`d oss` c` n`giomurcíî`

hbvonbs—, ogonocl h`
sbmugh` hosp`sotov` ï cQLN eã bstã pr`gtc, pbl` OQ hbiogoh` g` “cnbssoflb
rbd`tc.
Ogsbror c NQR b t`h`s `s ncrtòbs, hb cn`rh` n`d ` kcrhwcrb5

Cpþs ogsbror t`h`s `s ncrtòbs c rbd`tc ioncrã cssod5

Odp`rtcgtb5 N@V HC FC^B „ frcgnc5 clodbgtcíî` oghovohucl. Nogzc5 Qbmc c
clodbgtcíî` h` ncrtî` h` lch` bsqubrh`.
 ;>

G` kcrhwcrb sþ tbd fcsbs frcgncs, bgtî` nloncr bd nchc ncrtî` b gcs sucs
pr`probhchbs duhcr pcrc “lomkt FcsbRgot—.
Xcdfïd hbiogor cs bgtrchcs b scähcs cgclþmoncs pcrc tbgsî` +/-31v.
+/- 31v.

C` iod blc ioncrã n`giomurchc, hbssc

hbssc i`rdc5

Y`ltcr pcrc c vosî` mbrcl hc rbhb5

 ;8

Quxcr udc logkc hc NQR pcrc c rbd`tc pcrc iczbr c n`gbxî` bgtrb `s
bquopcdbgt`s.
Gc odcmbd, ` än`gb h` `lk` pbrt` hc rbd`tc sbrvb pcrc d`strcr ` OQ h`s
bquopcdbgt`s g` s`itwcrb.

Cm`rc ` QLN b c rbd`tc bstî` n`giomurch`s bd g` s`itwcrb, lbdfrcgh` qub gî`

i`o ibot` gbgkud h`wgl`ch pcrc ` kcrhwcrb, p`hb iczbr cm`rc `u g` iogcl, ï
`pno`gcl.
@ prþxod` ï ` ogvbrs`r, sbmuogh` c dbsdc logkc hb rcno`nägo`, n`d` bstã bd rbhb
b `glogb, iczbr ud upl`ch hcs sucs n`giomurcíòbs, pcrc oss` or gc fcrrc supbro`r gc
cfc @glogb b bsn`lkbr c `píî`5 “Rpl`ch hbvonb cs gbw stcto`g (kcrhwcrb cgh
s`itwcrb— bsn`lkbr ` ogvbrs`r b ` upl`ch sbrã ibot`, hbd`rc nbrnc hb ud dogut`. B
c ncrc hc rbhb cm`rc ioncrã hbssc i`rdc5
 ;2

Cm`rc tbd clmudcs `píòbs, ï c k`rc hb pcrcdbtrozcr ` ogvbrs`r. Q`hb rbclozcr hb

trås `píòbs b ï odp`rtcgtb scfbr t`hcs, sî` blcs5
Suonj n`dosso`gogm voc O@Q (n`dosso`gcr pblc prþproc tblc h` ogvbrs`r).
N`dosso`gcdbgt` voc ^`itwcrb.
Ogsbríî` h`s pcrædbtr`s b h`wgl`ch.
Iczbr c õltodc `píî` pcrc hbd`gstrcr. Qcrc oss`, cfror ` ogvbrs`r, nloncr n`d `
horbot` bd nodc hblb b or bd “Qcrcdbtbr—5
“ Qcrcdbtbr—5

Cm`rc ogsbror `s pcrædbtr`s gbnbssãro`s dcgucldbgtb, otbgs hc rbhb, plcnc h`

d`t`r, rcdpcs hb cnblbrcíî` b vbl`nohchb hb rbibrågnoc.
 ;9

Cm`rc, or gc pcrtb supbro`r b iczbr ` h`wgl`ch hcs n`giomurcíòbs pcrc ` ogvbrs`r

(lbdfrcgh` qub bssb h`wgl`ch ï oghovohucl g` ogvbrs`r).
Cpþs oss` `s LBHs h` ogvbrs`r pr`vcvbldbgtb ioncrî`5 ` prodbor` vbrhb b ` sbmugh`
vbrdblk` posncgh`.
Y`ltcr pcrc c vosî` mbrcl hc rbhb b iczbr c lomcíî`, puxcgh` h` QLN pcrc ` Ogvbrs`r
b c rbhb cm`rc bstcrã cssod5

Cm`rc sþ icltc ` õltod` n`dp

n`dp`gbgtb,
`gbgtb, c OKD. Gî` tbd n`d` iczbr ` upl`ch, l`m` tbd
qub ogsbro-lc dcguc
dcgucldbgtb
ldbgtb pbl` dbsd` pr`n
pr`nbss`5
bss`5 Chh gbw hbvonb „ OKD „
XQ3211N`di`rt (d`hbl` bxbdpl`).
 ;=

Cpbrtcr @J b Orã cpcrbnbr c sbmuogtb

sbmuogtb ecgblc.
ODQ@VXCGXB5 ^blbno`gcr ` QLN n`d` n`gbxî` hc OKD gbssb pcss`.

Cpþs sbmuor `s pcss`s, nloncr bd “iogosk— b cfrorã c tblc hc OKD, p`r k`rc p`hb
ibnkcr b or pcrc c vosî` mbrcl hc rbhb, qub bstcrã cssod5
 ;;

Cm`rc bstã qucsb pr`gt`, iczbr ` h`wgl`ch n`dplbt` hc rbhb pcrc c NQR h` QLN
hc sbmuogtb i`rdc, sblbno`gcr ` QLN b nloncr bd h`wgl`ch. @fsbrvcr `
n`dp`rtcdbgt` h`s bquopcdbgt`s g` s`itwcrb b g` ncdp`.
@ QLN ionc n`d ud lbh vbrhb b ud vbrdblk` posncgh`:
C rbd`tc bstã n`d t`h`s `s lbhs
lbhs vbrhbs b n`gtägu`s:
@ ogvbrs`r bstã n`d ` prodbor` lbh vbrhb n`gtägu` b ud posncgh`.
Lbh vbrdblk` gî` ï f`d sogcl.
@ QLN ï ` dbstrb, sb clmud bsnrcv` sbu bgtrc bd brr`, gcturcldbgtb blb bgtrc

n`d
ï g` udc
QLN.iclkc hb rbhb, l`m` sbu lbh posnc, bgtî` pr`vcvbldbgtb g`ssc iclkc gî`
@ ogvbrs`r tbd ud hocmgþston` bd suc tblc qub ceuhc duot`, qub hoz, “g` nynlon
n`gbnto`g—, ï ud pr`flbdc gcturcl, qub somgoionc qub ` s`itwcrb bstã hoibrbgtb h`
kcrhwcrb, ` OQ bstã omucl p`rqub eã n`l`ncd`s, bgtî` sþ p`hb sbr ` g`db!
ODQ@VXCGXB5 Gc ^obdbgs ` g`db h`s bquopcdbgt`s gc rbhb ï tî`
odp`rtcgtb qucgt` ` OQ, tuh` tbd qub bstcr bxctcdbgtb omucl!
Qcrc ctrofuor ` g`db c` ogvbrs`r, gc tblc prognopcl hc rbhb nloncr n`d ` f`tî` horbot`
bd nodc hc logkc vbrhb qub ugb `s bquopcdbgt`s b or gc `píî`5 “cssomg hbvonb
gcdb—.

Bsn`lkbr ` ogvbrs`r b hcr ud uphctb, blb d`strc qub `s g`dbs bstî` hoibrbgtbs b
ï sþ nloncr bd cssomg gcdb.
Odbhoctcdbgtb `s LBHs ioncd vbrhbs, tcgt` ` h` Ogvbrs`r qucgt` ` h` QLN.
B hbvbd ioncr cssod, quclqubr lbh posncgh` `u n`d `utrc n`r sbd sbr vbrhb,
somgoionc qub kã clmud brr` `u clcrdb bxostb bd g`ss` kcrhwcrb.
;?
 ?1

Hbssc i`rdc c rbhb bstã pr`gtc pcrc rbnbfbr c pr`mrcdcíî` h` usuãro`.

Bxbdpl` hb lþmoncs5 Qcrtogh`

` ogvbrs`r5
 ?3

Bxostbd h`os d`h`s, uscgh` ud fl`n` `u d`vbgh` pclcvrcs5

Dït`h` 3 „ p`r fl`n` ^OGCP^QBBH5

Dït`h` 6 „ p`r n`gtr`lb hb pclcvrc5

 ?6

C vbl`nohchb g` ogvbrs`r
ogvbrs`r hb irbquågnoc ï n`gtr`lchc hb 1 c 39
39>;8.
>;8.
@s gõdbr`s 3323 bgvoc ` n`dcgh` pcrc lomcr ` ogvbrs`r, ` 3321 bgvoc ` n`dcgh`
hb hbslomc.

Hbiogogh` b uscgh` vcroãvbos gc rbd`tc5

Nloncgh` g` ncrtî`, b gc cfc O@ Xcms ï p`ssävbl g`dbcr cs vcroãvbos hb cn`rh`
n`d ` kcrhwcrb.
?>
 ?8

N`giomurcgh` c OKD5
Qcrc n`dugoncr n`d c OKD ` prodbor` pcss` ï nrocr cs vcroãvbos gc OKD Xcms, `u
n`pocr h` QLN Xcms pcrc c OKD Xcms.

C cfc Cnquosoto`g nynlb hbiogb ` tbdp` hb lboturc qub c OOKD

KD icz gcs vcroãvbos h`
QLN.
C OKD tbd duot`s rbnurs`s hb hbsbgk`s b vosuclozcíî`, cgodcíòbs hb n`rbs,
d`vodbgtcíî` b vosofolohchb.
 ?2

Qcrc ogsbror udc vcroãvbl cgclþmonc, udc `píî` ï ` us` h` hosplcy.

Iczbgh` ` h`wgl`ch b `fsbrvcgh` gc OKD5

N`gtr`lb tbxtucl b hb cnbss` p`r dbo` hb ^trogm5

 ?9

Duhcgh` c tblc hc OKD p`r udc vcroãvbl h` QLN5

Iugíî` uschc gc OKD5 Cntovctb^nrbbgFyGudfbr Ï
n`gtr`lch` p`r udc vcroãvbl ogtborc.
N`l`ncr c vcroãvbl ogtborc (g` bxbdpl` ï OC8) gc OKDXcms, nloncr bd pr`probhchbs.

Lbdfrcr hb ctrofuor “nynlb n`gtogu`us—