Jaguao lk Jagutkgäãf
13O `glþstr`a
 

© =914 AM XFOXF YKG\A

\flfs fs l`rk`tfs lk aotkraäûks fu jfl`hcaäûks rkskrvalfs.
@jprkssf kj papko aj`df lf ajm`kgtk.
 

Êgl`ck
@ghfrjaäûks lk skduragäa ..............................
........................................................................
.......................................... =
Ykäas lk rkpfs`äãf - skduragäa ............................................................... <
@äaglf f jftfr – gugca hazkr `ssf sfz`gef ...............................................
........ ....................................... 0
[sar tàcg`cas lk `äajkgtf alkqualas ...................................................
................................................... 19
@ghfrjaäûks dkra`s ..............................................
...................................................................................
..................................... 11
Yrfdraja lk skrv`äf ...............................................................................
............................................................................... 1=
Yrkvkgt`vk rkpa`r ..................................................................................... 1<
Ykäas fr`d`ga`s Xfovf Ykgta .................................................................... 15
@oustraäûks ............................................................................................... 10
Yrflutfs quêj`cfs ................................................................................... =9
Yrflutfs quêj`cfs .................................................................................. =9
Kspkc`h`caäûks .......................................................................................... =1
Lkcaoquks lf jftfr ................................................................................ =1
\frquks lk apkrtf dkra`s ........................................................................ ==
Kspkc`h`caäûks ........................................................................................
...................................................................................... .. =3
Jftfr .......................................................................................................... =;
Ofcao`zaäãf lf cfjpfgkgtk ................................................................... =;
Yrfdrajaäãf lk jagutkgäãf ................................................................. =4
@gspkäãf dkrao ......................................................................................... =5

Cfgskoefs
H`otrf lk ar dkra`s para prftkäãf kokctrüg`ca ........................................... 31
............................................................................................... 39
Xkgt`oaäãf lf cártkr, \rfca lf h`otrf ........................................................ 3=
 A`r h`otkr Cfjprkssfr, h`otkr rkpoack .......................................................... 33
Xáovuoas, Anustk ....................................................................................... 33
S`stkja lk oumr`h`caäãf .......................................
............................................................................
..................................... 3<
Quaglf vfcî tramaoear cfj prflutfs quêj`cfs, quêj`cf s, cfjmustêvko k óokf
lk oumr`h`caäãf, \rfca .............................................................................. 3<
\rfca lf óokf lf jftfr ........................................................................... 3<
H`otrf lk óokf,
óokf, \rfca ................................................................................ 38
S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko ........................................................................... <9
Dkrao .......................................................................................................
....................................................................................... ................ <9
Yrà-h`otrf lk cfjmustêvko, \rfca .............................................................. <1
H`otrf lk cfjmustêvko, \rfca .................................................................... <8
S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko, sagdr`a ............................................................ <5
S`stkja lk kscapk .................................................................................... ;1
\urmfcfjprkssfr, @gspkäãf ................................................................... ;1
\umf lf ar lk alj`ssãf, Xkr`h`caäãf lf vazajkgtf .............................. ;=
]kshr`alfr lf KD] .................................................................................. ;3
S`stkja SC] ........................................................................................... ;<
S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf ........................................................................ ;5
Gêvko lf oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf, Xkr`h`car k cfjpoktar ........................ ;5
Cfgnugtf lf ral`alfr, \rfca ................................................................... 81
Cfrrk`a lk ac`fgajkgtf, trfca ................................................................ 88
Arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf ............................................................. 49
@gstruäûks lk arjazkgajkgtf para arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf
prazf lk jftfr gfvf ...............................................................................
............................................................................... 4=

O`jpkza lf jftfr k ....................................................

O`sta lk vkr`h`caäãf la tragsj`ssãf .......................................................
.............. .........................................
............................................. .............
............
.............
................. 4<
.......... 48
Matkr`a, Jagutkgäãf ...............................................................................
............................................................................... 44
]kd`stf ..............................................................
.......................................................................................................
......................................... 40

<449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 1

 

@ghfrjaäûks lk skduragäa
Kstk capêtuof lkscrkvk cfjf as prkcauäûks lk Sk aodf a`gla gãf kst`vkr coarf fu sk efuvkr lþv`las
skduragäa sãf aprkskgtalas gf jaguao k gf sfmrk aoduja cf`sa, kgtrar kj cfgtatf cfj f sku
prflutf. Okr f capêtuof cu`lalfsajkgtk agtks lk lar  rkvkglklfr Xfovf Ykgta para fmtkr ass`stîgc`a.
part`la gf jftfr fu hazkr quaoqukr jagutkgäãf fu
skrv`äf. A ok`tura daragtk a sua skduragäa2 uja A\KGÄÃF!
fpkraäãf `gcfrrkta pflk okvar a oksûks pkssfa`s fu Skdu`r skjprk as `gstruäûks k fs rkduoajkgtfs lk
a lagfs afs prflutfs fu é prfpr`klalk. Kstk capêtuof skduragäa ofca`s.
tajmàj hfrgkck uja `gtrfluäãf és rkdras más`cas lk
skduragäa para usar k cu`lar lf jftfr.

Fs tkxtfs lk skduragäa tîj a skdu`gtk frlkj lk pr`fr`lalk>

 YK]@DF!
@gl`ca uja s`tuaäãf lk pkr`df quk, sk gãf kv`tala, pflkrá rksuotar kj jfrtk fu kj
oksûks dravks.

 AX@SF!
@gl`ca uja s`tuaäãf pkr`dfsa a quao, sk gãf hfr kv`tala, pflkrá rksuotar kj jfrtk fu
kj oksûks pkssfa`s dravks.

 C[@LALF!
@gl`ca uja s`tuaäãf pkr`dfsa a quao, sk gãf hfr kv`tala, pflkrá rksuotar kj oksûks
pkssfa`s okvks fu jflkralas.

A\KGÄÃF!
@gl`ca uja s`tuaäãf a quao, sk gãf kv`tala, pflkr`a rksuotar kj lagfs é prfpr`klalk.

GF\A! [salf para ceajar atkgäãf és `ghfrjaäûks `jpfrtagtks quk hac`o`tarãf f

tramaoef fu as fpkraäûks.

!
Kstk sêjmfof pflk skr usalf gf prflutf para ceajar a sua atkgäãf para f hatf lk
quk ksta à uja `ghfrjaäãf lk skduragäa. Okr skjprk ta`s `ghfrjaäûks cfj ju`tf
cu`lalf.
 Asskdurar quk fs sêjmfofs lk alvkrtîgc`a k lk `ghfrjaäãf gf jftfr kstknaj
coarajkgtk v`sêvk`s k okdêvk`s. Sumst`tu`r fs sêjmfofs quk kstknaj lag`h`calfs fu hfraj
p`gtalfs.

Kj aodugs casfs, kstk sêjmfof à usalf kj gfssfs prflutfs k rkhkrk-sk a `ghfrjaäûks

`jpfrtagtks cfgstagtks gf Jaguao lf fpkralfr.

= <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A

 

@ghfrjaäûks lk skduragäa

 A ja`fr`a lfs prflutfs quêj`cfs cfjf, pfr kxkjpof,

óokfs lk tragsj`ssãf k lk jftfr, do`cfo, dasfo`ga k
óokf l`ksko k prflutfs quêj`cfs usalfs kj fh`c`gas
cfjf, pfr kxkjpof, adkgtks lkskgdraxagtks, t`gtas k
sfovkgtks sãf prknul`c`a`s é saþlk.
Okr cu`lalfsajkgtk as `gstruäûks ga kjmaoadkj lf
prflutf! Skdu`r skjprk as gfrjas lk skduragäa lf
prflutf, pfr kxkjpof, usf lk jáscara lk prftkäãf,
ócuofs lk prftkäãf, ouvas ktc. Asskdurar-sk lk quk
g`gduàj skna kxpfstf és sumstígc`as quk sãf gfc`vas
é saþlk. Daragt`r uja mfa vkgt`oaäãf.
Jaguskar fs prflutfs quêj`cfs k fs rksêlufs lk
acfrlf cfj a jagk`ra prkscr`ta.

Kqu`pajkgtfs lk prftkäãf `gl`v`luao

 C[@LALF!
[sar skjprk f kqu`pajkgtf lk skduragäa
aprfpr`alf. F usf lk kqu`pajkgtfs lk prftkäãf
`gl`v`luao gãf ko`j`ga f r`scf lk oksûks, jas rkluz`rá
f drau la oksãf sk uj ac`lkgtk v`kr a acfgtkckr.

 Aodugs kxkjpofs sãf prftkäãf aur`cuoar, prftkäãf

para fs foefs k hac`ao, caoäalfs lk prftkäãf,
kqu`pajkgtfs lk prftkäãf `gl`v`luao, prftkäãf la
camkäa, rfupas lk prftkäãf, ouvas k rksp`ralfrks.

 AX@SF!
Daragt`r quk tflas as prftkäûks las jáqu`gas k
l`spfs`t`vfs lk skduragäa kstknaj gf oudar k
Y99=<<5=
hugc`fgaglf.
 
 C[@LALF!
Gugca usk hkrrajkgtas fu prflutfs quk aprkskgtkj
s`ga`s lk lagfs.

Yrftkdkr fs foefs
 C[@LALF!
[sar ócuofs lk skduragäa.
[sar skjprk ócuofs lk skduragäa sk efuvkr r`scf lk
kst`oeaäajkgtf, haêscas fu natf v`glf lk koktróo`tfs la
matkr`a (f ceajalf f ác`lf la matkr`a), fu futrfs
prflutfs quêj`cfs. Fs foefs sãf ju`tf lko`calfs k fs
lagfs pflkj rksuotar ga YK]LA LA X@SÃF!

Yrftkdkr a pkok
 C[@LALF!
]`scf lk oksûks ga pkok.

Kv`tar lkrrajar óokf ga pkok! A kxpfs`äãf prfofgdala

pr fofgdala
fu rkpkt`la af óokf pflk skcar a pkok. Yflk fcfrrkr 
`rr`taäãf, rksskcajkgtf, kczkja k futrfs prfmokjas
lk pkok.
[sar ouvas lk prftkäãf k kv`tar quk as rfupas k fs
pagfs lk o`jpkza h`qukj kgsfpalfs cfj óokf. Oavar-
sk rkduoarjkgtk, kspkc`aojkgtk agtks las rkhk`äûks.

<449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 3

 

@ghfrjaäûks lk skduragäa

[sar crkjk prftktfr alkqualf para kv`tar quk a pkok

skquk k hac`o`tar a o`jpkza.

Skduragäa cfgtra `gcîgl`fs

 AX@SF!
]`scf lk @gcîgl`f k Kxpofsãf!
Haêsca ac`lkgtao pflk `gckgl`ar fs vapfrks lk
cfjmustêvko.

\flfs fs cfjmustêvk`s, mkj cfjf ju`tfs prflutfs

quêj`cfs
fu haêscassãf
gas`ghoajávk`s. GãfÀpkrj`t`r
prfx`j`lalks. prf`m`lfceajas l`rktas
hujar! F
e`lrfdîg`f las matkr`as tajmàj à ju`tf `ghoajávko k
kxpofs`vf kj lktkrj`galas j`sturas cfj f ar.
 Asskdurar-sk lk quk a árka lk tramaoef kstkna mkj
vkgt`oala k tfjar as prkcauäûks gkckssár`as agtks lk
`g`c`ar lf tramaoef lk sfola fu lk ksjkr`oeajkgtf.
Y99=<<49
 Asskdurar-sk skjprk lk quk eana kxt`gtfrks lk
  `gcîgl`f é jãf ga árka lk tramaoef.

Ykäas lk rkpfs`äãf - skduragäa

 AX@SF!
[sar skjprk pkäas lk rkpfs`äãf fr`d`ga`s Xfovf Ykgta
para j`g`j`zar f r`scf lk uja kxpofsãf fu `gcîgl`f.

Fs cfjpfgkgtks gfs s`stkjas lk cfjmustêvko k gfs

s`stkjas koàtr`cfs gfs jftfrks Xfovf Ykgta sãf
prfnktalfs k hamr`calfs para j`g`j`zar f r`scf lk
kxpofsûks k lk `gcîgl`f, lk acfrlf cfj as kx`dîgc`as
okda`s apo`cávk`s.

Óokfs, h`otrfs, prflutfs quêj`cfs ktc.

usalfs.
 AX@SF!
]`scf lk `gcîgl`f.
 Arjazkgar fs pagfs sunfs lk cfjmustêvko k lk futrfs
jatkr`a`s `ghoajávk`s lk jflf quk gãf eana pkr`df lk
pkdarkj hfdf.

Fs pagfs kgsfpalfs kj óokf pflkj pkdar hfdf

sfz`gefs kj lktkrj`galas c`rcugstígc`as.

A\KGÄÃF!
Fs h`otrfs lk cfjmustêvko k lk óokf usalfs sãf
rksêlufs prknul`c`a`s af jk`f ajm`kgtk k lkvkj skr 
lkscartalfs kj uja ug`lalk lk tratajkgtf lk
rksêlufs aprfvala para uj jagusk`f cfrrktf, ass`j
cfjf tflf f óokf oumr`h`cagtk usalf, cfjmustêvko
cfgtaj`galf, rksêlufs lk t`gta, sfovkgtks,
lkskgdraxagtks k rksêlufs lk oavadkj.

< <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A

 

@ghfrjaäûks lk skduragäa

@jpkl`r a part`la lf jftfr 

 AX@SF!
Yarar f jftfr, lkso`daglf a ao`jkgtaäãf ga ceavk
dkrao k travá-of ga pfs`äãf lkso`dala agtks lk
cfjkäar a tramaoear. Cfofcar uj av`sf lk alvkrtîgc`a
ga ceavk dkrao.

Xkgt`oar f ofcao af fpkrar f jftfr 

 AX@SF!
Sfjkgtk lî part`la gf jftfr kj uja árka mkj
vkgt`oala. Sk fpkrar f jftfr kj uja árka hkceala,
asskdurar-sk lk quk eana vkgt`oaäãf lk kxaustãf
sa`glf la árka lk tramaoef para rkjfvkr fs dasks lk
Y99=<<51 kscapk k as kj`ssûks la vkgt`oaäãf lf cártkr.
 
F jftfr gãf lkvk skr fpkralf kj árkas fglk eana
jatkr`a`s kxpofs`vfs.

Ykäas d`ratór`as k supkrhêc`ks qukgtks

 YK]@DF!
\ramaoear cfj, fu sk aprfx`jar lk uj jftfr kj
hugc`fgajkgtf à uj r`scf lk skduragäa. \fjar 
cu`lalf cfj cfjpfgkgtks rftat`vfs k supkrhêc`ks
qukgtks.
Sk f jftfr kst`vkr kj hugc`fgajkgtf k fpkrar futrf
l`spfs`t`vf, gãf sk lkvk, sfm gkgeuja c`rcugstígc`a,
Y99=<595 pkrjagkckr próx`jf af jftfr.
 
À kstr`tajkgtk prf`m`lf tramaoear kj jftfrks kj
hugc`fgajkgtf. Eá kgtrktagtf rkduoadkgs quk kx`dkj
quk f jftfr kstkna hugc`fgaglf. Aprfx`jar-sk lk uj
jftfr kj hugc`fgajkgtf à uj r`scf lk skduragäa.
]fupas sfotas k camkofs ofgdfs pflkj h`car prksfs
gas pkäas rftat`vas, jfv`jkgtfs lkscu`lalfs fu uja
hkrrajkgta quk ca`a pflkj rksuotar kj hkr`jkgtfs
dravks.
\fjar cu`lalf cfj as supkrhêc`ks qukgtks (tumfs lk
kscapk, turmfcfjprkssfrks, cfoktfrks lk ar lk
alj`ssãf,
gfs tumfs kkokjkgtfs lk part`la
jagduk`ras ktc.) kkj
gfs jftfrks hou`lfs qukgtks
hugc`fgajkgtf fu rkcàj lkso`dalfs. ]k`gstaoar tflas
as tajpas lk prftkäãf quk hfraj rkjfv`las luragtk
f tramaoef lk jagutkgäãf agtks lk lar a part`la gf
jftfr.

@ghfrjaäûks sfmrk f jftfr 

A\KGÄÃF!
Ckrt`h`car-sk lk quk tflfs fs lkcaoquks lk atkgäãf k
`ghfrjaäûks lf prflutf kstknaj skjprk v`sêvk`s.
Sumst`tu`r as kt`quktas quk hfraj lag`h`calas fu
p`gtalas.

<449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A ;

 

@ghfrjaäûks lk skduragäa

Yrf`m`äãf lf usf lk spray para part`la

 AX@SF!
Gugca usar prflutfs kj spray fu s`j`oarks cfjf
auxêo`f é part`la. ]`scf lk kxpofsãf!

Y99=<<53
 

Agtks lk lar a part`la gf jftfr 

 AX@SF!
Gugca lar a part`la gf jftfr sk efuvkr razûks para
suspk`tar lk hudas lk cfjmustêvko fu sk kx`st`r 
jatkr`ao kxpofs`vf gas prfx`j`lalks.

A\KGÄÃF!
Sfjkgtk lar part`la gf jftfr cfj as tajpas lk
prftkäãf k h`otrf lk ar `gstaoalfs. Fmnktfs kstragefs ga
o`gea lk kgtrala pflkj causar lagfs é jáqu`ga.
Y99=<855 Ckrt`h`car-sk tajmàj lk quk gkgeuja hkrrajkgta fu
  futras pkäas hfraj lk`xalas af oalf lf jftfr.

 AX@SF!
Gugca lar a part`la gf jftfr cfj a tajpa las
váovuoas rkjfv`la. Eá uj r`scf lk hkr`jkgtfs
pkssfa`s.
Yara jftfrks cfj turmfcfjprkssfrks, a turm`ga
d`ratór`a lf cfjprkssfr pflk, aoàj l`ssf, causar 
sàr`as oksûks cfrpfra`s.

Agtks lk rkao`zar quaoqukr skrv`äf gf

s`stkja koàtr`cf
 AX@SF!
Lkso`dar skjprk f jftfr pr`jk`rf. Kj skdu`la,
lkscfgkctar a cfrrkgtk gfs `gtkrruptfrks pr`gc`pa`s k
kj quaoqukr hfgtk lk ao`jkgtaäãf kxtkrga agtks lk
tramaoear gf s`stkja koàtr`cf, para j`g`j`zar fs r`scfs
koàtr`cfs.

A\KGÄÃF!
Gugca lkscfgkctar a cfrrkgtk cfj as ceavks
pr`gc`pa`s quaglf f jftfr kst`vkr kj fpkraäãf.
F aotkrgalfr k fs kqu`pajkgtfs koktrüg`cfs pflkr`a
skr lag`h`calfs.

Kv`tar lagfs af jóluof lk cfgtrfok lf

jftfr k a futrfs cfjpfgkgtks
koktrüg`cfs
A\KGÄÃF!
Lkscfgkctar a ceavk dkrao agtks lk cfgkctar fu
lkscfgkctar uj cfgkctfr.

8 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A

 

@ghfrjaäûks lk skduragäa

Agtks lk rkao`zar quaoqukr skrv`äf gf

s`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf
 AX@SF!
Lkso`duk f jftfr k lk`xk-f kshr`ar agtks lk `g`c`ar f
tramaoef gf s`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf. Hou`lfs qukgtks
k supkrhêc`ks qukgtks pflkj prfvfcar quk`jaluras.

Oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf qukgtk sfm

prkssãf
 C[@LALF!
Oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf qukgtk pflk causar 
quk`jaluras. Kv`tar amr`r a tajpa lk amastkc`jkgtf
lk oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf cfj f jftfr a`gla qukgtk.
Xapfr fu oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf qukgtk pflkj
ksp`rrar ass`j quk a prkssãf sa`r.

 Amr`r a tajpa lk amastkc`jkgtf okgtajkgtk k o`mkrar 

a prkssãf lf s`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf sk a tajpa fu
váovuoa lk amastkc`jkgtf t`vkrkj quk skr amkrtas, fu
sk uj munãf fu jagduk`ra lk oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf
t`vkrkj quk skr rkjfv`lfs cfj f jftfr a`gla qukgtk.
qu kgtk.

Óokf qukgtk sfm prkssãf

Óokf C[@LALF!
qukgtk pflk causar quk`jaluras. Kv`tar 
lkrrajar óokf ga pkok. Ckrt`h`car-sk lk quk f s`stkja
lk oumr`h`caäãf gãf kstá prkssur`zalf agtks lk `g`c`ar 
quaoqukr tramaoef. Gugca lar part`la fu hugc`fgar uj
jftfr skj a tajpa lf mfcao lk kgce`jkgtf lk óokf
`gstaoala. Eá r`scf lk quk f óokf qukgtk pfssa
ksp`rrar.

Kj quaoqukr lktkcäãf lk hudas gf

s`stkja lk cfjmustêvko
 AX@SF!
[sar ócuofs lk skduragäa!
\kr ju`tf cu`lalf af prfcurar pfr vazajkgtfs gfs

c`rcu`tfs
pfr lk aota prkssãf
kx., quaglf lf s`stkja
tkstar m`cfs `gnktfrkslklkcfjmustêvko k,
cfjmustêvko.
F natf lk cagfs k `gnktfrks tkj uja prkssãf ju`tf
Y99=<<55
aota. F cfjmustêvko pflk pkgktrar gfs tkc`lf k causar 
  sàr`f r`scf lk `ghkcäãf gf sagduk (skpt`ckj`a).

Jagusk`f la tumuoaäãf lk cfjmustêvko

A\KGÄÃF!
Fs cagfs lk ao`jkgtaäãf lk cfjmustêvko gugca
lkvkj skr lfmralfs fu kgl`rk`talfs sfm gkgeuja
c`rcugstígc`a. @ssf pflk rksuotar kj tr`gcas. Fs tumfs
lag`h`calfs lkvkj skr sumst`tuêlfs.

<449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 4

 

@ghfrjaäûks lk skduragäa

Agtks lk rkao`zar quaoqukr skrv`äf gf

s`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf “ O`jpkza
A\KGÄÃF!
\fjar ju`tf cu`lalf para jagtkr o`jpfs fs
cfjpfgkgtks lf s`stkja lk cfjmustêvko. Jksjf
quagt`lalks jêg`jas lk sunk`ra pflkj causar avar`as
gf jftfr.

Jagusk`f skdurf las matkr`as

 AX@SF!
]`scf lk `gcîgl`f k kxpofsãf. Gugca pkrj`t`r a
fcfrrîgc`a lk ceajas amkrtas fu haêscas koàtr`cas
pkrtf las matkr`as.

[ja haêsca prfvfcala pfr uja matkr`a cfgkctala

`gcfrrktajkgtk pflk skr suh`c`kgtk para a matkr`a
kxpofl`r rksuotaglf kj hkr`jkgtfs dravks.
Gãf tfcar gas cfgkxûks luragtk uja tkgtat`va lk
part`la. ]`scf lk haêsca! Gãf sk lkmruäar sfmrk as
matkr`as.

Cfrr`d`r a pfoar`lalk las matkr`as

A\KGÄÃF!
Ckrt`h`car-sk lk quk fs camfs pfs`t`vf (+) k gkdat`vf
(-) la matkr`a kstknaj cfrrktajkgtk cfgkctalfs afs
mfrgks cfrrkspfglkgtks. [ja cfgkxãf `gcfrrkta
pflk causar lagfs dravks afs kqu`pajkgtfs
koàtr`cfs.
Y99=<<85
 

]`scfs lf koktróo`tf gas matkr`as

 AX@SF!
[sar skjprk ócuofs lk prftkäãf af carrkdar k
jaguskar as matkr`as.

Oavar `jkl`atajkgtk cfj ju`ta ádua sk fs koktróo`tfs

(ác`lf) la matkr`a at`gd`rkj fs foefs. Muscar 
`jkl`atajkgtk anula jàl`ca após oavar fs foefs.
Sk sk tratar lk cfgtatf lf koktróo`tf cfj a pkok skj
prftkäãf, oavar f ofcao `jkl`atajkgtk usaglf samãf k
ádua.

Após h`gao`zar f skrv`äf gf jftfr 

A\KGÄÃF!
]kao`zar skjprk uja vkr`h`caäãf lk hugc`fgajkgtf k
lk kstagquk`lalk.

5 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A

 

@ghfrjaäûks lk skduragäa

O`jpkza lf jftfr k lfs cfjpfgkgtks

GF\A! S`das as `gstruäûks O`jpkza lf jftfr k la
tragsj`ssãf, a p. 4<.

Y99=8=13
 

O`jpkza lk cfjpfgkgtks skgsêvk`s

A\KGÄÃF!
Fmskrvar uja o`jpkza jkt`cuofsa af jaguskar fs
cfjpfgkgtks lf s`stkja.
Jksjf quagt`lalks jêg`jas lk sunk`ra pflkj
causar avar`as.

@äaglf f jftfr – gugca hazkr `ssf

sfz`gef
 AX@SF!
Gugca tramaoear sfz`gef af rkjfvkr cfjpfgkgtks
pksalfs, jksjf usaglf l`spfs`t`vfs lk
okvagtajkgtf, cfjf taoeas cfj travajkgtf.

A\KGÄÃF!
Y99=<<5;  Af usar uj l`spfs`t`vf lk `äajkgtf, sãf dkraojkgtk
  gkckssár`as luas pkssfas para f tramaoef> uja para
cu`lar lf l`spfs`t`vf lk `äajkgtf k futra para
asskdurar quk fs cfjpfgkgtks sknaj `äalfs skj
matkr kj gala k quk gãf sknaj lag`h`calfs luragtk
as fpkraäûks lk `äajkgtf.

<449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 0

 

@ghfrjaäûks lk skduragäa

[sar tàcg`cas lk `äajkgtf

alkqualas
 YK]@DF!
Fs foea`s kx`stkgtks gf jftfr lkvkj skr usalfs para
f `äagtajkgtf. Skjprk vkr`h`car sk f kqu`pajkgtf
lk `äajkgtf usalf kstá kj mfas cfgl`äûks k tkj
a capac`lalk lk carda cfrrkta para `äar f jftfr.
(pksf lf jftfr `gcou`glf tragsj`ssãf k kqu`pajkgtfs
al`c`fga`s). Yara uj jagusk`f skdurf k para kv`tar 
lagfs afs cfjpfgkgtks `gstaoalfs ga partk supkr`fr 
lf jftfr, f jftfr lkvk skr okvagtalf cfj a oagäa lk
okvagtajkgtf anustala cfrrktajkgtk.
Gugca kxkcutar gkgeuj tramaoef gf jftfr quk
kstkna suspkgsf sfjkgtk pkof kqu`pajkgtf lk
kokvaäãf.

A\KGÄÃF!
\flas as cfrrkgtks fu h`fs lkvkj skr passalfs f ja`s
paraokof pfssêvko ugs lfs futrfs k pkrpkgl`cuoarks af
jftfr. Sk futrfs kqu`pajkgtfs h`xalfs af jftfr 
t`vkrkj skus ckgtrfs lk drav`lalk aotkralfs, pflkj
skr gkckssár`fs l`spfs`t`vfs lk okvagtajkgtf
kspkc`a`s para sk fmtkr f kqu`oêmr`f cfrrktf para f
jagusk`f skdurf.
Y99=<850
Kxkjpof lk uj darhf lk okvagtajkgtf anustávko k uja hkrrajkgta
lk `äajkgtf.
 

19 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A


@ghfrjaäûks dkra`s
@ghfrjaäûks dkra`s
Kstk jaguao lk skrv`äf k jagutkgäãf cfgtàj as
lkscr`äûks k as `gstruäûks para f skrv`äf lfs
prflutfs la Xfovf Ykgta ac`ja jkgc`fgalfs kj
skus jflkofs palrãf. Fs `tkgs lk lks`dg k rkv`sãf
pflkj var`ar kgtrk fs l`hkrkgtks prflutfs. Fs
`gtkrvaofs lk rkv`sãf apo`cávk`s k fs prfckl`jkgtfs
lk rkv`sãf sãf lkscr`tfs ga Yrfdrajaäãf lk
jagutkgäãf lf prflutf.
 A lks`dgaäãf lf prflutf, gþjkrf lk sàr`k k
kspkc`h`caäûks sãf `gl`calas gfs lkcaoquks fu ga
poaqukta lf jftfr. Kssas `ghfrjaäûks lkvkj skr 
skjprk hfrgkc`las kj tflas as cfrrkspfglîgc`as
rkoac`fgalas af prflutf.
F jaguao hf` prfluz`lf pr`gc`paojkgtk para usf gas
fh`c`gas la Xfovf Ykgta. Yrksujk-sk quk as pkssfas
quk usaj f Jaguao lk rkv`sãf tkgeaj uj
cfgekc`jkgtf más`cf lf prflutf k sknaj capazks lk
kxkcutar tramaoefs jkcíg`cfs fu koàtr`cfs lk palrãf
prfh`ss`fgao.
 A Xfovf Ykgta lkskgvfovk cfgt`guajkgtk skus
prflutfs.
aotkraäûks.A Xfovf Ykgta rkskrva-sk f l`rk`tf lk hazkr  kscfpf lalkfmr`daäãf
\flas as `ghfrjaäûks gkstk jaguao mask`aj-sk kj
lalfs lk prflutf l`spfgêvk`s ga lata ga quao f
jaguao hf` pumo`calf.
GF\A! F prfpr`ktár`f à rkspfgsávko pfr asskdurar  kspkc`h`calfs, a h`j lk atkglkr fs rkqu`s`tfs la
quk a jagutkgäãf prfdrajala skna rkao`zala. As
rk`v`gl`caäûks lk daragt`a para a Xfovf Ykgta pflkj
skr rkcusalas sk as jagutkgäûks hfrkj
gkdo`dkgc`alas, rksuotaglf kj haoeas lf prflutf
kspkc`h`calf. Cfgsuotar fs tkrjfs lk daragt`a
hfrgkc`lfs cfj f jftfr.
<449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
@ghfrjaäûks dkra`s
\krjfs kspkcêh`cfs para f jkrcalf lfs
K[A
Kstk jftfr à ckrt`h`calf cfjf kstaglf kj
cfghfrj`lalk cfj fs rkduoajkgtfs lk cfgtrfok lk
kj`ssûks lf dfvkrgf lfs Kstalfs [g`lfs k la
Cao`hórg`a. Ykäas rkoac`fgalas cfj rkstr`äûks lk
kscapk sãf cfmkrtas pkoa daragt`a para fs s`stkjas
lk rkstr`äãf lf kscapk. Fs tkrjfs k as pkäas
cfmkrtfs sãf kspkc`h`calfs kj "F quk kstá cfmkrtf
pkoa fmr`daäãf lk daragt`a para as kj`ssûks" kj
"Kj`ss`fg Cfgtrfo Systkj Tarragty Statkjkgt‚. Fs
rkparfs k skrv`äfs cfmkrtfs pkoa daragt`a sãf
rkao`zalfs pfr uj l`str`mu`lfr fu rkprkskgtagtk
autfr`zalf Xfovf Ykgta skj custfs lk pkäas fu jãf
lk fmra usaglf pkäas dkguêgas Xfovf Ykgta kj
quaoqukr partk lf s`stkja lk cfgtrfok lk kj`ssûks
cfmkrtf pkoa daragt`a quk sk kgcfgtra cfj lkhk`tf.
 A ut`o`zaäãf lf skrv`äf k fh`c`ga lk rkparf quk gãf
kstkna lk acfrlf cfj uj l`str`mu`lfr/rkvkglklfr 
autfr`zalf Xfovf Ykgta fu f usf lk cfjpfgkgtks lf
s`stkja rkoac`fgalfs af kscapk lk futrfs
hamr`cagtks quk gãf a Xfovf Ykgta gãf ahktaj f
rkstr`äãf kj`ssûks.lkSk daragt`a para s`stkjas cfj
fs cfjpfgkgtks/`tkgs
rkoac`fgalfs é kj`ssãf kst`vkrkj `gcouêlfs gf
skrv`äf prfdrajalf, ta`s pkäas skrãf jarcalas cfj
uj l`ajagtk (♨) ga prfdrajaäãf lk jagutkgäãf k f
skrv`äf prkc`sa skr rkao`zalf gfs `gtkrvaofs
fmr`daäãf lk daragt`a para s`stkjas cfj rkstr`äãf lk
kj`ssûks. Fs tkrjfs la daragt`a tftao pflkj skr 
kgcfgtralfs kj ‚Kj`ss`fg Cfgtrfo Systkj Tarragty
Statkjkgt‚.
11
 

@ghfrjaäûks dkra`s

Jftfrks ckrt`h`calfs
Kxpo`caäãf lf rkoac`fgajkgtf kgtrk fs
F jftfr à ckrt`h`calf quagtf a kj`ssûks k sk f
jksjf hfr usalf kj uja árka fglk as kj`ssûks `gtkrvaofs lk skrv`äf k cfgl`äûks lk
lk kscapk hfrkj rkduoajkgtalas pfr ok`, `stf fpkraäãf
`jpûk kx`dîgc`as kspkc`a`s sfmrk fs cu`lalfs k [ja vkz quk as cfgl`äûks lk fpkraäãf pflkj
jagutkgäãf lf jftfr. var`ar lkpkglkglf lk cfjf f cfjpfgkgtk hfr 
GF\A! Haoea fu gkdo`dîgc`a kj skdu`r fs `tkgs usalf, à `jpfrtagtk quk f `gtkrvaof lk rkv`sãf
o`stalfs aqu` pflkj `gvao`lar f ckrt`h`calf lk (kxprkssf kj efras fu jksks) gãf skna kxckl`lf.
kj`ssûks lf jftfr. Kxkjpof> 1999 efras / =< jksks. F quk fcfrrkr 
@stf s`dg`h`ca quk a AM Xfovf Ykgta gãf assujk ja`s pr`jk`rf sk apo`ca. Sk f cfjpfgkgtk hfr usalf pfr 
a rkspfgsam`o`lalk para quk a kspkc`h`caäãf lf 1999 efras kj 15 jksks, f skrv`äf lkvk skr 
jftfr kstkna kj cfghfrj`lalk cfj f jflkof rkao`zalf quaglf f `gtkrvaof lk 1.999 efras hfr 
ckrt`h`calf. A Xfovf Ykgta gãf à rkspfgsávko pfr  aocagäalf.
lagfs fu custfs rksuotagtks l`ssf.
@stf à para rktkr a jkoefr quao`lalk k v`la þt`o lfs
• Ckrt`h
Ckrt`h`ca
`caäãf
äãf s`dg`h
s`dg`h`ca
`ca quk uj t`pf
t`pf lk jftfr
jftfr hf`
hf`
cfjpfgkgtks. A daragt`a skrá `gvao`lala sk `ssf gãf
`gspkc`fgalf k aprfvalf pkoas autfr`lalks
hfr cujpr`lf.
pkrt`gkgtks. F hamr`cagtk lf jftfr daragtk quk
tflfs fs jftfrks lf jksjf t`pf sãf Kxkjpofs têp`cfs sãf> Xklaäûks lf k`xf la eào`ck
kqu`vaokgtks af jftfr ckrt`h`calf. fpkraglf kj áduas oflfsas. H`otrfs lk ar kxpfstfs
• À lk
lk rksp
rkspfgs
fgsam`o
am`o`la
`lalk
lk lf
lf fpkra
fpkralfr
lfr/us
/usuár`
uár`f
f a ar ju`tf pfouêlf
daragt`r quk gãf fcfrra gkgeuj usf `gtkgc`fgao Cól`dfs la aäãf cfrrkt`va usalfs gf poagf lk
`glkv`lf lf jftfr. jagutkgäãf>
• Fs `gtkrv
`gtkrvaof
aofss lk
lk jagut
jagutkgä
kgäãf
ãf k skrv`ä
skrv`äf
flla
a C : O`jpkza
Xfovf Ykgta lkvkj skr cujpr`lfs. ]: Sumst`tu`äãf
 A : Anustk
• \flas
\flas as lkh`c`î
lkh`c`îgc`
gc`as
as lk
lk hugc`
hugc`fgaj
fgajkgt
kgtf
f lkvkj
lkvkj O: Oumr`h`car 
skr `gvkst`dalas f ja`s ráp`lf pfssêvko. @: @gspkäãf (`gcou` quaglf gkckssár`f, tajmàj
• [sar
[sar apkgas
apkgas pkäas
pkäas lk
lk rkpfs
rkpfs`äã
`äãf
f Xfov
Xfovf
f Yk
Ykgta
gta anustk, o`jpkza, oumr`h`caäãf k sumst`tu`äãf)
fu pkäas lk jksja quao`lalk las pkäas lk
rkpfs`äãf Xfovf Ykgta.
• F jftfr
jftfr gã
gãff pflk
pflkrárá skr
skr cfgv
cfgvkr
krt`t`lf
lf gkj
gkj
jfl`h`calf lk gkgeuja hfrja, kxcktf cfj
ackssór`fs k b`ts lk skrv`äf aprfvalfs pkoa
Xfovf Ykgta para f jftfr.
• A Xfov
Xfovf
f Ykgt
Ykgta a rkcfj
rkcfjkgl
kgla
a quk
quk a rkv`sã
rkv`sãf
fllk
k
mfjmas `gnktfras k a rkduoadkj lk mfjmas k
`gnktfrks sknaj skjprk rkao`zalas pfr uja
fh`c`ga quao`h`cala.
• Gãf pflk
pflk skr
skr rkao`
rkao`zal
zala
a gkgeuj
gkgeuja
a aotkr
aotkraäã
aäãf
f gas
gas
`gstaoaäûks lf tumf lk kscapk k gfs lutfs lk
alj`ssãf lk ar lf jftfr.
• Gkgeuj
Gkgeuj oacrk
oacrk lk
lk darag
daragt`a
t`a (sk prkskgtk
prkskgtk gf
prflutf) pflk skr qukmralf pfr pkssfas gãf
autfr`zalas.

Yrfdraja lk skrv`äf
Yara jagtkr a hugc`fgao`lalk lf prflutf, f Yrfdraja
lk skrv`äf lkvk skr skdu`lf. Aodujas fpkraäûks
pflkj skr kxkcutalas pkof prfpr`ktár`f fu pfr futra
pkssfa cfj cfjpktîgc`a tàcg`ca suh`c`kgtk, lk
acfrlf cfj f Yrfdraja
rkprkskgtagtk lkautfr`zalf
Xfovf Ykgta skrv`äf. Cfgsuotar
kj casfujlk
aoduja lþv`la a rkspk`tf lk cfjf uj tramaoef lk
rkv`sãf lkva skr kxkcutalf.

1= <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A

 

@ghfrjaäûks dkra`s

F Yrfdraja lk skrv`äf cfgtàj fs pfgtfs lk

jagutkgäãf rkqukr`lfs para f sku jftfr kj uj þg`cf
lfcujkgtf. Xkr ja`s gf s`tk la Xfovf Ykgta>
vfovfpkgta.cfj.

<449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 13

 

@ghfrjaäûks dkra`s

Yrkvkgt`vk rkpa`r 
Lktta ìr kg øvkrs`bt øvkr bfjpfgkgtkr sfj bag `gdë ` hørmyddaglk
hørmydd aglk rkparat`fg. Bag sb`ona s`d mkrfkglk pë jftfrgs
uppmyddgal fce bfgstrubt`fg.
Lkssa bfjpfgkgtkr o`ddkr sfj uglkroad hør mkrìbg`gdar av skrv`ckbfgtrabt fce bfstgalkr ` skrv`ckbaobyoatfrg `
Yrfluct Ckgtkr.

Mrìgsoksystkj

Mrìgsok pujp
Kgekts`gnkbtfrkr 

Y99=8=0;

Avdassystkj
\urmf, oëdt trycb
\urmf, eødt trycb
Øvkrstrøjg`gdsvkgt`o (O`sb)
Onullìjpark
L`kskopart`bkoh`otkr (LYH), utmytks

Khtkrmkeaglo`gdssystkj
Yujp kgekt
Lfskr`gdsvkgt`o

Y99=8=08

1< <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A

 

@ghfrjaäûks dkra`s

Byosystkj
Byovìtsbkpujp

Jftfr 
Svìgdg`gdslìjpark

Y99=8=04

Kosystkj
Dkgkratfr 
Startjftfr 

Y99=8=05

<449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 1;

 

@ghfrjaäûks dkra`s

Jftfr, rkgfvkr`gd
Lktta ìr kg øvkrs`bt øvkr bfjpfgkgtkr sfj bag `gdë ` bfjpoktt rkgfvkr`gd. Bag sb`ona s`d mkrfkglk pë jftfrgs
uppmyddgal fce bfgstrubt`fg.
Kx. v`ssa jftfrkr bag kn mytas hflkr pë. Lë hër cyo`glkrg bfgtrfoojìtas hør att sk fj gya bfovar bag sìttas l`t kookr 
fj jftfrmofcbkt mør mytas.
Bfjpfgkgtkrga gklag dkr ktt uglkroad hør mkrìbg`gdar av skrv`ckbfgtrabt fce bfstgalkr ` skrv`ckbaobyoatfrg `
Yrfluct Ckgtkr.

Jftfr > Bag rkgfvkras 1 dëgd, lìrkhtkr agsks jftfrg hørmrubal fce krsìtts av ‟ofgd mofcb‚ aotkrgat`vt gy jftfr.

]kgfvkr`gd
Ofgd mofcb
Sefrt mofcb
Cyo`glkreuvul (utmytks)
Cyo`glkreuvul, pacbg`gd

Y99=8=00

Jftfr, rkgfvkr`gdssats
Cyo`glkreuvul, rkgfvkr`gdssats
Yacbg`gdar, sats
Yoagpacbg`gdar 
Xkgt`obëpa, pacbg`gd

Y99=8399

18 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A

 

@ghfrjaäûks dkra`s

Cyo`glkrhflkr, sats
]ajoadkr, sats
Xkvoadkr, sats
\rycbmr`cbfr, sats
Bajaxkooadkr, sats

Y99=8391

 Avdasvkgt`o
Xkgt`osìtk

Y99=839=

<449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 14

 

@ghfrjaäûks dkra`s

Ykäas fr`d`ga`s Xfovf Ykgta

Fs prflutfs Xfovf Ykgta sãf prfnktalfs k hamr`calfs
para sk fmtkr a ja`s aota quao`lalk. \flas as pkäas
sãf hamr`calas lk jflf quk, nugtas, fhkrkäaj a ja`fr 
cfgh`am`o`lalk pfssêvko. Yfrtagtf, gós skjprk
rkcfjkglajfs f usf lk Ykäas fr`d`ga`s
Xfovf Ykgta, , ná quk sãf hamr`calas cfj mask gas
jksjas kspkc`h`caäûks r`dfrfsas las pkäas
`gstaoalas ga hámr`ca gf trkgs lk hfräa Xfovf Ykgta.

Óokfs oumr`h`cagtks
 A Xfovf Ykgta hfrgkck uja ajpoa daja lk
oumr`h`cagtks, lkskgvfov`la kspkc`aojkgtk para
jftfrks Xfovf Ykgta. A XLS (Kspkc`h`caäûks lk
kx`dîgc`as Xfovf) à uja gfrja la Xfovf quk
kspkc`h`ca fs rkqu`s`tfs la Xfovf cfj rkoaäãf é
quao`lalk lf óokf. ]kcfjkglajfs f usf lf óokf
kspkc`h`calf para asskdurar f hugc`fgajkgtf lf
jftfr k uja ofgda v`la þt`o.

Oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf
 A pr`gc`pao hugäãf lk uj oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf à
amsfrvkr caofr lf jftfr. F oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf
tajmàj prftkdk cfgtra cfrrfsãf, lkpós`tfs lk o`jf k
cfgdkoajkgtf. F oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf
Xfovf Ykgta XCS (ajarkof) k f oêqu`lf lk
arrkhkc`jkgtf Xfovf Ykgta (vkrlk) sãf lf`s t`pfs
cfjpoktajkgtk l`hkrkgtks lk oêqu`lf lk
arrkhkc`jkgtf, cfgtkglf l`hkrkgtks t`pfs lk `g`m`lfrks.
Gãf j`sturar t`pfs l`hkrkgtks (cfrks) lk oêqu`lfs lk
arrkhkc`jkgtf.
Sk f oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf cfgckgtralf prkc`sar skr 
l`ouêlf cfj ádua, a cfjpfs`äãf quêj`ca la ádua
pflkrá prknul`car a prftkäãf cfgtra cfrrfsãf. Kj
árkas cfj gêvk`s ju`tf kokvalfs lk cáoc`f k sól`f ga
ádua la tfrgk`ra, f oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf lkvk skr 
l`ouêlf cfj ádua lkst`oala. Cfjf aotkrgat`va, f oêqu`lf
lk arrkhkc`jkgtf 'Xfovf Ykgta kstá l`spfgêvko para
cfjpra ná l`ouêlf.

A j`stura lf oêqu`lf lk
arrkhkc`jkgtf Yrftkäãf cfgtra
cfgckgtralf cfgdkoajkgtf atà>
<9 % -=; ¹C
<8 % -39 ¹C
;< % -35 ¹C
89 % -<8 ¹C

GF\A! À `jpfrtagtk usar a cfgckgtraäãf lk <9 – 89 %

lk oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf gf s`stkja lk
arrkhkc`jkgtf, jksjf sk gãf efuvkr r`scf lk
cfgdkoajkgtf. F oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf tajmàj
kv`ta a cfrrfsãf
cfgckgtraäãf k lkpós`tfs.
ac`ja lk 89 % [ja j`sturaa cfj
prknul`cará uja
prftkäãf
cfgtra cfgdkoajkgtf.

15 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A

 

@ghfrjaäûks dkra`s

@oustraäûks

Cfrks usalas gas `oustraäûks

1 Cfjp
Cfjpfgkfgkgt
gtks
ks lk
lkst
stac
acal
alfs
fs
 A ja`fr`a las `oustraäûks cfgtàj uj cfjpfgkgtk
(azuo)
lkstacalf quk à prksf pfr uj parahusf fu s`j`oar 
cfjf partk lk uj jftfr fu tragsj`ssãf (c`gza coarf). = H`xaäãf
(vkrjkoef)
3 Jfgtadkj
(c`gza coarf)
< Huglf
(mragcf)
; Hkrra
Hkrrajk
jkgta
gtass Kspk
Kspkc`
c`a`
a`ss
(ajarkof)
8 Xklaäûks
(vkrlk)
(a part`r lk 98/=915)

Y99==198

Futrfs t`pfs lk sêjmfofs usalf kj as `jadkgs

skrãf l`v`l`lf gas skdu`gtks catkdfr`as>
• Skduragäa
• @jpfrtagtk
• O`jpkza
• Yfs`äãf
• Jfv`jkgtf
• Xaofr jkl`lf
• Hkrrajkgtas
• Yr
Yrfl
flut
utfs
fs Quê
uêj`
j`ccfs
• Xklagtk
• [g`lalks
 <449058< 90 =915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 10
 

Yrflutfs quêj`cfs

Yrflutfs quêj`cfs
Yrflutfs quêj`cfs
 A skdu`r eá uja skokäãf lk prflutfs quêj`cfs
rkcfjkglalfs pkoa Xfovf Ykgta. Cfgsuotar tajmàj
as kspkc`h`caäûks.

Y9991580

11813<8 Yrftkäãf cfgtra

5;1<;4;9 \rava-rfsca cfrrfsãf 1181=31 Xklagtk

Óokf lk jftfr XLS-<, 1;T-<9 Oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf XCS Draxa

5=5=;9
 =9 <449058< 90 =915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

Kspkc`h`caäûks

Kspkc`h`caäûks
Lkcaoquks lf jftfr 
Eá poaquktas lk `lkgt`h`caäãf gf jftfr, k gf casf lk
apo`caäûks jarêt`jas, tajmàj gfs trkgs lk hfräa.
 Aodujas poaquktas lk `lkgt`h`caäãf sãf jarcalas
cfj `lkgt`lalk lk gþjkrfs. Kssas `ghfrjaäûks
lkvkj skjprk skr usalas cfjf rkhkrîgc`a af sfo`c`tar 
uj skrv`äf fu pkäas lk rkpfs`äãf fu kgtrar kj
cfgtatf cfj fs rkvkglklfrks Xfovf Ykgta.

 
1 @g
@ghf
hfrj
rjaä
aäûk
ûkss lf
lf prf
prflu
lutf
tf
= @g
@ghf
hfrj
rjaä
aäûk
ûkss sfm
sfmrk
rk kj`s
kj`ssû
sûks
ks
3 @ghfrjaä
jaäûks lflf jf
jftfr 
< @L
@LKG
KG\@
\@H@
H@CA
CAÄÃÄÃF F LF CEAS
CEASS@S@
 <449058< 90 =915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A =1
 

Kspkc`h`caäûks

\frquks lk apkrtf dkra`s

Yarahusf Gj
Yarahusf J8 palrãf 19
Yarahusf J5 palrãf =<
Yarahusf J19 palrãf <5
Yarahusf J1= palrãf 5;
Yarahusf J1< palrãf 1<9
Yarahusf J18 palrãf ==9
GF\@H@CAÄÃF! Xkr`h`car fs parahusfs
lkst`galfs para a `gstaoaäãf. Yarahusfs
lag`h`calfs, pfr kxkjpof, cfj jarcas lk
c`saoeajkgtf sfm as camkäas, lkvkj skr 
lkscartalfs.
 == <449058< 90 =915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

Kspkc`h`caäûks

Kspkc`h`caäûks

Yrflutfs Xfovf Ykgta, tflfs fs jkrcalfs, kxcou`glf Ajàr`ca lf Gfrtk

Xfoujk lk óokf gf jftfr, `gcou`glf h`otrf. 38 o`trfs
\AL13<9XK / 134;XK>
\AL13<1DK / 13;;DK>

Óokf para jftfr. Y/G> ==39;050 ; o`trfs

Óokf para jftfr. Y/G> ==39;009 =9 o`trfs
Óokf para jftfr. Y/G> ==39;001 =95 o`trfs

Oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf, XCS ajarkof, cfgckgtralf. Y/G> ==;84=0; ; o`trfs

Oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf, XCS ajarkof, cfgckgtralf. Y/G> ==;84394 =19 o`trfs
Oêqu`lf
Oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf,
arrkhkc`jkgtf, XCS
XCS ajarkof,
ajarkof, j`sturalf
j`sturalf k prfgtf para usf.
usf. Y/G> ==;8431<
==;8431< ; o`trfs
Oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`
arrkhkc`jkgtf,
jkgtf, XCS
XCS ajarkof,
ajarkof, j`sturalf
j`sturalf k prfgtf para usf.
usf. Y/G> ==;843<9
==;843<9 =19 o`trfs
Quagt`lalk lk oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf XCS ajarkof, j`sturalf, prfgtf para usf =9 o`trfs
(jftfr + ral`alfr palrãf + jagduk`ras, tagquk lk kxpagsãf)
\AL13<9XK / 134;XK>

Quagt`lalk lk oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf XCS ajarkof, j`sturalf, prfgtf para usf =< o`trfs
(jftfr + ral`alfr palrãf + jagduk`ras, tagquk lk kxpagsãf)
\AL13<1DK / 13;;DK>
Fs vfoujks pflkj l`hkr`r sk a `gstaoaäãf pfssu`r 
ral`alfrks arrkhkcklfrks/ral`alfrks kxtras.
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A =3
 

Kspkc`h`caäûks

Yrflutfs Xfovf Ykgta para a Ajàr`ca lf Gfrtk

Xfoujk lk óokf gf jftfr, `gcou`glf h`otrf. 0,; daoãf ajkr`cagf
\AL13<9XK / 134;XK>
\AL13<1DK / 13;;DK>

Óokf para jftfr. Y/G> <999;911 (1 quartf lk daoãf lfs K[A) 1 quartf ajkr`cagf
Óokf para jftfr. Y/G> <999;91= (1 daoãf lfs K[AA) 1 daoãf ajkr`cagf
Óokf para jftfr. Y/G> <999;913 (; daoûks lfs K[A) ; daoûks ajkr`cagfs
Óokf para jftfr. Y/G> <999;91< (;; daoûks lfs K[A) ;; daoûks ajkr`cagfs

Oêqu`lf lk
lk ar
arrkhkc`jkgtf, X
XC
CS aj
ajarkof, ccf
fgckgtralf. Y/
Y/G> =
=1
1<5;91= 1 da
daoãf aj
ajkr`cagf
Oêqu`lf
Oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf,
arrkhkc`jkgtf, XCS
XCS ajarkof,
ajarkof, j`sturalf
j`sturalf k prfgtf para usf.
usf. Y/G> =1<5;91<
=1<5;91< 1 daoãf ajkr`cagf
ajkr`cagf
Quagt`lalk lk oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf XCS ajarkof, j`sturalf, prfgtf para usf ;,3 daoûks ajkr`cagfs
(jftfr + ral`alfr palrãf + jagduk`ras, tagquk lk kxpagsãf)
\AL13<9XK / 134;XK>

Quagt`lalk lk oêqu`lfs lk arrkhkc`jkgtf XCS ajarkof, j`sturalf, prfgtf para usf 8,3< daoûks ajkr`cagf
(jftfr + ral`alfr palrãf + jagduk`ras, tagquk lk kxpagsãf)
\AL13<1DK / 13;;DK>

Fs vfoujks pflkj l`hkr`r sk a `gstaoaäãf pfssu`r 

ral`alfrks arrkhkcklfrks/ral`alfrks kxtras.
 =< <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

Jftfr 

Jftfr 
Ofcao`zaäãf lf cfjpfgkgtk

 
1 Cfrrk`as lk tragsj`ssãf ; H`otrf lk cfjmustêvko
= Yurda, cfjmustêvko 8 Xarkta lk gêvko lk óokf
3 Cfgkctfr lk l`adgóst`cf 4 Mfcao lk amastkc`jkgtf lk óokf
< Yr
Yrà-
à-h`
h`ot
otrf
rf lk cfjm
cfjmus
ustê
têvk
vkoo
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A =;
 

Jftfr 

 
5 H`otrf lk ar 1= Lrkgadkj lf oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf, ral`alfr  
EL
0 \urmfcfjprkssfr 13 Munãf `ghkr`fr, lrkgadkj lk óokf
19 \agquk lk kxpagsãf, oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf 1< H`otrf lk óokf
11 Lrkgad
Lrkgadkj
kj lf oêqu`l
oêqu`lf
f lk arrkhkc
arrkhkc`jk
`jkgtf,
gtf, ral`
ral`alfr 
alfr  1; Lrkgad
Lrkgadkjkj lf oêqu`
oêqu`lf
lf lk arrkhk
arrkhkc`j
c`jkgt
kgtf,
f, mofcf
mofcf lf
palrãf jftfr 
 =8 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

Jftfr 

Yrfdrajaäãf lk jagutkgäãf
F jftfr Xfovf Ykgta k skus kqu`pajkgtfs hfraj prfnktalfs para prfpfrc`fgar aota cfgh`am`o`lalk k ofgda v`la
þt`o. F jftfr à hamr`calf lk jflf a causar uj `jpactf ajm`kgtao jêg`jf. Kstas quao`lalks skrãf jagt`las k
haoeas lk hugc`fgajkgtf lksgkckssár`as kv`talas sk as rkv`sûks hfrkj kxkcutalfs lk acfrlf cfj f ksqukja
lk jagutkgäãf.

@gtkrvaofs lk rkv`sãf
Fs `tkgs lk rkv`sãf pflkj skr kgcfgtralfs gfs ]kd`strfs lk skrv`äf l`spfgêvk`s para lfwgofal kj
www.vfovfpkgta.cfj.
Yksqu`sar sfm a du`a> Jagua`s.

@gtkrvaofs lk rkv`sãf kstkgl`lfs

F `gtkrvaof kgtrk as trfcas lk óokf lf jftfr pflk skr kstkgl`lf kj aodujas c`rcugstígc`as. Yara lktkrj`gar sk
f `gtkrvaof lk rkv`sãf pflk skr kstkgl`lf, as cfgl`äûks la Xfovf Ykgta para `gtkrvaofs lk rkv`sãf kstkgl`lfs
prkc`saj skr cujpr`las k uja agáo`sk lf óokf, rkao`zala, cfgsuotar S`stkja lk oumr`h`caäãf, a p. 30.
F rkprkskgtagtk Xfovf Ykgta pfssu` ja`s `ghfrjaäûks.

Quaglf as efras lk hugc`fgajkgtf k fs tkjpfs lk caokglár`f hfrkj kspkc`h`calfs, kxkcutar f `tkj lk

jagutkgäãf gf `gtkrvaof kj quk fcfrrkr pr`jk`rf.
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A =4
 

Jftfr 

@gspkäãf dkrao
@gspkäãf dkrao
Eam`tuk-sk a hazkr uja `gspkäãf v`suao gf
cfjpart`jkgtf lf jftfr k gf jftfr agtks lk lar a
part`la gf jftfr k após a fpkraäãf quaglf f jftfr 
kst`vkr lkso`dalf. @stf f anulará a lkscfmr`r 
rap`lajkgtk sk aodf agfrjao acfgtkcku fu kstá
prkstks a acfgtkckr.
Ksta `gspkäãf okva apkgas aodugs j`gutfs, jas pflk
kv`tar sàr`as lkh`c`îgc`as lk hugc`fgajkgtf k rkparfs
carfs.
 As `jadkgs sãf dkgàr`cas k apo`caj-sk a tflas as
`gstaoaäûks lk jftfr. Koas jfstraj apkgas uja
skokäãf lk cfjpfgkgtks k s`stkjas.
 A `gspkäãf sk apo`ca a tflfs fs cfjpfgkgtks gfs
s`stkjas.

Yrfcurar kspkc`aojkgtk pfr>

Xazajkgtf lk cfjmustêvko gas cfgkxûks lfs
`gnktfrks, tumuoaäûks/jagduk`ras lk cfjmustêvko,
cfjjfg ra`o, skgsfrks, h`otrf k mfjma lk
cfjmustêvko.
Xkr`h`car tflfs fs `tkgs h`xalfs.

Y99=8;53
 =5 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

Jftfr 

Cfgkxûks lf turmfcfjprkssfr cfj huda lk óokf,

tumuoaäûks/jagduk`ras lk óokf, skgsfrks, h`otrf k
cártkr lk óokf.
Xkr`h`car tflfs fs `tkgs h`xalfs.

Y99=8;5=

Huda lk oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf ga mfjma lk

oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf, rkskrvatór`f lk kxpagsãf,
ral`alfr lf oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf, ral`alfr lk
óokf, `gtkrcffokr, skgsfrks k jagduk`ras lf oêqu`lf
lk arrkhkc`jkgtf.
Xkr`h`car tflfs fs `tkgs h`xalfs.

Y99=8;51

Xkr`h`car tajmàj>
Cfrrk`as lk tragsj`ssãf
H`aäãf lag`h`cala
H`aäãf sfotas
H`xalfrks sfotfs
Jagduk`ras lk kscapk
Jagduk`ras/cfgkxûks lk jagduk`ra para
tragsj`ssûks

 AX@SF!
 Acþjuofs lk cfjmustêvko, óokf k draxa gf jftfr fu
ga casa las jáqu`gas rkprkskgtaj r`scf lk `gcîgl`f
k lkvkj skr rkjfv`lfs ass`j quk lktkctalfs.
 AX@SF!
 Af sk lktkctar uj vazajkgtf lk óokf, cfjmustêvko fu
oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf, `gvkst`dar a causa k
sfouc`fgar a haoea agtks lk lar a part`la gf jftfr, para
kv`tar r`scf lk `gcîgl`f.
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A =0
 

Jftfr 

Cfgskoefs dkra`s para prftkäãf

kokctrüg`ca
As rkcfjkglaäûks a skdu`r lkvkj skr skdu`las ◆ Gugca
Gugca lkso`
lkso`dar
dar a cfrrkg
cfrrkgtk
tk cfj
cfj a ceavk
ceavk pr`gc`p
pr`gc`pao
ao
para kv`tar lagfs é ug`lalk lk cfgtrfok lf jftfr  quaglf f jftfr kst`vkr kj fpkraäãf.
k a futrfs cfjpfgkgtks koktrüg`cfs. ◆ Gugca
Gugca rkt`r
rkt`rar
ar f camf
camf la matkr`
matkr`a
a quaglf
quaglf f jftfr 
jftfr 
kst`vkr kj fpkraäãf.
A\KGÄÃF! ◆ Lkso`d
Lkso`dar
ar as ceavks
ceavks dkra`
dkra`ss fu lkscfgk
lkscfgkcta
ctarr fs camfs
camfs
Lkscfgkctar a ceavk dkrao agtks lk cfgkctar fu la matkr`a luragtk uja carda ráp`la las matkr`as.
lkscfgkctar uj cfgkctfr. ◆ GF\@H@CAÄÃF! Gãf à gkckssár`f lkso`dar as
ceavks dkra`s luragtk a carda gfrjao lk
jagutkgäãf.
◆ Sfjkgtk
Sfjkgtk matk
matkr`as
r`as pflkj
pflkj skr usalas
usalas para
para a anula
anula
ga part`la. [j camf aux`o`ar lk part`la pflk
hfrgkckr tkgsãf ju`tf aota k lag`h`car a ug`lalk lk
cfgtrfok k fs lkja`s cfjpfgkgtks koktrüg`cfs.
◆ \fjar
\fjar kxtrkj
kxtrkjf f cu`lal
cu`lalf
f lk jflf
jflf quk
quk fs tkrj`
tkrj`ga`
ga`ss
lfs h`fs koàtr`cfs gãf kgtrkj kj cfgtatf cfj óokf,
ádua fu sunk`ra sk uj cfgkctfr hfr rkjfv`lf lk uj
skgsfr.

F cfgkctfr
jftfr cfjflk l`adgóst`cf ofcao`za-sk ga oatkrao lf
jfstralf.

 
 39 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

Jftfr 

H`otrf lk ar 
F h`otrf lk ar lf jftfr kstá `gstaoalf kj uja carcaäa
quk à cfgkctala af tumf lk kgtrala lf
turmfcfjprkssfr.

Sumst`tu`äãf lf h`otrf lk ar 

1 Amr`r fs rktkgtfrks k rkjfvkr a tajpa.
= ]kjfvkr f h`otrf (1) puxaglf-f/maoagäaglf-f
cu`lalfsajkgtk kj o`gea rkta para hfra.
3 O`jpar af rklfr lfs pfgtfs lk h`xaäãf.
< @gstaoar f gfvf h`otrf.
; ]k`gstaoar a tajpa k hkcear fs rktkgtfrks.

GF\A! Lkscartar f h`otrf agt`df. Gãf à hk`tf para skr 

o`jpf.
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 31
 

Jftfr 

Xkgt`oaäãf lf cártkr, \rfca lf h`otrf

Skparalfr lf cártkr 
1 Gãf rkqukr jagutkgäãf.

Y99=83=1
 
 3= <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

Jftfr 

A`r h`otkr Cfjprkssfr, h`otkr rkpoack

GF\A! [g`vkrsaom`ol bag hørkbfjja fo`ba typkr av
h`otkr.

1 Ofssa soagdboìjjag.
= \a mfrt ouhth`otrkt.
3 Sìtt l`t gytt h`otkr.
< Lrad hast soagdboìjjag.
 Ëtlradg`gdsjfjkgt> ; Gj

Y99=80=4
 
Xáovuoas, Anustk

F anustk la hfoda la váovuoa à uja tarkha a skr 

kxkcutala pfr pkssfao lk fh`c`ga quao`h`calf.
Cfgsuotar f Jaguao la Fh`c`ga.
Fmskrvar f `gtkrvaof ga prfdrajaäãf lk jagutkgäãf
para f sku jftfr.

Y99=83;;
 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 33
 

S`stkja lk oumr`h`caäãf

S`stkja lk oumr`h`caäãf
Quaglf vfcî tramaoear cfj
prflutfs quêj`cfs, cfjmustêvko k
óokf lk oumr`h`caäãf, \rfca
GF\A! Apo`car crkjk lk prftkäãf gas jãfs k usar 
skjprk ouvas lk prftkäãf gfs tramaoefs quk kgvfovkj
cfgtatf cfj óokf, cfjmustêvko k s`j`oarks. F cfgtatf
cfgtêguf cfj a pkok cfj óokf lk jftfr rksskca a pkok
k pflk skr pkr`dfsf.

\rfca lf óokf lf jftfr 

\rfcar f óokf k f h`otrf lf jftfr lkgtrf fs `gtkrvaofs
rkcfjkglalfs lk jagutkgäãf.

Y99=49=;
 
 3< <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk oumr`h`caäãf

Lrkgar f óokf lf jftfr cfgkctaglf uja mfjma af

fr`hêc`f la varkta lk gêvko lk óokf k rkt`rar f óokf para
hfra.

Y99=80<<
 
 Aotkrgat`vajkgtk, cfgkctar pkrjagkgtkjkgtk uja
mfjma jaguao af munãf `ghkr`fr (rkcfjkglalf).
GF\A! Sk f óokf lf jftfr kst`vkr qukgtk, kok skrá
lrkgalf ja`s ráp`lf.
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 3;
 

S`stkja lk oumr`h`caäãf

H`otrf lk óokf, \rfca

]kcfjkglajfs kghat`cajkgtk usar sfjkgtk h`otrfs
lk óokf aprfvalfs pkoa Xfovf Ykgta.
F t`pf `gcfrrktf lk h`otrf lk óokf pflk
pf lk okvar a uj ja`fr 
lksdastk k a lagfs, pfr kxkjpof, lfs rfoajkgtfs k
la árvfrk lk jag`vkoas.

Y99=49=8
 
]kjfäãf
1 Sfotar fs h`otrfs lk óokf cfj uj kxtratfr 
ug`vkrsao.
= O`jpar f kgca`xk gf aofnajkgtf lf h`otrf.

Y99=49=4

 
 38 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk oumr`h`caäãf

@gstaoaäãf
3 Oumr`h`car f gfvf agko ‟F‚ cfj óokf lk jftfr 
agtks la `gstaoaäãf.

 
< @gstaoar as gfvas tumuoaäûks lk prkssãf.

Y99=49=5
 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 34
 

S`stkja lk oumr`h`caäãf

; Apkrtar cfj as jãfs atà quk as supkrhêc`ks sk

tfqukj k kgtãf d`rar ja`s jk`a vfota.

Y99=49=0
 
8 Amastkckr cfj vfoujk lk óokf gkckssár`f,
cfgsuotar Kspkc`h`caäûks, a p. =3.
4 Lar a part`la gf jftfr.
5 Xkr`h`car sk gãf eá vazajkgtf.
0 Após hugc`fgar f jftfr pfr aodugs j`gutfs,
lkso`dar k vkr`h`car f gêvko lk óokf.
19 Amastkckr, sk gkckssár`f.
 35 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk oumr`h`caäãf

Agáo`sk lk óokf Xfovf Ykgta

 A agáo`sk lk óokf Xfovf Ykgta hfrgkck uja kxtkgsa
vkr`h`caäãf lk l`adgóst`cf sfmrk a cfgl`äãf lf trkj
lk hfräa. A agáo`sk lk óokf hfrgkck `ghfrjaäûks, pfr 
kxkjpof, sfmrk f tkfr lk ádua k lk cfjmustêvko,
sunk`ra k quagt`lalk lk partêcuoas jktáo`cas gf óokf,
cfjf rksuotalf lf lksdastk lk cfjpfgkgtks.
Draäas a s`ga`s lk av`sf agtkc`palfs hfrgkc`lfs pkoa
agáo`sk lk óokf,
prkvkgt`va pflk-sk poagknar
k sumst`tu`äãf a jagutkgäãf
lk cfjpfgkgtks, lk hfrja
quk sk pflk kv`tar lkso`dajkgtfs gãf poagknalfs.
 Aodugs jftfrks pkrj`tkj quk fs `gtkrvaofs lk trfca
lk óokf sknaj ajpo`alfs. Eá lf`s l`hkrkgtks rkd`strfs
lk jagutkgäãf l`spfgêvk`s para kssks jftfrks.
Cfgsuotar f Xfovf Ykgta Yrfluct Ckgtkr 
 A h`j lk samkr ja`s sfmrk a Agáo`sk lk óokf Xfovf
Ykgta, rkcfjkglajfs f gfssf trk`gajkgtf fg-o`gk.

 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 30
 

S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko

S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko
Dkrao
F s`stkja lk cfjmustêvko pfssu` uj h`otrf lk h`gfs (1)
k uj prà-h`otrf (=) `gstaoalfs.

 
 <9 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko

Yrà-h`otrf lk cfjmustêvko, \rfca

 C[@LALF!
]`scf lk oksûks ga pkok.

GF\A! Kstkna prkparalf para cfoktar f hou`lf.

]kjfäãf
1 ]kjfvkr f cfgkctfr lf skgsfr lf skparalfr lk
ádua.

Y99=493<
 
= Amr`r f mfcao lk lrkgadkj ga mask lf skparalfr 
lk ádua. Lrkgar f h`otrf.
3 ]k`gstaoar f mfcao lk lrkgadkj k apkrtar 
h`rjkjkgtk.
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A <1
 

S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko

< ]kjfvkr f prà-h`otrf nugtf cfj a skäãf `ghkr`fr lf

skparalfr lk ádua. [sar uj kxtratfr ug`vkrsao
para f h`otrf lk óokf.

Y99=493;
 
; ]kjfvkr a skäãf `ghkr`fr lf skparalfr lk ádua
k f agko ‟F‚ lf h`otrf.

Y99=80;3
 
 <= <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko

8 O`jpar a skäãf `ghkr`fr lf skparalfr lk ádua k

as supkrhêc`ks lk cfgtatf. Xkr`h`car sk f h`otrf k f
fr`hêc`f lk lrkgadkj ga skäãf `ghkr`fr gãf kstãf
fmstruêlfs.

 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A <3
 

S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko

@gstaoaäãf
1 @gstaoar uj gfvf agko ‟F‚. Oumr`h`car a vklaäãf
cfj l`ksko.
@gstaoar a partk `ghkr`fr lf skparalfr lk ádua.

Y99=80;3
 
= Oumr`h`car a supkrhêc`k lk vklaäãf cfj l`ksko k
parahusar f gfvf h`otrf gf supfrtk lf h`otrf cfj a
jãf atà a vklaäãf tfcar ga supkrhêc`k lk
vklaäãf.
Kj skdu`la, apkrtar ja`s 1/= vfota.

Y99=4938
 
 << <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko

3 Cfgkctar f cfgkctfr.
< Amr`r a tajpa lk cfjmustêvko k sagdrar f prà-
h`otrf lk cfjmustêvko2 cfgsuotar S`stkja lk
cfjmustêvko, sagdr`a, a p. <5 . Xkr`h`car sk eá
vazajkgtf.

Y99=493<
 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A <;
 

S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko

H`otrf lk cfjmustêvko, \rfca

@JYF]\AG\K!
Yrftkdkr cfgtra sunk`ra kgquagtf f tramaoef kstá kj
aglajkgtf.
GF\A! Kstkna prkparalf para cfoktar f hou`lf.

]kjfäãf
1 ]kjfvkr f h`otrf lk cfjmustêvko cfj a anula lk
uj kxtratfr lk h`otrf alkqualf. Lk`xar f
cfjmustêvko lrkgar para lkgtrf lk uj rkc`p`kgtk
lk cfokta.
= O`jpar af rklfr la supkrhêc`k lk vklaäãf lf
aofnajkgtf lf h`otrf.

Y99=49<1
 
 <8 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko

@gstaoaäãf
GF\A! Gãf amastkckr f gfvf h`otrf cfj cfjmustêvko
agtks la `gstaoaäãf2 eá r`scf lkssa cfgtaj`gaäãf
prfvfcar jao hugc`fgajkgtf.

1 Oumr`h`car a supkrhêc`k lk vklaäãf cfj l`ksko k

`gstaoar f gfvf h`otrf lk cfjmustêvko. Apkrtar lk
acfrlf cfj as `gstruäûks gf h`otrf.

= Xkgt`oar f s`stkja lk cfjmustêvko2 S`stkja

lk cfjmustêvko, sagdr`a, a p. <5 . vkr
3 Hugc`fgar f jftfr k vkr`h`car a kvkgtuao prkskgäa
lk hudas.

Y99=49<=
 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A <4
 

S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko

S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko, sagdr`a

 C[@LALF!
Gugca lkscfgkctar uja o`gea lk cfjmustêvko fu
cfjpfgkgtk após a mfjma lk cfjmustêvko tkr s`lf
sagdrala. F cfjmustêvko kstá sfm uja prkssãf ju`tf
aota k pflkrá pkgktrar a pkok.

GF\A! Xkr`h`car sk eá cfjmustêvko suh`c`kgtk gf

tagquk k sk gkgeuj rkd`strf lk cfjmustêvko kstá

amkrtf.

1 D`rar a mfjma jaguaojkgtk atà o`mkrá-oa lf

supfrtk lf h`otrf lk cfjmustêvko.

Y99=49<3
 
= Amr`r f mfcao lk purda ga cfgkxãf l`agtk`ra lk
cfjmustêvko, pkrtf la tajpa la váovuoa k `gstaoar 
uja jagduk`ra.
3 Cfgkctar uja jagduk`ra k darraha/rkckptácuof
ga futra kxtrkj`lalk la jagduk`ra para cfoktar 
f cfjmustêvko af hazkr a purda.

Y99=49<<
 
 <5 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko

< Yurdar f s`stkja lk cfjmustêvko mfjmkaglf

cfj a mfjma jaguao atà quk f cfjmustêvko
cfjm ustêvko houa
skj mfoeas.

Y99=49<;
 
; Hkcear f mfcao.
\frquk lk apkrtf> 3,; Gj
8 ]kjfvkr a jagduk`ra k `gstaoar a tajpa lk
prftkäãf.

Y99=49<<
 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A <0
 

S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko

4 Apkrtar a mfjma lk cfjmustêvko jaguaojkgtk.

5 O`jpar quaoqukr cfjmustêvko lkrrajalf.
0 Hugc`fgar f jftfr k lk`xá-of hugc`fgaglf kj
jarcea okgta.
19 Xkr`h`car sk gãf eá vazajkgtfs.

Y99=49<3
 
 ;9 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk kscapk

S`stkja lk kscapk
\urmfcfjprkssfr, @gspkäãf
@gspkäãf la tumuoaäãf lk alj`ssãf lk ar k lf
turmfcfjprkssfr 
1 ]kjfvkr a dralk lk prftkäãf.

  = ]kjfvkr f cagf lk kgtrala lf turmfcfjprkssfr 

(1).
3 ]kjfvkr f cagf lk kscapk lf turmfcfjprkssfr 
(1).
< Xkr`h`car f turmfcfjprkssfr cfj rkoaäãf a lagfs
af cfjprkssfr k és rflas la turm`ga.
; Gf casf lk lagfs, sumst`tu`r f turmfcfjprkssfr 
ga sua tftao`lalk.

GF\A! ]kcfjkglajfs quk a sumst`tu`äãf lf

turmfcfjprkssfr skna hk`ta pfr fh`c`ga la Xfovf Ykgta.
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A ;1
 

S`stkja lk kscapk

\umf lf ar lk alj`ssãf, Xkr`h`caäãf

lf vazajkgtf
@gspkc`fgar a cfgl`äãf las cfgkxûks k las
amraäalk`ras la jagduk`ra lf ar lk carda, quagtf a
tr`gcas k futrfs lagfs. Sumst`tu`r sk gkckssár`f.

 
 ;= <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk kscapk

]kshr`alfr lf KD]
]kshr`alfr lf KD]
Cfgsuotar a prfdrajaäãf lk jagutkgäãf para f a
o`jpkza lf jftfr fu sumst`tu`äãf lf arrkhkcklfr lf
KD].
Kstk tramaoef lkvk skr rkao`zalf pfr pkssfao trk`galf
la fh`c`ga. Cfgsuotar a o`tkratura la fh`c`ga para fmtkr 
ja`s `ghfrjaäûks sfmrk as f jftfr kj qukstãf.
GF\A! Gkj tflfs fs jftfrks sãf kqu`palfs cfj
arrkhkcklfrks KD].
GF\A! Arrkhkcklfr KD] jfstralf para h`gs lk
`oustraäãf. F prfnktf k a h`xaäãf l`hkrkj kgtrk fs
l`hkrkgtks jftfrks.

 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A ;3
 

S`stkja lk kscapk

S`stkja SC]
Fs jftfrks cfj SC] lk pós-tratajkgtf tîj h`otrfs
quk prkc`saj skr sumst`tuêlfs. Xkr`h`car fs `gtkrvaofs
lk sumst`tu`äãf gf poagf lk jagutkgäãf para f sku
jftfr.
Yfs`äãf gf h`otrf la ug`lalk la mfjma (skta)

 
H`otrf lk ar atà f tagquk lk urk`a/LKH (skta).
 ;< <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk kscapk

GF\A! Jagtkr uj gêvko aotf lk o`jpkza af tramaoear 

cfj f s`stkja SC]. O`jpar af rklfr las tajpas k
cfgkxûks agtks lk cfjkäar a tramaoear. Ckrt`h`car-sk
lk quk f h`otrf k as nugtas gãf kgtrkj
kg trkj kj cfgtatf cfj
as supkrhêc`ks sunas agtks la `gstaoaäãf.

Sumst`tu`äãf lf h`otrf para a mfjma lk urk`a/LKH

1 Lkso`dar f jftfr. Aduarlar atà quk a ug`lalk la
mfjma park, uja vkz quk koa pfssu` uja

skquîgc`a lk ksvaz`ajkgtf la jagduk`ra.

= Lkscfgkctar f tkrj`gao gkdat`vf la matkr`a.
3 Cfofcar uj rkc`p`kgtk lk cfokta alkqualf sfm a
tajpa lf h`otrf.

Y991038<
 
< ]kjfvkr a tajpa lf h`otrf.

Y9910350
 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A ;;
 

S`stkja lk kscapk

; [sar f sacalfr (hfrgkc`lf cfj f b`t lf h`otrf) para

rkjfvkr f h`otrf, pr`jk`rf prkss`fgaglf-f para
lkgtrf lf hurf lf h`otrf atà fuv`r uj co`quk.
8 ]kjfvkr f h`otrf.

Y9910309
 
4 @gstaoar f gfvf h`otrf (1).
@gstaoar a nugta lk mfrracea (=).
Yarahusar a tajpa lf h`otrf (3) lk vfota.

Y9910301
 
 ;8 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk kscapk

5 Apkrtar a tajpa.
\frquk a skr apo`calf> =9 +; Gj
(1<.5 +3,85 omh pà)

Y991030=
 
0 ]kcfgkctar f camf gkdat`vf la matkr`a.
19 Lar a part`la gf jftfr. Xkr`h`car a fpkraäãf k
`gspkc`fgar quagtf a vazajkgtfs.
11 Kxcou`r tflfs fs cól`dfs lk haoea.

Y991038;
 
GF\A! Cu`lar cfrrktajkgtk lf kqu`pajkgtfs k la
sfmra la sfouäãf lk urk`a/LKH.

p9913==;

 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A ;4
 

S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf
Gêvko lf oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf,
ar rkhkc`jkgtf,
Xkr`h`car k cfjpoktar 
F s`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf `gtkrgf lf jftfr daragtk
quk f jftfr hugc`fgk ga tkjpkratura cfrrkta. À uj
s`stkja hkcealf quk lkvk skjprk skr prkkgce`lf cfj
uja j`stura lk oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf cfgckgtralf
k ádua para prftkdkr f jftfr cfgtra cfrrfsãf `gtkrga,
cav`taäãf k kstfurf pfr cfgdkoajkgtf.
GF\A! Gãf j`sturar l`hkrkgtks t`pfs lk oêqu`lfs lk
arrkhkc`jkgtf.

 AX@SF!
Gãf amr`r a tajpa lf mfcao lk kgce`jkgtf lf oêqu`lf
lk arrkhkc`jkgtf quaglf f jftfr kst`vkr qukgtk.
Xapfr pflkrá sa`r fu hou`lf qukgtk pflkrá sa`r 
prfvfcaglf quk`jaluras dravks.

1 Xkr`h`car f gêvko lk oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf gf

tagquk lk kxpagsãf.
= Cfjpoktar cfj oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf
cfghfrjk a gkckss`lalk (1) lk jflf quk f gêvko
h`quk kgtrk as jarcas lk JÊG k JÁU.

Y99=8013

 
 ;5 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

\rfca lf oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

1 Amr`r a tajpa lf mfcao lk amastkc`jkgtf (1).

Y99=8013
 
= Cfgkctar uja jagduk`ra lk lrkgadkj k lrkgar 
f oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf para hfra lf ral`alfr.
F mfcao lk lrkgadkj kstá ofcao`zalf sfm fs
ral`alfrks palrãf k ga oatkrao lfs ral`alfrks
EL.

Y99=801<
 
3 Cfgkctar uja jagduk`ra lk lrkgadkj gf mofcf
lf jftfr k lrkgar f oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf lf
jftfr. [sar uj rkc`p`kgtk para cfoktar f oêqu`lf
lk arrkhkc`jkgtf.
< ]kjfvkr as jagduk`ras k hkcear fs mfca`s/
rkd`strfs.
; ]kamastkckr cfj hou`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf gfvf,
rkcfjkglalf pkoa Xfovf Ykgta.

GF\A! F lkskjpkgef lk arrkhkc`jkgtf à rkluz`lf

pfr lkpós`tfs gf ral`alfr k gas daokr`as lk
arrkhkc`jkgtf. F s`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf lkvk skr 
oavalf quaglf f oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf hfr 
sumst`tuêlf. A o`jpkza lf s`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf à
lkscr`ta ga o`tkratura la Fh`c`ga.

GF\A!  Xkr`h`car
fs agfs, a prftkäãf
sk f oêqu`lf agt`cfgdkoajkgtf
lk arrkhkc`jkgtf gãf hfr tflfs
sumst`tuêlf.
Y99=49<4
 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A ;0
 

S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

Amastkc`jkgtf lk uj s`stkja cfjpoktajkgtk

vaz`f
J`sturar f oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf agtkc`palajkgtk
para asskdurar quk f s`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf kstkna
amastkc`lf cfj a j`stura cfrrkta (apo`ca-sk a oêqu`lf
lk arrkhkc`jkgtf cfgckgtralf).
Sk a ug`lalk lk aqukc`jkgtf kst`vkr cfgkctala af
s`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf lf jftfr, as suas váovuoas
lkvkj skr amkrtas k a `gstaoaäãf sagdrala luragtk f
amastkc`jkgtf.
GF\A! F jftfr gãf pflk skr o`dalf atà quk f s`stkja
kstkna amastkc`lf.

1 Xkr`h`car sk tflfs fs pfgtfs lk lrkgadkj kstãf

hkcealfs.
= Amr`r a tajpa lf mfcao lk amastkc`jkgtf (1).
3 Cfjpoktar f gêvko k vkr`h`car sk f gêvko lf oêqu`lf
lk arrkhkc`jkgtf kstá kgtrk as jarcas JAU k
J@G gf tagquk lk kxpagsãf.
< Lar part`la gf jftfr quaglf f s`stkja lk
arrkhkc`jkgtf kst`vkr cfjpoktajkgtk amastkc`lf
k vkgt`oalf.
; Amr`r tflfs fs mfca`s lk vkgt`oaäãf ofdf após a
part`la lf jftfr para lk`xar f ar prksf kscapar.
8 Hugc`fgar uj pfucf f jftfr kj jarcea okgta.
4 Aujkgtar as rftaäûks lf jftfr pfr aodugs
j`gutfs. Lkso`dar f jftfr k vkr`h`car f gêvko lf
oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf.
5 Hugc`fgar f jftfr atà f tkrjfstatf amr`r.
Xkr`h`car f gêvko gfvajkgtk quaglf f jftfr 
  kst`vkr hr`f. Cfjpoktar, sk gkckssár`f.

GF\A! Amastkckr cfj oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

sfjkgtk quaglf f jftfr kst`vkr hr`f k lkso`dalf.
 Amastkckr okgtajkgtk para pkrj`t`r quk f ar sa`a.
 89 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

Cfgnugtf lf ral`alfr, \rfca

Sumst`tu`glf a cfrrk`a lk tragsj`ssãf
Yflk skr gkckssár`f rkjfvkr f cfgnugtf lf ral`alfr 
para trfcar a cfrrk`ra lk tragsj`ssãf.
 A sumst`tu`äãf la cfrrk`a à cfmkrta cfjf uj `tkj
skparalf após kstk capêtuof.
@JYF]\AG\K!
Lkso`duk a ceavk pr`gc`pao agtks lk rkao`zar quaoqukr 
tramaoef.

]kjfäãf
1 Lrkgar f oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf lf ral`alfr k
lf jftfr (lrkgf ofcao`zalf sfm f ral`alfr palrãf
k af oalf lf ral`alfr EL).
Kstkna prkparalf para cfoktar fs hou`lfs.

Y99=801<
 

Y99=49<5
 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 81
 

S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

= ]kjfvkr as jagduk`ras lf oalf ksqukrlf kgtrk

f jftfr k f ral`alfr.

 
3 ]kjfvkr as jagduk`ras lf oalf ksqukrlf kgtrk
f jftfr k f ral`alfr.
Sfotar a tajpa lf h`otrf.
 8= <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

< ]kjfvkr as jagduk`ras kgtrk f jftfr k f tagquk

lk kxpagsãf.

 
; ]kjfvkr a prftkäãf f vkgt`oalfr k sfotar f
cfgkctfr (1) lf skgsfr lk oêqu`lf lk
arrkhkc`jkgtf. A prftkäãf la cfrrk`a cfgs`stk lk
skäûks.
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 83
 

S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

8 ]kjfvkr f supfrtk lf ral`alfr kgtrk f jftfr k f

ral`alfr.

 
4 Yrkglkr f ral`alfr a uj l`spfs`t`vf lk kokvaäãf.
Sfotar f supfrtk `ghkr`fr k o`mkrar f ral`alfr para

jagutkgäãf.
5 ]kjfvkr f vkgt`oalfr sk a cfrrk`a gãf pulkr skr 
okvagtala pfr c`ja lkok.
0 As cfrrk`as adfra sãf sumst`tuêlas2 vkr Cfrrk`a
lk ac`fgajkgtf, trfca, a p. 88 .
 8< <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

@gstaoaäãf
@gstaoar f cfgnugtf lf ral`alfr ga frlkj `gvkrsa.
 Aprfvk`tar a fpfrtug`lalk para oavar f ral`alfr k f
jftfr `gtkrgajkgtk. Cfgsuotar as `gstruäûks gf
jaguao la fh`c`ga.
 Amastkckr cfj oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf2 cfgsuotar 
Gêvko lf oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf, Xkr`h`car k

cfjpoktar, a p. ;5 .
O`dar a ceavk dkrao.

 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 8;
 

S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

Cfrrk`a lk ac`fgajkgtf, trfca

Cfrrk`a lk tragsj`ssãf, mfjma l'ádua

GF\A! Sumst`tu`r skjprk as cfrrk`as quk aparkgtkj

kstar dfrlurfsas, dastas fu lag`h`calas.

]kjfäãf
 C[@LALF!
]`scf lk prkglkr fs lklfs. Jagtkgea fs lklfs ofgdk.

1 O`jpar f kspaäf ga hrkgtk lf jftfr. ]kjfvkr a

prftkäãf lf vkgt`oalfr lf jftfr, f vkgt`oalfr lk
arrkhkc`jkgtf k f agko lf vkgt`oalfr. Sk
gkckssár`f, rkjfvkr tajmàj f cfgnugtf lf
ral`alfr.
= @gskr`r a hkrrajkgta gf tkgs`fgalfr la cfrrk`a
(1).
3 ]kt`rar a carda lf tkgs`fgalfr la cfrrk`a (1) k
rkjfvkr a cfrrk`a.
< Xkr`h`car f hugc`fgajkgtf la tkgsãf la cfrrk`a
fu fs rfoajkgtfs la rfla `gtkrjkl`ár`a. A rfla
`gtkrjkl`ár`a prkc`sa skr sumst`tuêla sk efuvkr 
hfoda gfs rfoajkgtfs.

Y99=49<0
 
 88 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

@gstaoaäãf
1 @gskr`r a hkrrajkgta gf tkgs`fgalfr la cfrrk`a
(1).
= Sfotar a tkgsãf gf tkgs`fgalfr lk cfrrk`a (1) k
`gstaoar a gfva váovuoa lk skduragäa.
3 @gstaoar f tkgs`fgalfr la cfrrk`a (1) k vkr`h`car 
tajmàj sk a cfrrk`a kstá cfrrktajkgtk ao`geala
kj tflas as pfo`as.
< @gstaoar uja prftkäãf lf vkgt`oalfr af rklfr lf
vkgt`oalfr lk arrkhkc`jkgtf k `gstaoar f cfgnugtf
lf ral`alfr sk t`vkr s`lf rkjfv`lf.

Xkr`h`caäãf
 A cfrrk`a tkj uj tkgs`fgalfr autfját`cf lk cfrrk`a k,
pfrtagtf, gãf prkc`sa skr anustala.

Y99=49<0
 
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 84
 

S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

Cfrrk`a lk ac`fgajkgtf, aotkrgalfr 

]kjfäãf
 C[@LALF!
]`scf lk prkglkr fs lklfs. Jagtkgea fs lklfs ofgdk.

1 O`jpar f kspaäf ga hrkgtk lf jftfr. ]kjfvkr a

prftkäãf lf vkgt`oalfr lf jftfr, f vkgt`oalfr lk
arrkhkc`jkgtf
gkckssár`f, k f agko
rkjfvkr lf vkgt`oalfr.
tajmàj Sk lf
f cfgnugtf
ral`alfr.
= @gskr`r a hkrrajkgta gf tkgs`fgalfr la cfrrk`a
(1).
3 O`mkrar a tkgsãf lf tkgs`fgalfr la cfrrk`a (1), k
rkt`rar a cfrrk`a lk ac`fgajkgtf la mfjma lk
ádua.
< @gskr`r a hkrrajkgta gf tkgs`fgalfr la cfrrk`a
(=).
; O`mkrar a tkgsãf lf tkgs`fgalfr la cfrrk`a (=), k
rkt`rar a cfrrk`a lk ac`fgajkgtf la mfjma lk
ádua.

8 Xkr`h`cark ffshugc`fgajkgtf
cfrrk`a rfoajkgtfs lalf tkgs`fgalfr
rfla la A
`gtkrjkl`ár`a.
Y99=49;9 rfla `gtkrjkl`ár`a prkc`sa skr sumst`tuêla sk
  efuvkr hfoda gfs rfoajkgtfs.
 85 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf

@gstaoaäãf
1 @gskr`r a hkrrajkgta gf tkgs`fgalfr lk cfrrk`a (=)
k o`mkrar a tkgsãf gf tkgs`fgalfr.
= @gstaoar a gfva cfrrk`a lf dkralfr.
3 @gstaoar f tkgs`fgalfr la cfrrk`a (=) k vkr`h`car 
tajmàj sk a cfrrk`a lf aotkrgalfr kstá
cfrrktajkgtk ao`geala kj tflas as pfo`as.

< Sfotar
prkglkra atkgsãf gflk
cfrrk`a tkgs`fgalfr lkga
tragsj`ssãf cfrrk`a
mfjma (1)lk
k
ádua.
; @gstaoar f tkgs`fgalfr la cfrrk`a (1) k vkr`h`car 
tajmàj sk cfrrk`ra la mfjma lk ádua kstá
cfrrktajkgtk ao`geala kj tflas as pfo`as.
8 @gstaoar uja prftkäãf lf vkgt`oalfr af rklfr lf
ral`alfr k `gstaoar f cfgnugtf lf ral`alfr sk t`vkr 
s`lf rkjfv`lf.

Xkr`h`caäãf
Y99=49;9  A cfrrk`a tkj uj tkgs`fgalfr autfját`cf lk cfrrk`a k,
  pfrtagtf, gãf prkc`sa skr anustala.
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 80
 

 Arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf

Arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf

F jftfr k futrfs kqu`pajkgtfs lkvkj skr cfgskrvalfs para kv`tar lagfs luragtk atracaäãf kstkgl`la (<-8
jksks fu ja`s). A cfgskrvaäãf prftkdk f jftfr cfgtra cfgdkoajkgtf k lagfs pfr cfrrfsãf.
 A o`sta lk vkr`h`caäãf ama`xf amragdk fs pfgtfs ja`s `jpfrtagtks para f jftfr. Agtks lk rkt`rar f jftfr lk
fpkraäãf pfr uj pkrêflf lk tkjpf ofgdf, rkcfjkglajfs vkr`h`car sk eá gkckss`lalk lk jagutkgäãf fu rkparf.

A\KGÄÃF!
Oavadkj cfj oavalfra lk aota prkssãf> Gugca l`rkc`fgar f natf lk ádua para fs ral`alfrks, `gtkrcffokr,
vklaäûks, jagduk`ras lk mfrracea fu cfjpfgkgtks koàtr`cfs.
• Yara rkt`rala lk fpkraäãf ac`ja lk 5 jksks>
\rfcar f óokf lf jftfr k f h`otrf lk óokf lf jftfr k,
kj skdu`la, hugc`fgar f jftfr atà a tkjpkratura lk
fpkraäãf.
• Xkr`h`car sk f gêvko lf oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf
pfssu` as quao`lalks agt`cfgdkoagtks kx`d`las.
Cfjpoktar, sk gkckssár`f.
• Lrkgar tfla a ádua, rkt`rar a sunk`ra k a oaja lf h`otrf
lk cfjmustêvko k lf tagquk lk cfjmustêvko. Kgcekr 
cfjpoktajkgtk f tagquk lk cfjmustêvko para kv`tar 
a cfglkgsaäãf.
• Lkscfgkctar fs camfs la matkr`a, o`jpar k carrkdar 
askqu`pajkgtf
f matkr`as. Jagtkr a carda
kst`vkr las matkr`as
kj tkrra. kgquagtf
[ja matkr`a cfj
carda `gsuh`c`kgtk pflk cfgdkoar k kxpofl`r.
• O`jpar a partk kxtkrga lf jftfr. Gãf usar oavalfra
lk aota prkssãf para o`jpar f jftfr.
 
• ]ktfcar quaoqukr lagf é p`gtura cfj t`gta fr`d`gao
la Xfovf Ykgta fu t`gta la jksja quao`lalk.
• Cfofcar uja kt`qukta lk fmskrvaäãf gf jftfr cfj
a lata, t`pf lk cfgskrvaäãf k f óokf lk
cfgskrvaäãf usalf.
• Cfmr`r f h`otrf lk ar, f tumf lk kscapk k f jftfr, sk
gkckssár`f.
Xkr Mfokt`j lk Skrv`äf> 9;-=-19<
 49 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

 Arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf

]kcfj`ss`fgajkgtf

• Xkr`h`car a(s) cfrrk`a(s) lk tragsj`ssãf.

• Xkr`h`car a cfgl`äãf lk tflas as jagduk`ras lk
mfrracea.
• Xkr`h`caäãf las amraäalk`ras la jagduk`ra.
• Xkr`h`car f gêvko lf oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf.
Cfjpoktar, sk gkckssár`f.

• Cfgkctar as matkr`as tftaojkgtk carrkdalas.

• ]kjfvkr as tajpas lf h`otrf lk ar k f tumf lk
kscapk.
• Lar a part`la gf jftfr k lk`xá-of hugc`fgar kj
jarcea okgta skj carda, pfr uj curtf pkrêflf lk
tkjpf.
• Xkr`h`car sk gãf eá vazajkgtf lk oêqu`lf lk
arrkhkc`jkgtf, cfjmustêvko fu óokf.
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 41
 

 Arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf

@gstruäûks lk arjazkgajkgtf para

arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf lk
jftfr gfvf
Apo`ca-sk afs jftfrks `gstaoalfs k gãf
`gstaoalfs
Fs jftfrks lkvkj skr arjazkgalfs kj uj ofcao
qukgtk, cfj tkjpkratura cfgtrfoala.
 A tkjpkratura lkvkrá h`car kgtrk ;¹C k 39¹C.
F arjazkgajkgtf af ar o`vrk à kstr`tajkgtk
pkrj`t`lf.
 A uj`lalk lkvk h`car ama`xf lk <9%.
]kcfjkglajfs>
 – Lkskjmaoar f jftfr, rkjfvkr f poást`cf.
 – [sar f sacf poást`cf cfjf prftkäãf cfgtra pfk`ra2
lk`xá-of skj prkglkr para quk eana uja mfa
vkgt`oaäãf.
 – Gãf usar ckra cfjf prftkäãf gf casf lk f jftfr 
prkc`sar skr o`dalf luragtk f arjazkgajkgtf.

Sk f jftfr prkc`sar skr arjazkgalfs pfr ja`s lk

5 jksks
Agtks lf arjazkgajkgtf
 Asskdurar quk f s`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf kstkna
amastkc`lf cfj uja j`stura lk do`cfo.
Ckrt`h`car-sk lk quk f s`stkja lk oumr`h`caäãf lf
jftfr skna amastkc`lf cfj óokf.
Mfjmkar oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf atravàs lf
s`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf lk ádua lf jar.
(Sfjkgtk jftfrks jarêt`jfs)
Xklar tflas cfgkxûks amkrtas.

]kjfvkr fs camfs la matkr`a la matkr`a.

Ksvaz`ar f tagquk lk urk`a/LKH sk f jksjf kst`vkr 
cek`f k o`jpá-of.
H`xar uja kt`qukta gf jftfr nugtfs cfj
`ghfrjaäûks sfmrk a lata, f gþjkrf lk pkäa lf
prflutf, t`pf lk óokf usalf k s`gao`zá-of.

Luragtk f arjazkgajkgtf,
F jftfr lkvk skr d`ralf =,; vfotas a cala f`tf
jksks2 usar a hkrrajkgta lk d`rar 555<9314.
Sk f jftfr pulkr skr ac`fgalf, lk`xá-of hugc`fgar 
atà h`car qukgtk.

Xkr`h`car sk uj`lalk kstá ama`xf lk <9%.

Xkr`h`car sk a tkjpkratura ga árka lk
arjazkgajkgtf kstá kgtrk +;¹C k +39¹C.
 4= <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

 Arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf

Agtks lk f jftfr kgtrar kj skrv`äf.

Lkscfmr`r fu asp`rar f jftfr atà skcar. @ssf lkvk
skr hk`tf para quk sk pfssa para kv`tar
k v`tar quk a j`stura
lk do`cfo rkstagtk vkgea a cfgtaj`gar f jk`f
ajm`kgtk.
Okvar a j`stura lk do`cfo para uja ug`lalk lk
tratajkgtf lk rksêlufs cfjf rksêluf pkr`dfsf.
O`jpar f jftfr, sk gkckssár`f.
Xkr`h`car>
 – Cfrrk`as lk tragsj`ssãf
 – Jagduk`ras
 – Amraäalk`ras
Xkr`h`car f gêvko lk óokf gfvajkgtk k cfjpoktar,
casf gkckssár`f.
Ckrt`h`car-sk quk f oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf tkj as
prfpr`klalks agt`cfgdkoagtks alkqualas2
cfjpoktar, sk gkckssár`f.
Lkvkj skr sumst`tuêlfs>
 – H`otrf lk cfjmustêvko
 – H`otrf lk ar 
 – H`otrf lk urk`a/LKH
 – H`otrf lk ar lk urk`a/tagquk lk LKH
 – Kgcekr f tagquk lk urk`a/LKH
 – ]ftfr la mfjma lk ádua lf jar (sfjkgtk
jftfrks jarêt`jfs)
 – Ígflfs para f s`stkja lk ádua lf jar. (Sfjkgtk
(Sfjkgtk
jftfrks jarêt`jfs)
Lar a part`la gf jftfr k lk`xá-of hugc`fgar kj
jarcea okgta pfr uj tkjpf, skj carda.
Xkr`h`car sk gãf eá vazajkgtf lk oêqu`lf lk
arrkhkc`jkgtf, cfjmustêvko fu óokf.
Fpkrar f jftfr atà aqukckr.
\rfcar f óokf lf jftfr k f h`otrf lk óokf.

O`sta lk vkr`h`caäãf, arjazkgajkgtf

a rjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf

Lata Gþjkrf lk pkäa lf prflutf \`pf lk cfgskrvaäãf Ass`gatura k a lata lk

vkr`h`caäûks

Jîs Xkr`h`caäûks luragtk f arjazkgajkgtf

5
18
=<
3=
<9
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 43
 

 Arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf

O`jpkza lf jftfr k la tragsj`ssãf

@gcou`glf kgcapsuoajkgtf lf jftfr k
tflas as kscft`oeas
• [j cfjpart`jkgtf lf jftfr o`jpf j`g`j`za f r`scf
lk supkraqukc`jkgtf k lagf pfr lksdastk.
•  Agtks la oavadkj lk cala cfjpart`jkgtf lf jftfr,
uja `gspkäãf
`lkgt`h`car v`suao vazajkgtfs
qua`squkr lkvk skr rkao`zala para
lk hou`lf fu lf
kscapk.
•  Após cala oavadkj, tflas as jagduk`ras k hfoks
lkvkj skr `gspkc`fgalfs v`suaojkgtk para
`lkgt`h`car vazajkgtfs, tr`gcas fu atr`tf.
•  Após cala oavadkj, fs ce`cftks koàtr`cfs lkvkj
skr `gspkc`fgalfs v`suaojkgtk para `lkgt`h`car 
qua`squkr lagfs afs `sfoajkgtf, rkvkst`jkgtfs lk
camfs fu h`xaäãf.
• Matkr`a, aotkrgalfr, ug`lalk la l`rkäãf ass`st`la k
camfs lf jftfr lk part`la lkvkj skr 
`gspkc`fgalfs cfj cu`lalf kxtra.
• Quaoqukr lagf és jagduk`ras, hfoks, `oeós fu
ce`cftks koàtr`cfs lkvk skr rkoatalf `jkl`atajkgtk.

@jpfrtagtk!
•  Af o`jpar, usar skjprk sfovkgtks/lktkrdkgtks
suavks.
•  Af o`jpar f cfjpart`jkgtf lf jftfr k f jftfr, f
aotkrgalfr, a pfo`a `gtkrjkl`ár`a, f tkgs`fgalfr la
cfrrk`a, ug`lalk la l`rkäãf ass`st`la k tflfs fs
cfjpfgkgtks koàtr`cfs lkvkj skr tajpalfs cfj
poást`cf fu s`j`oar lk jflf quk lktkrdkgtk/
sfovkgtks gãf kgtrkj lkgtrf las pkäas
• Quaglf `gstaoalf, f cfjprkssfr lf AC tajmàj
lkvk skr prftkd`lf cfj poást`cf fu s`j`oar.
•  Af o`jpar fs arrkhkcklfrks lk ar, koks lkvkj skr 
o`jpfs pr`jk`rf a vácuf agtks lk oavadkj cfj
ádua qukgtk lk lkgtrf para hfra.
• Gãf usar oavalfra lk prkssãf gf arrkhkcklfr lf ar.
• O`jpar a partk kxtkrga cfj uja kspfgna/kscfva.
• Kj skdu`la oavar cfj ádua jfrga.
•  Af oavar sfm prkssãf k vapfr lk o`jpkza, a prkssãf
la ádua gãf pflk kxcklkr 59-199 mar kj f m`cf.
Jagtkr uja l`stígc`a lk 199-1;9 jj2 usar
u sar uj m`cf
lk spray.
• Gãf à pkrj`t`lf l`rkc`fgar natfs lk ádua la
oavalfra sfm prkssãf l`rktajkgtk para f
aotkrgalfr. F rkduoalfr koàtr`cf, rkt`h`calfrks,
ug`lalks la l`rkäãf e`lráuo`ca, hfoks k as pkäas
 4< <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

 Arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf

jkcíg`cas (rfoajkgtfs) pflkj kstar lag`h`calfs k

okvar a lagfs cfgskqukgc`a`s dravks.
GF\A! Sk f dkralfr hfr kxpfstf é ádua, à prkc`sf
skcá-of2 vkr skcadkj.

• Oavar usaglf uj m`cf lk oavalfr o`sf af o`jpar f

ajfrtkcklfr lk sfj.
• Yara jagtkr a prkvkgäãf cfgtra `gcîgl`f k as
quao`lalks lk ajfrtkc`jkgtf lk sfj lf
ajfrtkcklfr lk acfrlf cfj f ckrt`h`calf lk sfj,
gkgeuj lagf gf ajfrtkcklfr lk sfj pflk skr 
rkparalf cfj a anula lk patceks `stf à, cfmr`r 
quaoqukr lagf cfj uj gfvf ajfrtkcklfr lk sfj
(patce). Ass`j, gf casf lk lagfs draglks fu
quaglf f hou`lf t`vkr vazalf para lkgtrf lf
ajfrtkcklfr (rasdfs prfhuglfs, rasdfs ja`frks lf
quk a oardura la h`ta, hurfs fu kxtrkj`lalks
rasdalas) tfla a ug`lalk lag`h`cala prkc`sa skr 
sumst`tuêla.
• Fs rasdfs quk pulkrkj skr cfmkrtfs kj sua
kxtkgsãf cfj uja h`ta, prkc`saj sk rkparalfs
usaglf h`ta lk aoujêg`f aprfvala.
•  Após a oavadkj, vkr`h`car sk pklras pkqukgas fu
futrfs lktr`tfs alkr`raj és cfrrk`as k sãf capazks
lk pkgktrá-oas quaglf f jftfr kst`vkr kj
fpkraäãf.

Skcadkj lf aotkrgalfr 
• Skcar cfj ar a ádua lf aotkrgalfr usaglf ar 
cfjpr`j`lf.
• Xkr`h`car as cardas lf aotkrgalfr.
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 4;
 

 Arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf

O`sta lk vkr`h`caäãf
Sudkstûks para a o`sta lk vkr`h`caäãf aoàj lfs pfgtfs
lk skrv`äf rkduoarks.

Xkr`h`car/aäãf
• Xkr`h`car hudas> cfjmustêvko/ádua/kscapk.
• Xkr`h`car as amraäalk`ras la jagduk`ra.
• Xkr`h`car as cfgkxûks lf camf.
• O`jpar fs tkrj`ga`s la matkr`a, rkjfvkr quaoqukr 
fx`laäãf.
Xkr`h`car f gêvko lfs koktróo`tfs.
• O`jpar f jftfr k f cfhrk lf jftfr.
• @gspkc`fgar/o`jpar f tagquk lk cfjmustêvko.
• Xkr`h`caäãf lf hugc`fgajkgtf lk futrfs s`stkjas
koàtr`cfs.
• O`jpkza kxtkrga lf cfgnugtf lf ral`alfr/cfgnugtf
lf ral`alfr.
Lar part`la gf jftfr a cala sk`s jksks
Sk f jftfr hfr lk`xalf hfra lk fpkraäãf pfr 8-5 jksks
fu ja`s, lkvk-sk lar part`la gf jftfr k lk`xá-of
ksqukgtar a cala sk`s jksks la skdu`gtk hfrja>
• Xkr`h`car f gêvko lk óokf lf jftfr.
• Xkr`h`car f gêvko lf oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf.
• Cfgkctar fs camfs la matkr`a és matkr`as
(tftaojkgtk carrkdalas).
• Lar a part`la gf jftfr k lk`xá-of kj jarcea okgta
pfr aprfx`jalajkgtk =-3 j`gutfs.
• Lkso`dar f jftfr.
• Lkscfgkctar fs camfs la matkr`a.
• Xkr`h`car a kx`stîgc`a lk cfglkgsaäãf gf cfhrk lf
jftfr.
• Daragt`r uja mfa vkgt`oaäãf.
 48 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

 Arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf

Matkr`a, Jagutkgäãf
 AX@SF!
]`scf lk `gcîgl`f k kxpofsãf. Gugca pkrj`t`r a
fcfrrîgc`a lk ceajas amkrtas fu haêscas koàtr`cas
pkrtf las matkr`as.

 AX@SF!
  Fs koktróo`tfs la matkr`a sãf ác`lfs cfrrfs`vfs k
lkvkj skrkoktróo`tfs
rksp`gdar jaguskalfs cfj cu`lalf.
kj quaoqukr Sk cfrpf,
partk lf ksp`rrar
cfrpf fu
, oavar 
`jkl`atajkgtk a árka kxpfsta cfj ju`ta ádua k
muscar atkgl`jkgtf jàl`cf `jkl`atajkgtk.

 AX@SF!
Xkgt`oar f cfjpart`jkgtf lf jftfr agtks lk tramaoear 
ga matkr`a fu gas cfgkxûks la matkr`a.

A\KGÄÃF!
 As matkr`as sãf lag`h`calas sk lk`xalas
lkscarrkdalas k tajmàj pflkj cfgdkoar k kxpofl`r 
hac`ojkgtk kj co`ja hr`f. Sk f jftfr gãf hfr usalf pfr 
uj ofgdf pkrêflf lk tkjpf, as matkr`as lkvkj skr 
tftaojkgtk carrkdalas, sk pfssêvko kj carda okgta

Cu`lalfs
À `jpfrtagtk skdu`r skjprk as rkcfjkglaäûks k
`gstruäûks lf hamr`cagtk la matkr`a af sumst`tu`r k
carrkdar as matkr`as. As `gstruäûks para jagutkgäãf
k a carda pflkrãf var`ar, lkpkglkglf lf t`pf la
matkr`a.
Matkr`as jflkrgas sãf dkraojkgtk o`vrks lk
jagutkgäãf, jas eá aodujas jkl`las
rkcfjkglalas para kv`tar ac`lkgtks k aujkgtar a
v`la þt`o lk skrv`äf la matkr`a>
• Jagtkr as matkr`as o`jpas k skcas. A cfgtaj`gaäãf
k a fx`laäãf gas matkr`as k gfs pfofs la matkr`a
pflkj prfvfcar cfrrkgtks lk huda, qukla lk
tkgsãf k lkscarda, pr`gc`paojkgtk kj tkjpf
þj`lf.
• ]kjfvkr a fx`laäãf lfs pfofs la matkr`a k lfs
tkrj`ga`s usaglf uja kscfva lk aäf.
•  Apkrtar fs tkrj`ga`s h`rjkjkgtk k oumr`h`cá-ofs cfj
draxa para tkrj`gao fu vasko`ga. Cfgkxûks sfotas
lk matkr`a pflkj prfvfcar lagfs af s`stkja
koàtr`cf lf jftfr.
• Carrkdar as matkr`as rkduoarjkgtk. As matkr`as
jagt`las cfj carda tftao pfssukj v`la þt`o ja`fr.
 A jagk`ra ja`s hác`o lk vkr`h`car sk a matkr`a prkc`sa
lk carda à usar uj vfotêjktrf.
 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 44
 

 Arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf

Sumst`tu`äãf la matkr`a
A\KGÄÃF!
 Asskdurar-sk lk quk a gfva matkr`a kstkna lk acfrlf
cfj as kspkc`h`caäûks kj Lalfs \àcg`cfs. Okr as
`ghfrjaäûks hfrgkc`las cfj a matkr`a agtks lk
cfjkäar a `gstaoaäãf.

A\KGÄÃF!
Gãf lkscfgkctar as matkr`as cfj f jftfr kj
fpkraäãf.
Cfjpfgkgtks koàtr`cfs skgsêvk`s pflkj skr 
lag`h`calfs `jkl`atajkgtk.

 AX@SF!
Gugca cfghugl`r fs pfofs gkdat`vf k pfs`t`vf las
matkr`as. ]`scf lk hfrjaäãf lk arcf k kxpofsãf.

Lkscfgkxãf (A)
1 ]kjfvk
]kjfvkrr f camf
camf (-) gkdat`
gkdat`vf
vf (prkt
(prktf).
f).
= ]kjfvk
]kjfvkrr f camf
camf (+)
(+) pfs`t
pfs`t`vf
`vf (vkrjk
(vkrjkoef
oef).
).
]kjfvkr a matkr`a.
Cfgkctfr (M)
@gstaoar a matkr`a gfva gf oudar.
1 H`xar
H`xar f camf
camf pfs`t`
pfs`t`vf
vf (vkrj
(vkrjkoef
koef)) af tkrj`g
tkrj`gao
ao
pfs`t`vf la matkr`a. \frquk lk apkrtf> 8 Gj.
= H`xar
H`xar f camf gkda
gkdat`v
t`vf
f (prktf)
(prktf) af tkrj`
tkrj`gao
gao gkdat
gkdat`vf
`vf
la matkr`a. \frquk lk apkrtf> 8 Gj.
GF\A! Okvar a matkr`a usala para uja kstaäãf lk
rkc`coadkj.

 
 45 <449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A
 

]kd`stf
A S`stkja
S`stkja lk oumr`h`caäãf
oumr`h`caäãf......
............
.............
.............
.............
.............
............
...... 3<
 A`r h`otkr Cfjprkssfr, h`otkr rkpoack........................... 33 S`stkja SC]............................................................ ;<
 Arjazkgajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf.............................. 49 \
M \frquks lk apkrtf dkra`s..........
dkra`s................
............
.............
.............
............
...... ==
Matkr`a,
Matkr` a, Jagutkgäãf...
Jagutkgäãf.......... .............
.............
.............
............
.............
.............
...... 44 \rfca lf óokf lf jftfr........
jftfr...............
.............
............
.............
.............
..........
.... 3<
\umf lf ar lk alj`ssãf
alj`ssãf,, Xkr`h`caäãf
Xkr`h`caäãf lf vazajkg vazajkgtf tf ;=
C \urmfcfjprkssfr, @gspkäãf..................................... ;1
Cfgnugtf lf ral`alfr, \rfca .................................... 81
Cfgskoefs
Cfgsko efs dkra`s para prftkäãf prftkäãf kokctrüg`ca.....
kokctrüg`ca................... 39 [
Cfrrk`a
Cfrrk` a lk ac`fgajkgtf,
ac`fgajkgtf, trfca...........
trfca.................
.............
.............
.........
... 88 [sar tàcg`cas
tàcg`cas lk `äajkgtf alkqualas......
alkqualas............ ............
........
.. 19
L X
Lkcaoquks
Lkcaoq uks lf jftfr.........
jftfr...............
............
.............
.............
.............
.............
........
.. =1 Xáovuoas, Anustk........................................................ 33
Xkgt`oaäãf
Xkgt`oaäãf lf cártkr, \rfca
\rfca lf h`otrf..........
h`otrf.................
.............
........
.. 3=
K
Kspkc`h`caäû
Kspkc` h`caäûks.....
ks...........
............
.............
.............
.............
.............
............
........
.. =1, =3
H
H`otrf lk ar...........
ar.................
.............
.............
............
.............
.............
.............
.............
........
.. 31
H`otrf lk cfjmustêvko,
cfjmustêvko, \rfca...........
\rfca..................
.............
.............
.............
...... <8
H`otrf lk óokf, \rfca...........
\rfca..................
.............
.............
.............
............
............
...... 38
D
Dkrao......................................................................... <9
@
@äaglf f jftfr – gugca hazkr `ssf `ssf sfz`gef........
sfz`gef..............
@oustraäûks................................................................ ........
..10
0
@ghfrjaäûks
@ghfrja äûks lk skduragäa....
skduragäa........................
............
.............
.............
...........
..... =
@ghfrjaäûks dkra`s................................................... 11
@gspkäãf dkrao.......................................................... =5
@gstruäûks lk arjazkgajkgtf para
arjazkgajkgtf
arjazkg ajkgtf lk ofgdf prazf prazf lk jftfr gfvf....... gfvf....... 4=
O
O`jpkza
O`jpkz a lf jftfr k la tragsj`ssãf.
tragsj`ssãf........ .............
.............
..........
... 4<
O`sta lk vkr`h`caäãf................................................... 48
Ofcao`zaäãf lf cfjpfgkgtk..................................... =;
J
Jftfr........
Jftfr.. .............
.............
............
.............
.............
.............
.............
............
.............
.............
...... =;
G
Gêvko lf oêqu`lf lk arrkhkc`jkgtf, Xkr`h`car k
cfjpoktar.................................................................. ;5
Y
Ykäas lk rkpfs`äãf
rkpfs`äãf - skduragäa....
skduragäa.......... .............
.............
............
.........
... <
Ykäas fr`d`ga`s Xfovf Ykgta..................................... 15
Yrà-h`otrf
Yrà-h`otrf lk cfjmustêvko,
cfjmustêvko, \rfca........
\rfca...............
.............
............
..........
.... <1
Yrkvkgt`vk
Yrkvkg t`vk rkpa`r .............
...................
............
.............
.............
.............
.............
........
.. 1<
Yrflutfs quêj`cfs.................................................... =9
Yrfdraja
Yrfdra ja lk skrv`äf.....
skrv`äf............
.............
.............
.............
............
.............
...........
.... 1=
Yrfdrajaäãf
Yrfdra jaäãf lk jagutkgäãf...
jagutkgäãf.......... .............
.............
.............
...........
..... =4
Q
Quaglf vfcî tramaoear cfj prflutfs
quêj`cfs,
quêj`c fs, cfjmustêvko
cfjmustêvko k óokf óokf lk oumr`h`caäãf,
oumr`h`caäãf, \rfca \rfca 3<
]
]kshr`alfr
]kshr` alfr lf KD].........
KD]...............
............
.............
.............
.............
.............
..........
.... ;3
S
S`stkja
S`stkja lk arrkhkc`jkgtf
arrkhkc`jkgtf.......
.............
............
.............
.............
.............
......... ;5
S`stkja
S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko.
cfjmustêvko........
.............
.............
.............
............
.............
..........
... <9
S`stkja
S`stkja lk cfjmustêvko,
cfjmustêvko, sagdr`a.....
sagdr`a............
.............
............
...........
..... <5
S`stkja lk kscapk................................................... ;1
<449058< 90-=915 © AM XFOXF YKG\A 40
 

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